source stringclasses 9
values | text stringlengths 67 800 |
|---|---|
PSYOP 4.pdf | Psychological oPerations after the second
World War
ltcol Zbigniew Modrzejewski
abstract
This paper has two purposes. From the personal side, the topic was chosen because I
am interested in the history of psychological operations. To benefit the reader, I address
psychological operations in selected military conflicts ... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | ial of the United States, which is without
doubt a leader in the development of psychological operations. US PSYOP equipment is the
most sophisticated and covers a broad spectrum of diverse technological means of influence.
It results especially from the permanent engagement of US troops in military activities in
vario... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | serve more and more attention being
paid to psychological operations. Today we can observe arevolution in PSYOP capabilities.
This is related to the development of modern technologies, especially the internet, which
gives new opportunities for information transfer.
Keywords: psychological operations, media, audience, i... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | on
techniques to convey the message to the target audience. The function of PSYOP
is to use communication to influence behaviour.
Carl von Clausewitz said “killing the enemy’s courage is as vital as killing his troops”.
�ore of my favourite PSYOP quotes are included below:
“To capture the enemy’s entire army is bette... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | d, not the bodies of his
troops. If we operate against his troops it is fundamentally for the effect that action
will produce on the mind and will of the commander; indeed, the trend of warfare
and the development of new weapons – aircraft and tanks – promise to give us
increased and more direct opportunities of striki... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | the mind of humans. That’s where the battles are won”.
Col. John R. Boyd (1927–1997)
According to various sources, PSYOP is considered to be one of the key elements
of Info Ops accompanied by Electronic Warfare (EW), Operations Security
(OPSEC), Civil-�ilitary Cooperation (CI�IC), Deception, Physical Destruction
and m... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | e Polish doctrinal document “Operacje Psychologiczne
DD/.0.(A)”: psychological activities are a complex planned activities during
peace, crisis and war time, directed at hostile, friendly and neutral audiences
influencing their attitudes and behaviour in order to achieve desired by the leader
political and military ... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | llied Joint Doctrine for Information Operations AJP- 3.10 (A), DDEECCEE��BBEERR 000555,,, ppp...---000...
5 AAP-06 (2014) NATO Glossary Terms and Definitions, NSA, 9 April 04, -P-0.
6 Operacje psychologiczne DD/3.10.1 (A), Sztab. Gen., Warszawa 00, p. 0.
76
They define �ISO as: planned operations to... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | ctical.
Figure 1. Categories of military psychological operations
PSYOP activities can create a supportive atmosphere and a willingness to
cooperate by influencing target audience behaviour, attitudes and perception to
support mission objectives.
Our national doctrinal document identifies three main objectives of psych... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | ion Support Operations, Joint Chiefs of Staff,
07 January 00 Incorporating Change 0 December 0, GL-4.
8 Operacje psychologiczne …, op. cit., p. 4.
77
Figure 2. Common methods of delivering messages
There are three basic categories of PSYOP products: audio, visual and audiovisual.
At the tactical level, message... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | social media, chats, interactive TV etc. In the following
section, I will give several e�amples of the mentioned methods in subjectively
chosen conflicts
Psychological operations during the Korean War (1950–1953)
The Korean War began on 5th June 950, when North Korean forces invaded
South Korea. Psychological operat... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | tions to try to
convince the soldiers of the other side to lay down their arms, surrender to the
enemy, or to spread confusion and reduce morale. Another aim of PSYOP was
to discourage local civilians from aiding the opponent army of the other side by
providing food or billeting and to discredit the enemy in the eyes o... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | tary targets.
Source: http://www.digitalhorizonsonline.org (left), http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil (right),
31January 2017.
Figure 3. Examples of the leaflets
On the left we can see a fire prevention – clear up poster. It shows a Korean
woman and a child with a burning home in the background. The leaflet on the
right ... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | of happy prisoners of war were used successfully
on many propaganda leaflets.
Those aimed at soldiers tried to instill fear by warning that the only escape from
the “Flying Tigers of the Free World” was to surrender.
Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil, 06 February 2017.
Figure 4. Safe certificate
The certificate... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | orean War propaganda leaflets, http://www.korea.net/
NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=8778, .0.07.
80
Furthermore, US troops used some psychological warfare military transport
aircraft – Douglas C-47, which were equipped with powerful speakers to broadcast
propaganda over the enemy’s positions.
Psychological oper... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | ts service in Vietnam, the organisation of the 4th POG was completely
different. The four battalions of the group were divided by geographic regions. The
th PSYOP Battalion was stationed at Bien Hoa and provided services to the tactical
units, both American and Vietnamese, and to the various political entities such as... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | ng PSYOP messages to hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese
civilians, North Vietnamese soldiers and Viet Cong. 8th PSYOP Battalion radio
technicians manned the Group’s 50-thousand watt transmitter from its hilltop site
outside Pleiku City. In connection with the operation, PSYOP aircraft dropped
thousands of small transi... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | PSYOP Development Center (PDC), which was
81
an e�tension of the Group PDC system. On �arch 98, The Viet Cong sent about
0 sappers against the radio station and destroyed the radio tower0.
4
POG
7t
h
bn
8th
bn
6t
h
bn
10t
h
bn
Figure 5. Location of 4th Psychological Operations Group in Vietnam
4th POG were not alon... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | g them good treatment and eventual repatriation
to their families. The biggest single operation of project “Quick Speak” was its
Tet programme in January. �ore than 0 million leaflets were dropped and 80
hours of speaker broadcasts were flown in an effort to e�ploit the natural desire of
Viet Cong and North Vietname... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | bombing was in self-
defence for communist attacks in the South.
. To convince the people that the Americans and South Vietnamese had
humanitarian concern for people of North Vietnam.
. To convince the people of the North that it was in their best interests to oppose
the war.
4. To keep the people and the government ... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | y in the
war, all of the Viet Cong leaflets were simply hand- written te�t with very short
messages.
Source: http://www.psywarrior.com, 04 February 2017.
Figure 6. A very early Vietnam propaganda leaflet
83
As the Vietnam War went on for a decade, the Viet Cong leaflets became more
intricate, political and colourful an... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | ong and North Vietnamese
Army (NVA) forces were able, for the most part, to control their own combat
e�posure and casualties. �ost engagements were short-lived, and most communist
units fought only a few times a year. As a result of these combat conditions, U.S.
and Government of South Vietnam forces never caused a cat... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | t.
11 S.T. Hosmer, Psychological effects of. U.S. Air Operations in Four Wars 1941-1991: Lessons
for U.S. Commanders, Santa �onica, California 99, pp. 5-9.
84
To conclude, during the war in Vietnam, PSYOP specialists used three main
types of psychological influence on the enemy: printed materials, via radio and... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | ce enforcement mission with the deployment of
the Implementation Force (IFOR) into Bosnia on 0th December 995 and lasted
for one year. IFOR was a 0 000 person, nation coalition force. �any of the
national forces earmarked for IFOR, mainly the French and British, were already
in Bosnia as a part of the United Nati... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | putting on end to violence in
Kosovo, was over.
Since December 995, over 000 soldiers from the U.S. Army’s Civil Affairs and
Psychological Operations Command (USACAPOC) have supported IFOR and
SFOR in the former Yugoslavia. The PSYOP component to this mission represents
one of the largest and most comprehensive PSYO... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | including theatre,
divisional and brigade support elements as well as tactical PSYOP teams.
Psychological operations played a key role during operation Allied Force. The
IFOR/SFOR information campaign was massive both in terms of the quantity of
materials disseminated and the variety of themes e�plored during the op... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | olouring books, and IFOR/SFOR logo pens.
By December 99, with the transition from IFOR to SFOR, the PSYOP task force
organisation had changed slightly. The headquarters and Product Development
Cell (PDC) became multinational instead of all-U.S. with French and British liaison
officers assigned to the Combined Joint... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | the
most interesting is the mine-warning -page Superman comic book entitled
“Deadly Legacy”.
There were a number of magazines and newspapers published by the Allied
forces. For e�ample, US forces in Sarajevo published a weekly news magazine
called Herald of Peace (under SFOR this became the Herald of Progress). Briti... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | the Joint Psychological Operations Task Force (JPOTF) in
support of Joint Task Force Noble Anvil. Their mission was to get the message
of truth to the diverse masses, which included Serb military, police forces in
Kosovo, and the civilian population in Belgrade as well as in the small towns and
villages throughout the ... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | broadcast by EC-0E Commando Solo aircraft of the
9rd Special Operations Wing. Three EC-0E were deployed from Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania to a base in Brindisi in Italy as a direct response to persistent hostile
Bosnian - Serb radio and television propaganda from the Karadzic faction. EC-
0E Command Solo aircraft t... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | he German, French, Belgian, Italian and Spanish contingents also conducted
PSYOP activities in support of their missions. Both German KFOR in the south
(�NB South) and French KFOR in the north (�NB North) produced their own
printed magazines: Dritarja/Prozor (German AOR) and Bonjour (French AOR).
In 994, French forces... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | aterials. In addition, they decided
to develop their own capability in order to influence the PSYOP conte�t more
directly. This led to the establishment of a French-run PSYOP radio station and
creating, together with Spanish and German PSYOP, a print product development
capability in �ostar.
14 http://www.psywarrior.co... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | ing Bugs Bunny to raise
children’s awareness of mines.
During the Bosnia and Kosovo war, the technologies used shifted from pamphlets
and leaflets to comics and television programmes.
Psychological operations during the Persian gulf War (1991)
The Persian Gulf War was triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on August ,... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | P leaflets were a great threat to troop
morale, the second in terms of significance after the Coalition bombing campaign.
During this war, PSYOP units dropped over 9 million leaflets to encourage Iraqi
soldiers to surrender, usually by stressing the inevitability of their defeat. Estimates
show that nearly 98% of all ... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | flet bombs were later utilised effectively by B-5, F-
and F/A-8 aircraft.
89
Source: https://thaimilitaryandasianregion.wordpress.com/2016/06/05/.
Figure 10. M129E1/E2 Leaflet Bomb
The �-9 is capable of holding appro�imately 0,000 to 80,000 leaflets.
The PSYOP radio network, “Voice of the Gulf” broadcast from 9... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | contributed to the large scale surrender and
desertion of Iraqi soldiers.
After the Persian Gulf War, Pentagon e�perts agreed on one thing: the action was
a psychological weapon that does not kill, but was psychologically shocking and it
was seen as an important factor in increasing the ability of combat troops and at
... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | viously dropped eleven of the
90
leaflets during the “No-Fire Zone” warning phase of the campaign5. Leaflets
dropped over Iraq and radio broadcasts urging civilians to stay in their homes
and away from military forces.
The US PSYOP teams in Iraq were the largest of any conflict including companies
and almost ,000 ... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | s depicting the 5 “most wanted” members of the Saddam Hussein
regime delivered to thousands of U.S. troops in the field. They printed the same
data on posters and leaflets for the Iraqi public. Four aces showed the most
wanted fugitives: Saddam Hussein, his sons Uday and Qusay, and the presidential
secretary Abid Hami... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | by the
Coalition was the radio. The coalition broadcast from fi�ed transmission towers
as well as from the flying airborne broadcast platform, the EC-0E aircraft
Commando Solo. Local PSYOP radio stations were also set up outside the major
population centres. For instance, the UK PSYOP radio station, “Radio Nahrain”
(... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | the Iraqi regime. At the start of 00, there
were only 0 internet cafes in Iraq, and the connection fee of US $5 per home
was beyond the reach of most ordinary Iraqis. Also, the Iraqi regime was wary of
allowing access to the internet throughout Iraq. So, while many ordinary Iraqis
did not have access to the intern... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | orld
War. In September 00, commanded by a Polish general, the �ultinational
Division Central-South (�ND-CS) took over responsibility for one of the zones
in Iraq. The Polish �ilitary Contingent (first rotation) deployed to Iraq with
appro�imately 00 soldiers and took over an area of responsibility (AOR) in the
Cent... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | ucture in MND-CS
The structure and tasks of the PSYOP contingent in �ND-CS had been changing
during the operation. However, the main role in �ND-CS was played by PSYOP
elements detached from the Central Psychological Operations Group. This unit is
located in Bydgoszcz and officially began functioning on 0 April 00.
... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | nce, the Division Psychological Support Element conducted psychological
operations in order to change or reinforce the behaviour of local governing
institutions, organisations, groups, and individuals in �ND CS AO.
The Polish psychological operation in Republic of Iraq was carried out in the
framework of the thirteen m... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | ent tested
the entire spectrum of psychological techniques to spread from direct messages
through electronic, radio and TV broadcasts, websites and the discharge of leaflets
from helicopters and airplanes.
Figure 17. Polish PSYOPS products
One of the key recommendations for psychological influence was the recognition
o... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | handbill,
leaflet, poster, comic book, billboard, warning sign, press publication, multimedia
(TV) spot, announcement, soccer ball, T-shirt, mascot, notebook, pencil, etc.)
were disseminated by the Polish DPSE.
The Polish PSYOP element during the VI rotation conducted operations according
to OPORD �ultinational Corp – ... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | nd
Coalition Forces, and increased the number of tips concerning terrorist activities
given by local society and peaceful ASHURA and ARBA’EEN observances.
conclusion
Psychological operations were carried out on a larger or smaller scale by both
sides in all military conflicts after World War II. The conclusions of the ... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | psychological activities and, therefore, the Central Psychological Operations
Group was created. Soldiers from this unit participated in the operation “Iraqi
Freedom” and they gained knowledge and e�perience, which was then used in
Afghanistan.
Furthermore, a successful information campaign contributes to building and
... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | s. It will serve for systematically weakening the enemy’s morale,
aiming to degrade the functioning of society, and ultimately leading to the collapse
of state structures and the functioning of victory.
In conclusion, a psychological operation has the potential to be the most powerful
weapon in the military’s arsenal. ... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | .
Allied Joint Doctrine for Psychological Operations AJP-3.10.1(B), September 04.
Antczak Z., The multinational division: is it viable in peace enforcement operations?, U.S.
Army War College, Pennsylvania 005.
Collins S., Mind Games, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/00/Wake-Iraq/�ind-
games/EN/inde�.htm.
Friedman H... |
PSYOP 4.pdf | -13.2 Military Operation Support Operations, 07 January 00,
Incorporating Change , 0 December 0.
Krane J., US units try to win Iraqi hearts and Minds, http://www.kvue.com/sharedcontent/
iraq/military/0050cciraqhearts.8d08054.htm.
Operacje psychologiczne DD/3.10.1 (A), Sztab. Gen., Warszawa 00.
Whitley G.L.,... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | NAVAL
POSTGRADUATE
SCHOOL
MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA
THESIS
DECEPTION: THEORY AND PRACTICE
by
James D. Monroe
June 2012
Thesis Advisor: Hy Rothstein
Second Reader: Kalev Sepp
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188
Pub... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA
22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503.
1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
June 2012 Master’s Thesis
... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | tion of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ______N/A__________.
12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A
13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words)
This thesis explores the history of U.S. Army deception and doctr... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | the U.S. and its adversaries.
This thesis strives to fill the current doctrinal gap by distilling the existing body of work to create a theory of
deception in the military context. The theory presented provides a cogent structure, taxonomy, and lexicon; as well as,
emphasis on how deception functions within the framew... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | Communications, Decision-Making, OODA, Doctrine, 15. NUMBER OF
Planning PAGES
173
16. PRICE CODE
17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF
CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT
REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT
Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU
NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form ... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | Advisor
Dr. Kalev Sepp
Second Reader
Dr. John Arquilla
Chair, Department of Defense Analysis
iii
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
iv
ABSTRACT
This thesis explores the history of U.S. Army deception and doctrine, and combines the
insights gained with the various works on deception, cognitive psychology,
communications... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | body of work to create a
theory of deception in the military context. The theory presented provides a cogent
structure, taxonomy, and lexicon; as well as, emphasis on how deception functions within
the frameworks of communications and decision-making. Next, a synthesis of the
practice of deception is presented, with a... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ............................1
A. BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................1
B. HYPOTHESES ................................................................................................3
C. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE ............................................. |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ....................................13
D. POST VIETNAM ERA THROUGH DESERT STORM ...........................18
E. POST COLD WAR ERA ..............................................................................21
F. CONCLUSIONS OF DOCTRINE REVIEW .............................................24
III. EXPLANATIONS FOR VARI... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ...............................34
C. OVER-CLASSIFICATION ..........................................................................35
D. MORALITY ...................................................................................................36
E. CONCLUSION ............................................................. |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ...............................................................43
1. Taxonomy of Method .........................................................................43
2. Deception ............................................................................................44
3. Active Deception................................ |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ..................................................................49
a. Camouflage .............................................................................49
b. Denial ......................................................................................50
5. Alternate Deception Taxonomies ........................... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ..................52
2. A-Type Deception ...............................................................................53
3. M-Type Deception ..............................................................................54
D. THE WHY OF DECEPTION .......................................................................5... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | .....................................56
6. Relative Superiority ...........................................................................57
7. Security ...............................................................................................58
8. Subversion ......................................................... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ...........................................62
4. Deception’s Role in the Communications Process ..........................63
F. DECEPTION AND TARGET DECISION-MAKING ...............................63
1. Observe ...............................................................................................65
2. Orient ..... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ................................................................................71
4. Act........................................................................................................72
G. DECEPTION PROCESS ..............................................................................72
1. Bell and Whaley ...... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | alysis .................................................................................79
a. Information Requirements .....................................................79
2. Planning Guidance .............................................................................82
3. Planning Methodology ....................... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | .....................................................................85
b. Cyber Electromagnetic ............................................................86
c. Administrative .........................................................................87
5. Execution and Assessment ......................................... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ........................93
a. Understand the Target ............................................................93
b. Exploit Existing Perceptions ..................................................93
c. Avoiding Windfalls ..................................................................94
2. Security is Paramount ....... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ..............................................................98
a. Control .....................................................................................98
b. Coordination............................................................................98
5. Requirement for Target Action ................................ |
PSYOP 10.pdf | umanitarian Assistance Operations ......104
4. Counterterrorism .............................................................................105
5. Cyberwarfare ...................................................................................106
D. MILITARY DECEPTION FAILURES ............................................ |
PSYOP 10.pdf | .........111
3. Athens, Alabama ..............................................................................112
C. PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION – RAID ON PALANAN ......................113
D. WORLD WAR I – SAINT MIHIEL ..........................................................115
E. DECEPTION IN WORLD WAR II ................. |
PSYOP 10.pdf | .................................124
1. MACVSOG ..........................................................................................124
a. Sacred Sword Patriots League ..............................................124
b. Deception in Support of Security..........................................126
2. MACV .......... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ....134
1. Doctrine .............................................................................................135
2. Leadership, Education, and Training ............................................136
3. Personnel Selection ..........................................................................138
4. Facilities .... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | line of Deception-Related Doctrine and Deception Proponents from
1905–2011..........................................................................................................8
Figure 2. Comparison of Balance of Power and Doctrinal Emphasis of Deception .......32
Figure 3. Daniel and Herbig’s “Deception’s Subsidia... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ...........65
Figure 8. Bell and Whaley’s Deception Planning Loop (From: ) ...................................73
Figure 9. Example of Bell and Whaley’s Deception Planning Process in Action
(From: ) ............................................................................................................73
Figure 10. ... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | of Channels ......................................................................................63
Table 5. Sample Deception Planning Resources ...........................................................81
Table 6. Notional Execution Matrix Based on Events of Operation DESERT STORM ....88
Table 7. Potential Terminat... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | .................................112
Table 12. Deception Analysis of Athens, Georgia .........................................................113
Table 13. Deception Analysis of Raid on Palanan.........................................................115
Table 14. Deception Analysis of Saint Mihiel ........................ |
PSYOP 10.pdf | lysis of SSPL ...........................................................................126
Table 20. Deception Analysis of MACVSOG Security ....................................................127
Table 21. Deception Analysis of DIAMOND I .................................................................128
Table 22. D... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | TP Army, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures
C&D Cover and Deception
CCD Camouflage, Concealment, and Decoys (Army)
CCD Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception (Joint)
D&D Denial and Deception
DOTLMPF Doctrine, Organization, Training, Leadership, Materials,
Personnel, and Facilities
EEFI Essential Elements of Friendly I... |
PSYOP 10.pdf |
xv
NCOIC Non-commissioned Officer in Charge
NKPA North Korean People’s Army
NVA North Vietnamese Army
OIC Officer in Charge
OODA Observe-Orient-Decide-Act
SOP Standard Operating Procedures
TC Training Circular
UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
VC Viet Cong
xvi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank the fac... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | tireless
efforts in finding my esoteric, and often quixotic, requests. Additionally, I thank the
myriad organizations who responded to my plaintive information requests, especially the
folks at the United States Army Military History Institute. To my fellow students, thanks
for the prodding and cajoling to tackle this ... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | k of Hezbollah bunkers along the Lebanese border.
Hezbollah had been building the bunker network for years, under the watchful eyes of
IDF surveillance, Lebanese spies working for Israel, and the United Nations Interim
Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), patrolled the southern Lebanese border. What the IDF did
not realize until... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | worth.2
A. BACKGROUND
Stratagems are essential in war, as commanders seek to hide their real intentions,
capabilities, and actions from the enemy, while cunningly showing false intentions
capabilities and actions to lure the enemy into defeat. From the earliest battles of
antiquity, commanders have used guile and misd... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | Deception in the 2006 Summer War" (Master’s thesis,
Naval Postgraduate School), 43 – 45, accessed 15 January 2012, http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA469918.
1
during the Mau-Mau insurgency in Kenya, and Hezbollah’s use of deception against
Israel during the 2006 war demonstrate the continuing utility of deception in the ... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | f nothing more than painted tree trunks to
hold Union forces in check for months after the First Battle of Manassas. General
Pershing deceived the Germans about his intentions in order to gain surprise for the
assault on the St. Michel salient during World War I.3 U.S. use of deception reached a
plateau during World Wa... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | r planning.
I consider it essential that the War Department should continue to take
those steps that are necessary to keep alive the arts of… cover and
deception and that there should continue in being a nucleus of personnel
capable in handling these arts in case an emergency arises. I desire
therefore that the Directo... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ia, 25 – 28 July 2011).
4 Dwight D. Eisenhower, The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The Chief of Staff, ed. Louis
Galambos, Vol. VIII (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1978), 1763.
2
North Vietnam. During Operation DESERT STORM, U.S. forces deceived Saddam’s forces
into believing the assault into Kuwait would come fr... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | nt,
stripped the concepts of their deception lineage. The last dedicated deception manual was
published in 1988, and is no longer available through official channels. Furthermore, the
1957 and 1967 editions of the deception field manual have effectively disappeared.5
Current U.S. Army doctrine, discounting uses of the ... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ersaries.
There are essential tenets of the theory and practice of deception that can be
drawn from the existing bodies of work.
C. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE
What the literature review shows is there is a definite lack of guidance on the
theory and practice of deception within current U.S. Army doctrine, despite a continu... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | Dudley Knox
Library Staff. The vanishing of FM 31-40 is indicative of the U.S. Army’s habit of purging “obsolete”
doctrine; a habit that perhaps merits its own thesis on the value of institutional knowledge.
3
dispersed over a large body of work. What is lacking in the civilian literature is an
equivalent to the Grand ... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | itioners a framework of concepts
and ideas which can be altered to fit their organizational and operational needs. Central to
this thesis is a reunification of cover with deception, as cover and active deception are
mutually supporting concepts. The creation of an unclassified deception handbook will
fill a doctrinal v... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ng to cover the entirety of deceptive
practices, the scope of this thesis is deception as employed in support of military
objectives.
In order to achieve this goal, the thesis first constructs a longitudinal review of
U.S. Army doctrine focusing on the capstone operations manual series and deception
related manuals in ... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ion in the military context. Within the theory of deception
4
chapter the focus will be on providing a cogent structure, taxonomy, and lexicon for
deception with an emphasis on how deception works. The structure provided by Bell and
Whaley’s general theory of deception will be used as the initial framework. To the
fram... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | builds upon the
planning process presented in JP 3-13.4: Military Deception. Next, the chapter reviews
the various maxims, principles, and considerations presented by deception theorists and
practitioners to draw out the essential elements of deception practice. Additionally, the
chapter examines the uses of deception... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | y demonstrating the U.S. military has a long
and storied history of using deception. Finally, a conclusions chapter provides
recommendations on how to organize for deception operations, with ideas on manning,
training, integration in the staff, and special resource requirements.
5
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK
6
I... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | ination of U.S. Army doctrine.
The U.S. Army has two capstone manuals that serve as the doctrinal foundations of the
force; currently, these manuals are: FM 1: the Army and APD 3-0: Unified Land
Operations.9 FM 1 serves as a broad overview of the U.S. Army’s “fundamental purpose,
roles, responsibilities, and functions,... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | in U.S. Army operations.
The adjectives best describing the U.S. Army’s historical and present guidance on
deception are haphazard and shallow. Within the operations field manuals are statements
to “use deception” sprinkled about almost as an afterthought. Only rarely are any
statements approaching the strength of Gene... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual 100-1: The Army (Washington, DC:
Department of the Army, 1994), v.
11 Headquarters, Department of the Army, Army Doctrine Publication 3-0: Unified Land Operations
(Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 2011), ii.
7
importance of deceptions in every operation. Discuss... |
PSYOP 10.pdf | from
1905–2011
A. PRE-WORLD WAR II ERA
Discussion of the concept of deception in U.S. military doctrine prior to the
World War II era was minimal, and when present often negative. The 1905 edition of the
War Department’s Field Service Regulations admonishes there will be no quarter
12 Headquarters, Department of the Ar... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
PSYOP Detection Dataset
Dataset Description
The PSYOP Detection Dataset is a collection of textual excerpts extracted from academic and military literature discussing psychological operations (PSYOP), information warfare, propaganda, and psychological influence strategies.
The dataset was created to support research on detecting psychological manipulation techniques in text, including persuasion, propaganda, and influence operations.
Source documents were segmented into smaller text chunks to facilitate training and fine-tuning of language models for classification, detection, or analysis tasks related to psychological operations.
Dataset Structure
The dataset contains the following columns:
- source: The original PDF document the text was extracted from.
- text: A chunk of text extracted from the source document.
Each row represents a text segment approximately 800 characters long.
Total rows: ~1982
Data Collection Process
The dataset was constructed by:
- Identifying publicly available academic and research documents discussing psychological operations, propaganda, and information warfare.
- Discovering and sourcing relevant literature with the assistance of research tools including Google Gemini and Consensus.app, which were used to identify relevant academic publications and research material.
- Extracting textual content from the selected PDF documents.
- Segmenting the extracted text into smaller chunks suitable for machine learning training and analysis.
The goal of this preprocessing was to produce training examples that models can learn from when identifying patterns associated with psychological influence operations.
Data Provenance and Responsibility Disclaimer
The documents used to construct this dataset were identified as publicly accessible academic or research materials at the time of collection. The dataset contains only extracted textual segments intended for research, machine learning experimentation, and academic analysis.
The dataset creator does not claim ownership of the original source materials. All intellectual property rights remain with the respective authors, publishers, or rights holders.
If any rights holder believes that material included in this dataset should not be redistributed or used in this context, they are encouraged to contact the dataset maintainer through Hugging Face so that the relevant content can be reviewed and removed if appropriate.
The dataset is provided as-is for research and educational purposes, and the creator assumes no liability for unintended use or misinterpretation of the included material.
Intended Uses
This dataset may be used for:
- Fine-tuning language models to detect persuasion or propaganda techniques
- Research on psychological operations and information warfare
- NLP research on manipulation detection
- Training classifiers for PSYOP-related content analysis
Limitations
This dataset contains only excerpts from documents describing psychological operations rather than labeled examples of PSYOP content itself.
As a result:
- The dataset may not fully represent real-world PSYOP messaging.
- Additional labeling may be required for supervised learning tasks.
- The dataset is primarily intended as a corpus for further annotation or feature extraction.
Ethical Considerations
The dataset contains discussions of psychological manipulation and influence operations. It should be used responsibly and primarily for research aimed at detecting or mitigating harmful information campaigns.
Citation
If you use this dataset in research, please cite:
Giroux, T. (2026). PSYOP Detection Dataset. Hugging Face.
- Downloads last month
- 29