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https://openalex.org/W4206527580 | https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-95577/latest.pdf | English | null | Age at menarche, age at natural menopause and risk of rheumatoid arthritis – a Mendelian randomization study | Research Square (Research Square) | 2,021 | cc-by | 6,803 | Age at menarche, age at natural menopause and
risk of rheumatoid arthritis – a Mendelian
randomization study g
g
p
risk of rheumatoid arthritis – a Mendelian
randomization study
Jingjing Zhu
The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
Zheng Niu
Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital Zhej... |
https://openalex.org/W2972549055 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12138-0.pdf | English | null | Synchronous 500-year oscillations of monsoon climate and human activity in Northeast Asia | Nature communications | 2,019 | cc-by | 10,237 | 1 Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China. 2 CAS
Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. 4 CAS
Center for Excell... |
https://openalex.org/W2047027696 | https://www.scielo.br/j/rbz/a/QNx9N3FMGBF8pC9SJ7kh8Rg/?lang=en&format=pdf | English | null | Evaluation of carcass traits, non-carcass components and 12th rib analysis of hair sheep supplemented with phosphorus | Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia | 2,006 | cc-by | 3,749 | Helder Louvandini1, Concepta McManus2, Bruno Steffano Dallago3, Bruno de Oliveira
do3, Dalton Araujo Antunes4 1 Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária - FAV, UnB, Caixa Postal 04508 70901-970 – Brasília-DF, Brasil. 2 Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária - FAV. Pesquisadora CNPq. 3 Graduando em Medicina ... |
https://openalex.org/W1811653118 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4613501?pdf=render | English | null | Diversity in the structures and ligand-binding sites of nematode fatty acid and retinol-binding proteins revealed by Na-FAR-1 from <i>Necator americanus</i> | Biochemical journal | 2,015 | cc-by | 13,417 | Abbreviations: Ace-FAR-1, Ancylostoma ceylanicum fatty acid- and retinol-binding protein-1; Ac-FAR-1, Ancylostoma caninum fatty acid- and retinol-
binding protein-1; Ac-SPI, serine protease inhibitor from Ancylostoma caninum; Bm-FAR, Brugia malayi fatty acid- and retinol-binding protein; Ce-FAR-7,
Caenorhabditis elegan... |
https://openalex.org/W4383185187 | https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2416950 | Turkish | null | Performance Analysis of Underwater Ad-hoc Networks | DergiPark (Istanbul University) | 2,022 | cc-by | 5,987 | ÖZ Sualtı tasarsız ağlar oldukça karmaşık bir ortama sahip olmakla
birlikte, karasal radyo tabanlı ağlara göre hem fiziksel hem de
teknolojik
farklılıklar
barındırmaktadır. Ayrıca
birçok
sorun
barındırması
nedeniyle bu tür karmaşık
haberleşme ağlarını
modellemek oldukça zordur. Bu alandaki çalışmalar kablosuz... |
W3111753613.txt | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/24/7128/pdf?version=1607763591 | en | Recent Advances in Cell Adhesive Force Microscopy | Sensors | 2,020 | cc-by | 9,269 | sensors
Review
Recent Advances in Cell Adhesive Force Microscopy
Ying Tu 1 and Xuefeng Wang 1,2, *
1
2
*
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; yingtu@iastate.edu
Molecular, Cellular, and Development Biology Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University,
Ames, IA 50011, U... | |
https://openalex.org/W4392968663 | https://www.obgynia.com/obgyn/index.php/obgynia/article/download/75/pdf | Indonesian | null | Perbedaan Morfologi dan Fragmentasi DNA Sperma sebelum dan sesudah Kriopreservasi dengan Metode Slow Cooling di Klinik Aster RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung | Obgynia | 2,018 | cc-by-sa | 3,231 | eISSN 2615-496X eISSN 2615-496X Perbedaan Morfologi dan Fragmentasi DNA Sperma sebelum dan sesudah
Kriopreservasi dengan Metode Slow Cooling di Klinik Aster
RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung Faizal Arif,1 Tono Djuwantono,2 Dian Tjahyadi, 2 Yusuf Sulaeman Effendi, 2 Anita Deborah
Anwar, 2 Amillia Siddiq 2
1Rumah Saki... |
https://openalex.org/W3045882178 | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09151117.pdf | English | null | Estimating Autism Severity in Young Children From Speech Signals Using a Deep Neural Network | IEEE access | 2,020 | cc-by | 10,169 | Estimating Autism Severity in Young Children
From Speech Signals Using a Deep Neural
Network Corresponding author: Marina Eni (marinamu@post.bgu.ac.il) This work was supported in part by the Israel Science Foundation under Grant 961/14 and by the BGU Research Authority ABSTRACT Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neuro... |
https://openalex.org/W4386944024 | https://journals.iucr.org/s/issues/2023/06/00/vl5011/vl5011.pdf | English | null | <i>In situ</i> synchrotron X-ray total scattering measurements and analysis of colloidal CsPb<i>X</i> <sub>3</sub> nanocrystals during flow synthesis | Journal of synchrotron radiation | 2,023 | cc-by | 6,654 | In situ synchrotron X-ray total scattering
measurements and analysis of colloidal CsPbX3
nanocrystals during flow synthesis ISSN 1600-5775 ISSN 1600-5775 Matthew W. Greenberg,a Cheng-Hung Lin,b Shirish Chodankarb and
Sanjit K. Ghoseb* Received 28 March 2023
Accepted 20 August 2023 aDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemis... |
https://openalex.org/W1971121205 | https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/249041 | English | null | Systematic Zoology: Its Progress and Purpose | Science | 1,907 | public-domain | 10,870 | * Address before the Section of Systematic Zool-
ogy, Seventh International Zoological Congress. MSS. intended for publication and books, etc., intended for
review should be sent to the Editor of ScreNcE, Garrison-on-
UWudson,
N.
Y. Fripay,
October
18,
1907 CONTENTS
Systematie Zoology—Its Progress and Pur-
fOS... |
https://openalex.org/W4380520572 | http://anapub.co.ke/journals/jebi/jebi_pdf/2022/jebi_volume_2-issue_4/JEBI202202022.pdf | English | null | Evaluation of Environmental Pollution and Waste Management Strategies on the Ecosystem | Journal of enterprise and business intelligence./Journal of enterprise and business intelligence | 2,022 | cc-by | 9,035 | ISSN: 2789-5181 ISSN: 2789-5181 Journal of Enterprise and Business Intelligence 2(4)(2022) Article Info Journal of Journal of Enterprise and Business Intelligence (http://anapub.co.ke/journals/jebi/jebi.html)
Doi: https://doi.org/10.53759/5181/JEBI202202022
Received 06 April 2022; Revised from 22 May 2022; Accepted 1... |
https://openalex.org/W4212984946 | https://www.qeios.com/read/OAIAXX/pdf | English | null | Plant extract | Definitions | 2,021 | cc-by | 165 | Qeios · Definition, August 24, 2021 Open Peer Review on Qeios Open Peer Review on Qeios Plant extract Addiction Ontology Addiction Ontology Open Peer Review on Qeios Source Addiction Ontology Definition: An extract from a plant. Qeios ID: OAIAXX · https://doi.org/10.32388/OAIAXX Definition: An extract from a pl... |
https://openalex.org/W2891188642 | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/10/1354/pdf?version=1537536786 | English | null | Magnesium Intake and Sleep Disorder Symptoms: Findings from the Jiangsu Nutrition Study of Chinese Adults at Five-Year Follow-Up | Nutrients | 2,018 | cc-by | 7,037 | Received: 13 August 2018; Accepted: 18 September 2018; Published: 21 September 2018 Abstract: (1) Background: In clinical trials, dietary magnesium use can improve insomnia symptoms. However, little is known about the association between dietary magnesium consumption and sleep
disorder symptoms including daytime fallin... |
https://openalex.org/W2342846911 | https://www.nature.com/articles/srep20169.pdf | English | null | Oral glutathione supplementation drastically reduces Helicobacter-induced gastric pathologies | Scientific reports | 2,016 | cc-by | 10,330 | Oral glutathione supplementation
drastically reduces Helicobacter-
induced gastric pathologies Ellen De Bruyne1, Richard Ducatelle1, Dennis Foss2, Margaret Sanchez2, Myrthe Joosten1,
Guangzhi Zhang1, Annemieke Smet1, Frank Pasmans1, Freddy Haesebrouck1,* &
Bram Flahou1,* received: 24 March 2015
accepted: 23 December... |
https://openalex.org/W2028652322 | https://hal.science/hal-02457008/document | English | null | Maternal Effects on Anogenital Distance in a Wild Marmot Population | PloS one | 2,014 | cc-by | 5,033 | To cite this version: Timothée D Fouqueray, Denis Blumstein, Julien G. A. Martin. Maternal Effects on Anogeni-
tal Distance in a Wild Marmot Population. PLoS ONE, 2014, 9 (3), pp.e92718. 10.1371/jour-
nal.pone.0092718. hal-02457008 Introduction they might contribute to offspring defeminisation or masculinisa-
tion.... |
W4386266779.txt | https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/index.php/ijssr/article/download/131/239 | en | Improving Mathematics Learning Outcomes Using Discovery Learning in Class XI Software Engineering 1 INFOKOM Bogor Vocational High School | International Journal of Social Service and Research | 2,022 | cc-by-sa | 3,363 | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL
SERVICE AND RESEARCH
IMPROVING MATHEMATICS LEARNING OUTCOMES USING
DISCOVERY LEARNING IN CLASS XI SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1
INFOKOM BOGOR VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Putri Riandini
Mathematics and Science Study Program, Faculty of Postgraduate, Universitas Indraprasta
PGRI, South Jakarta, Indone... | |
https://openalex.org/W3139339857 | https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13023-021-01779-4 | English | null | New paradigms for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases: targeting the endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic strategy | Orphanet journal of rare diseases | 2,021 | cc-by | 4,960 | © The Author(s) 2021. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the
original author(s) and the source, provide a link to t... |
https://openalex.org/W420740165 | http://real.mtak.hu/61543/1/1-s2.0-S0048969715004854-main.pdf | English | null | Predicting the preservation of cultural artefacts and buried materials in soil | Science of the total environment | 2,015 | cc-by | 14,211 | H I G H L I G H T S • The preservation in soils of different materials and of stratigraphic evidence is reviewed. • A predictive framework for the preservation of materials in soil is proposed. • Preservation of materials and stratigraphic evidence in soils of the EU is predicted. • Soil performs an important cultural ... |
https://openalex.org/W3008454003 | https://journals.iucr.org/s/issues/2020/02/00/wz5004/wz5004.pdf | English | null | The HARE chip for efficient time-resolved serial synchrotron crystallography | Journal of synchrotron radiation | 2,020 | cc-by | 10,403 | The HARE chip for efficient time-resolved serial
synchrotron crystallography ISSN 1600-5775 ISSN 1600-5775 Pedram Mehrabi,a Henrike M. Mu¨ller-Werkmeister,a,b Jan-Philipp Leimkohl,c
Hendrik Schikora,c Jelena Ninkovic,d Silvia Krivokuca,d Ladislav Andricˇek,d
Sascha W. Epp,a Darren Sherrell,e Robin L. Owen,e Arwen R. Pe... |
https://openalex.org/W3127754785 | https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12885-021-07864-y | English | null | A novel scoring system integrating molecular abnormalities with IPSS-R can improve the risk stratification in patients with MDS | BMC cancer | 2,021 | cc-by | 5,816 | Gu et al. BMC Cancer (2021) 21:134
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-07864-y Gu et al. BMC Cancer (2021) 21:134
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-07864-y Open Access A novel scoring system integrating
molecular abnormalities with IPSS-R can
improve the risk stratification in patients
with MDS Siy... |
https://openalex.org/W4295850233 | https://www.ijsciences.com/pub/pdf/V5201602908.pdf | English | null | Phenotypic Characterization and Comparative Study on ESBL-producing E. coli of Clinical Origin | Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) | 2,016 | cc-by | 3,941 | Ugbo Emmanuel1, Anyamene Chris2, Orji Jerry1, Eluu Stanley1,
Ukpai Grace1, Ogene Lilian1, Okata-Nwali Divinegift3 1Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Ebonyi
State, Nigeria. 2Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewery Science, Faculty of Bioscie... |
https://openalex.org/W4391168008 | https://aacr.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Supplementary_Figure_11_from_Treatment_Response_Tumor_Infiltrating_Lymphocytes_and_Clinical_Outcomes_in_Inflammatory_Breast_Cancer_Treated_with_Neoadjuvant_Systemic_Therapy/25054801/1/files/44212630.pdf | English | null | Supplementary Figure 11 from Treatment Response, Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Clinical Outcomes in Inflammatory Breast Cancer–Treated with Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy | null | 2,024 | cc-by | 246 | Supplementary Figure 11. Association of RCB with DFS and OS. (A) Kaplan-Meier curves of DFS according to RCB class; (B-C) Forest plots showing
the association of RCB class (B), or non-zero RCB score (C), and standard clinicopathological and treatment variables with DFS quantified by Cox
regression. (D) Kaplan-Meier c... |
https://openalex.org/W2807716729 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc6155002?pdf=render | English | null | Identification of active and taxonomically diverse 1,4-dioxane degraders in a full-scale activated sludge system by high-sensitivity stable isotope probing | The ISME journal | 2,018 | cc-by | 9,904 | Abstract 1,4-Dioxane is one of the most common and persistent artificial pollutants in petrochemical industrial wastewaters and
chlorinated solvent groundwater plumes. Despite its possible biological treatment in natural environments, the identity and
dynamics of the microorganisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we... |
https://openalex.org/W2899888562 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc6226484?pdf=render | English | null | Diffusion-limited association of disordered protein by non-native electrostatic interactions | Nature communications | 2,018 | cc-by | 13,756 | ARTICLE OPEN ARTICLE ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06866-y Since TAD is
disordered, the FRET efficiency of unbound TAD is low com-
pared to that of the bound state, in which the end-to-end distance
is much shorter (Fig. 1a). IDPs are often highly charged, possibly to avoid aggregation5,
and bin... |
https://openalex.org/W2581810488 | https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/ejtir/article/download/3190/3375 | English | null | An exploration of moving walkways as a transport system in urban centers | Deleted Journal | 2,017 | cc-by | 9,284 | 1A:
EPFL
ENAC
IIC
TRANSP-OR
Station
18
CH-1015
Lausanne
Switzerland
T: +41(0)216932408
F:
+41(0)216938060 E: riccardo.scarinci@epfl.ch
2A:
EPFL,
ENAC,
IA,
LAB-U
Station
16
CH-1015
Lausanne
Switzerland
T:
+41(0)216936274
E:
farzaneh.bahrami@epfl.ch
3A:
EPFL-ENAC-INTER-CHOROS
Batiment
polyvalent
Station
16
CH-1015
Lausanne... |
https://openalex.org/W3197647116 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.708316/pdf | English | null | Plasma Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Predicts Graft Function Following Kidney Transplantation: A Prospective Cohort Study | Frontiers in medicine | 2,021 | cc-by | 8,490 | Citation: Ye Y, Han F, Ma M, Sun Q, Huang Z,
Zheng H, Yang Z, Luo Z, Liao T, Li H,
Hong L, Na N and Sun Q (2021)
Plasma Macrophage Migration
Inhibitory Factor Predicts Graft
Function Following Kidney
Transplantation: A Prospective Cohort
Study. Front. Med. 8:708316. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.708316 Plasma Macrophage Migra... |
https://openalex.org/W2110143873 | https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/files/12779/Heavy_Neutrinos_10052-012-2056-4.pdf | English | null | Search for heavy neutrinos and right-handed W bosons in events with two leptons and jets in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 7~\mathrm{TeV}$ with the ATLAS detector | European physical journal. C, Particles and fields | 2,012 | cc-by | 21,271 | Search for heavy neutrinos and right-handed W bosons in events
with two leptons and jets in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV
with the ATLAS detector The ATLAS Collaboration⋆
CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Received: 24 March 2012 / Revised: 17 May 2012 / Published online: 3 July 2012
© CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS col... |
https://openalex.org/W4287178616 | https://zenodo.org/records/4777677/files/Abe%20Leser.pdf | English | null | Abe Leser: What are Trusts and How to Use Them in Real Estate? | Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) | 2,021 | cc-by | 382 | What are trusts and how to use them in real estate? What are trusts and how to use them in real estate? Knowing what trusts are and how to use them in real estate can be an alternative to ensure the
achievement of specific objectives in the future. It is a contract in which all kinds of assets can be used for a legal ... |
https://openalex.org/W2140434685 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1906746?pdf=render | English | null | Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor/neuronal restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) can regulate HSV-1 immediate-early transcription via histone modification | Virology journal | 2,007 | cc-by | 13,057 | BioMed Central BioMed Central BioMed Central Received: 23 March 2007
Accepted: 7 June 2007 Virology Journal 2007, 4:56
doi:10.1186/1743-422X-4-56 This article is available from: http://www.virologyj.com/content/4/1/56 © 2007 Pinnoji et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. j
This is an Open Access article distributed under ... |
https://openalex.org/W2337111012 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4853932?pdf=render | English | null | Does Citrulline Have Protective Effects on Liver Injury in Septic Rats? | BioMed research international | 2,016 | cc-by | 6,719 | Bin Cai,1 Yu-long Luo,1 Shi-jun Wang,1 Wei-yuan Wei,2 Xue-hui Zhang,3 Wei Huang,1
Tong Li,1 Meng Zhang,1 Nan Wu,1 Gopaul Roodrajeetsing,4 and Sen Zhang1 Bin Cai,1 Yu-long Luo,1 Shi-jun Wang,1 Wei-yuan Wei,2 Xue-hui Zhang,3 Wei Huang,1
Tong Li,1 Meng Zhang,1 Nan Wu,1 Gopaul Roodrajeetsing,4 and Sen Zhang1 Bin Cai,1 Yu-l... |
https://openalex.org/W4386001305 | https://ijsr.internationaljournallabs.com/index.php/ijsr/article/download/1388/913 | English | null | Scope Management Analysis of Construction Work for Mix-Used Building Projects in the City of Jakarta | Journal of Social Research | 2,023 | cc-by-sa | 2,813 | SCOPE MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION WORK
FOR MIX-USED BUILDING PROJECTS IN THE CITY OF JAKARTA Nanang Hidayat1*, Manlian R. A. Simanjuntak2**
1,2Universitas Pelita Harapan
* hidnanang@gmail.com ** manlian.adventus@uph.edu ,
,
,
on eywords Scope management, project planning and implementation, scope of work c... |
https://openalex.org/W2945762163 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09823-5.pdf | English | null | Yin Yang 1 sustains biosynthetic demands during brain development in a stage-specific manner | Nature communications | 2,019 | cc-by | 20,093 | 1 Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. 2 Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
3 Laboratory of Computational Biology, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven 3000, Belgium. 4 Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich,
Zurich 8... |
https://openalex.org/W4390747264 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00985-7.pdf | English | null | Multimodal digital phenotyping of diet, physical activity, and glycemia in Hispanic/Latino adults with or at risk of type 2 diabetes | npj digital medicine | 2,024 | cc-by | 11,744 | ARTICLE
OPEN
Multimodal digital phenotyping of diet, physical activity, and
glycemia in Hispanic/Latino adults with or at risk of type 2
diabetes Amruta Pai
1✉, Rony Santiago2, Namino Glantz3, Wendy Bevier2, Souptik Barua1, Ashutosh Sabhar Digital phenotyping refers to characterizing human bio-behavior through wearable... |
https://openalex.org/W3010900053 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00418/pdf | English | null | A Contextual Behavioral Account of Culture: Example Implementation of a Functional Behavioral Approach to the Study of Cultural Differences in Social Anxiety | Frontiers in psychology | 2,020 | cc-by | 10,708 | Edited by:
Andrew G. Ryder,
Concordia University, Canada
Reviewed by:
Vinai Norasakkunkit,
Gonzaga University, United States
Eunsoo Choi,
Korea University, South Korea
*Correspondence:
Alexander Krieg
xkrieg@gmail.com Edited by:
Andrew G. Ryder,
Concordia University, Canada Reviewed by:
Vinai Norasakkunkit,
Gonzaga Uni... |
https://openalex.org/W2059148525 | https://www.scielo.br/j/gmb/a/YMZNvH56K4rgB4Y95F6g3Wz/?lang=en&format=pdf | English | null | Comet assay comparison of different Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca) tissues for the detection of genotoxicity | Genetics and Molecular Biology | 2,005 | cc-by | 3,691 | Genetics and Molecular Biology, 28, 3, 464-468 (2005)
Copyright by the Brazilian Society of Genetics. Printed in Brazil
www.sbg.org.br Research Article Research Article Abstract The comet assay was used to study the sensitivity of the widely distributed freshwater bivalve mollusk Corbicula
fluminea to the DNA-damaging ... |
https://openalex.org/W2896037912 | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/10/2818/pdf | English | null | Finite Element Analysis to the Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Loads on Stress Distribution in Buried Polyethylene Gas Pipes Jointed by Electrofusion Sockets, Repaired by PE Patches | Energies | 2,018 | cc-by | 19,732 | Received: 7 September 2018; Accepted: 8 October 2018; Published: 19 October 2018 Abstract: Polyethylene (PE) gas pipes can be jointed together by electrofusion PE fittings, which have
sockets that are fused onto the pipe. Additionally, electrofused PE patches can be used to repair
defected pipes. When these pipelines ar... |
https://openalex.org/W4207047116 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.810223/pdf | English | null | Case Report: Endocapillary Glomerulopathy Associated With Large Granular T Lymphocyte Leukemia | Frontiers in immunology | 2,022 | cc-by | 3,713 | CASE REPORT
published: 25 January 2022
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.810223 CASE REPORT
published: 25 January 2022
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.810223 Large granular T lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGLL) is a rare indolent lymphocyte leukemia. The clonal proliferation of T cells, which is related to STAT3 gene mutation and abnormal
Fas-... |
https://openalex.org/W4362684257 | https://ejournal.iaida.ac.id/index.php/Tarbiyatuna/article/download/1938/1187 | Indonesian | null | IMPLEMENTASI MANAJEMEN SUMBERDAYA MANUSIA DALAM MENINGKATKAN MUTU GURU DI SMA FAVORIT NU TEGALDLIMO | Tarbiyatuna | 2,023 | cc-by-sa | 6,611 | 48 48 Jurnal Tarbiyatuna, Vol. 3, No. 2, Desember 2022
ISSN: 2774-5724 (media Online) Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine how the implementation of human
resource management (HR) at SMA Faforit NU Tegaldlimo Banyuwangi. Second, what
is the quality of teachers at SMA Faforit NU Tegaldlimo Banyuwangi. ... |
https://openalex.org/W4322825337 | https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/file/17938098/1/Division%20algebras%20and%20MRD%20codes%20from%20skew%20polynomials | English | null | Division algebras and MRD codes from skew polynomials | arXiv (Cornell University) | 2,021 | cc-by | 17,057 | 1. Introduction Rank distance codes are important both in coding theory and cryptography. One of the best-known
maximum rank distance (MRD) codes is probably the Gabidulin code [10] which was mentioned already
by Delsarte [8]. In coding theory, MRD codes are well suited to correct errors [6, 31]. In cryptography,
they ... |
https://openalex.org/W4313185705 | https://baas.aas.org/pub/2020i0320/download/pdf | English | null | William A. Dent (1938–2020) | Bulletin of the AAS | 2,020 | cc-by | 648 | Bulletin of the AAS • Vol. 52, Issue 2
William A. Dent (1938–
2020) Bulletin of the AAS • Vol. 52, Issue 2 Bulletin of the AAS • Vol. 52, Issue 2 William Irvine1 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0) Bulletin of the AAS • Vol. 52, Issue 2 William A. Dent (1938–2020) Bill Dent with ... |
https://openalex.org/W1975633363 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3848915?pdf=render | English | null | A Community of One: Social Cognition and Auditory Verbal Hallucinations | PLoS biology | 2,013 | cc-by | 3,989 | Vaughan Bell* King’s College London, London, United Kingdom and, second, they are primarily experi-
enced as social actors the hearers can
relate to and interact with [6]. internalised social actors. To illustrate the
extent of this neglect, a recent consensus
statement that described an integrated
cognitive model of a... |
https://openalex.org/W2567063872 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5363822?pdf=render | English | null | The <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> T6SS is a plant warden against phytopathogens | The ISME journal | 2,017 | cc-by | 12,932 | Correspondence: P Bernal or A Filloux, MRC Centre for Molecular
Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial
College London, Flowers Building, 1st Floor South Kensington
Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
E-mail: p.bernal@imperial.ac.uk or a.filloux@imperial.ac.uk
Received
13
July
2016;
revised
8
October
... |
https://openalex.org/W1887231280 | https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02328022/file/Pierre2015.pdf | English | null | Modeling vegetation and wind erosion from a millet field and from a rangeland: Two Sahelian case studies | Aeolian research | 2,015 | cc-by | 15,044 | Modeling vegetation and wind erosion
from a millet field and from a rangeland: two Sahelian case studies Caroline PIERRE1,2, Laurent KERGOAT1, Gilles BERGAMETTI2, Éric MOUGIN1, Christian BARON3,
Amadou ABDOURHAMANE TOURE4, Jean-Louis RAJOT2,5, Pierre HIERNAUX1, Béatrice MARTICORENA2,
Claire DELON6 Caroline PIERRE1,... |
https://openalex.org/W3011249203 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00200/pdf | English | null | Antioxidant Nanotherapies for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases | Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology | 2,020 | cc-by | 16,091 | REVIEW REVIEW
published: 18 March 2020
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00200 published: 18 March 2020
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00200 Antioxidant Nanotherapies for the
Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases
Chen-Wen Li 1†, Lan-Lan Li 1,2†, Sheng Chen 3*, Jian-Xiang Zhang 1* and Wan-Liang Lu 4*
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, College ... |
https://openalex.org/W3203937546 | https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2021/85/e3sconf_icmed2021_01095.pdf | English | null | Finite element simulation of AISI 1025 and Al6061 specimen with coated and uncoated tools on turning process using deform-3D | E3S web of conferences | 2,021 | cc-by | 3,287 | Finite element simulation of AISI 1025 and Al6061 specimen
with coated and uncoated tools on turning process using
deform 3D K V Durga Rajesh1*, Abdul Munaf Shaik1, A V S Ram Prasad1, Tanya Buddi2, and F M Mwema3
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Prade... |
https://openalex.org/W4313328496 | https://medkatjorn.ru/journal/nomera/2022/4/73-78.pdf | Russian | null | Need to Expand Official List of Conditions for which First Aid is Provided in the Russian Federation | Medicina katastrof | 2,022 | cc-by | 5,926 | НЕОБХОДИМОСТЬ РАСШИРЕНИЯ ДЕЙСТВУЮЩЕГО В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ОФИЦИАЛЬНОГО ПЕРЕЧНЯ СОСТОЯНИЙ, ПРИ КОТОРЫХ ОКАЗЫВАЕТСЯ
ПЕРВАЯ ПОМОЩЬ ф
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Ключевые слова: боль в груди, инсульт, инфаркт миокарда, острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения, острый
коронарный синдром, официальный перечень состояний, первая помощь, Росс... |
https://openalex.org/W1965617583 | https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/0z709361j | English | null | Accelerating the Inbreeding of Multi-Parental Recombinant Inbred Lines Generated By Sibling Matings | G3 | 2,012 | cc-by | 7,625 | Accelerating the Inbreeding of Multi-Parental
Recombinant Inbred Lines Generated By
Sibling Matings Catherine E. Welsh and Leonard McMillan1
Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 Catherine E. Welsh and Leonard McMillan1
Department of Computer Scie... |
https://openalex.org/W1997972137 | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0106453&type=printable | English | null | Monte-Carlo Modeling of the Central Carbon Metabolism of Lactococcus lactis: Insights into Metabolic Regulation | PloS one | 2,014 | cc-by | 14,276 | Abstract Metabolic pathways are complex dynamic systems whose response to perturbations and environmental challenges are
governed by multiple interdependencies between enzyme properties, reactions rates, and substrate levels. Understanding
the dynamics arising from such a network can be greatly enhanced by the construc... |
https://openalex.org/W4312190728 | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-11128-9.pdf | English | null | Constraints on light leptophilic dark matter mediators from decay experiments | European physical journal. C, Particles and fields | 2,022 | cc-by | 9,505 | Received: 15 September 2022 / Accepted: 13 December 2022 / Published online: 22 December 2022
© The Author(s) 2022 Abstract
We study the influence of leptophilic dark matter
interactions on decays of muons and ground state mesons
in existing experiments. We consider a secluded dark sector
exclusively interacting with le... |
https://openalex.org/W3092760518 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-98434-6.pdf | English | null | Evaluation of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Normalization in Angelica decursiva under Various Experimental Conditions | null | 2,020 | cc-by | 7,932 | Evaluation of Angelica decursiva
reference genes under various
stimuli for RT‑qPCR data
normalization Yuedong He1,2,4, Yuan Zhong1,4, Zhenzhen Bao1, Weiqi Wang1, Xiaoqing Xu1, Yanan Gai3* &
Jie Wu1* Angelica decursiva is one of the lending traditional Chinese medicinal plants producing coumarins. Notably, several s... |
https://openalex.org/W2950341929 | https://zenodo.org/records/3971603/files/1736-Article%20Text-6061-1-10-20190608.pdf | English | null | Integration of Knowledge Management in E-CRM: A Collaborative Study | Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) | 2,019 | cc-by | 6,388 | 1. Introduction This paper discusses the relationship between knowledge management concept and e-CRM efforts. The academic
nature of this paper explores how eCRM, manifest itself in the form of a knowledge management system (KMS
henceforth), to enhance its efforts within the organization. Many SMEs progress in the gl... |
https://openalex.org/W2140137811 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2981565?pdf=render | English | null | Analysis of Mice Lacking DNaseI Hypersensitive Sites at the 5′ End of the IgH Locus | PloS one | 2,010 | cc-by | 9,381 | Abstract The 59 end of the IgH locus contains a cluster of DNaseI hypersensitive sites, one of which (HS1) was shown to be pro-B cell
specific and to contain binding sites for the transcription factors PU.1, E2A, and Pax5. These data as well as the location of
the hypersensitive sites at the 59 border of the IgH locus ... |
W2178611454.txt | https://zenodo.org/record/2444762/files/article.pdf | en | THE TREATMENT OF UNUNITED FRACTURES | Medical journal of Australia | 1,934 | public-domain | 0 | ||
W2069818243.txt | https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jfs/2005/203281.pdf | en | Traces of multipliers in pairs of weighted Sobolev spaces | Journal of function spaces and applications/Journal of Function Spaces and Applications | 2,005 | cc-by | 8,947 |
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https://openalex.org/W2263956376 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4646364?pdf=render | English | null | High Resolution Structures of the Human ABO(H) Blood Group Enzymes in Complex with Donor Analogs Reveal That the Enzymes Utilize Multiple Donor Conformations to Bind Substrates in a Stepwise Manner | Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry | 2,015 | cc-by | 10,748 | 3 The abbreviations used are: GT, glycosyltransferase; GTA, -(133)-N-acetyl-
galactosaminyltransferase; GTB, -(133)-galactosyltransferase; HA, H
antigen acceptor; UDP-C-Gal, UDP-phosphono-galactose; MPD, 2-methyl-
2,4-pentanediol; DI, 3-deoxy inhibitor. High Resolution Structures of the Human ABO(H) Blood
Group Enzym... |
W4293431499.txt | https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/gNnz4VX7VmvYRRb5hSpd7fR/?lang=en&format=pdf | en | Contributions from research on the Health Economic-Industrial Complex to the teaching project in Public Health | Cadernos de Saúde Pública | 2,022 | cc-by | 2,480 | PERSPECTIVAS
PERSPECTIVES
Contributions from research on the Health
Economic-Industrial Complex to the teaching
project in Public Health
Contribuições da pesquisa sobre o Complexo
Econômico-Industrial da Saúde ao projeto
político-pedagógico da Saúde Coletiva
Contribuciones de la investigación sobre el
Complejo Económi... | |
https://openalex.org/W2966921342 | https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/rbect/article/download/7296/pdf | Portuguese | null | O uso de mídias digitais, associados ao ambiente virtual de ensino e de aprendizagem, no ensino de química: explorando a radioatividade por meio da educação a distância | Revista brasileira de ensino de ciência e tecnologia | 2,019 | cc-by | 6,625 | ERROR: type should be string, got "https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/rbect R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. RESUMO Maurício Severo da Silva \nmss@universo.univates.br \n0000-0003-1271-6981 \nUniversidade do Vale do Taquari - \nUnivates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do \nSul, Brasil. Maurício Severo da Silva \nmss@universo.univates.br \n0000-0003-1271-6981 \nUniversidade do Vale do Taquari - \nUnivates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do \nSul, Brasil. O presente texto é um relato de experiência que teve como objetivo possibilitar aos \nestudantes de uma turma do 1º ano do Ensino Médio o estudo do tema radiação por meio \ndo Ambiente Virtual de Ensino e de Aprendizagem. Os professores organizaram sua prática \npedagógica em seis encontros, um presencial e os seguintes a distância. Os docentes \nutilizaram mídias digitais, tais como: animações, vídeos, textos, infográficos e o jogo \ncomercial SimCity, bem como uma ferramenta de comunicação e interação, o fórum de \ndiscussão, presente no AVEA. Este recurso possibilitou que os estudantes interagissem \nentre si, proporcionando ricas e acaloradas discussões. No entanto, o jogo SimCity foi o que \nprovocou maior engajamento entre o grupo de alunos. Como forma de avaliação, os \ndocentes solicitaram que os estudantes se organizassem em grupos para gravar um vídeo, \nno qual os discentes deveriam demonstrar o que aprenderam sobre os assuntos abordados. A qualidade do conteúdo e da produção apresentada pelos estudantes surpreendeu os \ndocentes e evidenciou a preferência dos alunos por este tipo de atividade. Os docentes \nacreditam que o uso de forma estratégica do AVEA e das mídias digitais, em conjunto com \natividades que possibilitaram aos discentes serem autores de suas próprias discussões, \nreflexões e vídeos, auxiliou no desenvolvimento de uma postura mais proativa dos alunos \ne de uma maior autonomia nos seus estudos. Katiele Stefani Zotti \nkatyszotti@gmail.com \n0000-0001-9446-927X \nUniversidade do Vale do Taquari - \nUnivates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do \nSul, Brasil. Marcia Jussara Hepp Rehfeldt \nmrehfeld@univates.br \n0000-0002-0007-8639 \nUniversidade do Vale do Taquari - \nUnivates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do \nSul, Brasil. Miriam Ines Marchi \nmimarchi@univates.br \n0000-0003-2546-7072 \nUniversidade do Vale do Taquari - \nUnivates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do \nSul, Brasil. INTRODUÇÃO A inserção de mídias digitais no ensino vem sendo discutida e estudada por \ndiversos autores, tais como Saeed (2010) e Leite (2016). Contudo, estes mesmos \nautores concordam que é difícil para um docente que não possui uma formação \nvoltada ao uso de tecnologias educacionais - ou não as utilizou durante sua \nformação - inseri-las em suas práticas pedagógicas. Isso ocorre por diversos \nfatores, como a falta de habilidade com o uso de tecnologias digitais, \ndesconhecimento quanto aos recursos disponíveis, a falta de tempo para planejar \no uso de mídias digitais em sala de aula, entre outros. Além destes fatores, Prensky (2001) apresenta uma reflexão que agrega outro \nmotivo às dificuldades dos docentes em adicionar mídias digitais em suas práticas \npedagógicas. O autor argumenta que o distanciamento geracional existente entre \nos professores que nasceram em uma época onde pouca ou quase nenhuma \ntecnologia digital era existente amplia as dificuldades de diálogo com as novas \ngerações, que já nasceram imersas em um mundo onde a comunicação e a \ninteração são cada vez mais digitais. Para Prensky (2001), os docentes nascidos e \nformados na era pré-digital foram ensinados que o professor é o meio de \ninformação mais substancial que deve haver na formação de um indivíduo, sendo \no detentor do conhecimento, condição esta que não é mais válida em tempos \natuais. Diante disso, o autor destaca que o abismo geracional entre os que \nnasceram antes e após as tecnologias digitais é tão grande que parecem conversar \nem diferentes idiomas. Com base nisso, é possível perceber que um docente que não acompanha a \nevolução das tecnologias e não atualiza suas práticas pedagógicas está \ndistanciando-se ainda mais da realidade dos atuais estudantes. Um estudo recente \npublicado pelo Cetic.br1 (2016) demonstra que o número de dispositivos capazes \nde acessar a Internet disponíveis aos estudantes cresce a cada dia. Segundo o \nrelatório, 89% dos estudantes entre 15 e 17 anos, de escolas públicas, utilizam \nmeios de acesso à Internet como instrumentos para efetuarem pesquisas \nescolares, número este que chega a 97% no ensino privado. Vale destacar que o \nrelatório não deixa claro se os estudantes utilizam a Internet a pedido dos docentes \nou se a buscam de forma espontânea. Já, ao contrário, docentes que buscam inserir as tecnologias, por meio do uso \nde mídias digitais, em suas práticas tendem a tornar as atividades de ensino e de \naprendizagem mais atraentes aos estudantes. Nesse sentido, Santos et al. Miriam Ines Marchi PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Relato de experiência. Prática pedagógica. Ensino à distância. Ambiente \nvirtual de ensino e de aprendizagem. Mídias digitais. Página | 37 Página | 37 R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. INTRODUÇÃO (2016) \nafirmam que os Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem (AVAs) constituem-se em \nespaços fecundos que podem ser utilizados para promover a comunicação e \ninteratividade, além de serem capazes de potencializar os processos de ensino e \nde aprendizagem. Neste trabalho, os docentes optaram pela utilização do \nAmbiente Virtual de Ensino e Aprendizagem (AVEA) como instrumento de \ncomunicação, interação e disponibilização de mídias digitais coletadas na Internet \ne, também, produzidas pelos professores. É importante destacar que tanto o uso de AVEAs quanto de mídias digitais no \nensino não resolve os problemas de aprendizagem dos estudantes. Sendo assim, \nmesmo as atividades que utilizam tais recursos necessitam de planejamento e de \nobjetivos pedagógicos claramente definidos. Isso porque, sem estas etapas, o \ndocente corre o risco de reduzir o potencial destes recursos a meros artifícios para \ndeixar a aula mais divertida, conforme argumenta Demo (2016). Quanto a isto, Lames (2011) afirma que o docente precisa refletir sobre sua \nprática pedagógica de modo a superar o uso inadequado das tecnologias. Os \ndocentes precisam compreender o que é aprender e o que é ensinar para que, \nassim, possam criar e oportunizar aos discentes novas metodologias de ensino, “de \nproduzir, comunicar e representar o conhecimento” (LAMES, 2011, p. 23), o que, \nsegundo a autora, é possibilitado pelas novas mídias. Foi com base na reflexão sugerida por Demo (2016) e Lames (2011) que os \ndocentes e autores deste trabalho chegaram a seguinte questão de pesquisa: quais \nos efeitos pedagógicos do uso de um Ambiente Virtual de Ensino e de \nAprendizagem, associado a conteúdos que explorem diferentes mídias digitais, e \nda educação a distância, no ensino do tema radioatividade em uma turma de 1º \nano do Ensino Médio? Tendo em vista a questão norteadora, os docentes efetuaram o planejamento \nde suas atividades, de modo a propiciar a seus discentes uma experiência no uso \nde diversos tipos de mídias digitais, que puderam ser acessadas por meio de um \nAmbiente Virtual de Ensino e de Aprendizagem. Posto isso, a pesquisa teve como \nobjetivo desvelar os efeitos de diferentes mídias digitais por meio de um Ambiente \nVirtual de Ensino e Aprendizagem, com discentes do 1º ano do Ensino Médio, na \ndisciplina de Química. Como forma de fundamentar a prática realizada, a seção a \nseguir apresenta um breve resumo da abordagem teórica que guiou os docentes \ndurante a escolha das ferramentas e tipos de mídias a serem utilizadas. INTRODUÇÃO Na \nsequência, a seção 3 apresenta as particularidades da metodologia adotada pelos \ndocentes, bem como o detalhamento da prática efetivada. Por fim, são \napresentados os resultados obtidos e as considerações finais. R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. ABORDAGEM TEÓRICA De acordo com Messa (2010), os AVEAs estão sendo cada vez mais utilizados \nno âmbito educacional, uma vez que permitem o uso de mídias para veicular \nconteúdos e possibilitam a interação por meio de suas ferramentas, fornecendo \nsuporte a diversos tipos de atividades propostas aos alunos. Diante disso, é preciso \nelucidar que a prática pedagógica apresentada neste relato foi planejada de modo \na aproveitar os recursos que o AVEA Moodle disponibiliza. Sendo assim, neste \ntrabalho, a abordagem teórica objetiva situar o leitor quanto a alguns dos \nconceitos utilizados pelos docentes durante o planejamento e efetivação da \nprática pedagógica, que usou as mídias digitais com o apoio do Ambiente Virtual. Como forma de elucidar todos os recursos utilizados pelos docentes, cabe, \nneste momento, apresentar o Quadro 1, onde estão listados os recursos do AVEA, \nos tipos de mídias digitais de que os docentes se beneficiaram, bem como o \nobjetivo de cada um destes instrumentos. Página | 39 Página | 39 Quadro 1 - Recursos do AVEA e mídias digitais utilizadas \nRecurso \nObjetivos \nFerrament\nas do \nAVEA \nFórum \n‐ Promover a comunicação; \n‐ Realizar postagem de atividades; \n‐ Proporcionar discussões acerca dos temas estudados. E-mail \n‐ Promover a comunicação. Livro \n‐ Elaborar roteiros de estudos. Rótulo \n‐ Orientar os estudantes quanto às atividades a serem \ndesenvolvidas. Mídias \nDigitais \nHipertexto \n(Roteiros de \nEstudo) \n‐ Guiar o estudante por meio dos diversos tipos de \nmídia previamente selecionados pelos docentes. Textos \ninformativos \n‐ Servir de material base para os estudos individuais. Infográficos \n‐ Apresentar informações e dados de forma visual, com \no objetivo de ampliar a compreensão do tema em \nestudo. Vídeos \n‐ Servir de material base para os estudos individuais; \n‐ Estimular a reflexão sobre o tema em estudo; \n‐ Buscar indícios do aprendizado dos estudantes. Animação \ninterativa \n‐ Aproximar o estudante de uma realidade fictícia, \npossibilitando-lhe interagir e observar os efeitos de \nsuas ações no ambiente. Jogo (SimCity) \n‐ Aproximar o estudante de uma realidade fictícia, \npossibilitando-lhe interagir e observar os efeitos de \nsuas ações no ambiente; \n‐ Estimular a reflexão sobre as verdades, mentiras e \nadaptações da realidade promovida nos jogos digitais. R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. ABORDAGEM TEÓRICA (Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores com base em (MORAN, 1995; MACIEL et al, 2012; \nCUNHA; PAIVA, 2003; TRINDADE; REHFELDT; MARCHI, 2016; MÓDOLO, 2007; ALVES, \n2008; FIALHO, 2008)) Quadro 1 - Recursos do AVEA e mídias digitais utilizadas (Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores com base em (MORAN, 1995; MACIEL et al, 2012; \nCUNHA; PAIVA, 2003; TRINDADE; REHFELDT; MARCHI, 2016; MÓDOLO, 2007; ALVES, \n2008; FIALHO, 2008)) (Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores com base em (MORAN, 1995; MACIEL et al, 2012; \nCUNHA; PAIVA, 2003; TRINDADE; REHFELDT; MARCHI, 2016; MÓDOLO, 2007; ALVES, \n2008; FIALHO, 2008)) Dentre as ferramentas expostas, a mais utilizada pelos docentes e discentes \nfoi o fórum. Segundo Cunha e Paiva (2003), os fóruns facilitam a integração dos \nparticipantes e o hábito do trabalho aberto e exposto, oportunizando ao professor \numa visão geral dos interesses e empenho dos alunos, bem como a evolução da \naprendizagem. Maciel et al. (2012) corroboram destacando que os fóruns são \nespaços que possibilitam a discussão e a troca de ideias, favorecendo, assim, a \nconstrução coletiva do conhecimento. Outro recurso amplamente utilizado pelos docentes, tanto em contextos de \nensino quanto de aprendizagem, foi o vídeo. Isso se deve ao fato de que os vídeos \nsão úteis para despertar o interesse e a curiosidade dos alunos, uma vez que, de acordo com Moran (1995), utilizá-los é partir do visível, tornando o assunto \nabordado mais próximo dos discentes. Trindade, Rehfeldt e Marchi (2016) \ncomplementam esta ideia, destacando que os vídeos “normalmente resumem os \nconteúdos de forma prática e divertida, auxiliando a motivação acerca do tema” \n(Ibid, 2016, p. 4). Além dos vídeos, os docentes utilizaram animações para romper com a \nlinearidade com que os conteúdos foram abordados e instigar nos alunos uma \nmaior predisposição para a aprendizagem. Para Kenski (2015), a imagem, o som e \no movimento oferecem informações mais realistas ao sujeito que está sendo \nensinado, contribuindo para o aprendizado e aprofundamento do conteúdo \nestudado. Outra mídia digital inserida nos materiais disponíveis no AVEA foi o infográfico, \nque, de acordo com Módolo (2007), é um termo derivado da expressão em inglês \ninformational graphics, que significa gráficos informativos. Segundo a autora, esta \né uma mídia que alia texto e imagem com o intuito de passar uma mensagem \nvisualmente atrativa para o leitor. ABORDAGEM TEÓRICA A autora destaca, ainda, que os infográficos são \nrecursos de comunicação que transmitem sua mensagem por meio de elementos \nvisuais juntamente com o texto verbal reduzido, além de serem a porta de entrada \npara outros textos, já que estão no primeiro nível de leitura. Em complemento aos recursos e mídias digitais disponibilizados no AVEA, os \ndocentes utilizaram o jogo comercial SimCity, um simulador em que o jogador \nconstrói e administra uma cidade. Os pesquisadores decidiram por utilizar este \njogo em virtude da possibilidade de os estudantes poderem construir uma cidade \nonde houvesse uma usina nuclear. Adiciona-se a isso o fato de o jogo ser atrativo \ne familiar aos estudantes inseridos na turma em que a prática foi realizada. Além \nde ratificar esta afirmação, Alves (2008) defende que, quando explorado de \nmaneira correta, o jogo comercial pode ser uma ferramenta pedagógica que \nproduz resultados significativos. Outro autor que defende a utilização de jogos comerciais em contextos de \nensino e de aprendizagem é Fialho (2008), cujo trabalho destaca que os jogos são \nimportantes porque “promovem situações de ensino-aprendizagem e aumentam \na construção do conhecimento, introduzindo atividades lúdicas e prazerosas, \ndesenvolvendo a capacidade de iniciação e ação ativa e motivadora” (Ibid, 2008, \np. 12299). Para Alves (2008), os jogos possibilitam ao jogador “criar caminhos e \ncenários inexistentes, utilizando os conteúdos que permeiam o seu imaginário \npara construir narrativas que não estão definidas, imergindo em um universo de \nhistórias” (ALVES, 2008, p. 5). Neste momento, com base no referencial teórico exposto, cabe apresentar o \ndetalhamento da metodologia utilizada pelos docentes para o desenvolvimento \ndas atividades. R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. METODOLOGIA UTILIZADA Como forma de fundamentar a metodologia utilizada no presente trabalho, os \npesquisadores utilizaram como referencial terórico a obra de Silveira e Córdova \n(2009), na qual realizam uma revisão de literatura quanto às metodologias de \npesquisa existentes. No entendimento dos pesquisadores, estes autores fornecem \nsubsídios o suficiente para que este trabalho seja caracterizado como uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo. Para Silveira e Córdova (2009), em uma pesquisa \nqualitativa o foco não é a representatividade numérica, e sim a análise dos \naspectos da realidade, buscando a compreensão e a explicação dos fatos. Além \ndisso, os pesquisadores optaram por trazer, neste trabalho, os resultados e \ndiscussões como um relato de experiência. Como instrumentos de coletas de dados, os pesquisadores utilizaram um \ndiário de bordo compartilhado entre os docentes e os dados gerados pelos \nestudantes por meio da iteração com os conteúdos e atividades disponibilizados \nno Ambiente Virtual de Ensino e de Aprendizagem. A pesquisa foi realizada na \ndisciplina de Química, com os alunos do 1º ano do Ensino Médio (EM), no Colégio \nCenecista Mário Quintana, localizado no município de Encantado - RS. A turma é \nformada por 17 alunos, com idades entre 15 e 16 anos. As atividades desenvolvidas com a utilização do AVEA foram extraclasse e os \nconteúdos abordados ocorreram a distância. O tema explorado no decorrer da \natividade foi Radioatividade, sendo disponibilizado aos alunos um tópico semanal, \no que totalizou cinco encontros. Antes de iniciar as atividades semanais, os \ndocentes reuniram os alunos no auditório da escola para uma breve explanação \nquanto aos objetivos e atividades propostas. Aproveitou-se o momento para \ndemonstrar como acessar o AVEA e realizar estas atividades. Já o primeiro encontro a distância, “Papo inicial sobre Radioatividade”, teve \ncomo objetivo compreender porque alguns átomos são radioativos e diferenciar \nos tipos de radiação. Para tanto, disponibilizou-se o roteiro de estudos “Átomos, \nisótopos e radioatividade”, elaborado por Kare Kullerud, da Universidade de \nTronso, Noruega. Em seguida, foram solicitadas aos alunos a realização de uma \npesquisa sobre meia vida e decaimento radioativo e a postagem de um resumo \nsobre o que compreenderam em um fórum de perguntas e respostas. Ainda neste \ntópico, foi disponibilizada, como material complementar, uma animação do \nLaboratório Didático Virtual2 (LabVir) sobre Raio X, que tem por finalidade explicar \no funcionamento do Raio X e, de maneira geral, dos demais tipos de radiação. Ao \nfinal da animação, os alunos deveriam responder a cinco questões sobre o assunto \nestudado. METODOLOGIA UTILIZADA A Figura 1 apresenta a organização do AVEA utilizada pelos docentes no \nprimeiro encontro. nol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. Figura 1 - Organização dos materiais do encontro 1 no AVEA \n \n(Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores) Figura 1 - Organização dos materiais do encontro 1 no AVEA Página | 42 (Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores) (Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores) R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. O segundo encontro, “Níveis de radiação e seus efeitos”, teve como objetivo \nanalisar os níveis de radiação aos quais estamos submetidos e seus efeitos no \norganismo. Para atender a este objetivo, os docentes criaram dentro do Ambiente \nVirtual um roteiro de estudos formado por mídias digitais extraídas da internet e \num vídeo elaborado pelos autores. Na primeira seção do roteiro, foi \ndisponibilizado aos alunos o vídeo “Os locais mais radioativos da Terra”, que \nexplana sobre os níveis de radiação a que estamos expostos diariamente, assim \ncomo a radiação em diversos lugares da Terra. Na sequência, a seção 2 apresentou \num infográfico3 que busca quantificar os níveis de radiação a que estamos \nsubmetidos. Na seção 3, outro infográfico4 foi utilizado para demonstrar os efeitos \ncausados por cada nível de radiação no organismo. Para finalizar o roteiro de \nestudos, os docentes disponibilizaram um vídeo por eles gravado que abria a \ndiscussão sobre uma reportagem5 realizada na cidade de Encantado, pela RBS TV. A notícia abordava medições, aferidas no município, de radioatividade, cujos \nvalores encontrados seriam considerados anormais. Neste segundo encontro, após realizar o roteiro de estudos, os alunos foram \nconvidados a discutir, em um fórum geral, os níveis de radiação encontrados na \ncidade de Encantado, elaborando uma síntese comparativa entre os dados \ndisponibilizados no infográfico com as informações apresentadas na reportagem. Foi solicitado, também, que os discentes elencassem os tipos de radiação aos quais \nestão submetidos, seus efeitos no organismo e quais as prováveis fontes de \nradiação encontradas na cidade. Já o terceiro encontro, “Simcity e um desastre nuclear”, teve por objetivo \nobservar os impactos causados por um desastre nuclear com o auxílio do jogo \nSimcity 6, que é um simulador de cidades no qual os estudantes desempenharam a \nfunção de prefeito. R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. METODOLOGIA UTILIZADA A atividade deste encontro consistia em construir uma cidade \ncom uma usina nuclear, conduzindo-a a entrar em colapso para, então, observar \nos efeitos da radiação emitidos na cidade em diferentes situações, como na \nenergia, água, saúde da população, ambiente. Para os discentes que não possuíam \no jogo, foi disponibilizado um gameplay7 do jogo com uma situação semelhante a \nque deveriam ocasionar. Na sequência, os alunos elaboraram individualmente um \nrelato dos impactos observados, procurando refletir se, em uma situação real, os \nefeitos seriam os mesmos. O relatório foi postado na “Tarefa”, ferramenta \ndisponível no AVEA. A Figura 2 apresenta duas capturas de tela do gameplay \ndisponibilizado aos alunos, sendo, ao lado esquerdo, a cidade em modo normal de \njogo e, à direita, no modo medidor de poluição radioativa. Figura 2 - Cidade do SimCity cujo reator nuclear entrou em colapso \n \n(Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores por meio de capturas de tela do vídeo \nhttps://youtu.be/PHh2EmMTYvw) Figura 2 - Cidade do SimCity cujo reator nuclear entrou em colapso (Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores por meio de capturas de tela do vídeo \nhttps://youtu.be/PHh2EmMTYvw) Página | 43 Página | 43 R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. Dando continuidade às atividades, o quarto encontro, denominado “Energia \nNuclear”, teve como objetivo demonstrar a importância e os possíveis riscos da \nenergia nuclear. Para tanto, foi disponibilizado aos alunos um roteiro de estudos \ncontendo três vídeos e um infográfico. O primeiro vídeo, intitulado “Ciclo do \nUrânio”, produzido pela Indústria Nuclear do Brasil (INB), relata o ciclo do \ncombustível nuclear, ou seja, como o urânio contido em um minério transforma-\nse em energia. Trata-se de uma animação de aproximadamente cinco minutos no \nqual a INB percorre todo o processo de tratamento do urânio, desde sua extração \naté a produção de energia elétrica. Os outros dois vídeos desta unidade se intitulam “A vida no entorno da mina \nde Urânio”, mina está localizada na cidade de Caetité, na Bahia. Os vídeos \nmencionados demonstram os diferentes pontos de vista sobre a exploração da \nmina: a dos empreendedores, que ressaltam as melhorias realizadas na \ncomunidade e o crescimento econômico da cidade, e a dos moradores do entorno \nda mina, que destacam os impactos ambientais aos quais foram submetidos com \na extração do Urânio. Em complemento aos vídeos, o infográfico apresentado neste encontro \ndestaca o caminho dos resíduos radioativos, desde a sua mineração até a produção \nde energia. METODOLOGIA UTILIZADA Ao final do roteiro de estudos, os alunos elaboraram um resumo \ndiscutindo a importância da energia nuclear, os desastres que já ocorreram e quais \nseriam as maneiras para evitar futuras catástrofes. A fim de finalizar as atividades propostas para o estudo sobre radioatividade, \nno quinto encontro, os alunos formaram pequenos grupos e tiveram como \natividade elaborar um vídeo em que foram convidados a demonstrar o que \naprenderam sobre a temática em estudo. O estilo de vídeo ficou à critério de cada \ngrupo. Posto isso, cabe apresentar os resultados e discussões resultantes da prática \npedagógica exposta. R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES Os ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem são espaços fecundos e estratégicos, \nnos quais tem-se a possibilidade de desenvolver a postura autônoma do aluno. No \nentanto, Messa (2010) destaca que a qualidade do processo educativo depende \ndo envolvimento do aprendiz. Nesse sentido, procurou-se observar como os \ndiscentes se envolveram e participaram das atividades propostas. Além disso, cabe \nesclarecer que, nesta pesquisa, não se buscou desvelar a contribuição individual \nde cada mídia digital utilizada e, sim, a forma como os estudantes interagiram com \no conjunto de mídias e como reagiram quando expostos ao processo de ensino a \ndistância. Posto isso, quanto à participação dos alunos nos fóruns, os docentes \nobservaram diferentes tipos de interação. Inicialmente, por não estarem \nhabituados com propostas de trabalho deste cunho, a participação e o cuidado \ncom as datas estabelecidas ficou a desejar, porém, no decorrer das semanas, o \nenvolvimento e empenho aumentou. No fórum de perguntas e respostas, no qual \nos estudantes precisavam fazer uma postagem antes de ter acesso aos \ncomentários dos colegas, os alunos não interagiram entre si. No entanto, todos \npostaram o resumo solicitado e complementaram com gráficos e outras sugestões de leituras para o aprofundamento da temática. Já nos fóruns gerais, que são \nespaços onde é possível trocar mensagens livremente, os alunos demonstraram \nmaior envolvimento e interagiram com mais frequência, contribuindo com \ncolocações, sugestões e opiniões. Vale ressaltar que os fóruns estavam sendo \nmonitorados, e, sempre que era pertinente, os docentes realizaram \nquestionamentos, convidando-os, assim, para debaterem novas ideias. Ainda quanto aos fóruns, um, em particular, chamou a atenção dos docentes. O fórum relativo à discussão sobre os níveis de radiação encontrados na cidade \nonde vivem os estudantes foi o que mais recebeu postagens, 28 no total. Este \nnúmero representa quase 50% das postagens realizadas durante o período no qual \na prática foi realizada. Para os docentes, existem dois fatores que podem ter \ninfluenciado para que houvesse este número expressivo de mensagens. Primeiro, \no vídeo que provocou a discussão foi o único produzido pelos docentes abordando \no conteúdo em estudo. Segundo, o fato de os professores terem utilizado como \ncenário de discussão a cidade na qual tanto docentes quanto discentes residem. Além disso, neste fórum em específico, alguns estudantes reagiram a uma \npostagem na qual uma aluna utilizou erroneamente um conceito. Em suas \npostagens, os colegas a auxiliaram a compreender o porquê de sua colocação ser \nproblemática, contribuindo para o aprendizado da aluna. R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES Para os docentes \nenvolvidos, estas mensagens evidenciam quão ricas são as interações realizadas \nentre os estudantes por meio da ferramenta Fórum do Ambiente Virtual e \nconfirmam o pensamento de Maciel et al. (2012) e Cunha e Paiva (2003) sobre este \nrecurso. Mesmo com o sucesso apresentado durante as discussões nos fóruns, foi a \natividade envolvendo o jogo que mais mobilizou e envolveu os alunos. Como a \natividade foi extraclasse e a distância, a docente titular da turma utilizava as aulas \npresenciais para abordar outros conteúdos, ainda assim, foi perceptível o \nenvolvimento e discussões dos alunos. No decorrer da semana, observou-se uma \natenção especial a esta atividade, uma vez que o assunto em sala de aula girou em \ntorno do nível em que se encontravam e dos avanços que apresentavam. Este fato \nestá em consonância com a colocação de Fialho (2008), na qual destaca que, ao \njogar, o indivíduo se depara com a vontade de vencer, provocando assim uma \nsensação agradável, visto que os desafios são situações que mexem com o \nemocional das pessoas. No entanto, a tarefa na qual deveriam elaborar um \nrelatório sobre os impactos observados durante a interação com o jogo teve baixa \nadesão, dado que poucos alunos postaram a atividade solicitada. Quando \nindagados sobre o motivo da não postagem, a resposta foi o acúmulo de atividades \nescolares próximas ao período de entrega do relatório. Ainda assim, mesmo com \na prorrogação do prazo, poucos estudantes finalizaram a tarefa. Já a elaboração do vídeo, no qual deveriam explanar alguns dos assuntos \nabordados durante o período de estudos, evidenciou a preferência dos alunos por \natividades envolvendo a produção de vídeos. A criação deste material possibilitou \naos discentes trabalharem de forma autônoma, uma vez que, de acordo com Demo \n(2016, texto digital), o que interessa “é como o estudante faz o vídeo, tornando-se \nautor do conteúdo, não seu consumidor”. Além disso, os docentes surpreenderam-\nse com a qualidade do material elaborado pelos estudantes e com suas habilidades \nde interpretação e intimidade com a tecnologia e formato de mídia utilizado. Este \nresultado corrobora com a tese defendida por Prensky (2001, p. 1) de que as novas \ngerações são fluentes na “linguagem digital dos computadores, vídeo games e internet”. Posto isso, os professores sugerem aos leitores deste trabalho que \nassistam a um dos vídeos produzidos pelos estudantes, cujo link está disponível na \nFigura 3. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES Figura 3- Estudante interpretando um aluno que está coletando informações para seu \ntrabalho de conclusão de curso \n(Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores por meio de captura de tela do vídeo \nhttps://youtu.be/OYJ2-6--qB8) Figura 3- Estudante interpretando um aluno que está coletando informações para seu \ntrabalho de conclusão de curso Figura 3- Estudante interpretando um aluno que está coletando informações para seu \ntrabalho de conclusão de curso (Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores por meio de captura de tela do vídeo \nhttps://youtu.be/OYJ2-6--qB8) R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Diante dos resultados obtidos, os docentes possuem indícios para acreditar \nque a prática realizada atingiu seu objetivo, que foi desvelar os efeitos de \ndiferentes mídias digitais por meio de um Ambiente Virtual de Ensino e \nAprendizagem, com discentes do 1º ano do Ensino Médio, na disciplina de \nQuímica. Quanto à expectativa dos docentes, esta foi superada. O uso da educação \na distância, com o suporte do Ambiente Virtual de Ensino e Aprendizagem, \nassociado ao uso de um leque variado de mídias digitais, possibilitou aos \nestudantes experienciarem uma prática diferente da qual estão acostumados. Ainda assim, adequaram-se ao formato proposto e responderam bem à grande \nmaioria das atividades propostas. Existem dois pontos a serem considerados que contribuíram para o sucesso \nobtido nesta empreitada. O primeiro deles é o fato de que os docentes, além de \ntrabalharem de forma colaborativa, tiveram tempo para planejar, discutir e refletir \nsobre todas as etapas que a prática pedagógica seguiria. O segundo é que as \nbarreiras quanto ao uso das tecnologias digitais descritas por Prensky (2001) \npuderam ser superadas em virtude de ambos os docentes estarem desenvolvendo \npesquisas relativas ao uso de tecnologias em âmbito educacional, sendo um deles \nprofissional da área tecnológica como experiência em educação a distância e o \noutro, uma professora que constantemente atualiza suas práticas, buscando \ninserir as mídias digitais em contextos de ensino e de aprendizagem. Como nem tudo é perfeito, surgiram também alguns pontos para reflexão dos \ndocentes. O primeiro está relacionado ao uso da ferramenta fórum configurada \npara perguntas e respostas. Este modelo de fórum produziu diversas respostas semelhantes dos alunos e pouca interação entre eles. Com isso, seu \nfuncionamento aproximou-se muito mais de um questionário do que o de um \nfórum, uma vez que cada estudante apenas depositou suas respostas, sem \nreflexão, discussão ou questionamentos quanto às respostas dos demais colegas. O segundo ponto que cabe reflexão é o fato de que, mesmo havendo um grande \nenvolvimento dos alunos na atividade relacionada ao jogo SimCity, poucos alunos \nconcluíram o relatório solicitado ao final da proposta. Em relação a isso, ficam \nalguns questionamentos: mesmo que os alunos não tenham escrito o relatório \nsolicitado, eles fizeram a reflexão proposta pela atividade ou apenas utilizaram o \njogo como forma de entretenimento? Será que a escolha do relatório como \nresultado final da atividade foi a mais adequada? R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Um terceiro ponto para reflexão \nsurgiu em virtude de a atividade relativa ao jogo ter sido planejada de modo que \nos pais/responsáveis dos alunos pudessem participar e envolverem-se na \nelaboração do relatório, o que, de fato, não ocorreu. Quanto a isso, cabe salientar \nque os docentes entraram em contato com os familiares dos estudantes e os \nconvidaram para participar da atividade, tendo, alguns, acenado positivamente. Além disso, os docentes gravaram um vídeo explicando como a atividade ocorreria \ne encaminharam aos pais que, inicialmente, haviam aceitado participar. Diante \ndisso, adiciona-se uma nova questão para reflexão quanto ao ponto anterior: será \nque o não envolvimento dos pais fez com que os estudantes desistissem de \nentregar o relatório? Como contribuição para os estudos na área de ensino, os autores destacam \nque existem indicativos nesta investigação para afirmar que a educação a \ndistância, associada a um Ambiente Virtual de Ensino e de Aprendizagem e às \nmídias digitais, pode ser utilizada como um recurso que permite ao docente \nexperimentar práticas pedagógicas que extrapolem o espaço físico da sala de aula \nou da escola. Neste sentido, é possível citar como indícios a adesão dos estudantes \nao fórum de discussão relacionado ao vídeo produzido pelos docentes e a \nprodução do vídeo autoral por parte dos alunos. Neste último, em especial, fica \nevidente que os estudantes se apropriaram dos conceitos trabalhados durante os \nencontros a distância. Por fim, os autores gostariam de destacar que o uso de mídias digitais e dos \ndiversos tipos de tecnologias em sala de aula pode colaborar para que o ensino de \nalgumas matérias, como o da química, seja menos tedioso, além de contribuir para \nque o aprendizado seja efetivamente significativo. Assim, cabe aos docentes que \nutilizam estes recursos o papel de incentivar e estimular outros professores a \nusufruírem de tecnologias e mídias digitais em sala de aula, divulgando suas \nexperiências, compartilhando resultados e, se necessário, auxiliando no \nplanejamento e execução de práticas empíricas, como a relatada neste trabalho. Página | 47 Página | 47 KEYWORDS: Experience report. Pedagogical practice. Distance learning. Virtual learning \nenvironment. Digital media. R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. ABSTRACT The present text is a experience report witch had the objective of making possible to high \nschool students approach the study of radiation using an Learning Management System. The teachers organized the pedagogical practice in six meetings, one presential and the \nfollowings remotely. The teachers made use of digital medias as: animations, videos, text, \ninfographics and the comercial game SimCity, as well as a internal comunication and \nintegration tool and the discussion forum present in the LMS. This resource made possible \nthe integration of the students, providing rich and heated discussions. However, SimCity \ncaused the most engagement in the group. As the evaluation method, the teachers \nrequested the students to form groups and produce a video, presenting what they learned \nabout the subject. The quality of the content and production presented by the students \nsurprised the teachers and made evident the preference on this kind of activity. The \nteachers belive that the strategic use of LMS and digital medias together with activities that \nmake possible the students to be authors of their own discussions, reflections and videos \nhelped in the development of a more proactive position and a bigger autonomy on their \nstudies. Página | 48 Página | 48 NOTAS 1 Centro Regional de Estudos sobre o Desenvolvimento da Sociedade da \nInformação (Cetic.br) do Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR \n(NIC.br) - http://cetic.br/ 2 Segundo Leite (2016), no LabVir ou Laboratório Didático Virtual, encontram-se \nvárias páginas com material didático, bem como questões elaboradas por \nespecialistas da área. Um dos objetivos do laboratório é incentivar o pensamento \ne uso do método científico, além de estimular o gosto pela ciência. O LabVir pode \nser acessado pelo link: <www.labvirt.fe.usp.br> 3 \nO \ninfográfico \nutilizado \nfoi \nextraído \ndo \nsite \n<http://n.i.uol.com.br/ultnot/1103/radioativo.jpg> \n4 \nO \ninfográfico \nutilizado \nfoi \nextraído \ndo \nsite \n<https://i2.wp.com/diariodebiologia.com/wp-\ncontent/uploads/sites/4/2015/09/radiac3a7c3a3o-no-\norganismo.jpg?resize=635%2C478&ssl=1> 3 \nO \ninfográfico \nutilizado \nfoi \nextraído \ndo \nsite \n<http://n.i.uol.com.br/ultnot/1103/radioativo.jpg> 4 \nO \ninfográfico \nutilizado \nfoi \nextraído \ndo \nsite \n<https://i2.wp.com/diariodebiologia.com/wp-\ncontent/uploads/sites/4/2015/09/radiac3a7c3a3o-no-\norganismo.jpg?resize=635%2C478&ssl=1> 5 A reportagem da RBS TV sobre a radiação encontrada na cidade de Encantado – \nRS está disponível em: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNVLoiyXgXI> 6 O Simcity é um jogo no qual o objetivo é que o jogador crie e gerencie recursos \nde uma cidade virtual. Uma de suas características é não possuir um fim, podendo \nser jogado por tempo indeterminado. Trata-se de um jogo comercial produzido \npela empresa Eletronic Arts e está disponível para a compra no site dos \ndesenvolvedores. ABSTRACT 7 Gameplay é um formato de vídeo no qual os jogadores gravam e comentam suas \nações enquanto jogam e, posteriormente, os publicam na Internet. O objetivo \ndestes vídeos é aproximar o público que compartilha o gosto por jogos digitais. Além disso, uma estratégia dos desenvolvedores de jogos é liberar seus últimos \nlançamentos para os produtores deste tipo de conteúdo, fazendo com que outras \npessoas conheçam seus jogos e os comprem. R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. REFERÊNCIAS ALVES, Lynn. Relações entre os jogos digitais e aprendizagem: delineando \npercurso. Educação, Formação & Tecnologias-ISSN 1646-933X, v. 1, n. 2, p. [3-\n10], 2008. Disponível em: ALVES, Lynn. Relações entre os jogos digitais e aprendizagem: delineando \npercurso. Educação, Formação & Tecnologias-ISSN 1646-933X, v. 1, n. 2, p. [3-\n10], 2008. Disponível em: <http://eft.educom.pt/index.php/eft/article/view/58/38>. Acesso em: 20 mai. 2017. CETIC.BR (Brasil). TIC Educação. 2016. Disponível em: CETIC.BR (Brasil). TIC Educação. 2016. Disponível em: <http://cetic.br/pesquisa/educacao/>. Acesso em: 02 jan. 2017. <http://cetic.br/pesquisa/educacao/>. Acesso em: 02 jan. 2017. CUNHA, Fernando; PAIVA, João. A utilização de fóruns em contexto de \nEnsino/aprendizagem. In: Actas da III Conferência Internacional sobre \nTecnologias de Informação e Comunicação na Educação. Braga: Portuga Página | 49 Página | 49 R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019. FIALHO, Neusa Nogueira. Os jogos pedagógicos como ferramentas de ensino. In: \nCongresso Nacional de Educação. 2008. p. 12298-12306. 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Correspondência: Maurício Severo da Silva - mss@universo.univates.br \nDireito autoral: Este artigo está licenciado sob os termos da Licença Creative \nCommons-Atribuição 4.0 Internacional. Página | 52 Página | 52 R. bras. Ens. Ci. Tecnol., Ponta Grossa, v. 12, n. 2, p. 37-52, mai./ago. 2019." |
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Vol. 2, No. 3, 2023: 293 - 302 Asian Journal of Applied Education (AJAE)
Vol. 2, No. 3, 2023: 293 - 302 A R T I C L E I N F O A R T I C L E I N F O
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doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00174 Vera van den Berg1, Emi Saliasi1, Renate H. M. de Groot2,3, Mai J. M. Chinapaw1 and
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ISSN 1424-3636
Rezensionen
Ulrike Becker, Henrike Friedrichs, Friederike von Gross und Sabine Kaiser (Hrsg.)
Ent-Grenztes Heranwachsen
Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2016. 315 Seiten
ISBN: 978-3-658-09793-6 (E-Book), 978-3-658-097... | |
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)
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PUBLISHED 19 October 2022
DOI 10.3389/fphy.2022.1036557 TYPE Original Research
PUBLISHED 19 October 2022
DOI 10.3389/fphy.2022.1036557 TYPE Original Research
PUBLISHED 19 October 2022
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2 Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK. * These authors
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Article info
Abstract
Recieved:
28/11/2019
Accepted:
10/3/2020
This study general... |
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A. Brasoveanu and J. Dotlaˇcil, Computational Cognitive Modeling
and Linguistic Theory, Language, Cognition, and Mind 6,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31846-8_10 Chapter 10
Future Directions Where do we go from here? We will keep this short because, if the reader has made
it this far, the answe... |
https://openalex.org/W3110227194 | https://www.matec-conferences.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032905001/pdf | English | null | Designing a Tracked Running Gear of a Radio-Controlled Harvester | MATEC web of conferences | 2,020 | cc-by | 4,824 | Vladislav Klubnichkin1, Evgeny Klubnichkin1, Maxim Yakovlev1, Vladimir Makarov2, and
Vladimir Belyakov2 1Mytishchi branch of the Moscow State Technical University n.a. N.E. Bauman, 14100 Mytishchi, 1
1-st Institutskaya str., 1, Russian Federation
2Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 603950... |
https://openalex.org/W1965530610 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3257616?pdf=render | English | null | Osteoporosis Prevention—A Worthy and Achievable Strategy | Nutrients | 2,010 | cc-by | 972 | Howard A. Morris 1,2 1 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide,
South Australia 5001, Australia; E-Mail: howard.morris@health.sa.gov.au
2 Chemical Pathology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Received: 22 September 2010 / Accepted: 14 Octobe... |
https://openalex.org/W4311145592 | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12517-022-10995-6.pdf | English | null | Missing rainfall data estimation—an approach to investigate different methods: case study of Baghdad | Arabian journal of geosciences | 2,022 | cc-by | 10,781 | ERROR: type should be string, got "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10995-6\nArabian Journal of Geosciences (2022) 15:1740 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10995-6\nArabian Journal of Geosciences (2022) 15:1740 ORIGINAL PAPER *\t Nadhir Al‑Ansari \n\t\nnadhir.alansari@ltu.se; mukhaladabdullah@gmail.com Abstract The missing of the meteorological data in Iraq is common due to malfunction of measuring devices, security status, and \nhuman effects. The study tested 17 missing precipitation data estimation methods in Baghdad city as a case study, where, all \nthe surrounding stations around Baghdad experienced the missing of data for various reasons, and some of the missing data \nare for a full year record. The methods examined in this study are based on different approaches, some of the methods are \nbased upon the distances to the targeted station, others are upon regression factors, and there are also methods that combine \nseveral factors. There are also other types of missing data filling methods which depend on imputation and artificial intel-\nligence. The investigation of the most accurate method to find the missing data will assist researchers and decision makers to \nfill the gap in their analysis in one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of drought and climate changes impacts. Results \nshowed that Expectation Maximization (EM) method utilization has the best results with the least errors, and Multiple Linear \nRegression (MLR) method was ranked the second best method. In general, all of the applied methods had resulted acceptable \ninterpolations, and it was clear that the combined methods have low significance on the results in comparison with others. All of these findings are limited to the study area meteorological and spatial conditions. Keywords Missing precipitation · Expectation maximization · Multiple linear regression · Baghdad precipitation · Arid \nzones precipitation Keywords Missing precipitation · Expectation maximization · Multiple linear regression · Baghdad precipitation · Arid \nzones precipitation Missing rainfall data estimation—an approach to investigate different \nmethods: case study of Baghdad Mukhalad Abdullah1,2 · Nadhir Al‑Ansari2 Received: 21 July 2021 / Accepted: 12 November 2022 \n© The Author(s) 2022\n/ Published online: 30 November 2022 Responsible Editor: Broder J. Merkel 2\t\nLulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden 1\t\nBaghdad, Iraq Introduction years 2003 and 2004, most of the data are missed even \nin Baghdad station. Another example was in the period \nfrom 2014 to 2017; the meteorological stations in the \nwestern and northern parts of the country had stopped \nrecording the data((IMOaS) 2021). Baghdad station was selected as a case study in this research. Baghdad is the capital city and also the largest city in Iraq; it \nis also the main location of human activities in the Mesopo-\ntamian plain. The major irrigation projects are within Bagh-\ndad area (Abdullah and Al-Ansari 2021), where the accuracy \nof climate records is far important to plan and enhance irri-\ngation practices; also, this area is the hub of transportation \ninfrastructures in the country. The finding of the most suiting algorithm to perform the \nfilling of missing rainfall data is essential. It is worth men-\ntioning also that the climate and geospatial characteristics \nof Baghdad are greatly approaching other parts of Mesopo-\ntamia; thus, it can reliably extrapolate the results in other \nareas. Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismol-\nogy (IMOaS) is the official authority that manages the \nmeteorological and seismology data. It is common to \nfind missing data for many reasons, for instance, in the Many methods were successfully tested and adopted in \nother parts of the world, where the missing data filling mod-\nels are based on several concepts, which are mainly the cor-\nrelation with the surrounding stations, the spatial analysis \nwith the surrounding stations, and the artificial intelligence. i\nSeveral efforts were made by researchers to predict \nthe missing rainfall data, as it is one of the common \nproblems. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) \nestimates were analyzed; the method showed some limi-\ntation near the water bodies and when the precipitation (0121 3456789)\n3 1740 Page 2 of 17 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 is lower than 200 mm annually, but rather that, this pro-\nvides results with a correlation coefficient that might \nreach 0.91 (Abdulrazzaq 2020). This method also pro-\nvides some acceptable prediction in a specific circum-\nstance, but with overestimation during dry months at dif-\nferent locations (Abdulrida and Al-Jumaily 2016). surface-sea ice system designed to provide the best esti-\nmate of the state of these coupled domains over the \ntargeted period. The system has several strengths and \nlimitations; one of these limitations is the few relative \nevaluations that had been conducted. Methodology and data In order to examine the hypothesized missing data in the \nanalysis, Baghdad station was considered the target station \nwhere the missing occurred. Also, figures and conclusions \nwere shown for the time period from 1988 to 1995, and \nthe years 1982 and 2000, where these years are the wettest \nand driest, respectively, in terms of the time duration of \nthe study. Introduction The analysis was made for the period of 35 years, from \n1980 to 2014. Figure 1 and Table 1 show the statisti-\ncal and spatial characteristics of the study area stations. Twelve stations were gathered; these stations are Razazza, \nJurf Al-Sakhar, Latifiyah, Suwairah, Falluja, Abu Ghraib, \nBaghdad, Nahrawan, Tharthar, Taji, Rashidiyah, and \nKhan Saad. Baghdad station is considered in this study \nthe target station, it lies in the center of the area, and \nit is the most important one; there is no difference in \nelevation for most of the stations, except Tharthar stations \nwhich have an elevation of 82 m above sea level (a.s.l.). Also, the maximum diagonal distance between stations \nis 108 km, while the closest distance is around 29 km \nbetween Baghdad and Abu Ghraib stations. Figure 1 \nshows the geographical location of the study area stations. Artificial neural network (ANN) method to test the \nestimation of four different stations, which are Basra, \nBaghdad, Mosul, and Rutba, had shown good results (Al-\nSalihi et al. 2013); testing of this method also applied in \nSulaymaniyah city, northeast Iraq, and for the period of \n2013–2018, the results of ANN provide a good estima-\ntion up to 91.5% of accuracy (Murad and Jaff 2020). Isohyet method is adopted to estimate the missing rainfall \ndata in Nineveh governorate, which includes Mosul City. The study was made for 8 weather stations, during 20 years \nfrom 2000 to 2019. The results are promising and generally \ngood (Alozeer 2020). Study area Baghdad station was chosen as a case study where it is located \nin Iraq. Iraq is located in the Middle East covering an area \nof 438,320 km2. The climate of Iraq is mainly continental, \nsubtropical semi-arid type, with the north and north-eastern \nmountainous regions having a Mediterranean climate. In most \nof the country territories, the rainfall is very seasonal, which \nstarts in the winter from December to February. Regarding \nthe north and northeast of the country, the rainfall starts from \nNovember to April. Average annual rainfall is about 216 mm; \nit varies from 1200 mm in the northeast to less than 100 mm \nover 60% of the country in the south. Regarding the tempera-\ntures, winters are cool to cold; the temperature in the day is \n16 °C and dropping at night to 2 °C with a possibility of frost. Summers are dry and hot to extremely hot, with a shade tem-\nperature of over 43 °C during July and August, yet dropping \nat night to 26 °C (Frenken 2009). There are 17 methods performed to analyze the proposed \nmissing data findings, among which are simple and compli-\ncated methods, and some were made with help of computer \nsoftware. Arithmetic average (AA) This method is one of the easiest and most widely used in \nhydrologic application. It is simply the mean of the sur-\nrounding stations to the targeted area in the study zone. According to Linsley et al. (1975), AA method will yield a \ngood estimate in flat country; the surrounding stations are \nuniformly distributed, and the individual stations do not vary \nso far from the mean. Use of this method is limited when the \ntopography is more complicated; Eq. (1) as following is the \nformula of the AA method: This method is one of the easiest and most widely used in \nhydrologic application. It is simply the mean of the sur-\nrounding stations to the targeted area in the study zone. According to Linsley et al. (1975), AA method will yield a \ngood estimate in flat country; the surrounding stations are \nuniformly distributed, and the individual stations do not vary \nso far from the mean. Use of this method is limited when the \ntopography is more complicated; Eq. (1) as following is the \nformula of the AA method: As shown in Fig. 1, several stations exist and are man-\naged by IMOaS; unfortunately, many of the date were \nmissed in these stations, and some data are scattered and \nunreliable. Data for the years 2003 and 2004 are mostly \nnot available, and the data for the years 2014 to 2017 \nwere missed in Ramadi station. (1)\nY =\n∑n\ni=1Xi\nn Y =\n∑n\ni=1Xi\nn The resort to another alternative was to compile the \nraw from the online database of Texas A&M University \n(globalweather.tamu.edu/). The data are generated from \nclimate forecast system reanalysis (CFSR); this tool is a \nglobal, high-resolution, coupled atmosphere–ocean-land (1) where: Y is the missing value at the target station, Xi is the \nmeasured value of the ith surrounding station, and n is the \nnumber of these stations. 1 3 Page 3 of 17 1740 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 Fig. 1 Geographical location of the stations within the study area Fig. 1 Geographical location of the stations within the study area Fig. Linear regression (LR) Simply, this method is used to establish a linear relation \nbetween the targeted station and the most correlated nearby \nstation in terms of statistics (Armanuos et al. 2020). Once \nthe linear equation is derived, the estimated values can \nbe calculated using this formula. In this study, the linear \nequation was established between Abu Ghraib station and \nBaghdad Station, as the correlation between both is the \nhighest. The formula of this method is as follows: Correlation coefficient weighted (CCW) According to Teegavarapu and Chandramouli (2005), this \nmethod yields a better result as long as the correlation \nbetween the target and surrounding stations is higher. This \nmethod gives the weight of the ratio of the correlation \ncoefficient. Since the correlation factors between Baghdad \nstation and the other stations are almost above 0.9, then, a \npromising result is expected. The formula of CCW method \nis as follows: Arithmetic average (AA) 1 Geographical location of the stations within the study area Table 1 Statistical and spatial characteristics of the stations within the study area\n*Based on monthly data\nStation\nLatitude (N)\nLongitude (E)\nElevation (m \na.s.l.)\n*Average rain-\nfall (mm)\n*Maximum \nrainfall (mm)\n*Minimum \nrainfall (mm)\n*Standard \ndeviation\nRazazza\n32°56′24.37″\n43°45′0.00″\n54\n7.7\n109.0\n0.0\n13.7\nJurf Al-Sakhar\n32°56′24.37″\n44° 3′45.00″\n30\n7.5\n80.5\n0.0\n12.8\nLatifiyah\n32°56′24.37″\n44°22′30.00″\n26\n7.6\n86.8\n0.0\n12.4\nSuwairah\n32°56′24.37″\n44°41′15.00″\n29\n9.1\n92.9\n0.0\n14.2\nFalluja\n33°15′8.64″\n43°45′0.00″\n38\n8.6\n121.4\n0.0\n14.7\nAbu Ghraib\n33°15′8.64″\n44° 3′45.00″\n33\n8.5\n111.2\n0.0\n14.4\nBaghdad\n33°15′8.64″\n44°22′30.00″\n33\n9.2\n82.3\n0.0\n14.5\nNahrawan\n33°15′8.64″\n44°41′15.00″\n36\n11.7\n101.3\n0.0\n17.2\nTharthar\n33°33′52.57″\n43°45′0.00″\n82\n9.5\n88.9\n0.0\n14.7\nTaji\n33°33′52.57″\n44° 3′45.00″\n42\n9.9\n95.4\n0.0\n15.3\nRashidiyah\n33°33′52.57″\n44°22′30.00″\n35\n11.6\n98.2\n0.0\n17.2\nKhan Saad\n33°33′52.57″\n44°41′15.00″\n38\n14.7\n118.2\n0.0\n21.1 Table 1 Statistical and spatial characteristics of the stations within the study area 1740 Page 4 of 17 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 Normal ratio (NR) (USDA) to estimate the missing rainfall data by consider-\ning the reciprocal of the inverse of distances between the \ntarget station and the surrounding stations (Barbalho et al. 2014). The formula of IDW method is as follows: (USDA) to estimate the missing rainfall data by consider-\ning the reciprocal of the inverse of distances between the \ntarget station and the surrounding stations (Barbalho et al. 2014). The formula of IDW method is as follows: The NR method is applied when the annual mean of any sur-\nrounding station is no more than 10% of that for the target sta-\ntion; this method was adopted by the US National Weather \nServices (Anderson 1972); this method was firstly proposed by \nPaulhus and Kohler (1952), where the ratios between the tar-\ngeted station and surrounding stations are the weighting factor \nas in equation below: (5)\nY =\n\u001fn\ni=1\n⎡\n⎢\n⎢\n⎢⎣\n\u001b\n1\ndk\ni\n\u001a\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001b\n1\ndk\ni\n\u001a\n⎤\n⎥\n⎥\n⎥⎦\nXi Services (Anderson 1972); this method was firstly proposed by \nPaulhus and Kohler (1952), where the ratios between the tar-\ngeted station and surrounding stations are the weighting factor \nas in equation below: (5) where: di is the distance from the target station to the ith \nsurrounding station, and k is the distance of friction varying \nfrom 1 to 6; in this study, k was assumed to equal 1. (2)\nY = 1\nn\n∑n\ni=1\nNs\nNi\nX\ni (2) where Ns is the mean of available rainfall data at the target \nstation, Ni is the mean of the available rainfall data at the \nith surrounding stations, and n is the number of surrounding \nstations. Although, some stations in the study have a mean \ndifference by more than 10% of Baghdad station, but these \nstations were considered in the calculation to examine the \nlimitation of this criterion within the Baghdad area. Normal ratio with geographical coordinates (NRGC) This method is adopted to combine the weighting factors of \nmean ratios and geographical coordinates; some researchers \nfind a slightly better accuracy when employing this method \n(Armanuos et al. 2020). The formula of NRGC method is \nas follows: (4)\nY =\n\u001fn\ni=1\n⎡\n⎢\n⎢\n⎢⎣\n\u001b\n1\nx2\ni +y2\ni\n\u001a\u001b\nNs\nNi\n\u001a\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001b\n1\nx2\ni +y2\ni\n\u001a\u001b\nNs\nNi\n\u001a\n⎤\n⎥\n⎥\n⎥⎦\nXi (7)\nY = a + bXi Y = a + bXi (7) (4) where: Y is the estimated rainfall data of the targeted station, \nand Xi is the observed rainfall value of the neighboring sta-\ntion; a is the intercept, and b is the regression coefficient. Geographical coordinates (GC) Regarding the geographical coordinates method, it is weighting \nof the vertical and horizontal coordinates with reference to the \ntotal of all surrounding stations around target station (Yozgatligil \net al. 2012). The inputs as in the equation below are the latitude \nand longitude of the stations; the GC method formula is: (6)\nY =\n\u001fn\ni=1\n\u001e\n\u001dri\n\u001c\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001dri\n\u001c\n\u001a\nXi (6) (3)\nY =\n\u001fn\ni=1\n⎡\n⎢\n⎢⎣\n1\nx2\ni +y2\ni\n∑n\ni=1\n1\nx2\ni +y2\ni\n⎤\n⎥\n⎥⎦\nXi where: ri is the Pearson correlation coefficient (rPearson) \nbetween the target station and each surrounding station. (3) where: xi and yi are the longitude and latitude of the ith sur-\nrounding station. Modified correlation coefficient with inverse distance \nweighting (MCCIDW) The IDW and CCW methods are combined in a single formula \n[18]. The MCCIDW method gives a power for the correla-\ntion coefficient and the distance which is symbolled p, ranging \nfrom 1 to 6 (Armanuos et al. 2020), and for the purpose of \ncalculation, p is considered to be 1. The formula of MCCIDW \nmethod is as follows: Multiple imputation (MI) This method was first introduced by Rubin (1988) in 1988. It is based on the distribution of imputation that reflects \nuncertainty of the missing data, in order to overcome the \nunderestimation of single imputation (Sattari and Rezaza-\ndeh Joudi 2016). There are different software applications \nto perform this method. In this study, SPSS Statistics soft-\nware was adopted to conduct the missing data calculations. Modified old normal ratio with inverse distance (ONRID) This method is adopted by the UK Meteorological Office \nto calculate missing data of meteorological components \nwhere the comparison was held with one of a single nearby \nstation (Armanuos et al. 2020)(Kashani and Dinpashoh \n2011). Since Abu Ghraib station has the highest correla-\ntion with Baghdad station, so this station was adopted for \nthe application of the UK method. The estimated values \nwere calculated by multiplying the values in Abu Ghraib \nstation by the ratio of mean rainfall of Abu Ghraib station \nto that of Baghdad station. As in the previous method, this method adopted another \napproach by combining the effect of distance and mean ratios \nbetween stations (Azman, Zakaria, & Ahmad Radi, 2015; \nSyed Jamaludin et al. 2008); the formula of this method is as \nfollows: (10)\nY =\n\u001fn\ni=1\n⎡\n⎢\n⎢\n⎢⎣\n\u001b\nNs\nNi .d−2\ni\n\u001a\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001b\nNs\nNi .d−2\ni\n\u001a\n⎤\n⎥\n⎥\n⎥⎦\nXi (10) Nonlinear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) algorithm \nfor missing data (NIPALS) The NIPALS method was first introduced by Wold (1968). The algorithm of this method is to calculate the slope of \nthe least squares line that crosses the origin of the points \nof the observed data. where eigenvalues are determined \nby the variance of the NIPALS components. In this study, \nSPSS Statistics software was adopted to conduct the miss-\ning data calculations using NIPALS method. (9)\nY =\n\u001fn\ni=1\n⎡\n⎢\n⎢\n⎢⎣\n\u001b rp\ni\ndp\ni\n\u001a\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001b rp\ni\ndp\ni\n\u001a\n⎤\n⎥\n⎥\n⎥⎦\nXi (9) Multiple linear regression (MLR) This method has been widely used, since it was first intro-\nduced by the United States Department of Agriculture MLR is based on the same concept as (LR) method, but \nthe modification with this method is that the regression 3 1 Page 5 of 17 1740 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 is linked with all other stations in the study area (Teega-\nvarapu, 2009). The factors were calculated using Excel-\nMicrosoft Office software. The formula for MLR is as \nfollows: (Yozgatligil et al. 2012). It is an iterative method both \nfor the estimation of mean values and covariance matri-\nces from incomplete data (Schneider 2001). In this study, \nSPSS Statistics software was adopted to perform EM \nmethod. is linked with all other stations in the study area (Teega-\nvarapu, 2009). The factors were calculated using Excel-\nMicrosoft Office software. The formula for MLR is as \nfollows: (8)\nY = b0 +\n∑n\ni=1biXi (8) Closest station method (CSM) where: Y is the estimated rainfall data at the target station, \nXi is the observed rainfall value of the ith surrounding sta-\ntion, bi are the regression coefficients of the ith surrounding \nstations, and n is the number of the surrounding stations. This is the simplest and easiest method to predict the miss-\ning data of meteorological factors. After analyzing the long \nrecords of data, the missing values are replaced with the data \nfrom a nearby station that has the highest correlation coef-\nficient (Bárdossy and Pegram 2014; Kanda et al. 2017). In \nthe case under this study, the station with the best correla-\ntion is Abu Ghraib station. Also, it is worth to mention that \nthis method is named with different jargons, but has the same \nalgorithm. Modified normal ratio based on square root distance \n(MNR‑T) This method was first proposed by Tang et al. (1996); it also \ncombines the weighting of mean rations and the distance \nto target station as in the ONRID method, but with another \nformulation. The MNR-T formula is as follows: (12)\nY =\n\u001fn\ni=1\nNs\nNi\n. ⎛\n⎜\n⎜\n⎜\n⎜⎝\n\u001b\nd\n1\np\ni\n\u001a\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001b\nd\n1\np\ni\n\u001a\n⎞\n⎟\n⎟\n⎟\n⎟⎠\nXi (12) where: the power of the distance p ranges from 1.5 to 2, \nwhere for the purpose of calculations, p is considered to be \nequal to 1.75. Normal ratio inverse distance weighting with correlation \n(NRIDC) This method was first proposed by Dempster et al. (1977); \nEM method is a multilayer perceptron type neural net-\nwork and multiple imputation strategy using Monte Carlo \nMarkov Chain based on expectation–maximization In this method, a new combination is proposed by Azman \net al. (2015), by considering the superimposition of NR, 1 3 1740 Page 6 of 17 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 Table 3 Results of Pettit’s test to examine data homogeneity\nStation\nPettit's test\nDegree of \nconfidence\np value\nRisk of rejecting \nH0 (%)\nRazazza\n0.759\n75.92\n95%\nJurf Al-Sakhar\n0.879\n87.86\n95%\nLatifiyah\n0.849\n84.88\n95%\nSuwairah\n0.748\n74.84\n95%\nFalluja\n0.671\n67.1\n95%\nAbu Ghraib\n0.878\n87.76\n95%\nBaghdad\n0.662\n66.22\n95%\nNahrawan\n0.536\n53.6\n95%\nTharthar\n0.441\n44.08\n95%\nTaji\n0.402\n40.16\n95%\nRashidiyah\n0.268\n26.76\n95%\nKhan Saad\n0.191\n19.14\n95% Table 3 Results of Pettit’s test to examine data homogeneity fi\nRazazza\nJurf Al-Sakhar\nLatifiyah\nSuwairah\nFalluja\nAbu Ghraib\nBaghdad\nNahrawan\nTharthar\nTaji\nRashidiyah\nKhan Saad\nRazazza\n1.00\n0.97\n0.87\n0.78\n0.97\n0.97\n0.91\n0.81\n0.89\n0.91\n0.86\n0.78\nJurf Al-Sakhar\n1.00\n0.96\n0.87\n0.94\n0.97\n0.95\n0.87\n0.88\n0.91\n0.88\n0.82\nLatifiyah\n1.00\n0.96\n0.85\n0.91\n0.96\n0.93\n0.83\n0.87\n0.87\n0.85\nSuwairah\n1.00\n0.78\n0.83\n0.92\n0.96\n0.78\n0.81\n0.85\n0.86\nFalluja\n1.00\n0.98\n0.92\n0.82\n0.95\n0.96\n0.90\n0.81\nAbu Ghraib\n1.00\n0.97\n0.88\n0.93\n0.97\n0.93\n0.86\nBaghdad\n1.00\n0.96\n0.89\n0.95\n0.96\n0.93\nNahrawan\n1.00\n0.83\n0.88\n0.94\n0.96\nTharthar\n1.00\n0.98\n0.91\n0.85\nTaji\n1.00\n0.97\n0.90\nRashidiyah\n1.00\n0.97\nKhan Saad\n1.00 IDW, and CCW in the same formula. The formula of NRIDC \nmethod is as follows: IDW, and CCW in the same formula. The formula of NRIDC \nmethod is as follows: (11)\nY =\n\u001fn\ni=1\n⎡\n⎢\n⎢\n⎢⎣\n\u001b\nrp\ni . Ns\nNi .d−2\ni\n\u001a\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001b\nrp\ni . Ns\nNi .d−2\ni\n\u001a\n⎤\n⎥\n⎥\n⎥⎦\nXi (11) where the power of the correlation coefficient P should be \nmore than 4. Metrics of performance UK method (UK); l. expecta-\nion maximization (EM); m. closet station method (CSM); n. modified correlation coefficient \nwith inverse distance weight-\nng (MCCIDW); o. modified \nold normal ration with inverse \ndistance (ONRID); p. normal \nation inverse distance weight-\nng with correlation (NRIDC); \nq. modified normal ration \nbased on square root distance \nMNR-T)\n(a)\n(b)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nAA Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNR Method\n(c)\n(d)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nGC Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNRGC Method (a)\n(b)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nAA Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNR Method\n(c)\n(d)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nGC Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNRGC Method (a)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nAA Method Fig. 3 Time series comparison \nof monthly precipitation predic-\ntion with measured values for \nthe years 1988 to 1995), meth-\nods abbreviation as following: \na. Arithmetic average (AA); \nb. normal ration (NR); c. geo-\ngraphical coordinates (GC); d. normal ration with geographical \ncoordinates (NRGC); e. inverse \ndistance weighted (IDW); f. correlation coefficient weighted \n(CCW); g. linear regression \n(LR); h. multiple linear regres-\nsion (MLR); i. multiple imputa-\ntion (MI); j. nonlinear iterative \npartial least square (NIPALS); \nk. UK method (UK); l. expecta-\ntion maximization (EM); m. closet station method (CSM); n. modified correlation coefficient \nwith inverse distance weight-\ning (MCCIDW); o. modified \nold normal ration with inverse \ndistance (ONRID); p. normal \nration inverse distance weight-\ning with correlation (NRIDC); \nq. Metrics of performance In order to evaluate the performance of each of 17 pro-\nposed methods in this study, several error measurements \nwere conducted to find the error between the predicted 1 3 Page 7 of 17 1740 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 Fig. 2 p values of the tested \nstations\n0\n0.1\n0.2\n0.3\n0.4\n0.5\n0.6\n0.7\n0.8\n0.9\n1\nRazazza\nJurf Al-Sakhar\nLatifiyah\nSuwairah\nFalluja\nAbu Ghraib\nBaghdad\nNahrawan\nTharthar\nTaji\nRashidiyah\nKhan Saad\np-values\nVariable\np-values(Pettitt) Fig. 2 p values of the tested \nstations p-values(Pettitt) is very common in meteorological application, and it is \nvery similar to (MAE); coefficient of efficiency (CE), \noutput values of CE range from − 1 to + 1, the value of \n1.0 shows a perfect estimation, while on the contrary, as \napproaching − 1, means not a good estimation (Kashani and observed values. This study uses six methods: mean \nabsolute error (MAE) which is one of the measures of \nerror, the output varies from 0 to ∞, less values mean \nbetter results (Azman et al. 2015)(C. Willmott et al. 2009); root mean square error (RMSE): this measure Method\nMAE\nRMSE\nCE\nS-index\nSS\nR pearson\nAA\n1.189\n2.338\n0.974\n0.993\n0.974\n0.987\nNR\n1.170\n2.408\n0.972\n0.993\n0.972\n0.986\nGC\n1.188\n2.343\n0.974\n0.993\n0.974\n0.987\nNRGC\n1.176\n2.419\n0.972\n0.993\n0.972\n0.986\nIDW\n1.095\n2.079\n0.979\n0.995\n0.979\n0.991\nCSM\n1.760\n3.736\n0.933\n0.983\n0.933\n0.968\nCCW\n1.178\n2.313\n0.974\n0.994\n0.974\n0.988\nLR\n2.061\n3.646\n0.936\n0.983\n0.936\n0.968\nMLR\n0.245\n0.455\n0.999\n1.000\n0.999\n1.000\nUK\n1.742\n3.735\n0.933\n0.983\n0.933\n0.968\nMCCIDW\n1.088\n2.062\n0.980\n0.995\n0.980\n0.991\nONRID\n1.353\n2.429\n0.972\n0.993\n0.972\n0.990\nNRIDC\n1.347\n2.417\n0.972\n0.993\n0.972\n0.991\nMNR-T\n1.287\n2.665\n0.966\n0.991\n0.966\n0.983\nMI\n0.328\n0.959\n0.980\n0.995\n0.980\n0.995\nNIPALS\n0.344\n1.234\n0.967\n0.992\n0.967\n0.984\nEM\n0.061\n0.209\n0.999\n1.000\n0.999\n1.000 1740 Page 8 of 17 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 Fig. 3 Time series comparison \nof monthly precipitation predic-\nion with measured values for \nhe years 1988 to 1995), meth-\nods abbreviation as following: \na. Arithmetic average (AA); \nb. normal ration (NR); c. geo-\ngraphical coordinates (GC); d. normal ration with geographical \ncoordinates (NRGC); e. inverse \ndistance weighted (IDW); f. correlation coefficient weighted \nCCW); g. linear regression \nLR); h. multiple linear regres-\nion (MLR); i. multiple imputa-\nion (MI); j. nonlinear iterative \npartial least square (NIPALS); \nk. Metrics of performance modified normal ration \nbased on square root distance \n(MNR-T) (b)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNR Method (c)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nGC Method (d)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNRGC Method 1 3 Page 9 of 17 1740 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 (e)\n(f)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nIDW Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nCCW Method\n(h)\n(g)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nLR Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMLR Method\nFig. 3 (continued) (e)\n(f)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nIDW Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nCCW Method\n(h)\n(g)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nLR Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMLR Method Fig. 3 (continued) Fig. Metrics of performance 3 (continued) (e)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nIDW Method 1 3 \n(e)\n(f)\n0\n10\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nYEAR\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nCCW Method\n(h)\n(g)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nLR Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMLR Method (f)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nCCW Method (g)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nLR Method (h)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMLR Method 3 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 1740 Page 10 of 17 (i)\n(j)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMI Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNIPALS Method\n(k)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nUK Method\n(l)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nEM Method\nFig. 3 (continued) (i)\n(j)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMI Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNIPALS Method Fig. Metrics of performance 3 (continued) (i)\n(j)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMI Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNIPALS Method\n(k)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nUK Method\n(l)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nEM Method (i)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMI Method (j)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNIPALS Method (k)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nUK Method (l)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nEM Method (l) 1 3 Page 11 of 17 1740 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 (m)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nCSM Method\n(n)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMCCIDW Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nONRID Method\n(o)\n(p)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNRIDC Method\nFig. 3 (continued) (m)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nCSM Method\n(n)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMCCIDW Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nONRID Method\n(o)\n(p)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNRIDC Method Fig. Examining of raw data To determine how far the studied stations are statistically \ncorrelated, Table 2 below shows the rPearson coefficient \nbetween stations. The targeted station in this study is Bagh-\ndad station, mostly the correlation is above 0.9, and 6 sta-\ntions correlation are above 0.95. Abu Ghraib station has \nthe largest value; further it is the closest station to Baghdad \nstation in terms of distance, while Tharthar station has the \nlowest value of correlation, which is 0.89. Generally, rPear-\nson coefficients between stations are above 0.8, except 3 \ncases, which are Razazza and Suwairah, Razazza and Khan \nSaad, and Tharthar and Suwairah. All of the last mentioned \ncases have the same value of 0.78. The largest correlation \nvalue in the table is 0.98 between Abu Ghraib and Falluja \nstations. It can be concluded that the distance has the larg-\nest effect on the value of the correlation factor, where the \nlater varies inversely with distance, keeping in mind that \nstation elevations within Baghdad have variance. The above mentioned metrics formulas are shown below \nin Eqs. (13) to (17): (13)\nMAE = 1\nn\n∑n\ni=1||yi −xi|| (13) (14)\nRMSE =\n√\n∑n\ni=1\n(yi −xi\n)2\nn (14) CE = 1 −\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001eyi −xi\n\u001d2\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001eyi −y\u001d2 (15)\nCE = 1 −\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001eyi −xi\n\u001d2\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001eyi −y\u001d2 (15) (16)\nS index = 1 −\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001eyi −xi\n\u001d2\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001e\u001c\u001cyi −y\u001c\u001c + \u001c\u001cxi −y\u001c\u001c\n\u001d2\n(17)\nSS = 1 −\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001exi −yi\n\u001d2\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001e\ny −yi\n\u001d2 (16)\nS index = 1 −\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001eyi −xi\n\u001d2\n∑n\ni=1\n\u001e\u001c\u001cyi −y\u001c\u001c + \u001c\u001cxi −y\u001c\u001c\n\u001d2 In order to examine the homogeneity of the data \n(monthly precipitation data), Pettit’s test was performed \nutilizing (XLSTAT) software: in this test, the null hypoth-\nesis H0: Data are homogeneous, and alternative hypothesis \nHa: There is a date at which there is a change in the data. When the computed p value is greater than the significance \nlevel alpha = 0.05, one cannot reject the null hypothesis \nH0. Table 3 shows the results of Pettit’s test; the highest \np value was observed at Abu Ghraib station with a value \nof 0.878, while the lowest p value was observed at Khan \nSaad station with value of 0.191. Examining of raw data For all stations, and since \np values are greater than 0.05, one cannot reject the null \nhypothesis; therefore, and according to Pettit’s test, data \nfor the examined stations are homogenous. Figure 2 also \nshows the diagram of p values for the tested stations. (16) (17) Metrics of performance 3 (continued) (m)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nCSM Method (n)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMCCIDW Method 0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nONRID Method\n(o) (p)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nNRIDC Method (p) 1 3 1740 Page 12 of 17 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMNR-T Method\n(q)\nFig. 3 (continued) Fig. 3 (continued) 0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nRAINFALL (MM)\nYEAR\nMeasured\nMNR-T Method\n(q)\nFig. 3 (continued) therefore, the comparisons were performed between the \npredicted values and the measured values. therefore, the comparisons were performed between the \npredicted values and the measured values. and Dinpashoh, 2011); similarity index (S-index), the \nvalues of similarity index range from 0 to 1, where the \nvalue of 1 means perfect results (Willmott 1981); skill \nscore (SS), which is another index of efficiency, where \nthe output ranges from 0 to 1, the value of 1 is perfect \nresults, while as approaching 0, there is a drop in the effi-\nciency of matching (Carvalho et al. 2016); rPearson coef-\nficient which is very common in statistical application. Results and discussion First, raw data were tested to examine the homogeneity \nand correlation between the stations within the command \narea. The main goal of this paper is to examine differ-\nent methods of missing precipitation data estimation; 3 Page 13 of 17 1740 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740\t\nComparisons between 17 methods\nAs stated in this paper, 17 missing data methods were \napplied; the target station was Baghdad station, which \nis about in the center of the study area. Some methods \nare simple like CSM and AA; others are depending on \nspatial characteristics, averages, and regression with \nother stations. In addition, some methods are combin-\ning the weighting factors of 2 or 3 characteristics in one \nmethod, such as ONRID method. Also, some methods, \nlike EM and MI, employ artificial intelligence, where it \nwas computed using advanced software. Results and discussion In this study, it \nwas assumed that all the data of Baghdad station were \nmissed, i.e., the monthly data from 1980 to 2014; the \n(a)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nAA Method\n(b) \n(c) \n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nNR Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nGC Method\n(d)\n(e) \n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nNRGC Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nIDW Method\n(f)\n(g) \n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nCCW Method\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nLR Method\n(h)\n(i)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nMLR Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nMI Method\n(j)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nNIPALS Method\nFig. 4 Comparison of monthly precipitation prediction with meas-\nured values for the year 1982, methods abbreviation as following: \na. Arithmetic average (AA); b. normal ration (NR); c. geographical \ncoordinates (GC); d. normal ration with geographical coordinates \n(NRGC); e. inverse distance weighted (IDW); f. Results and discussion correlation coeffi-\ncient weighted (CCW); g. linear regression (LR); h. multiple linear \nregression (MLR); i. multiple imputation (MI); j. nonlinear iterative \npartial least square (NIPALS); k. UK method (UK); l. expectation \nmaximization (EM); m. closet station method (CSM); n. modified \ncorrelation coefficient with inverse distance weighting (MCCIDW); \no. modified old normal ration with inverse distance (ONRID); p. nor-\nmal ration inverse distance weighting with correlation (NRIDC); q. Results and discussion modified normal ration based on square root distance (MNR-T)\nPage 13 of 17 1740 (a)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nAA Method (b) \n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nNR Method\n(d)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nNRGC Method (a)\n(c) \n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nGC Method (c) (f)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nCCW Method (e) \n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nIDW Method (e) (g) \n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nLR Method (h)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nMLR Method (h) (g) (i)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nMI Method (j)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nNIPALS Method (i) Fig. 4 Comparison of monthly precipitation prediction with meas-\nured values for the year 1982, methods abbreviation as following: \na. Arithmetic average (AA); b. normal ration (NR); c. geographical \ncoordinates (GC); d. normal ration with geographical coordinates \n(NRGC); e. inverse distance weighted (IDW); f. correlation coeffi-\ncient weighted (CCW); g. Results and discussion linear regression (LR); h. multiple linear \nregression (MLR); i. multiple imputation (MI); j. nonlinear iterative partial least square (NIPALS); k. UK method (UK); l. expectation \nmaximization (EM); m. closet station method (CSM); n. modified \ncorrelation coefficient with inverse distance weighting (MCCIDW); \no. modified old normal ration with inverse distance (ONRID); p. nor-\nmal ration inverse distance weighting with correlation (NRIDC); q. modified normal ration based on square root distance (MNR-T) Comparisons between 17 methods 4 (continued) (k) \n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nUK Method (l)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nEM Method (l) (k) \n(m) \n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nCSM Method ( )\n(n)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nMCCIDW Method (n) (n)\n(p)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nNRIDC Method (m) \n(o)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nONRID Method (q)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nMNR-T Method Fig. 4 (continued) Fig. 4 (continued) calculations of error indexes are based on these results. The exception was with MI, NIPALS, and EM methods, \nwhere the calculation was made for the years 1988 to \n1995, as there is a need to have some existing values to \nperform these methods. no tangible difference in comparison with other methods \nthat depend on a single factor, which are NR, GC, IDW. On \nanother hand, the multiple regression method (MLR) has a \nbetter result than the single linear regression (LR). In Figs. 3, 4 and 5, the results were visualized for a \nselected year to show how each method is performing. Figure 3 shows the time series of monthly precipitation \nfor the years 1988 to 1995; it is easily noticed that all \nmethods have a good matching with the measured data \nin Baghdad station, even with peak values. Table 4 shows the results of performance metrics of the \napplied methods. Comparisons between 17 methods other stations. In addition, some methods are combin-\ning the weighting factors of 2 or 3 characteristics in one \nmethod, such as ONRID method. Also, some methods, \nlike EM and MI, employ artificial intelligence, where it \nwas computed using advanced software. In this study, it \nwas assumed that all the data of Baghdad station were \nmissed, i.e., the monthly data from 1980 to 2014; the As stated in this paper, 17 missing data methods were \napplied; the target station was Baghdad station, which \nis about in the center of the study area. Some methods \nare simple like CSM and AA; others are depending on \nspatial characteristics, averages, and regression with 1 3 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 1740 Page 14 of 17 (k) \n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nUK Method\n(l)\n(m) \n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nEM Method\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nCSM Method\n(n)\n(o) \n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nMCCIDW Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nONRID Method\n(p)\n(q)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nNRIDC Method\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 1982 \nMeasured\nMNR-T Method\nFig. Comparisons between 17 methods In this table, EM is the best method in \nterms of CE, S-index, SS, and rPearson metrics, and it has \nthe lowest values of MAE and RMSE. MLR has the same \nperformance, but it has a bit higher MAE and RMSE. In general, all the methods have good estimation of \nmissing data in Baghdad station; all can be adopted with \nthe acceptable level of trust. The lowest values were \nfounded with CSM, LR, and UK methods, where all has \na regression factor of 0.968, and values of MAE and \nRMSE are more than 1.7 and 3.6, respectively. However, \nthese indices seem good. Figures 4 and 5 show comparison between the meas-\nured and the predicted values in the 17 methods for \nthe years 1982 and 200, respectively. The year 1982 \nwas selected as it is the wettest year during the study \nperiod, while the year 2000 is the driest year during \nthe study period. Again, good results were observed, \nexcept at some peaks with some methods in the dry year \n2000, but for the year 1982, graphs were showing good \nestimations. The methods of combined weighting factors, which \nare NRGC, MCCIDW, ONRID, NRIDC, MNR-T made 3 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 Page 15 of 17 1740 (\n)\nConclusions\nSeveral conclusions can be derived from this study. The \nmethods that yield the best result with the least error \nare EM, then MLR methods. Generally, all the 17 meth-\nbetween the methods that employ a single factor, such as \nlocation mean value, with that employing several com-\nbined factors, where this is limited with study area in the \nBaghdad zone. Comparisons between 17 methods Errors of the predictions increase as the \nvalues of precipitation in the area decrease, where this \n(a)\n(b)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nAA Method\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nNR Method\n(c) \n(d)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nGC Method\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nNRGC Method\n(e) \n(f)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\n18\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nIDW Method\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nCCW Method\n(g) \n(h)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nLR Method\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nMLR Method\n(i)\n(j)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nMI Method\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\n18\n20\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nNIPALS Method\nFig. 5 Comparison of monthly precipitation prediction with meas-\nured values for the year 2000, methods abbreviation as following: \na. Arithmetic average (AA); b. normal ration (NR); c. geographical \ncoordinates (GC); d. normal ration with geographical coordinates \n(NRGC); e. inverse distance weighted (IDW); f. correlation coeffi-\ncient weighted (CCW); g. linear regression (LR); h. multiple linear \nregression (MLR); i. multiple imputation (MI); j. Comparisons between 17 methods nonlinear iterative \npartial least square (NIPALS); k. UK method (UK); l. expectation \nmaximization (EM); m. closet station method (CSM); n. modified \ncorrelation coefficient with inverse distance weighting (MCCIDW); \no. modified old normal ration with inverse distance (ONRID); p. nor-\nmal ration inverse distance weighting with correlation (NRIDC); q. modified normal ration based on square root distance (MNR-T)\ng (a)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nAA Method (b)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nNR Method (c) \n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nGC Method (d)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nNRGC Method (d) (c) (e) \n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\n18\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nIDW Method (f)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nCCW Method (e) (f) (g) \n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nLR Method (h)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nMLR Method (g) (i)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nMI Method (j)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\n18\n20\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nNIPALS Method (i) (j) Fig. Comparisons between 17 methods 5 Comparison of monthly precipitation prediction with meas-\nured values for the year 2000, methods abbreviation as following: \na. Arithmetic average (AA); b. normal ration (NR); c. geographical \ncoordinates (GC); d. normal ration with geographical coordinates \n(NRGC); e. inverse distance weighted (IDW); f. correlation coeffi-\ncient weighted (CCW); g. linear regression (LR); h. multiple linear \nregression (MLR); i. multiple imputation (MI); j. nonlinear iterative partial least square (NIPALS); k. UK method (UK); l. expectation \nmaximization (EM); m. closet station method (CSM); n. modified \ncorrelation coefficient with inverse distance weighting (MCCIDW); \no. modified old normal ration with inverse distance (ONRID); p. nor-\nmal ration inverse distance weighting with correlation (NRIDC); q. modified normal ration based on square root distance (MNR-T) Conclusions 5 (continued) (k) \n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nUK Method (l)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nEM Method (n)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\n18\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nMCCIDW Method (m) \n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nCSM Method (n) (p)\n0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n25\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nNRIDC Method (o) \n0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n25\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nONRID Method (p) (q)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nMNR-T Method (q) Fig. 5 (continued) Fig. 5 (continued) MAH and NAA; writing—review and editing, MAH and NAA; visu-\nalization, MAH and NAA; all authors have read and agreed to the \npublished version of the manuscript. MAH and NAA; writing—review and editing, MAH and NAA; visu-\nalization, MAH and NAA; all authors have read and agreed to the \npublished version of the manuscript. to the nature of the Baghdad area, where the topogra-\nphy is flat. Also, differences were observed between the \nresults of the tested methods in other researchers, but \nwith more complicated terrain. Funding Open access funding provided by Lulea University of \nTechnology. These methods will be useful as Baghdad location \nconsidered within the drylands, where most of the previ-\nous tested methods showed comparatively less accuracy \nin the arid region in the middle and south of Iraq during \nthe dry years, as well as the observed overestimates dur-\ning the dry conditions. Also, it might be essential to con-\nsider to future data gathering, where it was expected that \nthe climate change and rainfall trend variations might \nbring other facts. Conclusions between the methods that employ a single factor, such as \nlocation mean value, with that employing several com-\nbined factors, where this is limited with study area in the \nBaghdad zone. Errors of the predictions increase as the \nvalues of precipitation in the area decrease, where this \nwas noticed in the results’ comparison of the dry year \n2000. In general, these good results might be attributed Several conclusions can be derived from this study. The \nmethods that yield the best result with the least error \nare EM, then MLR methods. Generally, all the 17 meth-\nods produce good predictions of the proposed missing \ndata. Also, there are no tangible significant differences 1 3 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 1740 Page 16 of 17 (k) \n(l)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nUK Method\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nEM Method\n(m) \n(n)\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nCSM Method\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\n18\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nMCCIDW Method\n(o) \n(p)\n(q)\n0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n25\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nONRID Method\n0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n25\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nNRIDC Method\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\nJAN\nFEB\nMAR\nAPR\nMAY\nJUN\nJUL\nAUG\nSEP\nOCT\nNOV\nDEC\nRAINFALL (MM)\nMONTHS OF THE YEAR 2000 \nMeasured\nMNR-T Method\nFig. Author contributions Conceptualization, MAH and NAA; methodol-\nogy, MAH and NAA; software, MAH and NAA; validation, MAH and \nNAA; formal analysis, MAH and NAA; investigation, MAH and NAA; \ndata curation, MAH and NAA; writing—original draft preparation, References (IMOaS), Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismol-\nogy (2021) Unpublished Data of Meteorological Stations in \nIraq Linsley Jr RK, Kohler MA, Paulhus JL (1975) Hydrology for engi-\nneers. McGraw Hillf q\nAbdullah M, Al-Ansari N (2021) Irrigation projects in Iraq. J Earth \nSci Geotech Eng 11(2):35–160. https://doi.org/10.47260/\njesge/1123 Murad S, Jaff Y (2020) Comparable investigation for rainfall fore-\ncasting using different data mining approaches in Sulaymaniyah \ncity in Iraq. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.18488/\njournal.72.2020.41.11.18 Abdulrazzaq Z (2020) The feasibility of using TRMM satellite data for \nmissing terrestrial stations in Iraq for mapping the rainfall contour \nlines. Civ Eng Beyond Limits 1:15–19. https://doi.org/10.36937/\ncebel.2020.003.003 Paulhus JL, Kohler MA (1952) Interpolation of missing precipitation \nrecords. J Monthly Weather Review 80(8):129–133 Rubin DB (1988) An overview of multiple imputation. Proceedings \nof the survey research methods section of the American statisti-\ncal association. Citeseer, pp 79–84f Abdulrida MA, Al-Jumaily K (2016) Comparisons of monthly rainfall \ndata with satellite estimates of TRMM 3B42 over Iraq. Int J Sci \nRes Publications 6(1):494–501 Sattari M, Rezazadeh Joudi A (2016) Assessment of different meth-\nods for estimation of missing data in precipitation studies. Hydrol Res 48. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.364 Al-Salihi AM, Al-Lami AM, Mohammed AJ (2013) Prediction of \nmonthly rainfall for selected meteorological stations in Iraq using \nback propagation algorithms. J Environ Sci Technol 6(1):16–28. https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2013.16.28 Schneider T (2001) Analysis of incomplete climate data: estima-\ntion of mean values and covariance matrices and imputation \nof missing values. J Clim 14:853–871. https://doi.org/10.1175/\n1520-0442(2001)014%3c0853:AOICDE%3e2.0.CO;2 Alozeer A (2020) Estimation of mean areal rainfall and missing data \nby using GIS in Nineveh, Northern Iraq. Iraqi Geological Jour-\nnal 53:93–103. https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.53.1E.7Ry-2020-07.\n07 Syed Jamaludin SS, Deni S, Jemain A (2008) Revised spatial weight-\ning methods for estimation of missing rainfall data. Asia-Pac J \nAtmos Sci 44:93–104 Anderson EA (1972) National weather service river forecast system \nforecast procedures. NOAA Tech Memo NWS HYDRO-14 Tang W, Kassim A, Abubakar S (1996) Comparative studies of \nvarious missing data treatment methods—Malaysian experi-\nence. Atmos Res 42:247–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-\n8095(95)00067-4 Armanuos A, Al-Ansari N, Yaseen Z (2020) Cross assessment of \ntwenty-one different methods for missing precipitation data \nestimation. Atmosphere 11:1–35. https://doi.org/10.3390/\natmos11040389 Teegavarapu R (2009) Estimation of missing precipitation records \nintegrating surface interpolation techniques and spatio-tem-\nporal association rules. J Hydro 11.https://doi.org/10.2166/\nhydro.2009.009 Azman MA-Z, Zakaria R, Ahmad Radi NF (2015) Estimation of miss-\ning rainfall data in Pahang using modified spatial interpolation \nweighting methods. AIP Conference Proceedings 1643(2015):65–\n72. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri-\nbution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adapta-\ntion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long \nas you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, \nprovide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes \nwere made. The images or other third party material in this article are \nincluded in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated \notherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in \nthe article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not \npermitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will Author contributions Conceptualization, MAH and NAA; methodol-\nogy, MAH and NAA; software, MAH and NAA; validation, MAH and \nNAA; formal analysis, MAH and NAA; investigation, MAH and NAA; \ndata curation, MAH and NAA; writing—original draft preparation, 1 3 Page 17 of 17 1740 Arab J Geosci (2022) 15:1740 1740 need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a \ncopy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Kanda N, Negi H, Shekhar M, Rishi M (2017) Performance of various \ntechniques in estimating missing climatological data over snow-\nbound mountainous areas of Karakoram Himalaya. Meteorol Appl \n25. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1699fi Kashani M, Dinpashoh Y (2011) Evaluation of efficiency of dif-\nferent estimation methods for missing climatological data. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/\ns00477-011-0536-y References https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907426 Teegavarapu R, Chandramouli V (2005) Improved weighting meth-\nods, deterministic and stochastic data-driven models for estima-\ntion of missing precipitation records. J Hydrol 312:191–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.02.015 Barbalho F, Silva G, Formiga K (2014) Average rainfall estimation: \nmethods performance comparison in the Brazilian semi-arid. J \nWater Resour Prot 06:97–103. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.\n2014.62014i Willmott C, Matsuura K, Robeson S (2009) Ambiguities inherent in \nsums-of-squares-based error statistics. Atmos Environ 43:749–\n752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.005 Bárdossy A, Pegram G (2014) Infilling missing precipitation records—\na comparison of a new copula-based method with other tech-\nniques. J Hydrol 519:1162–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydr\nol.2014.08.025 Willmott CJ (1981) On the validation of models. J Physical Geography \n2(2):184–194 Wold HOA (1968) Nonlinear estimation by iterative least square \nprocedures Carvalho J, Nakai A, Monteiro JE (2016) Spatio-temporal modeling \nof data imputation for daily rainfall series in homogeneous zones. Revista Brasileira De Meteorologia 31:196–201. https://doi.org/\n10.1590/0102-778631220150025 Yozgatligil C, Aslan S, Iyigun C, Batmaz I (2012) Comparison of miss-\ning value imputation methods in time series: the case of Turkish \nmeteorological data. Theoret Appl Climatol 112. https://doi.org/\n10.1007/s00704-012-0723-x Dempster A, Laird N, Rubin D (1977) Maximum likelihood \nfrom incomplete data via the EMalgorithm. J Roy Stat Soc \n39(1):1–38 Frenken K (2009) Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures \nAQUASTAT Survey-2008. Water Reports. Food and Agricul-\nture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 1 1 3 3" |
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https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-02917-8 Open Access Abstract Background: Inactivity is frequent among older patients during hospitalization. It is unknown how patients’ daily
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This work is made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License,
availalbe at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Copyright Information
This work is made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License,
avai... |
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1
climatic zones determined with a mechanistic data-driven model
2 1
Key drivers of the annual carbon budget of biocrusts from various
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Figure S3. MYCN expression is inversely correlated with LEE011 sensitivity. (A) High mRNA
expression of MYCN correlates with low LEE011 IC50s (r = -0.55, p = 0.02). This correlation is
further strengthened (r = -0 7 p = ... |
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BioMed Research International
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https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9206703 Hindawi
BioMed Research International
Volume 2020, Article ID 9206703, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9206703 Hindawi
BioMed Research International
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https://openalex.org/W313448826 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3008128?pdf=render | Latin | null | 4-Bromo-<i>N</i>-[4-(diethylamino)benzylidene]aniline | Acta crystallographica. Section E | 2,010 | cc-by | 4,225 | organic compounds organic compounds Triclinic, P1
a = 10.1863 (11) A˚
b = 12.3527 (13) A˚
c = 14.3400 (15) A˚
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= 104.305 (1)
V = 1587.8 (3) A˚ 3
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INTRODUCTION been seen that the air handling unit system and the system
with fan-coil units provide energy savings between 1.15%
and 12.96% [5]. The climatic conditions of the region
where the system will operate affect the energy saving and
operating performance of the system. In this context, when
VRF and VAV... |
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Yiming Wang,
Nanjing Agricultural University, China
Reviewed by:
Haifeng Zhang,
Nanjing Agricultural University, China
Huiquan Liu,
Northwest A and F University, China
*Correspondence:
Qunqing Wang
wangqunqing@163.com
Qian Xu
xuqian@sdau.edu.cn
†These authors have contributed
equally to this work Edited by:
... |
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