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4562	dbpedia	3	60	https://www.silive.com/sports/2017/09/whats_in_a_high_school_nicknam.html	en	How did your high school get its nickname?	https://www.silive.com/r…=1280&quality=90	https://www.silive.com/r…=1280&quality=90	[ "https://www.silive.com/pf/resources/images/common/weather/small/02.png?d=1375", "https://www.silive.com/pf/resources/images/common/weather/small/02.png?d=1375", "https://www.silive.com/pf/resources/images/common/weather/small/02.png?d=1375", "https://www.silive.com/pf/resources/images/silive/logos/logo_main_...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Staten Island Advance Sports Desk" ]	2017-09-03T16:54:35+00:00		en	/pf/resources/images/silive/favicon.ico?d=1375	silive	https://www.silive.com/sports/2017/09/whats_in_a_high_school_nicknam.html	Joe D'Amodio \| damodio@siadvance.com Nicknames mean a lot When it comes to sports, team nicknames mean a lot. Clubs often try to fit the persona of a certain moniker, often reveling in its image. Take the Oakland Raiders, for example, enveloping themselves in the mystique of being the "Bad Boys" of the NFL, clad in silver and black with a one-eyed pirate on their helmet. Some nicknames, like the Celtics, Canadiens or Yankees, automatically conjure up thoughts of tradition and time-honored excellence. The point here is that nicknames are inseparable from their teams. And when it comes to high schools, the entire student body, teachers and alumni become attached. Nicknames are symbols of their schools. With all that in mind, we take a look at the nicknames of schools throughout Staten Island, with an emphasis on their origins. Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com BEARS, St. John Villa "Our school is named after St. John the Baptist," noted former school principal Sr. Lois Darold, now the head of the Villa convent. "In the Gospels, he's noted as a man who went into the desert to prepare for his ministry ... and he lived on locusts and wild honey. Nobody thought being called the 'Locusts' was a very good idea," Sr. Darold said with a laugh. "So we thought, 'What animal is most closely associated with eating wild honey?" And that's how Villa got its nickname. "The bear is an animal of great strength, and honey is something that's nurturing and nourishing," Sr. Darold added. "It was adopted sometime before the 1960s. But it all comes back to the patron saint of the school, St. John the Baptist." Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com CENTRAL COUGARS, New Dorp According to former football coach Joe Clark, the name "Centrals" was penned by the Advance back in the 1940s to differentiate between Tottenville on the South Shore and Port Richmond and Curtis on the North Shore. When he came to New Dorp from Curtis in 1948, legendary football coach Sal Somma wanted to change the nickname to "Pioneers," but then-principal Mary McGuiness shot it down. "What's a Central? What does it stand for?" Somma had wondered. After several attempts through the years to make a nickname change, New Dorp became home to the "Central Cougars" in April of 2003. "The kids wanted something they can relate to," principal Deirdre DeAngelis said at the time of the change. "They didn't know what a Central was." The transition was a two-year process that included surveys of the NDHS community – over 5,000 past New Dorp graduates and staff members – and a vote by the student body at the time. "We didn't want to show any disrespect to the past, so we kept the Central name," said Ms. DeAngelis. "We received over 30 suggestions, with the final four choices being Cougars, Coyotes, Jaguars and Bulldogs. Cougars beat Bulldogs out by some 100-200 votes." Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com DRAGONS, CSI/McCown A few years ago, the College of Staten Island HS for International Studies and the McCown Expeditionary Learning School merged their resources to form the borough's newest sports program. With that inception came the birth of the Island's latest high school nickname: the Dragons. How that nickname came about wasn't only a matter of democracy in action, but asking students to contemplate what mascot and what colors would best reflect the program. "During the first year of our school, in their advisories and through Student Parliament, students came up with suggestions for our mascot and it was then voted on by the students in our first class," noted former CSI/McCown principal Aimee Horowitz. "We did a lesson in advisory on how our mascot and colors represent who we are as a school and how they reflect our mission." CSI/McCown currently has varsity programs for boys and girls in basketball, cross country, indoor and outdoor track; boys' soccer and wrestling; and girls' softball. "I think it's something different," said former AD Dennis Barrett of the nickname. "It represents the school and the students' choice. The vote was a few years ago, but today's class still likes the name Dragons. In fact, we have a Dragons dance team, and last year they bought a dragon costume – sort of something you might see during a Chinese New Year celebration. It must be 20 feet long. And they'll perform with it at various school functions." Staten Island Advance EAGLES, St. Peter's Some institutions have been around so long it's hard to find people who remember a nickname's true origin. Such is the case with St. Peter's. Everyone contacted said they remember the nickname always being "Eagles." "The Christian Brothers of St. John Baptist De LaSalle, in typical Latin tradition, named the school's athletic teams the Eagles to instill a sense of a team or tradition that flies high," said former school principal John Fodera, who is now the president of the school. Many athletic references to the school in the 1930s, including those in the Advance, called St. Peter's the "Saints" or the "Blue and Gold" after its school colors. It wasn't until 1935 that "Golden Eagles" described the school's athletic teams in this newspaper. But the school yearbook has always been named "The Aquilan," Latin for "eagle." "As far as we can trace, since World War II, St. Peter's Boys High School has been referred to as the Eagles," Fodera said. Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com FALCONS, Susan Wagner No complex origins here, just good old-fashioned democracy at work. According to former athletic director Fred Hess, "There was an open student contest back in 1968 (when the school opened) to choose the nickname. At the time, there were only 1,500 kids in the school. And it ended up being 'Falcons." Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com GATORS, Notre Dame Academy The school's original nickname was the "Green Machine," a moniker which dated back to the mid-1970s. According to late athletic director and basketball coach Peggy Ryan: "We had a particularly good basketball team at the time ... something like 106-5 in four years. They were a methodical group, technically sound. At the time, the Cincinnati Reds' 'Big Red Machine' was dominating baseball. It was the Advance that started calling us the 'Green Machine' ... I guess the paper likened us to that Cincinnati team." But in 1997, "the kids wanted a mascot, something to build on. There were a few nominations, the kids had an election and Gators won," Ryan had recalled. It took a few years, but Gators – a fitting choice, to go with the school's green and white colors – was recognized as NDA's official nickname in 2001. Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com HILLTOPPERS, St. Joseph Hill According to former principal Sr. Charlotte, the derivation of the nickname is easy to trace. "We're the Hilltoppers because we're on top of a hill," recalled Sr. Charlotte – who now resides in California – during a 1992 interview. But the team mascot, a koala bear, has a different story. Apparently, the cuddled Aussie mammal has been the representative of the school since the mid-to-late 1980s. Why a koala? "A lot of the animals had already been taken as mascots," reflected long-time Hill athletic director Janice Phillips. "I think the girls at the time wanted something unique." "When I got there my freshman year, it was already the unofficial mascot of the school," noted Tara Walsh, a three-time Advance All Star basketball player and the Student Council President during her senior year of 1991-92. "The juniors and seniors used to have 'SJHA' keychains with a koala bear on them. "One of my campaign promises was that I would get a koala bear suit for our basketball games," Ms. Walsh said. "After I won, I started a collection for it." The school conducted a vote and the kaola was named Kiki. "That first suit lasted a while," said Ms. Phillips. "The koala suit we have now is about four years old." But Ms. Phillips points out the school's official nickname is still Hilltoppers. Ms. Walsh remembered going to Sr. Charlotte about making the school's symbol something more tangible. "We must have given Sr. Charlotte 1,000 different animals for a mascot, but she disapproved them all," Ms. Walsh said. "She said they were all too violent." Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com LIONS, Monsignor Farrell Beside being the nickname, it's also the school's seal. "It comes from the coat of arms from Monsignor Joseph Farrell's family," according to MF's first principal, Monsignor John Considine. The choice for the school nickname was left up to a vote by the school's first class, coming down to either "Lions" or "Falcons." "Falcons were big at the time because of the Air Force," Considine recalled. "But Lions was overwhelmingly voted in." Rumor has it, however, that even if the choice hadn't been "Lions," the school already had everything set up for that choice anyway. A few years later, Susan Wagner came along and adopted the bird moniker. The Farrell-Wagner connection also is associated with the school's location. "When Farrell was being built, the location of the school was either going to be where we are now in Oakwood, or where Susan Wagner is now," noted former Farrell principal Monsignor Thomas Bergin. Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com MAVERICKS, Moore Catholic After becoming coed in September of 1969, the school's name was changed from Countess Moore to the present Moore Catholic by then-principal Monsignor Thomas Bergin. "He thought the 'Countess' name had a stigma of being an all-girls school," the late Warren Fenley, the school's former dean of students, said in a 1993 interview. With the influx of boys came an increase in athletics ... and a need for a nickname. "We ran a contest, and 53 boys submitted both a name and a drawing of what the team name would be," recalled Fenley in 1993. The list was narrowed to three before the short-horned steer was chosen. "I chose the term 'Mavericks' because of it being a maverick steer, plus I figured that this being the first boys' team, that they were 'mavericks' themselves," Fenley said in the interview. "The maverick steer cuts away from the crowd. I felt it was appropriate. "The toughest thing was to get it duplicated on uniforms. It was a tough emblem to copy," Fenley had added. "Almost every time it appeared it was a little different. We usually had to settle for the closest replica." Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com PANTHERS, Michael J. Petrides Petrides athletic director Michael Duffy said the school's nickname, the Panthers, came about by a vote of the students in the school in 1998, the first year of the high school's existence. "As we where getting ready for Petrides to begin the sports program, (former principal) Mike Davino asked me to run a school-wide," explained Duffy. "We had two choices, plus each student could write in a third choice if they wanted." Most of the choices were for the Panther and the Patriots, says Duffy. The students voted overwhelmingly for the Panthers!" said Duffy. "Almost 20 years later I still think it was a good choice." Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com PIRATES, Tottenville Little is known how the Huguenot school — which came into existence in the 1930s in the town of Tottenville before its move in the early 1970s to Huguenot — got its nickname, but it probably had something to do with its proximity to the ocean in Tottenville and the legend that pirates once patrolled the waters in our area. According to former Tottenville HS product and football assistant Tom Gallahue, who is Chief Academic Officer of the Central Regional School District in South Jersey, the narrows and the Kill Van Kill were filled with pirates. According to his research, Capt. William Kidd shows up in stories and allegedly Blackbeard was famous for ruling the waters from New York Harbor to Long Beach Island, N.J. According to the Tottenville Historical Society, the Tottenville HS baseball team started using the Pirates name by 1948. The Pirate logo, however, didn't start appearing on uniforms until 1955. Around that time, the school's newspaper was changed from The Trumpet to the Pirateer, according to the Tottenville Historical Society. Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com RAIDERS, Port Richmond The school nickname has changed twice in the past quarter century, both times due to cultural sensitivity. From the 1940s until 1984, Port Richmond's sports teams were named the "Minstrels" – a nickname which came about because of the school's dusty old football field, which gave the players a face full of soot, lending to the black-face or "minstrel" connotation. But in 1984, former athletic director and football coach Joe Goerge said there was a consensus opinion among students, coaches and alumni to change the antiquated name. "We brought it up to the student body who voted on it in homeroom," Goerge said. "There were a couple of other nicknames on the ballot, but 'Red Raiders' was chosen." It was a blast from the past, since Red Raiders had apparently been the school's nickname before Minstrels. Unfortunately, while those at the school didn't know this, the term "Red Raiders" was used to describe the undisciplined American Indian soldiers of the Confederate Army. And in April of 2001, State Education Commissioner Richard Mills urged all public high schools to drop the generations-old use of native American terms and symbols for school nicknames and mascots. For Port Richmond, the transition was an easy one, as it simply dropped the first half of its nickname. Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com SEAGULLS, McKee/Staten Island Tech It comes from the alma mater school song, McKee's "Harbor's Waters" (based on the melody of Cornell University's fight song, "Cayuga's Waters"). There's a sea gull mentioned in the song, which was written by Frank Roantree, who taught plumbing shop at McKee. "Far above the harbor's waters, Circling sea gulls' errie screaming Sentinel by day, And the lighthouse bell, Stands our noble Alma Mater, Whistling tug and throaty ferry Landmark on the bay. Sound her praises well. Sing her praises, Sing her praises, Sound her glories, Sound her glories, Pledge your loyalty. Pledge your loyalty. Hail to thee our Alma Mater Hail to thee our Alma Mater, Hail! All Hail! McKee! Hail! All Hail! McKee!" The nickname usually appears as two words, although on some occasion, it has appeared as "Seagull." The nickname itself gained acceptance in the late-1950s and early-1960s. During the 1930s and 1940s, the only nickname seen in the Advance was "Vocationalists." Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com TIGERS, Staten Island Academy To the best of his recollection, former longtime Staten Island Academy athletic director Peter Rapp says the school's current nickname "began to stick in 1962 or 1963." "The Huus family (whose son, Bill, the former managing editor at the Advance who played sports at the school) came up with the name I believe," said Rapp, who is now the Dongan Hills school's athletic director emeritus. Prior to that, Rapp said the school went by the nickname of the Maroons, part of the school's maroon and gold colors. "I did a lot of research ... and I don’t remember seeing the Tigers as part of our school nickname," said Rapp, who said the school opened in 1884 and is one of the oldest private schools in the country. Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com VIKINGS, St. Joseph by-the-Sea "Before the school became co-ed, the Sea nickname was the 'High Tides'," said former athletic director Bob Alegre. "But when boys were admitted in 1974, the school decided on a stronger-sounding nickname, one that fit both the boys and girls teams." "Both Viking men and women were strong and fighting people. And it also fit in with the school's location, its proximity to the water," explained Alegre. "It demonstrates the spirit of strength and courage," added former late principal Monsignor Joseph Ansaldi. Monsignor Ansaldi came up with the school's logo: A modern-looking St. Joseph with sails in the back and the insignia, "The sea belongs to the Lord." Gerald Kane \| gkane@siadvance.com WARRIORS, Curtis The origin of the Curtis nickname isn't clear.The late Sal Somma once told the Advance that during the 1931 season, the football team was called the "Dragons." But the idea apparently died quickly. The first mention of the current nickname in the school yearbook came in 1937 to describe the football team, the "White Warriors" -- white, for the color of their uniforms. But the appearance of an Indian warrior in a couple of earlier yearbooks lends validity to the belief that the nickname existed before '37. In time, the "White" part of the nickname was dropped, leaving just "Warriors."
4562	dbpedia	3	3	https://today.marquette.edu/2020/07/athletics-announces-iggy-as-name-of-golden-eagle-mascot/	en	Athletics announces "Iggy" as name of Golden Eagle mascot	https://today.marquette.…2020/07/IGGY.jpg	https://today.marquette.…2020/07/IGGY.jpg	[ "https://today.marquette.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/marquette-logo-white.svg", "https://today.marquette.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/marquette-today-logo.svg", "https://today.marquette.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/IGGY-768x448.jpg", "https://today.marquette.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024_Presiden...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Jack Goods" ]	2020-07-31T19:19:42+00:00	Marquette Athletics is introducing “Iggy” as the name for the official golden eagle mascot, the department announced Monday afternoon. Named after St. Ignatius of Loyola, Iggy will continue to represent Marquette at competitions and various campus events in alignment with the university’s Catholic, Jesuit tradition. Other institutions with the same mascot name include Loyola Marymount…	en	https://today.marquette.edu/wp-content/themes/marquettetoday/favicon.ico	Marquette Today	https://today.marquette.edu/2020/07/athletics-announces-iggy-as-name-of-golden-eagle-mascot/	Marquette Athletics is introducing “Iggy” as the name for the official golden eagle mascot, the department announced Monday afternoon. Named after St. Ignatius of Loyola, Iggy will continue to represent Marquette at competitions and various campus events in alignment with the university’s Catholic, Jesuit tradition. Other institutions with the same mascot name include Loyola Marymount (Lion), University of Scranton (Wolf) and Loyola Maryland (Greyhound). Imagery use:
4562	dbpedia	3	76	https://www.elmwoodparkzoo.org/animal/	en	Elmwood Park Zoo	https://www.elmwoodparkz…l-Icon-32x32.png	https://www.elmwoodparkz…l-Icon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.elmwoodparkzoo.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/epz-logo.png", "https://www.elmwoodparkzoo.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/epz-logo-black-text.webp", "https://www.elmwoodparkzoo.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/AAZA_white.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			https://www.elmwoodparkzoo.org/wp-content/themes/boilerplate/favicon.ico	Elmwood Park Zoo	https://www.elmwoodparkzoo.org/animal/	Crested Wood Partridge The crested wood partridge, a predominantly ground-based bird, spends most of its time foraging on the forest floor. When faced with danger, these partridges prefer to walk quickly rather than fly. At night, they roost in bushes or low tree branches, finding safety from ground predators. Listed as “Near Threatened” by the IUCN, the crested wood partridge faces significant challenges due to over-logging and habitat destruction. These threats have led to a decline in their natural habitat, putting pressure on their populations. Conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the survival of this species, which plays a unique role in the forest ecosystem. Southern Tamandua The tamandua is frequently referred to as a lesser anteater due to its difference in size relative to the giant anteater. This animal is both terrestrial and arboreal, meaning it dwells in trees and on land. The tamandua often builds its nest in hollow tree trunks during the day and is most active at night. Its eyes are small, which makes its vision poor, but what they lack in sight they make up for in hearing and smell. Californian Rabbit This domesticated rabbit species is known for the dark markings found on its ears, nose, and feet. White-faced whistling duck Because of their sociable nature, this bird often gathers in large flocks. Their cries are very loud and can be identified by their distinctive three-note whistling call, as their name suggests. Mandarin Duck The mandarin duck is a perching duck species that displays distinct sexual dimorphism. They can be found on several continents throughout the world. Himalayan Monal The Himalayan monal is found in high altitudes of up to 4000 feet. It shows greater seasonal movements than other pheasants in the area, moving to much lower altitudes of 2000 feet in the wintertime. Temminck’s Tragopan Temminck’s tragopan are one of Earth’s five tragopan species. The males of this species are recognizable by their red-orange plumage and bright blue facial feathers. Lady Amherst’s Pheasant The Lady Amherst’s pheasant displays a great example of sexual dimorphism in animals. The male’s long, feathered tail makes up most of their length. They spend most of their time looking for food on the ground, but at night they sleep in trees. Golden Pheasant The Golden Pheasant, also called the “Chinese Pheasant,” is a type of pheasant that lives in the mountainous forests of Western and Central China. It is one of the more popular species of pheasant, and is recognizable by the ruff on its face and neck which spread out during courtship. Alpaca Alpacas are the smallest of the domesticated camelid species. They have slender bodies, long necks, camel-like faces and medium-length fluffy tails. Our three alpacas at the zoo are known as huacaya alpacas as their fleece is crimped, compact, and soft. Suri alpacas have longer cylindrical locks resembling dreadlocks. Similar to sheep wool, alpaca fiber is used to make knitted and woven items, such as clothing and other textiles. Southern Three-Banded Armadillo of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia.The southern three-banded armadillo is an armadillo species native to South America. Their ability to curl up into a tight ball at the first sign of danger is one of the animal’s defining features. An armadillo’s shell is made of keratin, the same protein that makes up human hair and nails. Their long skinny tongues allow them to gather and eat various species of insects like ants and termites. While in captivity, they also enjoy eating fruits and veggies. Madagascar Hissing Cockroaches Madagascar hissing cockroaches are a large species of cockroach, measuring up to 3 inches long. These cockroaches are known for the hissing sound they make by exhaling air through their breathing holes, which is an unusual way for invertebrates to make sound. These wingless cockroaches are nocturnal and live in colonies. They play an important role in the ecosystem by breaking down debris on the forest floor to recycle nutrients. Like most cockroach species, they do not live in human dwellings and are not considered pests. Emperor Tamarin Emperor tamarins are small monkeys with long white sweeping whiskers that make them appear to have large mustaches. They are well known as an outgoing and boisterous species. Reeves’s muntjac There are eleven different species of muntjac and they are the oldest know deer species. Muntjacs fur ranges from reddish to brown with whitish markings. Only males have antlers, which can grow up to 4 inches and are shed annually. Females only have small bony pedicels, which are covered with tufts of hair. Males and females have canine teeth in their upper jaw and males have elongated tusks, which can be used against possible predators along with their loud barking calls. Brazilian Teal Lowland paca Lowland Pacas (also known as the spotted paca) are related to guinea pigs, capybaras, and agoutis. Their coat is reddish-brown to darker brown and covered in rows of white spots down each side. Pacas are tailless animals with short legs and feet and a large head. They are nocturnal so they forage at night, following established paths to feed on foliage, roots, nuts, seeds, and fruits. During the day, they remain in their 6 foot burrows built in banks, slopes, or among tree roots or rocks and located beside streams and ponds. When danger approaches, they use their excellent swimming abilities to escape predators, remaining underwater for several minutes. Predators include foxes, ocelots, maned wolves, cougars and jaguars. Red-footed Tortoise Red-footed tortoises get their name from their red, orange or yellow scales which are visible on their legs, head, and tail. Their shell colour can range from dark brown to black. The biggest threat to Red-footed tortoises is being over hunted by humans. In much of their range, they and their eggs are considered a delicacy. They are also threatened by habitat loss. Plush-crested Jay The Plushed-crested Jay is a South American species and part of the Corvidae family, which includes crows and ravens. These jays are found in various types of forest, where they forage at each level of the canopy. They are found from lowlands up to 1500m and are often found in groups between 10-12 individuals. Scarlet Ibis Scarlet ibises were named after their distinctive bright red plumage, which often has orange and pink hues. Males are larger than females and have a longer curved bill. Their large beak and long, thin partially webbed toes allow them to locate crayfish, crabs, frogs, fish and insects in water. As with flamingos, the brilliant red color of the bird comes from pigments in the bodies of crustaceans on which it preys on. Scarlet ibises live, feed and nest in large groups that can include thousands of individual birds, which helps protect the flock against predators. Both parents participate in nest building as well as caring for the young. Baby ibis are born featherless and then slowly turn from grey to red as they age. Spotted Turtle Spotted turtles are named after their yellow spots on their black heads, shells, legs and tails. No two spotted turtles ever have the same pattern of spots. Spotted turtles have a carapace (top shell) length ranging from 3.5 to 5.4 inches. Male turtles have dark pigment on the hard portions of both jaws; females have yellowish coloration on their jaws. The sex of the hatchlings is determined by incubation temperatures. Cooler temperatures produce mostly males, while warmer temperatures produce females. Spotted turtles are diurnal, only active during daylight hours and spend the night under water relaxing on the pond bottom. Loss of habitat has been largely responsible for the major decline of the spotted turtle. They are very sensitive to pollution and toxins and disappearing rapidly with declining water quality. Two-Toed Sloth Two-toed sloths move so deliberately and slowly, they are considered one of the slowest animals on the planet. They range in length from 21 – 29 inches, giving them the size of a small dog. They have four long limbs of equal length, that each end in two curved claws; they use these to hang from trees, usually upside down, for most of their days. Sloths sleep up to 15 hours a day, and are most active at night, which makes them nocturnal. Their metabolism is very slow as well, and they generally only need to defecate once a week! Two-toed sloths have tiny molars that continuously grow, like a human’s hair or finger nails, but their growth is kept under control by the constant grinding and chewing of food. Desert Tortoise Patagonian mara Patagonian maras, also known as the Patagonian cavy, Patagonian hare, or dillaby, are large rodents that have physical characteristics similar to rabbits. They are known to bounce on all of their four legs, making a movement called ‘stotting’. Historically, maras have ranged from Argentina to the southernmost tip of South Africa, Tierra del Fuego. Unfortunately, maras have been greatly affected by hunting and habitat alteration. Argentinian agriculture continues to convert grasslands into pastures. Additionally, sheep farming has resulted in competition for resources among the two herbivorous species. In Buenos Aires Province, these threats have resulted in the local extinction of this species. As of 2008, Patagonian maras are listed as near threatened on the IUCN Red List. They exist in at least 12 protected areas within their native range. Nene Also known as Hawaiian Geese, nene are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and are the world’s rarest goose. The Nene faced extinction in the 1960’s after invasive species were introduced to their habitat and were classified as Endangered under the Endangered Species Act in 1967. With only 30 individuals recorded in 1960, aviculturists initiated a captive breeding program that allowed for the successful reintroduction of the Nene back to the Hawaiian islands. The initial captive breeding efforts were led by Dillon Ripley (1913-2001), founder of the Livingston Ripley Waterfowl Conservancy. The first successful breeding of the Nene occurred at the Livingston Ripley Waterfowl Conservancy in the 1960’s with additional aviculture facilities following suit in breeding Nene for reintroduction. Following the successful captive breeding and reintroduction program along with numerous other conservation efforts, the Nene were recently re-classified as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act as their wild population now reaches almost 3000 individuals. Elmwood Park Zoo received our pair of Nene from the Livingston Ripley Waterfowl Conservancy (now called the Ripley Waterfowl Conservancy) based on a recommendation from the Nene Species Survival Plan Coordinator. Argentine Black and White Tegu The Argentine black and white tegu is the largest of all tegu species and native to Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. These fast moving lizards are mainly ground dwellers and are active during the day. Tegus mainly occupy grassland or woodlands but can be found around forest clearings, fences, and roadsides. They winter in burrows or under cover in a hibernation-like state called brumation. Black Bellied Whistling Duck Black bellied whistling ducks are also known as the white-faced tree duck and the black-bellied tree duck. There are eight different species of whistling duck, named for their high-pitched whistling contact call. Unlike other ducks, black-bellied whistling duck spend a lot of time on the ground and in trees. Although they naturally nest in tree cavities, these ducks have been known to lay their eggs in barns or chimneys. Major threats for their survival are hunting, draining of wetlands, and pesticides polluting the water. Pancake Tortoise The pancake tortoise gets its name from its thin, flat, and flexible shell. The pancake tortoise is thought to be the fastest tortoise and the best climber, due to the lightness of its shell. When in danger, the tortoise uses its speed and flexibility to get away from danger by scurrying away and hiding in crevices. The pancake tortoise spends much of its time sheltered among the rocks. Pancake tortoises are very social and get along well in a group, as long as there is enough food for all. As many as ten tortoises have been found sharing the same crevice between rocks. The wild population of pancake tortoises is declining due to collection for the pet trade. Reggie Reggie came to us from the Raptor Education Group, Inc. (REGI – hence his name) in Wisconsin. He was brought into the rehab when he was an immature male in August of 2011. He was found in good physical condition other than he was injured due to a collision with a truck. He sustained a closed humeral fracture and a crushed metacarpal. Injures to the metacarpals resulted in amputation of the wing tip. The humeral fracture healed well, however movement of the left wing is limited making him non-releasable to the wild. Reggie was transferred to the Elmwood Park Zoo in 2011 where he initially joined the eagle flock in Eagle Canyon. The keepers noticed that because of his very docile and nice-guy demeanor he was often overshadowed by other dominate eagles. We felt he might be a great addition to the Eagle Ambassador team so we transferred him to our team in September of 2018. Birthdate: 2011 Weight: 6 lbs Wingspan: 5.5 feet Bald Eagles – A Conservation Success Story In 1980, the total population of bald eagles in Pennsylvania numbered only three pairs. In 2013, there were at least 271 active nesting pairs. Pesticides such as DDT often collect in fish and nearly eliminated the bald eagle population in the 1960’s. These chemicals weaken eggshells, limiting their ability to reproduce. DDT was banned in 1972, and since that time, eagle numbers have rebounded significantly. In 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service removed the bald eagle from the endangered species list. However, they are still protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Reggie is in possession of the Elmwood Park Zoo by the authority of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. AZA Raptor Taxon Advisory Group The AZA Raptor Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) works with the Elmwood Park Zoo in support and management of captive birds of prey. It is through this partnership that this eagle represents one of thousands of raptors that are housed at zoological institutions nationally. The TAG focuses its efforts on conservation of raptors both here in the United States as well as globally. The TAG is supportive of the use of this eagle as a means to further raise awareness as to the majesty of eagles and the need to continue to conserve them and all raptors. We are proud to work with the TAG, and share their support of eagle conservation and public awareness. Pygora Goat Pygoras are a breed of goat that have been crossbred with Pygmy goats and white Angora goats. They were first crossbred in Oregon City, Oregon in the 1980’s. They are fiber goats, meaning they are bred for their wool. Pygora fiber is often used for knitting, crocheting, weaving, and tapestries. It is also commonly used in clothing textiles. One Pygora goat will produce roughly 6 ounces to 2 pounds of fiber per shearing. Pygora goats have inherited the playfulness of the Pygmy goat, and the docile nature of the Angora goat. This makes them wonderful with kids. Velveteen Lop Rabbit Unlike popular belief, rabbits are not from the rodent family, but are from the Leporidae family. The difference between these two is that rabbits have four incisors (teeth) instead of two and they are completely herbivorous while many rodents also eat meat. Velveteen Lops are known to be an affectionate breed and have mild temperaments. These rabbits are fairly social and calm; although, they can also be very playful at times. Velveteen Lops are a mix of the Mini Rex and English Lop breeds. Three-Toed Box Turtle The three-toed turtle differs from other box turtles because they have three toes on their hind feet. Other box turtles have four toes on their back feet. Their feet are not webbed for swimming, but are equipped with claws. They are mainly land dwellers and are most likely to be seen in the morning hours or right after rainfall. The box turtle has a unique hinged shell that allows it to enclose its body inside its shell to avoid predators. Stella Stella is a great horned owl, a species considered to be one of the largest and most powerful in North America. She is a voracious and efficient predator; she can grip her prey with up to 28 lbs of force. In the wild she would hunt rodents, rabbits, and snakes. Stella was born in 2010 in Washington State. She arrived at Elmwood Park Zoo in August 2011 and has since served as an Education Ambassador, helping to teach people of all ages about wildlife conservation. Birthdate: 2008 Height: 2 ft Weight: 3 lbs Wingspan:5 ft AZA Raptor Taxon Advisory Group The AZA Raptor Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) works with the Elmwood Park Zoo in support and management of captive birds of prey. It is through this partnership that this owl represents one of thousands of raptors that are housed at zoological institutions nationally. The TAG focuses its efforts on conservation of raptors both here in the United States as well as globally. The TAG is supportive of the use of this owl as a means to further raise awareness as to the majesty of owls and the need to continue to conserve them and all raptors. We are proud to work with the TAG, and share their support of owl conservation and public awareness. Noah Noah was born in Maine. At just 8 weeks old, he suffered an 80 foot fall and landed on his head. Noah spent the first year of his life recovering from brain and eye injuries in the Hospital for Large Animals at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. Deemed unfit to be released back into the wild, Noah was placed in a rehabilitation facility where he spent several years assisting humans with educational outreach programs. Elmwood Park Zoo acquired Noah in December 2008. As one of the Zoo’s Educational Ambassadors, he helps teach people of all ages about wildlife conservation. Birthdate: 07/06/2001 Height: 3 ft Weight: 9 lbs Wingspan: 7 ft Bald Eagles – A Conservation Success Story In 1980, the total population of bald eagles in Pennsylvania numbered only three pairs. In 2013, there were at least 271 active nesting pairs. Pesticides such as DDT often collect in fish and nearly eliminated the bald eagle population in the 1960’s. These chemicals weaken eggshells, limiting their ability to reproduce. DDT was banned in 1972, and since that time, eagle numbers have rebounded significantly. In 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service removed the bald eagle from the endangered species list. However, they are still protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Noah is in possession of the Elmwood Park Zoo by the authority of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. AZA Raptor Taxon Advisory Group The AZA Raptor Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) works with the Elmwood Park Zoo in support and management of captive birds of prey. It is through this partnership that this eagle represents one of thousands of raptors that are housed at zoological institutions nationally. The TAG focuses its efforts on conservation of raptors both here in the United States as well as globally. The TAG is supportive of the use of this eagle as a means to further raise awareness as to the majesty of eagles and the need to continue to conserve them and all raptors. We are proud to work with the TAG, and share their support of eagle conservation and public awareness. Virginia Opossum There are more than sixty species of opossums, but the most common is the Virginia opossum. It is the only marsupial or animal with a pouch in North America. Opossums are known for their defense tactic of faking death. When threatened, they lay on their side with the intent to deceive predators into thinking that they are injured or dead. This reaction is sometimes involuntary, and triggered by extreme fear. It can also be used to convince large animals that they are not a threat to their young. Striped Skunk The striped skunk is the most common skunk in North America and found right here in Pennsylvania. As a defensive system, skunks have the ability to emit a strong smelling fluid from the two glands located near its tail. Although they hold enough chemical for 3 shots, skunks prefer not to waste their spray. They will first confront an encroaching animal by flashing their white tail and stomping their feet. If the intruder persists, it can spray its yellow, oily liquid up to 12 feet with devastating accuracy. The spray doesn’t cause any real damage, but the smell is potent, uncomfortable and may linger for days. Domestic Ferret The domestic ferrets are part of the same family as weasels, otters, skunks, badgers and mink. A common misconception is that ferrets are rodents, when in actuality they are a completely different scientific order. It is unknown when ferrets were first domesticated. Ferrets are small, affectionate, playful and welcome human interaction. They tend to be very curious and will wiggle their way into tiny spaces. Ferrets are very social animals and enjoy company, as well as entertaining. However, they are known for their smell and will mark their territory with a distinctive burst of scent. Chinchilla Chinchillas are rodents that are native to the Andes Mountains in South America. Out of all land animals, the chinchilla has the thickest fur, containing 20,000 hairs on each square inch of its body. Fifty hairs grow from one follicle, where as humans only grow one hair per each follicle. Their dense fur prohibits flees and other skin parasites to feeding on their blood. Their name derives from the Chichinas, an American Indian tribe who hunted chinchillas for their soft fur. Chinchillas were hunted nearly to extinction and are still listed as critically endangered species. African Pygmy Hedgehog Out of all 17 species of hedgehogs on the planet, the most common is the African pygmy hedgehog. When an African pygmy hedgehog is introduced to a new or exceptionally strong smell, it sometimes creates a large amount of saliva, which it spreads onto its spines as a defense mechanism. Another, more common defense tactic is tensing all of the muscles and rolling into a ball to protect the head and limbs. It also sleeps in this defensive position. When frightened the hedgehog makes a variety of sounds, such as chirps, hisses, growls, and screams. Snowy Owl Snowy owls are equipped to survive in the frigid Arctic temperatures. The abundance of feathers on their body allows them to stay heavily insulated against the cold. The feathers covering their feet look a lot like fuzzy slippers, and provide extra warmth. Unlike most owls, snowy owls are diurnal. Snowy owls will hunt during the extended daylight of the artic summer. They are known to perch on a branch or lookout and wait for prey. Their acute sense of hearing allows them to locate prey hiding beneath the snow. Much of their diet consists of lemmings, but they can also use their talons, swoop down and grasp fish from the water. Moluccan Cockatoo Moluccan Cockatoos are vulnerable to extinction in the wild. Numbers have declined due to illegal trapping for the cage-bird trade and habitat loss. During the height of the trapping of this species, over 6,000 birds were being removed from the wild per year. Now only about 2,000 exist in the wild. Moluccan Cockatoos are the loudest parrot in the pet parrot trade. The Moluccan Cockatoo is widely considered to be the one of the most demanding parrots to keep as a pet, due to their high intelligence, large size, potential noise level, and need to chew. Great Horned Owl The great horned owl is named after its feather tufts above its ears that look like horns. The female is much larger than the male and has a higher pitched call. They get their nickname, “the tiger of the sky”, from their hunting skills and assortment of prey. They prey on a wide variety of animals- from tiny rodents to mammals and birds larger than the owls themselves. The soft, loose feathers of a horned owl allow it to fly very quietly without scaring away their prey. Paler plumage is found on those that inhabit desert areas or snowy areas. Eastern Screech-Owl Eastern screech-owls are equipped with great hearing, big eyes, and talented feathers. The screech owl can use its hearing to locate its prey, even if its prey is hidden underground or camouflaged. Their enormous eyes allow them to capture any small movements in the dark. Its plumage resembles the look of tree bark, which allows them to blend into their environment. Screech-owls can mimic the movement of branches by swaying back and forth. They have the ability to enlarge their appearance of their body by fluffing up their feathers. This tactic is used to scare away larger birds of prey. Black Vulture Black vultures have broad wings, tiny tails, and powerful wing strokes. Black vultures have a poor sense of smell, so they depend on their sight to search for food. Many times a black vulture will follow around a turkey vulture to lead them to a carcass. They are the only species of New World vulture, which preys on cattle. They have been known to swarm in groups and harass cows giving birth and their newborn calves. Black vultures can regurgitate as a self-defense method or to decrease weight before flying. Black vultures are also known for their high socialization and will even share a meal with relatives. African Bullfrog The African bullfrog is the largest amphibian located in South Africa. The frog has the ability to tolerate Africa’s harsh environment. Temperatures can rise to over 100 degrees Fahrenheit and plummet below freezing in the winter. During this time the bullfrog will remain underground until the rainy season begins. Calls such as their recognizable loud, bellowing call is used to locate females during mating season. Wood Turtle The word turtle gets its name from its pyramidal scutes on its shell that resembles rings of wood. Wood turtles are highly intelligent and have unique homing capabilities. Experiments have shown that their ability to locate food in a maze is similar to that of a rat. They have also been shown to navigate back to a location after being displaced 1.5 miles away. Prehensile-Tailed Skink Prehensile-tailed skinks have numerous names. A few include monkey-tailed skinks, Solomon Island skinks and Solomon Island green tree skink. They are the only skinks with a prehensile tail, meaning it can be wrapped around branches for balance. They are the largest species of skink and the only completely herbivorous skinks. The skink will get most of its water intake from its diet of foliage, fruit, and vegetables, but may rarely descend to the ground for water. The prehensile-tailed skink is a concern due to capturing for the pet trade and habitat loss from logging. The Solomon Islands government has regulated trade on these and other reptiles to help avoid decreasing populations. Elmwood Park Zoo participates in the Prehensile-Tailed Skink Species Survival Plan, a shared conservation effort by zoos throughout the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Nelson’s Milk Snake The nelson’s milk snake is one of the 24 different subspecies of milk snakes. It varies through its different colors and patterns. The snake is normally solitary and nocturnal. However, they are more common during the day when the weather is cooler and the ground is wet. Nelson milk snakes have the ability to consume venomous species including other snakes. Gopher Tortoise Gopher tortoises are named after their ability to dig large and deep burrows. This shelter provides year-round protection from extreme heat to frigid temperatures. Using its strong front legs, the tortoise can dig a burrow that is 10 feet deep and 40 feet wide. Many other species depend on the burrows dug by gopher tortoises for survival. As an herbivore, the gopher tortoise will forage for grasses and leaves. Populations of gopher tortoises are rapidly declining due to habitat loss. Corn Snake The corn snake is also called the red rat snake, and gets its name from living near cornfields. They are known as constrictors, meaning the snake will coil up around its prey until it has suffocated. The corn snake can swallow its prey in one piece and only requires food once every few days. Corn snakes are very beneficial, especially to farmers, as they help to reduce rodent populations. Chuckwalla This wrinkly, skin folded lizard is diurnal and spends a vast amount of time basking in the sun. To prevent overheating, the chuckwalla will move into shady holes or crevices. It will also move in between rocks or squeeze into crevices in order to hide from predators. The chuckwalla is solitary meaning it spends the majority of its life alone. As a desert resident, the chuckwalla obtains almost all of its consumption of water directly from the plants it feeds on. Red-tailed Boa Constrictor The boa constrictor, also nicknamed the red-tailed boa or the common boa is one of the largest snakes in the world. Boas are not poisonous, but have the ability to intensely suffocate prey. Boas will surprise their prey by coiling around them and squeezing them until death. The snake can swallow its prey entirely whole, which is later digested by its strong stomach acid. After a large meal, the boa constrictor can go weeks before consuming food again. Blue-Tongued Skink The blue-tongued skink is a fairly small lizard that is recognizable by its blue tongue. The skink is a ground-dweller. It uses its powerful bite to feed on snails and other prey, sometimes refusing to release its mouth. When threatened the lizard will dart toward its prey, open its mouth and display its blue tongue. The lizard can also hiss and puff up its body to frighten enemies. Bearded Dragon The bearded dragon is thorny and scaly in appearance. It gets its name “bearded” dragon from the spikes around its head that are similar to a beard. When frightened or displaying, they will gape and expand the scales on the throat pouch to show off a dark beard. To communicate they will bob their heads, bow, and even wave their hands. Unlike most lizards, bearded dragons cannot regrow body parts such as their tail or legs. Ball Python The ball python is one of the smallest African pythons. In comparison to other pythons they are also non venomous. Since they are nocturnal, they rely on heat sensing pits around their mouth. Their eyes also adjust to low-level light levels. Like other snakes, the ball python doesn’t have movable eyelids. Since the snake doesn’t have to blink, it can stay hidden when camouflaged and waiting for prey. The snake gets its name from its tendency to curl up in a ball when it feels threatened. Green Iguana Iguanas are some of the largest lizards found in the Americas. Iguanas are lizards identified by their stocky body and its spines that extend down its back and tail. Their long, sharp tail makes up about half the length of its body. They are manily spotted high up in the treetops and live near water. They are excellent swimmers and will plunge into the water below for safety if they feel threated. Western Hognose Snake The western hognose snake comes in an array of colors phases, patterns and varieties. It is known for its trademark pointy nose that is used to borrowing and hiding in sand and loose gravel. They are known for their many defense mechanisms. Most unique is their ability to play dead if they sense danger or a threat. The hognose snake will turn on its back, open its mouth and stick out its tongue. They can even bleed from the mouth and release a foul smell to assist in the act. Gila Monster The Gila is the largest lizard native to the United States and one of the few venomous lizards on the planet. The Gila monster uses its grooved teeth to release venom into its prey. Its bite is very strong and it can continue to clutch its prey, sometimes even biting down harder into the skin before releasing. A Gila monster will open its mouth and produce a hissing sound to warn off enemies. If a human endures a Gila bite they will not die, but may experience pain, swelling and shock. Eastern Box Turtle All 6 subspecies of box turtles are native to North America. Box turtles tend to be diurnal or active during the day. Box turtles can tuck their head, limbs and tail into their shell, giving them their name, box turtle. Their shell has a hinge that allows it to close tightly and shield them from enemies. They were once widespread and very common, but due to habitat loss, illegal pet trade and cars, box turtles are now vulnerable to extinction. Western Rat Snake Western, or “black” rat snakes, are one of the longest snakes located in North America. Since the snake doesn’t have venom, if it feels threatened, it will rustle its tail in dead leaves to mimic the sound of a rattlesnake. They can also produce a horrible odor to deter a threat. During colder temperatures the snake will share its den with other snakes such as the timber rattlesnake and copperhead. Due to this behavior rat snakes are also nicknamed pilot snakes. American Alligator American alligators are the largest reptiles in the United States. They are well-adapted swimmers, and use their powerful tail to propel through freshwater. However, alligators are generally slow when moving on land. An alligator can go through 3,000 teeth in its lifetime. Once its teeth become worn down, they are replaced. You can distinguish an alligator from a crocodile by its teeth. A crocodile’s mouth will expose two giant teeth when their jaw is shut. Also, alligators tend to have a wider and more rounded snout than crocodiles. White-Throated Woodrat The woodrat is often referred to as a packrat because it hoards various items in its den. Their nest can be as big as 4 feet high by 8 feet wide, and filled with nesting materials and manmade objects. They are particularly fond of shiny objects. Only one packrat resides in each den, unless a mother is caring for her young. During the day, the nocturnal woodrat will take shelter in its den or find a rock crevice or hallow tree. There are 22 known species of woodrats. White-Faced Saki Monkey White-faced saki monkeys are diurnal, meaning they are active during daylight and rest in the evening. They spend most of their time in the middle to lower canopy level of the forest, rarely walking along the ground. Their ability to jump 32 feet in the air and quickly leap from branch to branch earned them the nickname “flying monkeys.” White-faced saki monkeys are hunted for food, captured for the pet trade and suffer from habitat destruction. Elmwood Park Zoo participates in the white-faced saki monkey Species Survival Plan, a shared conservation effort by zoos throughout the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. South American Coati South American coatis are closely related to raccoons and they share many common characteristics. They both have a distinctive ringed tail, which is used to balance on tree branches. The coati is nicknamed “hog-nosed raccoon” due to its long, pig-like snout. Coatis are arboreal animals, and have the ability to mate and build nests among the trees. The coati’s rotating ankle joints allow it to descend trees headfirst. Red Panda The fluffy red panda is easily recognized by its adorable, small size and ringed tail. Almost half of the red pandas body length is in its large, bushy tail, which it depends on for balance and warmth during colder temperatures. As an arboreal species, the red panda is known for spending most of its time up in the tree branches. Bamboo makes up a huge portion of its daily diet, but the red panda also relies on other items to gain its essential nutrients. Just like a giant pandas, the red panda has an additional thumb, used for grasping bamboo sticks. A red panda can eat up to 200,000 leaves of bamboo each day. The red panda is endangered in its native range due to habitat loss and poaching. Elmwood Park Zoo participates in the Red Panda Species Survival Plan, a shared conservation effort by zoos throughout the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Ocelot An ocelot is two times the size of an average housecat. Their coats have very distinct markings and a variety of unique patterns. Although ocelots are considered terrestrial, they are avid climbers and will ascend through trees. The cat is mostly nocturnal and very territorial. Their keen senses of hearing and good vision allow it to hunt in the nighttime. Instead of chewing its food the ocelot uses its blade-like teeth to tear the meat into pieces and swallow it whole. Like a domestic cat, its raspy tongue can successfully clean every piece of meat from a bone. Ocelots sometimes become the prey of harpy eagles, jaguars, and anacondas. North American River Otter The playful North American river otter is well adapted for its semi-aquatic lifestyle. It’s equipped with thick fur, short legs, webbed feet and a narrow body. All of these features play a main role in allowing the otter to swim efficiently, even in frigid temperatures. Their thick fur is water-repellent and serves as an insulator against extreme temperature conditions. The slender and flexible shape of its body allows it to swiftly move through the water and through underground tunnels. A river otter can dive up to 60 feet and swim 7 miles per hour. North American river otters suffered great loss to their population, in the 20th century, due to habitat loss and water pollution. Conservation efforts were put in place and otters were reintroduced, increasing their population. Elmwood Park Zoo participates in the American River Otter Species Survival Plan, a shared conservation effort by zoos throughout the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. North American Porcupine There are almost thirty different porcupine species 0f porcupines. Their body is coated in about 30,000 quills. Its quills are used as a defensive mechanism. While they cannot shoot their quills, they detach quite easily and discourage predators. Porcupines are not very aggressive and will only use this tactic if they feel threatened. Surprisingly, porcupines are very good swimmers and regularly climb trees to build nests or find food. Nigerian Dwarf Goat The International Dairy Goat Registry first registered these adorable little goats in 1981. They are the only true miniature goat breed of the dairy type. They have features comparable to other dairy goat breeds, but are much smaller in size. The Nigerian dwarf is commonly used for its milk production as well as a companionship. They have easy going and playful personalities. Their gentle and calm nature makes them a great companion for children and disabled and elderly people. You can find the curious goats exploring and climbing on tree stumps, rocks, and other objects. Jaguar Jaguars are the third largest cat in the world and the largest cat in the Americas. A jaguar’s eye-catching spots resemble roses (also known as rosettes) and they help to distinguish them from other cats. Unlike breeds of cats, the jaguar enjoys water and has the ability to roar. They can vocalize a variety of sounds such as snarls, grunts, growls and roars. Out of all the cat family, the jaguar has the strongest bite and uses its muscular jaw to suffocate and crush its prey. Jacob Sheep The true origins of the Jacob sheep are unknown. The breed remains unchanged, which means it has not been commercially improved or selectively bred. Jacob sheep are outgoing, friendly, and intelligent. They welcome attention and love to be scratched and petted. They differ from other breeds of sheep by their spotted pattern and its multiple horns, in both male and female. Hartmann’s Mountain Zebra A Hartmann’s mountain zebra has a distinctive black and white stripped pattern. As their name suggests, they exhibit amazing climbing abilities like scaling over mountains. Hartmann’s mountain zebras can be discovered 2000 meters above sea level. Unlike other members of the horse family, they have very hard, pointed hooves, which allow them to climb the rocky terrain. It is very common to find Hartmann’s mountain zebras chasing, play fighting, and racing. Because of the demand for land for agriculture and grassland for livestock animals, the zebra’s habitat is being destroyed and leaves them to compete with cattle for grazing areas. Zebras are hunted, both legally and illegally, many times so landowners have more room to farm. Golden Lion Tamarin Golden lion tamarins are named after their distinctive mane and vibrant golden orange color. The tree-dwelling monkey has one hallux or a big toe as a nail, combined with long toes and fingers, which helps they monkey to grab onto branches. These features also allow the monkey to rip apart tree bark in search of insects and spiders. The thumbs of a tamarin are not completely opposable, which prevents them from gripping objects very easily. Golden lion tamarins are endangered due to deforestation and increased agriculture. It is estimated there are only 1,500 remaining golden lion tamarins in the wild. Elmwood Park Zoo participates in the golden lion tamarins Species Survival Plan, a shared conservation effort by zoos throughout the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Giraffe A giraffe’s long legs and towering neck qualifies it as the world’s tallest mammal. Their neck is composed of seven vertebras, which gives the giraffe’s neck plenty of flexibility and a wide range of movement. Its lengthy legs allow it to sprint short distances at 35 miles per hour. Its prehensile, black tongue is about 20 inches long and is used for grasping foliage, grooming and cleaning its nose. Just like a human fingerprint, a giraffe’s pattern of spots is unique and allows researches to identify them. Their coat also serves as great protection in the wild; it can be distracting to predators and gives them the ability to blend in well with its surroundings in Africa. Giraffe’s individual patterns of spots will appear darker as the giraffe ages. Check out our Giraffe camera for a live look* Giraffes may not appear during winter/cold days Elk Another name for an elk is the “wapiti”. The Native American word means “light-colored deer”. Deer are close relatives, but the elk is much larger. A male elk’s antlers can reach 4 feet over their head. Their antlers can grow up to one inch each day, making it the fastest growing bone of any mammal. The antlers of a male will fall off every March and will regrow in the spring. New antlers are coated with fuzzy velvet, which allows the living tissue to be supplied with nutrients. Once the bone has completely developed the antler hardens and the velvet is shed. Donkey Donkeys are members of the Equidae family, which also includes zebras and horses. They look alike, but donkeys have bigger floppy ears, which are stockier than those of a zebra or horse. Their keen sense of hearing allows them to hear another call of a donkey over 60 miles away. Donkeys are social animals and form connections with other donkeys. They prefer to reside with other donkeys, goats, sheep or horses to keep them company. They are great guard animals and will alert the herd if there are predators nearby. Donkeys are notorious for their stubborn personality, which has been attributed to a strong sense of self-preservation. A stronger prey instinct and a weak connection with man make it difficult to force or frighten a donkey into a situation that it perceives to be dangerous. Usually dependable, donkeys are often used as work donkeys in other countries. They have the ability to go a long period of time without drinking water. They can loose up to 30% of their body weight in water, and regain it all back after 5 minutes of drinking. Chacoan Peccary Chacoan Peccaries are the largest and least common out of the three species of peccary. They have special adaptations such as their kidneys and two-chambered stomachs, which can break down cacti and digest tough foods. They use their snouts to remove cacti spines and forage succulent plants to stay hydrated. Their scent glands on their backs give off a strong, musky odor, used to mark territory and identify individuals. Until 1971, the Chacoan peccary was thought to be extinct. Only about 3,000 currently exist in the world, making them very rare and highly endangered. Their formerly isolated habitat disappeared due to ranches and hunting. Elmwood Park Zoo participates in the Chacoan Species Survival Plan, a shared conservation effort by zoos throughout the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Bobcat Bobcats are the most common wildcats in North America. A bobcat, like other cats walk so their back feet always match the print of their front feet. This makes their footprints appear as if a two-legged animal created them. Putting their feet in the same spot helps to reduce noise when they are hunting. A bobcat has multiple dens, one of which will be used for hunting. They sit or crouch down in their den, relying on sight and sound to locate prey. Once discovered, they will creep up on their prey, and then attack by sprinting and pouncing on them. A bobcat’s legs and paws allow them to run up to 30 miles per hour. Because a bobcats back legs are longer than its front legs, it has a bobbing-like step. Its distinctive stubby and bobbed cut tail is where the cats name is derived from. Black-Footed Ferret The black-footed ferret once was believed to be extinct. Although still endangered, they are making a remarkable recovery. Before their downfall, black-footed ferret habitats included grasslands in 12 American states, 2 Canadian provinces and parts of Northern Mexico. Their population was in the tens of thousands, before it rapidly declined in the 1970s and 1980s. The prairie dog population also dropped, leaving black-footed ferrets with a limited supply of food. Prairie dogs make up 90% of a black-footed ferret’s diet. The ferrets can consume more than 100 prairie dogs in a year. The black-footed ferret is still listed as one of North America’s most endangered species. Elmwood Park Zoo participates in the Black-footed Ferret Species Survival Plan, a shared conservation effort by zoos throughout the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. American Bison The massive American bison is the largest mammal in North America. Their shaggy, heavy winter coats are shed in huge lumps. Despite their enormous 800-2,000 pound weight, an American bison can run at speeds up to 40 miles per hour. When in danger or startled bison have the ability to run off, jump over objects, and swim. They also are equipped with arched horns that can grow to be two feet. Since they have very poor eyesight, they rely on their excellent sense of hearing and smell. In 2016, the National Bison Legacy Act was put into action, which recognizes the American bison as the national mammal of the United States. African Straw-Colored Fruit Bat The African straw-colored fruit bat is the second largest bat on the African continent and the most widely distributed of the African fruit bats. Their long, pointed wings are built for endurance and make them strong fliers. Their wingspan can reach up to three feet and this trait allows them to travel long distances. Colonies of African straw-colored fruit bats can range anywhere from thousands to even millions! Their large colonies can be found in many areas such as trees, rocks, and caves. Rose Hair Tarantula The rose hair tarantula is also called the Chilean fire tarantula, or the Chilean red-haired tarantula. The rose haired tarantula is a common pet due to its low maintenance and that it is not dangerous to humans. Their tiny bristles or hair-like structures on their body are used when the tarantula feels in-danger. As a defense mechanism, they have the ability to launch their bristles on a predator. Turkey Vulture Turkey vultures are one of the few birds of prey that use their smell to detect food. They are truly scavengers, as they feed off of the carcass of dead animals. Their digestive system has the capability to kill any viruses and bacteria. Turkey vultures have the tendency to over eat. At an extreme level they will be unable to fly and regurgitate their food before flying off. Their bacteria-covered skin prevents predators from thinking twice. Despite their unattractive appearance, vultures play an important role in our environment. They assist in removing animal remains and prevent diseases from spreading. Red-Tailed Hawk The red-tailed hawk is North America’s most widely distributed hawk. Their large wingspan and plumage allow them to soar for excessive amounts of time. Red-tailed hawks can also discover prey from 100 feet up in the air. Its strong beak and talons allow the hawk to swoop down and grasp its prey. Their call sounds like a loud raspy, “kree-eee-ar”, piercing scream. The iconic eagle cry you hear in most TV shows and movies is actually the fierce cry of a red-tailed hawk. Peregrine Falcon Peregrine falcons are renowned for their speed. In its characteristic-hunting dive, it has been known to reach speeds of up to 242 miles per hour, earning it the distinction of being the fastest member of the animal kingdom. With their tightly packed feathers, chest muscles and long wingspan, the peregrine falcon was built for speed. They are also found throughout every region, except for Antarctica, making them the most widespread bird on the planet. Montezuma Quail Even though the Montezuma quail has a noticeable pattern, it can be difficult to see when hiding in forests and other landscapes. If the quail feels threatened it will remain motionless until the predator is in close proximity. If danger comes too close, the quail will leap up and spring into flight. Golden Eagle The golden eagle is a huge bird of prey that belongs to the hawk and eagle family. They get their name from the noticeable golden brown plumage on their head and neck. It is the second fastest animal in the world, accelerating at speeds of 200 miles per hour. The golden eagle uses its piercing talons and speed to pray on hares, marmots, squirrels and other mammals. Golden eagles have been known to eat tortoises. They fly with the tortoise held in their talons and then drop it on a rock outcrop to break the shell open. Chicken Chickens are the most common bird in the world. There are over 150 different breeds of chickens, which range in color and size. Chickens are not capable of sustained flight, but they can fly short distances. Chickens have small heads, short beaks, wings and a round body covered in feathers.Researchers have discovered there is at least 24 unique vocalizations chickens can produce. Males will use a shrill call to assertively communicate territory to other roosters. Females will cluck after laying an egg and also cluck in order to gather their young. They also have vocals that indicate a predator and the predator’s location. Burrowing Owl Burrowing owls are one of the smallest owls in North America. Burrowing owls get their name due to living underground in burrows or holes that were dug out by small mammals, such as ground squirrels and prairie dogs. When it feels threatened, a young owl can produce a sound much like a rattlesnake. This sound scares away any predators that may be close in range. Like many birds of prey, the eyes of the burrowing owl are extremely large but lack any muscle to control movement. As a result, the owl turns its head (up to 270 degrees) in order to look around. Blue and Gold Macaw With its vibrant colors, the blue and yellow macaw is easily one of the most recognizable parrots. While it is a popular companion animal due to its coloring and personality, macaws are known to be an incredibly loud species and require constant attention while in captivity. Due to their needs, macaws are generally better suited for the wild. While blue-and-gold macaws aren’t an endangered species at this time, they are still at risk due to habitat loss through deforestation, pet trade, hunting, poaching, and the spraying of pesticides. Barred Owl The barred owl’s ears aren’t visible from the top of their head, so they appear to have no ears when viewing them. Its sharpened hearing allows the barred owl to find its prey in complete darkness. Due to its streamlined shape of its flight feathers, it can swoop down without making a sound. An immature barred owl can “climb” up a tree by using its bill and talons to grasp tree bark. Barn Owl The asymmetrical placing of the barn owl’s ears allow for its acute hearing that can better detect sound position and distance. Its huge binocular eyes have exceptional low-light vision, which allows it to easily find prey at night by sight. But its skill to discover prey by just sound is the best of any animal. It can easily target and capture rodents with efficiency. Combined with its high metabolic rate, it is believed that the barn owl consumes more rodents than any other creature, and thus it is a valuable ally to the farmer working to protect his crops from pests. Bald Eagle Recognizable by its white head, brown body, and yellow beak, the bald eagle has been the national symbol of the United States since 1782. Bald eagles were once on the verge of extinction, due to hunting and pollution. Major efforts were put in place to help protect the eagles and luckily, their population has increased over the last 40 years. Red-Eyed Tree Frog It’s easy to recognize red-eyed tree frogs due to their bulging red eyes and bright green body. If awoken the frog will uncover his bright red eyes, frightening potential predators. Startling predators gives the frog a chance to jump away to safety. Red-eye tree frogs are arboreal, meaning they spend a lot of time in the trees. Their feet have strong suction cup pads that make them amazing climbers. Panamanian Golden Frog The Panamanian golden frog is listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but it may be in fact extinct in the wild. The Elmwood Park Zoo is one of a small number of institutions located in both the Republic of Panama and the United States that are committed to preserving these frogs through education, study, fundraising, and breeding captive specimens. Panamanian golden frogs communicate with rivals and prospective mates by hand waving. This unique attribute is thought to have evolved as a result of their throat calls being drowned out by the noise of the fast moving streams located in their natural habitats. Green & Black Poison Dart Frog The green and black poison dart frog’s vibrant colors warn others that they are toxic and serve as a warning to stay away. The toxic compounds enter the frog’s skin after it consumes its prey, commonly ants. The indigenous Emberá people of Colombia are known for using darts soaked in poison from three specific poison dart frogs in the genus Phyllobates. Those darts are then used to hunt and kill animals for food. Bumblebee Poison Dart Frog Bumblebee poison dart frogs are also referred to as yellow-banded poison frog and yellow-headed poison dart frog. Their black spots and stripes extend all over their yellow body. Compared to other poison dart frogs, the bumblebee poison dart frog is among the loudest. It emits a loud call to warn off enemies, which echoes in the distance. Dyeing Poison Dart Frog Dyeing poison dart frogs are considered one of the most toxic, or poisonous, animals on Earth. The are recognized by their distinctive colors, and different colors are presented in different “morphs” of the animal. The “azureus” morph has bright blue skin that is nice to look at, but the color also serves as a warning; alkaloids in the skin carry a potent toxin that can paralyze or kill potential predators. It’s speculated that poison dart frogs develop their toxicity from eating insects that have consumed different poisons from the plants they eat. When dyeing poison dart frogs are bred in captivity and fed a varied diet, their skin does not emit the same toxins that they would in the wild.
4562	dbpedia	0	8	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_Marine_Corps_aircraft_squadrons	en	List of active United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hmx1_official_insigia.jpg/46px-Hmx1_official_insigia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CH-53Ds_landing.jpg/250px-CH-53Ds_landing.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/CH-53_Super_Stallion_2.jpg/2...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	This is a list of all of the active squadrons that currently exist in the United States Marine Corps, sorted by type. Most squadrons have changed names and designations many times over the years, so they are listed by their current designation. To see Marine Aviation units sorted by command...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_Marine_Corps_aircraft_squadrons	This is a list of all of the active squadrons that currently exist in the United States Marine Corps, sorted by type. Most squadrons have changed names and designations many times over the years, so they are listed by their current designation. To see Marine Aviation units sorted by command hierarchy, see aviation combat element. Squadron designations[] The basic tactical and administrative unit of United States Marine Corps aviation is the squadron. Fixed-wing aircraft squadrons (heavier than air) and tiltrotor squadrons are denoted by the letter "V", which comes from the Spanish verb "volar" (to fly). Rotary wing (helicopter) squadrons use "H." Marine squadrons are always noted by the second letter "M." Squadron numbering is not linear as some were numbered in ascending order and others took numbers from the wing or the ship to which they were assigned. From 1920 to 1941, Marine flying squadrons were identified by one digit numbers. This changed on July 1, 1941 when all existing squadrons were redesignated to a three-digit system. The first two numbers were supposed to identify the squadrons parent group but with the rapid expansion during World War II and frequent transfer of squadrons this system fell apart.[1] Rotary-Wing Aircraft[] Marine Helicopter Squadron[] The squadron is responsible for the helicopter transportation of the President of the United States, , Cabinet members and VIPs. In addition to its VIP transport role, it is also tasked with operational test and evaluation (OT&E) of new flight systems for Marine Corps helicopters.[2] The squadron currently flies the VH-3D Sea King and the SH-60 Seahawk. These were due to be replaced by the VH-71 Kestrel,[3] however that program was cancelled in April 2009.[4] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMX-1 Nighthawks 1 December 1947 Headquarters Marine Corps MCAF Quantico, VA[5] Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadrons[] Heavy helicopter squadrons were first formed in 1966 when the Marine Corps began flying the heavy lift CH-53 Sea Stallion during the Vietnam War.[6] Their primary role is moving cargo and equipment with the secondary role of transferring troops ashore in an amphibious assault. Most of the squadrons have transitioned to the larger and more powerful CH-53E Super Stallion; however, three squadrons of the original Sea Stallions still remain.[7] The CH-53Es are the most powerful helicopter in the U.S. military inventory today.[8] Due to a reorganization in Marine aviation, HMH-366 was reactivated in 2008[9] at MCAS Cherry Point.[10] The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, refresher pilots, and enlisted aircrew on the CH-53E Super Stallion.[17] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMH-361 Flying Tigers 25 February 19 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[11] HMH-362 Ugly Angels 30 April 1952 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCAS Kaneohe Bay, HI[12] HMH-366 Hammerheads 30 September 2008 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC HMH-461 Iron Horse 15 March 1944 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[13] HMH-462 Heavy Haulers 15 April 1944 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[14] HMH-463 Pegasus 20 July 1944 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCAS Kaneohe Bay, HI[15] HMH-464 Condors 5 April 1944 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[16] HMH-465 Warhorse 1 December 1981 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA HMH-466 Wolfpack 30 November 1984 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMHT-302 Phoenix 1 November 1966 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadrons[] The Marine Corps’ light attack squadrons are composite squadrons usually made up of 18 AH-1W Cobras and 9 UH-1N Hueys. The primary missions of the Cobra is close air support, forward air control, reconnaissance and armed escort,[18] while the Huey provides airborne command and control, utility support, supporting arms coordination and medical evacuation.[19] Both airframes are due to be upgraded as part of the H-1 upgrade program which will see them get greater power, improved avionics and an 85% commonality of parts. When the aircraft are upgraded, they will have the new nomenclatures AH-1Z[20] and UH-1Y.[21][22] Due to the need for more light attack squadrons, the Marine Corps began adding new squadrons in 2008.[23] HMLA-467 and HMLA-469 activated recently.[10] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMLA-167 File:Hmla167 insig.jpg Warriors 1 April 1968 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[24] HMLA-169 Vipers 30 September 1971 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[25] HMLA-267 Stingers 15 February 1944 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[26] HMLA-269 The Gunrunners 22 February 1971 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[27] HMLA-367 Scarface 1 December 1943 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCAS Kaneohe Bay, HI[28] HMLA-369 Gunfighters 1 April 1972 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[29] HMLA-467 Sabers 1 October 2008 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[30] HMLA-469 Vengeance 30 June 2009 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[31] HMLA-773 Red Dog June 1968 MAG-49, 4th MAW Robins AFB, GA[32] Marine Light Attack Helicopter Training Squadron[] The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, refresher pilots, and enlisted aircrew on the AH-1W SuperCobra, the UH-1N Twin Huey, as well as transition to the newer AH-1Z Viper and UH-1Y Venom variants.[33] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMLAT-303 Atlas 30 April 1982 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA Marine Medium Helicopter Squadrons[] The Marine Corps' HMM squadrons first came to being in 1964 with the fielding of the CH-46 Sea Knight medium helicopter. They provide all-weather, day/night, night vision goggle (NVG) assault transport of combat troops, supplies, and equipment during amphibious and subsequent operations ashore. Troop assault is their primary function and the movement of supplies and equipment is secondary.[34][35] The CH-46 is currently being replaced by the MV-22B Osprey and HMM squadrons are incrementally being deactivated and coming back as VMMs.[36] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMM-268 Red Dragons September 15, 1972 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[37] HMM-364 Purple Foxes September 1, 1961 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[38] HMM-774 Wild Goose 1969 MAG-49, 4th MAW NS Norfolk, VA[39] Marine Medium Helicopter Training Squadron[] The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, refresher pilots, and enlisted aircrew on the CH-46 Sea Knight.[40] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMMT-164 Knightriders July 1, 1962 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA Tiltrotor Aircraft[] Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadrons[] Marine tiltrotor squadrons are new units operating the MV-22 Osprey with their main mission being assault support. The Osprey offers twice the speed, three times the payload, five times the range, and can fly more than twice as high as the helicopters it is replacing.[41] As the Marine Corps’ number one aviation acquisition priority, the Osprey is replacing the aging fleet of CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters and is a cornerstone of the capstone concept of Expeditionary maneuver warfare.[42] The Marine Corps is planning on transitioning two squadrons a year to the new airframe until all squadrons have made the conversion.[36][dead link] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMM-161 Greyhawks 15 January 1951 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[43] VMM-162 Golden Eagles June 30, 1952 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[44] VMM-163 Ridge Runners December 1951 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[45] VMM-165 White Knights July 1, 1965 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[46] VMM-166 Sea Elk September 13, 1985 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[47] VMM-261 Raging Bulls April 5, 1951 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[48] VMM-262 Flying Tigers September 1951 MAG-36, 1st MAW MCAS Futenma, Japan[49] VMM-263 Thunder Eagles June 16, 1952 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[50] VMM-264 Black Knights June 30, 1959 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[51] VMM-265 Dragons October 1, 1962 MAG-36, 1st MAW MCAS Futenma, Japan[52] VMM-266 Fighting Griffins April 26, 1983 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[53] VMM-363 Red Lions June 2, 1952 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[54] VMM-365 Blue Knights July 1, 1963 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[55] VMM-764 Moonlight April 15, 1958 MAG-41, 4th MAW Edwards AFB, CA[56] Marine Tiltrotor Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron[] The squadron is a joint Marine Corps and Air Force test and development unit. Its mission is to conduct operational testing and evaluation of the MV/CV-22 Osprey and future tiltrotor systems.[57][58] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMX-22 Argonauts August 28, 2003 Operational Test and Evaluation Force MCAS New River, NC Marine Medium Tiltrotor Training Squadron[] The squadron provides new and conversion training to both Marine and Air Force pilots and units in the use and maintenance of the Osprey tiltrotor aircraft that is scheduled to replace the Marine Corps' fleet of CH-46 Sea Knights.[59] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMMT-204 Raptors May 1, 1972 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC Fixed-Wing Aircraft[] Marine Attack Squadrons[] After World War II, the United States Navy decided to combine all of the functions of the scout bomber, torpedo bomber and bomber torpedo communities into the Attack designation.[60] On July 22, 1946, it released Bulletin No. 46-1543, which authorized the formation of attack squadrons; however, the Marine Corps did not form any until 1952.[1] Today, Marine attack squadrons fly the AV-8B Harrier II[61] and are tasked with providing close air support, air interdiction, surveillance and escort of helicopters. Because the STOVL Harrier can operate from amphibious assault ships, expeditionary airfields and tactical remote landing sites, it provides commanders with more flexibility in providing air support.[62] The Harrier is due to be replaced by the F-35B, the STOVL version of the F-35 Lightning II.[63] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMA-211 Wake Island Avengers 1 January 1937 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[64] VMA-214 Black Sheep 1 July 1942 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[65] VMA-223 Bulldogs 1 May 1942 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[66] VMA-231 Ace of Spades 8 February 1919 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[67] VMA-311 Tomcats 1 December 1942 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ 15 February 1944 VMA-542 Tigers 6 March 1944 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[68] Marine Attack Training Squadron[] The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators to fly the AV-8B Harrier II.[69] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMAT-203 Hawks July 1, 1947 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadrons[] VMAQ squadrons operate the EA-6B Prowler[70] and are tasked with providing electronic attack, electronic counter-countermeasures, radar jamming and suppression of enemy air defense using the AN/ALQ-99 jamming pod[71] and the AGM-88 HARM. Each of the four squadrons operates five aircraft and are land-based, although they are capable of landing on board U.S. Navy aircraft carriers.[72][73] The Marine Corps has recently solidified plans to install a next-generation jammer on the F-35 Lightning II. It has joined the EA-18G Growler as the launch platform for the jammer, which is scheduled to enter service in 2018.[74] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMAQ-1 Banshees July 1, 1992 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC [75] VMAQ-2 Death Jesters September 15, 1952 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC [76] VMAQ-3 Moon Dogs July 1, 1992 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC [77] VMAQ-4 Seahawks November 7, 1981 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC [78] Marine Fighter Attack Squadrons[] The Marine Corps' VMFA squadrons fly the single seat F/A-18A++, F/A-18C Hornet and F-35B Lightning II. Their primary role is to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft and to attack and destroy surface targets in all weather conditions. Each Hornet squadron operates 12 aircraft, while each F-35B squadron operates 16 aircraft.[79][80] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMFA-112 Cowboys March 1, 1942 MAG-41, 4th MAW NASJRB Fort Worth, TX [81] VMFA-115 Silver Eagles July 1, 1943 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [82] VMFA-121 Green Knights June 24, 1941 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ [83] VMFA-122 Werewolves March 1, 1942 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [84] VMFA-232 Red Devils September 1, 1925 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [85] VMFA-251 Thunderbolts December 1, 1941 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [86] VMFA-312 Checkerboard June 1, 1943 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [87] VMFA-314 Black Knights October 1, 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [88] VMFA-323 Death Rattlers August 1, 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [89] Marine All-Weather Fighter Attack Squadrons[] The VMFA(AW) squadrons fly the two seat F/A-18D Hornet. Their primary mission is to attack and destroy surface targets, day or night, under all weather conditions; conduct multi-sensor imagery reconnaissance; provide supporting arms coordination; and intercept and destroy enemy aircraft in all weather conditions. The current F/A-18s saw their first action in Operation Desert Storm after replacing the venerable F-4 Phantom II.[79][80] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMFA(AW)-224 Bengals May 1, 1942 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [90] VMFA(AW)-225 Vikings January 1, 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [91] VMFA(AW)-242 Bats July 1, 1943 MAG-12, 1st MAW MCAS Iwakuni, JA [92] VMFA(AW)-533 Hawks October 1, 1943 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [93] Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadrons[] VMFAT-101 trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators to fly the F/A-18 Hornet while VMFAT-501 trains new and transitioning pilots to fly the F-35B Lightning II.[94][95] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMFAT-101 Sharpshooters January 3, 1969 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA VMFAT-501 Warlords April 1, 2010 MAG-31, 2nd MAW Eglin AFB, FL Marine Fighter Training Squadron[] VMFT-401 is the only aggressor squadron in the Marine Corps. It flies the F-5E Tiger II and provides instruction to active and reserve squadrons through dissimilar adversary combat tactics. The squadron is based at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona.[96] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMFT-401 Snipers March 18, 1986 MAG-41, 4th MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadrons[] VMGR squadrons operate the KC-130 Hercules tanker/transport. Their primary missions are aerial and rapid ground refuelling, transportation of personnel and cargo to include MEDEVACs and parachute insertions, flying the airborne version of the Direct Air Support Center (DASC) and emergency resupply into unimproved landing zones.[97][98][99] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMGR-152 Sumos 11 March 1942 MAG-36, 1st MAW MCAS Futenma, Japan [100] VMGR-234 Rangers 1 May 1942 MAG-41, 4th MAW NASJRB Fort Worth, TX [101] VMGR-252 Otis 1 June 1928 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC [102] VMGR-352 Raiders 1 April 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [103] VMGR-452 Yankees 9 September 1988 MAG-49, 4th MAW Stewart ANGB, NY [104] Marine Transport Squadron[] VMR squadrons provide search and rescue support as well as movement of key personnel and critical logistics support around the world. They also provide movement of high priority passengers and cargo during wartime in support of operations and other critical commitments.[105] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMR-1 Roadrunners January 1943 H&HS, MCAS Cherry Point MCAS Cherry Point, NC Unmanned Aerial Systems[] Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadrons[] VMUs operate the RQ-7B Shadow unmanned aerial system (UAS) which provides Marine ground forces with reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition. They also provide artillery spotting and can assist in search and rescue operations.[106][107] Since 2004, the VMU squadrons have also been operating the Boeing ScanEagle UAS, and has longer endurance and smaller footprint, but has a lesser camera capability with no IR pointer.[108] The Navy/Marine Corps has shown interest in the MQ-8B Fire Scout Vertical Takeoff and Landing Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (VTUAV),[109] which was originally developed to meet the future Tier III requirements of the Marine Corps.[110] Due to the high operational tempo of the VMU squadrons in recent years, the Marine Corps stood up VMU-3 in 2008 and VMU-4, a reserve unit, was activated in 2010 with the lineage of VMO-4.[23] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMU-1 Watchdogs 21 January 1987 MACG-38, 3rd MAW MCAGCC Twentynine Palms, CA [111] VMU-2 Night Owls June 1984 MACG-28, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[112] VMU-3 Phantoms 12 September 2008 MACG-38, 3rd MAW MCAGCC Twentynine Palms, CA VMU-4 Evil Eyes 20 December 1943 MACG-48, 4th MAW Camp Pendleton, CA See also[] United States Marine Corps Aviation Aviation combat element List of inactive United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons List of United States Marine Corps aircraft wings List of United States Marine Corps aviation support units List of United States Marine Corps battalions List of active United States Air Force aircraft squadrons
4562	dbpedia	3	83	https://www.nssmag.com/en/sports/32796/eagles-club-crest	en	You have been blacklisted			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		it			null	Sorry, you have been blacklisted. You have been blocked for suspect activity. Please wait until you'll be automatically unlocked. If your suspect activity will persist you will be permanently blacklisted.
4562	dbpedia	3	95	https://herosports.com/best-mascot-nickname-rankings-auau/	en	College Football Mascot (Nickname) Rankings	https://herosports.com/w…533535155-2.jpeg	https://herosports.com/w…533535155-2.jpeg	[ "https://e8tpmrtk53q.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/hero-sports-logo-60px.png?strip=all&lossy=1&ssl=1", "https://e8tpmrtk53q.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/hero-sports-logo-60px.png?strip=all&lossy=1&ssl=1", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/80610542929dcd239643b151ad5153d1?s=160&d=mm&r=pg 2x"...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "HERO Sports", "www.facebook.com" ]	2018-08-07T19:30:00+00:00	We all love college mascots. (Well, most of them. More on that below.) Sometimes, we even use them to pick a March Madness bracket or two. But this football season, I took it upon myself to rank EVERY college football nickname from all four divisions, that's FBS, FCS, D2, and D3, based on who would win in a fight. […]	en	https://e8tpmrtk53q.exac…ze=32%2C32&ssl=1	HERO Sports	https://herosports.com/best-mascot-nickname-rankings-auau/	We all love college mascots. (Well, most of them. More on that below.) Sometimes, we even use them to pick a March Madness bracket or two. But this football season, I took it upon myself to rank EVERY college football nickname from all four divisions, that's FBS, FCS, D2, and D3, based on who would win in a fight. [divider] LISTEN: Ben, Jason Churchill, and Jim Oxley discuss this list in podcast form: [divider] First, some ground rules. All fights assume that both participants are facing each other and are prepared and ready for a scrap. Crucially, I'm ranking nicknames only here. That means I'm not giving Alabama an elephant or James Madison a bulldog, they're the Crimson Tide and Dukes, respectively. Also, I'm not giving anyone their posse unless it's specifically noted in the name. That means "Lions" is one lion, not several, except when the nickname is "Pride". This is also true of the Wolfpack and Thundering Herd. It also means that the Monarchs don't have their royal guard and the Presidents don't have the Secret Service. Every participant gets the items you'd reasonably expect them to have on them. Mountaineers get an old-timey gun, Lumberjacks get an axe, you get the idea. [divider] READ: College Football's Most Popular Nicknames [divider] Finally, I made the determination that golden always means better than normal, with the exception of eagles because golden eagles are smaller than bald eagles. So let's get to it! I know that you'll all have quibbles with this list, but you didn't put the work in, so I don't want to hear it! Just kidding, I'd love to entertain all of your disputes. Tweet them @befox21 or @HEROSportsNews, whatever your heart desires. Without further ado, hello and welcome to the octagon! [divider] 11-50 \| 51-100 \| Full Rankings [divider] 1. Comets Olivet \| Olivet, Michigan \| Division III If a comet ever hit earth, it would probably destroy all of the life, with the possible exception of cockroaches. They can survive anything. Our saving grace, as it were, is that comets generally can't aim for shit. However, in this instance, the comet is facing off with these people/animals/weather events head on. As such, even if it misses, it can't miss (to steal a line from my guy Omar Little). This Michigan comet destroys everything, even eternal gods. [divider] 2. Titans Illinois Wesleyan \| Bloomington, Illinois \| Division III UW Oshkosh \| Oshkosh, Wisconsin \| Division III Westminster (PA) \| New Wilmington, Pennsylvania \| Division III Titans were precursors to Greek gods, but they were eventually overthrown by Zeus and his boys (and girls). If you can't stop a dude with a thunderbolt, you can't stop a comet. [divider] 3. Golden Hurricane Tulsa \| Tulsa, Oklahoma \| FBS 4. Hurricanes Miami (FL) \| Coral Gables, Florida \| FBS 5. Cyclones Iowa State \| Ames, Iowa \| FBS [divider] 6. Vulcans California (PA) \| California, Pennsylvania \| Division II We aren't talking about Spock's people here, we're talking about the Roman god of fire. Included in his duties as fire god, Vulcan had control over volcanoes and metalworking, among other things. Don't mess with a blacksmith, that's all I'm saying. Also, we may not be talking Star Trek, but I do want you all to live long and prosper. [divider] 7. Dragons Lane \| Jackson, Tennessee \| Division II MSU Moorhead \| Moorhead, Minnesota \| Division II Tiffin \| Tiffin, Ohio \| Division II 8. Red Dragons Cortland State \| Cortland, New York \| Division III Question: who else is super pumped about ice dragon vs normal dragon on the next season of Game of Thrones? I'm taking Drogon, because he's dope. Also, that's him below. Say hi! [divider] 9. Thunderbirds Southern Utah \| Cedar City, Utah \| FCS [divider] 10. Phoenix Elon \| Elon, North Carolina \| FCS Shout out to Fawkes, Dumbledore's favorite phoenix and mine (which is far more important). [divider]
4562	dbpedia	0	4	https://www.popasmoke.com/notam/in-country-vietnam/hmm161-and-hmm162/	en	HMM161 and HMM162			[ "https://www.popasmoke.com/wp-content/themes/popasmoke1/assets/images/popasmoke-logo.png", "https://www.popasmoke.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/pas_ribbons.gif", "https://www.popasmoke.com/wp-content/uploads/letter-avatar/29bc6f5e0b902cb42014e99a12e9c605.svg", "https://www.popasmoke.com/wp-content/uploads/le...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	OK, I still need two more squadron names. I need the mascot or nicknames for HMM161 and HMM162 for the predominate UH34D era in Viet Nam for a ch...	en		USMC Combat Helicopter & Tiltrotor Association	https://www.popasmoke.com/notam/in-country-vietnam/hmm161-and-hmm162/	OK, I still need two more squadron names. I need the mascot or nicknames for HMM161 and HMM162 for the predominate UH34D era in Viet Nam for a challenge coin. The patch I have for 161 is a blue flying horse. What's the squadron's name? The patch I have for 162 is an eagle. What's the squadron's name? Bill McNair hmm-162 Was in HMM-162 at New River in Aug-Oct 66 just out of flight school to get H2P certified prior to going WestPac. Patch was an eagle with searchlight-like beam from one eye and stretcher slung from claw. Name [ at that time to the best of a feeble memory ] was Golden Eagles. Joined HMM-263 [ Blue Eagles ] Nov 66 at Marble. Hope this helps. Joe H. Re: Squadron Nick Names Bill, If you want to double check all your information, try Wikipedia and I should apologize, but perhaps you might use "The Greyhawks" for 161 but I believe that those that went into country May of 1965 would stick with "The Pineapple Squadron" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-161 hope this doesn't mess up your list of information. To my knowledge, 161 did not have a nickname until 1965 when it deployed to Viet Nam. In Hawaii we called ourselves the "Pineapples" and when we deployed a pineapple was painted on the nose of each aircraft (and on almost anything else). When we flew ashore from the Princeton and later the Iwo Jima, pineapples were painted all over the ships. Other aircraft that landed at Phu Bai also were subject to have a pineapple painted somewhere. Quote from Wikipedia "HMM-161 deployed in May 1965 to Phu Bai, Republic of Vietnam[6] and attached to MAG-16, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. It then relocated in January 1966 to Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, Okinawa to receive its new Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight. By April 1966, the Greyhawks had redeployed to Da Nang, Republic of Vietnam with a move to Phu Bai that June. The Squadron relocated once again in November 1966 to Futenma, Okinawa, where it was attached to Marine Aircraft Group 15(MAG-15), 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade. A month later the Greyhawks returned to CONUS, as they were attached to Marine Aircraft Group 26(MAG-26), 2d MAW at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina. HMM-161 then redeployed in May 1968 to Quang Tri, Republic of Vietnam and attached to provisional Marine Aircraft Group 39(MAG-39), 1st MAW. The Squadron finished its Vietnam Years with its final deployment to Phu Bai in October 1969 while attached to MAG-16, 1st MAW." I believe they are off by a year--I was assigned to HMM-161 from 7-66 to 10-66 at Phu Bai flying H-34s, then went to VMO-2. Tom Knowles HMM161 and HMM162 HMM161 was located at Hue-Phu Bai on 3 Aug 1966 when I joined; the squadron was flying the H-34 at the time. On 30 Oct. 1966 the squadron loaded aboard LPH Iwo Jima off the coast of Phu Bai; on 1 Nov 1966 the squadron offloaded from Iwo Jima to DaNang for the night and on 2 Nov. 1966 loaded aboard the Valley Forge; on 8 Nov. 1966 the squadron went ashore at MCAS Futenma, Okinawa where we remained until 16 Dec. 1966 when the squadron personnel were disbanded and the squadron returned to MCAF New River; almost all of us were sent, however, back to Vietnam to finish our tours. The squadron call sign, until returning to the US, was BARRELHOUSE. When I joined HMM-162 at MCAF New River in September, 1967, the callsign was HAIRCUT, and was flying the H-46.
4562	dbpedia	1	59	https://biblioklept.org/tag/books/	en	Books – Biblioklept	https://biblioklept.org/…ground.png?w=200	https://biblioklept.org/…ground.png?w=200	[ "https://biblioklept.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/cropped-sadak_in_search_of_the_waters_of_oblivion.jpg", "https://biblioklept.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/img_5244.jpg", "https://biblioklept.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/img_5223.jpg", "https://biblioklept.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/varo.webp", "h...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Edwin Turner" ]	2024-08-02T17:35:11-04:00	Posts about Books written by Biblioklept and Edwin Turner	en	https://biblioklept.org/…kground.png?w=32	Biblioklept	https://biblioklept.org/tag/books/	I experienced the middle weeks of July 2024 as simultaneously rapid and static. Doldrums should never be so frenetic. If this decade were a novel I would’ve put it down several chapters back. I try not to obsess over things I cannot control. I try to get away from screens. I try to go outside, but the feels like heat index here in north Florida goes over a hundred and five every day. (At least it’s raining again and nothing is on fire.) So I try to read more (and actually write more). This July I read some great stuff. I finished Katherine Dunn’s first novel Attic a couple of days ago. The book is seriously fucked up—like William Burroughs-Kathy Acker fucked up—an abject rant from a woman in prison in the mode of Ginsberg’s Howl. The narrator seems to be an autofictional version of Dunn herself, which is perhaps why Eric Rosenblum, in his 2022 New Yorker review described it as “largely a realist work in which Dunn emphasizes the trauma of her protagonist’s childhood.” Rosenblum uses the term realism two other times to describe Attic and refers to it at one point as a work of magical realism. If Attic is realism then so is Blood and Guts in High School. I need to read her second and third novels (Truck, 1971 and the posthumous Toad) and then go back and reread Geek Love, which I remember as being Gothic and gross but also whimsical. (I don’t sniff any whimsy in Attic.) There are eight stories in Oğuz Atay’s story collection Waiting for the Fear (in translation by Ralph Hubbell); I’ve read the first five this summer, including the long title story, which is especially good, as is the opener “Man in a White Overcoat.” Atay’s heroes (I use the term loosely) find their antecedents in Kafka’s weirdos. Or Paul Bowles. Or Jane Bowles. I should have a proper review up near the end of October when NYRB publishes Waiting for the Fear. I had picked up Mauro Javier Cárdenas’s third novel American Abductions earlier this summer and finally started it a few nights ago after finishing Attic. Each chapter is a run-on sentence that has made me want to keep reading and reading, running on with it. The novel is, at least so far, both challenging and entertaining; it is not difficult, exactly, but rather engrossing. Sometimes I’ll find myself a bit lost in the layered consciousnesses, layers (layerings) of speech in Cárdenas’s sentences—especially when I find myself startled by an image or a joke or idea—and then I’ll wade backwards again and pick up the rhythm and keep going. The plot? I’ll steal from the Dalkey Archive’s blurb: “American Abductions opens in a near-future United States whose omnipresence of data-harvesting and algorithms has enabled the mass incarceration and deportation of Latin Americans—regardless of citizenship.” But that’s not really the plot; I mean, this isn’t a third-person dystopian world-building YA thing. The novel, at least its first half, is about a family, daughters Ada and Eva and their father Antonio, a novelist who was abducted by the titular abductors (the Pale Americans!). It’s also about writing, how we construct memory in a surveillance state, and, I suppose, love. I reviewed Jean-Baptiste Del Amo’s latest novel The Son of Man (in translation by Frank Wynne) in the middle of July, although I think I probably read it in late June. In my review I suggested that The Son of Man “is ultimately a novel about the atavistic transmission of violence from generation to generation.” I also highly recommended it. I went on a big Antoine Volodine binge a couple of years ago which stalled out before I got to (what I believe is) his longest novel in English translation, Radiant Terminus. I finally started into it a few weeks ago (in translation by Jeffrey Zuckerman), and I think it might be Volodine’s best work. In my longish review, I declared Radiant Terminus “an astounding novel, a work that will haunt any reader willing to tune into its strange vibrations and haunted frequencies. Very highly recommended.” I think it’s a perfect starting place for anyone interested in Volodine’s so-called post-exotic project. Denis Johnson’s The Stars at Noon was one of two novels I revisited via audiobook this month (the other is Portis’s Gringos, which we’ll get to in a moment). I honestly didn’t remember much about The Stars at Noon other than its premise and the fact that its narrator was an alcoholic journalist-cum-prostitute in Nicaragua. It hadn’t made the same impression on me as other Johnson novels had when I went through a big Johnson jag in the late nineties and early 2000s, and I think that assessment was correct—it’s simply not as strong as Angels, Fiskadoro, or Jesus’ Son. As an audiobook though I enjoyed it, especially in Will Patton’s reading. (His narration of Johnson’s perfect novella Train Dreams is the perfect audiobook.) I guess the audiobook came out in conjunction with Claire Denis’ 2022 adaptation of the film, which I still haven’t seen. The collection of Remedios Varo’s writings On Homo rodans and Other Writings is another book I read earlier in the summer but didn’t write about until July. I was fortunate enough to get a long interview with the translator, Margaret Carson, and I think the result is one of the better things Biblioklept has published this year. I picked up Dinah Brooke’s “lost” novel Lord Jim at Home in late June, and then read it in something of a sweat over a few days. In my review, I wrote that Lord Jim at Home is squalid and startling and nastily horrific. It is abject, lurid, violent, and dark. It is also sad, absurd, mythic, often very funny, and somehow very, very real for all its strangeness. The novels I would most liken Lord Jim at Home to, at least in terms of the aesthetic and emotional experience of reading it, are Ann Quin’s Berg, Anna Kavan’s Ice, Mervyn Peake’s Gormenghast novels, Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, and James Joyce’s Portrait (as well as bits of Ulysses). Gringos is the other book I “reread” via audiobook this July. Charles Portis wrote five novels and all of them are perfect—but I think Gringos might be my favorite. David Aaron Baker’s reading of the novel is excellent. He conveys the dry humor of narrator Jimmy Burns as well as the cynical sweet pathos at the core of Portis’s last novel. Highly recommended. So well I guess July is over; the kids will be back in school again soon, and so will I. The air here will remain swamp thick, humidity that starts cooking you the minute you venture out of the desiccating AC that licensed growth on this weird peninsula. It might let up by November. Maybe because I’ve spent my entire adult career as a teacher I have always thought of August as the end of the year, not December. And some years I feel melancholy at this end, this pivot away from freer hours. But writing this on the last day of July, I think I want a return to routine, to something I can think of as a return to normalcy, the kind of normalcy that makes me appreciate the weird fucked up oddball novels that I do so love to hang out inside of. Five years ago, I was fortunate enough to interview Margaret Carson about her translation of a collection of the artist Remedios Varo’s written work. Margaret has since expanded on that collection, adding new material from her dive into Varo’s archives, resulting in On Homo rodans and Other Writings, new this summer from Wakefield Press. On Homo rodans and Other Writings offers readers a fascinating trip through Varo’s imagination. Brimming with impossible images, surreal jokes, and dreamy fragments, the work is more than just an addendum to Varo’s career as an artist. I highly recommend it to those interested in surrealist writing in general. Margaret was kind (and patient!) enough to talk with me again over the course of a few weeks via email. I am grateful for her generosity and for her work in bringing Varo’s words to monoglots such as myself. In addition to her Varo books, Margaret Carson’s translations include Sergio Chejfec’s Baroni, A Journey and My Two Worlds. She is Associate Professor in the Modern Languages Department at Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York. Biblioklept: Margaret, congratulations on the publication of On Homo rodans and Other Writings, the expanded edition of your English translation of Remedios Varo’s writings! Many of our readers might be familiar with Varo’s wonderful paintings but not know about her writing. How would you characterize the prose collected in On Homo rodans and Other Writings? Margaret Carson: Thanks, it’s great to have the translation back in print! It’s mainly writings found after Remedios Varo’s death in notebooks and on loose pages. The writings are quite varied: several odd and delightful stories (three of them new to this edition), a fairy tale, letters to friends and strangers, her famous recipe “To Provoke Erotic Dreams,” a poem that invokes the moon, dream narratives, and a few other gems, such as the title piece, “On Homo rodans,” a faux anthropological treatise that accompanied her sculpture of a human-like torso on a giant wheel, made out of chicken, turkey and fish bones. Varo’s extraordinary creativity and weird sense of humor come across just as much in her writings as in her paintings. I think readers fascinated by Varo, the artist, will also be won over by her gifts as a writer. Simply put, she’s as clever a writer as she is a painter. Biblioklept: So, let’s get into the stories and other material new to this edition and how you came to translate it into English. Some of this material hasn’t been published before, even in Spanish. If my understanding is correct, Walter Gruen, Varo’s last life partner, donated a significant collection of her works to the Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico City in 2000. In 2018—after the publication of your translated collection Letters, Dreams & Other Writings—the Varo estate bequeathed more of Varo’s writings to the Museo de Arte Moderno. Is that right? MC: Yes. In the early 2000s Walter Gruen and his wife Anna Alexandra Varsoviano (a friend of Varo’s who he married after the artist’s death) donated about thirty-eight of her works to the Museo de Arte Moderno (MAM), making it the largest repository of paintings by Varo in the world. Walter Gruen died in 2008, and Anna Alexandra Varsoviano in 2015. (I was lucky enough to meet them both in person: Walter Gruen in 2000 and Anna Alexandra Varsoviano some years later.) In her will, Anna Alexandra bequeathed a trove of Varo’s notebooks, letters, preparatory drawings, photos, and other items to MAM, many of which were displayed in 2018 in an exhibition celebrating the donation: Adictos A Remedios Varo: Nuevo Legado 2018. It was at that exhibition that I first saw Varo’s notebooks, open to pages containing narratives, letters and other pieces, in Varo’s own handwriting. I could instantly recognize them because I’d translated the same texts for Letters, Dreams and Other Writings, except for that book I used a collection of Varo’s writings published in Mexico in the 1990s, Cartas, sueños y otros textos, edited by the Spanish scholar Isabel Castells. Because the new Wakefield edition mostly uses archival materials as its source, and isn’t a direct translation of texts from an existing book, the estate requested that we give it a new title. So, thinking about Varo’s tour-de-force anthropological spoof, we renamed it On Homo rodans and Other Writings. Biblioklept: What kind of access did the museum give you to the manuscript materials? MC: When I requested an appointment to consult the archive at MAM, I indicated my area of interest: Varo’s notebooks and any stray papers relating to her writings. So when I visited for a few days in July 2022, an archivist assisted me by bringing out her notebooks one at a time as well as folders containing loose papers. You can’t imagine how excited I was not only to see but to touch these old, faded composition books and to turn their pages to discover what Varo had written or drawn on them. There are about a dozen notebooks in all, mostly school composition books for children. I was snapping photos right and left! I’m very grateful to the Museo and to their archivists for guiding me through the notebooks and for their interest in the project. Biblioklept: Varo was born in Spain, and her painting career sparked in earnest in France, but she really flourished as a painter in Mexico. Her work seems to find a growing audience in the USA; do you have a sense of her reputation in Mexico? MC: Remedios Varo came into her own as an artist in Mexico City; when she began to exhibit, she was an immediate success. Her first solo show, in 1956 at the Galería Diana, was a sell-out, as was a subsequent solo show in 1961. Sadly, Varo suddenly died in 1963. Her posthumous reputation is in large part due to Walter Gruen and his efforts to keep her in the public eye. The first catalog of her work, whose publication was overseen by Gruen and funded by Varo’s friend and patron Eva Sulzer, came out just three years after her death, in 1966, with contributions by some heavy hitters: the poet Octavio Paz, the French intellectual Roger Caillois, and the Mexican philosopher Juliana González, a personal friend of Varo’s. Since then, four editions of Varo’s catalogue raisonné have been published in Mexico, the last in 2008. (Alas, all are now out of print but available in many research libraries.) People are deeply fascinated by Varo’s paintings. Special exhibitions of her work at the Museo de Arte Moderno always draw record crowds (as they do in other cities as well, for example, the recent Remedios Varo: Science Fictions exhibition in Chicago, which was one of their best attended shows ever). Biblioklept: Gruen seems to have led a fascinating life. MC: Yes, but not without its tragedies. The little I know comes from Janet Kaplan’s biography of Varo, his obituary in the Mexican daily La Jornada, and from the Adictos a Remedios Varo catalog. Like Varo, he was fortunate to get out of war-torn Europe, but only after he experienced the worst. He was born in Austria, started medical school in the 1930s, got kicked out because he was Jewish, was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Dachau and then Buchenwald. After liberation, he made his way to Mexico City with his wife Klari Willner and it was there that he met Varo and others in the European refugee community. His wife died in Mexico in a drowning accident in the late 1940s, while Varo was living in Venezuela. It was some time after Varo’s return to Mexico that she and Gruen got together. Gruen had established his record store by then, the Sala Margolín, which for decades was the essential go-to place for classical music fans in Mexico City. A year after Varo’s death, in 1964, Gruen organized an exhibition of her work at the Palacio de Bellas Artes, and it’s at that show that Thomas Pynchon, on a trip to Mexico City, saw Embroidering the Earth’s Mantle /Bordando el manto terrestre, which was immortalized in the novel The Crying of Lot 49. Together with Anna Alexandra Varsoviano, Gruen worked to secure Varo’s legacy as an artist and to safeguard what she left behind. From the perspective of Varo’s writings, it was crucial that her notebooks and papers remain as a single cache of documents and not dispersed. After Varsoviano’s death, the entire archive including this collection of writings passed to the Museo de Arte Moderno. Biblioklept: This new edition of Varo’s writings includes three stories that were previously unpublished, even in Spanish. Do you know why they weren’t published before now? MC: No, I don’t know why. The stories are unquestionably in Varo’s handwriting, and they’re marvelous. It would be a good question to ask Walter Gruen or Anna Alexandra. Biblioklept: Speaking of her handwriting—did you revise any of the material you’d already translated after seeing it in her manuscript? MC: To some extent, yes. As I mentioned before, for Letters, Dreams …. (2018), I used as my source text a collection that had already been published in Mexico. As I was translating, I’d occasionally come across bracketed ellipses [. . .], and I wasn’t sure what was being signaled. Had a word or sentence in the original been cut, or was it illegible at that point? I found no editorial explanation, so I simply carried over the bracketed ellipses into the English. In preparing this new edition, I made sure to look for those same bracketed passages in the manuscripts to see if I could discover what Varo had actually written. I found some wonderful things. All the ellipses in the Mistress Thrompston story, for example, were places where Varo had drawn weird mathematical formulas meant to be read as proper names. So now, instead of “[. . .] Magazine,” you’ll see that its name is “WTrons – X√yl Magazine.” The Marquis of Ornitobello’s daughter, whose name had been dropped completely, returns to the story: she’s called √Ax8. These are the little touches where you see Varo being Varo. She loved playing with math. In Disobedient Plant/Planta insumisa she even painted mathematical formulas into the hair of the scientist and into the tendrils of the plants. Happily, Wakefield Press was able to incorporate Varo’s mathematical doodles and other hand-drawn whimsies into the published book. Another kind of revision I made after seeing the manuscripts may seem trivial, but in all instances Varo wrote “etc.” not “et cetera,” so I restored “etc.” And in “On Homo rodans” she used the ligature “æ” in her invented Latin, so I restored that as well. Something that surprised me on reading the original manuscripts was that Varo often wrote super-long sentences—what writing instructors would call “comma splices” or “run-ons.” I initially wanted to restore these sentences to their original length because in their raw state there’s a kind of fast-forward momentum. You get pulled along as she adds one thing after another to her narratives, almost breathlessly. But in the end, for the sake of readability, I normalized the punctuation a bit by breaking up some of the enormously long sentences. There were maybe only one or two times when I changed the translation of a word after seeing that Varo had written something different from what the editor of the previous volume had transcribed. Nothing major. Of course, like all translators, I’m an obsessive reviser, so in preparing this new edition I couldn’t help but look over the previous translation to polish and tweak. I didn’t need the manuscripts for that. As they say, a translation is never finished…. Biblioklept: I’m curious if your “editor’s voice” clashed at all with your “translator’s voice” when it came to revising Varo’s comma splices and fused sentences. And were there clashes elsewhere, when it came to, say, new word choices? MC: Hmm, I haven’t thought of the two roles clashing before. I think we worked pretty harmoniously together. The editor would have probably liked more time to revise the introduction and endnotes, and to think about the best way to order the texts within the book, while the translator, eager to get the translation back into print, was more like, “Let’s wrap up!” Biblioklept: One section new to this edition are a handful of brief poemish texts collected as “Images in Words.” A few of these word-image-poem-texts (?!) contain strikethroughs and doodles, as you mentioned before. Many of these pieces feature phrases that correspond to motifs we see in Varo’s visual art (trees, pulleys, stars, knitters, etc.). To your knowledge, do these image fragments correspond to any of Varo’s paintings? Do you have a sense that these were “plans” for paintings–pieces of visual art that started in language first? MC: It’s difficult to know with any certainty, but they do seem like plans for paintings that started off in language first. They could be Varo’s earliest ideas: flashes of images, possibly from dreams, that she developed as preliminary drawings and eventually, fully fleshed out in paintings. When Varo was once asked if she was a writer as well as a painter, she replied, “I sometimes write as if I were making a sketch” (“A veces escribo como si trazase un boceto”). A lot has been made of that one sentence because it’s the only time we know of that Varo speaks of her writing. I used to think she was very modestly describing her writing as a whole, including her creative writing, but now I believe she was referring specifically to these poem-like fragments, these sketches in words. When an idea came to her, I imagine her grabbing her notebook and opening it to a blank page, sometimes to make a quick sketch, other times to jot down a few words. Sometimes she did both on the same page. Do the fragments correspond to any paintings? Yes, if you’re familiar with her work, you can immediately make connections. For example, from the bottom of p. 131: character from peeling wall participating in something with another character who is real Metamorphosis Mimicry The abandoned room, someone inside the table, inside the armchair as well, perhaps inside the wall — — — — The first two lines seem to describe the painting Harmony / Armonía, in which there’s an ethereal figure emerging from a peeled-back wall to play with an object on a musical staff (a snail?). The other “real” character sits at a table across from the apparition and plays with a polyhedron-like object on the staff. Why did Varo cross the lines out? Walter Gruen speculated that it was because she had finished the painting. The next two lines refer to the well-known painting Mimesis / Mimetismo, in which she depicts a woman undergoing a metamorphosis – she’s taking on the characteristics of the chair she’s sitting in. (Side note: Varo’s catalogue raisonné translates the title of this painting as Mimesis, which isn’t wrong, but it makes me think more of the Erich Auerbach book and literary mimesis. I believe a better English translation would be “Mimicry,” as in insect mimicry, a phenomenon of particular interest to the surrealists. See Roger Caillois’s 1935 essay “Mimétisme et psychasthénie légendaire,” in the surrealist journal Minotaure). The final lines “The abandoned room, someone inside a table,….” seem to directly describe “Visit to the Past / Visita al pasado.” They represent just one moment in the evolution of an artist’s idea. It’s said that Varo was very private in her studio practice. No one knows for sure, but it’s likely she used her notebooks (which also doubled as sketchbooks) at the earliest stages of a painting, when her ideas were hatching. Biblioklept: Can you expand on how Varo was private in the studio? MC: I can only talk about her studio in a limited way, from clues provided in photos and in a few accounts. I also talked a bit about Varo’s apartment-studio with Xabier Lizarraga Cruchaga, her godson, who as a boy used to visit Varo in her studio quite often (so she didn’t completely exclude visitors). Her studio was a room on the top floor of the building she lived in, accessible by a private flight of stairs. A wide doorway in the studio opened to a small, north-facing terrace where she kept plenty of plants. You can see the studio in a series of photos Kati Horna took of Varo for a magazine article that appeared in 1960. In the article, two photos show Varo at work, one at a drafting table and the other at her easel. The painting on the easel is Farewell /La despedida, with only the architectural elements of the painting in place (she would later add the departing lovers, their shadows, and the cat that looks on). Observe the white lump on the left side of the easel. That’s a piece of quartz. She apparently used quartz to incise fine lines into her paintings to expose the gesso underneath. Quartz comes up a few times in her writings as well. Let’s say she had an affinity for quartz and its mysterious qualities. She also mentions her studio in one of her dream narratives, which begins like this: “I dreamed I was asleep in my bedroom and a loud noise woke me up. The noise came from upstairs, from the studio, and it was as if someone were dragging a chair. I thought that this meant someone was trying to get in from the terrace and was pushing the armchair that was against the door.” (p. 100) She goes on to narrate a terrifying dream, but note that she’s indirectly giving the basic layout of her apartment-studio. As to her practices while at work in her studio, more and more is being written in English. In fact, for the first time ever, an in-depth investigation of her paintings by art conservators was done in connection with the recent Remedios Varo: Science Fictions exhibition at the Art institute of Chicago. For an excellent overview of Varo’s approaches as an artist, and for descriptions of some of her techniques, check out this blog post by members of the AIC curatorial team. Biblioklept: Varo didn’t strongly pursue exhibiting her art, and she didn’t publish any of her writing in her lifetime, right? Why do you think that was? MC About her artwork, that’s not true. Varo was totally out there as an artist and very much interested throughout her career in exhibiting her work. As an emerging artist in the 1930s, she didn’t sit back and wait for things to happen. In the 1930s she moves to Barcelona, the home of the avant-garde in Spain, and joins artists who were radically breaking with whatever the conventions were back then. She’s on the map as an artist of note as early as 1936, when her paintings are included in the landmark Exposició Logicofobista in Barcelona. Later, after the Spanish Civil War breaks out and she moves to Paris, she’s in the 1938 Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme and images of her work are published in important Surrealist journals such as Minotaure and Trajectoire du rêve. After the Nazi invasion of France, she flees Europe for Mexico City in 1941 and there’s a pause in her exhibitions (she turned to commercial art to make a living) until 1955, when she exhibits new paintings in a group show of women artists that includes Leonora Carrington and Alice Rahon. This is Varo’s breakthrough show in Mexico City. The following year she is offered her first solo show, which is a great success, leading to new commissions and to (among other things) the magazine article I mentioned above with photos by Kati Horna. In no way did she have a secret life as a painter. We don’t know as much about her ambitions as a writer, but she wasn’t secretive about that, either. She definitely collaborated with Leonora Carrington on some writings—for example, they have a collaborative play, El santo cuerpo grasoso, not translated yet into English. In this new edition there’s Varo’s part of what I believe was an exquisite corpse novel written with Carrington. Another “public” writing is the title piece of the collection, On Homo rodans. It’s a handwritten manuscript that was never published in the marketplace sense of the word. But Varo certainly intended for others to read it, if only a small audience of friends. (After her death On Homo rodans would be published in a small facsimile edition of 250 copies, put out by a small press in Mexico City in 1970.) The surprise is that Varo’s excellence as a writer and storyteller still goes unmentioned. It’s a small body of writings, but some of these stories are remarkable. For example, the first three: “In a field in the state of Morelos…,” “Dear friend, I believe it’s necessary to tell you…” “One day when Maria was coming back from school…” (They have no titles, so they’re identified by their opening lines.) I was astounded, amused, captivated when I first read them….talk about the pleasures of the text! Who knew she was such a talented writer? I’m hoping that people who are passionate about Varo, the artist, will be curious about her writings and will find some powerful connections there to her art—and that they’ll also stay with her for her writing alone. We visited Seattle over the fourth week of June 2024, our first time there. We met up with some old friends and took our son to see his favorite band play at the Woodland Park Zoo. Unlike my last getaway (to Atlanta) I was carless and a bit more encumbered (kids, friends, friends’ kids, etc.), so I wasn’t able to get to as many bookstores as I would have liked to—but I still got to quite a few. We stayed in the Belltown neighborhood. Full of restaurants, bars, and independent shops, Belltown’s about a ten or fifteen minute walk to the famous and touristy Pike Place Market, which, despite being famous and touristy also boasts some really cool little shops—including Left Bank Books which features “anti-authoritarian, anarchist, independent, radical and small-press titles.” They also have a section devoted to “Transgressive Literature/Weird Shit.” Left Bank’s collection of used stuff is impressive, as are the myriad and diverse offering of zines. My son picked up a bunch of art zines and comix and I left with anarcho-surrealist Ron Sakolsky’s prose mixtape Scratching the Tiger’s Belly. Also impressive at Pike Place is BLMF Literary Saloon, brimming with towers of reasonably-priced used books. Lionheart Bookstore is a bit less chaotic than BLMF and sells newer titles, with fewer used books. (Less chaotic is not a knock on BLMF, by the way.) I didn’t succumb to picking up a first-(US)-edition of J.G. Ballard’s The Day of Creation there, maybe because I was already carrying around some LPs my son bought at Holy Cow Records. We also stopped by Chin Music Press. They make some beautiful books. I think my favorite spot at Pike Place though was Lamplight Books. There was a nice collection of used literature (including a lot of so-called weird shit). The proprietor patiently let me handle first editions of Ballard, Barthelme, Borges, and Burroughs books (among other non-B titles). They were happy when I picked up Jacob Siefring’s translation of Rabelais’s Doughnuts by Pierre Senges, proudly letting me know that I was supporting not just a local indie bookshop but a local indie press, Sublunary Editions. Despite the crowds of tourists in Pike Place lining up to go into the world’s oldest Starbucks (which, as my pal pointed out, is no different than lining up to gawk at the first CVS or first Harbor Freight), Pike Place has some nice niche shops. (Our lunch at the terrace of The Pink Door was lovely, too.) While thrifting and record shopping in the so-called “hipster” Capitol Hill neighborhood, my crew indulged me in a too-long browse at The Elliot Bay Book Company. I’m generally a used-bookstore guy–I tend to order new titles from my local used bookshop, and I’m mostly out looking for the weird shit–but I’m always impressed by stores like Elliot Bay, which features the kind of odd and out of the way stuff you won’t find at a Barnes & Noble. I have silly little “tests” I like to do in stores that sell new books, checking to see if they stock certain authors, and, if so, which titles, and Elliot Bay excelled. (No Antoine Volodine, though, but I assume someone picked up the last copy of Radiant Terminus.) There, I picked up Lord Jim at Home by Dinah Brooke. The lovely evocative cover was facing outward and appended with a bookseller’s note. The flap copy notes that when “Lord Jim at Home, was first published in 1973, it was described as ‘squalid and startling,’ ‘nastily horrific,’ and a ‘monstrous parody’ of upper-middle class English life” so I figured I could get down with that. I suppose I could remark more on Seattle itself. We were there for six days and seven nights, which is clearly not long enough to take the measure of any major city. The weather was wonderful—sunny with maximum temps of around 80 degrees Fahrenheit, a relief after weeks of a Florida heatwave mired in a humid and insufferable drought. Even a day hiking on Mt. Ranier was warmer than we expected. (We had a nice early dinner in Enumclaw that day; a charming town, we all agreed. Curious about this quaint hamlet, I read the Enumclaw Wikipedia page aloud to my crew as we drove back to our Belltown digs before stopping, aghast, thinking of the children.) Seattle itself was more touristy than I expected, and perhaps a bit more depressing. In both Belltown and Capitol Hill we witnessed far more addicts nodding than I might have expected, although no one bothered us. Most of the patrons in the bars, restaurants, and shops we visited in these neighborhoods seemed like they were from Some Other Place, transplants to this big city who might also move at any time to Some Other Place. Even in the warm weather it was a bit cold. We did some of the touristy things, too: The Museum of Pop Culture (the Nirvana exhibit was depressing; I loved looking at their guitar collection and jamming with my wife and son in their Sound Lab space. The stop-motion-animation exhibit was cool); the Chihuly Garden and Glass museum was unexpectedly beautiful and curated in a way that made me appreciate the glass anew (we saw a baby rabbit, wholly unafraid, snacking in the garden); the Space Needle views were amazing (its history, an optimistic ideal of American progression, brought me down before I got on the fast elevator up). I’m not sure if any of it really cohered for me into the kernel of angst I get when I fall in love with a city—a city like Mexico City or New Orleans or Tokyo or Los Angeles—but that’s fine. We shouldn’t be falling in love all the time. The show at the zoo provides a nice addendum to what I’ve written (even if it happened in the middle of the week). My son loved seeing the band with the awful name that I am Too Old to really get and I loved seeing him get to see them and loving them. What I loved was seeing the crowd of freaks and weirdos and nerds and normies, all so unconcerned, it seemed to me, with being hip or being seen as hip, so unconcerned with doing anything aside from taking the sensual summer solstice air. Everyone seemed so chill, so unuptight. Maybe it was the overpriced zoo beers coursing in my ugly veins, but I loved the city a little bit right then, forgiving it for any of the ways it had failed to live up to the imaginary picture of Seattle that my twelve-year-old brain had manifested over three decades ago. Maybe I was seeing the fruition of the dream I’d latched onto, so so long ago, a dream for a place where people didn’t have to struggle so hard just to like, be who they are. I think I remember, for maybe a good half hour or so then, loving Seattle. Previously on Blue Lard… pp. 1-47 pp. 48-110 The following discussion of Vladimir Sorokin’s novel Blue Lard (in translation by Max Lawton) is intended for those who have read or are reading the book. It contains significant spoilers; to be very clear, I strongly recommend entering Blue Lard cold. The first hundred or so pages of Sorokin’s Blue Lard switch between Boris Gloger’s letters to his lover and the narratives of seven cloned Russian writers (the clone-narratives are, textually speaking, included in Boris’s letters). The shifts between these layered texts are initially quite disarming. Boris’s letters are filled with invented futurese, neologisms, and Chinese slang; the clone-narratives each impose their own linguistic taxes (and rewards) on the reader. However, these first hundred pages do establish some of the baselines one might expect of a traditional novel: setting (a futuristic laboratory in frozen northeast Siberia), characters (scientists with a military guard—and seven clones), and a basic mission (cloning Russian writers who, in writing their compositions, produce an enigmatic substance called blue lard). That mission is a clear success by the time we get to Boris’s last letter (dated 8 April for those keeping track), and our team, “the arbiters of the BL-3 Project, have total L-rights to relax.” So they decide to throw a cocktail party. (“It’s sometimes necessary to drink cocktails all day. Not, of course, for L-harmony, rips ni ma de, but JUST ‘CAUSE,” bold Boris boasts boldly.) As in some of the previous scenes of hard-drinking downtime, the BL-3 Project’s futuristic cocktail party feels like something from a pop sci-fi film. Much of the dialogue seems inscrutable in a first run through the novel, but the jargon and bickering and bantering over political and cultural circumstances alien to the reader are simply texture–verbal adornment to fill out the scene. Sorokin does bolster his futurese with occasional asides of historical analysis though: Everything is working out for the Chinese now, just as it did for the Americans in the twentieth century, the French in the nineteenth century, the English in the eighteenth century, the Germans in the seventeenth century, the Italians in the sixteenth century, the Russians in the fifteenth century, the Italians in the fourteenth century, and the Jews in the first (I think) century. That “I” is Boris, although the style of the party section has subtly but significantly shifted from the flirtatious and gossipy tone of his love letters home. But enough with style! Back to the party! There is drinking and dancing and drinking and drinking and drinking. The ol’ fashioned colonel whips up a batch of whiskey sours (“A drink for lonely men who test AEROSEX once a month and prefer books to holo-bubbles,” a geneticist opines), and from there, the BL-3 Project crew goes to town in inventing ever-more daring cocktails. Here is the recipe for Fan Fei’s CHINA 21: 5 measures of tomato juice 3 measures of spiritus vini 2 measures of red ants 1 measure of salty ice 1 pod of red pepper Our party is in full drunken swing, abject sweat flung from the dancefloor, another round of cocktails called for, when all of a sudden the novel’s perspective upends itself (again). The disruptive narrative event here would, again, not be out of place in a sci-fi actioner. A band of rebels (the “Brothers,” as they refer to themselves) breach the laboratory’s bunker, exchange gunshots with the soldiers, and kill everyone but our heretofore main character, Boris. But the stylistic shift is intense—we go from the strange comfort of Boris’s letters to a new style, one utterly outside of Boris’s consciousness. Indeed, it’s through the eyes of these invading “Brothers” that we actually see Boris for the first time: The Brothers-centered narrator informs us he is “rail-thin… His face was narrow and swarthy skin clung to the bones of his skull. Metal plates in complicated shapes were visible beneath the skin of his temples.” He is the last living witness to the BL-3 Project—but not for long. Again, the scene plays out as a cinematic trope, the scientist interrogated before his death. Boris isn’t much use explaining just what the blue lard is for or how it works. But he does tell us there’s something called the MINOBO Project. I don’t know the details… [but] they’re building a reactor on the moon, a constant-energy reactor. They’re building it in the shape of pyramids… pyramids made of fifth-generation superconductors and blue lard… layers… layers and layers of it… and that allows them to plus-directly solve the problem of perpetual energy. Our one-time narrator is then summarily executed, his brains ironically sprayed over a safety placard. We are now firmly in the narrative purview of the Brothers. They harvest the blue lard from the bodies of the clones and head back to their lair, mumbling about their poor diet and their ever-constant war with “the whorish” who populate the surface of the earth. They are of the Earth-Fuckers, a bizarre monastic sect dwelling in a strange hierarchical series of underground caverns that seem to descend infinitely into the earth. The narrative too moves with these earth-fucking brothers, as does the blue lard, a vibrant constant in a constantly-changing scene. Along the way we are treated to ever-stranger rituals and routines. Sorokin, in Lawton’s deft translation, gives us a surreal but limpid portrait of this subterrestrial monastery, where sacred cloister gives way to another sacred cloister: The descent was quick––the staircase led into a large, dusky hall with a marble floor and marble walls. In the hall, there were ten marble desks, at which bald men in black suits were sitting. Green lamps were burning atop their desks. On the wall, a sigil made of rock crystal, jasper, and granite was illuminated in green light: a man copulating with the earth. The blue lard slowly makes its way down to “the magister” who informs the reader that when he looks at his hands, he sees tiny golden children’s hands on his wrist. These tiny golden children’s hands speak to him through a language based on wrist rotations. He has transcribed some of these communications, including something called “The Swim,” a very short story about a group of military swimmers who hold torches aloft to create a constellation of language. They are swimming raft of lighted language, passing by crowds who read from afar the quotations they have created—quotations that the swimmers themselves cannot rightly read. They are, quite literally, marks. The story “The Swim” is actually a version of an older Sorokin short story, underscoring the intertextual nature of Blue Lard’s internal and external composition. This is a novel about writing; or, a novel about writing writing. The Earth-Fuckers section of Blue Lard is probably where, on first reading, I truly gave into the novel’s strange wave and just went with it. After all, my dear epistolarian Boris Gloger was now deceased and I found myself far from the false stability of the BL-3 Project’s base. The section plays out as a series of wonderful deferrals, stories that descend into new stories as one Earth-Fucker descends to a new level of their strange subterranean labyrinth. There’s the infanticidal Nadelina, who gives birth to a child by a different father every year–twenty-six children in total in Max’s translation (one for each letter of the English-language alphabet?). She sacrifices the children so that she might always be able to “water the earth with her milk.” There are three mischievous “babes” — devilishly horny little cherubs who float around in what could be the set of a nightmarish technicolor Hollywood musical. There’s the history lesson of the great schism between the Northern and Southern Earth-Fuckers. There are enormous genitals. The Earth-Fuckers section is larded with surreal episodes (all anchored in precise, clear imagery), but a re-read reveals that Sorokin is not solely interested in throwing bizarre satirical scenarios at his reader. Traditional novel-making elements are in play here, even if it’s easy to miss them in a dazzled first read. As Sorokin prepares to transition to a new sequence, he offers his readers a recap of the story so far, a blunt summary from an Earth-Fucker’s perspective. After declaring the blue lard an “eternal substance” that will never burn or freeze but “shall forever be exactly as warm as the blood of man,” we get this exchange: And how did the whorish manage to produce this substance? By accident, oh my father. They were doing whorish experiments restoring and regrowing people from the memories in their bones. These were people of various professions. But only those people who had at some point written down their fantasies on paper turned out to be capable of producing blue lard. Again, Blue Lard is writing about writing (about writing about writing…). And, soon, another writer will enter the text and deliver the textual tissue between Blue Lard’s lobes: “The Indigo Pill.” More to come. I. What I read I read Alasdair Gray’s 1992 novel Poor Things. It was the second time I’d read the novel. I first read it close to ten years ago, after I read Gray’s superior but more flawed cult novel Lanark (1981). II. What I remembered from that first reading The basic contours of the plot; the postmodernist matryoshka-doll structure; the typography; the engravings; the art. III. Why I reread it Director Yorgos Lanthimos has adapted Poor Things into a film. The four films I have seen by him (Dogtooth, 2009; The Lobster, 2015; The Killing of a Sacred Deer, 2017; The Favourite, 2018) are formally daring, horrific, hallucinatory, and darkly funny. (The final two minutes of The Favourite are absolutely hypnotic.) I had the good fortune to see all of these films cold, with no awareness of plot or structure, and I have extended this gift to myself again with Lanthimos’ adaptation of Gray’s novel: I have avoided watching any of the trailers for the film or reading any reviews or other bright clippings. I do know the identity of some of the actors involved, but do not know which characters they play. (I assume Emma Stone is Bella.) Of course, in rereading the source novel, I have perhaps primed myself to a first viewing of Lanthimos’ Poor Things by setting Lanthimos’ vision against its literary and visual antecedent. This might be a way of saying I am not going into his film cold. IV. About the plot of Alasdair Gray’s Poor Things Poor Things riffs on Shelley’s Frankenstein. It is also a passionate defense for rationality, sexuality, feminism, and humanism. It is set primarily in the nineteenth century and in Glasgow, Scotland, but it is also set elsewhen and elsewhere. There are three primary characters: Archibald McCandless, Bella Caledonia, and Godwin Baxter. They are depicted rather allegorically on Gray’s wonderful cover for his novel, Archie and Bella cuddled up to God: Godwin is not a mad scientist, but he does undertake some radical experiments. Bella is the chiefest of those experiments. I will not spoil all the details. The narrative hints too that Godwin himself, surgeon son of a famous surgeon, might himself be an experimental creation. Archibald McCandless, who narrates most of the novel, is of poorer stock than rich Godwin Baxter. A rural bastard with a chip on his shoulder, McCandless finds himself out of sync with his fellow medical students, rich boys all. But he finds a fellow to his liking in weirdo Godwin, through whom he meets Bella. He quickly falls deeply in love with the strange creature. There are engagements, elopements, entanglements; there are dialectics, debates, debaucheries. The rest of the plot of Poor Things should not be recounted in too much detail. It draws from Marys Shelley and Wollstonecraft; from Candide and Gray’s Anatomy, from 18th and 19th c. travelogues and Fabian Society tracts. I should let Bella offer her own (which is to say Gray’s ironic metareflexive) dissection of the novel’s sources. In a letter that appends the narrative proper, she suggests that the “story positively stinks of all that was morbid in that most morbid of centuries, the nineteenth,” cribbing …episodes and phrases to be found in Hogg’s Suicide’s Grave with additional ghouleries from the works of Mary Shelley and Edgar Allan Poe. What morbid Victorian fantasy has he NOT filched from? I find traces of The Coming Race, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dracula, Trilby, Rider Haggard’s She, The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes and, alas, Alice Through the Looking-Glass; a gloomier book than the sunlit Alice in Wonderland. He has even plagiarized work by two very dear friends: G. B. Shaw’s Pygmalion and the scientific romances of Herbert George Wells. The “he” in the text above is Archibald McCandless (although it is also of course Alasdair Gray). V. About the structure of Alasdair Gray’s Poor Things The narrative structure of Gray’s Poor Things is indissoluble from the plot, images, and themes. I have used the word structure in the above; perhaps presentation of events would be better. Nevertheless. The bulk of the novel consists of a “lost” vanity-press memoir entitled Episodes from the Early Life of Archibald McCandless M.D., Scottish Public Health Officer. This narrative includes the ostensible etchings of one “William Strang” (the illustrations are of course by Gray himself). Inside McCandless’ Episodes are nested other episodes, purportedly by other authors. First, there’s the letter from Duncan Wedderburn, once a lustful rake, now reduced to lunacy after his entanglement with Bella (his riff on Scotland and The Book of Revelations is a wonderful moment of true crankery). Then, McCandless’s narrative gives way for quite some time to the purported letters of Bella herself, off adventuring away from Father God and Betrothed Archie. These letters are the philosophical backbone of Poor Things; the moral meat of its plot. McCandless then regains his Episodes; it ends with wonderful gothic violence. But the novel Poor Things continues. We have another letter from Bella, now much advanced in age, herself a famous doctor, having taken up the family trade. Her silly husband Archie is dead and she’s destroyed all but a single copy of his memoir Episodes—the single copy we’ve just read. Her letter is addressed to the possible future heirs who have failed to materialize, and who thus have been spared the scandal of their antecedent’s apparent lunacy. Bella’s letter seeks to undo the gothic fantasies that preceded it, puncturing McCandless’s swollen fancies with surgical rationality while at the same time reasserting the essential feminist qualities of that precursor text. The effect is somewhat deflationary—but the novel is not yet complete! Gray’s Poor Things is framed by two bookends, both attributed to “Alasdair Gray.” The initial frame is “Introduction,” in which Gray explains how a friend found McCandless’s Episodes in a pile of documents that were set to be destroyed, read it, and passed it along to Gray. Gray then explains how he edited together the volume we are about to read (he “unfortunately” managed to lose the original volume in the process), cribbing it together along with Bella’s letter and some other visual materials—an assemblage, a lovely literary Frankenstein’s creature. The final bookend is “Notes Critical and Historical.” In this section, Gray simultaneously bolsters and undermines all the narrative material that’s come before it. As one might expect from “historical” end notes, Gray (or “Gray”) lards this section with other narrative materials—anecdotes, citations, bibliographies, and interviews, among other apparent ephemera. And yet this conclusion is hardly ephemeral—indeed, the material Gray includes serves to again puncture the narratives that precede it. Gray’s bookending gambit pays dividends in the last paragraph of the novel, by which I mean the last paragraph of “Notes Critical and Historical.” Again, I will not spoil the content here, but rather suggest that Gray has covered all his bets. The real fun in the novel is to immediately re-read the beginning: flip the frames around. Maybe fan the book about. Facts and fancies may fall out of it. VI. An anticipation of Yorgos Lanthimos’ film adaptation of Poor Things I have no strong emotional investment in the quality of a film adaptation of an Alasdair Gray novel. (I’m far more aesthetically invested in a possible video game adaptation of his cult classic Lanark.) I don’t mean the previous unparantheticalized sentence to sound dismissive; to be very clear, I don’t think I’d object to any novel I loved being adapted to film or any other medium. The filmmaker might fuck up their own adaption but they could never truly affect the novel itself. At one point I think I’d have been aghast at someone’s attempt to adapt Gravity’s Rainbow or Blood Meridian; I’ve felt bad about film adaptations of Under the Volcano and Moby-Dick, no matter how grand their ambitions. Now, I just don’t give a fuck. Go for it. Something interesting might happen, but you can’t hurt the text. At best, you’ll end up with a New Thing, which is what I expect and hope from Yorgos Lanthimos’ Poor Things. Who knows? In rereading Gray’s Poor Things, I thought of what other filmmakers might do with the novel. Guillermo del Toro would fuss over its visuals too much at the expense of characterization. (Maybe Matteo Garrone could reign him in.) Jane Campion could likely channel its gothicism, its wit, its intellect. Peter Greenaway in his prime could have made a brilliant series of tableaux from Gray’s material. Gaspar Noé could explode a few pages of its essence over a few hours without ever getting to its core. Wes Anderson might have skillfully arranged its nested narratives, but perhaps too cleanly, too precisely even. Lars Von Trier might lean into the dirt. I suppose I could go on. But really, while rereading Poor Things the thought that kept coming back to life was, Hey, how will Lanthimos adapt this to film? VII. A possible answer to the above question I hope he’s created his own beautiful monster.
4562	dbpedia	2	11	https://www.popasmoke.com/notam/squadrons-vmm/some-history-regarding-hmm-263vmm-263-call-sign-gopher/	en	263 call sign Gopher – Squadrons: VMM – POPASMOKE NOTAM Board			[ "https://www.popasmoke.com/wp-content/themes/popasmoke1/assets/images/popasmoke-logo.png", "https://www.popasmoke.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/pas_ribbons.gif", "https://www.popasmoke.com/wp-content/uploads/letter-avatar/faf1a54b21207817389389522fc0c06f.svg", "https://www.popasmoke.com/wp-content/uploads/le...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	WHO CHOSE “GOPHER” AS A CALLSIGN AND WHY? WE DID, BUT FOR GOOD REASON… HMM-263’s A/C 16, +/-1969 VMM-263’s A/C 16 Today Respectfully Su...	en		USMC Combat Helicopter & Tiltrotor Association	https://www.popasmoke.com/notam/squadrons-vmm/some-history-regarding-hmm-263vmm-263-call-sign-gopher/	WHO CHOSE “GOPHER” AS A CALLSIGN AND WHY? WE DID, BUT FOR GOOD REASON… HMM-263’s A/C 16, +/-1969 VMM-263’s A/C 16 Today Respectfully Submitted by Capt Jonathan “Bruiser” Brandt, VMM-263(REIN) 12 Aug 2011 The following are pieces of our squadron’s history regarding the name Gopher [Broke]: HMR-263 was formed in 1952 flying the HO-55. After several airframe changes, they deployed to Vietnam flying the UH-34 in 1965. At the end of 1967 the squadron went back to CA and transitioned to the CH-46 before redeploying to Vietnam as HMM-263 at the start of 1969. It was during that period flying the CH-46D from 1968-1971 in Vietnam when the squadron’s nickname and motto was “Gopher Broke.” The exact origins of how that came about aren’t exactly clear, but the phrase became an unofficial patch, which VMM-263 re-created last year as a tribute to our past. The play-on-words have a substantial meaning particularly when tied to the events surrounding the crew of “Blood, Sweat, and Tears” – the name of aircraft 16 in HMM-263 when deployed to Marble Mountain, Vietnam. It was on that aircraft on January 31, 1970 where the actions of the crew, and in particular the young Private First Class Mike Clausen, went down in the history books by living up to their namesake; doing whatever it takes to get the job done. On a MEDEVAC mission into a minefield, crew chief PFC Clausen guided the aircraft to multiple landings in craters blown out by detonated mines (areas therefore known to be cleared) and then, against the orders of his aircraft commander but feeling he had to do it in order to help fellow Marines, left the aircraft six consecutive times to assist in retrieving the dead and wounded amidst the mines. For these efforts, he became the only enlisted aircrewman in Vietnam to be awarded the Medal of Honor. The citation is of course easy to find and the story written about the event is titled “Gopher Broke: The Story of Blood, Sweat, and Tears.” We numbered an aircraft 16 and as the picture depicts (onboard the USS BATAAN, as photographed just today), painted it as a memorial to that event and crew. Interestingly, that same CH-46 continued to fly in active service until it was damaged during a hard landing in Iraq in 2004. It now resides at the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte. Our core squadron’s name also hails from the same time period: HMM-263 was originally named the Thunder Eagles but it was during this time in Vietnam that the name morphed into Thunder Chickens. Squadron lore has it that “Eagle” was lost in translation and ended up as “Chicken”, and it stuck. A squadron commanding officer in the 1990s thought it didn’t sound good enough and went back to the Thunder Eagles, but upon change of command that was promptly corrected, in deference to those who served before us, and we have remained – proudly, I might add – the Thunder Chickens ever since. In summary: Because of our squadron’s history, a handful of V-22 Captains were not ashamed to choose “Gopher” from the list of possible callsigns for this AO. Re: Some history regarding HMM-263/VMM-263 call sign "Gopher" Just to add, Powerglide was used as Gary said with two small additions. While on the USS Okinawa { Apr '67- Jun '67} as SLF Alpha, during the first two strikes off the boat into country, the powers that be said we should use Safety Zone for one and Wall Panel for the other. Sorry, don't remember in which order the callsigns were used. The reason given was so the "bad guys" wouldn't know who was striking from the sea and it would confuse them. During the second op, the grunts were calling for Safety Panel and Wall Zone as well as correct one and even using " Helicopter in the sky". XO, Maj. Shanahan, said at pilot's briefing, " Bleep this bleeping bleep" [ Maj Shanahan had a certain flair for expression- if you knew him, you already know], " The only people we are confusing are our own troops. We are Powerglide, we are using Powerglide, we WANT the bad guys to know who we are and we are back." End to alternate callsigns.
4562	dbpedia	3	71	https://gauntletbirdsofprey.co.uk/eagles/	en	Eagles – Gauntlet Birds of Prey			[ "https://gauntletbirdsofprey.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/logo160x72-new.png", "https://gauntletbirdsofprey.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gauntlet-eagles-swoosh-bald-sp-uai-258x164.jpg", "https://gauntletbirdsofprey.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gauntlet-eagles-swoosh-whitetailed-sea-sp-uai-258x164.jp...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			https://gauntletbirdsofprey.co.uk/eagles/	There are around 60 species of eagle on the planet. Most of them can be found in Africa, Europe and Asia. Only 14 species can be found elsewhere, two in North America, nine in Central and South America and three in Australia. Gauntlet Birds of Prey is home to nine species of eagles, from the Bald Eagle of North America to the African Tawny Eagle from sub-Saharan Africa and India. Our eagles all have their own individual personalities and keep us entertained with their funny ways.
4562	dbpedia	3	4	https://www.nps.gov/places/000/golden-eagle.htm	en	Golden Eagle (U.S. National Park Service)			[ "https://www.nps.gov/theme/assets/dist/images/branding/logo.png", "https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/cropped_image/primary/765C490F-D7AE-A825-DA0CE97819E1BC1C.jpg?width=1600&quality=90&mode=crop", "https://www.nps.gov/common/commonspot/templates/assets/images/branding/nps_logo-bw.gif", "https://www.nps.gov/c...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/common/commonspot/templates/images/icons/favicon.ico		https://www.nps.gov/places/000/golden-eagle.htm	Scientific Name Aquila chrysaetos Introduction The golden eagle is one of the largest, fastest, and nimblest raptors in North America. Lustrous gold feathers gleam on the back of its head and neck;a powerful beak and talons advertise its hunting prowess. Although they had never bred historically on the Channel Islands, golden eagles were able to colonize the northern Channel Islands in the mid 1990s due to the presence of an alien prey base (feral pigs and mule deer fawns) and the absence of the native bald eagle, extirpated from the islands by chemical contaminants and by direct persecution. Golden eagles also preyed on the vulnerable island fox, nearly driving foxes to extinction. Subsequent conservation efforts successfully relocated golden eagles to the mainland, and restored bald eagles to the Channel Islands, helping to bring back the island fox from the brink of extinction. Quick and Cool Facts The golden eagle is the most common official national animal in the world, being the emblem of Albania, Germany, Austria, Mexico, and Kazakhstan. Golden eagles are important to many Native American cultures, which include the bird and its feathers in ceremonies. Golden eagles are not typically found in the densely populated eastern portion of the United States, but are found instead in the rugged solitude of the sparsely populated western U.S. Although capable of killing large prey such as cranes, wild ungulates, and domestic livestock, the golden eagle subsists primarily on rabbits, hares, ground squirrels, and prairie dogs. Golden eagles possess astonishing speed and maneuverability for their size. Diving from great heights, they have been clocked at close to 200 miles per hour. Nests are huge, averaging some 5-6 feet wide, and 2 feet high, enclosing a bowl about 3 feet by 2 feet deep. The largest golden eagle nest on record was 20 feet tall, 8.5 feet wide. Appearance The golden eagle is a large, dark brown raptor with broad wings. Its size is variable: it ranges 28-33 inches in length, has a wingspan of 6-7 feet , and weighs 7 to 13 pounds.Sexes are similar in plumage but display the typical reversed sexual dimorphism of raptors, in which the female is much larger than the male.Adults are primarily brown, with gold on the back of the crown and nape, and some grey on the wings and tail. Tarsal feathers range from white to dark brown. In addition, some birds have white epaulettes on the upper part of shoulder feathers on each wing.The bill is dark at the tip, fading to a lighter horn color, with the waxy top of the beak, called a cere, colored yellow. Range Golden eagles can be found throughout much of the northern hemisphere, typically in sparsely populated areas Habitat The golden eagle seeks open areas with large, rocky cliffs or large trees, such as pines, cypress or sycamores. They are often found in alpine parkland, open forests and mid-elevation clear-cuts, as well as in chaparral or plains areas. Feeding The golden eagle's predominant prey in North America are medium-sized mammals such as rabbits and ground squirrels. Other species, such as foxes, martens, young deer are also taken. Ranchers have historically battled the eagle because of its ability to prey upon small livestock such as lambs and small goats. In Channel Islands National Park, predation by the golden eagle on the endemic island fox brought the latter close to extinction, with golden eagle breeding on the islands supported by feral pigs on Santa Cruz Island and deer on Santa Rosa Island Other important prey include birds; indeed,virtually any bird, from jays to swans, are potential prey. Golden eagles also r steal prey from other raptors. While not as large as some vultures, golden eagles are capable of driving vultures and other raptors from carrion. Golden eagles are avian apex predators, meaning they make their living at the top of the food chain (nothing preys on a golden eagle). Reproduction Golden eagles usually mate for life. They build several eyries within their territory and use them alternately for several years. These nests consist of heavy tree branches, upholstered with grass when in use. Old eyries may be quite large as the eagles repair their nests whenever necessary and enlarge them during each use. If the eyrie is situated on a tree, supporting tree branches may break because of the weight of the nest. The female usually lays two eggs between January and September, depending on the locality. The eggs vary from all white to white with cinnamon or brown spots and blotches. They start incubation immediately after the first egg is laid, and after 40 to 45 days the young hatch. They are covered in fluffy white down and are fed for fifty days before they are able to make their first flight attempts and eat on their own. In most cases only the older chick survives, while the younger one dies without leaving the eyrie. This is due to the older chick having a few days' advantage in growth and consequently winning most squabbles for food. This strategy, called asynchronous nesting, is useful because it makes the parents' workload manageable even when food is scarce, while providing a reserve chick in case the first-born dies soon after hatching. Golden eagles invest much time and effort in bringing up their young; once able to hunt on their own, most golden eagles survive many years, but mortality even among first-born nestlings is much higher, in particular in the first weeks after hatching. Migration Some golden eagles live in their nesting territory all year. Others may migrate due to lack of food during the winter. As a rule, they do not have to migrate large distances because of their excellent hunting abilities. Golden Eagle Status in the Park From 1999 through 2006, golden eagles were live-trapped and removed from the park, because golden eagle predation was the primary source of mortality for island foxes and was responsible for the massive island fox decline from 1994–2000. Until the 1990s, golden eagles never bred on the Channel Islands. Golden eagles nested on both Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands from the mid-1990s to as recently as 2006. They were able to colonize the islands because of several factors. First, bald eagles were absent from the Channel Islands, having disappeared by the mid-20th century due to both human persecution and the presence of DDT in the environment. Territorial bald eagles may have deterred goldens from establishing. Second, golden eagles arriving on the islands found food sources that were not available prior to the ranching era: feral pigs on Santa Cruz Island, and mule deer on Santa Rosa. In order to mitigate golden eagle predation on island foxes, The Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group, with the support of the Park Service and The Nature Conservancy, relocated golden eagles to distant sites on the California mainland. A total of 44 golden eagles, including 10 eaglets born on the islands, were trapped and relocated, and monitoring indicates that none have returned. Other ecosystem-wide actions, such as the removal of feral pigs from Santa Cruz Island and the restoration of bald eagles, have tipped the balance in favor of island foxes and away from continued golden eagle use of the islands. As of 2009 the occasional golden eagle visits the islands, but the level of predation on island foxes is negligible;all three island fox subspecies in the park are recovering rapidly. Conservation Status In North America the situation is not as dramatic as it has been in in temperate Europe, North Asia, North Africa, and Japan, but there has still been a noticeable population decline. The main threat is habitat destruction which by the late 19th century already had driven golden eagles from some regions they used to inhabit.In the 20th century, organochloride and heavy metal poisonings were also commonplace, but these have declined thanks to tighter regulations on pollution. Within the United States, the golden eagle is legally protected by the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. Available habitat and food are the main limiting factor nowadays. Collisions with power lines have become an increasingly significant cause of mortality since the early 20th century. On a global scale, the golden eagle is considered by the IUCN as of least concern,thanks mainly to the large Asian and American populations. Additional Information
4562	dbpedia	3	67	https://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/origin-of-golf-terms/bogey/	en	Scottish Golf History	https://www.scottishgolf…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.scottishgolf…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/origin-of-golf-terms/bogey/themes/main/images/logo-large.png", "https://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/origin-of-golf-terms/bogey/assets/Uploads/GreatYarmouth01.jpg", "https://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/origin-of-golf-terms/bogey/assets/Uploads/TomMorrisJnr04.jpg", "https://...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Origin of the words par, bogey, birdie, eagle and albatross in golf.	en	/apple-touch-icon.png		null	Bogey to Blow-Up There is quite a history behind the golfing terms bogey, par, birdie, eagle and albatross. Bogey and par were central to the development of handicapping, pioneered by the LGU. The modern meaning of three of the terms - bogey, birdie and eagle - comes from their use in USA. Bogey "Bogey" was the first stroke system, developed in England at the end of the 19th Century. The full history is given in Robert Browning's History of Golf 1955. In 1890 Mr Hugh Rotherham Secretary of the Coventry Golf Club conceived the idea of standardising the number of shots at each hole that a good golfer should take, which he called the 'ground score.' Dr Browne, Secretary of the Great Yarmouth Club, adopted the idea, and, with the assent of the club's golfers, this style of competition was introduced there for use in match play. During one competition Mr CA Wellman (possibly Major Charles Wellman) exclaimed to Dr Browne that, "This player of yours is a regular Bogey man". This was probably a reference to the eponymous subject of an Edwardian music hall song "Hush! Hush! Hush! Here Comes the Bogey Man", which was popular at that time. So at Yarmouth and elsewhere the ground score became known as the bogey score. A 'bogle' was a Scottish goblin as far back as the 16th Century and a Bogey-man was a widely used term for a goblin or devil. Golfers of the time considered they were playing a Mister Bogey when measuring themselves against the bogey score. This allowed the introduction of bogey competitions, which we would call handicap competitions or stablefords. On 2nd January 1892, The Field reported that 'a novelty was introduced in the shape of a bogey tournament for a prize. ... Fourteen couples started but the bogey defeated them all.' In 1892, Colonel Seely-Vidal, the Hon Secretary of the United Servic es Club at Gosport, also worked out the 'bogey' for his course. The United Club was a services club and all the members had a military rank. They could not measure themselves against a 'Mister' Bogey or have him as a member, so 'he' was given the honorary rank of Colonel. Thus the term 'Colonel Bogey' was born. Later, in the middle of 20th century, bogey was used as the term of one above par. Par Par is derived from the stock exchange term that a stock may be above or below its normal or 'par' figure. In 1870, Mr AH Doleman, a golf writer, asked the golf professionals David Strath and James Anderson, what score would win 'The Belt', then the winning trophy for 'The Open', at Prestwick, where it was first held annually from 1861 to 1870. Strath and Anderson said that perfect play should produce a score of 49 for Prestwick's twelve holes. Mr Doleman called this 'par' for Prestwick and subsequently Young Tom Morris won with a score of two strokes 'over par' for the three rounds of 36 holes. Although the first noted use of the word "par" in golf was in Britain and predates the bogey, today's rating system does not and the par standard was not further developed until later. It was the Ladies Golf Association, who, from 1893, began to develop a national handicapping system for women. It was largely in place by the end of the Century. The Men's association, founded in 1894, followed suit a few year's later. In 1911, the United States Golf Association (Men) of the day laid down the following very modern distances for determining par: Up to 225 yards Par 3 225 to 425 yards Par 4 426 to 600 yards Par 5 Over 601 yards Par 6 As golf developed, scores were coming down, but many old British courses did not adjust their courses or their bogey scores, which meant good golfers and all the professionals were achieving lower than a bogey score. This meant the US had an up-to-date national standard of distances for holes, while the British bogey ratings were determined by each club and were no longer appropriate for professionals. The Americans began referring to one over par as a bogey, much to the British chagrin. By 1914, British golf magazines were agitating for a ratings system similar to the US. However the Great War 1914-18 intervened and it was not until 1925 that a Golf Unions' Joint Advisory Committee of the British Isles was formed to assign Standard Scratch Scores (SSS), to golf courses in Great Britain and Ireland. Today, this committee is known as the Council of National Golf Unions (CONGU). It is the Golf Unions of each country (and not the Royal and Ancient) who determine pars and handicaps. Birdie "Birdie", meaning a score of one stroke under Par, comes from the early 20th century American slang term "bird", meaning anything excellent. The September 1911 edition of Maclean Magazine described a golf shot as - '"bird" straight down the course, about two hundred and fifteen yards.' The Country Club in Atlantic City lay claim to the first use of the word 'birdie' itself, as mentioned on the USGA website. In 1962 the US greenkeepers' magazine reported a conversation with A B Smith. He recounted that, in 1898/9, he and his brother, William P Smith, and their friend, George A Crump, who later built Pine Valley, were playing the par-four second hole at Atlantic City, when Ab Smith's second shot went within inches of the hole. Smith said "That was a bird of shot" and claimed he should get double money if he won with one under par, which was agreed. He duly holed his putt to win with one under par and the three of them thereafter referred to such a score as a "birdie". The Atlantic City Club date the event to 1903. By 1913, the term had crossed the Atlantic and Bernard Darwin writing in the September 1913 issue of Country Life of a visit to the USA said "It takes a day or two for the English onlooker to understand that ... a 'birdie' is a hole done in a stroke under par." Eagle "Eagle", a score of two under par for a given hole, was clearly the extension of the theme of birds for good scores from a "birdie". It would be natural for American golfers to think of the eagle, which is their national symbol and the term seems to have developed only shortly after the 'birdie'. Ab Smith (see Birdie above) said that his group referred to two under as an 'eagle'. By 1919 the term was being introduced to Britain, as when Mr H D Gaunt's explained the use of 'birdie' and 'eagle' that he met in Canada. For many years, eagle was always introduced as American terms, as in 1922 when Cecil (Cecilia) Leitch described a putt for a 3 on a par-5 hole as 'securing what is known in American golfing parlance as an "eagle"' (Golf XII 1922 p 202). Albatross Albatross is the term for three under par and is a continuation of the birdie and eagle theme, but is in fact a British term. Ab Smith said his group used the phrase 'double eagle' for three under (see Birdie above), which is still the term most Americans and the name for their Double Eagle Club (membership by invitation only). Three under par is a very rare score and an albatross is a very rare bird. The exact origin is unclear but the first known reference in 1929 indicates that it had been in use for some time before then. John G Ridland, who scored an 'albatross' in India in 1934, theorized that it was the introduction of steel shafted clubs in 1920s which made this score common enough to necessitate a name for it. The first ‘albatross’ score reported as such in the press is from South Africa when E E Wooler scored a hole-in-one in the summer of 1931 on the 18th hole of the Durban Country Club which is a par-4. It cost £40 in drinks but, had he known that he was making history, he would not have minded. More details of the first albatrosses, are given in The Albatross has Landed in News section. Condor A 'condor' in golf is a score of four (4!) under par. This can be achieved by scoring a hole-in-one on a par-5 hole, or by taking two strokes on a par-6 hole, which are themselves as rare as hen's teeth. Until recently, the idea of a condor was not considered to be possible and certainly few people were aware that anyone had scored one. Golfing condors have been recorded six times around the world over the last 60 years in the USA, the UK and Australia. Until 2020, they were all par-5 'aces'. More details can be found here. The Whaup and Double Bogeys No standard terms for 2 or 3 or more over Par have emerged. They are just double and triple Bogeys. Depending upon how good you are, anything over 7, 8 or 9 will be a ‘Blow-up’ or a ‘Disaster’. Joyce Wethered once suggested that a hole-in-one should be called a Curlew, known in Scottish as a 'Whaup', which, though fitting, did not catch on. It seems that golfing terms came into popular use in much the same way as you find new words being invented and used on the Internet. If they sound good, people start using them. What we do not hear about are all the terms, such as beantops, that never made it because they did not catch on. Only the future can tell which of the terms that we create will still be in use in a hundred years time. Updated to add Condor 18th July 2023
4562	dbpedia	3	88	https://www.northjersey.com/story/sports/high-school/2020/04/17/nj-high-school-sports-fun-new-nicknames-8-programs/5139618002/	en	We came up with fun new sports nicknames for 8 New Jersey high schools	https://www.gannett-cdn.…=pjpg&width=1200	https://www.gannett-cdn.…=pjpg&width=1200	[ "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2020/04/10/PNJM/823bce9b-4f08-4401-b0f5-defe406f0c81-b294ab64-7022-4d23-a14d-607c25d3bb51_thumbnail.png", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/appservices/universal-web/universal/icons/icon-play-alt-white.svg", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/appservices/universal-web/universal/icons/ic...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Robert Aitken Jr., North Jersey Media Group", "Robert Aitken Jr" ]	2020-04-17T00:00:00	Minor league baseball teams have been having fun on social media coming up with new nicknames. We took the idea to New Jersey high school sports.	en	https://www.gannett-cdn.…ages/favicon.png	NorthJersey.com	https://www.northjersey.com/story/sports/high-school/2020/04/17/nj-high-school-sports-fun-new-nicknames-8-programs/5139618002/	To pass the time while flattening the curve of the coronavirus pandemic, minor league baseball teams have been taking to social media with a question. They've been asking fans to go back in time to the team's creation and name the new club. The only catch was that the current name of the team isn't an option. So we decided to take that same idea and apply it to New Jersey 's high school sports teams, where there is a lot of repetition. There are 27 nicknames used by by at least five different high schools in the state, led by Panthers, which has 15 different schools using the name. With a fun spirit and some research into the history of these areas, here are some unique replacements for some New Jersey schools that use common sports nicknames. Bergen Tech Knights New nickname: Brigade There are some high schools that use the Patriots name, but not nearly as many as those that use the Knights. Bergen Tech is open to students from all 70 municipalities in Bergen County. The origin of Bergen County's name is disputed, but what isn’t argued is the importance the county held in the Revolutionary War. From the Battle of Fort Lee to the Baylor Massacre in River Vale, colonists ultimately retook Bergen County thanks to a strategic retreat through such towns as Englewood, Teaneck and Bergenfield. A brigade is a military term for a subdivision of an army, usually formed from a number of battalions coming together for a size anywhere between 1,500 to 4,000 troops. Bergen County technical schools consist of five schools and enroll 1,669 students, according to NJSIAA classifications. Cliffside Park Red Raiders New nickname: Rockets You’d think a name like the Red Raiders would be pretty unique, but there are actually six schools that use it in New Jersey. There are more schools calling themselves the Red Raiders in the state than calling themselves the Bears, Hawks or Cardinals. There has never been a rocket ship go into space in Cliffside Park, so what could this nickname possibly reference? Palisades Amusement Park, of course. The popular amusement park called Cliffside Park home for more than 70 years until it closed in 1971 and featured five roller coasters, including the Cyclone long before the famous ride went to Coney Island. The use of the name Rockets is a reference to the 1962 Freddy Cannon song about the park. In the song, Cannon says “my heart was flyin’ up like a rocket ship/down like a roller coaster”. Raritan is currently the only school in the state that uses Rockets. Dover Tigers New nickname: Ironhawks The Tigers are the name for 12 schools in the state – 13 if you include Princeton being known as the Little Tigers. But there’s too much history with this Morris County town to simply throw a generic name like the Tigers at it. Dover has incorporation dates going back to the 19th century, with work on the land that goes back even further. Stories from the 18th century believe that iron ore was so plentiful that it could be collected right off the ground in Dover. In keeping with the history of iron in Dover, changing the logo over to a mascot made of iron would make for a unique name. An ironhawk doesn’t actually exist, but goes with the trend in some parts of the state of simply taking a name and adding a color to it, such as the Dwight Morrow Maroon Raiders and Pequannock Golden Panthers. A new silver and black color scheme would have made alumni Jacque MacKinnon proud, who played in the NFL for the Oakland Raiders. Egg Harbor Township Eagles New nickname: Seagulls A dozen schools use the Eagles as a nickname, but none are more puzzling than Egg Harbor Township down in Atlantic County. The town dates as far back as the 17th century and initially was incorporated with areas that are known today as Pleasantville, Longport and even Atlantic City. The town was named by Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May, who saw so many bird eggs when he came upon the inlet to the Great Egg Harbor River. A bird is clearly the right choice here, but an eagle? There are many different ways to go here and a seagull fits the bill, no pun intended. The only mention of a seagull throughout the state is Point Pleasant Beach, who are known as the Garnet Gulls. Not to mention, there is already a Gull and Seagull street in Egg Harbor Township. Lodi Rams New Nickname: Flames There are 13 different schools in New Jersey that use Rams as a mascot, so there’s only so much creativity you can have with curved horns as a logo. Nearby Ramsey also uses the Rams, but considering it’s basically a part of the town’s name, it’s understandable. Lodi exists from now-defunct municipalities that were based in what is now South Hackensack and Saddle Brook. For a new name, look no further than the town’s flag, with a flaming torch in the middle. What’s better is the school can keep their orange and blue color scheme, also used in the town’s flag. The Flames have stuck around with a name for Calgary (originally Atlanta) in the NHL, as well as by colleges such as Liberty and Illinois-Chicago. Midland Park Panthers New nickname: Locomotives Midland Park was incorporated in 1894, during a boom that saw over two dozen new municipalities come to exist in the same year. The borough grew and expanded with land from Franklin Township, Ridgewood and Wyckoff among other neighboring areas. The town’s name is said to be inspired by the New Jersey Midland Railway, which operated the railroad that passed through the area in the 1870s. A train-themed nickname would be a first for a New Jersey high school and could borrow from such prominent schools as Purdue or old logos like the Syracuse Chiefs before they became rebranded with the Mets. Not to mention, the term “loco” in the team name opens up countless ideas for the school’s student section. Morris Catholic Crusaders New nickname: Foxes If you think of a Catholic school in New Jersey known as the Crusaders, you probably think of Bergen Catholic first. That doesn’t bode well for Morris Catholic, which also uses the nickname. Non-public schools tend to go for a mascot that comes from some link to nobility. Let’s look at the history of where Morris Catholic calls home: Denville. Denville’s name comes from early settler John Hinchman in 1800. Hinchman stated that Denville’s name is traced back to dens of wild animals in the swampy regions along the Denbrook and Rockaway rivers. So, if you're looking for animals that live in dens and have ties to nobility, the fox checks both boxes. Foxes are swift and cunning, and travel in groups. There’s only one school using foxes as a nickname in the state: Moorestown Friends. Passaic Indians New nickname: Turtles Nine schools in New Jersey still use the term Indians as a nickname, and it periodically gets brought up to change the name with respect to Native Americans. The name of Passaic derives from a Lenape word for valley, but that wasn’t the city’s original name.Settled in 1678 by Dutch traders, Passaic was originally Acquackanonk Township, named for a group within the Lenape tribe. While the name ended up being changed, Passaic could show honor to the people they originally were named for by using the turtle, featured on the totem of their tribe. Turtles are unassuming, but can withstand attacks in their shell and aren’t afraid to snap at a predator if provoked. It’s unique and makes for some unique mascot choices. Robert Aitken is a high school sports reporter for NorthJersey.com. For full access to live scores, breaking news and analysis from our Varsity Aces team, subscribe today. To get breaking news directly to your inbox, sign up for our newsletter and download our app.
4562	dbpedia	2	1	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/special:mylanguage/HMM-162	en	Wikiwand	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/VMM-162.jpg/125px-VMM-162.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162 (VMM-162) is a United States Marine Corps tiltrotor squadron consisting of MV-22 Osprey transport aircraft. The squadron, known as the "Golden Eagles", is based at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 26 (MAG-26) and the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing. HMM-162 officially stood down 9 December 2005 to begin the process of transitioning to the MV-22 Osprey. On 31 August 2006, the squadron was reactivated as the second operational Osprey squadron in the Marine Corps. VMM-162 was the squadron of the year in 2023.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/VMM-162	VMM-162 Military unit / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions: Can you list the top facts and stats about special:mylanguage/HMM-162? Summarize this article for a 10 year old SHOW ALL QUESTIONS Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162 (VMM-162) is a United States Marine Corps tiltrotor squadron consisting of MV-22 Osprey transport aircraft. The squadron, known as the "Golden Eagles", is based at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 26 (MAG-26) and the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2nd MAW). HMM-162 officially stood down 9 December 2005 to begin the process of transitioning to the MV-22 Osprey. On 31 August 2006, the squadron was reactivated as the second operational Osprey squadron in the Marine Corps. VMM-162 was the squadron of the year in 2023. Quick Facts Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162, Active ... Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162Active30 June 1951 - presentCountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnited States of AmericaBranchUnited States Marine CorpsTypeMedium-lift Tiltrotor SquadronRoleAssault SupportPart ofMarine Aircraft Group 26 2nd Marine Aircraft WingGarrison/HQMarine Corps Air Station New RiverNickname(s)Golden EaglesTail CodeYSEngagementsVietnam War Operation Restore Hope Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003 invasion of Iraq Operation Enduring FreedomCommandersCurrent commanderLtCol Charles D. JordanNotable commandersRobert F. Hedelund Karsten S. Heckl Close
4562	dbpedia	0	12	https://phantomaviation.nl/Country/North-America/United-States/United-States-Marine-Corps/05-Wing-squadron-regiment.htm	en	Phantomaviation.nl			[ "https://phantomaviation.nl/phantomaviation.jpg", "https://phantomaviation.nl/Photographs/Copyright.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Military aviation" ]	null	[]	null					null
4562	dbpedia	3	10	https://collegefootballnetwork.com/kent-state-golden-flashes-mascot-history/	en	History of the Kent State Golden Flashes Mascot	https://collegefootballn…ory-1024x683.jpg	https://collegefootballn…ory-1024x683.jpg	[ "https://collegefootballnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CFN-Light-Logo.png", "https://collegefootballnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CFN-Light-Logo.png", "https://collegefootballnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/kent-state-golden-flashes-mascot-history-696x464.jpg", "https://collegefootball...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Oliver Hodgkinson" ]	2023-04-05T08:30:56-04:00	In a story befitting the mayhem of midweek MACtion, the Kent State Golden Flashes mascot finally found a permanent identity after years of trying.	en	https://collegefootballn…/CFN-FavIcon.jpg	College Football Network	https://collegefootballnetwork.com/kent-state-golden-flashes-mascot-history/	In 1985, the Kent State Golden Flashes mascot finally found an identity that is still going strong today. However, the journey to find that identity took many twists and turns, as you’re about to discover. What Is the Kent State Golden Flashes Mascot? Flash the Golden Eagle is the Golden Flashes mascot. Despite undergoing several aesthetic transformations, the furry costumed golden eagle has been the face of Kent State’s program since 1985. For a program that has been using the name “Golden Flashes” since 1926, and whose original logo was a lightning bolt, why did Kent State settle on a golden eagle as their mascot? According to Terry Barnard — the Director of Athletic Marketing and Communications in 1985 — as reported by the Daily Kent Stater, the eagle was chosen because the university wanted something proud, and there is nothing prouder than an eagle. The Golden Flashes mascot finally established an identity for the program, after a litany of different mascots over a 50-plus-year period prior to the dramatic arrival of Flash the Golden Eagle — more on that shortly. MORE: 2023 MAC Weekly Football Schedule During the time from the very first Golden Flashes mascot to their current feathered face of the program, the mascot has taken the form of a dog, a horse and rider double act, a caveman named Grog, another dog, then a bizarre sequence of “costumed individuals roaming in attire with lightning bolts.” The latter held many names, including Freddie Flash, Golden Flash, Flashman, and Captain Flash. Outside of a sporting arena, naming yourself any of those would likely carry a strong possibility of incarceration for presumed crimes. In their quest to establish a mascot and identity that the program could be proud of, Kent Technology Education Club constructed a plan to reveal what would become “Flash the Golden Eagle,” including an elaborate unveiling. At the halftime of the 1985 homecoming game, Flash was born unto the world from a giant, multi-material egg, alongside a live eagle counterpart. “Flash” has established himself — he’s always considered a male regardless of the human inhabiting the costume — as an integral part of the program, appearing at over 100 sporting and non-sporting events per year. Is the Golden Flashes Mascot a Live Animal? Not anymore, sadly. However, during the long and varied history of the Golden Flashes mascot, there have been multiple live animal mascots that represented Kent State at college football games and the other sports played by the program. The first Golden Flashes mascot was the fantastically, yet troublingly named “Golden Flasher.” No, it wasn’t a deviant dressed in a trench coat, it was an adorable golden retriever puppy gifted to the program. Sporting a cape of the program’s colors, the pooch prowled the stadium sidelines for the best part of a decade. MORE: History of the Ball State Cardinals Mascot After ditching the dog in the 1960s, the Golden Flashes mascot returned to animal form in the 1970s. The original name returned too, except this time “Golden Flasher” was a horse who sported a “western-themed” rider on its back. As the ’70s turned into the 1980s, a golden retriever returned as the Golden Flashes mascot. This time, the dog was named “MAC the Flash” — perhaps in homage to the Mid-American Conference that the program has participated in since 1962. The final live animal Golden Flashes mascot was a golden eagle, which was introduced at the same time as the current costumed mascot, with the two co-existing until the mid-1990s. An attempt to return to the tradition in 2008 was curtailed after complaints led to a letter from PETA urging the program to stop. Was Kent State Always the Golden Flashes? No. Although the program has been referred to as the Golden Flashes since the late 1920s — with Flash the Golden Eagle as Kent State’s mascot since 1985 — they were originally known as the Kent State Silver Foxes from 1923 to 1926.
4562	dbpedia	3	51	https://www.stadiumjourney.com/stadiums/m-m-roberts-stadium-s441	en	M. M. Roberts Stadium – Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles	https://static.wixstatic…774d0023~mv2.jpg	https://static.wixstatic…774d0023~mv2.jpg	[ "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/fff9be_b156be9d3fec44eaab869c4ca17df27d~mv2.jpeg/v1/fill/w_185,h_37,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/fff9be_b156be9d3fec44eaab869c4ca17df27d~mv2.jpeg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/669cfa_8b7cdda6c9f9456f9d4d7f33774d0023~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_632,h_250,fp_0.50_0.50,q_30...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Matt Colville" ]	2022-12-24T03:25:14.578000+00:00	2022 marks a new era for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles; after 27 seasons in Conference USA, the Golden Eagles are now in the Sun Belt.	en	https://static.wixstatic…49a521%7Emv2.jpg	Stadium Journey	https://www.stadiumjourney.com/stadiums/m-m-roberts-stadium-s441	Photos by Matt Colville, Stadium Journey Stadium Info FANFARE Score: 3.43 M. M. Roberts Stadium118 College DrHattiesburg, MS 39406 Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles website M. M. Roberts Stadium website Year Opened: 1932 Capacity: 36,000 Welcome to the Rock The 2022 season marks a new era for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles. After completing the last 27 seasons in Conference USA, the Golden Eagles are now in a new conference, the Sun Belt Conference. For a mid-major program in football, this school of 14,000 students in the pine belt of southern Mississippi has a pretty storied football history in itself. In 105 seasons of football, the Southern Miss program has won over 70% of the 1,059 games they've played. In addition, the Golden Eagles have won 8 Conference Championships, including 5 C-USA Championships. They've played in 26 bowl games, winning 13 of them, and won two Small College National Championships when they finished undefeated in 1958 and 1959. Southern Miss has also produced over 100 players who have played in the NFL, including two Pro Football Hall of Famers, perhaps the greatest quarterback of all time Brett Favre and perhaps the NFL's best punter of all time Ray Guy. The Southern Miss football program was born in 1912 when the college was known as Mississippi Normal School, and the nickname was the Normality. The team played football games at Kamper Park, a public park near campus where the Hattiesburg Zoo is located today. The school has gone by many names and nicknames over the 100-plus year history, including the Mississippi State Teachers College Yellow Jackets (1926-1939), Mississippi Southern Southerners (1940-1961), and Southern Miss Southerners (1962-1971) before finally settling on the Golden Eagles nickname in 1972. Since 1932 the Golden Eagles have played on-campus at Historic M. M. Roberts Stadium, a.k.a. The Rock. Named after a Southern Miss alumnus, the stadium was completely rebuilt and dedicated to M. M. Roberts for the 1976 season. Before that, the stadium was known as Faulkner Field, named after a local businessman. It was built with the help of the football players hauling concrete and thus is how the stadium received the nickname “The Rock”. Over the last 90 years, The Rock has become one of the more intimidating settings in college football with the Golden Eagles having a .690 winning percentage at home. Food and Beverage 3 There are 16 concession stands open during games with four stands on each concourse – each stand is called ‘Eagle Bites’ and sells the basics and not much else. The menu includes hot dog combos ($9) and hamburger or sausage combos ($10), with each combo meal coming with a souvenir cup that normally costs $7 to buy alone, so I consider the combo meals a good deal. You could also buy the items separately with hot dogs at $4 and hamburgers or sausage for $5. Other items sold on the menu include roasted peanuts and nachos ($4), popcorn, pretzels, and candy ($3). There are also two Southern Miss BBQ stands located on the east side (one on the upper and one on the lower level). The BBQ stand sells pulled pork and brisket sandwiches for $6. Alcohol is sold in the stands with 16 oz. domestic beers (Miller, Coors, or Michelob) sell for $6. They also sell 16 oz. premium beers (Voodoo Ranger IPA and Gold Rush) for $8. Gold Rush is a Southern Miss exclusive beer introduced by a local Southern Prohibition Brewery and features an Eagle and the Southern Miss logo on the can. Coca-Cola is the official soft drink provider of Southern Miss athletics, and they sell souvenir cups for $7 or a 22 oz. paper cup for $4. Atmosphere 4 With Southern Miss's move to the Sun Belt Conference, expect better competition and a better atmosphere at The Rock. There is a certain buzz around the campus for the 2022 season, something that hasn't been felt on this campus in a long time. The action begins early in the day as you can find people tailgating scattered throughout campus. The alumni and older groups of fans will be tailgating on the south side of campus, while the college students and fraternities tailgate in Spirit Park located just outside the stadium. You can find many food trucks in Spirit Park, and they have a large stage where a band will put on a concert. Two and a half hours before kickoff is perhaps the most famous game day tradition, the Eagle Walk – the football team will make a small parade around the stadium as they head into the locker room, accompanied by the famed Pride of Mississippi Marching Band and the Dixie Darlings dance team. The football team will walk down a section on the east side of the stadium lined with banners of past Southern Miss greats, and banners of all the bowl games the Golden Eagles have played in. Another popular gameday tradition at Southern Miss is the painting of the Little Rock, which is a rock about 3 feet wide on the south side of campus. During the week leading up to games, students will paint the rock with a popular saying related to the team they are playing against that weekend. The mascot is a giant Golden Eagle named Seymour and he is a constant presence interacting with the crowd among the fans and students. Once inside the stadium it is easy to see how the stadium gets its nickname – the Rock is a large concrete structure that rises straight into the air. The stadium is an older-style stadium with an upper and lower level separated by two concourses under the bleachers. The stadium features a two-level grandstand on the east and west sides of the stadium, with all bleacher-style seating. For years the stadium was open behind both the north and south end zones, but in 2008 they filled in the south end zone with 3,000 additional seats on ground level, and two stories of suites with a total of 48. There is also an indoor club level in the south end zone on the third floor called the Touchdown Club; the Club is completely climate controlled and features several couches and TVs, as well as different food options and a full-service bar that are not found on the concourse. You can walk right outside to a completely covered section with comfortable chairback seats, the only seating in the stadium that is covered. In the north end zone, they installed the football field house in 2009 and a larger video board that same year. For more premium seating there is an indoor stadium club on the east side as well called the Stadium Club. Southern Miss has three retired numbers, and they are honored with displays around the stadium – Brett Favre (#4), Ray Guy (#44), and Reggie Collier (#10) are the people who have had their numbers retired by Southern Miss. The stadium holds sound pretty well but can look half-empty, even with the somewhat decent crowd during the 2022 season. It wouldn't look as bad if The Rock wasn't so tall and instead built a little closer to ground level; then it wouldn't look half empty. You’ll also find people scattered throughout the stadium, so there will often be entire sections with just a few people sitting in them. The entire upper deck almost has no one sitting in the seats. It would be nice if they would just tarp off the upper deck to make it look like a much more intimate atmosphere. The east side of the stadium is where most of the fans will be sitting, with the student section taking up the southeast section of the stadium. If they aren't going to tarp off the upper deck then I recommend sitting up there for great views of the field – almost no one sits up there and you'll have the entire section to yourself. Neighborhood 3 Hattiesburg (a.k.a. The Burg) is a decent-sized city of about 50,000 people, so it has everything you could want in a city and still retains that college town feels. The Burg has a wide selection of bars and restaurants, but unlike most college towns they are not located near each other – instead they are spread out throughout the town. Within walking distance of M. M. Roberts Stadium, you'll find places like Patio 44, Brewsky's, and 4th Street Bar; if you’re looking for vintage Southern Miss memorabilia on the walls of a hole-in-the-wall then 4th Street Bar is your place, while Keg & Barrel, The Porter, and Nostalgia are popular places closer to downtown. As a southern city, Hattiesburg has its fair share of restaurants centered on the local fare; popular spots include Crescent City Grill, Brass Hat, Midtown, Chesterfields, Ed's Burger Joint, Stricks, and Murky Waters BBQ. Also, as one of Mississippi's largest cities, there is plenty to do for all ages – for families, there's the Hattiesburg Zoo and the Pocket Museum, which is located in an alleyway downtown next to the Saenger Theatre. The Pocket Museum is Mississippi's tiniest museum, and each month the museum changes to a different theme. If you come to a game during October make sure you check out the spooky Halloween display that is spread out throughout the alley and at the Zoo. For shopping, there are plenty of chain stores and the Turtle Creek Mall. Another popular spot worth shopping is The Lucky Rabbit downtown, a two-story vintage thrift store that has everything including all kinds of old Southern Miss memorabilia and t-shirts. Or if you are into the outdoors there is Long Leaf Trace, a 44-mile bike trail that runs right through campus right next to the Wellness Center, while Paul B. Johnson State Park just south of Hattiesburg is an excellent place for camping. Fans 3 For the 2022 season, Southern Miss is averaging about 25,000 fans per game, which ranks about third in the conference in attendance. Southern Miss has a dedicated fan base with many of these fans going through the highest of highs and lowest of lows. Southern Miss fans take great pride in the University because unlike most schools most of them are graduates of the university – they can remember the glory days of the football program back when names like Brett Favre and Reggie Collier played here, or when the Golden Eagles played Alabama almost every year and even won a few games, back when Jeff Bower coached the program for 18 winning seasons. The fans also remember the not-so-great moments of the Southern Miss program, like the 2012 and 2013 seasons when they went a combined 1-23, including losing 23 straight games. Hattiesburg is also a different kind of town than the other college towns in Mississippi; many graduates tend to live in Hattiesburg after graduation because of its large size. There are also a lot of grads who tend to live in the south and central Mississippi, so it's much easier for them to make it to games on weekends. The move to the Sun Belt Conference, also makes new rivalries for the Golden Eagles, as all the schools are located in the Southeast. When teams like South Alabama play expect lots of visiting fans in attendance. The student section has also seen an increase in attendance, with almost the entire student section being full during games. During the first defensive possession after halftime they will hold up a giant banner that says “Here Comes the Nasty Bunch” – the large banner takes up the entire student section and is named after the famed Southern Miss defense in the 90s that was nicknamed the “Nasty Bunch”. Access 4 There is a reason Hattiesburg is nicknamed the 'Hub City', as it is one of the most accessible cities in the State. Conveniently located about an hour and a half from the coast, New Orleans, Jackson, and Mobile, Hattiesburg sits right in the middle of it all. You will not miss the campus as you come into Hattiesburg, as it is located on the corner of Highway 49 and Hardy Street, the two busiest roads in town. The Southern Miss campus is kind of small, only one square block, so you can see The Rock from practically anywhere on campus. The stadium is located on the north side of campus, but once on campus, it can be kind of confusing drive because many of the streets are one-way. Most of the parking on campus is reserved for pass holders, however, you will find a few free lots on the other side of 4th Street. My favorite place to park for free for football games is at the baseball stadium, Pete Taylor Park. There are also a few businesses that charge to park located along the east side of Highway 49 across from the stadium. The Southern Miss campus is also one of the smallest D1 colleges in the country, so you should have no problem walking around on campus. The Rock itself is also easy to get around, with a wide concourse and plenty of concession stands that don't back up. Return on Investment 4 Tickets aren't hard to come by, although if you order tickets directly off the website they will have higher prices – on the athletics website to sit in the upper deck it will cost $25, or to sit in the lower deck $40 to $50, which can be kind of steep. My recommendation would be to check secondary websites like Stubhub and Vivant Seats, where you can easily purchase tickets for $15 to $20. They also don't have anybody checking tickets, so it is possible to move around throughout the stadium if you want. Extras 3 The Southern Miss campus is a nice campus to walk around before the game; the campus is very small so it is possible to walk around the whole campus in less than 45 minutes. The Southern Miss campus is a great Southern campus with all kinds of sights and sounds to experience. Some of my favorite sights on campus include the All-American Rose Garden and the giant Eagle sculpture at the front entrance. Also, check out the old 1890s-era Roberts School House, still in its original form, or The Hub at the center of campus, where in the mid-1960s Jimmy Buffett could be seen playing his guitar here in-between classes. But my favorite thing to do while on campus is walking down the famous Eagle Walk – the Eagle Walk is deserving of an extra all by itself. 44 former players and coaches are honored with banners hanging from the stadium under the east side. All 26 bowls the Golden Eagles have played in are honored as well, including the 1958 and 1959 Small College National Championships. The Eagle Walk is also a cool place to be before the game when the team walks by into the stadium. Another extra because not very many college football teams can lay claim to having two of the best positional players to ever play football – Brett Favre, arguably considered one of the greatest quarterbacks to ever play football during his 20-year NFL career, and Ray Guy, who played for the Oakland/LA Raiders for 14 seasons, winning 3 Super Bowls and being elected to the Pro Bowl 7 times.
4562	dbpedia	3	8	https://wiki.muscoop.com/doku.php/nickname/start	en	nickname:start [MUScoop Wiki]			[ "https://wiki.muscoop.com/lib/tpl/dokuwiki/images/logo.png", "https://wiki.muscoop.com/lib/exe/fetch.php/nickname/165px-marquette_athletics_logo.png", "https://wiki.muscoop.com/lib/images/license/button/cc-by-sa.png", "https://wiki.muscoop.com/lib/tpl/dokuwiki/images/button-donate.gif", "https://wiki.muscoo...	[]	[]	[ "nickname", "start" ]	null	[]	null		en	/lib/tpl/dokuwiki/images/favicon.ico		https://wiki.muscoop.com/doku.php/nickname/start	Golden Avalanche (Unofficial) Gold (Never Adopted) From 1954 to 1994 Marquette athletics nickname was officially the Warriors for all sports. Prior to that period, athletic teams were known as the Blue & Gold unofficially, then the Hilltoppers officially, but then eventually the Golden Avalanche was used for the Men's Football team only. In 1993-1994 Father DiUlio, who was the president of the university at the time, outraged students and alums by deciding to change the team's athletic nickname. Inexplicably, the only choices given to stakeholders were “Lightning” and “Golden Eagles,” neither of which had any historical or logical connection to Marquette. Since that time, the name change has always bubbled near the surface of the emotions of a large number of Marquette alumni. In fact, at commencement in 2004, the issue gained renewed media attention when Wayne Sanders, who was the vice chair of Marquette's board of trustees, offered $2 million – $1 MM from himself and another $1 MM from an anonymous trustee – if Marquette would change it's nickname back to Warriors before joining the Big East Conference. The monetary gift was immediately declined, but Father Wild, the new president of the university, determined that the proposal would be considered. The debate went on for a year from May 2004 to May 2005, during which time the board of trustees passed a resolution stating that “Marquette will prohibit the use of Native American references, symbolism or imagery in its athletics logo, nickname, or mascot ”. The university conducted a poll in which 92 percent of alumni respondents said they identified with the name “Warriors.” In the same poll, 62 percent of students also identified with “Warriors. The same survey listed the most common words used to describe “Golden Eagles” as boring (57%), weak (55%) and common (52%).
4562	dbpedia	3	85	https://kslsports.com/515471/answering-nhl-utah-questions-team-name-where-they-play/	en	Answering Utah NHL Questions: Team Name? Where They Play?	https://kslsports.com/wp…713552509931.jpg	https://kslsports.com/wp…713552509931.jpg	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=27262947&cv=2.0&cj=1", "https://cdn.bonneville.cloud/i/KZNS-FM/web_320x240.webp", "https://kslsports.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/NHL-in-Utah-Banner_ja_00038-scaled-e1713552509931.jpg", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/99bb4288a59e1dc9760a08187a02f5a2?s=96&d=mm...	[]	[]	[ "KSLSports.com - Utah Sports News" ]	null	[ "Chandler Holt" ]	2024-04-19T20:41:18+00:00	With the NHL officially announcing a new franchise in Utah, fans were left with a lot of questions surrounding the move.	en	https://kslsports.com/wp…ages/favicon.png	KSL Sports	https://kslsports.com/515471/answering-nhl-utah-questions-team-name-where-they-play/	SALT LAKE CITY – With the NHL officially announcing a new franchise in Utah for the upcoming season, fans were left with a lot of questions surrounding the team. There are a lot of things that still have to be worked out. But, there are many questions we have answers to as well. What Will The Utah NHL Franchise Be Called? Although there is a lot of solid information out there for this question, no one really knows the answer. Not even the new ownership. There has been a lot of speculation on what the Utah NHL team would be called and Ryan Smith, owner of the franchise, fed into these talks on multiple occasions. Six trademarks for the new Utah NHL franchise were sent to the US Patent and Trademark Office this week. Utah Yetis was submitted for trademark a day after Utah Blizzard, Utah Venom, Utah Fury, Utah HC, and Utah Hockey Club. It’s important to note that these trademarks were filed anonymously and are not finalized. The team name could be none of these six options. They want to get the name right on the first try, even if that means going into year one without a name. This checks out with the Utah Hockey Club and Utah HC trademark applications. Where Will The Utah NHL Team Play? The new Utah NHL team will share the Delta Center with the NBA’s Utah Jazz for the next two seasons at least. Delta Center can support 12,000 people for NHL games and over 17,000 for NBA games. Although there is no official announcement on this topic, it is believed that Delta Center will undergo renovations over the next two years to increase that number to 17,000 for NHL games. Some have speculated that a new arena could be built in Utah for the NHL team. But, Smith confirmed that Delta Center will be a dual-sport arena. Who Is New NHL Team Owner Ryan Smith? Smith is an American businessman. Born in Eugene, Oregon, Smith attended Brigham Young University and lives in Provo, Utah, to this day. While attending BYU’s School of Business, Smith founded Qualtrics with his father Scott and brother Jared. Qualtrics is an experience management company that offers a subscription software platform. In 2020, Smith bought a majority stake in the Utah Jazz from Gail Miller. Two years later, Smith and David Blitzer bought the Utah MLS team Real Salt Lake. Last year, Smith and Blitzer brought back the NWSL-side with Utah Royals FC. Smith is a hands-on owner and has clear intentions to compete for a title in the NBA, MLS, NWSL and now NHL. Smith has shown these intentions on multiple occasions. First, with the trades of NBA stars Donovan Mitchell and Rudy Gobert in 2022. Then, with multiple high-profile MLS signings in 2023 like Chicho Arango. Smith has been adamant about the fact that Utah is ready for an NHL franchise and there is faith that he will do what is necessary to carry the team in the right direction. When Will The First NHL Game Be Played In Utah? The NHL is drafting a schedule for the upcoming season (2024/25) that has the new franchise playing in Utah. RELATED: Coyotes Play In Utah On Version Of 2024-25 NHL Schedule Draft There will be no grace period so when the 2024-2025 season begins in October, NHL games will be played in Salt Lake City! How To Get Tickets, Watch New Utah NHL Team? Shortly after the official announcement came down on Thursday, Delta Center shared that fans interested in season tickets could immediately place a $100 deposit (per seat) for the tickets. Ticketmaster is the Official Ticket Marketplace of the NHL. Fans looking to attend games when the season rolls around can check there or on Delta Center’s website. For fans looking to catch the action from home, there are a handful of options. Nationally broadcast games are typically found on ESPN, ESPN+, TNT, and ABC. Regional games are shown on RSN, NHL Center Ice, and NHL Network. NHL commissioner Gary Bettman said Scripps (a television company) will still have the local broadcast during a press conference in Arizona. Smith introduced Jazz+ as a method for Jazz fans to watch all games that aren’t nationally televised. There could be a similar platform introduced for Utah’s NHL games. RELATED: Utah Jazz+ Streaming Service Launches At $125.50 Per Year How Will The New NHL Team Be Supported In Utah? Since 1979, the Jazz have been the only major-four sports league team in the state of Utah. Football, baseball, and hockey fans in the state have been vouching for Utah sports seemingly since day one. Utah sports fans show out. Despite going through a rebuild the past two seasons, Jazz fans have sold out nearly 300-straight home games. Less than 24 hours after the NHL announcement was made, over 20,000 people put down deposits for tickets. It’s fair to say that Utah will support its new NHL team from the very first puck drop. What Is The History Of Hockey In Utah? Although Utah has never had an NHL team, there is a pretty long history of hockey in the state. Namely, the ECHL’s Utah Grizzlies and the WHL’s Salt Lake Golden Eagles. Salt Lake Golden Eagles The Golden Eagles’ first season was in the Salt Palace in 1969. At that time, they were in the Western Hockey League and were the farm club for the Boston Bruins and the Montreal Canadiens. They were also the only professional sports team in Utah at the time. In 1972, the team became the farm club for the California Golden Seals of the NHL. The Golden Eagles’ impact on people’s lives went far beyond the Salt Palace. The fandom became a family tradition, leading to career and hobby choices. Several big names emerged from the Golden Eagles franchise – Joey Mullen, Ziggy Palfy, Derek Armstrong, Kevin Cheveldayoff, Theo Fleury, and Stu Grimson. The Utah Jazz started playing in Utah in 1979, sharing the Salt Palace with the Golden Eagles. The Eagles won back-to-back CHL Championships (Adams Cup) in 1979 and 1980 and back-to-back IHL championships (Turner Cup) in 1987 and 1988. Larry H. Miller sold The Golden Eagles franchise to Detroit in 1994. In their final game, they sold out the Delta Center. Utah Grizzlies The Utah Grizzlies would play their first season in Utah in the same building the Salt Lake Golden Eagles played their last, Delta Center. After the Denver Grizzlies went all the way to the championship and won the Turner Cup in 1995, Colorado got an NHL team. This move resulted in the Denver Grizzlies coming to Utah. The new Utah Grizzlies won their second championship in a row in 1996 by sweeping the Orlando Solar Bears in front of a sold-out Delta Center Crowd of 17,381 fans. The IHL folded in 2001, and several teams were granted franchises in the AHL. The Grizzlies were the farm club of the Dallas Stars from 2001-2004 and the Phoenix Coyotes for their final season in the AHL. In 2005, the Elmore group announced that they had purchased a then-dormant ECHL franchise, formerly the Lexington Men O’ War, and that the Grizzlies would be joining the ECHL. Since entering the East Coast league, the Utah Grizzlies have always put together an entertaining roster that is competitive and produces fan favorites and an occasional standout. The Utah Grizzlies remain an affordable option for hockey fans to watch high-quality, professional hockey at the Maverik Center. Are you on Threads yet? Let’s connect, give us a follow @kslsports. Chandler Holt is a co-host for the Jazz Notes podcast and a Digital Sports Producer for KSLSports.com, specializing in all things basketball and football. Follow Chandler on Twitter @ChandlerHoltKSL or on Threads @chandlerho1t. Take us with you, wherever you go. Download the new & improved KSL Sports app from Utah’s sports leader. You can stream live radio, video and stay up to date on all of your favorite teams.
4562	dbpedia	3	93	https://medium.com/%40johncaamanoxrdx/why-did-marquette-university-change-its-nickname-from-warriors-to-golden-eagles-da49608674e9	en	Why Did Marquette University Change Its Nickname from Warriors to Golden Eagles?	https://miro.medium.com/…dDK_imA1Www.jpeg	https://miro.medium.com/…dDK_imA1Www.jpeg	[ "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:64:64/1dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png", "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:88:88/1dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png", "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:144:144/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Johncaamanoxrdx", "medium.com" ]	2024-05-21T19:16:57.961000+00:00	Marquette University has a rich history that dates back to 1881 when it was founded by Father Jacques Marquette. Over the years, the university has undergone several changes, including a name change…	en	https://miro.medium.com/v2/5d8de952517e8160e40ef9841c781cdc14a5db313057fa3c3de41c6f5b494b19	Medium	https://medium.com/@johncaamanoxrdx/why-did-marquette-university-change-its-nickname-from-warriors-to-golden-eagles-da49608674e9	Where to buy : pride printing marquette Marquette University has a rich history that dates back to 1881 when it was founded by Father Jacques Marquette. Over the years, the university has undergone several changes, including a name change from “Marquette University College” to simply “Marquette University”. However, one question that has puzzled many is why the university changed its nickname from Warriors to Golden Eagles in 1994. In this post, we will delve into the history of Marquette University’s nicknames and logos to uncover the reasons behind this change. Early Years: The Warrior Era In the early days of Marquette University, the athletic teams were known as the “Warriors”. This nickname was used from the 1950s to the 1994s. During this period, the university’s athletic programs were still in their infancy, and the nickname “Warriors” reflected the school’s strong sense of community and resilience. The Birth of the Golden Eagles In the early 1990s, Marquette University began to rebrand itself, including its athletic teams. The decision to change the nickname from Warriors to Golden Eagles was made in 1994. At first glance, it may seem like a random choice, but there are several reasons behind this change. A Symbol of Strength and Wisdom The golden eagle, a majestic bird known for its strength and wisdom, is an iconic symbol in many cultures. In the Native American culture, the golden eagle is considered a sacred animal, representing courage, wisdom, and spiritual power. For Marquette University, the golden eagle represents the values of strength, resilience, and wisdom that are embodied by the university’s mission. A Connection to the University’s Founder Marquette University was founded by Father Jacques Marquette, a French Jesuit priest who was known for his bravery and wisdom during the 17th-century French colonization of North America. The golden eagle is also a nod to Father Marquette’s spiritual journey, as the bird is often associated with the sun, which represents light, hope, and redemption. A New Era in Athletics In the early 1990s, Marquette University was undergoing significant changes in its athletic programs. The university had just joined the Conference USA (C-USA) and was looking to rebrand itself as a competitive force in college athletics. The change from Warriors to Golden Eagles marked a new era in Marquette University’s athletics program, signaling a commitment to excellence, strength, and wisdom. Conclusion The decision to change Marquette University’s nickname from Warriors to Golden Eagles was not taken lightly. It reflects the university’s values of strength, resilience, and wisdom, as well as its connection to its founder, Father Jacques Marquette. The golden eagle has become an iconic symbol of Marquette University, representing the university’s mission to educate and inspire students to be courageous leaders in their fields. In conclusion, Marquette University changed its nickname from Warriors to Golden Eagles in 1994 because it represents a powerful symbol of strength, wisdom, and resilience. This change marked a new era in the university’s athletics program, signaling a commitment to excellence and a nod to its rich history and values.
4562	dbpedia	0	2	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/special:mylanguage/HMM-162	en	Wikiwand	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/VMM-162.jpg/125px-VMM-162.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162 (VMM-162) is a United States Marine Corps tiltrotor squadron consisting of MV-22 Osprey transport aircraft. The squadron, known as the "Golden Eagles", is based at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 26 (MAG-26) and the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing. HMM-162 officially stood down 9 December 2005 to begin the process of transitioning to the MV-22 Osprey. On 31 August 2006, the squadron was reactivated as the second operational Osprey squadron in the Marine Corps. VMM-162 was the squadron of the year in 2023.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/VMM-162	Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162 (VMM-162) is a United States Marine Corps tiltrotor squadron consisting of MV-22 Osprey transport aircraft. The squadron, known as the "Golden Eagles", is based at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 26 (MAG-26) and the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2nd MAW). HMM-162 officially stood down 9 December 2005 to begin the process of transitioning to the MV-22 Osprey. On 31 August 2006, the squadron was reactivated as the second operational Osprey squadron in the Marine Corps. VMM-162 was the squadron of the year in 2023.
4562	dbpedia	0	13	https://www.1999.co.jp/eng/10125720	en	USMC AV-8B Harrier II Plus VMA-311 Tomcat & VMM-162(Rein) GoldenEagles (Set of 2) (Plastic model) - HobbySearch Military Model Store	https://www.1999.co.jp/i…g12/10125720.jpg	https://www.1999.co.jp/i…g12/10125720.jpg	[ "https://www.1999.co.jp/images/bt_hd_faq.gif", "https://www.1999.co.jp/images/bt_hd_firsttime_e2.gif", "https://www.1999.co.jp/images/hd_menu_top.gif", "https://www.1999.co.jp/images/bt_hd_menu_e.gif", "https://www.1999.co.jp/images/hd_menu_top.gif", "https://www.1999.co.jp/images/bt_hd_acount_e.gif", "...	[]	[]	[ "1/144 USMC AV-8B Harrier II Plus VMA-311 Tomcat & VMM-162(Rein) GoldenEagles (Set of 2) (Plastic model)", "Dragon", "DR4622", "Military Model", "1999 hobby search", "online store", "shipping world wide" ]	null	[]	null	Our shop retails 1/144 USMC AV-8B Harrier II Plus VMA-311 Tomcat & VMM-162(Rein) GoldenEagles (Set of 2) (Plastic model) Dragon DR4622 Military Model on the Web. - Dragon 1 / 144 to Uobadoshirizu, USMC AV-8B II new Harrier VMA-311 [Tomcat] & VMM-162 (Rein) [Golden] added a set of two aircraft. - Vertical / short takeoff and landing of aircraft ground attack AV-8B Harrier II, between 1963 and 2003 Total of 824 aircraft were manufacture	en	/images/banner/favicon.ico	Hobby Search Military Model Store	https://www.1999.co.jp/eng/10125720	Please make a post that is relevant to the item. Please make sure that the image is in jpg. format with a file size of below 5MB. Posts intended for profit and/or advertising are not acceptable. Note also that no reference should be made to our competing retailers. You do not need to post images and reviews togeter. You can post either one alone. I agree to the terms and conditions of this service. ( Please agree to the terms and move on to the confirmation page. )
4562	dbpedia	2	0	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/VMM-162	en	VMM-162	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/e/e4/VMM-162_aboard_USS_Nassau_2009.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/1200?cb=20110413022523	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/e/e4/VMM-162_aboard_USS_Nassau_2009.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/1200?cb=20110413022523	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/VMM-162.jpg/125px-VMM-162.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/HMR-162_insignia.jpg/150px-HMR-162_insignia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/HMM-162_insignis.png/180px-HMM-162_insignis.png", "...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162 (VMM-162) is a United States Marine Corps tiltrotor squadron consisting of MV-22 Osprey transport aircraft. The squadron, known as the "Golden Eagles", is based at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina and falls under the command of Marine...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/VMM-162	Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162 VMM-162 insignia Active June 30, 1951 - presentCountry United StatesAllegiance United States of AmericaBranch United States Marine CorpsType Medium-lift Tiltrotor SquadronRole Assault SupportPart of Marine Aircraft Group 26 2nd Marine Aircraft WingGarrison/HQ Marine Corps Air Station New RiverNickname(s) Golden EaglesTail Code YSEngagements Vietnam War Operation Restore Hope Operation Iraqi Freedom * 2003 invasion of IraqCommandersCurrent commander LtCol Robert Freeland Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162 (VMM-162) is a United States Marine Corps tiltrotor squadron consisting of MV-22 Osprey transport aircraft. The squadron, known as the "Golden Eagles", is based at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 26 (MAG-26) and the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2nd MAW). HMM-162 officially stood down December 9, 2005 to begin the process of transitioning to the MV-22 Osprey. On August 31, 2006, the squadron was reactivated as the second operational Osprey squadron in the Marine Corps. History[] Early years[] Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 162 (HMR-162) was activated on June 30, 1951 at Marine Corps Air Facility Santa Ana. The primary mission of the squadron at that time was to provide airlift and air supply for the Fleet Marine Force in amphibious operations. The personnel strength of the squadron grew quickly and crews were sent to Marine Corps Air Station Quantico, Virginia to accept and ferry the new Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters to MCAF Santa Ana. During these early months, the squadron was occupied primarily with proficiency training, which contributed to the growing body of knowledge of rotary winged aircraft and their tactical employment, ultimately evolving into a basis for the Marine Corps' doctrine of vertical envelopment. Helicopters of HMR-162 made amphibious warfare history in February 1952 during Operation Lex Baker I, when they airlifted a combat-equipped company of the 3rd Marine Regiment from the escort carrier USS Rendova to the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton hills. The ship-to-shore movement was the first ever attempted on such a scale. On December 31, 1956, the squadron was redesignated as Marine Helicopter Squadron-Light (HMR(L)-162). In the fiscal year 1956, the squadron logged 5,166 accident-free flight hours and was awarded the Chief of Naval Operations Aviation Safety Award. During March 1957, six Marines of the squadron were awarded the Philippine Legion of Honor for their gallant conduct in the recovery operations at the scene of the death of President Ramon Magsaysay on Cebu Island. The plane carrying the Philippine President from Cebu City to Manila crashed and the squadron was asked to assist in the rescue and recovery operations that were subsequently undertaken. As the year came to a close HMR(L)-162 boarded the USS Princeton and set sail for the South China Sea. While en route, the ship was ordered to Singapore to load supplies to be helo distributed to flood victims in Ceylon.[1] The squadron used 20 HRS-3s in the operation and logged a total of 1123.9 hours for the five days of evacuation and resupply. One of the recommendations to emerge from this action was that efforts be continued and intensified to devise navigational systems for helicopters. On February 5, 1959, the squadron was transferred to the Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina, where it reformed as a unit of Marine Aircraft Group 26. During the summer months of 1962, HMR(L)-162 was involved with the relief operations in the Gulf Coast area in the aftermath of Hurricane Carla. On April 2, 1960, HMR (L)-162 was reduced to zero strength and shifted to the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. The squadron was immediately built up in a few days at MCAS Futenma, Okinawa as personnel began reporting from MCAS New River. Vietnam War and the 1980s[] HMM-162 operated deployed to the Republic of Vietnam in January 1963 and operated from Danang until June 1965. In 1983, the squadron deployed as part of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit aboard the USS Iwo Jima to Beirut, Lebanon. While in theater, the squadron provided helicopter support during the deployment, and provided critical support during the aftermath of the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing. Gulf War and the 1990s[] While filling the role as the Strategic reserve for Operation Desert Storm, HMM-162 participated in the Noncombatant Evacuation Operation (NEO), Operation Sharp Edge in war-torn Liberia. During this operation the "Golden Eagles" evacuated 226 American Citizens and 2,400 third-country nationals. The squadron also participated in Operation Provide Comfort in northern Iraq and in Operation Restore Hope in Somalia and Operation Deny Flight in Bosnia in 1993 while as part of the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU). Global War on Terror[] In 2003, HMM-162 deployed to Kuwait and then participated in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. During the two-month period that they flew in support of I Marine Expeditionary Force in Iraq they transported more than 500,000 pounds of cargo, 2,200 passengers and flew over 900 flight hours.[2] HMM-162 officially stood down December 9, 2005 to begin the process of transitioning to the MV-22 Osprey. On August 31, 2006, the squadron was reactivated as the second operational Osprey squadron in the Marine Corps. In early April 2008, VMM-162 quietly deployed to Iraq to take over from VMM-263, the first operational V-22 combat unit.[3] While in Iraq, VMM-162 transported several high profile people around the country including then presidential candidate Barack Obama.[4] With the pending drawdown of Marines in Iraq, VMM-266 is expected to be the last. This will free up additional tiltrotor aircraft for other assignments in the future.[5] 2010 Haiti earthquake[] After the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake on 12 January, VMM-162, serving as the aviation combat element of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit (24th MEU) was diverted from its scheduled Middle East deployment to provide humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to Haiti,[6] as part of Operation Unified Response. The squadron's Ospreys, operating from the USS Nassau (LHA-4) were the first ever used for a humanitarian mission.[7] Unit awards[] A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. VMM-162 has been presented with the following awards: Ribbon Unit Award Presidential Unit Citation one two Bronze Star Navy Unit Commendation with one Bronze Star Meritorious Unit Commendation with two Bronze Stars National Defense Service Medal with two Bronze Stars Korean Service Medal Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Vietnam Service Medal with two Bronze Stars Southwest Asia Service Medal with one Bronze Star Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm Streamer Iraq Campaign Medal Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal See also[] List of United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons United States Marine Corps Aviation References[] Notes This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps. Bibliography Visconage, Michael D. & Harris, Carroll N. "Third Marine Aircraft Wing - Operation Iraqi Freedom". Marine Corps Association, 2004. []
4562	dbpedia	3	46	https://www.espn.com/football/story/_/id/39384761/wth-bafana-wonderful-world-african-football-nicknames	en	WTH is a Bafana?! - The wonderful world of African football nicknames	https://a.espncdn.com/combiner/i?img=%2Fphoto%2F2024%2F0125%2Fr1282196_1296x729_16%2D9.jpg	https://a.espncdn.com/combiner/i?img=%2Fphoto%2F2024%2F0125%2Fr1282196_1296x729_16%2D9.jpg	[ "https://a.espncdn.com/combiner/i?img=/i/columnists/full/dove_ed.png&h=80&w=80&scale=crop", "https://a.espncdn.com/combiner/i?img=/i/content-reactions/check.png&h=80&w=80", "https://a.espncdn.com/combiner/i?img=/photo/2024/0125/r1282141_1296x1296_1-1.jpg&w=130&h=130&scale=crop&location=center", "https://a.esp...	[ "https://media.video-cdn.espn.com/motion/2024/0124/dm_240124_COM_SOC_Analysis_Victor_Osimhen_has_decided_on_his_future_GLOBAL_20240124/dm_240124_COM_SOC_Analysis_Victor_Osimhen_has_decided_on_his_future_GLOBAL_20240124_360p30_1464k.mp4" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Ed Dove", "Marc Raimondi", "ESPN Fantasy", "Fantasy Staff", "NFL Nation", "Bradford Doolittle", "ESPN Staff", "Billy Tucker", "Michael Voepel", "Gabriele Marcotti" ]	2024-01-25T15:00:00+00:00	Hands up if you know what a Chipolopolo is... Or a Bafana? It's ok, we got you.	en	https://a.espncdn.com/pr…sets/icons/E.svg	ESPN.com	https://www.espn.com/football/story/_/id/39384761/wth-bafana-wonderful-world-african-football-nicknames	African football nicknames are a wonderful menagerie, with national sides over the years adopting monikers which reflect countries' identities, and imbue international fixtures - not least at the Africa Cup of Nations - with evocative imagery and unspoken narratives. With the AFCON in full swing, here's ESPN's guide to the team nicknames on show at the tournament, and some of the patterns and themes to be found among the continent's subplots of sobriquets. Animals? In Africa? Groundbreaking... Of the 24 AFCON qualifiers, 17 carry nicknames related to the animal kingdom with, unsurprisingly, critters at the top of the food chain being particularly popular. Nigeria are one of three sides nicknamed the 'eagles' at the Nations Cup, but the West African giants aren't just any old eagles. They're SUPER Eagles. Initially, however, Nigeria didn't quite land on the correct moniker, being called the Red Devils and the Green Eagles during the early days of the national team's inception, before settling on the far more awe-inspiring Super Eagles after the 1988 Nations Cup. Mali are also the Eagles, while Tunisia are one of several nations who couple an animal kingdom reference with a geographic location, calling themselves the Carthage Eagles. This name also harks back to the classical identity of the modern day Tunisia, a reflection of a recurrent trend among nations to attempt to recapture an historic identity as they remodel themselves in a modern world. It's a similar story for Egypt - nicknamed the Pharaohs - who, like Tunisia, acknowledge that their history provides a strong basis for re-forging a modern national identity. The North Africans' nickname ties into the branding of Egypt on a global scale, with the influence of 'Ancient Egypt' still the country's defining feature. Egypt's Pharaonic period is undoubtedly the country's golden age, serving as a source of collective pride and confidence, and inspiring modern Egyptians to step up to a lofty standard. Perhaps it's no surprise that they're record seven-time African champions! Many of these animal nicknames also have their own distinctive spin or touch of personality. Morocco aren't just any lions, but rather the Atlas Lions, with a reference to the extinct species of feline that previously roamed North Africa, while their regional rivals Algeria are Les Fennecs - the Desert Foxes. Guinea's Syli Nationale translates as the National Elephant in the Susu language of the country's coastal region, with fellow West Africans Senegal also incorporating a local language in their nickname. 'Teranga', in Wolof, is a word to mean hospitality and warmth... making the Teranga Lions a somewhat confusing combination. Angola's Palancas Negras translates as Sable antelopes - a species indigenous to the country - and Mozambique (Os Mambas) and Cape Verde (Sharks) also follow suit. For Burkina Faso, the choice of a Stallion as their national nickname is a reference to the story of Princess Yennenga - considered the mother of the country's Mossi ethnic group - and the white stallion she rode to escape from captivity. The Democratic Republic of Congo - formerly Zaire - enjoy a long association with the leopard. In the Tetela ethnic group, to which the country's first Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba belonged, one initiation rite concludes with one donning the skin of a leopard to signify the transition to becoming a warrior - the 'Leopard Warrior'. During colonialism, the Teleta antagonised the Belgian colonial forces, forging an association between the imagery of a leopard and defiance in defence of one's own homeland. Following Independence, with Lumumba the figurehead for the new nation, the Congolese were encouraged to embody the leopard's qualities. Lumumba's eventual successor Joseph Mobutu rebranded the country as 'Zaire' and pursued 'Authenticité' and Africanisation policies during the early 70s, attempting to redefine the new state as clearly distinct to the territory governed by Belgium. Recognising the value of football as a vehicle to develop Zairian identity, the symbol of the leopard was used heavily across the nation, from the president's own personal branding - including his infamous leopard-print hat -- to the national side's nickname. Formerly the Lions, by the 1974 World Cup - when Zaire became the first sub-Saharan African side to contest the tournament - they were rechristened the Leopards. There was little subtly about their iconic kits, with a life-sized leopard face on the chest, the word 'Leopards' above, and 'Zaire' below. As iconic as the Leopard of the DRC is the 'Indomitable' Lion of Cameroon. Originally just the Lions, the 'Indomitable' signifier was added in 1972 - at the behest of Cameroon President Ahmadou Ahidjo - following the national team's elimination from the '72 Nations Cup on home soil. It took 12 more years for the newly names Lions to win their first AFCON, but the country's performances at the '88 tournament, and in becoming the first African team to reach the World Cup quarterfinals in 1990, added weight to the sense that this was a side with deeper reservoirs of desire and determination. While it's understandable for Africa's sporting, political, economic, geographic powerhouses to opt for the kings of the jungle in choosing their nicknames, the continental minnows have had to take a different approach. The likes of The Gambia, for example, who did qualify, or even tiny Rwanda, Mauritius or Benin, who haven't made it, would look a bit incongruous trying to pass themselves off as 'lions' or 'eagles'. Instead, these nations have embraced their 'underdog' status with nicknames that illustrate a deeper aspect of each national identity and each country's political and sociological standing within the continent. The Gambia are the Scorpions - they may be small but there's a sting in the tail, capable of downing any bigger creature - which is a nice fit for a country that has only the 49th biggest landmass in Africa, while Rwanda's Wasps follow a similar rationale. Guinea-Bissau, with an area of just 36,000 km squared, are the Djurtus, the Wild Dogs, acknowledging the greater strength that can be found in togetherness, reflecting the dogs' cooperative hunting and tight social communities. These nations recognise their smaller stature or limited resources, but still possess a coherency in identity that can make them greater than the sum of their parts. But the biggest animal on African soil is saved for the hosts Ivory Coast. With the country still bearing the name it took during the colonial period, it's one of the most resonant nicknames on the continent, and perhaps not surprising that the Ivory Coast - which has historically retained a close link to its 'colonial masters' France - retains an identity that leans heavily on its colonial 'past life'. While the actual elephant population in the country is in catastrophic decline, the national side remain one of the biggest points of unifying potential in a country that has struggled with ethnic and religious conflict. Out of left field Unlike many of their African counterparts, southern African duo South Africa and Namibia - who met in Sunday's COSAFA derby - have taken a different approach to nicknaming. South Africa retain the name 'Bafana Bafana' - a Zulu phrase that translates roughly as 'the boys' - which was adopted soon after the country's post-apartheid return to international football in 1992. The country's FA have mulled changing it - they didn't register the nickname, so lose out on hefty marketing revenue - but for now, it remains. Namibia are known as the (somewhat tautological) Brave Warriors, and while inspiring, it hasn't yet helped them to a first ever AFCON win. Honourable mention too for Equatorial Guinea's Nzalang Nacional - the National Thunder in a Fang - a nickname which directly inspired their recently launched lightning strike kits. Names with political origins Zambia, winners in 2012, are called Chipolopolo, which translates as the Copper Bullets in Bemba language - referencing the copper that is found in abundance in Zambia and is one of the country's primary exports. The national side were previously known as KK Eleven - a tribute to the country's first president, Kenneth Kaunda - but the nickname was changed to Chipolopolo in 1993 after a song sung by the leader's United National Independence Party. Unlike the Ivory Coast, who have remained close to France following Independence, Ghana's post-colonial identity has actively sought to separate and differentiate the country from its previous incarnation as 'The Gold Coast'. First president Kwame Nkrumah was a father of Pan-Africanism. Aware of Ghana's status as the first sub-Saharan nation to achieve independence, he opted to 'brand' the nation along Pan-African lines. Thus, The Gold Coast became Ghana, with Nkrumah - well aware of football's power to transcend barriers among disparate people - using the sport to build Ghanaian pride, Pan-African sentiment and unity. The 'Black Stars' nickname is inspired by Marcus Garvey's 1920 Black Star Line shipping company - a counterpoint to the famous White Star Line - which had the aim of facilitating the return of Black Americans to Africa. Its five-pointed black star logo became a symbol of African emancipation. The star was adopted on the flag of Ghana and on the Black Star Gate in Independence Square in Accra - commissioned by Nkrumah - and was a natural choice for the national side. Stars are common symbolism across African teams - utilised by six teams across the continent - acknowledging their importance in navigation and their resonance for African populations. It's no coincidence that all six countries with 'stars' in their nickname have an important relationship with the ocean, with Somalia (the Ocean Stars), for example having the largest coastline of any country on the African mainland.
4562	dbpedia	2	92	https://www.goldenarrowresearch.com/research-a-vietnam-veteran/	en	Research A Vietnam War Veteran ⋆ Golden Arrow Research	https://fast.wistia.com/embed/medias/10j02dtfx1/swatch	https://fast.wistia.com/embed/medias/10j02dtfx1/swatch	[ "https://b2120027.smushcdn.com/2120027/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/icon-230x92.png?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1 230w, https://b2120027.smushcdn.com/2120027/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/icon-300x120.png?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1 300w, https://b2120027.smushcdn.com/2120027/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/icon-350x140.png?lossy=1&stri...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-02-16T19:01:33+00:00	Trace the military service of your individual Vietnam War veteran- learn where they were and what they did. Get Vietnam War military records.	en	https://www.goldenarrowr…avicon-32x32.png	Golden Arrow Research	https://www.goldenarrowresearch.com/research-a-vietnam-veteran/	Your Name (required) Phone Number (required) Address (required) Email (required) Veteran's Name (required) Veteran's Service Number (If known) Veteran's date of birth Veteran's place of birth Approximate Dates of Service The Type of file you are requesting A Vietnam service recordA Vietnam mortuary fileBoth Branch of Service ArmyAir ForceMarine CorpsNavyCoast Guard You are: The VeteranThe Veteran's next of kinThe Veteran's grandchildOther relativeNot a relative of the Veteran Is the Veteran still living? Have you already requested these records from the government?
4562	dbpedia	3	89	https://www.anonymouseagle.com/2014/12/16/7363851/marquette-basketball-get-to-know-arizona-state-sun-devils	en	Get To Know: Arizona State	https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/…ay-8268412.0.jpg	https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/…ay-8268412.0.jpg	[ "https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/blog/sbnu_logo/279/large_Anonymous_Eagle_Full.20685.png", "https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/blog/sbnu_logo/279/large_Anonymous_Eagle_Full.20685.png", "https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/VPfTLCo4UoGvUMuCQHjvjpHwk3E=/237x49:2443x1520/320x213/filters:focal(237x49:2443x1520)/cdn.vox-cdn...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Brewtown Andy" ]	2014-12-16T00:00:00	After a lengthy (and newsworthy) layoff for finals, the Golden Eagles get back on the horse tonight in a return bout from last season.	en	https://cdn2.vox-cdn.com/uploads/blog/favicon/279/favicon-5e85f1bf.ico	Anonymous Eagle	https://www.anonymouseagle.com/2014/12/16/7363851/marquette-basketball-get-to-know-arizona-state-sun-devils	Name: Arizona State University Location: Tempe, Arizona Nickname: Sun Devils Why "Sun Devils?" No one knows. Arizona State is on its third name as a school, and they're on their third nickname as well. When they were Arizona State Teachers' College, they were the Bulldogs, but somewhere along the way, someone started referring to them as the Sun Devils. It became a big enough deal that the student body voted and the nickname was officially changed in 1946. Notable Alumni: Fashion designer Kate Spade; legendary comedian Steve Allen; author Amanda Brown; actress Lynda Carter, most famous for her role as Wonder Woman; director John Hughes; comedian Jimmy Kimmel; every member of the band Kongos; sportscaster Al Michaels; actor Nick Nolte; singer Linda Ronstadt; comedian David Spade; golfer Phil Mickelson; mixed martial arts legend Dan Severn; Cain Velazquez, current UFC Heavyweight Champion; and Doug Ducey, governor-elect of Arizona and founder of Coldstone Creamery. Last Season: 21-12, with a 10-8 record in Pac-12 play. They lost their first round games in both the Pac-12 and NCAA tournaments. Tuesday's game will make their second trip to Milwaukee in 2014, as that's where they played Texas in the NCAA tourney. This Season: 6-3, with all six wins at home and all three losses to top 100 KenPom teams. KenPom Ranking: #69 Points Leader: Gerry Blakes, 6'4", 195 lb., 12.2 ppg Rebounds Leader: Eric Jacobsen, 6'10", 255 lb., 8.0 rpg Assists Leader: Tra Holder, 6'1", 180 lb., m2.6 apg Head Coach: Herb Sendek, who picked up his 400th career win against Pepperdine on Saturday. He's in his ninth season at ASU, where he has a record of 146-122. Including previous stops at North Carolina State and Miami (OH), he's 400-280. All Time Series: Marquette leads, 2-1
4562	dbpedia	3	5	https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Golden_Eagle/id	en	Golden Eagle Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology	https://www.allaboutbird…61861-1200px.jpg	https://www.allaboutbird…61861-1200px.jpg	[ "https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/images/clo-aab-logo-stacked.svg", "https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/images/clo-aab-logo-web.svg", "https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/images/clo-aab-logo-web.svg", "https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/images/size/scale.png", "https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/image...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Golden Eagle is one of the largest, fastest, nimblest raptors in North America. Lustrous gold feathers gleam on the back of its head and neck; a powerful beak and talons advertise its hunting prowess. You're most likely to see this eagle in western North America, soaring on steady wings or diving in pursuit of the jackrabbits and other small mammals that are its main prey. Sometimes seen attacking large mammals, or fighting off coyotes or bears in defense of its prey and young, the Golden Eagle has long inspired both reverence and fear.	en	/guide/images/favicon.png		https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Golden_Eagle/id	Golden Eagles are one of the largest birds in North America. The wings are broad like a Red-tailed Hawk's, but longer. At distance, the head is relatively small and the tail is long, projecting farther behind than the head sticks out in front. Relative Size goose-sized or larger Measurements Both Sexes Length: 27.6-33.1 in (70-84 cm) Weight: 105.8-216.1 oz (3000-6125 g) Wingspan: 72.8-86.6 in (185-220 cm) Adult Golden Eagles are dark brown with a golden sheen on the back of the head and neck. For their first several years of life, young birds have neatly defined white patches at the base of the tail and in the wings. Usually found alone or in pairs, Golden Eagles typically soar or glide with wings lifted into a slight “V” and the wingtip feathers spread like fingers. They capture prey on or near the ground, locating it by soaring, flying low over the ground, or hunting from a perch. Golden Eagles favor partially or completely open country, especially around mountains, hills, and cliffs. They use a variety of habitats ranging from arctic to desert, including tundra, shrublands, grasslands, coniferous forests, farmland, and areas along rivers and streams. Found mostly in the western half of the U.S., they are rare in eastern states.
4562	dbpedia	3	70	https://www.vuhoops.com/2013/4/1/4096410/wildcats-are-the-4th-most-common-division-i-mascot	en	Wildcats are the 4th most common Division I mascot	https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/…cs_sy4_034.0.jpg	https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/…cs_sy4_034.0.jpg	[ "https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/blog/sbnu_logo/285/large_VU_Hoops_Full.65780.png", "https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/blog/sbnu_logo/285/large_VU_Hoops_Full.65780.png", "https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WHFwuvCukLxa4j3u19ygoHj1UEQ=/0x0:4000x2667/320x213/filters:focal(0x0:4000x2667)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Brian Ewart" ]	2013-04-01T00:00:00	Lions and tigers and wildcats, oh my!	en	https://cdn1.vox-cdn.com/uploads/blog/favicon/285/favicon-f9d08e68.ico	VU Hoops	https://www.vuhoops.com/2013/4/1/4096410/wildcats-are-the-4th-most-common-division-i-mascot	In 2013-14, Division I athletics will feature ten schools using the nickname "Wildcats," specifically: Abilene Christian, Arizona, Bethune-Cookman, Davidson, Kansas State, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Northwestern, Villanova, and Weber State. That's not far behind the number-three most common mascot, the Tigers, which has 12 schools. For former Big East member (and Villanova's second-most frequent football foe), Boston College, they are one of 15 schools using the "Eagles" nickname in Division I — at least if you include variations like Marquette's "Golden" Eagles. The number-one option for college mascots, however, is the Bulldog. There are fifteen schools that use just "Bulldogs" as their nickname in NCAA Division I sports. New Big East member, Butler, is among those schools. Compared to the challenge of maintaining a live Tiger mascot, it is relatively easy to slap a dog-shaped jersey onto a bulldog on game-days. Villanova's teams were named via a 1926 contest, where the University sought to choose a mascot for the school. The name "Wildcats" was suggested by then football coaching assistant Edward Hunsinger, a former All-American defensive end at Notre Dame. A wildcat can be any of a number of species of feral felines, but Villanova's 'Cat has generally resembled a bobcat. Between 1930 and 1950, the university kept live wildcat in a cage at the Fieldhouse and brought out to appear at both home and away football games. Those live mascots were difficult to control and they were often agressive toward their ROTC handlers and others, which ultimately lead the university to switch over to a costumed mascot. While all four of the live mascots at Villanova were named "Count Villan," the costumed student seen at games since the 1950s is now known as "Wil D. Cat." Other schools using the Wildcat mascot have had varying length of traditions. Kentucky traces their mascot to 1976. New Hampshire adopted their nickname in 1926. Arizona traces their first Wildcats to 1915, when a pair of live Wildcats were delivered to campus. At Kansas State, the football team adopted the Wildcats name in 1915, but didn't make that name permanent until 1920, taking a hiatus from the name for five seasons between. At Northwestern, the university used a bear cub as its mascot until a losing season banned him from campus, but writers tagged their 1924 team with the Wildcat name, and it stuck. Villanova wasn't copying these other schools when adopting the Wildcats nickname, but it was a popular term that
4562	dbpedia	1	69	https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/9/3649/6263837	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
4562	dbpedia	2	10	https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2256803/kearsarge-arg-departs-us-5th-fleet/	en	Kearsarge ARG Departs US 5th Fleet	https://media.defense.go…N-ZZ999-0001.JPG	https://media.defense.go…N-ZZ999-0001.JPG	[ "https://www.navy.mil/Portals/_default/Skins/NavyTheme2/Resources/img/BlueRegisteredTradeMake.png", "https://www.navy.mil/Portals/_default/Skins/NavyTheme2/Resources/img/OfficialNavyLogo.svg", "https://www.navy.mil/Portals/_default/Skins/NavyTheme2/Resources/img/WhiteRegisteredTradeMake.png", "https://media.d...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Kearsarge Amphibious Ready Group departed the U.S. 5th Fleet area of operation, April 5, after successfully completing theater security cooperation and maritime security operations in the region.	en	/Portals/1/favicon.ico?ver=3RhUTQkyIDkSpYXFl462Ag%3d%3d	United States Navy	https://www.navy.mil/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2FPress-Office%2FPress-Releases%2Fdisplay-pressreleases%2FArticle%2F2256803%2Fkearsarge-arg-departs-us-5th-fleet%2F
4562	dbpedia	2	87	http://www.pecos.net/news/gab/pecosg16.htm	en	mail forum of the Pecos Enterprise, Daily Newspaper, Pecos, Texas			[ "http://www.pecos.net/news/images98/texpec.gif", "http://www.pecos.net/news/images98/dot.gif", "http://www.pecos.net/news/images99/museumbu.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "News", "Newspapers", "Daily Newspapers", "newspapers", "NEWSPAPERS", "Pecos Enterprise", "Traveling", "travelers", "TRAVEL", "TRAVELING", "Tourism", "Rodeos", "West of the Pecos Rodeo", "Coyanosa", "Pecos", "Trans Pecos", "Big Bend", "West Texas", "Rodeo", "Cowboy", "West of...	null	[]	null	Pecos Gab, e-mail forum of the Pecos Enterprise, Daily Newspaper for Pecos Country of West Texas, with Travel Guide				null	The wonderful thing about Pecos people is...that although gone...we never forget...the place where we started....the place where we met.....The faces may change...the building may fall...yet all over the planet...we stand proud and tall!! Hello Pecos....how is everyone??? Much love...Ana Miramontes-Roquemore Class of "82....you can e-mail me at winningteacher@hotmail.com... Subject: ray bentley Date: Sat, 4 Mar 2000 20:02:29 -0800 From: "Wayne Edmonds" go_dawgs@worldnet.att.net i am looking for information on a ray bentley that was rumored to have been connected to billy sol estes.he lived in the asheville n.c. area i believe in the 60's. you can email me at Linda Edmonds go_dawgs@worldnet.att.net Subject: assistance in locating 'an old army buddy' Date: Sat, 04 Mar 2000 21:17:42 -0500 From: Frank Plyler fplyler@bellsouth.net I have , for many years, been attempting to locate a John R. Ryan, John grew up in Pecos, will be in his late sixties or early seventies. We served together in Korea during 1952/53 in the 24th. Inf. Div. Any leads on locating John or someone in his family who would know of his whereabouts will be most appreciated. Plz contact me at: fplyler@bellsouth.net Thank you . . Subject: good ole Pecos people Date: Fri, 03 Mar 2000 14:56:46 CST From: "rodney mcadams" rmacadams@hotmail.com I was driving down the road one day and I asked myself this question, where has all the Pecos people gone? This question makes me think of the country song that has the verse "the world must be flat because people leave and never come back". Many people, graduates or not, have departed Pecos and never come back to visit. I wounder why this is. Pecos should have all alumni reunion so all exes can get together and have one great time. If anyone has a responses or comments please do not be afraid to speak out. Subject: PHS class of 1952 Date: Fri, 3 Mar 2000 09:56:46 EST From: TBEAUCH@aol.com Help! Help! Help! My wife, JoAnn Cook Beauchamp, is trying to help Mickey Buchanan, and others to get the 1952 class to join theirs in a big class reunion this June (is that right Mickey?). She needs help in getting together addresses and phone numbers to inform them of the reunion. If ANY of your readers can help with this information, please e-mail to tbeauch@aol.com. All help and information will be appreciated. Tommy and JoAnn Beauchamp Subject: Reflections Date: Tue, 29 Feb 2000 18:35:40 -0600 From: "RAY BOULTER" boult@wcc.net Joy, we are slowly but surly finding more and more of those wonderful people that graduated from Pecos High in 1957. Thanks mostly to this site. It really makes my day when we can locate such wonderful people as Eddie and Paula Roberts. If anyone reading this Gab line knows of someone who graduated in 1957 please tell them to contact me by putting a note in the Pecos Gab and I will contact them. We have a newsletter that goes out every so often keeping our classmates apprised of the goings on in the life of 57 Pecos High School ex's. Again thanks. Reflection I met an old friend today from a long ago time. I lied about his waistline and he in turn lied about mine. I noticed as we talked two gray haired old gentleman were standing to my right not far away. One wore a cowboy hat, like my friends to block the suns ray. My friend and I relived a time of carefree youth. And the fight in sixth grade when he knocked out my tooth. I wondered if we would ever be as old a sight, As the two gray haired old gentleman who were standing to my right. We talked of girlfriends who became wives, that we would die without. And the hills and valleys of our lives, that were filled with joy and doubt. As my friend tipped his cowboy hat and walked away, One of the gray haired old gentleman on my right turned and touched his hat in the same way. As I stood and watched my friend disappear from sight. I turned and smiled, at my reflection, in the window on my right. Ray & Jo Ann Boulter boult@wcc.net Subject: 1959 Date: Sat, 26 Feb 2000 16:50:55 -0600 From: "frances pohl" toots@techisp.com Hi, I graduated from Pecos High in 1959. Visited several timeover the years until my parents Frances and Prater Powell moved to San Angelo. I live in Hallettsville, Texas were my husband James Pohl was from. We lived in South Dakota for 3 years after we left Pecos and have lived in Texas since then. We have 4 children and 5 grandchildren 2 to 5. Our oldest son son lives in Yoakum Tx. He is an engineer with the highway department; he has 2 daughters. Our 2nd son lives, with his wife and 3year old in Belize City Belize. Our oldest daughter lives in Navasota where she home schools her 2 children. The youngest lives in a group home for mentaly retarded in Seguin. She is 22, if any one goes to Schlitterbaun in New Braunfels she will be working there at the gate this summer. My husband is a retired engineer and spends his days playing at being a gentleman farmer and hog hunting. I sew and bake bread. Any one who would like to contact me may do so a toots@techisp.com. So long for now. Frances Powell Pohl. Subject: HELLO PECOS Date: Sat, 26 Feb 2000 12:33:36 EST From: mmfielder@aol.com BEEN A LONG TIME BUT THE MEMORIES ARE STILL VERY STRONG. I LEFT PECOS ON FEB. 15, 1975 AND LEFT A VERY SPECIAL PLACE AND SOME OF THE BEST PEOPLE I HAVE KNOWN TO DATE. I RETURNED TO PECOS IN JULY 1995 AND FOUND MANY CHANGES. MY WIFE OF 18 YEARS AND TWO CHILDREN HAD NEVER SEEN MY HOMETOWN AND KNEW LITTLE OF THE PLACE I HAD GROWN UP IN. I GAVE THEM THE GRAND TOUR WITH THE FULL HISTORY OF EACH STOP ON THE TOUR. I HOPED TO SEE SOME OF THE OLD GANG STILL JUST AS IT USE TO BE. I HAD NO LUCK AND I RESIGNED MYSELF TO THE FACT THAT LIKE MYSELF THEY MUST HAVE MOVED ON. WE WERE ABOUT TO LEAVE TOWN WHEN THE FAMILY VOTED TO EAT BEFORE WE HEADED BACK TO MY UNCLES HOME IN MIDLAND. WE STOPPED AT THE D. Q. ACROSS FROM PHS AND AS WE ATE I TOLD THE FAMILY ABOUT THE MANY PEOPLE WHO TOUCHED MY LIFE IN THIS SMALL TOWN THAT HAS COME TO MEAN SO MUCH TO ME. IN A LAST DITCH ACT OF DESPERATION TO SEE AT LEAST ONE PERSON FROM MY PAST. I ASKED THE YOUNG WOMAN AT THE COUNTER IF SHE KNEW ANY OF THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE: THOMAS BEECHAM, JIMMY EDWARDS, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN MEEK THE 3RD, "SORRY BENJI," TOM MEUTH, JOHNNY ELLIOT, , ETC. THEN I CAME TO TONY DOWDY AND SHE TOLD ME THERE WAS A SGT. ON PPD NAMED DOWDY. WE FINISHED OUR MEAL, I TOOK MY FAMILY TO MEET THE MVP OF THE HICKORY STREET ALL-STARS . WHEN WE GOT TO THE STATION SGT. DOWDY WAS NOT THERE. IT WAS HIS DAY OFF AND IN KEEPING WITH POLICY THEY COULD NOT TELL ME WHERE HE LIVED. SO I TOLD THE KIDS THEY WOULDN'T BE MEETING CROWBAR DOWDY THIS TIME. THEN A YOUNG OFFICER WHO HAD GROWN UP IN PECOS AND HAD AN OLDER BROTHER WHO PLAYED BALL WITH US. UPON HEARING ME CALL HIM CROWBAR TOLD THE DISPATCHER TO GIVE ME TONY'S ADDRESS. WE WENT TO TONY'S HOME AND WHEN HE OPENED THE DOOR I WAS HOME AGAIN FOR THAT ALL TOO BRIEF MOMENT. THANK YOU PECOS. IT IS A POINT OF PRIDE FOR ME TO INFORM PEOPLE THAT I AM FROM PECOS, TEXAS. MARTIN M FIELDER (MARTY) (ALMOST) CLASS OF '76 mmfielder@aol.com Subject: No Subject Date: Fri, 25 Feb 2000 23:34:44 EST From: Ndegan@aol.com Hi! The Class of 1962 is working on our 40th reunion. Does anyone know Johnny Bingham's address? He was the president of our class and his address has gotten lost. I think he's in El Paso. Nancy Dean Egan Subject: Date: Fri, 25 Feb 2000 19:06:46 -0700 From: "eddiepaula" eddiepaula@theriver.com Well, well, well. Now this is a very nice and surprising site. I guess Ray Boulter has it right about marriages that last for Pecos people. Paula and I eloped (some of you will remember) then spent many many years overseas. 27 out of 32 to be exact. 20 with the US Army (Military Attache, Embassy) duties and then 12 with the US State Department overseas. Can't begin to tell you all about it here. Someday maybe. Our children keep tell us we need to write a book. Just might do that for them one of these days. For our precious grand children only of course. It would be great to hear from any and all of you old timers from the class of '57. We didn't graduate with you but our hearts were always with you. Most of you will remember us as Eddie Roberts and Paula Morris. It will be 45 years for us this year. We are looking ahead to many more, our Lord willing. Subject: Greetings Gabbers! Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2000 22:22:17 -0600 From: Randy Moss randy.moss.afa@worldnet.att.net Just wanted to say hello to everyone out there. Just spending another night out on the road working. Feel free to write, would love to hear from the past! Randy Moss Class 76 Subject: Long marraiges????????????? Date: Sun, 20 Feb 2000 13:40:48 -0600 From: "RAY BOULTER" boult@wcc.net It seems that every time I bring up the Pecos gab line someone is saying, "I married a girl or guy from Pecos 30-40 years ago". Maybe it was something in the water in Pecos. It just seems that many of those marriages are blessed and continue past the ones that seem to start and end within a year or two. But more than that each of these people continue to use the words "still in love with", or "met my beautiful wife 30 or 40 years ago". I have often said that nothing makes a woman more beautiful than a pair of cowgirl boots, jeans and a cowboy hat. Most of these unions began their courtship in school or college. Maybe we should rename Pecos High school and call it the fountain of youth for marriages because Pecos couples seem to stay together longer and be happier. However not only marriages but friendships that started in Pecos seem to go on and on and are more blessed each year. I am sure that the fact all of these wonderful people are from Pecos is only a coincidence and that you could find the same situation in hundreds of homes towns all over America. However it is nice to say, "I met my wife in Pecos, Texas Or I married a perfect girl from Pecos Texas". It is always a great joy to read the messages that you continue to receive Joy. Again thanks for you work. Ray Boulter boult@wcc.net Subject: Great Site Date: Wed, 16 Feb 2000 22:18:10 -0600 From: Wayne Stringer ranger@abilene.com Peggy, I found the site after hearing from Joy Brown Ray. Gosh it was so great to get to hear from her and several others that I haven't seen or heard from in over 30 years. I'm looking forward to the 30 year class reunion in June. Even though I didn't graduate with the class I did go thru 1st (and some of them kindergarten) to the 10th grade. I married a boy from Mississippi that was working there in Pecos, we have been married 31 years now. I'm looking forward to seeing everyone. Thanks for the great work here on the Pecos Gab, its great. Thanks, Kathy Lukins Stringer Subject: Searching for old friends Date: Wed, 16 Feb 2000 18:32:17 -0800 (PST) From: Nativus Broke eightywest@yahoo.com Does anyone know the whereabouts of Sue and Loui (class of 66ish), Pete Smyth, Bob Huckabee, Jesse James, Ed Painter, Barbara Tyler, Johnny Goodrich, Dave Evans, Herb Manning? If so please contact me. Subject: New Address Date: Tue, 15 Feb 2000 17:12:13 -0600 From: "Tony & Jodi Carr" tcarr@neto.com Subject: Looking for an annual Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2000 13:28:21 -0800 From: "amigo" fuerza@inreach.com Hello Pecos, I barely graduated with the class of 1978, I suppose, because I drove around town every night like a taxi driver. But I must admit this much: some of my happiest chapters in life were definitely in Pecos!! You know, I still remember whipping every school in football that school year except Andrews. Believe me, we were a tough flock of eagles - thanks to Coach Milsaps. At any rate, I'm writing to find out how I can get my hands on an annual of my senior year, since I lost it many years ago to vandalism. Does anyone know how? And if you do know how, please write me and let me know real soon. And, please, forgive me if I don't give out my name. You see, some people may mistake me for the Marquis de Sade himself. Sincerely, an alumnu Subject: Date: Sat, 12 Feb 2000 10:35:58 +1300 From: cca cca@denver.navy.mil Hi everyone, this Ralph Tarango. I am trying to get a hold of Tony Aguilar. I read that he is running for Sheriff and I would like to pass on some information that might help him. Tony if you read this send me a email at cca@denver.navy.mil thanks Ralph Tarango Subject: New e-mail address Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2000 22:08:20 -0600 From: "Michael Beckham" mcsbpb@home.net Peggy, you really have a good site here. I have heard from people I haven't spoken to for 30 years. Found old classmates, and friends, and found some people I thought were lost to the world. Keep this thing going. There's people all over from Pecos. I think we found out there's more in the world than cantaloupe, onions and rattlesnakes. Mike Beckham mcsbpb@home.net Subject: Web site for Class of '79 Date: Tue, 8 Feb 2000 00:24:46 EST From: YaklinRudy@aol.com Hello all ! Just a quick note to let you all know what a wonderful site this is. Is anyone interested in getting a site together for the Class of '79, or is the one already? I hope if information is out there some one will contact me. Thanks so much, Rhonda Bryant (Yaklin) Subject: new asddress Date: Fri, 04 Feb 2000 10:51:43 MST From: "Jaime Matta" jaimematta@hotmail.com Hello my name is Jaime Matta class of 86' How is everbody doing? Hopefully everybody is doing well. Just wanted to let you know about my new e-mail address: jaimematta@hotmail.com. I'm sorry if I let some of you down with not getting my new address sooner hopefully I hear from Thanks Jaime Matta (ponito) Subject: Charles (Eddy) Armstrong Class of 1956 Date: Thu, 3 Feb 2000 20:28:30 -0600 From: "Charles Armstrong" cea99@ccape.net I have a new E-Mail address.cea99@ccape.net Subject: Class of 1988 Date: Sat, 22 Jan 2000 15:26:28 -0600 From: "DerekSorley" dksgohuskers@neto.com There are several people from our class that I keep in touch with on a regular basis. However, I am looking for Amy Shields and Becca Ferguson. If you know their email addresses please forward. My husband and I are living in Sulphur Springs. We have two children, Christopher - 7 and McKenzie - 3. Hope to hear from the Class of 1988. Nicole (Ricketson) Sorley Subject: Class of 1971 Date: Wed, 02 Feb 2000 21:12:40 -0600 From: Liz Dick eadi@ionet.net Hello from Bartlesville, Oklahoma! My name is Liz Sutton Dick. I have not been able to visit Pecos since I graduated in 1971, so I am REALLY out of touch with everyone. I would love to hear about any plans for a future reunion, or it would be great to hear from some of you and what you have been up to. I work for Phillips Petroleum Company as an executive secretary to a vice president. I've been married since 1972 and have 2 grown daughters. Life has been great, but it is flying by way to fast. It would be nice to get in touch with my past. Hope to hear from some of you soon. Subject: Re: Heres a voice from the past Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2000 23:00:37 -0600 From: Terry Burns pcs@arn.net Peggy - Ran across the web site - looks really good - been a long time but I still have fond memories of Pecos and often have done something to benefit the community over the years. Old loyalties, you know. Finally got out of chamber of commerce work after 27 years and now and now am the asst. dir. for a community action agency here in Amarillo. Mostly I write, with 8 books done 6 still for sale and two under contract to come out this year. I ended up marrying my high school sweetheart some 30 years after we went together. Teresa has two kids and Bryan has one. I have two others via Saundra. Youngest is 3, oldest is 17. Like I say, I did chamber work for 27 years, then stayed home and wrote full time for three years. Often did things during the chamber years and even yet to help Pecos. Old habits and loyalties die hard. I've sold articles, poetry for greeting cards, and published four non-fiction books related to chamber work. Since I've started writing fiction I've written ten novels. Terry Burns Editor's note: Terry was chamber manager in the 70s when I was managing editor of the Enterprise. He brought me KFC as a bribe to write nice things about the chamber. He was also a great help in covering some events we couldn't get to. Peggy Subject: class reunion Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2000 21:44:19 -0600 From: "Johnny Davis" scooter.57@gateway.net Just wanted to send a email as to if there is going to be a 25 year reunion for the class of 75 this year Johnny Davis class Of 75 Subject: THIS GAP IS GREAT Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2000 20:19:13 EST From: LuzRdrgz@aol.com WELL, I'M WRITING AGAIN CAUSE A VERY DEAR FRIEND HAS WRITTEN TO ME.AND ALL BECAUSE OF THE PECOS GAP. WHICH I THINK IS GREAT. HER NAME IS PRESCILLA LARA. THE PROBLEM IS THAT WHEN I TRYED TO WRITE HER BACK THE E-MAIL CAME BACK. I TRYED TWICE. SO IF ANYONE KNOWS PRESEILLA, CAN YOU PLEASE LET HER KNOW THAT, AM, TRYING TO E-MAIL HER BACK BUT THE E-MAIL CAME BACK. THEIR IS AN SOME KIND OF ERROR ON THE E-MAIL ADDRESS. THANKS LUZ (VASQUEZ) RODRIGUEZ Subject: Pecos Gab Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2000 00:58:38 EST From: TARILAS@aol.com Hello Pecos exes, Greetings and salutations from beautiful San Diego. I think the Pecos Gab is great. I graduated in 1972 and joined the Navy. I've since retired and living in San Diego. Every now and than I visit my family in Pecos and Odessa. Looking forward to the 1972 class reunion. If anybody remembers me and wants to give me a shout, come on. My address is TARILAS@aol.com. Later everybody. George Franco Jimenez Subject: Class of'79 Date: Sat, 29 Jan 2000 18:46:47 -0600 From: "David Ormsby" ormsby5@txucom.net My name is David Ormsby and I graduated in '79. I left Pecos after graduation. I have lived in Lufkin(TX), for 18 of the last 20 years. I've been married for 18 1/2 years, I have 3 children: Robin-17, Sara-15, Drew-13. I would like to say hi to everyone that wsa part of the youth gruop of Calvary Baptist Church between 1975 and 1980. I would love to hear from anyone at Pecos. Please write me atormsby5@txucom.net -------------------------------------------------- Subject: Hello Pecos Date: Fri, 28 Jan 2000 14:22:22 -0600 From: "Robert Franco" francora@ecisd.esc18.net My name is Robert Franco and I am a 1988 graduate of Pecos High School. I am currently teaching in Odessa, Texas, but I am finishing up my master's degree in mid-management and hope to be a principal in the Fall. I spent two years teaching in Pecos and I got the chance to teach at my old Elementary(Pecos Elem.) and my old Jr. High. (Crockett) Despite all of the negative publicity, I think Pecos kids are great. I had the opportunity to teach these kids and I must admit that the majority were well mannered bright kids. I grew up in Pecos and have many friends there. I have a confession to make, however. I married a Monahans girl. Jessica and I have a six-year old boy named "Bobby" and he is attending Reagan Academic Magnet school in Odessa. (he's in Kinder and is reading on a 3rd grade leve!!!~ A chip off the old block!) Does anyone know if Lucious Flores or Fito Tarin have an Email address? Subject: contact from old friends Date: Thu, 27 Jan 2000 22:24:26 -0500 From: "Kilgore's Residence" rkilgore@esper.com Toressa Baker Kilgore graduated in 1962 and I (Ronnie Kilgore) graduated in 1960. We would like to hear from anyone who might still remember us. Ron Kilgore Subject: Just a note Date: Wed, 26 Jan 2000 00:07:07 EST From: McLainMCMcLain@aol.com Well, Mitchell sent a note so it's my turn. Just a quick hello to everyone at and from HOME. Yes I said home, it will always be that way. Most everyone knows what is going on with me but I'll tell a little about what some may not know. I married an older Pecos girl 11yrs ago. (Glenda Anderson...Lewis for awhile... now McLain). She had a wonderful son of 6 when we married, John Scott Lewis. John is a senior at Greenwood High School. Made All-State honorable mention this year in football and the greatest step-son a man could ask for. We have two girls, 9 and 10 years old. They are wonderful. I have been with Midland Police Department for 18+ years and will promote to Sergeant on January 31st, 2000. (First time in Patrol in 12 years). Glenda has raised the kidos until about 4 or 5 months ago. She is now gainfully employeed at the Greenwood Baptist Church. Probably by the time anyone reads this, I'll be off the web due to losing the computer due to the job change. I'll check in with Mitch periodically to see who got bored with this letter. I hope that everyone that reads this knows that Jesus loves you and so do we. Michael & Glenda McLain Subject: 1970 class reunion Date: Mon, 24 Jan 2000 16:52:09 EST From: Rdriver3@aol.com Hello. My name is Susan Browder Driver and I am working on locating people from the class of 1970 to tell them about the 30 year reunion which will be in Pecos on June 2 and 3. I have already found over 100 people and you can find out where they all are if you go to our website: http://www.idrive.com/phs70/web/index.html I still need to find about 50 people or so, and I'm hoping that someone reading Pecosgab might have some sort of information about the location of the following women: Doris Akins Goodridge, Linda Becker, Susie Brazier, Debbie Cravens Hunt, Jesusita Gonzales, Carolyn Gregg Williams, Marilyn Gregg, Blanca Guebara, Debora Hanson Butler, Diana Harding, Elfida Hernandez, Mary Ellen Hernandez, Mary Luz Hernandez, Diane Johnson, Carol Lamb Elswick, Ruth Longbine Lauderdale, Carmen Maldanado, Elida Mendoza, Janet Owens Toms, Barbara Peek, Beatrice Pena, Shelly Philbrick, Estella Rayos Rodriquez, Eloisa Reyes, Becky Rodriquez, Nancy Rosson Gardener, Josehpine Simmons, Bebby Smith Brown, Sandra Villaloboz. Missing men: Bill Browning, Jose Chabarria, Bruce Clayton, Hector Dominguez, Robert Gonzales, Fidel Hermaza, Gilbert Herrera, Gilbert Jaramillo, Lloyd McNeil, Warren Morgan, George Newell, Arturo Ortiz, Jerry Revel, Sammy Rodriquez, Joe Salas, Joe Sexton, Joe Vasquez, Dana Wilson, Rodney Williams If you know anything about these people that could get me started on finding them, I would appreciate an email or phone call 713-479-0674. Information that would help would include the phone number or name and location of a sibling or parent. Thank you very much!!!! Subject: Salt Capital Date: Sat, 22 Jan 2000 16:24:47 -0600 From: "Frank Lott" flott@lakecountry.net Hello from the salt capital, Grand Saline, Texas. I have been reading the Pecos Gab and have found a lot of people that I would love to see. This is Connie Beckham Lott, a graduate of 1974. I now live in Grand Saline with my husband Frank Lott who was from the big town of Toyah. We have two beautiful daughters Sallee', 17 and Abby, 14. Sallee' will be graduating in May and attending East Texas Baptist University majoring in marketing and playing on the girl's golf team. Abby is a freshman and loves playing varsity basketball. She does quite well for a shortie. Frank has worked for Delhi Gas Corporation for the past 25 years, now known as KOCH. I have been in education for 20 years and currently, I am the principal at the best little school in "East Texas," Grand Saline Elementary. It is amazing how small our world really is, as Marilyn Neslony Smith is one of my greatest first grade teachers and lived right up the block from me when we were growing up. If anyone lives in our area and has an early childhood degree, come by and see me. I am always looking for great, enthusiastic teachers when we have openings. My mom and dad, Fred and Beverley Beckham live in Grand Saline too. Dad is still his humorous self and my mom works as an executive secretary at Austin Bank. Mike Beckham is my brother and lives in McKinney, Texas and Patti Beckham, my sister lives in Weatherford, Texas. It is good to read and find out where everyone is living. Orla, well what memories we have to tell. Hello again to everyone back in Pecos and Orla and best wishes to all. Connie Beckham Lott Subject: Hello from Gilda Gutierrez Rodriguez Date: Thu, 20 Jan 2000 10:06:09 -0600 (CST) From: GildaGRodriguez@webtv.net (gilda rodriguez) I really enjoy reading Pecos Gab and think it's a great way to keep in touch with the home base. I am currently living in Texarkana, Tx with my family and am going to school. I would like to hear from any of my classmates of 1988 and try to set a little something up for a reunion since we didn't have our 10 year reunion. I spoke to a couple of the guys during Thanksgiving in Pecos who seemed interested in getting together so lets make an effort to do so. If anyone has e-mail addresses for Leslie Ontiveros and Elizabeth Patterson, please forward them to me. Hope to hear from you guys. GILDA Subject: Going Home! Date: Tue, 18 Jan 2000 21:21:01 EST From: CTaylo2050@aol.com Greetings from a very cold Pecos gal living in Jeffersonville, Indiana! We had sheets of ice instead of rain last night and this morning...man it was COLD! I'll be going home to Pecos on Sunday, January 23 and be visiting with my mon and dad, Tino and Lupe Acosta. Hope to see my friends while I'm home! Celina Acosta-Taylor Subject: Old times------------------------- Date: Sun, 16 Jan 2000 19:07:27 EST From: HELWHONOZ@aol.com What a blast from the past to find this site-----just wanted to say hello to the few who may remember me from that far back! Great site keep up the good work. Skip Owens Nederland, Texas HELWHONOZ@AOL.COM Subject: Hello Pecos Date: Sun, 9 Jan 2000 14:27:56 -0800 (PST) From: jim dearing jcdearing@yahoo.com Hi Pecos, I recently discovered the Pecos gab site.Sure have enjoyed the reading.I graduated in 1971,and left pecos in 1976 . I have visited home many times over the past years, as my folks still lived in the area,until this past year.This summer I got to spend some time with David Pattillo, his wife Jan, and John and Linda Clark as well as Beau Jack and Tina Hendrick. I have missed them all and they are all special friends. If anyone knows of Steve Beauregard's , Bill Mauldin, or Tom Passmore's where abouts, let me know Thanks Jim Dearing I can be reached at jcdearing@yahoo.com Subject: the gab, is great Date: Sun, 9 Jan 2000 12:19:09 EST From: LuzRdrgz@aol.com the gab, is great, i just found it looking thru the pecos paper on line also born & raised in pecos. i now live in irving, tx. home of the DALLAS COWBOYS my maidan name is luz vasquez. i too went earl bell. and also remember mr. portillo and ms. jones. all my brothers and sisters and my mom have moved away from pecos. my sisters are terry mendoza, anna navarrette. and my brothers are tito, gilbert, and hector that has passed a few years ago. and also my beloved dad hipolito vasquez has passed on i would like to hear from old friends. that would be great to know where everybobys at. i have three children. my oldest, henry lozano jr. 29 yr. old and the twins 25 anna lozano & diana lozano dorado. talk to later. bye for now. Subject: HELLO PECOS!!!!!!!!!! Date: Sat, 8 Jan 2000 15:48:39 EST HELLO TO EVERYONE BACK HOME IN PECOS FROM WAY UP HERE IN PINEY EAST TEXAS.(TEXARAKANA,TEXAS) JUST FOUND OUT ABOUT THIS SITE FROM ANOTHER PECOS NATIVE UP HERE WORKING WITH MY HUSBAND FOR THE BUREAU OR PRISONS. CURRENTLY I AM ENJOYING LIFE WITH MY HUSBAND AND TWO WONDERFUL KIDS AND ATTENDING COLLEGE FULL-TIME MAJORING IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (ACCOUNTING). IF ANYONE WISHES TO E-MAIL AND SAY HELLO FEEL FREE: LILIACFRANCO@HOTMAIL.COM HELLO TO ALL MY CLASSMATES FROM '90. WHERE ARE YOU ALL?????? Subject: Happy New Year! Date: Sat, 08 Jan 2000 10:50:23 -0700 From: Karen Kay Darancou KarenKay@uswest.net I have been reading the Pecos gab for a few months now, since I heard about it through a blast from my past and have recognized alot of names. I really haven't anything special to say, but did want to get my e-mail address out there in case any classmates from PHS in the early 70's remember me. I did not graduate from Pecos. I moved on to El Paso my sophmore year, but I had family still there for years, and would go back to visit often. My 2 brothers, David & Clifford, went there also, and are now living in Midland within 1 mile from my mom. I have been in Phoenix, AZ since 1979. I am married to my high school sweetheart from El Paso - Rick, have two boys 17 & 15, Brandon & Jason. My name is Karen Vinson Darancou. Ring a bell to anyone? Hope so, and Happy New Year! Subject: GREETINGS FROM WAY OUT IN EAST TEXAS!!!!(TEXARAKANA) Date: Fri, 7 Jan 2000 15:54:30 EST HELLO TO EVERYONE BACK IN PECOS FROM TEXARAKANA,TEXAS!!!! MY NAME IS ROBERT CARRASCO AND I JUST FOUND THIS SITE A COUPLE OF DAYS AGO. I AM CURRENTLY WORKING HERE IN TEXARKANA WITH THE BUREAU OF PRISONS. I HAVE BEEN HERE FOR ALMOST TWO YEARS . IT IS VERY BEAUTIFUL UP HERE AS COMPARED TO PECOS. I STILL MISS ALL THE COOKING AND FUN TIMES THOUGH BACK HOME.... IF ANYONE FROM THE CLASS OF '91 WANTS TO E-MAIL ME, PLEASE FELL FREE: ROBERTCARRASCO@HOTMAIL.COM.... Subject: Shure do miss y'all Date: Fri, 4 Jan 1980 03:20:49 -0500 From: "gloria" nannaglo@gte.net Hi Pecos ! Just A few lines to let you know That after14 years I still miss Pecos. I'm still living in Florida but sometimes wish I was back out there. I made some wonderful friends while I was living in Pecos and thank God,I've been able to keep in touch with them. I'm hoping to be able to visit again this summer,I'ts been A long time since my last vacation. I don't care where you go down here,you just can't find A good cantelope! Hi and I love you to all my friends ,and adopted family I had out there,and B.Jo,keep the faith you will make it to Florida and Disney World! Bye for now,Gloria E-mail,nannaglo@g Subject: Pecos gab Date: Wed, 5 Jan 2000 22:57:19 EST From: YaklinRudy@aol.com Thanks so much for this site. I enjoy reading the things that go on there. Pecos had some wonderful people. Thanks again, Rhonda Bryant Yaklin Subject: Hello from Abilene Date: Sat, 1 Jan 2000 03:37:10 -0600 From: msmclain@web-runner.com(Mitchell McLain) Hi friends in Pecos. I thought it would be fun to let you know that Sindy and I are now up and running on the internet. I am still working for the Taylor County Sheriffs Dept. as a patrol supervisor Sindy and I have two wonderful children,Clay 9 and Christen 5. Sindy is working for Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas as a customer dervice rep. We have a wonderful church,FBC Buffalo Gap. We were excited to find several people from Pecos there. Scott and Lisa Turner, Mr and Mrs Allan Jones, Shaun [Burke] Woodly, and on occassion we see Truman Turk there. Peggy it is great to see that you are doing so much to keep Pecos in minds and hearts. God bless you. Wade told me about the site several months ago but we just got our computer yesterday and I could not wait to find it. God Bless You All, Mitchell McLain Subject: Hello! Date: 31 Dec 99 10:05:36 CST From: Kathryn Roberts kathryn_99@usa.net Hi Pecos, I haven't written in awhile. I am so glad that Pecos Gab is still going strong. Just wanted to tell everyone that I hope you had a nice Christmas and wish you all a Happy and Prosperous New Year. My mom and dad live in Midland and my mother-in-law still lives in Pecos. We get out that way some, but not as much as we would like. My dad just recently had a triple bypass and I was in Midland during that time. I ran into Larry and Martha Fleming at the hospital. It was really good to see them. My dad is recovering slowly but thank the good Lord he is still with us. Hope you are all doing well. Good to see that Joy is still writing in. Hi Joy!! Take care everyone and Peggy, keep Pecos Gab going. I still hear from long lost friends. It is so nice!! Kathryn Greenhill Roberts More Gab News \| Sports \| Lifestyle \| Opinion \| Return to top State News San Angelo Standard Times Abilene Reporter News Fort Worth Star-Telegram Dallas Morning News Texas Press Association Weather National News USA Today York (Pa.) Daily Record Sister Paper to Pecos Enterprise Search Entire Site: Pecos Enterprise York M. "Smokey" Briggs, Publisher Peggy McCracken, Webmaster Division of Buckner News Alliance, Inc. 324 S. Cedar St., Pecos, TX 79772 Phone 915-445-5475, FAX 915-445-4321 e-mail news@pecos.net
4562	dbpedia	3	69	https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/article/2022-07-07/heres-true-story-about-how-uc-irvine-got-nickname-anteaters	en	Here's the true story about how UC Irvine got the nickname 'Anteaters'	https://www.ncaa.com/_fl…d4&itok=PmtAGnae	https://www.ncaa.com/_fl…d4&itok=PmtAGnae	[ "https://www.ncaa.com/sites/default/files/images/logos/schools/bgl/xavier.svg", "https://www.ncaa.com/sites/default/files/images/logos/schools/bgl/wash-jeff.svg", "https://www.ncaa.com/sites/default/files/images/logos/schools/bgl/florida.svg", "https://www.ncaa.com/sites/default/files/images/logos/schools/bgl...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Andy Wittry \| NCAA.com", "NCAA.com" ]	2022-07-07T00:00:00	Here's everything you need to know about the history behind how UC Irvine adopted the nickname 'Anteaters.'	en	/apple-touch-icon.png	NCAA.com	https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/article/2022-07-07/heres-true-story-about-how-uc-irvine-got-nickname-anteaters	NCAA.com has previously taken college sports fans down the rabbit hole behind how some of the country's most beloved college mascots came to be. While Yale's living, breathing bulldog mascot Handsome Dan wasn't the first real-life bulldog the school had, Handsome Dan I started a lineage that now stretches to Handsome Dan XVIII. As unlikely as it sounds, Youngstown State is nicknamed the Penguins because of a remark an opposing basketball coach reportedly made five years before there was a student poll to decide the school's mascot. All because of an unheated locker room and the lack of warmups caused Youngstown State's basketball team to wave their arms like penguins. The stories behind the mascots at Alabama, Arizona, Virginia Tech and Wake Forest are all compelling, too. Here's the true story of how UC Irvine adopted the nickname Anteaters. What is an anteater? Giant anteaters, or just "anteaters," are among the most threatened mammals in Central America, according to National Geographic. Anteaters can weigh anywhere from 40 to 140 pounds, from head to tail they can grow to about 85 inches long (about seven feet) and they eat insects. Former UC Irvine student government officer Jim Breslo told the Los Angeles Times, "The anteater is not threatening, but if he is attacked, he will fight to the death. As UCI students, we're all anteaters. People might think it's embarrassing at first. But by the time they leave, they're proud of it." Do any other schools have the nickname 'Anteaters'? There is only one Anteater mascot among NCAA Division I schools and it belongs to UC Irvine. In 1989, former UC Irvine marketing director Carl Herrman told the Los Angeles Times, "My philosophy is [that] a place should have its own personality and a mascot helps to do that. We're the only anteater as far as we know. We should stand out from the menagerie." Where did the nickname 'Anteaters' come from? Like many college mascot origin stories, the nickname "Anteaters" involved a student vote. Some of the other options on the ballot? Bison. Seahawks. Centaurs. Toros. Roadrunners. "None of these." But the more interesting aspect to the school's nickname and mascot is how "Anteaters" ended up on the ballot in the first place. Water polo players Pat Glasgow and Bob Ernst, who were on UC Irvine's first water polo team, are credited as the students who proposed the nickname after – as one version of the story goes – they had taken a liking to an anteater in a comic called "B.C." designed by Johnny Hart, according to UC Irvine's website. "B.C." features caveman-type characters, along with dinosaurs, ants, and yes, an anteater, among other animals. It is still in circulation today, although thanks to the drawing of Mason Mastroianni, after Hart's death in 2007. A UC Irvine-themed anteater, drawn by Hart, is shown below. A blog published on UC Irvine's libraries website presents a slightly different story, saying that Glasgow thought of a potential anteater mascot "as he sat in the sun, working as a Newport Beach lifeguard" in the summer of 1965. "It wasn't an epiphany," Glasgow said later, according to the school. "I just had a thought – Irvine Anteaters. It just rolled off the tongue." NCAA.com spoke with Audra Eagle Yun, Head of Special Collections & Archives at UC Irvine. "Well, it's a little bit mixed because the different interviews they've had with the students who kind of pushed for it, apparently one of them was a lifeguard and it kind of just came to him," Yun said. "He didn't know why, but it was probably from the comic strip and ultimately, that was the image that they started pushing." "That was the only popular representation of the anteater in that time," she said. "It was a very popular comic strip at the time." That fall, Glasgow and fellow dorm residents Schuyler Bassett, and Bob and Bill Coleman, handed out anteater buttons, including one design based off of the Playboy logo (shown below), and started "B.C."-inspired cheers, such as the following: "Give 'em the tongue, give 'em the tongue, give 'em the tongue, where? Right in the ear, right in the ear, right in the ear, Zot!" Ernst and Glasgow, along with the "creative marketing genius of fellow student Schuyler Hadley Bassett," campaigned for the Anteater on campus, according to the university. During move-in day at their dormitory, Glasgow and Ernst reportedly welcomed all the students and campaigned for the Anteater mascot, saying things like, "You know what the mascot is don't you? An Anteater. You better believe it." According to the Los Angeles Times, there was an informal student poll during the all-university dance in October 1965 and Anteaters won. UC Irvine's athletic director at the time, Wayne Crawford, told the Los Angeles Times, "I liked Seahawks and one other, Bearacudas [sic]." Renderings were made for several mascot options. Here's the sketch of mascot for "Explorers," courtesy of the UC Irvine Libraries. "Selecting your mascot means a lot more than meets the eye," Crawford said. "For one thing, it should be something that will not become an object of derision. I heard one suggestion for the name 'Anteaters.' You can imagine what would happen to that. Newspaper headlines have to shorten everything, so you have to be careful from that standpoint. "Radio and television announcers don't like to get tangled up on tricky pronunciations. Finally, your mascot must lend itself to a good rousing cheer." However, Crawford told the Los Angeles Times to not bet on his favorite candidates – Seahawks and Bearacudas. Crawford had been the athletic director at UC Riverside when the university chose "Highlanders," even though Crawford like "Bearcats." Soon after the informal poll, UC Irvine's administration "aired its disapproval," according to the Los Angeles Times, which only emboldened the pro-Anteaters students. "While the final selection has the potential of either making or breaking the university image, there are no guidelines to direct the students as they meditate upon their prospective mascot," the L.A. Times reported. At UC Irvine water polo matches, where Ernst and Glasgow played for the university, students chanted "Zot!" – a sound that the Los Angeles Times noted was the sound of the anteater's tongue in the comic strip. "Students expect 'Zot' to be carried on into basketball and be shouted when Irvine gets the ball and repeated, 'Zot, zot, zot' as the team peppers the basket," the Los Angeles Times reported on Oct. 24, 1965. Sports Illustrated referenced UC Irvine's new cheer in an issue published on Nov. 8, 1965, helping the Anteaters go mainstream. Today, the campus email is called "Zotmail" and there's a chain of convenience stores called "Zot 'n Go." Thanks to a student vote on Nov. 30, 1965, "Anteaters" officially became UC Irvine's nickname, receiving 559 of 998 votes, or 56 percent. It needed 51 percent to win. It may come as a surprise that the second-leading vote-getter was "None of these" with 121 votes. "The election confirmed what most everybody had suspected for weeks – that 'Anteaters' would win," the Los Angeles Times reported, however a 1989 Los Angeles Times story called it "a rigged election." "No," Yun said, laughing, when asked if she has heard anything about some election day shenanigans. "But the circumstances of the vote, right, who conducted it and things like that, that's not clear to me. I can't say one way or the other whether that was a situation or not." The following story was published in the Los Angeles Times on Nov. 30, 1965. "At long last, UC Irvine has made one of the most momentous decisions of its young life," the Times reported. Even after the nickname became official, there was still push-back against it. A United Press International newspaper write story editorialized that it was a "nickname that would dismay any coach." The story also called names like Centaurs and Seahawks "more conventional choices." Crawford, UC Irvine's athletic director, told the UPI: "Actually, I'm not too much in favor of it, and I'm skeptical about the name as a permanent thing." Well, 55 years later, Anteaters appears to be pretty permanent. "A mascot can either be an asset or a liability," Herrman, the former marketing director, told the Los Angeles Times. "We think there's no end to the things we can do with our anteater. It's an affectionate character. Everyone loves it. No one has yelled, 'Stop it with the anteaters already.'" Years later, Glasgow, who's credited with originally proposing the mascot, said, "I hope people enjoy the uniqueness of the Anteater. It wasn't done in jest or to make fun of the university system, it was just an antihero of the time." Why didn't UC Irvine take after other UC system schools that had bear mascots? A few schools in the University of California system have bear-related nicknames, namely University of California-Berkeley (the Golden Bears) and UCLA (the Bruins). "I was at the beach thinking about how we were going to be UCI's charter students and how we needed a mascot," Glasgow told the school years later. "It was the '60s. I was part of a generation that questioned everything. So I wasn't thinking about a traditional mascot, like Tommy the Trojan or a bear." Yun, the Head of Special Collections & Archives at UC Irvine, told NCAA.com, "It seems pretty clear that there were some higher-ups – it's unclear which ones – who wanted it to be a bear. The tradition in the University of California [system] was some version of the bear, just to kind of follow suit with Berkeley." However, neither UC Irvine nor UC Santa Cruz, which were founded in the same year, followed Berkeley's footsteps, or paw prints. "So, very similar story there with students trying to say, 'We're not going to be just like anybody else,'" Yun said. The decision to chart a new course in the naming of the university's mascot – unique both in the University of California system and nationally – may have been a reflection of the sociopolitical climate on UC Irvine's campus in the '60s. "It almost seems to run along the narrative of 'the students were more independent-minded,'" Yun said, "because they were willing to be a part of something that had just started and why not give yourself a name that no one else has." "My understand of what it was like, having spent some time with some of the alumni," Yun said, "was it was a quiet place, that there wasn't a lot to do and there was a very wind-swept landscape. There were, what, eight or nine buildings and this was the excitement. That and sports. We didn't have any of the – of course – technology that we have today, the ability to get around. Most of them recollect their friends being like 'Where's Irvine? What is that?'" "I'm sure they were politically engaged and didn't take themselves too seriously as being driven by the state government or the university's priorities." What does the Anteater mascot look like? UC Irvine's Anteater mascot is named Peter. Peter the Anteater. However, the Los Angeles Times story published on on Aug. 10, 1989 reported that "Peter has suffered from species confusion over the years, often appearing as a lesser anteater with a ratlike tail and threatening claws, sometimes as a tree-hanging, two-toed anteater and, occasionally, as a common aardvark." "Johnny Hart made him look somewhere between an aardvark and an anteater," Yun said. "Students, and most people in the United States, I would say, don't know the difference." To remedy the confusion around the mascot's identity and appearance, UC Irvine enlisted the help of a new marketing director, Carl Herrman, who had previously designed a mascot for Syracuse, according to the Los Angeles Times. "I was infatuated by the anteater," Herrman said. "But we were using so many different types on T-shirts, ads, and other items that he didn't have a clear identity." To improve the mascot's look and to clear up any confusion, Herrman embarked on a $3,000 campaign in which he went to zoos in San Diego, Santa Barbara and the state of Washington to observe anteaters, and UC Irvine enlisted the help of a graphics firm, that drew more than 200 anteater designs. The following was published in the Los Angeles Times, when the Anteater was redesigned to be standing up on two feet like a human, wearing shorts and shoes, and looking athletic. "Peter no longer spends all his time on all fours like a dog," reported the Los Angeles Times. "Gone are the talons, the oversized ears and the humpback." Instead, depictions of Peter the Anteater showed him sailing or playing water polo or soccer. He often exhibited a stereotypical California persona, complete with sunglasses and sandals. "You can see that Athletics has changed the way that Peter looks to be more of a muscular kind of creature," Yun said. "I would say some of the early ones, it was like a lanky, almost like a horse standing up kind of thing, and now it's a very buff guy. I think it has to do with the marketing of the basketball team. I think as their standing has risen, you want a mascot that is keeping up with the stature and visual cues of someone who's going to fight. "I will say that does come up in the early years of the students – Schuyler, Bob and Bill, and Pat – they were saying, 'An anteater won't fight unless someone brings a fight to it,' you know, if it's in a corner." In 2015, Peter the Anteater won Mashable's Mascot March Madness bracket, beating Maryland's Testudo the Turtle in the championship. Hart, the creator of the "B.C." comic, never visited UC Irvine's campus, according to the school, whose website says, "he was thrilled when asked if the university could use his anteater as a mascot model, says his daughter Patti Pomeroy." "I was only about 10 at the time, but I remember it was kind of a big deal," Pomeroy told UCI. "My mother cut out all the newspaper articles about the mascot and put them in a scrapbook. Dad was always really proud of it." Today, Hart's grandson Mason Mastroianni, who's the son of Pomeroy, is the artist behind the "B.C." comic. "Peter's gotten pretty buff, compared to the anteater that my father drew," Pomeroy told the school. "It's been quite a progression." "My favorite story is knowing that Johnny Hart loved that we loved his anteater," Yun said. "The fact that this artist who never came to UCI knew that the students stole his work and was like, 'That's great.' And that later, much later, this was just a couple years ago, we officially asked, 'Do we have your permission to use your artwork?' and his family – his grandson now does his artwork for "B.C.," it's continued to this day – and the family was just honored. "That's just one of my favorite stories, the fact that bridge between Johnny Hart as an artist, seeing that the students grabbed onto his work in this really awkward, weird thing, and then he sent a piece of artwork to UCI and said, 'Zot, zot.'"
4562	dbpedia	3	90	https://www.wdam.com/story/27379317/southern-miss-wants-fan-feedback-on-golden-eagle-logos/	en	Southern Miss wants fan feedback on Golden Eagle logos	https://gray-wdam-prod.c…t=600&smart=true	https://gray-wdam-prod.c…t=600&smart=true	[ "https://gray-wdam-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/ATUAAJK5NRGOVIYSRQBGJ5MJPI.jpg?auth=b83c6a8f12a18280a8424fa8dd14df777b2c023dc9d2b63bfaf5302d93c56973&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-wdam-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/TMVCJOO23RDBZB6RPDNWV67JOY.jpg?auth=ea112f87c0bbf00d456b3eab2dd5d...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "WDAM" ]	2014-11-14T02:22:49+00:00	The University of Southern Mississippi will soon change their Golden Eagle logo, as soon as feedback is gathered from fans to help create the final design.	en	//webpubcontent.gray.tv/gray/arc-fusion-assets/images/favicons/wdam/favicon.ico?d=427	https://www.wdam.com	https://www.wdam.com/story/27379317/southern-miss-wants-fan-feedback-on-golden-eagle-logos/	HATTIESBURG, MS (WDAM) - The University of Southern Mississippi will soon change their Golden Eagle logo, as soon as feedback is gathered from fans to help create the final design. USM alum Rodney Richardson ('94) of Rare Design created two options for the new Golden Eagle: "Traditional Eye" and "Dynamic Eye." The difference in the two logo options is, as described in the title, the Eagle's eye. The traditional version kept the same eye that the Golden Eagle has now. The dynamic version has more gold inside the eye, which several Southern Miss fans have called a "fierce look." The logo change is the result of a 2011 ruling by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), which said USM's Golden Eagle head too closely resembled the logo of the Iowa Hawkeyes. The university said they have "worked successfully with the University of Iowa in recent months" to ensure an agreement with the new Golden Eagle logo.Southern Miss fans can give their official feedback on either option by clicking here. The results will be used by Richardson and licensing agent Licensing Resource Group to select and finalize the logo. Feedback must be submitted by Friday, November 21. WDAM has created a one-day poll to measure which Eagle logo is the favorite among viewers. To participate, visit the WDAM homepage and click on the poll at the top of the page. History of the Logo USM's nickname Golden Eagles was adopted in 1972. The first version of an "attack eagle" logo appeared the following year in publications. Since then, seven different "attack eagle" logos have been used by the university.The current Golden Eagles logo was unveiled in 2003, which transformed from the "attack eagle" to the profile of a Golden Eagle. A mandate forced Southern Miss to change its Golden Eagle logo when the USPTO Trademark Trial and Appeal Board claimed the "overall similarity in appearance" of the logo "creates virtually identical commercial impressions" when compared to the Iowa Hawkeye. About Rare Design Southern Miss alum Rodney Richardson ('94), owner of firm Rare Design, helped the university create the new logo.Rare Design has worked with numerous college and professional teams on graphic design and brand identity, including the Houston Texans, New Orleans Pelicans, Memphis Grizzlies and the Charlotte Hornets.
4562	dbpedia	3	53	https://cbbreview.com/2024/03/22/march-madness-ranking-all-team-nicknames/	en	March Madness 2024: Ranking All 68 Team Nicknames	https://i0.wp.com/cbbrev…18-594x594-1.jpg	https://i0.wp.com/cbbrev…18-594x594-1.jpg	[ "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/09faeefee73598ff330431df0a660f93?s=150&d=identicon&r=g", "https://cbbreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/gettyimages-1480194718-594x594-1.jpg", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/09faeefee73598ff330431df0a660f93?s=150&d=identicon&r=g" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "georgebagwell" ]	2024-03-22T00:00:00	What makes a nickname special? George Bagwell ranks all of the March Madness nicknames, 68-1.	en	https://i0.wp.com/cbbrev…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	CBB Review (College Basketball Review)	https://cbbreview.com/2024/03/22/march-madness-ranking-all-team-nicknames/	What makes a nickname special? George Bagwell ranks all of the March Madness nicknames, 68-1. Welcome back to year two. Nicknames are an integral part of March Madness. Without them, the proven best way to fill out a bracket wouldn’t exist. 68 mascots will patrol the sidelines this month, some better than others, some unoriginal, and some that will be witnesses to instant classics while watching through the eyes of a costumed dog, cat, or a literal kangaroo. Absolute insanity, y’all. To rank these nicknames, two categorical metrics were used: originality and fun factor. Oh, and author bias. Just kidding. This is the most objective list to come out of March Madness in decades, clearly. This writer will be perpetually splitting hairs trying to figure out if a Golden Eagle is superior to a regular Eagle or if a cougar is the same subspecies as a Catamount. Spoiler alert, I won’t. This is a fun list for anyone tired of seeing analytics and stats regurgitated 24/7 on every major cable network until the search for a perfect bracket is finally and mercifully ended. It’s for those who want to drink through March and have a slight chuckle. I don’t know, really it’s for anyone who’s not a hoop head, or any hoop head with a sense of humor. Without further ado, the nickname ranking: 68-60: Any use of “Bulldog” or “Cougar” This category eliminates Houston, College of Charleston, Drake, Yale, BYU, Washington State, Mississippi State, Gonzaga, and Samford. That’s due to a lack of originality. A lack of uniqueness. I understand that a lot of these names are over 100 years old. But we don’t make excuses in the March Madness nickname rankings. We make improvements. In a vacuum, do I like Cougars? Absolutely. But this is a nickname rankings list based on fun factor and originality. There’s nine different Bulldog and Cougar teams. There are literally dozens of different dog breeds. I could name at least seven. Why are we, as universities, stuck on Bulldogs? Drake or Samford, change to Pitbulls or something similar. Or just Pitbull, and open every home game with “Timber” or “Hustler’s Withdrawal.” (Real throwback there, y’all.) And Cougars, man. There’s so many other big cats. Jaguars, leopards, lions, ligers, tigers (more on that later), just pick a different one. 59-57: Any use of “Wildcat” This category eliminates three teams: Arizona, Kentucky, and Northwestern. The term “Wildcat” is overused and vague, and if it weren’t for the quartet of Cougars and quintet of Bulldogs running around, the Wildcats would be last. Anything could be a wildcat. My cats back home, whom I love dearly, could be a wildcat. They are cats. And they’re wild. This is truly the most deserving of last place because there’s so many great alternatives. Lynx, bobcat (overused still but better), cat (domesticated), cat (feral), or really any specific species of cat. These schools couldn’t make up their mind, and it will cost them. 56-54: Any use of “Tiger” This category eliminates Auburn, Grambling, and Clemson. The Tiger, unfortunately, is the most-used big cat nickname. Keep in mind that there are no “Jaguars” or “Lions” in this year’s March Madness. I do like Tigers, sure. They’re cool, powerful, and mindful of territory. But, in the college hoops world, they’re unoriginal. 53-52: Utah State and Texas A&M Aggies I’ve never understood this name. “Aggies?” What are we doing here? It’s like, “ooh, look at us, the Texas A&M/Utah State Agricultural Students.” That’s literally what “Aggie” is short for. Agricultural student. That has got to be the lamest nickname in the history of college sports. It’s in the same category as the Oakland Athletics or Washington Football Team. (Is it bad to say I enjoyed the “Football Team” era more than the Commanders moniker? The name “Football Team” made me want to root for Washington, that’s how absurd it was.) 51-50: James Madison and Duquesne Dukes This is actually a good nickname, and it’s one I think is original, cool, and marketable. The only issue is that they’re two of them. There’s two Dukes, or three Dukes, if you count Duke. James Madison and Duquesne are victims of their own success. Who would have thought Duquesne was going to make the tournament as well? (Insert the DJ Khaled “suffering from success” meme.) I like this nickname, I really do. It’s a Greek tragedy that the Dukes have a duplicate in the tournament, otherwise this nickname would place a lot higher. 49-48: NC State Wolfpack and Nevada Wolf Pack I’ll be honest, I wasn’t quite sure what to do with this one. They sound the same, and almost look the same. But “Wolfpack” could be plural, and “Wolf Pack” is definitely a singular noun. Does NC State have multiple Wolfpack? If so, do the different wolfpack have beef with each other? Are they fighting for territory? Is Nevada a more driven team due to the fact that they only have one pack to go around? It’s questions like these that I don’t need to be asking and certainly don’t have an answer for. But since these technically aren’t the same name, they’ll be slotted above the other “two-timer” nicknames. 47: Colgate Raiders Spoiler alert, but Texas Tech is right below Colgate in these rankings. Below? Above? I’m not sure of the proper preposition in this context. But “Raider” is such a vague term for an occupation. Are they Raiders in the pirate sense? That wouldn’t make sense since Colgate is in Madison County, New York. Are they Raiders in the petty theft sense? The “steal a PopTart from the corner 7/11” sense? There’s no way of knowing unless Colgate comes out with a statement about their nickname and a more specific description. My hands are tied. 46: Texas Tech Red Raiders What differentiates a Red Raider from a Raider? In Texas Tech’s eyes, just the color of a jersey. For real. They used to be the Matadors, a much cooler (and original) nickname, but one day decided to wear new red jerseys, and the moniker stuck. Now it’s 2024, and they’re tied together with Colgate in the mid-40s of these rankings just because they decided to change their name after a uniform fashion statement. Sad times. 45: Morehead State Eagles Much like the two teams above in the rankings, Morehead State is the “non-specific variant” of the two schools’ nicknames, being simply the “Eagles,” with no indication of what species of bird it actually is. It could be Golden, Bald, Harpy, Philippine, White-tailed, Crowned, or various other eagle subspecies. We will never know, all because Morehead State went the lazy route and settled with the entire Accipitridae family of birds. Potential wasted. 44: Marquette Golden Eagles I applaud Marquette for specifying the type of Eagle they’ve chosen to represent their athletic teams. But since the name is partially connected to Morehead State, my hands are tied up with bureaucratic red tape. I also think it’s weird that Maruqette chose a bird that’s not a year-round resident of the Wisconsin area. They’re in Wisconsin, sure, but in the non-nesting season before they move further west. Maybe when Marquette was first created, the Golden Eagle population was endemic, but no longer? If that’s the case, I blame habitat destruction for Marquette coming in at No. 44 in this year’s rankings. 43: Alabama Crimson Tide I had to do some research here, because I didn’t know what the Crimson Tide actually was. Can I be blamed? Their mascot is an elephant. A lot of nicknames originating from over a half-century ago are either generic, like “tiger” or “bulldog”, but there’s also a good chunk that just don’t make sense. This is one of those. It’s over 100 years old, based on a description of a football game that ended in a 6-6 tie. Absolute insanity. Nothing makes sense, ever. 42: Purdue Boilermakers This one gets points for being unique, but it’s also just sort of lame. Boilermaker? Did Purdue just look around campus and pick the first thing they saw to be their nickname forever? This is just such a lame nickname, and the mascot could scare people. He’s horrible, and I hate him. Part of me wanted to put Purdue in dead last just to justify my hate for Purdue Pete. I dislike Purdue in general, but it’s only because of their lame nickname and scary mascot. He looks so human and so alien at the same time. His eyes could stare into my soul from a mile away. He could end up in my nightmares, and he’s the only reason I haven’t watched a single Purdue game all season. Those are the only reasons, but I feel like I’m justified. 41: Nebraska Cornhuskers Much like Purdue, there’s just so much wasted potential here. “Cornhuskers?” Maybe not anymore, but Nebraska used to be a huge brand. One of the original “blue bloods.” One of my theories is that if they had named themselves “Eagles,” “Cowboys,” or anything other than “Cornhuskers,” they’d have stayed a national power. We’d be talking about the “Nebraska Eagles” right now in the same vein as the Alabama Crimson Tide. Instead, Nebraska has fallen off athletically in recent decades, and it’s because of the lame nickname. To be fair, I’m a huge fan of this Nebraska team, and I have them beating Houston in the Round of 32. Big Keisei Tominaga guy. But “Cornhuskers” really just doesn’t do it for me. 40: Vermont Catamounts I give Vermont a bit of leniency for their nickname, but don’t be fooled. They are a cougar in disguise. Yes, arguably the best type of cougar, but still. A catamount is a cougar. Same species, same animal. They don’t even live in Vermont. The logo is cool, sure, but I can’t in good conscience put Vermont any better on this ranking knowing that there’s almost a handful of other cougar teams. If you’re going to copy a big cat but slightly change the name, at least make it one that’s endemic to the region the university is in, like a bobcat or something. I will classify anything larger than a house cat as a big cat, for future reference. 39: Akron Zips There are two things that keep Akron afloat in this list. One is that they have a kangaroo as a mascot, which is hilarious. Akron might be the furthest spot on the globe away from Australia. The second is that “Zips,” objectively, is a unique name. It’s just a horrible name. “Why the hate?,” one might ask. Because “Zip” is not some quirky name for a local animal or inhabitant of Akron. It’s short for “Zippers.” Like, the thing that moves up and down through a series of metal interlocking projections, per Oxford languages. Horrible. Simply sickening as a nickname. Imagine zipping up a coat on a snowy morning, then jumping up and cheering for it for three hours straight while you continue to zip and unzip. I imagine that’s what Akron football games feel like. The kangaroo is a nice touch, though. I do appreciate that the Akron athletic department is self-aware. 38: Dayton Flyers It’s unique, yes. It comes from the Wright Brothers, Dayton natives Orville and Wilbur, who are credited with the invention of motor flight. Here’s the thing: the Wright Brothers aren’t cool. It’s not really their fault, but there’s definitely a cap on how cool one can get with the name Orville or Wilbur. Wilbur especially. I think of the pig from Charlotte’s Web (shoutout E.B. White!) when I hear that name. Two more things. One, anyone familiar with the North Carolina license plate knows that it boasts the “first in flight” motto. That’s because the Wright Brothers intentionally left Ohio just to fly a plane. Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, is the real birthplace of flight. Second, the Wright Brothers are indirectly responsible for all of those Boeing plane mishaps occurring lately. If they don’t innovate with the motored plane, none of those airplane doors are flying off right now, and that’s a fact. I also blame Woodrow Wilson for that, but that’s another discussion. 37: North Carolina Tar Heels Hate me all you want, fine. But Tar Heels is just kind of an odd nickname. It originated as a term for people from the state of North Carolina, first popularized during the Civil War amongst confederate soldiers from the state, so first off, miss me with that. I’m not trying to endorse that. But in a modern sense, it’s been the nickname of UNC since the Daily Tar Heel was created in the 1890s. I think it’s weird that this nickname is two words. “Tar Heels” should be “Tarheels.” This name falls in the same category as “Hawkeyes,” “Jayhawks,” and “Cornhuskers.” The “another name for a person from the state” trope has to be retired as nickname fodder. It produces original names, but is unoriginal as a concept. 36: Duke Blue Devils Duke’s not getting off easy, either. Since when are devils blue? Every painting I’ve ever seen with a devil in it, mostly Italian renaissance pieces, have devils in a red hue or sometimes white or black. But never blue. Are there devils near Durham, North Carolina? Inside the research triangle? I don’t know, I’m not a theologist. Y’all have to hear the story of how the name came to be, though. It’s based off of a nickname for the French Chasseurs Alpins, basically the French version of Canada’s Mounties, which is the Canadian version of American park rangers. But unlike America’s park rangers, the Chasseurs Alpins are also elite fighting units. Possibly the scariest Frenchmen out there. I give out extra credit for uniqueness, but that is such a random idea to grab inspiration from. 35: Michigan State Spartans The Spartans and Trojans are simply overused civilizations when it comes to sport nicknames. I think I discussed this last year, but why not use “Phonecians” or “Carthaginians,” or maybe “Venetians.” We could be rooting for the Michigan State Andalusians or the Michigan State Byzantines right now. But for some reason, every athletic department is entranced by the Spartans and Trojans. There’s so many other good options, and I ding the Spartans major points for lack of originality. 34: Baylor Bears I’m actually surprised Baylor made it this far. There are no bears in Waco, unfortunately or fortunately, depending on your opinion on bears. I have no way of knowing what type of bear we’re even talking about. We could be talking about polar bears or sun bears due to the vagueness of the nickname. We could be talking about grizzly bears or spectacled bears. Is a panda a bear? I can never remember if it’s the giant panda or red panda that’s technically not a bear. But whichever one is a bear is one that could be the Baylor nickname. I’m big on specificity. Baylor has to specify the bear if they want to be higher on this list. 33: Kansas Jayhawks Kansas should be thanking their lucky stars. Last year, I grouped this nickname in with Hawkeyes and Redhawks, because I couldn’t figure out how any of them were different. But in short, a Jayhawk is a mix between a blue jay and a sparrow hawk, so it’s really not even a real bird. I love real birds. I hate fake birds. They’re just trying to emulate a bird, and you can’t emulate a bird. Anyone following the Boeing fiasco knows that. Either be a bird, or stop trying. 32: Tennessee Volunteers This one falls under the “another name of a person from the state” trope, so I have to ding points. Tennessee is the Volunteer State, earning the moniker after multiple wars with Mexico in which Tennessee sent over volunteer units. As such, the university has named their teams the Volunteers. It’s the same rote method of name-choosing that plagued us earlier in the list with names like Jayhawks, Tar Heels, and Cornhuskers. 31: McNeese State Cowboys I like McNeese as a program and a location, nestled in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Unfortunately, I don’t like the Dallas Cowboys, and that brings this team down in the rankings. (There’s also a bunch of really good names this year, so even if I was a Dallas fan, they’d still be around 24-20, max.) I think Cowboys in the Deep South is a cool, niche topic. But it’s kind of generic in terms of sports’ nicknames. One of the biggest franchise brands in all of the globe is also the Cowboys. I like that their unofficial nickname is the Pokes, but I also hate the Dallas Cowboys, so McNeese slides in at 31. 30: Illinois Fighting Illini I think the Illini are cool, paying homage to the local Native American tribes in the area. It’s a unique nickname and it is geographically in tune. It makes sense since the name “Illinois” comes from an indigenous language. 29: Grand Canyon Antelopes Are antelopes cool? Objectively, yes. I’m a fan of antelopes. They’re speedy herbivores, like the vegan sprinter of the animal world. Do they fit into GCU’s geographic footprint? Absolutely, the pronghorn is native to the area. “Why are they so low on this list?,” one might ask. Because I made a clerical error, and am just now realizing it. So it’s my bad, y’all. Sorry, Grand Canyon fans. Y’all have a cool mascot. I just entered your name in the wrong spot in my spreadsheet. It happens. I’ll bake y’all cookies if you would like, as an apology. 28: Oakland Golden Grizzlies I give the Oakland Golden Grizzlies points for specifying the type of bear, as well as choosing a unique name. The issue is that the Golden Grizzly never inhabited the Rochester, Michigan area. How are we supposed to believe the Golden Grizzlies are truly representative of this school? Oakland, California maybe. But Oakland County, Michigan? No way. I’m also scared of Grizzlies. It’s one of two animals I fear actively. 27: Iowa State Cyclones I am interested in tropical weather formation and hurricanes. I think a hurricane or cyclone, maybe even a tropical storm would make a good nickname. I do have two qualms about Iowa State being the cyclones, however. The first is that they’re named the Cyclones, which is the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean variant of the weather system. Iowa State, geographically, would be much closer to hurricane territory than cyclone territory. But I can forgive that. What I can’t forgive is that they’re nowhere near hurricane territory, either. What is a team like Iowa State doing picking a tropical weather system as a nickname? They’re not tropical or even close to a body of water. They’re completely landlocked. I don’t get it. 26: St. Mary’s Gaels This is a bit of an odd one at first glance, but it makes sense. A Gael is a person of Gaelic (Scottish, Irish, Isle of Man) ethno-linguistic descent, I think. I’m not entirely sure what that encompasses, but that’s historically a very Catholic area. St. Mary’s is a Catholic university. It fits. That’s also why Iona are the Gaels. I learn something new every day. 25: Montana State Bobcats The bobcat is such a tricky creature. It looks small enough to own as a pet, is soft enough to own as a pet, but it’s a dangerous wild animal. The bobcat is found basically everywhere in the United States, outside of Mid-Atlantic large cities at least, though they are two distinct species east and west of the Great Plains. The bobcat is not scared of humans, and can adapt to semi-urban and urban areas. They give off strong basketball IQ vibes, like the opossum or raccoon of the cat world. Big fan of the Bobcats, and it fits really well with Montana State. 24: Texas Longhorns I have to respect Texas for specifying the type of cow that they happen to be named after. The longhorn. There’s a definite specification on the type of bovine they revere. I enjoy eating a good steak. But there’s a definite oddity about making a nickname based on something you eat. UConn fans (hopefully) don’t eat huskies. Arizona fans (hopefully) don’t eat wildcats. I really hope McNeese fans don’t eat Cowboys. It’s just an odd dynamic to cheer for something you’re going to eat later. 23: Creighton Bluejays Creighton’s big miss here is the misspelling of “Blue Jays.” “Bluejays” is what occurs when a team cuts corners. When a team doesn’t consult a local ornithologist. I could have warned them, told them “hey, it’s two words.” But as they often do, my words fell on deaf ears. Blue jays aren’t even cool birds. They attack other birds at the bird feeder and have a shrill call that I don’t like. At the end of the day, they’re a bird nickname, which means I have to respect it. But if it were up to me, I would have chosen a different bird and spelled the name correctly. 22: Florida Atlantic Owls The Owls have different problems compared to the above “Bluejays.” The owl is a great bird for a nickname. It’s wise, occasionally nocturnal, and gets rid of pests at a very high rate. They are the physical point guards of the bird world, similar to Russell Westbrook or Ja Morant. Owls are found all over the United States, including in Florida, where I’ve seen an owl there myself. But there are so many types of owls, including but not limited to: barn owl, barred owl, great horned owl, snowy owl, and others. I don’t know what type of Owl it is that Florida Atlantic is wanting to represent. Without knowing, my mind can choose the owl, but also can’t confirm the owl. It’s a paradox that keeps on giving. 21: Virginia Cavaliers When one thinks of a cavalier, the mind wanders to a man with a mustache and sword, typically. Some very strong Three Musketeers vibes, maybe. When I think of a cavalier, I think of mid-career Ricky Rubio or Euroleague point guards, preferably ones that can see open passing lanes like they have a third or fourth eye and can move the sword with the grace of a migrating swan. There’s something so “basketball” about a cavalier that I just have to love it as a nickname. 20: Colorado State Rams Like I said last year, the ram is simply one of the more underrated animals in the American database. They can survive harsh conditions, have an incredible set of horns, and run full-speed into each other. That’s cool, objectively. What better animal to use as a sports nickname? Sure, it probably fits better with a football team, but we’ll take it. Up the rams. 19: Oregon Ducks Ducks are cool because there’s simply so many different types of them. Some of them are colorful, and some are not. Some quack, and some don’t. Some dive for prey in the water, and others may not. Some live at the local park, where they get fed by geriatrics. My only qualm is Oregon not specifying the duck, but I will say that if they were to specify the duck, it could mess up the feng shui of the name. “Oregon Wood Ducks” or “Oregon Mallards” wouldn’t roll off the tongue as well, so I’ll give them a pass. 18: Boise State Broncos Broncos are a very solid representation of the Idaho vibe, I think. I’ve never been to Idaho before, but it seems similar. A wild horse that is simply allowed to run wherever it pleases. There’s something beautiful about that. 17: Wisconsin Badgers The badger could be a misunderstood creature. He’s naturally curious, but almost gives off a domestic vibe, like you could take one on a walk. I don’t think that’s possible. A badger can be a vicious animal if provoked, and some people forget about that. They have teeth. But I did see this one video on Twitter where a coyote and badger teamed up to scavenge, and I thought it was heart-warming. The Badger is a unique, solid nickname, and I love it. 16: Howard Bison It took me a while (until I was almost done writing the rankings) to realize the Bison and the Buffaloes were still on the list awaiting ranking. I can’t just send Howard and Colorado to the back of the rankings, though, because that wouldn’t be nice. I’ll find a loophole to the “double nickname rule” in a few seconds. Here goes. Despite the fact that the Bison and Buffalo nicknames chosen are intended to refer to the same animal, the Bison and Buffalo are two different animals. The Bison is the herbivorous bovine that roams around parts of the American west. The Buffalo is a more generic term for a lot of different bovine species, some in Asia and Africa. I don’t know why I need an excuse to find a loophole, because I’m the one doing both the ranking and the rules. I could just include them at No. 16 and Colorado a couple spots down and simply not need to adhere to any self-created rules. 15: Wagner Seahawks This is partially because I grew up by the water, but for those that don’t know, a Seahawk is another name for an osprey, my favorite bird of prey. They dive into the water to grab fish, and it’s really fun to watch. They are wise birds, which in my opinion is the best sub-category of nicknames. They’re also part-time residents of New York, which gives Wagner points for being geographically correct. 14: Colorado Buffaloes What better nickname than “Buffaloes?” To be fair, there’s 13 of them below in this ranking, but this is just objectively a good fit for the Colorado institution. My dad (first time I’ve brought him up in a piece before, I think) really wanted to see a live buffalo a few years ago, but unforeseen circumstances prevented him from actually seeing the buffalo. But I have faith that he will eventually see it. The Buffalo represents Colorado well. Big fan. 13: South Carolina Gamecocks This one’s fun. At the football games, one side of the stadium yells “game” and the other side yells “cocks.” It’s silly and fun. That’s everything one could want in a nickname. Sure, it’s not intimidating. But it doesn’t need to be. It just needs to bring the fanbase together and create good vibes, and “Gamecocks” certainly delivers on that, plus it’s unique. This nickname is a winner, and this list is officially a Gamecock appreciation post. 12: Saint Peter’s Peacocks Very much similar to the Gamecocks, the Peacock nickname is simply a silly and fun name. There are no peacocks native to New York, but I’ll let it slide because of the above admission that it’s simply a silly and fun name. I know that South Carolina does the “Game…cocks” cheer, but I need to know if Saint Peter’s does a similar chant. For example, the right side of the gym says “Pea…” and the left side of the gym responds with “…cocks.” I will show up to a game just to figure out. The birds themselves are colorful and display fantastical plumage. Just an all-around beautiful bird whom I love. 11: Florida Gators This isn’t so much about originality as it is fit and fun factor, with a dash of personal bias. I’m a big fan of the American Alligator. Love the alligator. I would wrestle one, but I respect the sanctity of the animal, and my toes and fingers. Gators are at the top of the food chain, but they hold respect for their ecosystem. They don’t attack humans unprovoked, they give warning if they are provoked, and they’re truly relics. They’ve been in America for over 8 million years, which is just proof of how durable they are. I have nothing but love in my heart for the alligator. Florida is the alligator capital of the world, so it makes perfect sense that this school has chosen the best reptile ever to represent the university. 10: South Dakota State Jackrabbits When I was a child, I was frightened of the Jackalope from the Lunchables commercial. To this day, I’ve never had a Lunchable. That thing is a monstrosity. Jackrabbit and an antelope? No, thank you. That’s something odd. But a regular jackrabbit? It’s cool, it’s specific, it’s localized, and it works great with South Dakota. Big fan of nicknames that get the job done. The jackrabbit encapsulates South Dakota State perfectly. 9: Longwood Lancers Do you know what’s objectively cool? Dudes with lances on horses. Admitting that jousting seems cool gives off a bit of a nerd vibe, but it must be explained. Dudes with long sticks charging at other dudes with long sticks while riding a horse. How is that not cool? Don’t answer. I hate to think that horses ever died in battle, because that’s an unnecessary evil that never should have happened. But two dudes riding horses at each other with long sticks is simply a vibe. 8: Long Beach State Beach The Beach used to be the 49ers. Now, they’re just “Beach.” I like that a lot more. “Long Beach State Beach” is just so comical to me. That’s 50% “Beach.” Imagine “New York City York” instead of the Knicks. If I was the Long Beach State athletic department, I’m certainly all onboard with this name. Just really embracing the beach. I love this. Although I hate that the AD tried to take credit for Monson’s run by saying the firing of him was on purpose to get the team energized. I don’t really understand that from a PR standpoint. Long live Dan Monson. 7: San Diego State Aztecs The Aztecs are a very under-utlized civilization when it comes to team nicknames. Every other athletic department has chosen the Vikings, or Trojans, or Spartans. San Diego State is out here showing the Aztecs some love, and I’m here for it. The black and red color scheme is fantastic, the logo is great, and the Aztec name really fits the sunny SoCal vibe. Just an overall great nickname for the team and area. 6: TCU Horned Frogs I mentioned this in last year’s rankings, but the only reason this name isn’t higher is because a Horned Frog is actually a lizard. It’s not a frog, and I would typically ding them more points for that type of mistake, but I can understand it. People in the South will call things the way they look, and I’m guilty of that, too. A horned lizard does look like a frog. And this horned lizard shoots blood out of its eyes when it feels the need. That is insane. Blood. From the eyes. Pure insanity. The official word for it is autohaemorrhaging, and that only adds to the equation. Imagine having a team mascot that auothaemorrhages. TCU can say that they do. 5: Western Kentucky Hilltoppers This is a rare “area demonym” nickname that I actually like. It originated from the fact that the university sits atop a hill. Simple and easy, yet effective, like nicknames probably should be. I know this isn’t a mascot ranking, but they also have “Big Red,” the red blob mascot you’ve probably seen before. It’s a unique name for a unique situation, and the women’s basketball team is called the Lady Toppers. I think the combination of all these branding decisions is definitely enough for a top five finish, moving up closer to the top of these rankings, coming in just ahead of the Frogs and behind the Lobos of New Mexico. Sorry for the spoiler alert, but I’m going to assume the spacing in this article is thin enough to where the reader can see who the next team is anyway. 4: New Mexico Lobos I love Spanish representation in basketball, especially at the college ranks. The game has become, and of course still is, becoming increasingly international, which I love. The more people that have access to a basketball, the better the sport becomes. The Lobos of New Mexico (“wolves” in Spanish, for those that do not know) have had the carnivorous moniker for over 100 years, and it fits in every way. Gray wolves are endemic to the area, the Lobo name is far and away one of the more unique nicknames in college sports (only two other American colleges have the name, neither of which are D-1), and, at the risk of sounding like an etymologist, the double “o” sound in a two-syllable word really enhances the way it rolls off the tongue. 3: UAB Blazers This is one nickname where one can really imagine the nickname for what they believe it to be. It’s versatile. Officially, the Blazers are a dragon, which is a creative twist on the mythical creature, instead of just calling the program “Dragons”. But there are other ways to interpret the name. One could think of blazers as the type of formal suit, if they think that way. Or, one could think blazers in the sense of enjoying a bit of marijuana. No matter who is looking for a way to encapsulate the blazer spirit, it’s possible. 2: UConn Huskies I’m not the biggest fan of dogs, but I like them. I hate that expression, though. Saying “I’m not the biggest fan” of something automatically insinuates that I hate that thing. But that’s simply not true. I love opossums and alligators, but I’m not the biggest fan of them. That’s because somewhere out there, there’s a person with a pet opossum and matching opossum curtains with an opossum-themed bedroom. I’m not trying to be “the biggest fan” of anything, because there’s a threshold there that doesn’t need to be crossed. The gap in love for opossums between the biggest fan and maybe the 10th-biggest fan is bigger than the gap between the 10th-biggest fan and the 1,000th-biggest fan. This goes for anything really. All metrics to determine the “biggest fan” of something would look a lot like an exponential growth graph. I wouldn’t want to meet the world’s biggest opossum fan. I don’t think we’d have a lot in common. In terms of Huskies, they’re just fun guys. They’ve won the Iditarod, what, 51 years in a row? That’s a streak I don’t think will be beaten. They’re friendly, and they give off vibes of having a good basketball IQ. The old UConn logo, from 2002-2013, is my favorite logo, ever, and that’s a huge deal. If the next nickname wasn’t so unique and such a funny story, UConn would be first on this list with their “Husky” moniker. I love this nickname, and it makes me want to cheer for UConn. 1: Stetson Hatters
4562	dbpedia	3	12	https://lacrossebucket.com/2020/06/25/how-all-74-di-college-lacrosse-schools-got-their-nicknames/	en	How All 74 DI College Lacrosse Schools Got Their Nicknames	https://lacrossebucket.c…_5929.jpg?w=1200	https://lacrossebucket.c…_5929.jpg?w=1200	[ "https://lacrossebucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/img_5929.jpg?w=940", "https://lacrossebucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/e2425f4b-a633-4dec-afff-360fdcff6120.jpeg?w=50", "https://lacrossebucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/e2425f4b-a633-4dec-afff-360fdcff6120.jpeg?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gi...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Tanner Demling" ]	2020-06-25T00:00:00	(Photo Courtesy of North Carolina Athletics) From animals to representations of warfare to terms used to identify the people of a certain state, the nicknames in college sports vary tremendously from one end of the spectrum to the other. But maybe more interesting than a team's nickname is the story behind or meaning of that…	en	https://lacrossebucket.c…ff6120.jpeg?w=32	Lacrosse Bucket	https://lacrossebucket.com/2020/06/25/how-all-74-di-college-lacrosse-schools-got-their-nicknames/	(Photo Courtesy of North Carolina Athletics) From animals to representations of warfare to terms used to identify the people of a certain state, the nicknames in college sports vary tremendously from one end of the spectrum to the other. But maybe more interesting than a team’s nickname is the story behind or meaning of that nickname. From Bulldogs to Tar Heels, every nickname has some sort of meaning and history behind it. Here is a look at the history behind the nicknames of all 75 DI men’s lacrosse schools. Air Force Nickname: Falcons Origin Date: 1959 Air Force was the last of the three service academies to play lacrosse, beginning in 1967. But their nickname, the Falcons, has its origins in the first graduating class of the United States Air Force Academy in 1959. That first graduating class held a vote to decide on what the school’s nickname would be and Falcons was chosen by the popular vote. The nickname is also pretty self-explanatory, given the school’s purpose and the future of the athletes that represent the school. Albany Nickname: Great Danes Origin Date: 1965 Albany is the only college in the country that claims the Great Danes as their nickname. And similar to Air Force, the school got its name through a popular vote. The Great Dane was chosen because it is big, strong, and known by many as “the dog of war.” Kathy Earle, who suggested the name, received a $25 savings bond for winning the contest to rename the mascot of the school. Prior to 1965, Albany was nicknamed the Pedguins, which is an imaginary figure and was meant to represent the university’s status as a teacher college. Army West Point Nickname: Black Knights Origin Date: 1940s (full use in 1999) Army West Point went by the nickname “cadets” for the majority of their athletic history. It wasn’t until 1999 that the school fully adopted the Black Knights name across the board for all athletics, despite the academies football team being nicknamed “The Black Knights on the Hudson” in the 1940s due to their black uniforms and the backdrop for Michie Stadium being the castle-like structures that makeup campus. Bellarmine Nickname: Knights Origin Date: 1950 Bellarmine has been the Knights from the first year of the school in 1950. Like many other Catholic universities, the Knights nickname is a reference to the Catholic Crusades of the middle ages. Binghamton Nickname: Bearcats Origin: 1999 The Binghamton lacrosse team has never been known as anything but the Bearcats, as the school didn’t add lacrosse until 2002. But the school did go by two other nicknames prior to the Bearcats. They became the Mexican Burros, which is a Donkey, when they joined the SUNY system in 1954. When they became SUNY Bighamton they adopted the nickname of the Colonials, which they used until changing to Bearcats when they joinined the DI ranks in the 1999-2000 school year. And if you’ve ever wondered what a Bearcat actually is, it is another name for the Binturong, which is native to Southeast Asia. Boston U. Nickname: Terriers Origin: 1917-1918 A vote was held during the 1917-18 school year to decide what the school’s mascot would be, and the Boston Terrier was chosen by popular vote. The nickname comes from the dog breed, which was first bred in Boston in the late 1800s. Brown Nickname: Bears Origin: 1904 Brown’s original mascot was a Burro (Donkey), which they brought out for a football game in 1902, but that didn’t last long at all. The school later decided on a Bruin as the school’s mascot, but they later changed it to just a Bear. The meaning behind a bear goes back to when a member of the universites building committee placed the head of a real bear on the top of an archway above the student union in 1904. Bryant Nickname: Bulldogs Origin: 1995 Bryant athletics goes back to the 1980s, when they were located in Providence, R.I. However, until 1995 the school’s sports teams under the Indians nickname. The name was changed to Bulldogs in 1995 after a vote amongst the student body was held to find a new nickname. Bucknell Nickname: Bison Origin: 1923 The history of the Bison nickname goes back to 1923, when Dr. William Bartol suggested that the school take the nickname due to their location in the Buffalo Valley. The idea from Bartol was partially spurred from Penn State, who’s nickname has a very similar origin to Bucknell’s. Canisius Nickname: Golden Griffins Origin: 1932 The nickname Golden Griffins was adopted by the school in 1932, following a story written by an alum, Charles A. Brady, that Canisius published. The story honored the 100th year of Buffalo, N.Y. as a city. Rene-Robert’s ship Le Griffon, which was the first European ship to sail the upper Great Lakes and built in Buffalo, was mentioned in the story and the name Golden Griffins was born from the name of that ship. Cleveland State Nickname: Vikings Origin: 1964 Cleveland State started out as the Cleveland YMCA School of Technlogy from 1921-1929 before being called Fenn College from 1929-1964. During their time as Fenn College they were nickname the Foxes. When the school changed names to Cleveland State, the university chose the nickname Vikings, which is obviously a reference to the Norse people of Souther Sacandaniva from the 8th through 11th century. Colgate Nickname: Raiders Origin: 1932 Colgate originally adopted the nickname Red Raiders in 1932, which was supposedly a reference to the football team’s maroon uniforms and the fact that the school was lesser-known, but still was able to hold their own against ane even beat top teams. Some backstories behind that name include the football team playing a game in a storm and their uniforms turning red. However, the name was changed to just Raiders ahead of the 2000-2001 school year due to the racist connotations against Native Americans that the term ‘Red” held to many. Cornell Nickname: Big Red Origin: 1905 Until 1905, Cornell has no nickname or mascot for their sports teams. The name Big Red comes from a song that Romeyn Berry, a 1904 Cornell grad, wrote for the football team, which included the lyrics “The Big, Red Team.” The term quickly stuck and soon became widely used as the nickname for Cornell’s athletics teams. Dartmouth Nickname: Big Green Origin: 1970s In the 1920s, the nickname Indians became widely used as the unofficial nickname of the universities sports teams. The name stuck until the early 1970s when Native American students wrote a statement requesting the name and logo be discontuned. The trustees of Dartmouth honored the request and deemed the moniker to be inconsistent with the school’s objective to advance Native American education. Big Green was chosen as the school’s new nickname, with references to the Dartmouth Green in the center of campus and the green uniforms of their sports teams as the inspiration for the name. Delaware Nickname: Figntin’ Blue Hens Origin: 1911 The Blue Hen is the official state bird of Delaware and the university was gifted a dozen Blue Hens in the 1960s, but that is not the actual what the nickname Fightin’ Blue Hens derives from. The nickname comes from a military battalion from Delaware that was part of Congress’ commission in 1775 to form a military battalion from the lower three counties along the Delaware River. Capt. John Caldwell was the leader of the second company and he owned gamecocks, whom his troops liked to use to stage cockfights. This and their effective fighting led to his troops being called “Caldwell’s Gamecocks” and the Delaware Regiment was often referred to as “The Blue Hens’ Chickens.” The university chose the name in 1911 to honor that battalion. Denver Nickname: Pioneers Origin: 1925 From 1867-1925 Denver had no official nickname for their sports teams. However, sports writers often referred to them by unofficial names, such as “Ministers” or “Fighting Parsons” due to the school’s Methoidst roots. Pioneers was chosen as the official nickname after a student contest in 1925. Detroit Mercy Nickname: Titans Origin: 1924 Until 1924 Detroit Mercy sports teams were known as the Tigers. However, to eliminate confusion with the Detroit Tigers pro baseball team, the school changed the name to Titans. The name was chosen because no other institution in the country was using the nickname at the time, making it much more unique than their previous nickname. Drexel Nickname: Dragons Origin: 1927 Accoring to Drexel’s archives there is no known reason why Dragons is their nickname and is no definitive record to show that the university actually decided on it as the nickname of the school. However, the nickname begins to appear in 1927 and seems to have just grown into acceptance for all sports teams by the 1930s. Duke Nickname: Blue Devils Origin: 1922 Duke was originally called Trinity College and had no official nickname until the school lifted their ban on football following World War I. Their football team was called one of three names, the Trinity Eleven, Blue and Whites, or the Methodist. This prompted the school to start searching for a mascot and they collected nominations, which included the modern Blue Devils nickname. Their campaign yieled no favorites, so in 1922 the school told the student newspaper to come up with a nickname of their own. They started to use Blue Devils and it stuck. It is said that the name is derived from a French military unit called Chasseurs Alpins, aka Les Diables Bleus, who many Duke students who served in WWI encountered and were impressed by. Fairfield Nickname: Stags Origin: 1948 When Fairfled launched their athletics department in 1947 they chose the name “Men in Red” as their nickname. However, the next year in 1948 they held a find a better nickname and the final two were Stags and Chanticleers. Stags was chosen because the school was part of the Dioceses of Hartford and the word Hartford is derived from the word hart, which means a male red deer, and the word ford, which means a shallow place in a stream or river. Georgetown Nickname: Hoyas Origin: 1920s The nickname Hoyas is derived from the Greek and Latin chant “Hoya Saxa”, which means what rocks. The nickname Hoyas can first be spotted in use at Georgetown in the 1920s following World War I and by 1928 it was used widely as a reference to all of the school’s sports teams. Hampton Nickname: Pirates Origin: Ever since their beginnings in athletics, Hampton has been known as the Pirates. The nickname likely derives from the pirates that used to operate along the Virginia coast in the 1700s. Hartford Nickname: Hawks Origin: 1940s The Hawks nickname goes back to the 1940s, when the school was called Hillyer College. The nickname is thought to have been derived from spectators having to climb four flights of stairs in the old Chauncey Harris School on Hudson Street in Hartford to the “Hawk’s Nest” to watch basketball and wrestling events. Harvard Nickname: Crimson Origin: 1875 During and 1875 referendum, students at Harvard were tasked with selecting the color of the school. The students selected Crimson to be the school’s color, thus beginning the legacy of the school’s sports teams being called the Harvard Crimson. High Point Nickname: Panthers Origin: History or story behind the Panthers nickname could not be found. Hobart Nickname: Statesmen Origin: 1936 Hobart’s athletics teams were originally called the Deacons. The name Statesmen was first coined by a New York Times article which referred the Hobart football team as “the Statesmen from Geneva” after a game against Amherst. Hofstra Nickname: Pride Origin: 2004 Hofstra’s former unofficial nickname was the Flying Dutchemen. In 2004, the university announced that they would transition to the Pride nickname. The name is said to refer to the pair of lions that were used as the school’s mascots in the 1980s and the Hofstra Pride on-and-off campus campaign that the school launched in 1987. Holy Cross Nickname: Crusaders Origin: 1884 While the nickname Crusaders didn’t become widely used to describe the school’s athletic teams in 1925 after a sports writer used the team and a vote was held to officially make it the nickname of the school, the name goes back further than that. In 1884, a Holy Cross alumni banquet had a Crusader engraved on the top of the menu. The name has an obvious reference to the Catholic Crusades of the middle ages. Jacksonville Nickname: Dolphins Origin: 1947 In 1947, when Jacksonville Unveristy was called Jacksonville Junior, a contest was held to choose a nickname for the College’s newly-organized basketball team. The winner was Green Dolphins, but it was later shortened to Dolphins. It’s said that the name was chosen because of the University’s proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and because dolphins actually swim in the St. Johns River, which traverses along the school’s campus. Johns Hopkins Nickname: Blue Jays Origin: 1920s Johns Hopkins original nickname was the Black and Blue, a nickname derived from their athletic colors. The popular their is that the Blue Jay name stemmed from Hopkins’ student humor magazine, The Black and Blue Jay, first published in 1920. The Black and Blue came from the athletic colors and the Jay most likely stood for first initial in school’s name. Lafayette Nickname: Leopards Origin: 1924 The original nickname for Lafayette was the Maroons, as nickname derived from the Maroon color of the school’s athletic uniforms. The nickname was changed to Leopards sometime in 1924 and that nickname was chosen because the “L” is the first letter in the schools name and a Leopard’s cunning and physical strength, which matched the identity of Lafayette sports teams. Lehigh Nickname: Mountain Hawks Origin: 1996 The athletic teams of Lehigh (founded in 1865) were known as the Engineers until the 1995–96 academic year. Many believe that this nickname was a reference to the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the school’s engineering program. After a student-led campaign in 1995 to change the nickname, Lehigh announced they would be changing the school’s nickname to the Mountain Hawks. LIU Nickname: Sharks Origin: 2019 In October of 2018, LIU Post and LIU Brooklyn announced that they would combine their athletic departments into one LIU. In May of 2019, the Shaks was announced as the new nickname. The name was chosen via student vote, beating out Eagles and Falcons. According to LIU, the nickname Sharks represents an animal which embodies strength, resolve, and brilliance, all qualities that embrace the spirit of LIU and the individuals who comprise our extraordinary University. Loyola Nickname: Greyhounds Origin: 1927 The Greyhounds nickname originates from a student vote that was held in 1927 to find a name for the school’s football team. Greyhounds barley beat out the Grey Squirrels for the school’s nickname. Manhattan Nickname: Jaspers Origin: 1800s The Jaspers nickname comes from Brother Jasper of Mary who was a memorable figure at the college, serving as head of resident students, athletic director, and baseball coach during the late 1800s. Marist Nickname: Red Foxes Origin: 1961 The Red Foxes was adopted as the school’s nickname in 1961. The nickname is derived from the Red Fox, aka Reynard, which is indigenous to the Hudson Valley. The Red Fox is also what the schools colors or red and white are derived from. Marquette Nickname: Golden Eagles Origin: 1994 Prior to 1994, Marquette’s sports teams went by several names, including Warriors, Blue and Gold, and Hilltoppers. The school changed the nickname to Golden Eagles in 1994 and has remained the same ever since. There was an attempt to change the nickname to Gold in 2005, but public backlash made the university reverse the decision and stick with Golden Eagles. Maryland Nickname: Terrapins Origin: 1932 Maryland’s nickname was the Old Liners, referencing the state’s nickname of The Old Line State. Maryland football coach Harry C. Byrd came up with the nickname Terrapins in 1932, which is a reference to the diamondback terrains that are indigenous to the Chesapeake Bay region. UMBC Nickname: Retrievers Origin: 1966 The nickname Retreivers was chosen shortly after the school’s founding. The name comes from the Chesapeake Bay Retriver, which is the state dog of Maryland. UMass Nickname: Minutemen Origin: 1972 Originally called Massachusetts Agricultural College, the original nickname of their sports teams was the Statesmen, in honor of the roles of Massachusetts statesmen in the founding of the country. However, Aggies was also used as a nickname. The school changed nicknames to Redmen in 1948. The name was chosen for the roles Native Americans served in the history of the Commonwealth and for their “strength and fierceness in defending his lands.” UMass changed the nickname to Minutemen in 1972 after the negative connotations of the name were called int question, particularly be Native Americans in the region. The nickname Minutemen was chosen for its ties to the history of the Commonwealth, as the Minutemen were instrumental in the early stages of the American Revolution. UMass Lowell Nickname: River Hawks Origin: 1991 Prior to the school joining the UMass System, they were called Lowell College and their athletics nickname was the Chiefs. River Hawks was chosen though a student poll during the transition to the UMass System in 1991. The name was inspired by was inspired by the campus’s location along the Merrimack River. Mercer Nickname: Bears Origin: 1892 Mercer’s official nickname was the Baptist prior to 1924 and it was officially changed to Bears that same year via a student vote. However, the Bears nickname goes back to the first football game the school ever played in 1892 against Georgia. During that game a specator asked, “Whence Cometh that Bear?” as a Mercer offensive lineman ran down toward the field. Merrimack Nickname: Warriors Origin: 1947 The Warriors nickname has been with Merrimack since they opened the doors in 1947. While some argue that the nickname has Native American connotations due to the school’s old logo and mascot being a Native American, the school’s first president, Vincident A. McQuade, said, “It was the indomitable spirit of a noble individual dedicated to overcoming obstacles and aspiring to achieve all that is possible, that was the true intent.” Michigan Nickname: Wolverines Origin: 1861 Michigan has been known as the Wolverines since as early as 1861. And while Michigan is nicknamed the Wolverine State, no wild Wolverine was actually seen in the state until 2004. Because of this dilemma, there are many theories as to how the school got the nickname. Former Michigan football coach Fielding Yost suggest the name came from the Wolverine pelt trade in Sult St. Marie, Albert H. Marckwardt wrote in 1952 that reasoning was based on the first settlers in Michigan, who were French, in the late 1700s. The appetites of the French were judged to be gluttonous or “wolverine-like.” The last theory surrounds the border dispute between Michigan and Ohio in 1803. While the two sides argued over proper setting of the state line, The Michiganders were called wolverines. Monmouth Nickname: Hawks Origin: 1939 In 1939, the Press Club at Monmouth College held a student campaign in 1939 to pick an athletic nickname. With 15 different options, Nighthawks won bt a margin of six votes. The school shortended the name to Hawks in 1956. Navy Nickname: Midshipmen Origin: 1845 The Midshipmen nickname has been used for Navy since the school’s opening in 1845. However, the term goes further back than that, as the word originally was used for those who worked or slept in a certain area of the ship, amidships. It later became a term for officers in training. NJIT Nickname: Highlander Origin: 1949 NJIT adopted Highlanders as their nickname following a vote in 1949. The Highlander nickname is a reference to NJIT’s location, which is presently known as University Heights and formerly known as the Newark Highlands. In addition, NJIT’s mailing address used to be High Street until the street was renamed in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. North Carolina Nickname: Tar Heels Origin: 1880s North Carolina first adopted the Tar Heel nickname when the school first started competing in sports in the 1880s. The term goes back to the state’s earliest days when North Carolina was the leading producer of supplies for the naval industry. Workers who distilled turpentine from the sticky sap of pine trees and burned pine boughs to produce tar and pitch often went barefoot during the summer months. The term was meant to describe someone who worked in a low trade. However, the term was popularized as a term to describe the citizens of North Carolina during the Civil War when Confederate soldiers from North Carolina called themselves Tar Heels, flipping the term’s meaning to a sense of pride. Notre Dame Nickname: Fighting Irish Origin: Debated Exactly where the Fighting Irish nickname came from is unknown. It wasn’t used as nickname until the mid 20th Century after the school had various nicknames, such as Rovers, Ramblers, and Terriers. Some stories trace the name back to the Union’s Irish Brigade during the Civil War, in which the third president, Fr. William Corby, was a member of. Other theories suggest the nickname comes from the Irish freedom fighters in the Irish Revolution. You can read more about all the theories surrounding the nickname here. Ohio State Nickname: Buckeyes Origin: 1950 Ohio State officially adopted the Buckeyes nickname in 1950, but it had been in use for some time before that date. The name comes from Buckeye Tree, which grows the Buckeye nuts. The name was originally coined by Native Americns, who called the nut “hetuck,” which means “buck eye”, because the markings on the nut resemble the eye of a deer. Penn Nickname: Quakers Origin: 1800s,1890s Penn’s nickname has little to do with the religious group known as the Quakers. The school is not and has never been a Quaker school. However, Philadelphia was called the Quaker city in the 1800s and thus that fact prompted Philadelphia sportswriters in the 1880s and 1890s to call Penn the Quakers. The nickname stuck and became the official nickname of Penn. Penn State Nickname: Nittany Lions Origin: 1907 The Nittany Lion nickname was first coined by Penn State senior H. D. “Joe” Mason in 1907. He had come up with the idea while on a trip to Princton in 1904 and being embarrassed that Penn State didn’t have a mascot. He wrote in the student newspaper in 1907 that the Nittany Lione should be the school’s nickname and mascot because a lion is dignified, courageous, magnificent, and represents all that college spirit at Penn State should be. The roots of the Nittany Lion nickname come from the mountain lions that roamed Mount Nittany, which is near Penn State’s campus, until the 1880s. Princeton Nickname: Tigers Origin: 1880s One of Princeton’s many claims to fame is being the first to adopt the Tiger nickname. The nickname drivers from the fact that Princeton football players had orange and black stripes on their socks, jerseys, and stocking caps (Yes, you read that right.) in the 1880s, which led sportswriters to call them the Tigers. By 1911 the Tiger had been fully established and integrated as the school’s mascot. Providence Nickname: Friars Origin: 1929 Providence originally used one of two nicknames, the Dominicans, which is the religious order that runs the school, or the Black and White. It wasn’t until an article in 1929 that the term Friars was used to describe the Providence baseball team that the nickname came about. The term Friars comes from the term Blackfriars, which is the shortened name for the Dominican Order. Quinnipiac Nickname: Bobcats Origin: 2001-2002 In Deember of 2001, Quinnipiac dropped their prior nickname, Braves, and they moved to their modern day nickname of Bobcats in the fall of 2002. The Braves nickname, according to the school, was meant to honor and remember the Native American group known as the Quinnipiaks. However, they changed it to put an end to any negative connotations of Native Americans that their nickname and logo may have represented. Richmond Nickname: Spiders Origin: 1890s Richmond is the only school in the country to use the nickname of Spiders for their athletics teams. The nickname was adopted somewhere between 1892-1894 and is said to have come from an article that referred to a Richmond baseball player as a spider due to his lanky arms. Prior to the Spiders nickname, Richmond went by the Colts. Robert Morris Nickname: Colonials Origin: 1963 Robert Morris gets its namesake from the Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Articles of Confederation signer Robert Morris. He also was a financier of the American Revolution. The namesake of the school led to them adopting the Colonials nickname in 1963 when athletics started at the university, which was a junior college at the time. Rutgers Nickname: Scarlet Knights Origin: 1955 Originally, Rutgers went by the nickname of The Scarlet or Queensemen, referencing the universities original name of Queen’s College. The mascot was switched to a Chanticleer, a fighting chicken, in 1925. Because it represented a chicken many took issue with that nickname and in 1955 Rutgers held a vote to find a new nickname and Scarlet Knights was chosen as the winner. Sacred Heart Nickname: Pioneers Origin: 1963 While it isn’t 100% clear, the Pioneers nickname seems to come from the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association of the Sacred Heart, which is an international Roman Cathoilc organization. Due to the school’s Catholic founding in 1963, the connections between the two are very likely. St. Bonaventure Nickname: Bonnies Origin: 1992 From 1972 until 1992, St. Bonaventure went by the nickname of the Brown Indians. The nickname of the school was changed to the Bonnies in 1992 after years of controversy surrounding the school’s former nickname. St. John’s Nickname: Red Storm Origin: 1994 Prior to the 1994–95 school year, the university’s nickname was the Redmen, which referenced the red uniforms worn by its teams in competition. However, the name was interpreted as derogatory against Native Americans and they did have a Native American mascot. The school changed the name to Red Storm during the 1994-1995 school year. Saint Joseph’s Nickname: Hawks Origin: 1929 The Hawk nickname has represented Saint Joseph’s athletics since 1929. The Hawk was chosen in a vote. The reason for the Hawk nickname is said to be that typified “the fighting spirit of our crimson and gray athletes and it is suggestive of the aerial attack which has made our football team famous.” Siena Nickname: Saints Origin: 1988 Siena originally went by the nickname of Indians until the university dropped the name in 1988 due to racial connotations with the name and to make the campus more accepting for all. The school later chose the Saints, which references the school’s namesake, Saint Bernardine of Siena. Stony Brook Nickname: Seawolves Origin: 1994 Originally, Stony Brook’s athletic teams were known as Soundmen or the Baymen. The nickname was changed to Warriors in 1960 and was changed against to the Patriots in 1966. The Patrior name stuck until Stony Brook’s jump to DI in 1994, which prompted them ti change the name to Seawolves. The nickname is said to be a mythical creature from the Tlingit tribe which brought good luck to those able to see it. Syracuse Nickname: Orange Origin: 2004 The color orange was chosen as the official school color in 1890, and is said to have a connection with the Dutch, who were the primary group of Europeans to settle New York. Until 2004, Syracuse went by the nickname Orangemen. The nickname was dropped due to the negative connotations with Native Americans. Towson Nickman: Tigers Origin: 1962 Before 1962, two years after the school’s name was changed from Towson College to Towson Univeristy, the school switched nicknames from the Knights to the Tigers. John Schuerholz, who was a Towson student at the time, pushed heavily for a new nickname. Utah Nickname: Utes Origin: 1972 Before 1972 Utah used the R-Word as their nickname. The nickname was discontinued by the university due to hist offensiveness. The Ute nickname comes from the Ute tribe, from which the state of Utah is named after. The Ute tribe has given Utah explicit written permission to use their name as the nickname for their athletic teams. They actually just renewed the agreement earlier this year. Vermont Nickname: Catamounts Origin: 1926 In 1926, the university held a vote to find a nickname and Catamounts won. A catamount is another name for the American panther, cougar, mountain lion, painter and puma. The animal was actually hunted to instruction in Vermont and most of the eastern United States, with the last known siting in Vermont being in 1881. Villanova Nickname: Wildcats Origin: 1926 The university held a vote in 1926 to determine the school’s nickname and Wildcats won. The nickname is meant to convey the fighting spirit, alertness and skill of the animal chosen in vanquishing its enemies. Virginia Nickname: Cavaliers Origin: 1923 Virginia officially adopted the Cavaliers nickname in 1923. It is said that the nickname was taken to to pay homage to the loyolaist of the Commonwealth of Virgia, who aligned themselves with the Royalist supporters and were often called Cavaliers during the British Civil War. Wahoos, Hoos for short, are also used as unofficial nicknames. The origin of the name goes back to the 1890s when Washington & Lee fans called Virginia fans Washoos during a baseball game. VMI Nickname: Keydets Origin: 1930s From around 1917 until the 1930s, VMI was known as the Flying Squadron. Keydets came into use with the school’s athletic teams in the 1930s. The name Keydets is derived from a southern drawl pronunciatio of cadet. However, Amy West Point claims that they term was used to denote the gray of the standard uniform of a cadet. Wagner Nickname: Seahawks Origin: 1800s (Debated) It is difficult to decipher when the first mascot hit the scene but some say that the first dates back to 1883 with a baseball good luck charm named Chic that would carry bats and run errands for players during games. The seahawk provides examples leadership, partnership, and sharp focus, which aligns with Wagner’s mission and pillars. Yale Nickname: Bulldogs Origin: 1890s The Yale Bulldogs name goes back to 1890s, when Andrew B. Graves, an 1892 Yale grad, took notice of a dog sitting outside a nearby shop. He purchased that bulldog from a blacksmith for $5. The dog, soon named Handsome Dan, was led across fields before football and baseball games, according to archives provided by Yale. However, Yale also goes by the unofficial nickname of the Elis. This name goes back to the founder of the school, Elihu Yale, who was a Welsh merchant, slaveholder, and slave trader for the British East India Company in the 1700s.
4562	dbpedia	0	10	http://northernfury.us/nato/us/navy/amphibious/usmc-air/	en	Northern Fury			[ "http://northernfury.us/assets/images/logo.png", "http://northernfury.us/assets/images/logo.png", "http://northernfury.us/assets\\images\\nato\\us\\navy\\amphibious\\usmc-air\\image1.jpeg", "http://northernfury.us/assets\\images\\nato\\us\\navy\\amphibious\\usmc-air\\image2.jpg", "http://northernfury.us/ass...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/assets/favicon.ico		null	USMC Air Element The US Marine Corps has an air Element that would rival most Air Forces around the world. With over 1300 airframes, half of which are fixed wing, and the remainder rotary wing, they can bring over 700 combat aircraft to battle, many more than most NATO allies or non-Soviet WP adversaries. All but the F/A-18s normally deploy on the various amphibious ships to form the Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTAF) in direct support of the ground element in any landing or operation. The Squadrons are highly flexible often deploying on multiple ships or employing aircraft of other squadrons on independent missions. F/A-18 Hornet. The F/A-18âs provide the USMC with an air attack capability as well as the option to conduct air superiority missions, although that is not their primary role. Hornets will normally operate from a land base but are often flown off of USN aircraft carriers, and routinely form part of a Carrier Air Wing (CAW). The USMC uses three types of the F/A-18, the âAâ variant in its VMFA Squadrons (Marine Fighter Attack) and the âDâ variant in its VMFA(AW) (Marine Fighter Attack â All Weather Capable), some newer F/A-18C(N) are starting to flow into the squadrons providing a single seat aircraft with night precision attack capability. The only major variation from history is that in Northern Fury all USMC Reserve Squadrons will receive the F/A-18A, these are âhand-me-downsâ from the USN which are all transitioning to the âCâ variant early after the demise of the A-6E. With this change in effect, all but one of them have received their aircraft but five of those are still going through conversion training. All F/A-18 Sqns have 12 aircraft except VMFAT-101, the training Sqn which has 30 airframes. USMC Aircraft Sqn # Nickname Airframe Task Remarks Atlantic VMFA-115 Silver Eagles F/A-18A Med VMFA-122 Werewolves F/A-18A CVW 14 VMFA-251 Thunderbolts F/A-18A CVW 6 VMFA-312 Checkerboards F/A-18D CVW 3 VMFA-332 Polka Dots F/A-18D Cherry Pt VMFA-451 Warlords F/A-18A Med VMFA-533 Hawks F/A-18D CVW 8 Pacific VMFA-121 Green Knights F/A-18C (N) CVW 17 VMFA-212 Lancers F/A-18C (N) Kaneohe Bay VMFA-224 Bengals F/A-18D Iwakuni Jap VMFA-225 Vikings F/A-18D CVW 17 VMFA-232 Red Devils F/A-18D CVW 17 VMFA-235 Death Angels F/A-18A Kaneohe Bay VMFA-242 Bats F/A-18D Japan VFMA-314 Black Knights F/A-18A CVW 11 VMFA-323 Death Rattlers F/A-18A El Toro VMFA-333 Shamrocks F/A-18A Iwakuni Jap VMFA-531 Grey Ghosts F/A-18A El Toro Reserves VFMA-112 Cowboys F/A-18A Dallas Trained VMFA-124 Wistling Death F/A-18A Ft Worth Converting VMFA-131 Dimondbacks F/A-18A NAS Willow Grv Converting VMFA-133 Dragons F/A-18A Alameda Converting VFMA-134 Smoke Nil El Toro Waiting for AC VMFA-142 Flying Gators F/A-18A NAS Cecil Fd Converting VFMA-321 Hell's Angels F/A-18A Andrews Trained VMFA-322 Ftg Gamecocks F/A-18A NAS Waymouth Converting Non Operational VMFAT-101 Sharpshooters 30x F/A-18A/D El Toro Training F/A-18D from VMFA(AW)-225 âVikingsâ AV-8B Harrier II/II+: The USMC is the only service in the US which uses the Harrier and has done so since 1968. The current version is the Harrier II+ which will eventually equip six Sqns, however only 4 have this version at the moment (this is a more rapid transition than historical). The key improvement between the Harrier II and the II+ is the provision of the AN/APG-65 Radar allowing the use of the AIM-7 Sparrow and AIM-120 AMRAAM air to air missiles. The Harriers primary mission is to fly off the LHD/LHA ships in support of Marine ground units ashore. The TAV variant is a two seat trainer, solely for use in conversion training USMC Aircraft Sqn # Nickname Airframe Base Remarks Atlantic VMA-223 Bulldogs 22x AV-8B Harrier II Cherry Pt VMA-231 Ace of Spades 22x AV-8B Harrier II+ Cherry Pt VMA-331 Bumblebees 22x AV-8B Harrier II+ Cherry Pt VMA-542 Flying Tigers 22x AV-8B Harrier II Cherry Pt Will convert Pacific VMA-211 Wake Avengers 22x AV-8B Harrier II+ Iwakuni Jap VMA-214 Black Sheep 22x AV-8B Harrier II Yuma In Kuwait VMA-311 Tomcats 22x AV-8B Harrier II+ Yuma VMA-513 Flying Nightmares 22x AV-8B Harrier II Yuma Will convert Non Operational VMAT-203 Hawks 16 AV-8B, 26 TAV-8B El Toro Training Two USMC AV-8B Harrier II loaded with AGM-65 Maverick, AIM-9 Sidewinder and GBU-16s EA-6B: The USMC uses the same Electronic Warfare (EW) aircraft as the USN. The EA-6B Sqns are mostly located at MCAS Cherry Point NC but operate detachments around the world when required. USMC Aircraft Sqn # Nickname Airframe Base Remarks VMAQT-1 Banshee 2 EA-6B Cherry Pt Training VMAQ-2 Panthers 5x EA-6B Cherry Pt VMAQ-3 Moon Dogs 5x EA-6B Cherry Pt VMAQ-4 Seahawks 5x EA-6B Cherry Pt Deployed VMAQ-2 Det Panthers 2x EA-6B Iwakuni Jap EA-6B from VMAQ-2 âPanthersâ OV-10D: Although the OV-10 Bronco was supposed to be retiring in 1995, but there was nothing available to replace them so the increased tension meant that they were retained. Keeping the Broncos frees up other resources such as Harriers and USAF A-10s to focus on major threat areas while the OV-10s look after the low intensity Counter Insurgency (COIN) conflicts, primarily in Central America. Of the 130 originally produced for the USMC, 51 remain. USMC Aircraft Sqn # Nickname Airframe Base Remarks Atlantic VMO-1 Yazoo 22x OV-10D New River Pacific VMO-2 Cherry Deuce 22x OV-10D El Toro VMO-2 Det 7x OV-10D Iwakuni Jap OV-10D Observation and light attack aircraft KC-130: The USMC uses the venerable C-130 Hercules almost exclusively in the âTankerâ role, light tactical transport is also conducted but they rely on the USN and USAF to provide surge tactical transport as required. Pilot and crew training is also conducted with the USAF, although specific air to air refuelling and currency training is conducted by VMGRT-253. Because of the deployed nature of USMC forces there is a need for deployed KC-130 elements throughout the globe to support Amphibious Ready Groups (ARG) and other elements â this support is almost always provided by VMGR-252 which usually has between 10 and 20 KC-130s deployed. Three versions of the âHurcâ are in use; legacy KC-130F which date from the 1960âs, improved KC-130R and the latest KC-130T with updated avionics. USMC Aircraft Sqn # Nickname Airframe Base Remarks Atlantic VMGR-252 Otis 8x KC-130F, 4x KC-130R Cherry Pt VMGR-252 Otis (Depl Det) 9x KC-130F, 12x KC-130R Cherry Pt VMGRT-253 Titans 6x KC-130F Cherry Pt Pacific VMGR-152 Sumos 13x KC-130T Futenma Jap VMGR-352 Raiders 3x KC-130F, 10x KC-130R El Toro KC-130F from VMGR-252 âOtisâ refuelling CH-53Eâs AH-1W: The âWhiskey Cobraâ. The Cobra has been key to USMC ground support since early in the Viet Nam war, the âWhiskeyâ is the standard version used in 1994, it is night capable and able to fire either 8x TOW or Hellfire missiles. UH-1N: Twin Huey. HMLA (Marine Helicopter Light Attack) Sqns are equipped with both the Whiskey Cobra and the UH-1N Huey. These two aircraft work together to provide ground support with the Huey conducting reconnaissance and observation while the Cobra maneuvers to the best engagement position before exposing itself. In the USMC Reserve each Sqn is equipped with a single aircraft type but they are grouped for operations. USMC Aircraft Sqn # Nickname Airframe Base RemarksÂ Atlantic HMLA-167 Warriors 14x AH-1W, 12x UH-1N New River HMLA-269 Gunrunners 14x AH-1W, 12x UH-1N New River HMLA-467 Sabers 14x AH-1W, 12x UH-1N New River Pacific HMLA-169 Vipers 14x AH-1W, 12x UH-1N El Toro HMLA-267 Stingers 14x AH-1W, 16x UH-1N El Toro HMLA-367 Scarface 17x AH-1W, 7x UH-1N El Toro HMLA-369 Gunfighters 12x AH-1W, 14x UH-1N Futenma Jap Det Gunfighters 4x AH-1W, 3x UH-1N Okinawa Reserves HMA-773 Red Dogs 15x AH-1W NAS Atlanta HMA-775 Coyotes 15x AH-1W MCAS Pendleton HML-767 Nomads 13x UH-1N NAS New Orleans HML-771 Hammers 8x UH-1N NAS S Waymouth HML-776 Gangsters 7x UH-1N NAS Glenview Non Operational HMLAT-303 Atlas 10x AH-1W, 7x UH-1N Pendleton Training AH-1W âWhiskey Cobraâ UH-1N âTwin Hueyâ CH-46E: âSea Knightâ. Known as âPhrogsâ these twin rotor workhorses are the standard medium lift helicopter in the USMC. They can carry 24 fully loaded Marines with their combat equipment or 2.5 tons of cargo either internally or slung underneath. Additionally, they are often configured for Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR), or Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC) missions where they can carry 15 stretchers. An upgrade program to extend the range of the âSea Knightâ is ongoing and most Squadrons have at least 2-4 of these upgraded âPhrogsâ. USMC Aircraft Sqn # Nickname Airframe Base Remarks Atlantic HMM-162 Golden Eagles 12x CH-46E New River HMM-261 Raging Bulls 12x CH-46E New River HMM-263 Thunder Eagles 12x CH-46E New River HMM-264 Black Knights 12x CH-46E New River HMM-265 Blue Knights 12x CH-46E New River HMM-266 Fighting Griffons 12x CH-46E New River Pacific HMM-161 Greyhawks 12x CH-46E Okinawa HMM-163 Evil Eyes 12x CH-46E Tustin HMM-164 Knightriders 12x CH-46E Tustin HMM-165 White Knights 12x CH-46E Kaneohe Bay HMM-166 Sea Elks 12x CH-46E Tustin HMM-262 Flying Tigers 12x CH-46E Kaneohe Bay HMM-265 Dragons 12x CH-46E Futenma Jap HMM-268 Red Dragons 12x CH-46E Tustin HMM-364 Purple Foxes 12x CH-46E Kaneohe Bay HMM-161 Greyhawks 12x CH-46E Okinawa Reserves HMM-764 Moonlighters 12x CH-46E El Toro HMM-774 Wild Goose 14x CH-46E NAS Norfolk Non Operational HMMT-301 Windwalkers 10x CH-46 Tustin Training HMMT-204 Raptors 10x CH-46 New River Training CH-46E from HMM-268 âRed Dragonsâ picks up a slung load. CH-53: In 1994 the USMC flew both the CH-53D âSea Stallionâ and the CH-53E âSuper Stallionâ. These aircraft provide heavy lift needed to deploy Marine ground elements quickly onto the battlefield with the combat power needed to win the day. The âSea Stallionâ is one of the fastest helicopters in the world even when carrying a heavy load. The âSuper Stallionâ in addition to keeping the speed of the earlier model is one of the largest helicopters in the world. USMC Aircraft Sqn # Nickname Airframe Base Remarks Atlantic HMH-362 Ugly Angles 16x CH-53D New River HMH-366 Hammerheads 16x CH-53E New River HMH-461 Ironhorse 18x CH-53E New River HMH-464 Condors 18x CH-53E New River HMH-362 Ugly Angles 16x CH-53D New River Pacific HMH-361 Flying Tigers 16x CH-53E Tustin HMM-363 Red Lions 16x CH-53D Futenma Jap HMH-462 Heavy Haulers 16x CH-53E Tustin HMH-463 Pineapples 16x CH-53D Kaneohe Bay HMH-465 War Horses 16x CH-53E Tustin Det War Horses 4x CH-53E Okinawa HMH-466 Wolf Pack 16x CH-53E Tustin HMH-769 Titan 16x CH-53E Tustin Reserves HMH-772 Hustler 7x CH-53D NAS Alameda Det Hustler 6x CH-53D NAS Dallas Det Hustler 6x CH-53D NAS Willow Gr Non Operational HMHT-302 Phoenix 12x CH-53D, 12x CH-53E New River Training CH-53E taking off from an LHD (Wasp Class)
4562	dbpedia	3	45	https://resortateaglepoint.com/the-golden-bear/	en	How Did Jack Nicklaus Get the Nickname, “The Golden Bear?”	https://resortateaglepoi…Bear-scaled.jpeg	https://resortateaglepoi…Bear-scaled.jpeg	[ "https://b3303618.smushcdn.com/3303618/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/The-Golden-Bear-300x200.jpeg?lossy=2&strip=1&webp=1", "https://b3303618.smushcdn.com/3303618/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/The-Golden-Bear-300x200.jpeg?lossy=2&strip=1&webp=1", "https://b3303618.smushcdn.com/3303618/wp-content/themes/resort-eagle-po...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Resort at Eagle Point" ]	2023-03-09T16:00:50+00:00	Along with his impressive achievements on the golf course, Nicklaus is also known for his distinctive nickname: "the Golden Bear."	en	https://b3303618.smushcd…2&strip=1&webp=1	The Resort at Eagle Point	https://resortateaglepoint.com/the-golden-bear/	There are many fun stories about golfing legends, including how they earn honorary nicknames. Jack Nicklaus is one of the most famous and accomplished golfers of all time, with a career that spanned over three decades and included 18 major championship victories. But along with his impressive achievements on the golf course, Nicklaus is also known for his distinctive nickname: “the Golden Bear.” The origins of Nicklaus’s nickname as the Golden Bear, are somewhat mysterious, with several different stories circulating about how he acquired it. One of the most commonly cited stories is that the nickname was coined by a sportswriter named Don Ward, who was struck by Nicklaus’s burly physique and blonde hair, which reminded him of a bear. Ward reportedly first used the nickname in a 1961 article for Golf Digest, and it quickly caught on among Nicklaus’s fans and fellow players. Another popular story about the origins of the Golden Bear involves a friend of Nicklaus’s named Charlie “Chubby” Winters, who noticed that Nicklaus’s initials, J.N., resembled the words “Golden Bear” when written in script. According to this story, Winters began using the nickname to refer to Nicklaus in private, and it eventually caught on among his other friends and associates. A third possible explanation for the nickname is that Nicklaus himself chose it after visiting the Columbus Zoo in his hometown of Columbus, Ohio, where he saw a bear that was painted gold for an exhibit. Nicklaus reportedly liked the idea of being associated with a powerful and majestic animal and began using the nickname shortly after that. Regardless of the exact origins of the nickname, it quickly became associated with Nicklaus’s formidable golf skills and larger-than-life personality. “The Golden Bear” was a fitting moniker for a player known for his imposing physical presence on the golf course and his impressive record of victories and championships. See what nickname you can earn at the Eagle Point Golf Club!
4562	dbpedia	2	3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-163	en	Wikipedia	https://upload.wikimedia…4/4a/VMM-163.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…4/4a/VMM-163.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/VMM-163.jpg/150px-VM...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2006-01-29T04:00:04+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-163	Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 163ActiveDecember 1951 - presentCountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnited States of AmericaBranchUnited States Marine CorpsTypeMedium Lift Tiltrotor SquadronRoleAssault SupportPart ofMarine Aircraft Group 16 3rd Marine Aircraft WingGarrison/HQMarine Corps Air Station MiramarNickname(s)"Evil Eyes" "Ridge Runners" (1953-2015)Tail CodeYPEngagementsVietnam War * Battle of A Shau Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Iraqi FreedomCommandersCurrent commanderLtCol David G. BatchelerAircraft flownMV-22B Osprey Military unit Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 163 (VMM-163) is a United States Marine Corps helicopter squadron consisting of MV-22 Osprey transport tiltrotors. The squadron, known as "Evil Eyes", is based at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, California and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 16 (MAG-16) and the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing (3rd MAW). The Squadron's original nickname, the "Ridge Runners", was bestowed as a result of typhoon rescue and relief operations in the mountainous terrain surrounding Hanshin, Japan following Typhoon Tess in September 1953. In 2015, the squadron officially adopted the moniker "Evil Eyes." This comes from the eyes that have been painted on squadron aircraft since October 1965 when it was recommended by the squadron's intelligence officer for operation in South Vietnam. Mission [edit] Provide assault support transport of combat troops, supplies and equipment during expeditionary, joint or combined operations. Be prepared for short-notice, worldwide deployment in support of Marine Air-Ground Task Force operations. History [edit] Vietnam War [edit] HMR(L)-163, the predecessor of HMM-163, was formed in December 1951. In late July 1962, HMM-163 deployed to Sóc Trăng Airfield, South Vietnam and on 1 August it replaced HMM-362 as the Operation Shufly squadron.[1]: 70 In early September 1962, HMM-163 began redeploying with its support units from Marine Aircraft Group 16 (MAG-16) to Da Nang Air Base, completing the redeployment by 20 September.[1]: 73–4 On 6 October the squadron suffered its first fatalities when a search and rescue UH-34 crashed due to mechanical failure 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Tam Kỳ killing five Marines and two Navy corpsmen with only the pilot surviving.[1]: 83 On 11 January 1963 HMM-162 replaced the squadron, during their time in South Vietnam the squadron's crews had flown a total of 10,869 hours, 15,200 sorties and had lifted over 25,216 combat assault troops and 59,024 other passengers.[1]: 113 The squadron redeployed to South Vietnam as the Shufly squadron at Da Nang Air Base on 17 February 1965 replacing HMM-365 and was there when the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade landed at Red Beach on 8 March 1965.[2]: 15, 235 On 31 March the squadron supported the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Operation Quyet Thang 512 flying Airborne troops from Tam Kỳ to a landing zone 25 miles (40 km) south of Da Nang, during the operation one UH-34 was shot down and two Marines killed.[2]: 18 The mission was depicted in Larry Burrows' LIFE magazine photo-essay "One ride with Yankee Papa 13" showing the death of Marine pilot 1st Lt James E. Magel and the rescue of wounded gunner Sgt Billie Owens.[3] For most U.S. citizens, this was the first time they were made aware of the extent of America's involvement in Vietnam. On 21 June the squadron was replaced by HMM-261 and joined the Special Landing Force (SLF) onboard USS Iwo Jima.[2]: 54 The squadron then supported Operation Starlite landing the 3rd Battalion 7th Marines.[2]: 78 In September the squadron supported Operation Dagger Thrust.[2]: 198 On 11 October HMM-261 replaced the squadron as the SLF helicopter squadron.[2]: 200 In late October 1965, HMM-163 relocated to Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, Okinawa, Japan. Captain Al Barbes, the Squadron Intelligence Officer and husband to a Filipina bride, offered a suggestion. Because of Asian culture and beliefs, he proposed that eyes painted on the unit aircraft might have an unsettling effect upon the enemy, thus the concept of "The Eyes" on the front of HMM-163 aircraft was born.[citation needed] On 1 January 1966, HMM-163 flew to Phu Bai Combat Base, South Vietnam, relieved HMM-161, and took over all their H-34 helicopters.[4]: 50 Painting of what were then called "Genie Eyes" (after the I Dream of Jeannie TV show) began immediately. By March 1966, HMM-163's "Genie Eyes" were being called "Evil Eyes" by the ground units supported.[citation needed] From 26 February to 3 March the squadron supported Operation New York.[4]: 52 On 9 March 1966, the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 95th Regiment, 325th Division attacked the Special Forces camp in the A Shau Valley about 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Huế in Thừa Thiên Province. Defending the camp were 10 Green Berets and 210 South Vietnamese Civilian Irregular Defense Group. The squadron flew over 2,000 flight hours in ten days during the battle in which 190 survivors were rescued from capture in the face of heavy enemy anti-aircraft fire. During the battle, 21 of the 24 aircraft assigned to the squadron suffered "major damage" including two that were shot down.[5][4]: 59–63 The squadron supported Operation Oregon from 19-23 March.[4]: 67 It then supported Operation Texas in which one UH-34 was shot down by Vietcong (VC) antiaircraft fire killing three crewmen and seven Marines from 3rd Battalion 1st Marines.[4]: 124 In mid-April the squadron supported Operation Virginia around Khe Sanh Combat Base.[4]: 141 The squadron left South Vietnam on 1 August 1966 and joined Task Group 79.2 from 2 to 28 October and returned to South Vietnam on 1 November 1966.[4]: 347, 350 The squadron again returned to Phu Bai, still with black and white "Evil Eyes", under the command of LtCol Otto Bianchi. Bianchi was a good friend of the Wing Commander, but that didn't keep Major General Louis Robertshaw, 1st MAW Commanding General, from reading Bianchi the "riot act" concerning the unauthorized paint scheme. Also in the room at the time of this conversation was the Commanding General of the Marine ground forces in the area, who politely interrupted by saying, "It sure is great to have the 'Evil Eyes' back here at Phu Bai!" Robertshaw relented and the "Evil Eyes" have remained to this day.[citation needed] On 8 September 1967 the squadron became the SLF Alpha helicopter squadron onboard USS Okinawa.[6]: 171 On 30 October the squadron joined Marine Aircraft Group 36 (MAG-36) at Quang Tri Combat Base.[6]: 212 The squadron supported Marine units fighting around the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone throughout early 1968.[7]: 50 In mid-April the MAG-36 units at Quang Tri, including the squadron, were detached into Provisional (Prov) MAG-39.[7]: 526 On 19 May HMM-161 equipped with new CH-46Ds replaced the squadron at Quang Tri and it was transferred to MAG-16.[7]: 527, 720 On 31 August the squadron returned to the U.S..[7]: 719 1990s [edit] During the 1990s, HMM-163 continued to excel while serving as the Aviation Combat Element (ACE) for five Special Operations Capable Marine Expeditionary Units (MEU(SOC)) on deployments to the Pacific and Central Command theaters. During this time, the squadron participated in operations across the Pacific and from the Horn of Africa to the Persian Gulf, including Operation Fiery Vigil in 1991, Operation Continue Hope, Operation Distant Runner, and Operation Quick Draw in 1994, Operation Desert Strike in 1996 and Operation Resolute Response in 1998. Global War on Terror [edit] In 2001, while deployed with the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit(SOC), the Evil Eyes of HMM-163 again had the opportunity to serve America with distinction by participating in combat operations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. While forward deployed to the Central Command Theater of Operations, the Evil Eyes planned and executed the longest amphibious assault in American military history with the seizure of a Forward Operating Base (FOB) in southern Afghanistan. This was accomplished through the use of a 4-aircraft detachment of CH-53E helicopters, which are capable of in-flight refueling. They had been attached to the squadron 8 months earlier in preparation for deployment as the Air Combat Element of the 15th MEU (SOC). The squadron remained forward deployed for seven weeks operating from the austere base in support of Task Force 58 and other coalition Special Operations Forces. In 2003, the Evil Eyes deployed from 22 August 2003 to 8 March 2004 with the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit. Again, the squadron made history by being part of the first Expeditionary Strike Group One (ESG-1). The ESG concept focused on combining surface action groups and submarines with traditional Amphibious Ready Groups (ARGs) and MEUs to offer theater combatant commanders more flexibility and capabilities. During this deployment HMM-163 participated in security operation in the southern Iraqi city of Basrah in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Awards [edit] HMM-163 received the Chief of Naval Operations Aviation Safety Awards in 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1989, and 1996. Meritorious Unit Commendations (MUC) with one Gold Star Named the MCAA Helicopter squadron of the Year in 1979, 1981, 1985, 1990, and 2002. Gallery [edit] An HMR-163 HUS-2 over USS Sicily (CVE-118), 1952. A UH-34D from HMM-163 over Vietnam, 1967. Vietnam-era squadron insignia. Older squadron insignia A CH-46E from HMM-163, in 1989. CH-46Es from HMM-163, in 2005. See also [edit] List of United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons United States Marine Corps Aviation References [edit] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps. Citations [edit] Bibliography [edit]
4562	dbpedia	3	52	https://auburntigers.com/news/2019/03/29/war-eagle-1	en	War Eagle	https://auburntigers.com…SQ1N5di5wbmc.png	https://auburntigers.com…SQ1N5di5wbmc.png	[ "https://storage.googleapis.com/auburn-prod/2024/05/16/TpU1SFK2GRK1f8h5a6DmLiNXNn2bwnsu6AIx2Zxj.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2019-03-29T00:00:00		en	https://auburntigers.com…SQ1N5di5wbmc.png		null	Southeastern Raptor Center War Eagle Battle Cry "War Eagle" is Auburn's battle cry — not a mascot or nickname. The phrase has a long history and deep significance among the Auburn Family (e.g., students, alumni, fans) who use it to greet and identify with each other all over the world! The most popular legend about the battle cry dates back to the first time Auburn met Georgia on the football field in 1892 and centers on a spectator who was a Civil War veteran. In the stands with him that day was an eagle the old soldier had found on a battlefield during the war. He had kept it as a pet for almost 30 years. According to witnesses, the eagle suddenly broke free and began majestically circling the playing field. As the eagle soared, Auburn began a steady march toward the Georgia end zone for a thrilling victory. Elated at their team's play and taking the bird's presence as an omen of success, Auburn students and fans began to yell “War Eagle” to spur on their team. At the game's end, the eagle took a sudden dive, crashed into the ground, and died. But the War Eagle battle cry lived on to become a symbol of the proud Auburn spirit. Whenever Auburn people gather, the battle cry “Warrrrrrr Eagle!” is almost certain to be heard. It has been a part of Auburn's spirit for more than 100 years. Since the first War Eagle, there have been seven others throughout Auburn's history that have served as a symbol of the Auburn spirit and kept alive the legendary battle cry.
4562	dbpedia	0	0	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/VMM-162	en	VMM-162	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/e/e4/VMM-162_aboard_USS_Nassau_2009.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/1200?cb=20110413022523	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/e/e4/VMM-162_aboard_USS_Nassau_2009.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/1200?cb=20110413022523	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/VMM-162.jpg/125px-VMM-162.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/HMR-162_insignia.jpg/150px-HMR-162_insignia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/HMM-162_insignis.png/180px-HMM-162_insignis.png", "...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162 (VMM-162) is a United States Marine Corps tiltrotor squadron consisting of MV-22 Osprey transport aircraft. The squadron, known as the "Golden Eagles", is based at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina and falls under the command of Marine...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/VMM-162	Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162 VMM-162 insignia Active June 30, 1951 - presentCountry United StatesAllegiance United States of AmericaBranch United States Marine CorpsType Medium-lift Tiltrotor SquadronRole Assault SupportPart of Marine Aircraft Group 26 2nd Marine Aircraft WingGarrison/HQ Marine Corps Air Station New RiverNickname(s) Golden EaglesTail Code YSEngagements Vietnam War Operation Restore Hope Operation Iraqi Freedom * 2003 invasion of IraqCommandersCurrent commander LtCol Robert Freeland Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 162 (VMM-162) is a United States Marine Corps tiltrotor squadron consisting of MV-22 Osprey transport aircraft. The squadron, known as the "Golden Eagles", is based at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 26 (MAG-26) and the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2nd MAW). HMM-162 officially stood down December 9, 2005 to begin the process of transitioning to the MV-22 Osprey. On August 31, 2006, the squadron was reactivated as the second operational Osprey squadron in the Marine Corps. History[] Early years[] Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 162 (HMR-162) was activated on June 30, 1951 at Marine Corps Air Facility Santa Ana. The primary mission of the squadron at that time was to provide airlift and air supply for the Fleet Marine Force in amphibious operations. The personnel strength of the squadron grew quickly and crews were sent to Marine Corps Air Station Quantico, Virginia to accept and ferry the new Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters to MCAF Santa Ana. During these early months, the squadron was occupied primarily with proficiency training, which contributed to the growing body of knowledge of rotary winged aircraft and their tactical employment, ultimately evolving into a basis for the Marine Corps' doctrine of vertical envelopment. Helicopters of HMR-162 made amphibious warfare history in February 1952 during Operation Lex Baker I, when they airlifted a combat-equipped company of the 3rd Marine Regiment from the escort carrier USS Rendova to the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton hills. The ship-to-shore movement was the first ever attempted on such a scale. On December 31, 1956, the squadron was redesignated as Marine Helicopter Squadron-Light (HMR(L)-162). In the fiscal year 1956, the squadron logged 5,166 accident-free flight hours and was awarded the Chief of Naval Operations Aviation Safety Award. During March 1957, six Marines of the squadron were awarded the Philippine Legion of Honor for their gallant conduct in the recovery operations at the scene of the death of President Ramon Magsaysay on Cebu Island. The plane carrying the Philippine President from Cebu City to Manila crashed and the squadron was asked to assist in the rescue and recovery operations that were subsequently undertaken. As the year came to a close HMR(L)-162 boarded the USS Princeton and set sail for the South China Sea. While en route, the ship was ordered to Singapore to load supplies to be helo distributed to flood victims in Ceylon.[1] The squadron used 20 HRS-3s in the operation and logged a total of 1123.9 hours for the five days of evacuation and resupply. One of the recommendations to emerge from this action was that efforts be continued and intensified to devise navigational systems for helicopters. On February 5, 1959, the squadron was transferred to the Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina, where it reformed as a unit of Marine Aircraft Group 26. During the summer months of 1962, HMR(L)-162 was involved with the relief operations in the Gulf Coast area in the aftermath of Hurricane Carla. On April 2, 1960, HMR (L)-162 was reduced to zero strength and shifted to the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. The squadron was immediately built up in a few days at MCAS Futenma, Okinawa as personnel began reporting from MCAS New River. Vietnam War and the 1980s[] HMM-162 operated deployed to the Republic of Vietnam in January 1963 and operated from Danang until June 1965. In 1983, the squadron deployed as part of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit aboard the USS Iwo Jima to Beirut, Lebanon. While in theater, the squadron provided helicopter support during the deployment, and provided critical support during the aftermath of the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing. Gulf War and the 1990s[] While filling the role as the Strategic reserve for Operation Desert Storm, HMM-162 participated in the Noncombatant Evacuation Operation (NEO), Operation Sharp Edge in war-torn Liberia. During this operation the "Golden Eagles" evacuated 226 American Citizens and 2,400 third-country nationals. The squadron also participated in Operation Provide Comfort in northern Iraq and in Operation Restore Hope in Somalia and Operation Deny Flight in Bosnia in 1993 while as part of the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU). Global War on Terror[] In 2003, HMM-162 deployed to Kuwait and then participated in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. During the two-month period that they flew in support of I Marine Expeditionary Force in Iraq they transported more than 500,000 pounds of cargo, 2,200 passengers and flew over 900 flight hours.[2] HMM-162 officially stood down December 9, 2005 to begin the process of transitioning to the MV-22 Osprey. On August 31, 2006, the squadron was reactivated as the second operational Osprey squadron in the Marine Corps. In early April 2008, VMM-162 quietly deployed to Iraq to take over from VMM-263, the first operational V-22 combat unit.[3] While in Iraq, VMM-162 transported several high profile people around the country including then presidential candidate Barack Obama.[4] With the pending drawdown of Marines in Iraq, VMM-266 is expected to be the last. This will free up additional tiltrotor aircraft for other assignments in the future.[5] 2010 Haiti earthquake[] After the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake on 12 January, VMM-162, serving as the aviation combat element of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit (24th MEU) was diverted from its scheduled Middle East deployment to provide humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to Haiti,[6] as part of Operation Unified Response. The squadron's Ospreys, operating from the USS Nassau (LHA-4) were the first ever used for a humanitarian mission.[7] Unit awards[] A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. VMM-162 has been presented with the following awards: Ribbon Unit Award Presidential Unit Citation one two Bronze Star Navy Unit Commendation with one Bronze Star Meritorious Unit Commendation with two Bronze Stars National Defense Service Medal with two Bronze Stars Korean Service Medal Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Vietnam Service Medal with two Bronze Stars Southwest Asia Service Medal with one Bronze Star Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm Streamer Iraq Campaign Medal Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal See also[] List of United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons United States Marine Corps Aviation References[] Notes This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps. Bibliography Visconage, Michael D. & Harris, Carroll N. "Third Marine Aircraft Wing - Operation Iraqi Freedom". Marine Corps Association, 2004. []
4562	dbpedia	3	91	https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/may/18/nickname_irks_marquette/	en	Nickname irks Marquette fans	https://s3.amazonaws.com…/05102645/fb.jpg	https://s3.amazonaws.com…/05102645/fb.jpg	[ "https://www2.ljworld.com/wp-content/themes/coreV3_lazy/images/mobile_website_logo.png", "https://www2.ljworld.com/wp-content/themes/coreV3_lazy/images/twitter_header_white.png", "https://www2.ljworld.com/wp-content/themes/coreV3_lazy/images/facebook_header_white.png", "https://www2.ljworld.com/wp-content/the...	[]	[]	[ "News", "Nickname irks Marquette fansSports", "Nickname irks Marquette fans" ]	null	[]	2005-05-18T00:00:00	Milwaukee ? Miami Heat star Dwyane Wade was stumped, along with thousands of other outraged Marquette fans, students and alumni	en	https://www2.ljworld.com/wp-content/themes/coreV3_lazy/favicon.ico	LJWorld.com	https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/may/18/nickname_irks_marquette/	? Miami Heat star Dwyane Wade was stumped, along with thousands of other outraged Marquette fans, students and alumni, when the university declared it was ditching the Golden Eagles moniker and forever burying the old Warriors nickname in favor of “Gold.” What kind of name was that? And what kind of mascot could represent an inert metal? There’s never been a gold rush in Milwaukee, unless you count the color of the suds that flow from the city’s breweries. Gold? Instead of digging it, the public panned it. Critics said it was a symbol of greed that conflicted with the school’s Jesuit principles. They called it uninspired, unnecessary, unacceptable. Wade, who led Marquette to the 2003 Final Four, called the campus to get an explanation. He wasn’t satisfied to hear the decision was handed down out of the blue by a 38-member board of trustees that got together to reconsider the school’s decision to drop Warriors in the early 1990s. “I’ll always be known as a Golden Eagle,” Wade said. “And the people before me, they’ll always be known as the Warriors. And the new class coming in, unfortunately, they’re always going to be known as ‘The Gold.”‘ Not anymore. The nickname lasted barely a week before the school made a stunning about-face. After getting hammered by more than 4,000 e-mails and countless phone calls, on the airwaves and across the Internet, the red-faced trustees met in emergency session and reversed field. While still insisting that Warriors was out, in part because of the name’s connection to the cartoonish Willie Wampum mascot of the 1960s, the board decided to put the issue into the hands of students, faculty, staff and some 100,000 alumni worldwide via Internet voting next week. The list of 10 names is being finalized, but four former school nicknames — “Golden Eagles,” “Golden Avalanche,” “Hilltoppers” and “Blue and Gold” — will be among the choices. Write-in votes will be allowed, but “Warriors” votes will be discarded. The top two finishers will be put up for another vote in mid-June and the winning moniker — the school’s fourth nickname in 11 years — will be announced by July 1, when the school joins the reconfigured Big East Conference. The outcry over the university’s nickname started a year ago at graduation when two trustees offered the school $1 million each to go back to Warriors, which it dropped in favor of Golden Eagles because the name and logo offended some American Indian groups. Among those advocating a return to Warriors — a nickname used by 27 universities across the country, including Wisconsin Lutheran College in Milwaukee — was university President Robert A. Wild. In conversations with American Indian tribes and bands during the last year, however, Wild realized it was impossible to divorce the nickname from its ugly past. “We’re dealing with a human dignity issue, and that’s real basic stuff for a Catholic and Jesuit university,” Wild said. He believes much of the storm over the Gold nickname grew out of anger from those who supported a return to Warriors. Many alumni still think of themselves as Warriors — 92 percent of them, according to an online survey conducted by the university. When trustees realized that Warriors wasn’t going to make a comeback, they decided to ditch Golden Eagles, too. “It seemed like a bright idea at the time,” Wild said. “When we saw where we were headed with Warriors, we said, ‘Look at what Syracuse has done. They went from Orangemen to Orange. Hey, one of our oldest traditions really has been our school colors, blue and gold.’ We had the Golden Eagles. We had the Golden Avalanche when we had a football team. We tried to tap into that.”
4562	dbpedia	3	87	https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/why-was-apollo-called-apollo-history-spacecraft-call-signs	en	Why was Apollo called Apollo? \| The history of spacecraft call signs	https://www.rmg.co.uk/si…ng?itok=xaOdhWuf	https://www.rmg.co.uk/si…ng?itok=xaOdhWuf	[ "https://www.rmg.co.uk/sites/default/files/styles/navigation_thumbnail/public/2022-02/RMG-JPEG-37-FB.jpg?itok=Bj2P7OrJ", "https://www.rmg.co.uk/sites/default/files/styles/navigation_thumbnail/public/2022-07/RMG_NMM_Families2.jpeg?itok=ROOSZimh", "https://www.rmg.co.uk/sites/default/files/styles/navigation_thumb...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Used for communication in crewed spaceflights, spacecraft call signs have interesting histories.	en	/themes/custom/rmg_theme/favicon.ico		https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/why-was-apollo-called-apollo-history-spacecraft-call-signs	Used for communication in crewed spaceflights, spacecraft call signs have interesting histories. What is a spacecraft call sign? A call sign is a label given to a vehicle, mission or person in internal communications during missions to space. Different nations and missions use call signs differently. Call signs that were used in significant missions have gone down in history, with the code words becoming common parlance. American call signs American call signs are used to refer to vehicles, missions or projects. Throughout NASA’s history, there have been phases where the call sign was decided upon by the crew itself. Traditionally they have not been as regulated as other call signs, such as the ones used for aircraft. Often the names take inspiration from what the mission symbolises, or a famous voyage from history or popular culture. Project Mercury Originally Project Mercury, the first human spaceflight programme run by the United States, was named Project Astronaut. However, Dwight D. Eisenhower, the US President at the time, felt that this gave too much prominence to the astronauts, and so the name was changed. The name Mercury comes from classical mythology – Mercury is a Roman God. Project Mercury also used call signs that referred to individual spacecraft. These names were chosen by the astronaut in command of each craft. Each call sign followed the same pattern: a word followed by the number seven. This number represented the seven original astronauts who made up Project Mercury. Some of the words used for these call signs included: Friendship Faith Freedom Liberty bell Project Gemini The astronauts of NASA’s second human spaceflight mission, Project Gemini, were not officially allowed to name their spacecraft. Instead each individual spacecraft was simply referred to as ‘Gemini’ followed by the number of the mission. However, Gemini 3 command module pilot Gus Grissom nicknamed his spacecraft Molly Brown after the Titanic survivor and New York socialite. Naming his craft after a Titanic survivor was an ironic reference to Grissom's experience piloting Project Mercury spacecraft Liberty-Bell 7, which had sunk after splashlanding back on Earth. When NASA suggested Molly Brown might be an inappropriate nickname, Grissom offered to name it Titanic instead. After this suggestion NASA relented: Molly Brown was a lot more appealing as a nickname. Although Project Gemini was named after the constellation - pronounced ‘jeh-min-eye’ - NASA declared the official pronunciation of the operation to be ‘geh-mih-nee’. Apollo programme Project Apollo kept up the trend of taking inspiration from classical mythology: Apollo was a significant God to both the Greeks and the Romans. For the Apollo 7 and 8 missions, call signs were limited to simply mission name and number. However, in 1969 the Apollo 9 mission used two different spacecraft: the lunar module and the command module. For this mission and those that followed therefore, it became necessary to give each part of the spacecraft individual call signs. The crew for each mission was responsible for naming both the command and lunar module. Originally the crew of Apollo 11 named the command module Snowcone and the lunar module Haystack, based on the shapes of the vehicles. However, NASA felt that these names did not inspire much confidence in the spacecraft or the mission. They were renamed Columbia and Eagle, respectively. Once Eagle landed on the lunar surface the call sign used switched to that used for the base on the lunar surface – Tranquillity Base – rather than the lunar module itself. Find out more about Apollo 11 Find out more about Apollo 9 and 10 Houston Whilst the call signs of the spacecraft were given special names, the mission control call sign was much simpler. Since the Gemini 4 mission, the control centre for NASA missions had been housed in NASA’s Manned Spacecraft Center, which in 1973 was renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. In radio communications however the base was simply referred to as Houston, as it was located in the city of Houston in Texas. Soviet and Russian spacecraft call signs Russian missions don’t have individual names for their spacecraft. Instead, their call sign often refers to the type of spacecraft being used followed by its mission number. Soviet and now Russian call signs are given to individual cosmonauts, and are not disclosed publicly before launch. As a cosmonaut goes on different missions or pilots various spacecraft over time, their individual call sign remains the same. Yuri Gagarin The first man in space, Yuri Gagarin, was a Russian cosmonaut. His call sign was ‘Kedr’ which translates as 'Cedar'. The innocuous sounding call sign meant that anyone listening in to conversations about the mission would not immediately know who or what was being referred to. Eagle was a call sign popular across nations. After Gagarin’s journey into space, the Soviet Vostok missions featured call signs named after birds. Pavel Popovich and Andriyan Nikoayev were known as ‘Sokol’, meaning falcon, and ‘Berkut’, meaning golden eagle, in their Soyuz-3 and Soyuz-4 joint mission. Whilst the launch facility in the US was named after the city it was based in, the launch facility in Russia for the Vostok missions was named ‘Zarya’ meaning dawn. Perhaps this was a more symbolic call sign: the dawn of a new age prompted by space travel. Visit the Yuri Gargarin statue at the Astronomy Centre Discover great photos of the Moon
4562	dbpedia	3	68	https://www.kernaudubonsociety.org/bird-of-the-week-bald-eagle/	en	Bird of The Week: Bald Eagle	https://www.kernaudubons…d-Eagle-wide.jpg	https://www.kernaudubons…d-Eagle-wide.jpg	[ "https://www.kernaudubonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/KernAudubonSociety-50-logo-90.png", "https://www.kernaudubonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/KernAudubonSociety-logo-75.png", "https://www.kernaudubonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Bald-Eagle-wide-720x360.jpg", "https://www.kernaudub...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The majestic Bald Eagle is the only eagle species found solely in North America. It is well-known, even to non-birders, as the national symbol of the United States, an honor it was granted in 1782.	en	https://www.kernaudubons…y-favicon-16.png	Kern Audubon Society	https://www.kernaudubonsociety.org/bird-of-the-week-bald-eagle/	SCIENTIFIC NAME: Haliaeetus leucocephalus POPULATION: ~317,000 TREND: Increasing HABITAT: Lakes, reservoirs, rivers, marshes, and coasts The majestic Bald Eagle is the only eagle species found solely in North America. It is well-known, even to non-birders, as the national symbol of the United States, an honor it was granted in 1782. The Golden Eagle, also found in North America, is more widely distributed, occurring as well in Eurasia and even some parts of northern Africa. The Bald Eagle’s Latin name accurately reflects its appearance and habits: Hali and aiētos mean “sea eagle,” and leuco and cephalos mean “white head.” The use of the word “Bald” in its English name does not mean hairless; rather, it derives from the Middle English word “balde,” which means shining white. This distinctive white head and matching white tail make adult Bald Eagles easy to identify, even from a distance. Although North American field guides place the Bald and Golden Eagles in close proximity, the two are not closely related. Regal Relatives The Bald Eagle belongs to a group of fish- and carrion-eating raptors known as sea- (or fish-) eagles. Sea-eagles are always found close to water; their large, arched beaks, bare lower legs, and roughened toe pads help them snatch fish from the water as they hunt. Sea-eagles are also adept kleptoparasites, stealing the catches of other birds such as the Osprey. The Bald Eagle is considered half of a species pair with its Old World counterpart, the White-tailed Sea-eagle of Eurasia. The latter lacks the white head of the Bald Eagle and has a slightly larger wingspan; otherwise, these closely related species share the same habitat, food, and nesting preferences. Another close relative, the enormous Steller’s Sea-eagle of Asia, is at 20 pounds one of the largest eagles in the world, alongside the unrelated but similarly sized Harpy Eagle of Central and South America. The widespread Golden Eagle is more closely related to hawks found in the Buteo genus, such as the Red-tailed and Red-shouldered Hawks, than to the Bald Eagle! The Golden Eagle is part of a group known as “booted” eagles, which have legs feathered down to their feet. These eagles favor drier, more inland haunts, and prey upon a wide variety of mammals, rather than fish. New World Eagle The Bald Eagle is a North American specialty, found from Alaska through Canada into the lower 48 U.S. states, even moving as far south as northern Mexico during the winter. It is considered a partial migrant — individuals in the northern parts of the range often move south during extremely cold weather, as this species needs open water to hunt. The Bald Eagle’s call is a decidedly un-regal, high-pitched squeaking sound. In TV shows and movies, the loud, low scream of the Red-tailed Hawk, which presumably sounds more majestic or fearsome, is often dubbed over the on-screen image of an eagle. Frequent Fisher True to its nickname of Fish Eagle, the Bald Eagle dines mainly on fish either snatched from the water’s surface or stolen from another bird. But this eagle, being a keen opportunist, will also hunt waterfowl, small mammals, and reptiles and eat carrion and garbage. Its scavenging habit sometimes leads to trouble, as game-animal gut piles left by human hunters often contain fragments of lead ammunition, which eagles accidentally ingest. Even small amounts of lead can be enough to poison, and eventually kill, an eagle. During the fall and winter, the Bald Eagle can become surprisingly social, congregating in large groups sometimes numbering hundreds of birds. This communal gathering often occurs in response to a superabundance of easy prey — during annual salmon runs, for example. Cartwheeling Courtship Like the Tundra Swan and Whooping Crane, the Bald Eagle usually stays with the same mate for life. While courting, a pair flies high, links talons, then plummets toward the ground, spinning wildly. This “cartwheel display” ends only when the pair breaks their grip, usually just before they hit the ground. Other aerial courtship displays include “rollercoaster flight,” when an eagle flies high, then folds its wings and plunges toward the ground, swooping back up at the last second. Pairs also engage in mutual chases, rolling and diving through the air in tandem. A Bald Eagle pair aggressively defends a territory and nest during the breeding season. Both male and female work together to build their nest, an enormous platform of large sticks lined with grass, plant stalks, sod, and other soft materials. The nest is built high in a large tree, usually close to water. In the absence of a suitable tree, an eagle pair may nest on a cliff or even on the ground. A mated pair of Bald Eagles will reuse the same nest each year, adding new material again and again. Sometimes these structures become so large and unwieldy that they take down the trees they’re built upon. Bald Eagle nests are some of the largest bird nests in the world — the largest ever recorded was in Florida, and measured 9.5 feet in diameter and 20 feet deep, weighing almost three tons! The female Bald Eagle lays one to three eggs, which both parents take turns incubating. After about a month, the young hatch, already covered in light gray down. The adults guard and feed the young eagles, which grow quickly and are ready to fledge in 10 to 12 weeks. Juvenile Bald Eagles have mottled brown-and-white plumage, and are sometimes misidentified as Golden Eagles. They acquire the characteristic white head and tail of adults at between four and five years old. Conservation Success — and Continuing Challenges By the late 1900s, Bald Eagles had become increasingly rare — victims of trapping, shooting, and poisoning, plus nesting failure caused by DDT and other pesticides. The Bald Eagle Protection Act, passed in 1940 and changed in 1962 to include the Golden Eagle, provides protection to both North American eagle species, prohibiting the taking or possession of eagles or any eagle parts, including feathers, eggs, and nests. The southern subspecies of the Bald Eagle was listed as Endangered under the Endangered Species Preservation Act in 1967, and in 1978, all Bald Eagles present in the lower 48 states, regardless of subspecies, were afforded protection under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Populations began to rebound after the more toxic pesticides were banned in the 1970s, and the bird was removed from the endangered species list in 2007. Although the Bald Eagle has made a successful comeback, it continues to face a variety of threats: collision risks from wind turbines, communications towers, and powerlines; lead poisoning; oil spills; dangers posed by newer pesticides; and habitat loss. ABC has stepped up to address these continuing challenges. Our Bird-Smart Wind Energy campaign works to protect eagles and other U.S. birds from the threat of poorly sited wind turbines. Our Conservation Advocacy division continues to defend critical legislation such as the ESA and to promote the conservation and restoration of public lands for the benefit of the Bald Eagle and other North American birds. Source: American Bird Conservancy (abcbirds.org)
4562	dbpedia	1	47	https://anitamathias.com/2010/01/	en	Anita Mathias: Dreaming Beneath the Spires	https://anitamathias.com…re_512-32x32.jpg	https://anitamathias.com…re_512-32x32.jpg	[ "https://external.ak.fbcdn.net/safe_image.php?d=b0405b8900081ca06938803615ba7fd2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsimg.bbc.co.uk%2Fmedia%2Fimages%2F46353000%2Fjpg%2F_46353125_-1.jpg&w=90&h=90", "https://anitamathias.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Front-Cover.jpg", "https://anitamathias.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/wanderi...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Anita Mathias" ]	null		en	https://anitamathias.com…re_512-32x32.jpg		https://anitamathias.com/2010/01/	Facebook posts from Jan 20 10 Happy New Year everyone. I don’t know when I’ve last faced a New Year with so much hope, God-confidence & anticipation. This year, God willing, might mark a new direction for Roy, and a return to beloved old directions for me. I have now found people who can run our family publishing business efficiently, so am hoping to return to almost full-time writing (interspersed with lots of travel!!) Jan 1 Spectacular view from my window, every tree and twig clocked in frost; crisp, white, pure fields; frozen ponds. 04 January Roy plus I plus dog forced ourselves out on a pre-dusk walk/run. Well, to be accurate, the dog forced us out. And my running pace was slower than Roy’s brisk walk. But anyway, it was a white wonderland, every leaf and twig, crystallized loveliness, pure and recreated. And I now feel exhilarated and happy, and am so enjoying a well-earned cup of hot tea, and an exciting book, “Dreaming with God,” by Bill Johnson. 04 January “Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean; wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow.Let me hear joy and gladness; let the bones that you have broken rejoice.” David, Psalm 51. Snow everywhere; the fields from my window are pure white, the willow tree outside my window is a sparkling fountain. Loveliness everywhere!! 06 January Zoe and Irene’s snow jokes. “What do you call 50 penguins in the Arctic?” Lost. Penguins live in Antarctica. “What did the snowy road say to the car?” “Fancy a spin?” Lovely to have a day at home, and catch up with chores. Zoe and Roy are unpacking the last boxes from our move from America (5 years ago!) which are still in his study!! 06 January Snowy fields outside, and plotting our travels inside. 13 weeks more of work, and then we take off on a travel adventure over Easter. If our family were a dictatorship (how sensible, how efficient that would be!!) it would be the South of France, but the other three are campaigning for Ireland. Now, here’s a good opportunity to hone and perfect one’s rhetorical skills!! I love to travel, and I love to travel to strange mysterious countries, with pristine, old misty towering forests; semi-abandoned wayside stone churches; remote, lonely. What country am I thinking of, Switzerland, Scotland, or somewhere I have never travelled? Albania? Slovakia? Slovenia? Russia? Denmark? Macedonia? Or the undiscovered country from whose bourne no traveller returns? The ultimate land of the heart’s desire!! Fri at 10:54 Good morning! Ice to see you!Fri at 11:3 With Zoe’s help, we are catching up with the unpacking, and decluttering from our move from the US five years ago. Three extra snow days, a gift of time to work on and around the house. Yay! Looks like Monday is going to be a snow day too, though the school says they are going to set them homework if that is the case. A vicarious sigh for Zoe and Irene. Fri at 15:30Massive queues in Tesco, way down the aisle. Obviously people are taking the snow forecast seriously. I have never seen such long queues even on Christmas Eve, or when hurricanes were forecast in Virginia Inspired by “Julie and Julia,” I’ve bought Julia Child’s “Mastering the Art of French Cooking” AND t. ingredients for Caneton Poele aux Navets (duck casserole), Potee Normande Pot-au-feu (beef, pork, sausage & chicken casserole) & Poulet Poele a l’estragon (Chicken casserole w. cream and fresh tarragon). We’ve resurrected the old table tennis table we had in the barn (living in the country, we have an old horse barn, and a garage; more potential to procrastinate getting rid of clutter). We had a fun game in our new conservatory, parents against children, and we easily won, and I showed off no end about my ping-pong prowess in school never deserting me, until I realized that whichever team Roy was on inevitably won! Sat at 17:31 “Benson in Oxfordshire” (not far from us) recorded a low of -17.7C, just two degrees warmer than the South Pole and lower than some manufacturers recommend for freezing food!” The Guardian Roy & I watched “Angels and Insects” a strange, but visually v. beautiful film last night. Based on A.S. Byatt’s novella “Morpho Eugenia;” v. heavily overladen with Metaphor &a Epiphany. Interesting to watch the director translate a brainy, v. literary novel to film. It was an 18, & Zoe declined to watch it with us, saying WE would blush; it was just as well! Visually lovely, rather clever, but not much heart to it. Hoping the snow will let us get to church tomorrow. My church, St. Aldate’s, is by no means perfect, & neither am I, but it is, to use a glib, over- used phrase, definitely “spirit-filled.” I.e. one goes there, often empty, distracted, secular in one’s thinking, and yet slowly, mysteriously, one does encounter God there; get filled again with his spirit, his love, his energy, his inspiration, his will to do good & bless. Watched the heart-breaking, almost unbearably painful, yet v. beautiful Jean de Florette last night. Last watched it almost 20 years ago in our Marcel Pagnol phase. May watch Manon of the Spring tonight, though we have to take Zoe to church since she led an 8-10 year old Sunday School group, and so missed it. Jean de Florette is a terrible exemplar of the character-corruption of greed, and the dangers of naive trust! Captioning my New Zealand photos. Under Mt. Cook National Park, I wrote “We had joy, we had fun; We had seasons in the sun” after the Terry Jacks song. The wicked Irene suggested instead, “We had stress, we had pain; We had seasons in the rain; And the hills were all too hard too climb!!” Which is also true in a way. Travel is an intensification of living and experience!! Facebook posts from December 2009 On Christmas Day in New Zealand this year, Roy will get togther with his grandmother, mother, wife and two daughters. His comment on this rendezvous–“The Meeting of the Brats.” Irene’s comment–” But Zoe isn’t a brat.” No one disputed that statement!! 02 December 2009 Roy reminded Irene to “use the potty”. Irene said, outraged, How can you say “potty” to me? I am a girl who writes poems like, “The poppies sway and flutter/ Waving their lie of happiness/ The graves are littered with flowers of love/ Bravely concealing the tears that were shed./ The larks swoop and dance/ Singing their song of sadness and peace/ In the sky, there flies a pure white dove.” Good, huh? Roy and I have just returned for a lovely long walk in the rain (I think it’s romantic; Roy DOES NOT) in Shotover Park, an ancient Saxon hunting forest. C.S. Lewis’s house had 8 acres, now part of Shotover. We met a hearty middle-class Brit, all galoshes and good cheer, also walking her dogs. “Lovely day, isn’t it?” She said, “WE MUST BE MAD!” Mad dogs, Englishmen and Mathiases, all happily trudging in the rain. 02 December 2009 Remembering Zoe’s third Christmas, when in a fit of educational madness, I bought her ONLY BOOKS for Christmas. Her comment, ” Why Santa only brought me book presents?” Mad rush to find a Barbie doll on Christmas Day. Her other memorable comment that day, ” Mommy, did you know that if we don’t praise God, the rocks and stones will praise Him? So better we praise God.” (Praise God for books, especially!!) 02 December 2009 Bailey’s Irish Cream Haagen -Dazs Icecream for dessert today. Irene, “Why don’t we have this more often? Can we not afford it?” Roy, ” We can afford to buy it. We just can’t afford to eat it.” In Dubai Airport on their WiFi. Mobile and laptop charging stations everywhere. Boutiques with the swankiest names. Irene was wide-eyed. We were exhausted. Everything new, gleaming and luxurious, though very crowded. Large numbers of expats are supposedly leaving because of Dubai’s over-due economic crash!! 06 December 2009 Now in Sydney Airport. The Gatwick to Christchurch, NZ flight was 40 hours with two transfers. WHAT were we thinking? Irene stayed awake for 28 hours at a stretch watching in-flight videos! Didn’t think that was possible for a 10 year old. I crashed, soundly, and am actually feeling quite refreshed and alert (I think!!) 06 December 2009 We are now in Christ Church, New Zealand. Lovely, lovely sunny day. Picked up the compact and cute camper van which is going to be home for the next 14 days. The girls are asleep; I’m on the computer. What’s new? We are somewhat jet-lagged, and in the lovely South Island of NEW ZEALAND!! Now to find some food, find a beach, and find some rest!! We “freedom camped” ie. Camped near a field of sheep in the shadow of the snow-covered southern alps last night. In a ford transit camper van. Off to see a penguin colony in Oemuru now! aw an adorable herd of just shorn alpacas, raised for their wool, I suppose in Timeru, South Island, New Zealand. HOT here!! Went to Caroline Bay in Timeru and saw black and White oystercatchers with long orange curved beaks for the first time. Our family is purely happy at the ocean. Saw the cutest miniature Shetland pony pulling a carriage. Okay, today’s best experience, hands down was visiting the blue penguin colony at Oemaru, Janet Frame’s hometown. They are indigo blue, and White chested,thus protected from aerial and undersea predators. 175 of them! 02 December 2009 I have never seen penguins in the wild before. They quack enthusiastically like noisy ducks, and scamper around in herds.nesting season now so lots of chicks. Shrimp for dinner today–just like a penguin. 08 December 2009 Woke up at dawn today to a sound much like a radio. But we were camping in a remote spot in the shadow of the snow-covered Southern Alps. Roy said it was a Tui, a bird which mimics any sound it has heard. Yesterday: the Moeraki Boulders, massive, almost perfect spherical boulders in the ocean. Zoe & Irene precariously jumped fm. boulder to boulder, while we photographed them, laughing. Crayfish for lunch, not as good as I remembered it from our trip to NZ in 1996. Then to Kaitiki Pt, deserted, amazing. Yellow eyed penguins swam ashore at dusk: we got 30 cm. from the chicks, massive brown furry things, like puppies!! 10 December 2009 Kaitiki Point, east South Island, is a penguin, seal and sealion sanctuary. Dozens of seals, basking on the rocks, fooling around with each other, barking and fighting in their mammalian quest for friendship, love and dominance. They were perfectly camouflagued, like rocks with snouts, Irene said. it was amazing to stand still, and watch seals and penguin chicks pretending to be rocks, become seals and penguins again.They looked like rocks with whiskers!! 10 December 2009 at 00:14 Seals and penguins are amazing comical in their lolling, lolloping walk. One could become passionate after conservation after seeing, as we did, penguins stand, fierce, motionless and defenceless, “defending” their fat chicks. We also saw a lovely iridescent blue penguin, so defenceless in its burrow: a hole not far from the trail. Spent the afternoon on “Shag Point”!! near Palmerston, watching shags (NZ cormorants) and fat, happy seals. Interesting lunch of salmon and kumara cakes, kumara being Maori introduced sweet potatoes, made into interesting chips too. Hillsides are bright with yellow broom, purple lupins, azaleas, rhodode ndron and camellias. Very pretty! The seals hid in rocky coves, like something out of an English children’s story! 10 December 2009 Grocery shopping in a foreign country is one of our family’s down-market pleasures. Here aisles of muesli, of every conceivable description, but no granola, my standard breakfast. Had to make do with “toasted muesli” which I hope is the same thing. Lots of leechi, pawpaw, longans, coconuts, mangoes, and other tropical fruits. Eateries very cosmopolitan here, Singaporean, Malaysian, Cambodian-even more so than Oxford 10 December 2009 In Dunedin now, settled by Scots, who gave it the Gaelic name of Edinburgh (Town of Eden). Christ Church, where we arrived, was settled by students of Christ Church College, Oxford trying to found an Utopian Anglican community (it’s oddly Oxford-like!) . Oemaru is amusing–incredibly grandiose, Victorian and pseudo-English. English genes are obviously sturdy–imagine, 5 nations largely populated by English migrants! 10 December 2009 Spent the morning shopping in Dunedin–though we only infrequently shop as a leisure activity. Irene sighed with pleasure–I love this life, going from shop to shop. They were given money & sent off and zoe was mistaken for irenes mum, both were delighted! 11 December Campervan camping on tairoa head on the otago peninsula. Saw my First Royal albatross ever–several of them actually. Majestic, magical, mystical creatures, with a wingspan of 9 feet. Amazing to watch them glide on the wings of the wind. 11 December 2009 Okay, last day on the coast, headed to the Southern Alps now. It was VERY windy& we saw several albatrosses, and sealions up close, and many yellow-eyed penguins and chicks in a tour of a penguin reserve. 12 December The rare yellow-eyed penguins stoically stood guard over their downy, puppy-like chicks in the penguin colony we’ve just visited. The strongest force in the world is LOVE, whether in the human or animal kingdoms! On to fiordland national park now. 12 December On our way to Milford Sound in Fiordland National Park. Bought an Nz wooly fleece in preparation. Adorable and tiny lambs frisking everywhere. Lamb dirt-cheap here. 40 million lambs& 4.5 million people! 13 December Walked around Te Anau on the Kepler Track. Unique flora–palms, conifers, cypress and eucalyptus all on a single trail. Magical and mysterious. Saw some pretty endangered birds in a sanctuary. Have asked for peacocks and an aviary for a birthday present–more or less seriously!! Warm sunny day 14 December 2009 We went on a wildlife Cruise on Milford Sound today. AMAZING. tiny little crested penguins, new born seals, whole pods of dolphins leaping and gamboling out of the water. Absolutely spectacular vistas. Earlier this morning, we went on a hike to the Chasm, mind-blowing views into sheer gorges. 16 December 2009 We spent yesterday in an alpine wonderland, driving to Milford Sound. Hikes to Mirror Lakes,perfectly reflecting the snowy Alps, & through fields of yellow, purple andd blue Lupins. I have never seen so many lupins growing wild before, mind-blowing! Cheeky and friendly kea, parrots, in parking lots. Interesting, well-marked hikes thorugh temperate rain-forests of palm, beech, conifers, epiphytes & tree ferns (punga) 16 December 2009 Camped near a sheep farm. Woke to barking. Two lovely sheep dogs, collie dogs like our Jake, were herding sheep, surrounding them, barking, tails wagging. Never seen sheep dogs in action before. Roy said I was as proud of them as if they were mine. The shepherdess drove a tractor, and the shepherd, a young lithe Kiwi,picked up a straying sheep and effortlessly chucked it over the fence. 21st century pastoral! t’s spring and lambing season in the mountains of NZ. Adorable tiny lambs, and even more adorable tiny deer in the many deer farms we’ve passed. It’s just-spring, so the leaves have a lovely, tender green freshness. We walked by Lake Manapouri yesterday, surrounded by snowy mountains, and are on our way to Mt. Aspiring National Park in the Southern Alps. 17 December 2009 Watched some heart-stopping bungee jumps over rapids–people bouncing upside down over a river. Crazy! Bought cherries from orchards and are now camping in Mount Cook National park in the shadow of NZ’s highest mountain 18 December 2009 Used to the strong Kiwi accents now, & whispering “What’s s/he saying?” less to Roy who lived here for 10 years. The Kiwis we’ve met so far have been friendly, charming, cheerful & good-natured (easy to be, in such a lovely country!). An alpine walk today among tiny stunted shrubs, almost like moss & large white buttercups. White & yellow attracts pollinators here , while bright colours attract them in th e real Alps. 19 December 2009 3 hikes today in mt cook national park–one very rain-foresty, green, lush and ferny; another to views of glaciers and icebergs floating on a lake. Had enough of nature now–en route to Christ church 19 December After 15 days of nature, Irene and I went on strike. We want interesting architecture, books,magazines,the Internet, poetry, art galleries, and Thai & indian food. On our way to Christ church for some of the above. 19 December 2009 In Auckland now, en route to Gisborne in the North Island, where Roy’s mother and grandmother, eccentrically live. It is meant to be the first place where the sun rises. We however will be back home in time to bring the New Year in. 20 December 2009 Spent hours this week walking beaches around Gisborne. Each wave brings in precious & gorgeous shells, pebbles, creatures, & deposits them wet and glittering on the sand. The sea, like the Lord “giveth, and giveth and giveth again.” His mercies are new every morning. Praying for a year of new friendships, new ideas, new creativity, new insights, new kindness, new spiritual growth. “Behold, I make all things new.” 27 December 2009 Spent this week in Gisborne, NZ, with Roy’s mum and 97 year old grandmum. The highlight for Zoe was swimming with Moko, a tame and affectionate 3 year old dolphin, who loves people, and frequents Gisborne Beach. Zoe and Roy swam right up to him, and Zoe reached out and touched his fin. A tame dolphin!! Lovely! 27 December 2009 Irene in the ocean on our last night in NZ. “I am the laughing philosopher. I have realized that most things don’t really matter.” A huge wave burst over her, getting into her hair, eyes and nose. The laughing philospher now said wryly, “Waves matter!” 27 December 2009 In Christchurch Airport. Gisborne, NZ to London is pretty much the longest possible flight, over 40 hours, and full of transfers. We stop at Wellington, North Island, Christ Church, South Island, Sydney, AU, Bangkok, Dubai and Gatwick. Phew. Enjoying it so far, but really looking forward to HOME!! 28 December 2009 n Sydney. Bought the gorgeous sweater with the aboriginal design which I successfully resisted the last time round. Oh well! Watched Julie and Julia on the flight here. LOVED it so far. Redemption by a passion. The sublimer the passion, the deeper the redemption, but most passions add bliss to life. And everywhere I go, on screeens, I see–people checking FACEBOOK!! 28 December 2009 At Gatwick airport –53 hours after we left Roy’s mum’s house. Another two hours until we are at ours! Phew! Not the sort of journey to be undertaken lightly! 29 December Home, sweet home! Jet-lagged since I watched films all night–Julie and Julia, an inspirational tribute to the power of passion & following your bliss; and The Devil Wears Prada, snappy, snarky, with Streep in a snooty role. The familiar Faustian story of corruption by ambition turns to an improbable redemption. Streep again in the tragic, but somewhat tedious, slow-moving A Cry in the Dark. And also Prince Caspian. 30 December 2009 Ten year old Irene kissing Jake, our Collie dog on the nose. “You know, Mum, I think that by the time I get to kissing age, I will be really good at it!” 31 December 2009 Facebook posts from November 2009 This was the first year in 12 that we did not do some trick or treating. I hate it, but the kids love it. Laughed at this true article on the differences between Halloween in the US and the UK. Lovely lunch party today in our conversatory. Just the right number for an interesting diverse conversation. Nice mix of ages and personalities. But now–lots of left-overs, alas! 01 November Lovely sunny crisp November day. Eagles floating on the wings of the wind. Went for my first run in years, decades actually, using a 10 week beginning running programme. On Day 2. Puffed mightily, but tremendously enjoyed it. Now why did I give it up? I much prefer running to walking. Trying to become strong before our 25 day hiking/exploring trip to New Zealand next month so I don’t exasperate my energetic family!! 02 November 2009 Martin Luther on Romans, “It can never be read or pondered too much, and the more it is dealt with, the more precious it becomes, and the better it tastes.” Also true for Scripture in general. Greatly enjoying Simon Ponsonby’s School of Theology on Romans. Irene, 10, goes to a fab Girls’ cell, which ends an hour before Romans does, so she sweetly joins us and takes detailed notes, wh. she is very proud of!! 02 November 2009 Our family watched a disturbing performance of Kes at the Oxford Playhouse. A bullied boy, picked-on by classmates, teachers & family, finds a passion–the rare art of falconry. You can guess what will happen–the brother kills his beloved kestrel. We are asked at the end to believe that Billy, having found a passion, will be happier and better for it, though he lost the only love of his life. Hmm… Probably! 08 November 2009 The influx of what Roy calls “visiting dignitaries” has led to having our cleaner in twice a week! (P.S. Most of the visiting dignitaries are 10 years old & Irene’s classmates). Enjoyed my run, Week 2 of a 10 wk programme. The Iphone stopwatch I use has a lovely carillon/bell-tower sound, appropriate for Oxford, where one is never far away from the lovely sound of church bells. 09 November 2009 Somewhat extroverted week. When I don’t spend time soaking in Christ’s brilliant, startling, revolutionary perspective in the Gospels, I find I miss him with an almost physical yearning. I have started listening to the Gospels in the car in French. It makes it startlingly new and fresh. And exciting. French is such a lovely language. I love it. Had a terrible Thai lunch at Oxford Thai on Cowley Road yesterday. Disgusting food, badly cooked and poorly presented. Guess how it it go when we were served eggrolls burnt outside and frozen inside. Serves me right for going out without checking reviews in this most writerly of cities. Came home and read a flood of bad reviews–just as I expected! Oh well, live and learn. 11 November 2009 Oxford never ceases to amuse me. A 90 year old woman at a Writers in Oxford party asks me to publish her umpteenth book, a novel. “I still go into work every day” she says. “WORK? WHERE?” Roy asks. An Oxford college! Where else but in Oxford!! Hectic Saturday–had our friends Alan and Mary over for lunch (Zoe cooked goose–yummy!), worked a bit on our business, then went to my Uni friend Ruth’s house for a lovely party, while Zoe went to youth group. Zoe’s comment, “I wish I didn’t have cool parents!” I think, with the plethora of interesting and cool things to do at Oxford, it’s almost hard not to be cool! 15 November 2009 Be afraid, mum, be very afraid: Irene now cooks all the time. She made us take Zoe with us yesterday. “I need my peace and quiet,” declared that 10 year old! We returned to the delicious aroma of cupcakes & a kitchen with EVERY surface littered with the evidence of her cooking. It’s still like that now (though I told her to clean it up) waiting for her home-coming! Hey, I’m going to be a cool mum & play on Facebook! 16 November 2009 Watched Zoe in Creation Theatre’s performance of Noel Coward’s Private Lives, and saw Zoe in a dress for the first time since she was 9 and we moved to England from the US. There was also a powerful performance of Murder in the Cathedral, which is so beautifully written!! 16 November 2009 Roy & I will have been married for 20 years tomorrow. A November wedding? Not a shotgun one: just impulsivity & hormones. 20 years & we still love each other & are impressed with each other for doing that! We celebrated our 5th wedding anniv by having Zoe, our 10th by having Irene. Can’t keep doing that: celebrating our 20th with 2.5 weeks in the South Island of New Zealand, just us 4, & a week in the North Island! 17 November Roy took my car to work & was late. I refuse to drive his, my old American mini-van, with a left-hand drive. So we told the girls to borrow money from the school’s reception OR friends & go out to dinner. They heard AND. Zoe said, “People at Marks & Spencer laughed at the obvious glee with which we bought piles of pringles, chocolate, marzipan & lollipops. It was so obviously going to be our dinner.” Bad girls! 20 November 2009 Lovely run today with my collie Jake bounding beside me, his tail wagging with joy. We have much to learn from dogs: joy, love, forgiveness, living in the present, revelling in movement. I love seeing dogs leap & fly over the fields near our house, just delighted to be alive. C.S. Lewis amusingly declared that while we may not have dogs in heaven (but we will!, we must!) we will at least have “the essence of dogness” 20 November 2009 We are having Zoe’s 15th birthday party tomorrow. I have lost count of how many people she has invited–and I think so has she!! Its a Saturday-Sundae party, lots of icecream and toppings. The tilers finished tiling the conservatory on our anniversary, the 18th, and now it’s all gleaming and lovely for Zoe’s party. And with a conservatory, we don’t particularly care about the weather! 20 November 2009 Decompressing after a hectic Mathias day. Irene played chess for Oxfordshire, on board 1 as the Captain. Zoe had a large number of 15 year olds over to celebrate her birthday. We had sundaes–sugar and chocolate highs, chocolate everywhere…still. We could not face the thought of cooking, but children must be fed, so resorted to our local Indian takeaway for dinner. Ooh, a high-fat day–just fruit tomorrow perhaps! 21 November 2009 Amazing George Verwer preached at our amazing Holy Spirit-filled church, St. Aldate’s. Founder of Operation Mobilization & Mercy Ships, one of the Post World War II generation of American entrepreneurial Christians (think Billy Graham, Bob Pearce etc.) still full of love & fire & passion for God, still full of joy & energy & a dynamic spiritual life. The challege: still loving your first love, both human and Divine! 22 November 2009 Our family is VERY, VERY seriously considering volunteering in HEIDI BAKER’S orphanage etc. in Mozambique this summer. Obviously, this is not a cheap vacation, nor an easy decision, and we’d like to make it before the end of next week. Anyone who has volunteered with Heidi Baker, particularly in Mozambique, PLEASE tell me your ideas, views, experiences, either here or by Facebook message or e-mail. Thank you. 25 November 2009 Facebook posts from October 2009 “Oh, do not let us wait to be just or pitiful or demonstrative toward those we love until they or we are struck down by illness or threatened with death! Life is short and we have never too much time for gladdening the hearts of those who are traveling the dark journey with us. Oh, be swift to love, make haste to be kind!” Henri FrÃ©dÃ©ric Amiel September 27, 1821 â May 11, 1881) Swiss philosopher, poet and critic. 02 October 2009 Conservatory done on Tuesday. Yay! It’s 13 by 21 feet, so we’ve started having dinner there, and have placed armchairs around a coffee table. & some pretty plants. Our garden was seriously neglected while we had workmen & materials around, so we went out today with shears to get our garden to resemble the tidy pretty gardens of the natives a bit more! It seemed a brave & forlorn attempt today, but we will get there! 3rd October. Went on a private tour of the Museum of the History of Science in Broad Street, Oxford, arranged for Writers in Oxford. Fascinating and weirdly beautiful stuff–brass astrolabes, armillary spheres, Lewis Caroll’s photography apparatus, Einstein’s equations. Saw the absolute CHAOS of the new Steampunk Art exhibition to open on Monday. Finishing things at the 11.99th hour is apparently an Oxford specialism! Dr. Israel Gelfand, mathematician, who recently died, aged 96, often said, âYou have to be fast only to catch fleas.â He sought to teach not only the rules of math, but also the beauty and exactness of the field. Help! Irene has Facebook. She sent me a button to paste on my page, saying “This Mummy makes pretty babies.” Now do I accept it?–and what floodgates will it open? After bringing up Zoe, who was remarkably resistant to peer pressure, it was a surprise to see Irene really tearful because her friends have Nintendo Wii, Ds’s, Ipods, and cameraphones, & at 10, she doesn’t!! I strongly disapprove of computer games or gadgets, but finally decided she can use her amassed savings to buy the latter two. I have just upgraded my blackberry to a Apple Iphone so lost moral superiority. House looking remarkably clean. I regretfully parted with the lovely cheerful Brazilian sisters who did the cleaning and some housework, because their cleaning wasn’t hugely better than mine would have been (saying a lot!) Running a business has left me impatient with sloppiness! Since Sept, we have had a cheerful, conscientious Christian Zimbabawean lady do the cleaning & some housework–and the honeymoon continues! 12 October 2009 Roy & I talked last night about Jesus’ exciting statement, “Seek FIRST the Kingdom of God and its righteousness, and all the rest will be added unto you.” Like the rest of Jesus’ sayings, one can only verify the truth of this by empirical evidence, by trying it. We worked out what seeking the Kingdom of God first would look like in our lives. A question. What does the Kingdom of God mean to you? And seeking it first? Our church has a pastor of Theology, Simon Ponsonby, whose sermons are mind and spirit expanding. His sermon last Sunday on the Glory of God was like spiritual pyrotechnics. Theology at its best. Zoe wants to study Theology at Uni. I’m glad. At it’s best, it’s grand. We are going to Simon’s Romans study in his School of Theology. Am so looking forward to it! Going to New Zealand for 2 weeks over Christmas. Dread task of booking tickets looming up. Does anyone have airline reccos?Â Zoe’s flying to Greece on a Classics trip next week for 8 days. We did all those sites/sights with her when she was 11–I love Greece!–but she is now almost 15 and studying Ancient Greek and Latin, and should get far more out of it! Okay, I am embarrassed to be as excited as Irene and Zoe about my new toy, but my new Iphone is SERIOUSLY cool–satnav, a camera, an ipod, email, a phone, voice messages, calculator, internet, weather, maps, facebook, all on a slim stylish gadget. Of course, now that the kids are home guess who’s going to discover all the potential of the Iphone first? You’re right! Technology wars continue, chez Mathias. Roy disdains his beloved laptop, choosing to check email on MY new sleek, dimunitive Iphone, which he calls “the Baby.” This appellation for a toy she wants infuriates Irene! Zoe has got me to, sort of, promise her one. In the moment of folly, I promised Irene one for Year 7.Â Roy and I will be married for 20 years next month. Guess what I’m going to get him? Much hilarity chez Mathias. Roy, who works from home 3 days p.w., made a delicious tandoori chicken, entrusting me with taking in out while he picked up the girls. Now I did not forget the chicken. I kept thinking how good it smelled. I just forgot to taken it out. Instead of glorious saffron, it is the blackest black.Â And it’s not the first time I’ve burnt a roast! Now remind me why I leave the cooking to Roy and Zoe! 14 October 2009 Spent a gorgeous afternoon avec ma famille watching Le Chateau De Ma Mere by Marcel Pagnol. Roy & I watched all the Pagnol films 20 yrs ago; still love them. The girls loved it, though Irene ran away at the end. I have ordered both books in French and English. Will read them in French, turning to the English at particularly beautiful or knotty passages. Just can’t take the eternal student out of this girl! Though I love living in the country–though somewhat of a city girl!–it has its heartbreaks. On Fri., after dusk, Roy, Zoe & I were talking each other in putting the 3 ducks in their shed. The phone rung, we forget; 30 mins later, a loud quacking. A fox had snatched a duck. We recovered her, no sign of blood, alive but limp. She was dead the next morning, probably from shock & a broken heart. Our best layer! RIP. 18 October 2009 Zoe was good in Richard III last night at the Oxford School Shakespeare Festival. There was a jazzy Midsummer Night’s Dream too. She is doing Drama for her GCSE and loves it. 18 October 2009Â Interesting if centrifugal evening. Zoe at Creation Theatre drama class, Irene went to girl’s cell, painted nails, ate pizza, & studied Ephesians. Loved it, came home & wrote haikus about God. Roy & I went to Simon Ponsonby’s School of Theology. Listened to the whole of Paul’s Letter to the Romans read out. Powerful, poetic, passionate, haunting stuff. I love it. Will be studying it for the next 16 weeks. Can’t wait! Phew, deed’s done. Bought tickets to New Zealand for 25 days over the Christmas holidays. But the Christmas holidays aren’t 25 days? They are, if you miss the last week of school and teaching. My scholarly children will be outraged, when we break the news to them. Eeks! 2 weeks in the magical South Island which I LOVE, a week plus in the North Island. Hurray for sun!! Lovely day in London. Lunch w. my college friend, Jane in Dulwich; shopping in Southall, an amazing place, most un-English. It could be Commercial Street in Bangalore. V. few white faces, lots of Indians hanging out, having a good time; jewellery shops, gaudy clothing shops, sweet shops, Indian fast food, restaurants, & supermarkets w. Indian fruit, veg, food & frozen food. Had yummy chicken biriyani & Diwali sweets. 24 October 2009 Quiet day. Zoe is in Greece and will be there for her 15th birthday on Wednesday. She’s on a classics trip to Athens, Delphos, Corinth, Olympia–all places we had visited with her in 2005 before she studied Latin and Greek at school.Â We had a fab lunch in Thai Orchid, in a conservatory full of palms and exotic orchids, very tropical. I love Thai food, having developed the taste late. Prefer it to Chinese now. With Zoe in Greece and Roy at the University for his gruelling two days a week teaching, I’ve lots of hours of amusing Irene. One day went off successfully with a shopping trip, during which she got me to buy her more chocolate then I should. We swum outdoors in a pretty cold pool yesterday–but are both well, thankfully. On Friday, another swim? No, a library trip, I think. Lovely autumn weather. I love it! 27 October 2009 Having 15 people to lunch on Sunday. I was planning out menus, trying to find something delicious but non-fussy and simple, with Irene coming up with ever more exotic, sweet and high-fat suggestions. “No Irene,” I said, “this logistical challenge needs to be resolved by prayer” (the most efficient and cleverest form of thinking). “Well,” she said, “Why don’t you just discuss it with your heavenly daughter?” 31 October 2009 “Get Drunk,” by Charles Baudelaire Get DrunkÂ Always be drunk. That’s it! The great imperative! In order not to feel Time’s horrid fardel bruise your shoulders, grinding you into the earth, Get drunk and stay that way. On what? On wine, poetry, virtue, whatever. But get drunk. And if you sometimes happen to wake up on the porches of a palace, in the green grass of a ditch, in the dismal loneliness of your own room, your drunkenness gone or disappearing, ask the wind, the wave, the star, the bird, the clock, ask everything that flees, everything that groans or rolls or sings, everything that speaks, ask what time it is; and the wind, the wave, the star, the bird, the clock will answer you: “Time to get drunk! Don’t be martyred slaves of Time, Get drunk! Stay drunk! On wine, virtue, poetry, whatever!” Â Facebook posts from September 2009 Back home. There is always such peace and pleasure and a sense of shalom–well-being!–in being back home. One of the rewards of travel!! I now feel as if I am in an aviary, with lots of brightly coloured birds flying around me, chirping, Write to me, Call me, Reply to me, Do me. But I do feel peaceful, and will attend to all of them, one by one!! School starts tomorrow. We have had a soft landing back home, Zoe going to her drama workshop at the Creation Theatre (highly recommended!) and Z. and I resuming our French conversation sessions at the Alliance Francaise. We are factoring in tennis lessons for the girls this term, and Roy will be back to teaching after a 9 month plus sabbatical, so we anticipate a reasonably busy, happy term. Yoga tonight. Yippee! Girls & Roy off at church. Zoe has volunteered to help lead the 8-10 yr. old Sunday School (hey, better her than me) so will need to go to church in the evenings for her own spiritual nourishment and growth. So some of us will be attending both services (though not Irene, if she has anything to say about it!) So, with my evening worship squared away, I am off to do morning yoga at Esporta, wh. to my surprise, I love! 13 September 2009 Had a lovely family walk down to our house from St. Mary’s Church, Garsington up the hill yester despite grumbling from Zoe that family walks don’t work, because Dad walks too fast, Mum walks too slow, Irene’s pace is just right, but Irene is, well, Irene! Irene said she’d walk if she had a pocketful of chocolate. We compromised with crystallized strawberries from Norway. We had a glorious walk, esp. our collie Jake! Superb day! Yoga class in a.m, felt stretched & energetic, a good chicken tikka masala & salad for lunch cooked by Zoe & Roy (under pressure from Irene, I’m now cutting carbo from my diet rather than meat. It might be working, procrastinating getting the scales to confirm). Watched a tender, hilarious, French film, La Gloire de Mon Pere, which Roy & I last saw 20 years ago! A lovely deep refreshing church service p.m. I saw a fab website called Call & Response. Life’s disappointments, setbacks & sadnesses are a Call to us. Scripture repeatedly says we can rejoice and praise God in all circumstances–because these sorrows can draw forth a Response of creativity, life-revisions, new paths travelled, side-roads we’re forced into which are surprisingly enchanting! (It’s a child’s sadness I’m philosophising over at present, not mine!) 18 September 2009 Anita Mathias went to a lovely garden party at my old Oxford College, Somerville. I was struck by how nice, kind & friendly the dons were, those unapproachable, remote figures of my youth. I had long interesting conversations with 3 women who taught there at my time, & who I had never spoken to. Talked to some interesting women a few years older than I, & have my head buzzing with stimulating conversation. I love living in Oxford! 19 September 2009 Anita Mathias I love reading or listening to Obama’s speeches. He’s a master rhetorician! The early parts of this speech remind of some of the great speeches of American history,those of Frederick Douglass or Martin Luther King. Whatever one feels about heath-care reform, his intent, surely, is good! news.bbc.co.uk When I spoke here last winter, this nation was facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. We were losing an average of 700,000 jobs per month, credit was frozen, and our financial system was on the verge of collapse. 22 September 2009 at 14:16 Â· End summer sadness: Roy returns to teaching after a sabbatical. In a nesting phase: want to get t. kitchen & bathroom walls tiled along with t. conservatory floor-saw some lovely patterns-& add more bright lights & knock down a kitchen wall, combining it with t utility room. Homes can be like works of art–infinitely perfectible, though one needs to stop when they are good-God’s standard for Eden-rather than perfect! I was musing aloud to Roy, I forget what, something quite magisterial and profound, and he CONTRADICTED me. Contradicted the truest truth!! “Don’t you wish I was your Facebook with only a Like button?” he said! We worship at St. Aldate’s, Oxford. There was a worshipping Christian community on this spot since Saxon times. It is the northern most point of detectable Saxon worship in Britain. Cool to think that men and women wearing the swag of my previous post once swaggered in here to worship Christ, and people speaking the lovely language of Chaucer, and Shakespeare, and Milton–and us! A 1000 years of continuity of worship! Lovely party at our friend Joan’s house yesterday in Stanton St. John, 4.5 miles fm Oxford. Stanton St. John, quaint & pretty, was John Milton’s ancestral village, where he got married. I stayed there 24 years ago-and it is little changed! Our church, St. Aldate’s, with a membership of over 1000, is huge & diverse, & we met several interesting people with whom we had never talked deeply before. I like large churches! 27 September 2009 I love living in the country. Yesterday, when we came in from the evening service, the half moon was eerily bright. There are few electric lights visible where we live, so the stars are so bright. We could literally see a Milky Way. We pointed it, the Big Dipper and Orion’s Belt out to Irene, who was enchanted! 28 September 2009 Zoe leads a 8-10 year old group at church. She is pretty good at it, and has been given a group of her own. Zoe is really growing in firmness of character, maturity, and love for God and spiritual things (as well as academically, of course.) Love cannot really be instilled in children–the old horse and water thing–so I am happy to see her passion for God far exceeds ours at her age (and perhaps even now!) 28 September 2009 My least favourite question, seen on bracelets & pendants: “What would Jesus do?” I asked that just now. Ouch. Change of plan! (This, of course, does not always happen!) It’s a question that we who seek to follow the radiant, fascinating Christ need to periodically ask. What we DO is response to the answer makes the difference between a radiant Christian, & a mediocre one. (I class myself among the latter, at best!). Facebook posts from September 2009. Norway Since “work expands to fill available time” is one of my most-feared adages, we’ve always packed the day before we leave on a long trip, so that the vacation doesn’t colonize extra time. This year, since the publishing has become hectic, I had to be organized, & start laundry and stray shopping 72 hours earlier & most of us are packed with 36 hrs to go. Just as well, as Roy still has to grade resits: 25 of them! Ugh! I met Rose Marie Miller (wife of Jack Miller, founder of World Harvest Mission) & mother of my friend Paul Miller (of seeJesus.net) in London. A leader made fun of testimonies like “And then I prayed for a parking spot & I got one.” Rose Marie laughed, “How else would one get a parking spot in London?” I have reached that stage in many areas of my life. How else but by prayer am I to accomplish these goals & desires? Somewhat like their mother, my girls use any new word or scrap of information in their conversation or writing within 24 hours (this is Roy’s observation!). Dinner yesterday was punctuated by calls, “Mum and Dad, chastise Zoe!” “Mum and Dad, chastise Irene!” (Zoe adds that they said “chastise” because if they ask Roy to tell their sibling off, he annoyingly says, “OFF!” She also adds that SHE knew chastised ages ago! In Oslo. Spent yesterday in the Vigelanda Sculpture Park, a incredible assortment of 212 extra life-sized sculpture, bronze and granite, the life work of Gustav Vigeland. There is something holy and sacramental about creative work, and people who find or carve time to engage in it are lucky, blessed. We are going to visit the Munch Museum in Oslo today, and hit the fjords tonight. I love living in a camper van, like a snail carrying its home with it! I enjoy having a loo, kitchen and bed at at my disposal in between our travels. Norway is very beautiful, and the Norwegians we’ve talked to seem friendly and helpful and eager to practice their English (compulsary second language in Norway.) Zoe and Roy are tidying up the mobile home, while I am, ahm, doing business stuff. Back to the road now! Can’t say I liked the Munch museum, except for the later paintings like the Van Gogh-ish Starry Night 2. Enjoyed the University of Oslo Botanic Garden. On our way to Hardanger Fjord now! We camped in the motor home by beautiful lakes the last two nights, making the most of Norway’s cherished “allsmensreit” (SP?) every man’s right to camp in the wild, an extremer version of Scotland’s. We camped in the Nordermarke, north forest, on the edge of Oslo, and last night in fjord country. We are now on our way to Varingfoss, the largest waterfall in Norway, at the head of Eidfjord. Hiked by the Eidfjord today. Are going to take another hike in the Hardangervidda National Park, a barren lunar landscape (a bit like parts of Scotland, all lichen, and gorse, and stunted conifers, and beautiful clear mountain tarms. It’s Europe’s largest plateau, and I love it partly because of that–easy walking. The granite mountains around us are beautiful and awe-inspiring, sheated in mist. Bought 4 beautiful hand-knitted traditional Norwegian sweaters today. Obviously high-quality & will prob. last a life-time. Enjoying t. Scandanavian flair for design–automated entry at museums with bar-coded tickets, automats to cut freshly baked bread. Were delighted to see grass growing on most mountain roofs, for insulation, I’m guessing & more delighted to see 4 goats, w. bells on tr. horns, grazing on t. roofs. The adventure of motor-home camping: finding gorgeous free spots to sleep. Last night: a beautiful mountain dam; the nt. before by the Voringfoss Waterfalls, awe-inspiring cliffs of granite, t. waters creating a mist of fairy lace as they crash into the maelstrom. Hiked again in the Hardangervidda National Park. It’s above the tree-line, a blasted heath of pools, streams, tarns, stunted blueberries & cloudberries. We must move on, but are captivated by the Hardangervidda National Park and t. absolutely beautiful, still & gorgeous Eidjfjord. I love t. little miniature natural gardens of lichen, gorse, star moss, stunted conifers. Peace & stillness! We’ve mainly picknicked or had gourmet dinners cooked by Zoe with Roy’s help in t. camper’s kitchen. Norwegian food is fresh, v. high quality & delicious–cheeses, meats, fish, fruit. We have now taken a ferry and crossed the Hardangerfjord. Gorgeous. Wifi access is easy throughout Norway, so I’m journalling on FB while a immune-system boosting soup simmers (leeks, garlic, parsley, onion, tomatoes, and some meat, a concession to the children). It’s chilly and damp here, and we are fighting off coughs & colds with prayer, soup, bundling up, & optimism. Western Norway has jacketed trees, covered in knitted jackets with fancy Scandanavian patterns. The children have loved the trip. I bought them cameras and vidcams with lots of bells and whistles. This has stimulated their interest in nature, and they have taken loads of pictures of mushrooms, moss, lichen, tarns, fjords. They are also keeping extensive journals, and writing stories w. elves, trolls, giants…. Travel on the winding roads in Norway takes longer than I realized. Next stops Jostedalsbreen National Park with drive-up-to glaciers, and Jotunheim National Park, home of the giants in Norse Mythology, and Norway’s highest mountains. Also going to take short hikes by as many fjords as we can. 01 September 2009 Spent the morning driving around Hardangerfjord with several very short walks, and photobreaks. Peaceful, tranquil and startlingly beautiful. Just as well that we’ve shaken off our colds and coughs, since you cannot get cold medicine, such as sudafed, or the night sudafed called “night nurse” in the UK without a prescription here! Talk about a nanny state! 02 September 2009 The Hardangerfjord is about 100 km round trip with half a million fruit trees planted around it. We’ve stopped at orchards and bought their really delicious plums (a rare variety the previous owners, connoisseurs of rare fruit trees like medlars and mulberries, have planted in our mini-orchard, oddly) and apples. Don’t want to leave, but must step up our speed. School starts on the 9th September alas! 02 September 2009 Driving around Sognefjord on the way to the glaciers. Hillsides turning red with very, very sweet blueberries. Hills around the fjord thickly planted with pollarded, coppiced and espaliered pears, plums and apples. Thrifty and sensible people! The fjord views must be seen to be believed! Pictures to follow once home in England. Our last two days were fantastic–the best of the trip! We camped last night at the Boyabreen Glacier, a fantastic mass of blue green with a secondary waterfall beneath it. Zoe and Irene hiked up right to it, while Roy and I walked around the stunningly beautiful and tranquil glacial lake with the odd loons on it. Restorative! 04 September 2009 Have just hiked right up to the Suppehellabreen Glacier, across rocky streams, and scrambling over rocks. I was a bit nervous, but was thrilled to finally touch and climb onto the glacier. One of the most beautiful bits was the cave of ice formed un…der the glacier! I love the friendly shaggy mountain sheep which RUN upto cars. People obviously feed them! It was incredibly cold near the glaciers! 04 September 2009 I was touched to see blue campanulae, like our bluebells, growing among the rockfall the foot of the glaciers. Nature’s resilience! “Nature is never spent. There lives the dearest freshness deep down things; Because the Holy Ghost over the bent/World broods with warm breast and with ah! bright wings.” God’s Grandeur Gerard Manley Hopkins We camped (in our camper van, of course) by the shores of the Utsfjorden fjord, a glacier fed fjord, so blue-green. I love the Norwegian tunnels hewn out of solid rock, trees stubbornly growing on them. The Norwegians are great engineers, and my guidebook says, would probably have built a road to the summit of Mt. Everest if it were in Nepal. They certainly have roads (and restaurants!) right at base of glaciers!! We just have two days left, so are going to go fjord-hopping. I love the fjords, a contradiction in terms almost, the sea rushing in between high cliffs into a a valley (or lake, or stream bed) once hewn by glaciers. They are magical with their still, unearthly beauty. Norway is a magical place, and I think we will visit again! Took one of those uber expensive cruises down the Geiranger Fjord. It was too huge, too steep, with too few footpaths around it. It was worth it. Splendid waterfalls with evocative names like the Seven Sisters, the Suitor, Bridal Veil: sheets of sheer lacy mist, gorgeous close up, which would not have been same at a distance. Farms perilously perched on the cliffs. Massive granite mountains around the fjord! Lovely! nother highlight of the day was the friendly llamas in a llama farm, which we got to feed and pet. I also love their shaggy mountain goats and sheep, which we have got to pet. Must leave the Geiranger Fjord and move on, but it is so spectacular that I think we are going to hike, though it is late and we have to get to Oslo for tomorrow night’s flight home. Alas. Norway is a great country!
4562	dbpedia	3	72	https://www.audubon.org/news/ask-kenn-kaufman-why-do-some-people-call-bald-eagles-trash-birds	en	Ask Kenn Kaufman: Why Do Some People Call Bald Eagles ‘Trash Birds’?	https://media.audubon.or…s&enable=upscale	https://media.audubon.or…s&enable=upscale	[ "https://media.audubon.org/image-from-ios_1.jpg?width=808&auto=webp&quality=90&fit=bounds&disable=upscale", "https://media.audubon.org/image/contact/web_kennkaufman_portrait_sept2019_5183-_2100w.jpg?width=50&height=50&auto=webp&quality=90&fit=crop&enable=upscale 1x, https://media.audubon.org/image/contact/web_ken...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Kenn Kaufman" ]	2022-01-25T13:48:48+00:00	Also this month: Why are swirling flocks of starlings called murmurations? And how are nuthatches so good at tree climbing?	en	/themes/custom/nas_theme/favicon.ico	Audubon	https://www.audubon.org/news/ask-kenn-kaufman-why-do-some-people-call-bald-eagles-trash-birds	Who's Kenn? Simply put, Kenn is a national treasure. A renowned birder, author, and conservationist, Kenn Kaufman has spent his life dedicated to observing birds, reading about birds, writing about birds, and sharing the world of birds with others. With all that birdy knowledge in his brain, he also acts as the field editor for Audubon magazine. So, whenever we have a bird question stumping us around the office, we just ask Kenn. And now you can, too! If you have a bird or birding question you'd like Kenn to answer, leave them in the comments below or on Facebook. Maybe next month you'll get the kind of thorough, thoughtful, and even humorous response from Kenn we've grown so fond of over the years. —The Editors * Q: I heard someone call a Bald Eagle a "trash bird"—why? KK: I’ve been hearing the term “trash bird” applied to some birds all my life. Reasons for it seem to vary. For Bald Eagles, there is one odd connection to trash that might apply. These regal birds do sometimes hang around garbage dumps, literally eating trash with the gulls and crows. But another explanation is more likely: Some active birders use the phrase to signal that a bird is common and widespread, easy to find and frequently seen, and that is definitely true for the Bald Eagle. At least, it’s true today. But that wasn’t always the case. As recently as 50 years ago, the species was seriously endangered and going downhill fast. Precise numbers are hard to pin down, but Bald Eagles seem to have been declining (because of shooting and other human activities) for most of the first half of the 20th century. By the late 1960s, the Lower 48 States apparently had fewer than 500 breeding pairs. Many of those pairs were not producing any young, because the effects of persistent pesticides like DDT kept their eggs from hatching. After the use of DDT was banned in 1972, eagle populations began to build up again—gradually at first, and then at a faster pace. Their recovery has been remarkable. The number of breeding pairs in the Lower 48 now numbers more than 10,000. And the buildup of numbers has been noted continent-wide. If you look up the species on Audubon’s cool “trend viewer” for the Christmas Bird Count, it shows increasing numbers in 49 U.S. states and 10 Canadian provinces—everywhere, in other words. In Ohio, where I live, the whole state had only four nesting pairs in the late 1970s; now the number is pushing 350 pairs. Their recovery is partly due to the removal of DDT from the environment, and partly due to other initiatives. On the federal level, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, and the Endangered Species Act all played a part. On the state level, our Ohio Division of Wildlife worked hard for decades to protect the eagles and their nests. All of these efforts paid off. I’m lucky to live in the part of Ohio with the highest concentrations, the western Lake Erie marsh region. Dozens of pairs nest within a few miles of my house, and I can see Bald Eagles literally every day of the year. So, are they too common to be exciting now? Never. Why should we appreciate a bird any less, just because we get to see it frequently? These eagles are among the most magnificent creatures anywhere, and I can’t forget that when I was a kid birder in the 1970s, we seriously thought they were headed for extinction. Their comeback has been glorious, and it proves that conservation efforts can work, that we can save birds for future generations. No matter how many Bald Eagles I see, I will never take them for granted, and they’ll never be trash birds to me. Q: I love watching videos of murmurations—big swirling flocks of starlings in the sky—and started wondering about the word. If a murmur is a sound, why is murmuration applied to such a visual spectacle? KK: They’re among the most fascinating of all bird videos: Distant views of hundreds or even thousands of small birds flying close together in flocks that change shape as they swirl across the sky. As if directed by a cosmic choreographer, the flocks twist and turn, forming grand geometric shapes and designs that change moment by moment. Starlings are especially noted for being masters of such astounding aerobatics, and humans have been awed by them for millennia. Watching one of these extraordinary displays of coordinated aerial grace, it’s hard to imagine how it’s even possible. Since the birds seem to be constantly changing direction, there can’t be any one bird leading the flock; individuals at the front at one moment may be all the way in the back a few seconds later, as the whole flock shifts course. Yet the group stays cohesive even as it morphs from a sphere to a twisted crescent to a double spiral to another fantastic shape. How do they do it? With high-definition, slow-motion videos of flocks of thousands of starlings, scientists have analyzed movements of individual birds to come up with highly technical answers. There is no force directing movements of the whole group. Instead, the cohesion of the flock is maintained because each individual starling is reacting to the movements of its six or seven closest neighbors. The formations are tightest and most elaborate when the birds are reacting to a predator, like a nearby Peregrine Falcon. To keep from being an easy target, each individual starling tries to stay as close as possible to its neighbors; so, if a nearby part of the flock starts to turn in a different direction, others will instinctively follow. They may all appear to be shifting at exactly the same instant, but in fact their reactions are just so quick that a change in direction sweeps through the flock in a fraction of a second. When different parts of the flock are turning different directions at the same time, we see these swirling, mesmerizing patterns that defy imagination. But why are they called murmurations, anyway? Actually, this is just a new use for an old word. Collective nouns for groups of animals have been at the center of mildly popular fads, off and on, for years. I first became aware of these as a teenager when I ran across a book called An Exaltation of Larks, by James Lipton. This volume listed more than a thousand group nouns, many of them applying to birds and animals: A leap of leopards. A parliament of owls. A fall of woodcocks. For a while I was trying to memorize all the bird ones, until I realized that hardly anyone actually used these terms in a practical way. But they’re fun to consider, and new collections of these words are still published at a rate of one or two every decade. However, for the origins of many of these words, we have to go back to The Boke [book] of Saint Albans, published in England in 1486. An oddity that featured sections on hunting and falconry, it also included a long list of such group nouns. In the middle of the list is “a murmuration of stares.” (At that time, starlings were generally known in English as staers or stares, with “starling” applied to young ones, as with duck and duckling. Only later would “starling” become the general name for the species.) The word “murmuration” was already in use to describe a low, continuous sound. It wasn’t a surprising choice for a group of starlings, since their flocks typically keep up a steady level of noise when perched. So the phrase “a murmuration of starlings” has been around for more than 530 years, but for most of that time it simply referred to a group of starlings. As far as I can determine, it wasn’t applied to these spectacular aerial formations until recently—not until people had the means to take videos of the motions of the flocks and share them easily online. Once these aerobatic displays were being widely viewed and discussed, people wanted a term to describe them, and a memorable, poetic word was readily available. Does that mean it’s incorrect to use a word that had been just a collective noun for starlings as a term for these swooping, swirling flights that may or may not involve starlings? Of course not. Language is a living thing, and words, like birds, can evolve. I embrace the idea of calling these flock dynamics “murmurations,” and I think we should encourage everyone to watch for them and appreciate their wild beauty. Q: How do nuthatches walk so freely on the sides of trees without falling off? KK: The actions of nuthatches are wonderful to watch. Other tree-climbers, like woodpeckers and Brown Creepers, cling with both feet and brace themselves against the trunk with strong, stiff tail feathers as they go hitching upward. But nuthatches don’t use their short tails at all in climbing, and they don’t just climb up: They can walk up, down, and around trees, clambering about on vertical surfaces with an ease that Spider-Man would envy. How do they do it? Like most birds, nuthatches have four toes on each foot, three pointing forward and one pointing back, with a curved, sharp claw at the tip of each toe. On a nuthatch, the claws are quite narrow and the hind toe (the hallux) is unusually well developed and strong. When the bird is moving up a tree, it’s clinging to the bark or to rough spots in bare wood with the three front toes on each foot. Going down, it’s held up mainly by the hind toe on each foot. It’s not just foot structure, though—the nuthatch also has specific climbing strategies. It seldom goes straight up or down a tree; usually it’s moving at an angle, circling the trunk instead of going vertically. When it pauses, its body is usually at an angle to the axis of the trunk, not parallel to it. The bird keeps its feet spread far apart, almost always with one foot higher than the other. On the upper foot, when the bird is going sideways or downward, the claws grip the tree but the sole of the foot is pulled away from the surface. The lower foot is pressed flat against the tree, helping to brace the bird in position. These might not seem like enough adaptations and actions to allow such agile climbing—but remember, these birds hardly weigh anything. The White-breasted Nuthatch, the largest of our species, tips the scales at about three-quarters of an ounce. The other three species in North America are closer to one-third of an ounce, or about as much as four pennies. If a Pygmy Nuthatch perches on your hand, it feels weightless, as if you were holding the shadow of a bird. It doesn’t take much for such a wisp of a creature to resist the pull of gravity. *
4562	dbpedia	3	7	https://unrememberedhistory.com/tag/golden-eagle/	en	Golden Eagle « UNREMEMBERED	https://unrememberedhist…lyfish.jpg?w=200	https://unrememberedhist…lyfish.jpg?w=200	[ "https://unremebered.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/logoresetwalbaum1.jpg", "https://unrememberedhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/album3-1.jpg?w=665&h=361", "https://unrememberedhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/zzz181.jpg?w=516&h=638", "https://unrememberedhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/coug5...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-09-18T11:18:55+00:00	Posts about Golden Eagle written by Ken Zurski, author	en	https://unrememberedhist…llyfish.jpg?w=32	UNREMEMBERED	https://unrememberedhistory.com/tag/golden-eagle/	It’s Time to Salute the Golden Eagle, Not Just the Bald One By Ken Zurski It’s hard to imagine anything other than the majestic bald eagle as the symbol of the United States of America, but back in the late 18th century, when good and honorable men were deciding such things, there were several considerations vying for a symbol which best represented the new country. Benjamin Franklin was one such decider. Although Franklin didn’t quite nominate another bird, the turkey, as some history lessons would suggest, it was the use of the bald eagle as the symbol of America that most infuriated the elder statesman. “[The bald eagle] is a bird of bad moral character,” Franklin wrote to his daughter. “He does not get his Living honestly.” For Franklin it was a a matter of principal. The bald eagle was a notorious thief, he implied. Here’s why the perception is a reasonable one at least: Bald eagles are considered good gliders and even better observers. Therefore, they often watch other birds, like the more agile Osprey (appropriately called a fish hawk) dive into water to seize its prey. The bald eagle then assaults the Osprey and forces it to release the catch, grabs the prey in mid-air, and returns to its nest with the stolen goods. “With all this injustice,” Franklin wrote as only he could, “[The bald eagle] is a rank coward.” Franklin then expounded on the turkey comparison: “For the truth, the turkey is a much more respectable bird…a true original Native of America who would not hesitate to attack a grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his farmyard with a red coat on.” Regardless of his turkey argument, was Franklin’s assessment of the bald eagle as a “coward” a fair one? Ornithologists today provide a more scientific and sensible explanation. In the”Book of North American Birds” the bald eagle gets its just due, for as a bird, it’s actions are justifiable. “Nature has her own yardstick, and in nature’s eyes the bald eagle is blameless. What we perceive as laziness is actually competence.” Being able to catch a “waterfowl in flight and rabbits on the run,” the book suggests is a noble and rewarded skill. Perhaps, a better choice for the nation’s top bird, might have been the golden eagle, who unlike the bald eagle captures its own prey, mostly small rodents, but is powerful enough to attack larger animals like deer or antelope on rare occasions. (Its reputation today is tainted somewhat by rumors that it snatches unsuspecting domestic animals, like goats or small dogs.) But golden eagles don’t want attention. They shy away from more populated areas and appear to be “lazy” only because they can hunt with such precision and ease they don’t really have to ruffle their feathers. The reason why America chose the bald eagle over the golden eagle to be the nations symbol, however, seems obvious by default. History had already pinned the golden eagle as a symbol of warrior strength and victory (“perched on banners of leading armies, the fists of emperors and figuring in religious cultures)” among other heroic and stately attributes. Basically, the golden eagle had been taken. The bald eagle, by comparison, would be truly American. Perhaps when Franklin made the disparaging comments against the bald eagle he was also harboring a nearly decade old grudge. In 1775, a year before America’s independence, Franklin wrote the Pennsylvania Journal and suggested an animal be used as a symbol of a new country, one that had the “temper and conduct of America,” he explained. He had something in mind. “She never begins an attack, nor, when once engaged, ever surrenders;” he wrote. “She is therefore an emblem of magnanimity and true courage” Franklin’s choice: the rattlesnake. What would Thanksgiving be like if the Turkey Had Become the National Symbol? By Ken Zurski It’s hard to imagine anything other than the majestic bald eagle as the symbol of the United States of America. But back in the late 18th century, when good and honorable men were deciding such things, there were several considerations, mostly other animals, vying for a symbol which best represented the new country. Was the turkey one of them? Perhaps, but it wasn’t Benjamin Franklin who nominated the turkey, as some history lessons would later suggest. He did however admire the flightless bird. But Franklin’s choice for America’s national symbol was much different than both the bald eagle and the turkey. Here’s the backstory: In 1783, a year-and-half after Congress adopted the bald eagle as the symbol of America, Franklin saw the image of the bird on the badge of the Society of the Cincinnati of America, a military fraternity of revolutionary war officers. He thought the drawing of the bald eagle on the badge looked more like a turkey, a fair and reasonable complaint considering the image looked like, well, a turkey. But it was the use of the bald eagle as the symbol of America that most infuriated Franklin. “[The bald eagle] is a bird of bad moral character,” he wrote to his daughter. “He does not get his Living honestly.” Franklin had a point. It was a a matter of principal. The bald eagle was a notorious thief, he implied. Here’s why: A good glider and observer, the bald eagle often watches other birds, like the more agile Osprey (appropriately called a fish hawk) dive into water to seize its prey. The bald eagle then assaults the Osprey and forces it to release the catch, grabs the prey in mid-air, and returns to its nest with the stolen goods. “With all this injustice,” Franklin wrote as only he could, “[The bald eagle] is a rank coward.” Franklin then expounded on the turkey comparison: “For the truth, the turkey is a much more respectable bird…a true original Native of America who would not hesitate to attack a grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his farmyard with a red coat on.” Franklin’s suggestion of the turkey as the nation’s symbol, however, is a myth. He never suggested such a thing. He only compared the bald eagle to a turkey because the drawing reminded him of a turkey. Franklin’s argument was the choice of bald eagle not in support of the turkey he called “vain and silly.” Some even claim his comments and comparisons were slyly referring to members of the Society, of whom he thought was an elitist group comprised of “brave and honest” men but on a chivalric order, similar to the ruling country to which they helped defeat. This might explain why Franklin’s assessment of the bald eagle in the letter is based solely on human behavior, not a bird’s. But was it a fair assessment? Ornithologists today provide a more scientific and sensible explanation. In the”Book of North American Birds” the bald eagle gets its just due, for as a bird, it’s actions are justifiable. “Nature has her own yardstick, and in nature’s eyes the bald eagle is blameless. What we perceive as laziness is actually competence.” Being able to catch a “waterfowl in flight and rabbits on the run,” the book suggests is a noble and rewarded skill. Perhaps, a better choice for the nation’s top bird, might have been the golden eagle, who unlike the bald eagle captures its own prey, mostly small rodents, but is powerful enough to attack larger animals like deer or antelope on rare occasions. (Its reputation today is tainted somewhat by rumors that it snatches unsuspecting domestic animals, like goats or small dogs.) But golden eagles don’t want attention. They shy away from more populated areas and appear to be “lazy” only because they can hunt with such precision and ease they don’t really have to ruffle their feathers. Plus, golden eagles were already symbolic. History finds them “perched on banners of leading armies, the fists of emperors and figuring in religious cultures.” The bald eagle, by comparison, would be truly American. Perhaps when Franklin made the disparaging comments against the bald eagle he was also harboring a nearly decade old grudge. In 1775, a year before America’s independence, Franklin wrote the Pennsylvania Journal and suggested an animal be used as a symbol of a new country, one that had the “temper and conduct of America,” he explained. He had something in mind. “She never begins an attack, nor, when once engaged, ever surrenders;” he wrote. “She is therefore an emblem of magnanimity and true courage” Eventually the image Franklin suggested did appear on a $20 bill issued in 1778, adopted for use as the official seal of the War Office, and may have been the inspiration for the Gadsden flag with the inscription, “Don’t Tread On Me.” But it never officially became the preferred symbol of the new country. That belongs to the bald eagle. Franklin’s choice: the rattlesnake. Symbol of America? Benjamin Franklin Didn’t Just Love the Turkey, He Hated the Bald Eagle By Ken Zurski Thanks to the sight of its majestic flight, broad 8-foot wing span, and contrasting white head, the bald eagle became the symbol of America when it first appeared on the Great Seal adopted by Congress in 1782. A year and a half later it had a major dissenter in Benjamin Franklin. Franklin saw the image of the bird on the badge of the Society of the Cincinnati of America, a military fraternity of revolutionary war officers, and thought the drawing of the bald eagle on the badge looked more like a turkey, a fair and reasonable complaint considering the image looked like, well, a turkey. But it was the use of the bald eagle as the symbol of America that most infuriated Franklin. “[The bald eagle] is a bird of bad moral character,” he wrote to his daughter. “He does not get his Living honestly.” Franklin had a point. It was a a matter of principal. The bald eagle was a notorious thief, he implied. Here’s why: A good glider and observer, the bald eagle often watches other birds, like the more agile Osprey (appropriately called a fish hawk) dive into water to seize its prey. The bald eagle then assaults the Osprey and forces it to release the catch, grabs the prey in mid-air, and returns to its nest with the stolen goods. “With all this injustice,” Franklin wrote as only he could, “[The bald eagle] is a rank coward.” Franklin then expounded on the turkey comparison: “For the truth, the turkey is a much more respectable bird…a true original Native of America who would not hesitate to attack a grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his farmyard with a red coat on.” Franklin’s suggestion of the turkey as the nation’s symbol, however, is a myth. He never suggested such a thing. He only compared the bald eagle to a turkey because the drawing reminded him of a turkey. Franklin’s argument was the choice of bald eagle not in support of the turkey he called “vain and silly.” Some even claim his comments and comparisons were slyly referring to members of the Society, of whom he thought was an elitist group comprised of “brave and honest” men but on a chivalric order, similar to the ruling country to which they helped defeat. This might explain why Franklin’s assessment of the bald eagle in the letter is based solely on human behavior, not a bird’s. But was it a fair assessment? Ornithologists today provide a more scientific and sensible explanation. In the”Book of North American Birds” the bald eagle gets its just due, for as a bird, it’s actions are justifiable. “Nature has her own yardstick, and in nature’s eyes the bald eagle is blameless. What we perceive as laziness is actually competence.” Being able to catch a “waterfowl in flight and rabbits on the run,” the book suggests is a noble and rewarded skill. Perhaps, a better choice for the nation’s top bird, might have been the golden eagle, who unlike the bald eagle captures its own prey, mostly small rodents, but is powerful enough to attack larger animals like deer or antelope on rare occasions. (Its reputation today is tainted somewhat by rumors that it snatches unsuspecting domestic animals, like goats or small dogs.) But golden eagles don’t want attention. They shy away from more populated areas and appear to be “lazy” only because they can hunt with such precision and ease they don’t really have to ruffle their feathers. Plus, golden eagles were already symbolic. History finds them “perched on banners of leading armies, the fists of emperors and figuring in religious cultures.” The bald eagle, by comparison, would be truly American. Perhaps when Franklin made the disparaging comments against the bald eagle he was also harboring a nearly decade old grudge. In 1775, a year before America’s independence, Franklin wrote the Pennsylvania Journal and suggested an animal be used as a symbol of a new country, one that had the “temper and conduct of America,” he explained. He had something in mind. “She never begins an attack, nor, when once engaged, ever surrenders;” he wrote. “She is therefore an emblem of magnanimity and true courage” Eventually the image Franklin suggested did appear on a $20 bill issued in 1778, adopted for use as the official seal of the War Office, and may have been the inspiration for the Gadsden flag with the inscription, “Don’t Tread On Me.” But it never officially became the preferred symbol of the new country. Franklin’s choice: the rattlesnake.
4562	dbpedia	0	31	https://www.goldenarrowresearch.com/research-a-vietnam-veteran/	en	Research A Vietnam War Veteran ⋆ Golden Arrow Research	https://fast.wistia.com/embed/medias/10j02dtfx1/swatch	https://fast.wistia.com/embed/medias/10j02dtfx1/swatch	[ "https://b2120027.smushcdn.com/2120027/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/icon-230x92.png?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1 230w, https://b2120027.smushcdn.com/2120027/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/icon-300x120.png?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1 300w, https://b2120027.smushcdn.com/2120027/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/icon-350x140.png?lossy=1&stri...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-02-16T19:01:33+00:00	Trace the military service of your individual Vietnam War veteran- learn where they were and what they did. Get Vietnam War military records.	en	https://www.goldenarrowr…avicon-32x32.png	Golden Arrow Research	https://www.goldenarrowresearch.com/research-a-vietnam-veteran/	Your Name (required) Phone Number (required) Address (required) Email (required) Veteran's Name (required) Veteran's Service Number (If known) Veteran's date of birth Veteran's place of birth Approximate Dates of Service The Type of file you are requesting A Vietnam service recordA Vietnam mortuary fileBoth Branch of Service ArmyAir ForceMarine CorpsNavyCoast Guard You are: The VeteranThe Veteran's next of kinThe Veteran's grandchildOther relativeNot a relative of the Veteran Is the Veteran still living? Have you already requested these records from the government?
4562	dbpedia	3	64	https://angrybirds.fandom.com/wiki/Mighty_Eagle	en	Angry Birds Wiki	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/angrybirds/images/6/6c/Mighty_Eagle.png/revision/latest?cb=20220618061704	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/angrybirds/images/6/6c/Mighty_Eagle.png/revision/latest?cb=20220618061704	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/angrybirds/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20240402011739", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/angrybirds/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20240402011739", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/angrybirds/images/1/1d/Migthy_Eagle_Banner.png/revision/lates...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Angry Birds Wiki" ]	null	"Hahaha! Miiiiiighty Eaaaagle!" — Mighty Eagle, Angry Birds: Flight School Issue 1 (Dream of Glory story) Ethan "Mighty" Eagle[note 1] (also known as just Mighty) is an optional, gigantic bald eagle who appears in the Angry Birds series. The Mighty Eagle is the most powerful bird in the Angry...	en	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/angrybirds/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20211031173011	Angry Birds Wiki	https://angrybirds.fandom.com/wiki/Mighty_Eagle	Main article Gallery Angryverse This article is about the character. You may be looking for the song, the Dragon, the Angry Birds Philadelphia Eagles version, the Space version, Star Wars version, the Bad Piggies version, or the Basketball. The Mighty Eagle The strongest bird in the Angry Birds series. Debuted in the Ham 'Em High update. "Hahaha! Miiiiiighty Eaaaagle!" — Mighty Eagle, Angry Birds: Flight School Issue 1 (Dream of Glory story) Ethan "Mighty" Eagle[note 1] (also known as just Mighty) is an optional, gigantic bald eagle who appears in the Angry Birds series. The Mighty Eagle is the most powerful bird in the Angry Birds series. Mighty was first made available in the Angry Birds episode "Ham 'Em High", launched in December 2010. He was subsequently released for Angry Birds Seasons on August 22, 2011, with a bug issue and was fixed on August 23, 2011, Angry Birds Rio on October 28, 2011, Angry Birds Chrome on December 1, 2011, and was included with the launch of Angry Birds Facebook on February 14, 2012, Angry Birds Space on March 22, 2012 (as the Space Eagle) and Angry Birds Star Wars on November 8, 2012 (as the Mighty Falcon). Appearance Main article: Mighty Eagle/Angryverse Mighty Eagle appears as an enormous white and dark brown round bird with a large yellow beak ending with a hooked tip. He has three large black feathers on top of his head. His eyes are black and have thick brows on each side of his eyes. He also has purple eye bags under both of his eyes, and large black feathers on his back. In Angry Birds Fight, Angry Birds Epic and Angry Birds 2, Mighty Eagle's feathers are lighter brown, his thick eyebrows are smaller, and his eye bags are magenta. His beak has an orange mark similar to Hal. In The Angry Birds Movie, Mighty Eagle appears as a giant white and dark brown anthropomorphic Northern Bald Eagle with a muscular and fat build - though currently he is mostly fat and out of shape, whereas in the past it is believed he was much more muscular and fit - and is identical to his game counterpart but with minor changes. He has a large dark brown feathered wings which he uses for flight and does not have the three black feathers on top of his head. He also has orange feet with black claws and has large black feathers on his back. His thick brows are now messier like his game counterpart, his large beak has maintained but the back of his beak was curled when he smiles arrogantly and his eye bags are now magenta like his Toons appearance. Mighty Eagle is also the only bird on Bird Island capable of actual flight, though his out of shape physique and lack of practice over the years initially made this task difficult. Personality The Mighty Eagle is a very wise and powerful bird who is greatly feared and respected by the other birds. Despite this, he is deeply reclusive, as he does not being disturbed. The Mighty Eagle has a dark secret he refuses to tell. He often listens to his gramophone collection alone and usually does not let anyone enter his cave, with the sole exception of The Blues[5], even giving them candy on Halloween.[6] Red was initially very afraid to go ask him for assistance in Angry Birds & the Mighty Eagle. As seen in a wallpaper released by Kombo, even Terence was afraid of him. But as time progressed, especially in the comics, the birds began to be less afraid of him. In fact, not only do the birds go to him to help them stop the pigs, they also go to Mighty Eagle for advice and listen to stories that have taken place a long time ago. Mighty Eagle loves sardines. It is what the birds use to summon him to attack the Bad Piggies. The Mighty Eagle is also a very good friend of Santa Claus.[7] In The Angry Birds Movie, The Mighty Eagle was initially seen as a legend of mythical proportions in the bird community of Bird Island. The birds grew up with songs and tales about his amazing adventures and heroism. Because of his giant majestic wings, he is the only bird who has ever managed to fly. The Mighty Eagle is different than his game counterpart who is wise to all the birds, he appears as somewhat of a celebrity jock who had many trophies and other things due to his heroism to protect the birds in Bird Island. He is initially lazy as seen in the movie before he shows his bravery to save the eggs. He also faints a lot after doing hard things, such as breaking into the castle. At the end of the movie, he says to Red, Chuck, and Bomb that he made them lose faith in him to find faith in themselves, probably an excuse to retire. However, despite helping the Flock various times, he isn't and doesn't want to take part in it, which disappoints Red. He is fiercely protective of his daughter, Debbie, whom he loves dearly. Powers and abilities Mighty Eagle's main ability is to come roaring down from the skies and strike the ground with incredible force, and every pig in his path will be popped immediately and every building block completely reduced to rubble. Any missed pigs will be instead killed by a massive earthquake the Eagle causes. Also, Mighty has a unique ability which is the can of sardines is placed in front of the pigs' structure, it will cause him to crash on the ground and spin out of control, which causes more damage. As shown in The Angry Birds Movie, Mighty can break through everything in its path as well as taking flight with the use of his feathered arms as his wings. Some times, he can struggle to fly such as when he carried most of the eggs from his claws as he put them to safety, which was depicted in a statue. Transformations Space Eagle Main article: Space Eagle By passing through an extraterrestrial wormhole of some kind, the Mighty Eagle can turn into the Space Eagle.[8] In this state, he somewhat resembles a raven or crow with its purple plumage. It also has two plume feathers on top of his head. The Space Eagle's beak appears to be strongly curved, but that's to be expected. Space Eagle appears much larger than Earth-going Mighty Eagle, but his power remains the same though it's a little weaker. This transformation only appeared in Angry Birds Space. Alpha Trion Main article: Alpha Trion By being exposed to the radiation of an extraterrestrial device, the Mighty Eagle can turn into Alpha Trion. In this state, he gains a robotical look with a helmet. As an Autobird, he can change his form to turn into a jet or a person. He uses a Grimlock-esque weapon able to drag any block in a random direction and break almost anything with ease. Plus, in vehicle mode, he automatically causes earthquakes. This transformation only appeared in Angry Birds Transformers. Relationships Games The Blues The Blues look up to Mighty Eagle as a mentor figure. In Angry Birds Comics, they frequently visit him in his cave, asking to tell them stories for them to listen to. Mighty always tells them one when they ask. He really cares about them, and as confirmed in The World of Angry Birds Official Guide, he states they are the only birds he actually tolerates. He likes talking to them as "they make (him) feel young again". The Flock Mighty Eagle isn't too fond of the rest of the flock. He doesn't like to be disturbed by them unless they despretly need his help for a pig attack, to which he will only help them if he is bribed with Sardines. Movies Red, Chuck and Bomb: Red, Chuck and Bomb are Mighty Eagle's apprentices in the first Angry Birds Movie. The three birds climed his mountain to try and seek his advice on how to handle the pig situation, only to be greeted to a washed has-been who does nothing but eats and flexes his achievments. When Red finally tells him he's been useless and asks him to fly them down to save the eggs, Mighty Eagle gets mad and tells them to leave without him. Only for him to later realise his mistake and help the three birds during the final battle against Leonard. Zeta In The Angry Birds Movie 2, we learn that Mighty Eagle dated Zeta when they were in high school. He proposed to her and she said yes! However, he got cold feet and fled to Bird Island, leaving her at the alter on the day they were meant to get married without warning. This made Zeta furious with Mighty Eagle, so she took her outrage on Bird and Piggy Islands many decades later. At the end of the movie he apologizes and they get married again, this time he doesn't flee. Debbie ""I Have a daughter?" — Mighty Eagle, Angry Birds Movie 2 Mighty Eagle first became aware of Debbie's existence during the mission to destroy the super weapon. At first, he was surprised to find out that he had a daughter. Initial confusion quickly gave way to a fierce protective instinct as When the super weapon blew up, he protected her from being crushed by a falling piece of metal. At the wedding, he and Zeta hugged her. Overall, they are shown to have a very close relationship with some room for improvement. General Allies Neutral Enemies Merchandise Commonwealth Plush toy: On December 17, 2011, the Mighty Eagle was made into a plush and could be bought for $100. It can be found online, mostly on the Angry Birds Store. It is the most expensive Angry Birds plush. This plush could also be won if someone collected 280 Easter Eggs and had a chance of winning it in the Angry Birds Friends Easter Hunt, along with some backpack plushes. He would later be re-released in 2021 by Might mojo Toys in a smaller size varient LEGO Minifigure: In LEGO Angry Birds, a LEGO minifigure of the Mighty Eagle was released in the 75826 King Pig's Castle set released in 2016. For more information, visit Mighty's page on Brickipedia. The Angry Birds Movie Commonwealth Plush Toy: The Angry Birds Movie 2 Plush Toy: Edukie Figure: Burger King Plush Toy: Names in other languages Language Name English translation Finnish Mahti Kotka Konsta Mighty Eagle Polish Potężny/Mocarny Orzeł Mighty Eagle Trivia In the Ham'o'ween animated backstory video, The Blues (dressed as Frankenstein, the devil, and a witch) trick or treat at Mighty's cave and he gives them candy, and then again in Angry Birds Friends (Pig Tales), which shows that Mighty has a friendship with the Blues. Mighty has visited Santa's workshop according to the Christmas comic. In the comic we see the purple bags around his eyes aren't there, indicating he was much younger when he visited. The Blues in the comics have mentioned Mighty having multiple places of residence, of "rejuvenation spots". The primary appears to be high atop a cliff, as depicted in Ham'o'ween and the comics. In The Angry Birds Movie, Mighty Eagle is also an elder, just like Judge Peckinpah. This can be proven by his telling of old stories of when the birds weren't alive yet, such as the Coconut Story. Coincidentally, both are birds of prey. In the Year of the Dragon animation descriptions and shop descriptions, it is said that the Mighty Eagle transformed into the Mighty Dragon, but in the comic, it is said the Mighty Eagle was an old friend of the Mighty Dragon and the Mighty Dragon was accepted to look after his rejuvenation spot while the Mighty Eagle was gone. His cave appears in the background of the third set of levels in Surf and Turf. His classic counterpart almost always appears as a silhouette in the games, with the only times this isn't true being the Power-Up shop in Angry Birds Classic, Mighty Eagle's Bootcamp in Angry Birds 2 and in the entirity of Angry Birds Epic. In 2011, Rovio released a software development kit for mobile game developers to implement the Mighty Eagle into their games, with the first game being the iOS remake of Death Rally.[9][10] For one second in the trailer of the 2011 remake of Death Rally, the Mighty Eagle can be seen at 56 seconds in. There is unfortunately no gameplay of him in the game however.[11][12] In the Trilogy version, if you get 100 percent for a level, then the feather you receive will be golden. Also in the said game, Mighty uses Terence's Corpse sounds when he hits the ground. Mighty Eagle is the only bird of the main series who has nostrils. However, the nostrils are absent in his movie design. In The Angry Birds Movie, Bomb's fantasy shows Mighty Eagle with a 42-pack. When Mighty Eagle lived on Bird Island, it was known that he commonly urinated in the Lake of Wisdom in front of his cave. In The Angry Birds Movie 2, he is shown to be the husband of Zeta, but in Angry Birds Evolution, he loves Wonder Bird. In the latest versions of the games, the Mighty Eagle makes noises of Terence when hitting the ground. His sound effect when he was summoned was used in Gundam: Build Fighters TRY when the Try Burning Gundam uses any of its abilities. Gallery Main article: Mighty Eagle/Gallery Main article: Mighty Eagle/Gallery Gallery Notes References Birds and Allies Flock Members Game Introductions Media Introductions Others • • • • Mighty Creatures (Year of the Dragon only) • (Ham Dunk only) • (Beak Impact only) • (Froot Loops Bloopers only) (view: v) Main article \| Gallery \| Beta elements \| Credits \| Glitches \| Version history \| Achievements \| Re-releases (Lite, Lite Beta, Free, HD Free, Free with Magic, HD, PSP, Island, Roku, Sync, Trilogy, Samsung Smart TV, Kakao, China, Hatch, Time Travel, Tencent QQ, Talkweb, Rovio Classics (Automotive)) Playable characters Angry Birds (Bomb (Shockwave), Bubbles, Chuck (Chuck Speed*****), Hal, Headshot*, Lady Grant*, Matilda, Missy Golocrest*, Red (Mighty Feathers Red, Fire Bird***), Reporter*, Senor Redshank*, Stella, Terence, The Blues) \| Minion Pig \| Small Pig \| Jetpack Pig \| Bomb Pig \| Bowling Ball Pig \| Toucan Pig \| Fat Pig \| Balloon Pig \| Female Pig Non-playable characters Col. Angus \| Darude \| Grenade Bird*** \| Grey Bird*** \| Mechanic Pig \| Mighty Eagle \| Ross \| Rhinoceros \| Postman Pig \| Purple Bird*** \| Hand** \| Hatchery Bird* Enemies Corporal Pig \| Egg \| Foreman Pig \| King Pig \| Leonard \| Minion Pigs Episodes Normal Tutorial \| Poached Eggs \| Mighty Hoax \| Danger Above \| The Big Setup \| Ham 'Em High \| Mine and Dine \| Surf and Turf \| Bad Piggies \| Red's Mighty Feathers \| Short Fuse \| Flock Favorites \| Bird Island \| Piggy Farm \| Jurassic Pork \| Birdday Party (Birdday 5) \| Golden Eggs \| Bonus Levels* \| Magic** New World* Happy New Year \| Naughty Christmas \| Lunar New Year of the Golden Pig \| Wandering Planet \| Summer: Back to the Beach Classic World* Year of the Goat \| Moon Fest Other Power-up University \| Mighty Eagle University \| Red Saves Lives \| Mighty League Test Levels \| Bubbles Level Items Coins \| Egg \| Gems \| Golden Egg \| Power-up (Birdquake, King Sling, Power Potion, Score Doubler, Mighty Eagle, Shockwave, Sling Scope, TNT Shield) \| Sardine \| Slingshot \| Lives*** Gimmicks and obstacles Balloon \| Beach ball \| Cake \| Cardboard cutout \| Dice \| Gift \| Glass \| Greek pillar \| Potion \| Stone \| TNT \| Treasure chest \| Water* \| Wood Modes Challenges*** \| Daily Challenge (Angry Birds Time Travel) \| Golden King Pig \| Hatchery***** \| Level Editor \| The Mighty League Music Albums Angry Birds (Original Game Soundtrack) Tracks "Angry Birds Theme" Other "Angry Birds Cinematic Trailer" \| "Angry Birds & the Mighty Eagle" \| "Angry Birds Bing Video" \| "Bomb Bird: Short Fuse" \| Box2D \| Destruction gauge \| Earth (Bird Island (Bird Island Beach, Eagle Mountain), Piggy Island) \| Level Failed \| Piggy kingdom \| Rovio Account \| Star \| Angry Birds: Hatching a Universe \| Winnable Objects Appears in the Chinese version only Appears in Angry Birds Time Travel only Appears in Angry Birds Trilogy only Appears in Angry Birds for Kakao only *Appears in Angry Birds Island only **Appears in the PC version only ****Unused (view: v) Main article \| Gallery \| Beta elements \| Version history \| Achievements \| Credits \| Re-releases (Free, HD, Free HD, Windows Phone, China) Playable characters Angry Birds (Bomb (Shockwave), Bubbles, Chuck, Hal, Matilda, Red (Homing Bird, Telebird), Stella, Terence (Wingman), The Blues) \| Playable Pig \| Tony* Non-playable characters BomBom*** \| Little Timmy \| Mighty Basketball \| Girl Bird* \| Mighty Dragon \| Mighty Eagle \| Penguins* \| Postman Pig* \| Prince Porky* \| Santa Claus \| Striped Bird \| Unnamed female white bird \| Hand** \| Professor Pig* Enemies Chef Pig* \| Clown Pig \| Corporal Pig \| Cyborg Pig \| Dummy Pig \| Evil Duck \| El Porkador \| Female Pig* \| Foreman Pig \| King Pig \| Mechanic Pig \| Minion Pigs (Bodyguard Pigs) \| Octopus Pig \| Scarecrow Pigs Episodes Ragnahog* \| Hammier Things* \| Piggywood Studios* \| Summer Camp* \| Marie Hamtoinette* \| Fairy Hogmother* \| Pig Days \| Ski or Squeal* \| Power-Up Test Site \| Invasion of the Egg Snatchers* \| Tropigal Paradise* \| On Finn Ice* \| Ham Dunk \| South Hamerica \| Arctic Eggspedition \| Abra-Ca-Bacon \| Winter Wonderham \| Haunted Hogs \| Back to School \| Piglantis* \| Cherry Blossom \| Year of the Dragon \| Wreck the Halls \| Ham'o'ween \| Moon Festival \| Summer Pignic \| Easter Eggs \| Go Green, Get Lucky \| Hogs and Kisses* \| Season's Greedings \| Trick or Treat \| Prototyping \| Bonus Levels+ Seasons Season 2016 \| Season 2015* \| Season 2014 \| Season 2013 \| Season 2012 \| Season 2011 \| Season 2010 Modes Level Editor \| The Pig Challenge Items Bird Coins* \| Egg \| Golden Eggs (Ultrabook™ Egg) \| Powerup (Allaka-BAM, Homing Bird, Power Potion, Score Doubler^, Shockwave, Sling Scope, Telebird) \| Present \| Sardine \| Slingshot Gimmicks and obstacles Easter Egg \| Glass \| Greek pillar \| Lava* \| Stone \| TNT \| Water \| Wood Music Albums Angry Birds Seasons (Original Game Soundtrack) \| Best of Angry Birds Seasons Songs "Peace Song 2011" \| "Peace Song 2012: Fly Me Home Tonight" \| "Peace Song 2013: Ode to Snow" \| "Peace Song 2014: Santamental Me" Cinematic Trailers Season's Greedings Short Movie \| Summer Pignic Short Movie \| Ham'o'ween Short Movie \| Wreck the Halls Short Movie \| Year of the Dragon Short Movie \| Meet the Pink Bird \| Trick or Tweet \| On Finn Ice Short Movie Other Angry Birds: A Halloween Special \| Angry Birds: Christmas Special \| Angry Birds: Hatching a Universe \| Angry Birds: Moon Festival \| Angry Birds: Wreck the Halls \| Angry Birds: Year of the Dragon \| Angry Birds Trilogy \| Bird Wear \| Box2D \| Destruction gauge \| Earth (Antarctica, Bird Island* (Mighty Eagle's cave), Europe (Finland* (Helsinki)), Piggy Island (Pig City), South America) \| Level Failed \| Moon \| Piggy kingdom Appears in the international mobile version only Appears in the PC version only Unused ^Appears in the Chinese version only +Appears in Angry Birds Trilogy only (view: v) Main article \| Gallery \| Beta elements \| Version history \| Achievements \| Credits \| Re-releases (China, Free, HD, HD Free) Playable characters Angry Birds (Bomb, Bubbles, Chuck (Rocket Bird), Hal, Matilda, Red (Samba Burst), Stella, Shakira, Terence, The Blues) \| Blu \| Jewel Non-playable characters Felipe \| Foreman Pig \| Luiz \| Mighty Eagle \| Minion Pigs \| Rafael \| Hand*** Merchandise and marketing only characters Charlie \| Gabi \| Nico & Pedro (Nico, Pedro) Enemies Caged Birds \| Caged Dolphins \| Marmosets \| Mauro \| Nigel Episodes Rio Smugglers' Den \| Jungle Escape \| Beach Volley \| Carnival Upheaval \| Airfield Chase \| Smugglers' Plane \| Market Mayhem \| Golden Beachball Rio 2 Rocket Rumble \| High Dive \| Blossom River \| Timber Tumble \| Hidden Harbor \| Treasure Hunt Others Playground \| Bonus Levels* \| Awards Room Bosses Nigel (Jungle Escape) \| Mauro (Carnival Upheaval) \| Nigel (Smugglers' Plane) \| Mauro (Market Mayhem) \| Blossom River boss Items Coins \| Egg \| Golden Anchor \| Golden Fruit \| Golden Gear \| Golden Rocket \| Golden Treasure Chest \| Power-up (Call the Flock, Power Potion, Samba Burst, Sling Scope, TNT Drop) \| Sardine \| Slingshot Gimmicks and obstacles Balloon \| Beach ball \| Glass \| Sand \| Stone \| TNT \| Water \| Wood Songs "Angry Birds Rio Samba" \| "Angry Birds Rio 2 Theme" Other Super Bowl Golden Egg \| Earth (Piggy Island, South America (Brazil (Rio de Janeiro))) \| Level Editor \| Level Failed! \| Moon \| Star \| Angry Birds Trilogy \| Angry Birds: Hatching a Universe * - Exclusive to Angry Birds Trilogy - Unused content * - Exclusive to PC version Playable characters • • ( • ) • ( ) • • • • • ( ) • Non-playable characters • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Enemies (Accessorized Pigs) ( • • • ) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Materials and Objects • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Power-Ups • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Episodes Other Tournaments • Events • Star Cup • Blues' Tallest Tower • Bird-O-Matic • Ports (Mobile Port • Windows 10 Port) • Achievements • • • Angry Birds Shop • Gallery • Glitches • Unused Content • Version History • Angry Birds: Hatching a Universe • Angry Birds Friends Creators Playable characters Non-playable characters Hand* \| Hatchlings \| Mighty Eagle \| Postman Pig \| Jo \| Sonic the Hedgehog Enemies Minion Pigs (Special pigs) Bosses Chef Pig \| Foreman Pig \| King Pig \| Zeta World Map locations Cobalt Plateaus \| Pig City \| Bamboo Forest Items Apple \| Arena tickets \| Black Pearls \| Chests \| Eggs \| Feathers \| Gems \| Lives \| Slingshot \| Spell (Blizzard, Chili, Golden Duck, Mighty Eagle, Pig Inflator, Sponsored Spells) Gimmicks and obstacles Score Multiplier Rank \| Bumper \| Balloon \| Destruct-O-Meter \| Glass \| Lava \| Rocket \| Stone \| TNT \| Water \| Wood Activities Daily Challenge \| Clans \| The Nest \| Jetpack Run \| Mighty Eagle's Bootcamp \| The Arena \| Rowdy Rumble! Albums Angry Birds 2 (Original Game Soundtrack) Other Angry Birds 2 Creators \| Flock Forward \| Earth (Piggy Island (Bamboo Forest, Cobalt Plateaus, Pig City)) \| Star \| Level Failed \| Gallery \| Beta elements \| Credits \| Glitches \| Chapters Note * - Appears in the PC version only (view: v) Main article \| Gallery \| Version history \| Achievements \| Credits \| Glitches Playable characters Angry Birds ((Space Flock), Bomb (Space Bomb), Bubbles (Cosmic Bubbles), Chuck (Lazer Bird), Hal, Ice Bird, Matilda, Red (Super Red), Silver, Stella, Terence (The Incredible Terence, Wingman), The Blues (Lightning Birds), Tony) \| Garry \| Harvey (Courtney) \| Leonard \| Space Egg Non-playable characters Birdie \| Chef Pig \| Daft Piggies \| Mighty Eagle (Mighty Buzzard, Space Eagle) Enemies Alien Pig \| Corporal Pig \| Eagles \| Fat Pig \| Foreman Pig \| Leonard \| Minion Pigs (Construction Pig) \| Space Pigs \| Spacecraft Pig \| Zeta Episodes Bird Island/Piggy Island Hot Pursuit \| When Birds Fly \| Party Crashers \| Bacon Beach \| Bamboom Forest \| Wrecks & The City \| Pigs In A Banquet \| Piglantis Eagle Island Frenemies \| Enter The Volcano \| The Frozen Heart \| Birdnapped \| Finding Zeta Secret Area Off The Menu \| Pie Hard \| Daft Piggies \| Midsummer Mayham \| Moon Festival \| Ham'o'ween \| Ham'o'ween 2 \| Pie Hard 2 \| The Swine and Dine Tour \| Snowball Showdown \| Midsummer Mayham 2 \| Ham-Mock Time Space Pig Bang \| Cold Cuts \| Fry Me to the Moon \| Utopia \| Red Planet \| Pig Dipper \| Cosmic Crystals \| Beak Impact \| Brass Hogs Carnival Abra-Ca-Bacon \| Space Hog Other Golden Eggs \| Frost Festival Modes Competition Items Accessories \| Billy \| Bird Coins \| Egg \| Eggsteroid \| Power-Ups (Birdquake, Boombox, Flock of Birds, King Sling, Pig Puffer, Power Potion, Sling Scope, Space Egg, Wingman) \| Slingshot \| Space Egg Cannon \| The Claw \| The Eggs Gimmicks and obstacles Carnival \| Red's Holiday Calendar \| Balloon \| Billy \| Cake \| Dice \| Donut \| Easter Egg \| Glass \| Greek pillar \| Grey block \| Lava \| Pumpkin \| Rubber \| Stone \| TNT \| Treasure chest \| Water \| Wood \| Sardine Other Earth (Bird Island, Eagle Island, Piggy Island (Cobalt Plateaus, Bamboo Forest, South Beach, Pig City) \| Level Failed \| Piggy kingdom \| Star
4562	dbpedia	3	80	https://www.librarything.it/topic/316852	en	Sports Teams named after Birds	https://www.librarything.it/favicon_lt_32.ico	https://www.librarything.it/favicon_lt_32.ico	[ "https://image.librarything.com/pics/lt1wordmark_150w.png", "https://image.librarything.com/pics/ltlogo_square_fff_trans.png", "https://image.librarything.com/pics/sbar_4.png", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/c1/5a/c15a500b9cf96c0636d756d3077424741414141_v5.jpg", "https://image.librarything.com...	[]	[]	[ "librarything", "library", "thing", "catalog your books", "catalogue your books", "book cataloging", "library", "free book catalog", "catalogue" ]	null	[]	null	LibraryThing catalogs yours books online, easily, quickly and for free.	it	/favicon_lt_32.ico	LibraryThing.com	https://www.librarything.it	A proposito di Questo argomento non è contrassegnato come primario su nessuna opera, autore o altro argomento.
4562	dbpedia	1	60	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great	en	Catherine the Great	https://upload.wikimedia…fter_Rokotov.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…fter_Rokotov.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Catherine_II_by_A.Al...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2002-03-13T20:43:04+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great	Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796 For other uses, see Catherine the Great (disambiguation). "Catherine II" redirects here. For Latin empress, see Catherine of Valois–Courtenay. Catherine II[a] (born Princess Sophie Augusta Frederica von Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 1729 – 17 November 1796),[b] most commonly known as Catherine the Great,[c] was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.[1] She came to power after overthrowing her husband, Peter III. Under her long reign, inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment, Russia experienced a renaissance of culture and sciences, which led to the founding of many new cities, universities, public libraries and theatres. At that time Russia became the new homeland for hundreds of thousands of European (particularly, protestant German) immigrants,[2][3] and became recognized as one of the great powers of Europe. In her accession to power and her rule of the empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably Count Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Alexander Suvorov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, and admirals such as Samuel Greig and Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. In the south, Russian Empire annexed the Crimean Khanate following victories over the Bar Confederation and the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War. In anticipation of future conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, Russia colonised the territories of New Russia along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. In the west, the Russian Empire gained the largest share when the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which had been ruled by Catherine's former lover, King Stanisław August Poniatowski, was partitioned. In the east, Russian settlers began to colonise Alaska, establishing the colony of Russian America. Many cities and towns were founded on Catherine's orders in the newly conquered lands, most notably Odessa, Yekaterinoslav, Kherson, Nikolayev, Yekaterinodar and Sevastopol. An admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernise Russia along Western European lines. However, military conscription and the economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and of private landowners intensified the exploitation of serf labour. This was a chief cause of rebellions, including Pugachev's Rebellion of Cossacks, nomads, peoples of the Volga, and peasants. The Manifesto on Freedom of the Nobility, issued during the short reign of Peter III and confirmed by Catherine, freed Russian nobles from compulsory military or state service. The construction of many mansions of the nobility in the classical style endorsed by the empress changed the face of the country. She is often included in the ranks of the enlightened despots.[d] As a patron of the arts, she presided over the age of the Russian Enlightenment, including the establishment of the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens, the first state-financed higher education institution for women in Europe. Early life [edit] Catherine was born on 2 May 1729 in Stettin, Province of Pomerania, Kingdom of Prussia, as Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica (Sophie Auguste Friederike) von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg.[1] Her mother was Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp. Her father, Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, belonged to the ruling German family of Anhalt.[5] He failed to become the duke of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and, at the time of his daughter's birth, he held the rank of a Prussian general in his capacity as governor of the city of Stettin. However, because her second cousin Peter III converted to Orthodox Christianity, her mother's brother became the heir to the Swedish throne and two of her first cousins, Gustav III and Charles XIII, became Kings of Sweden.[7] In accordance with the prevailing custom among the ruling dynasties of Germany, she received her education chiefly from a French governess and from tutors. According to her memoirs, Sophie was considered a tomboy and trained herself to master a sword. Catherine found her childhood to be uneventful; she once wrote to her correspondent Baron Grimm, "I see nothing of interest in it".[8] Although Sophie was born a princess, her family had little money; her rise to power was supported by her mother Joanna's wealthy relatives, who were both nobles and royal relations. The more than 300 sovereign entities of the Holy Roman Empire, many of them small and powerless, made for a highly competitive political system in which the various princely families fought for advantages over one another, often by way of political marriages.[9] For smaller German princely families, an advantageous marriage was one of the best means of advancing their interests. To improve the position of her house, Sophie was groomed throughout her childhood to become the wife of a powerful ruler. In addition to her native German, Sophie became fluent in French, the lingua franca of European elites in the 18th century.[10] The young Sophie received the standard education for an 18th-century German princess, concentrating on etiquette, French, and Lutheran theology. In 1739, when Catherine was 10, she met the second cousin who would become her future husband and Peter III of Russia. She later wrote that she immediately found Peter detestable and that she stayed at one end of the castle and Peter at the other. She disliked his pale complexion and his fondness for alcohol. Marriage and reign of Peter III [edit] The choice of Sophie as wife of the future tsar was a result of the Lopukhina affair, in which Count Jean Armand de Lestocq and King Frederick the Great of Prussia took an active part. The objective was to strengthen the friendship between Prussia and Russia, to weaken the influence of Austria, and to overthrow the chancellor Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, a known partisan of the Austrian alliance on whom the reigning Russian Empress Elizabeth relied. The diplomatic intrigue failed, largely due to the intervention of Sophie's mother, Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp.[13] Historical accounts portray Joanna as a cold, abusive woman who loved gossip and court intrigues. Her hunger for fame centered on her daughter's prospects of becoming Empress of Russia, but Joanna also infuriated Elizabeth, who eventually banned her from the country for allegedly spying for King Frederick. Elizabeth knew the family well and had intended to marry Joanna's brother Charles Augustus (Karl August von Holstein). He died of smallpox in 1727, before the wedding could take place.[13] Despite Joanna's interference, Elizabeth took a strong liking to Sophie, and Sophie and Peter were eventually married in 1745. When Sophie arrived in Russia in 1744 at age 15, she spared no effort to ingratiate herself not only with Elizabeth, but also with Elizabeth's husband Alexei Razumovsky and with the Russian people at large. She zealously applied herself to learning the Russian language, rising late at night to repeat her lessons in her bedroom. Staying up late at night in the harsh Russian cold caused her to fall ill with pneumonia, though she survived and recovered. In her memoirs, she wrote that she made the decision then to do whatever was necessary and to profess to believe whatever was required of her to become qualified to wear the crown. Although she was able to learn Russian, her speech suffered from grammatical errors and a heavy accent and her writting had numerous spelling problems. In most circumstances Catherine II spoke French in her court.[14][15] In fact the use of French as the main language of the Russian imperial court continued till 1812, when it became politically incorrect to speak French in court due to the war with Napoleonic France. Sophie recalled in her memoirs that as soon as she arrived in Russia, she fell ill with a pleuritis that almost killed her. She credited her survival to frequent bloodletting; in a single day, she received four phlebotomies. Her mother's opposition to this practice brought her the Empress's disfavour. When Sophie's situation looked desperate, her mother wanted her confessed by a Lutheran pastor. Awaking from her delirium, however, Sophie said, "I don't want any Lutheran; I want my Orthodox father [clergyman]". This increased her popularity with the Empress and her court as a whole. Elizabeth doted on Sophie and saw her as a daughter after this. Sophie's father, a devout German Lutheran, opposed his daughter's conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy. Despite his objections, on 28 June 1744, the Russian Orthodox Church received Sophie as a member. It was then that she took the new name Catherine (Yekaterina or Ekaterina) and the (artificial) patronymic Алексеевна (Alekseyevna, daughter of Aleksey), so that she was in all respects the namesake of Catherine I, the mother of Elizabeth and the grandmother of Peter III. The following year, on 21 August 1745, the long-planned dynastic marriage between Catherine and Peter finally took place in Saint Petersburg. Catherine had recently turned 16. Her father did not travel to Russia for the wedding. The bridegroom, then known as Peter von Holstein-Gottorp, had become Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (located in the north-west of present-day Germany near the border with Denmark) in 1739. The newlyweds settled in the palace of Oranienbaum, which remained the residence of the "young court" for many years. From there, they governed the duchy (which occupied less than a third of the current German state of Schleswig-Holstein, even including that part of Schleswig occupied by Denmark) to obtain experience to govern Russia. Apart from providing that experience, the marriage was unsuccessful; it was not consummated for years due to Peter III's mental immaturity. After Peter took a mistress, Catherine became involved with other prominent court figures. She soon became popular with several powerful political groups that opposed her husband. Unhappy with her husband, Catherine became an avid reader of books, mostly in French. She disparaged her husband for his devotion to reading on the one hand "Lutheran prayer-books, the other the history of and trial of some highway robbers who had been hanged or broken on the wheel". It was during this period that she first read Voltaire and the other philosophes of the French Enlightenment. As she learned Russian, she became increasingly interested in the literature of her adopted country. Finally, it was the Annals by Tacitus that caused what she called a "revolution" in her teenage mind as Tacitus was the first intellectual she read who understood power politics as they are, not as they should be. She was especially impressed with his argument that people do not act for their professed idealistic reasons, and instead she learned to look for the "hidden and interested motives". According to Alexander Hertzen, who edited a version of Catherine's memoirs, Catherine had her first sexual relationship with Sergei Saltykov while living at Oranienbaum, as her marriage to Peter had not yet been consummated, as Catherine later claimed.[18][19] Nonetheless, Catherine would eventually leave the final version of her memoirs to her son, the future Paul I, in which she explained why Paul had been Peter's son. Saltykov was used to make Peter jealous, and she did not desire to have a child with him; Catherine wanted to become empress herself, and did not want another heir to the throne; however, Elizabeth blackmailed Peter and Catherine to produce this heir. Peter and Catherine had both been involved in a 1749 Russian military plot to crown Peter (together with Catherine) in Elizabeth's stead. As a result of this plot, Elizabeth likely wanted to deny both Catherine and Peter any rights to the Russian throne. Elizabeth, therefore, allowed Catherine to have sexual lovers only after a new legal heir, Catherine and Peter's son Paul, survived and appeared to be strong.[20] After this, Catherine carried on sexual liaisons over the years with many men, including Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov (1734–1783), Alexander Vasilchikov, Grigory Potemkin, Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov and others. She became friends with Princess Ekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova, the sister of her husband's official mistress. In Dashkov's opinion, Dashkov introduced Catherine to several powerful political groups that opposed her husband; however, Catherine had been involved in military schemes against Elizabeth with the likely goal of subsequently getting rid of Peter III since at least 1749. Peter III's temperament became quite unbearable for those who resided in the palace. He would announce trying drills in the morning to male servants, who later joined Catherine in her room to sing and dance until late hours. In 1759, Catherine became pregnant with her second child, Anna, who only lived to 14 months. Due to various rumours of Catherine's promiscuity, Peter was led to believe he was not the child's biological father and is known to have proclaimed, "Go to the devil!" when Catherine angrily dismissed his accusation. She therefore spent much of this time alone in her private boudoir to hide away from Peter's abrasive personality.[23] In the first version of her memoirs, edited and published by Alexander Hertzen, Catherine strongly implied that the real father of her son Paul was not Peter, but rather Saltykov.[24] Catherine recalled in her memoirs her optimistic and resolute mood before her accession to the throne: I used to say to myself that happiness and misery depend on ourselves. If you feel unhappy, raise yourself above unhappiness, and so act that your happiness may be independent of all eventualities.[25] After the death of the Empress Elizabeth on 5 January 1762 (OS: 25 December 1761), Peter succeeded to the throne as Emperor Peter III and Catherine became empress consort. The imperial couple moved into the new Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. The Emperor's eccentricities and policies, including his great admiration for the Prussian King Frederick II, alienated the same groups that Catherine had cultivated as allies. Russia and Prussia had fought each other during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) and Russian troops had occupied Berlin in 1761. Peter supported Frederick II, eroding much of his support among the nobility. Peter ceased Russian operations against Prussia, and Frederick suggested the partition of Polish territories with Russia. Peter also intervened in a dispute between his Duchy of Holstein and Denmark over the province of Schleswig (see Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff). As Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Peter planned war against Denmark, Russia's traditional ally against Sweden. In July 1762, barely six months after becoming emperor, Peter lingered in Oranienbaum with his Holstein-born courtiers and relatives, while Catherine lived in another palace nearby. On the night of 8 July 1762 (OS: 27 June 1762),[26] Catherine was given the news that one of her co-conspirators had been arrested by her estranged husband and that the coup they had been planning would have to take place at once. The next day, she left the palace and departed for the Ismailovsky Regiment, where she delivered a speech asking the soldiers to protect her from her husband. Catherine then left with the Ismailovsky Regiment to go to the Semenovsky Barracks, where the clergy was waiting to ordain her as the sole occupant of the Russian throne and began her reign as Empress of Russia as Catherine II. She had her husband arrested and forced him to sign a document of abdication, leaving no one to dispute her accession to the throne.[28] On 17 July 1762—eight days after the coup that amazed the outside world[29] and just six months after his accession to the throne—Peter III died at Ropsha, possibly at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Grigory Orlov, then a court favourite and a participant in the coup). Peter supposedly was assassinated, but it is unknown how he died. The official cause, after an autopsy, was a severe attack of haemorrhoidal colic and an apoplexy stroke. At the time of Peter III's overthrow, other potential rivals for the throne included Ivan VI (1740–1764), who had been confined at Schlüsselburg in Lake Ladoga from the age of six months and was thought to be insane. Ivan VI was assassinated during an attempt to free him as part of a failed coup against Catherine. Like Elizabeth before her, Catherine had given strict instructions that Ivan was to be killed in the event of any such attempt. The woman later known as Princess Tarakanova (с. 1745–1775) was another potential rival. Although Catherine did not descend from the Romanov dynasty, her ancestors included members of the Rurik dynasty, which had preceded the Romanovs as rulers of Russia.[citation needed] She succeeded her husband as empress regnant, following the legal precedent of Empress Catherine I, who had succeeded her husband Peter I in 1725. Historians debate Catherine's technical status, whether as a regent or as a usurper, tolerable only during the minority of her son, Grand Duke Paul. Reign (1762–1796) [edit] Coronation (1762) [edit] Catherine was crowned at the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow on 22 September 1762.[31] Her coronation marks the creation of one of the main treasures of the Romanov dynasty, the Imperial Crown of Russia, designed by Swiss-French court diamond jeweller Jérémie Pauzié. Inspired by Byzantine design, the crown was constructed of two half spheres, one gold and one silver, representing the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, divided by a foliate garland and fastened with a low hoop.[32] The crown contains 75 pearls and 4,936 Indian diamonds forming laurel and oak leaves, the symbols of power and strength, and is surmounted by a 398.62-carat ruby spinel that previously belonged to the Empress Elizabeth, and a diamond cross. The crown was produced in a record two months and weighed 2.3 kg (5.1 lbs).[32] From 1762, the Great Imperial Crown was the coronation crown of all Romanov emperors until the monarchy's abolition in 1917. It is one of the main treasures of the Romanov dynasty and is now on display in the Moscow Kremlin Armoury Museum.[33] Foreign affairs [edit] During her reign, Catherine extended the borders of the Russian Empire by some 520,000 square kilometres (200,000 sq mi), absorbing New Russia, Crimea, the North Caucasus, right-bank Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Courland at the expense, mainly, of two powers—the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[34] Catherine's foreign minister, Nikita Panin (in office 1763–1781), exercised considerable influence from the beginning of Catherine's reign. A shrewd statesman, Panin dedicated much effort and millions of rubles to setting up a "Northern Accord" between Russia, Prussia, Poland, and Sweden to counter the power of the Bourbon–Habsburg League. When it became apparent that his plan could not succeed, Panin fell out of favour with Catherine and she had him replaced with Ivan Osterman (in office 1781–1797).[35] Catherine agreed to a commercial treaty with Great Britain in 1766, but stopped short of a full military alliance. Although she could see the benefits of friendship with Britain, Catherine was wary of Britain's increased power following its victory in the Seven Years' War, which threatened the European balance of power.[36] Russo-Turkish Wars [edit] Peter the Great had gained a foothold in the south, on the edge of the Black Sea, during the Azov campaigns. Catherine completed the conquest of the south, making Russia the dominant power in the Balkans following the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. Russia inflicted some of the heaviest defeats ever suffered by the Ottoman Empire, including at the Battle of Chesma (5–7 July 1770) and the Battle of Kagul (21 July 1770). In 1769, a last major Crimean–Nogai slave raid, which ravaged the Russian held territories in Ukraine, saw the capture of up to 20,000 slaves for the Crimean slave trade.[37][38] The Russian victories procured access to the Black Sea and allowed Catherine's government to incorporate present-day southern Ukraine, where the Russians founded the new cities of Odessa, Nikolayev, Yekaterinoslav (literally: "the Glory of Catherine") and Kherson. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, signed 21 July 1774 (OS: 10 July 1774), gave the Russians territories at Azov, Kerch, Yenikale, Kinburn and the small strip of Black Sea coast between the rivers Dnieper and Bug. The treaty also removed restrictions on Russian naval and commercial traffic in the Azov Sea, granted Russia the position of protector of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire and made Crimea a protectorate of Russia.[39] In 1770, Russia's State Council announced a policy in favour of eventual Crimean independence. Catherine named Şahin Giray, a Crimean Tatar leader, to head the Crimean state and maintain friendly relations with Russia. His period of rule proved disappointing after repeated effort to prop up his regime through military force and monetary aid. Finally, Catherine annexed Crimea in 1783. The palace of the Crimean Khanate passed into the hands of the Russians. In 1787, Catherine conducted a triumphal procession in the Crimea, which helped provoke the next Russo-Turkish War.[39] The Ottomans restarted hostilities with Russia in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792. This war was another catastrophe for the Ottomans, ending with the Treaty of Jassy (1792), which legitimised the Russian claim to the Crimean peninsula and granted the Yedisan region to Russia. Russo-Persian War [edit] See also: Persian expedition of 1796 In the Treaty of Georgievsk (1783), Russia agreed to protect Georgia against any new invasions and further political aspirations of their Persian suzerains. Catherine waged a new war against Persia in 1796 after they, under the new king Agha Mohammad Khan, again invaded Georgia and established rule in 1795, expelling the newly established Russian garrisons in the Caucasus. The ultimate goal for the Russian government, however, was to topple the anti-Russian shah (king), and to replace him with his pro-Russian half-brother Morteza Qoli Khan, who had defected to Russia.[40][41] It was widely expected that a 13,000-strong Russian corps would be led by the seasoned general Ivan Gudovich, but the Empress followed the advice of her lover, Prince Zubov, and entrusted the command to his youthful brother, Count Valerian Zubov. The Russian troops set out from Kizlyar in April 1796 and stormed the key fortress of Derbent on 21 May (OS: 10 May). The event was glorified by the court poet Derzhavin in his famous ode; he later commented bitterly on Zubov's inglorious return from the expedition in another famous poem. By mid-June 1796, Zubov's troops easily overran most of the territory of modern-day Azerbaijan, including three principal cities—Baku, Shemakha, and Ganja. By November, they were stationed at the confluence of the Araks and Kura Rivers, poised to attack mainland Iran. In this month, Catherine died, and her son and successor Paul I, who detested that the Zubovs had other plans for the army, ordered the troops to retreat to Russia. This reversal aroused the frustration and enmity of the powerful Zubovs and other officers who took part in the campaign; many of them would be among the conspirators who arranged Paul's murder five years later.[43] Relations with Western Europe [edit] Catherine longed for recognition as an enlightened sovereign. She refused the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp, which had ports on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and refrained from having a Russian army in Germany. Instead, she pioneered for Russia the role that Britain later played through most of the 19th and early 20th centuries as an international mediator in disputes that could, or did, lead to war. She acted as mediator in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–1779) between the German states of Prussia and Austria. In 1780, she established a League of Armed Neutrality, designed to defend neutral shipping from being searched by the British Royal Navy during the American Revolutionary War. From 1788 to 1790, Russia fought a war against Sweden instigated by Catherine's cousin, King Gustav III of Sweden, who expected to overrun the Russian armies still engaged in war against the Ottomans and hoped to strike Saint Petersburg directly. But Russia's Baltic Fleet checked the Royal Swedish navy in the tied Battle of Hogland (July 1788), and the Swedish army failed to advance. Denmark declared war on Sweden in 1788 (the Theatre War). After the decisive defeat of the Russian fleet at the Battle of Svensksund in 1790, the parties signed the Treaty of Värälä (14 August 1790), returning all conquered territories to their respective owners and confirming the Treaty of Åbo. Russia was to stop any involvement in the internal affairs of Sweden. Large sums were paid to Gustav III and peace ensued for 20 years even in spite of the assassination of Gustav III in 1792.[44] Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth [edit] Main article: Partitions of Poland In 1764, Catherine placed Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, her former lover, on the Polish throne. Although the idea of partitioning Poland came from Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine took a leading role in its execution in the 1790s. In 1768, she formally became the protector of the political rights of dissidents and peasants of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which provoked an anti-Russian uprising in Poland, the Confederation of Bar (1768–1772), supported by France. After the rebels, their French and European volunteers, and their allied Ottoman Empire had been defeated, she established in the Commonwealth a system of government fully controlled by the Russian Empire through a Permanent Council, under the supervision of her ambassadors and envoys.[45] Fearing that the May Constitution of Poland (1791) might lead to a resurgence in the power of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the growing democratic movements inside the Commonwealth might become a threat to the European monarchies, Catherine decided to refrain from her planned intervention into France and to intervene in Poland instead. She provided support to a Polish anti-reform group known as the Targowica Confederation. After defeating Polish loyalist forces in the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and in the Kościuszko Uprising (1794), Russia completed the partitioning of Poland, dividing all of the remaining Commonwealth territory with Prussia and Austria (1795).[46] Relations with China [edit] The Qianlong Emperor of China was committed to an expansionist policy in Central Asia and saw the Russian Empire as a potential rival, making for difficult and unfriendly relations between Beijing and Saint Petersburg.[47] In 1762, he unilaterally abrogated the Treaty of Kyakhta, which governed the caravan trade between the two empires.[48] Another source of tension was the wave of Dzungar Mongol fugitives from the Qing Empire who took refuge with the Russians.[49] The Dzungar genocide which was committed by the Qing Empire had led many Dzungars to seek sanctuary in the Russian Empire, and it was also one of the reasons for the abrogation of the Treaty of Kyakhta. Catherine perceived that the Qianlong Emperor was an unpleasant and arrogant neighbour, once saying: "I shall not die until I have ejected the Turks from Europe, suppressed the pride of China and established trade with India".[49] In a 1790 letter to Baron de Grimm written in French, she called the Qianlong Emperor "mon voisin chinois aux petits yeux" ("my Chinese neighbour with small eyes").[47] Relations with Japan [edit] In the Far East, Russians became active in fur trapping in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. This spurred Russian interest in opening trade with Japan to the south for supplies and food. In 1783, storms drove a Japanese sea captain, Daikokuya Kōdayū, ashore in the Aleutian Islands, at that time Russian territory. Russian local authorities helped his party, and the Russian government decided to use him as a trade envoy. On 28 June 1791, Catherine granted Daikokuya an audience at Tsarskoye Selo. Subsequently, in 1792, the Russian government dispatched a trade mission to Japan, led by Adam Laxman. The Tokugawa shogunate received the mission, but negotiations failed.[50] The evaluation of foreign policy [edit] Nicholas I, her grandson, evaluated the foreign policy of Catherine the Great as a dishonest one.[51] Catherine failed to reach any of the initial goals she had put forward. Her foreign policy lacked a long-term strategy and from the very start was characterised by a series of mistakes. She lost the large territories of the Russian protectorate of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania and left its territories to Prussia and Austria. The Commonwealth had become the Russian protectorate since the reign of Peter I, but he did not intervene into the problem of political freedoms of dissidents advocating for their religious freedoms only. Catherine did turn Russia into a global great power, not only a European one, but with quite a different reputation from what she initially had planned as an honest policy. The global trade of Russian natural resources and Russian grain provoked famines, starvation and fear of famines in Russia. Her dynasty lost power because of this and of a war with Austria and Germany, impossible without her foreign policy.[52] Economics and finance [edit] Russian economic development was well below the standards in western Europe. Historian François Cruzet writes that Russia under Catherine: had neither a free peasantry, nor a significant middle class, nor legal norms hospitable to private enterprise. Still, there was a start of industry, mainly textiles around Moscow and ironworks in the Ural Mountains, with a labour force mainly of serfs, bound to the works.[53] Catherine imposed a comprehensive system of state regulation of merchants' activities. It was a failure because it narrowed and stifled entrepreneurship and did not reward economic development.[54] She had more success when she strongly encouraged the migration of the Volga Germans, farmers from Germany who settled mostly in the Volga River Valley region. They indeed helped modernise the sector that totally dominated the Russian economy. They introduced numerous innovations regarding wheat production and flour milling, tobacco culture, sheep raising, and small-scale manufacturing.[55] In 1768, the Assignation Bank was given the task of issuing the first government paper money. It opened in Saint Petersburg and Moscow in 1769. Several bank branches were afterwards established in other towns, called government towns. Paper notes were issued upon payment of similar sums in copper money, which were also refunded upon the presentation of those notes. The emergence of these assignation roubles was necessary due to large government spending on military needs, which led to a shortage of silver in the treasury (transactions, especially in foreign trade, were conducted almost exclusively in silver and gold coins). Assignation roubles circulated on equal footing with the silver rouble; a market exchange rate for these two currencies was ongoing. The use of these notes continued until 1849.[56] Catherine paid a great deal of attention to financial reform, and relied heavily on the advice of Prince A. A. Viazemski. She found that piecemeal reform worked poorly because there was no overall view of a comprehensive state budget. Money was needed for wars and necessitated the junking of the old financial institutions. A key principle was responsibilities defined by function. It was instituted by the Fundamental Law of 7 November 1775. Vaizemski's Office of State Revenue took centralised control and by 1781, the government possessed its first approximation of a state budget.[56] Public health [edit] Catherine made public health a priority. She made use of the social theory ideas of German cameralism and French physiocracy, as well as Russian precedents and experiments such as foundling homes. In 1764, she launched the Moscow Foundling Home and lying-in hospital. In 1763, she opened Paul's Hospital, also known as Pavlovskaya Hospital. She had the government collect and publish vital statistics. In 1762, she called on the army to upgrade its medical services. She established a centralised medical administration charged with initiating vigorous health policies. Catherine decided to have herself inoculated against smallpox by English doctor Thomas Dimsdale. While this was considered a controversial method at the time, she succeeded. Her son Pavel later was inoculated as well.[57] Catherine then sought to have inoculations throughout her empire and stated: "My objective was, through my example, to save from death the multitude of my subjects who, not knowing the value of this technique, and frightened of it, were left in danger".[57] By 1800, approximately 2 million inoculations (almost 6% of the population) were administered in the Russian Empire. Historians consider her efforts to be a success.[58] Serfs [edit] See also: Serfdom in Russia According to a census taken from 1754 to 1762, Catherine owned 500,000 serfs. A further 2.8 million belonged to the Russian state. Rights and conditions [edit] At the time of Catherine's reign, the landowning noble class owned the serfs, who were bound to the land they tilled. Children of serfs were born into serfdom and worked the same land their parents had. Even before the rule of Catherine, serfs had very limited rights, but they were not exactly slaves. While the state did not technically allow them to own possessions, some serfs were able to accumulate enough wealth to pay for their freedom. The understanding of law in Imperial Russia by all sections of society was often weak, confused, or nonexistent, particularly in the provinces where most serfs lived. This is why some serfs were able to do things such as to accumulate wealth. To become serfs, people conceded their freedoms to a landowner in exchange for their protection and support in times of hardship. In addition, they received land to till, but were taxed a certain percentage of their crops to give to their landowners. These were the privileges a serf was entitled to and that nobles were bound to carry out. All of this was true before Catherine's reign, and this is the system she inherited. Catherine did initiate some changes to serfdom. If a noble did not live up to his side of the deal, the serfs could file complaints against him by following the proper channels of law. Catherine gave them this new right, but in exchange they could no longer appeal directly to her. She did this because she did not want to be bothered by the peasantry, but did not want to give them reason to revolt. In this act, she gave the serfs a legitimate bureaucratic status they had lacked before. Some serfs were able to use their new status to their advantage. For example, serfs could apply to be freed if they were under illegal ownership, and non-nobles were not allowed to own serfs. Some serfs did apply for freedom and were successful. In addition, some governors listened to the complaints of serfs and punished nobles, but this was by no means universal. Other than these, the rights of a serf were very limited. A landowner could punish his serfs at his discretion, and under Catherine the Great gained the ability to sentence his serfs to hard labour in Siberia, a punishment normally reserved for convicted criminals. The only thing a noble could not do to his serfs was to kill them. The life of a serf belonged to the state. Historically, when the serfs faced problems they could not solve on their own (such as abusive masters), they often appealed to the autocrat, and continued doing so during Catherine's reign, but she signed legislation prohibiting it. Although she did not want to communicate directly with the serfs, she did create some measures to improve their conditions as a class and reduce the size of the institution of serfdom. For example, she took action to limit the number of new serfs; she eliminated many ways for people to become serfs, culminating in the manifesto of 17 March 1775, which prohibited a serf who had once been freed from becoming a serf again. While the majority of serfs were farmers bound to the land, a noble could have his serfs sent away to learn a trade or be educated at a school as well as employ them at businesses that paid wages. This happened more often during Catherine's reign because of the new schools she established. Only in this way—apart from conscription to the army—could a serf leave the farm for which he was responsible, but this was used for selling serfs to people who could not own them legally because of absence of nobility abroad. Attitudes towards Catherine [edit] The attitude of the serfs toward their autocrat had historically been a positive one.[67] However, if the empress' policies were too extreme or too disliked, she was not considered the true empress. In these cases, it was necessary to replace this "fake" empress with the "true" empress, whoever she may be. Because the serfs had no political power, they rioted to convey their message. However, usually, if the serfs did not like the policies of the empress, they saw the nobles as corrupt and evil, preventing the people of Russia from communicating with the well-intentioned empress and misinterpreting her decrees.[68] However, they were already suspicious of Catherine upon her accession because she had annulled an act by Peter III that essentially freed the serfs belonging to the Orthodox Church. Naturally, the serfs did not like it when Catherine tried to take away their right to petition her because they felt as though she had severed their connection to the autocrat, and their power to appeal to her. Far away from the capital, they were confused as to the circumstances of her accession to the throne.[70] The peasants were discontented because of many other factors as well, including crop failure, and epidemics, especially a major epidemic in 1771. The nobles were imposing a stricter rule than ever, reducing the land of each serf and restricting their freedoms further beginning around 1767. Their discontent led to widespread outbreaks of violence and rioting during Pugachev's Rebellion of 1774. The serfs probably followed someone who was pretending to be the true empress because of their feelings of disconnection to Catherine and her policies empowering the nobles, but this was not the first time they followed a pretender under Catherine's reign. Pugachev had made stories about himself acting as a real emperor should, helping the common people, listening to their problems, praying for them, and generally acting saintly, and this helped rally the peasants and serfs, with their very conservative values, to his cause. With all this discontent in mind, Catherine did rule for 10 years before the anger of the serfs boiled over into a rebellion as extensive as Pugachev's. The rebellion ultimately failed and in fact backfired as Catherine was pushed away from the idea of serf liberation following the violent uprising. Under Catherine's rule, despite her enlightened ideals, the serfs were generally unhappy and discontented. Arts and culture [edit] Main article: Russian Enlightenment Catherine was a patron of the arts, literature, and education. The Hermitage Museum, which now occupies the whole Winter Palace, began as Catherine's personal collection. The empress was a great lover of art and books, and ordered the construction of the Hermitage in 1770 to house her expanding collection of paintings, sculpture, and books.[74] By 1790, the Hermitage was home to 38,000 books, 10,000 gems and 10,000 drawings. Two wings were devoted to her collections of "curiosities".[75] She ordered the planting of the first English landscape garden at Tsarskoye Selo in May 1770.[74] In a letter to Voltaire in 1772, she wrote: "Right now I adore English gardens, curves, gentle slopes, ponds in the form of lakes, archipelagos on dry land, and I have a profound scorn for straight lines, symmetric avenues. I hate fountains that torture water in order to make it take a course contrary to its nature: Statues are relegated to galleries, vestibules etc.; in a word, Anglomania is the master of my plantomania".[76] Catherine shared in the general European craze for all things Chinese, and made a point of collecting Chinese art and buying porcelain in the popular Chinoiserie style.[77] Between 1762 and 1766, she had built the "Chinese Palace" at Oranienbaum which reflected the chinoiserie style of architecture and gardening.[77] The Chinese Palace was designed by the Italian architect Antonio Rinaldi who specialised in the chinoiserie style.[77] In 1779, she hired the Scottish architect Charles Cameron to build the Chinese Village at Tsarskoye Selo.[77] Catherine had at first attempted to hire a Chinese architect to build the Chinese Village, and on finding that was impossible, settled on Cameron, who likewise specialised in the chinoiserie style.[77] She made a special effort to bring leading intellectuals and scientists to Russia, and she wrote her own comedies, works of fiction, and memoirs. She worked with Voltaire, Diderot, and d'Alembert—all French encyclopedists who later cemented her reputation in their writings. The leading economists of her day, such as Arthur Young and Jacques Necker, became foreign members of the Free Economic Society, established on her suggestion in Saint Petersburg in 1765. She recruited the scientists Leonhard Euler and Peter Simon Pallas from Berlin and Anders Johan Lexell from Sweden to the Russian capital.[78][79] Catherine enlisted Voltaire to her cause, and corresponded with him for 15 years, from her accession to his death in 1778. He lauded her accomplishments, calling her "The Star of the North" and the "Semiramis of Russia" (in reference to the legendary Queen of Babylon, a subject on which he published a tragedy in 1768). Although she never met him face to face, she mourned him bitterly when he died. She acquired his collection of books from his heirs, and placed them in the National Library of Russia.[80] Catherine read three sorts of books, namely those for pleasure, those for information, and those to provide her with a philosophy.[81] In the first category, she read romances and comedies that were popular at the time, many of which were regarded as "inconsequential" by the critics both then and since.[81] She especially liked the work of German comic writers such as Moritz August von Thümmel and Christoph Friedrich Nicolai.[81] In the second category fell the work of Denis Diderot, Jacques Necker, Johann Bernhard Basedow and Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.[82] Catherine expressed some frustration with the economists she read for what she regarded as their impractical theories, writing in the margin of one of Necker's books that if it was possible to solve all of the state's economic problems in one day, she would have done so a long time ago.[82] For information about particular nations that interested her, she read Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville's Memoirs de Chine to learn about the vast and wealthy Chinese empire that bordered her empire; François Baron de Tott's Memoires de les Turcs et les Tartares for information about the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean khanate; the books of Frederick the Great praising himself to learn about Frederick just as much as to learn about Prussia; and pamphlets written by Benjamin Franklin denouncing the British Crown to understand the reasons behind the American Revolution.[82] In the third category fell the work of Voltaire, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm, Ferdinando Galiani, Nicolas Baudeau and Sir William Blackstone.[83] For philosophy, she liked books promoting what has been called "enlightened despotism", which she embraced as her ideal of an autocratic but reformist government that operated according to the rule of law, not the whims of the ruler, hence her interest in Blackstone's legal commentaries.[83] Within a few months of her accession in 1762, having heard the French government threatened to stop the publication of the famous French Encyclopédie on account of its irreligious spirit, Catherine proposed to Diderot that he should complete his great work in Russia under her protection. Four years later, in 1766, she endeavoured to embody in legislation the principles of Enlightenment she learned from studying the French philosophers. She called together at Moscow a Grand Commission—almost a consultative parliament—composed of 652 members of all classes (officials, nobles, burghers, and peasants) and of various nationalities. The commission had to consider the needs of the Russian Empire and the means of satisfying them. The empress prepared the "Instructions for the Guidance of the Assembly", pillaging (as she frankly admitted) the philosophers of Western Europe, especially Montesquieu and Cesare Beccaria.[84][85] As many of the democratic principles frightened her more moderate and experienced advisors, she refrained from immediately putting them into practice. After holding more than 200 sittings, the so-called Commission dissolved without getting beyond the realm of theory. Catherine began issuing codes to address some of the modernisation trends suggested in her Nakaz. In 1775, the empress decreed a Statute for the Administration of the provinces of the Russian Empire. The statute sought to efficiently govern Russia by increasing population and dividing the country into provinces and districts. By the end of her reign, 50 provinces and nearly 500 districts were created, government officials numbering more than double this were appointed, and spending on local government increased sixfold. In 1785, Catherine conferred on the nobility the Charter to the Nobility, increasing the power of the landed oligarchs. Nobles in each district elected a Marshal of the Nobility, who spoke on their behalf to the monarch on issues of concern to them, mainly economic ones. In the same year, Catherine issued the Charter of the Towns, which distributed all people into six groups as a way to limit the power of nobles and create a middle estate. Catherine also issued the Code of Commercial Navigation and Salt Trade Code of 1781, the Police Ordinance of 1782, and the Statute of National Education of 1786. In 1777, the empress described to Voltaire her legal innovations within a backward Russia as progressing "little by little".[86] During Catherine's reign, Russians imported and studied the classical and European influences that inspired the Russian Enlightenment. Gavrila Derzhavin, Denis Fonvizin and Ippolit Bogdanovich laid the groundwork for the great writers of the 19th century, especially for Alexander Pushkin. Catherine became a great patron of Russian opera. Alexander Radishchev published his Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow in 1790, shortly after the start of the French Revolution. He warned of uprisings in Russia because of the deplorable social conditions of the serfs. Catherine decided it promoted the dangerous poison of the French Revolution. She had the book burned and the author exiled to Siberia.[87][88] Catherine also received Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun at her Tsarskoye Selo residence in St Petersburg, by whom she was painted shortly before her death. Madame Vigée Le Brun vividly describes the empress in her memoirs:[89] the sight of this famous woman so impressed me that I found it impossible to think of anything: I could only stare at her. Firstly I was very surprised at her small stature; I had imagined her to be very tall, as great as her fame. She was also very fat, but her face was still beautiful, and she wore her white hair up, framing it perfectly. Her genius seemed to rest on her forehead, which was both high and wide. Her eyes were soft and sensitive, her nose quite Greek, her colour high and her features expressive. She addressed me immediately in a voice full of sweetness, if a little throaty: "I am delighted to welcome you here, Madame, your reputation runs before you. I am very fond of the arts, especially painting. I am no connoisseur, but I am a great art lover." Madame Vigée Le Brun also describes the empress at a gala:[89] The double doors opened and the Empress appeared. I have said that she was quite small, and yet on the days when she made her public appearances, with her head held high, her eagle-like stare and a countenance accustomed to command, all this gave her such an air of majesty that to me she might have been Queen of the World; she wore the sashes of three orders, and her costume was both simple and regal; it consisted of a muslin tunic embroidered with gold fastened by a diamond belt, and the full sleeves were folded back in the Asiatic style. Over this tunic she wore a red velvet dolman with very short sleeves. The bonnet which held her white hair was not decorated with ribbons, but with the most beautiful diamonds. Russia's second ballet school, Moscow State Academy of Choreography, commonly known as The Bolshoi Ballet Academy, was founded during Catherine's reign on December 23, 1773.[90] It entered into a contract with the Italian teacher-choreographer Filippo Becari, who must was "the most capable of dancing" children to learn "to dance with all possible precision and to show themselves publicly in all pantomime ballets".[91] Education [edit] Catherine held western European philosophies and culture close to her heart, and she wanted to surround herself with like-minded people within Russia.[92] She believed a 'new kind of person' could be created by inculcating Russian children with European education. Catherine believed education could change the hearts and minds of the Russian people and turn them away from backwardness. This meant developing individuals both intellectually and morally, providing them knowledge and skills, and fostering a sense of civic responsibility. Her goal was to modernise education across Russia.[93] Catherine appointed Ivan Betskoy as her advisor on educational matters.[94] Through him, she collected information from Russia and other countries about educational institutions. She also established a commission composed of T.N. Teplov, T. von Klingstedt, F.G. Dilthey and the historian G. Muller. She consulted British pedagogical pioneers, particularly the Rev. Daniel Dumaresq and Dr John Brown. In 1764, she sent for Dumaresq to come to Russia and then appointed him to the educational commission. The commission studied the reform projects previously installed by I.I. Shuvalov under Elizabeth and under Peter III. They submitted recommendations for the establishment of a general system of education for all Russian orthodox subjects from the age of 5 to 18, excluding serfs.[96] However, no action was taken on any recommendations put forth by the commission due to the calling of the Legislative Commission. In July 1765, Dumaresq wrote to Dr. John Brown about the commission's problems and received a long reply containing very general and sweeping suggestions for education and social reforms in Russia. Dr. Brown argued, in a democratic country, education ought to be under the state's control and based on an education code. He also placed great emphasis on the "proper and effectual education of the female sex"; two years prior, Catherine had commissioned Ivan Betskoy to draw up the General Programme for the Education of Young People of Both Sexes. This work emphasised the fostering of the creation of a 'new kind of people' raised in isolation from the damaging influence of a backward Russian environment.[98] The Establishment of the Moscow Foundling Home (Moscow Orphanage) was the first attempt at achieving that goal. It was charged with admitting destitute and extramarital children to educate them in any way the state deemed fit. Because the Moscow Foundling Home was not established as a state-funded institution, it represented an opportunity to experiment with new educational theories. However, the Moscow Foundling Home was unsuccessful, mainly due to extremely high mortality rates, which prevented many of the children from living long enough to develop into the enlightened subjects the state desired.[99] Not long after the Moscow Foundling Home, at the instigation of her factotum, Ivan Betskoy, she wrote a manual for the education of young children, drawing from the ideas of John Locke, and founded the famous Smolny Institute in 1764, first of its kind in Russia. At first, the institute only admitted young girls of the noble elite, but eventually it began to admit girls of the petit-bourgeoisie as well.[100] The girls who attended the Smolny Institute, Smolyanki, were often accused of being ignorant of anything that went on in the world outside the walls of the Smolny buildings, within which they acquired a proficiency in French, music, and dancing, along with a complete awe of the monarch. Central to the institute's philosophy of pedagogy was strict enforcement of discipline. Running and games were forbidden, and the building was kept particularly cold because too much warmth was believed to be harmful to the developing body, as was excessive play.[101] From 1768 to 1774, no progress was made in setting up a national school system.[102] However, Catherine continued to investigate the pedagogical principles and practice of other countries and made many other educational reforms, including an overhaul of the Cadet Corps in 1766. The Corps then began to take children from a very young age and educate them until the age of 21, with a broadened curriculum that included the sciences, philosophy, ethics, history, and international law. These reforms in the Cadet Corps influenced the curricula of the Naval Cadet Corps and the Engineering and Artillery Schools. Following the war and the defeat of Pugachev, Catherine laid the obligation to establish schools at the guberniya—a provincial subdivision of the Russian empire ruled by a governor—on the Boards of Social Welfare set up with the participation of elected representatives from the three free estates.[103] By 1782, Catherine arranged another advisory commission to review the information she had gathered on the educational systems of many different countries.[104] One system that particularly stood out was produced by a mathematician, Franz Aepinus. He was strongly in favour of the adoption of the Austrian three-tier model of trivial, real, and normal schools at the village, town, and provincial capital levels. In addition to the advisory commission, Catherine established a Commission of National Schools under Pyotr Zavadovsky. This commission was charged with organising a national school network, as well as providing teacher training and textbooks. On 5 August 1786, the Russian Statute of National Education was created.[105] The statute established a two-tier network of high schools and primary schools in guberniya capitals that were free of charge, open to all of the free classes (not serfs), and co-educational. It also stipulated in detail the subjects to be taught at every age and the method of teaching. In addition to the textbooks translated by the commission, teachers were provided with the "Guide to Teachers". This work, divided into four parts, dealt with teaching methods, subject matter, teacher conduct, and school administration.[105] Despite these efforts, later historians of the 19th century were generally critical. Some claimed Catherine failed to supply enough money to support her educational program.[106] Two years after the implementation of Catherine's program, a member of the National Commission inspected the institutions established. Throughout Russia, the inspectors encountered a patchy response. While the nobility provided appreciable amounts of money for these institutions, they preferred to send their own children to private, prestigious institutions. Also, the townspeople tended to turn against the junior schools and their pedagogical[clarification needed] methods. Yet by the end of Catherine's reign, an estimated 62,000 pupils were being educated in some 549 state institutions. While a significant improvement, it was only a minuscule number, compared to the size of the Russian population.[107] Religious affairs [edit] Catherine's apparent embrace of all things Russian (including Orthodoxy) may have prompted her personal indifference to religion. She nationalised all of the church lands to help pay for her wars, largely emptied the monasteries, and forced most of the remaining clergymen to survive as farmers or from fees for baptisms and other services. Very few members of the nobility entered the church, which became even less important than it had been. She did not allow dissenters to build chapels, and she suppressed religious dissent after the onset of the French Revolution.[108] However, in accord with her anti-Ottoman policy, Catherine promoted the protection and fostering of Christians under Turkish rule. She placed strictures on Catholics (ukaz of 23 February 1769), mainly Polish, and attempted to assert and extend state control over them in the wake of the partitions of Poland.[109] For example, although Catholic parishes were allowed to retain their property and worship, Papal oversight of parishes was restricted to only theology. In its stead, Catherine appointed a Catholic bishop (later raising the position to archbishop) of Mohylev to administer all Catholic churches in her territory.[110] Nevertheless, Catherine's Russia provided an asylum and a base for regrouping to the Jesuits following the suppression of the Jesuits in most of Europe in 1773.[109] Islam [edit] See also: Islam in Russia Catherine took many different approaches to Islam during her reign. She avoided force and tried persuasion (and money) to integrate Muslim areas into her empire. Between 1762 and 1773, Muslims were prohibited from owning any Orthodox serfs. They were pressured into Orthodoxy through monetary incentives. Catherine promised more serfs of all religions, as well as amnesty for convicts, if Muslims chose to convert to Orthodoxy. However, the Legislative Commission of 1767 offered several seats to people professing the Islamic faith. This commission promised to protect their religious rights, but did not do so. Many Orthodox peasants felt threatened by the sudden change, and burned mosques as a sign of their displeasure.[citation needed] Catherine chose to assimilate Islam into the state rather than eliminate it when public outcry became too disruptive. After the "Toleration of All Faiths" Edict of 1773, Muslims were permitted to build mosques and practise all of their traditions, the most obvious of these being the pilgrimage to Mecca, which previously had been denied. Catherine created the Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly to help regulate Muslim-populated regions as well as regulate the instruction and ideals of mullahs. The positions on the Assembly were appointed and paid for by Catherine and her government as a way of regulating religious affairs.[additional citation(s) needed] In 1785, Catherine approved the subsidising of new mosques and new town settlements for Muslims. This was another attempt to organise and passively control the outer fringes of her country. By building new settlements with mosques placed in them, Catherine attempted to ground many of the nomadic people who wandered through southern Russia. In 1786, she assimilated the Islamic schools into the Russian public school system under government regulation. The plan was another attempt to force nomadic people to settle. This allowed the Russian government to control more people, especially those who previously had not fallen under the jurisdiction of Russian law. Judaism [edit] Russia often treated Judaism as a separate entity, where Jews were maintained with a separate legal and bureaucratic system. Although the government knew that Judaism existed, Catherine and her advisers had no real definition of what a Jew is because the term meant many things during her reign.[114] Judaism was a small, if not non-existent, religion in Russia until 1772. When Catherine agreed to the First Partition of Poland, the large new Jewish element was treated as a separate people, defined by their religion. Catherine separated the Jews from Orthodox society, restricting them to the Pale of Settlement. She levied additional taxes on the followers of Judaism; if a family converted to the Orthodox faith, that additional tax was lifted.[115] Jewish members of society were required to pay double the tax of their Orthodox neighbours. Converted Jews could gain permission to enter the merchant class and farm as free peasants under Russian rule.[116][117] In an attempt to assimilate the Jews into Russia's economy, Catherine included them under the rights and laws of the Charter of the Towns of 1782.[118] Orthodox Russians disliked the inclusion of Judaism, mainly for economic reasons. Catherine tried to keep the Jews away from certain economic spheres, even under the guise of equality; in 1790, she banned Jewish citizens from Moscow's middle class.[119] In 1785, Catherine declared Jews to be officially foreigners, with foreigners' rights.[120] This re-established the separate identity that Judaism maintained in Russia throughout the Jewish Haskalah. Catherine's decree also denied Jews the rights of an Orthodox or naturalised citizen of Russia. Taxes doubled again for those of Jewish descent in 1794, and Catherine officially declared that Jews bore no relation to Russians. Russian Orthodoxy [edit] See also: Christianity in Russia In many ways, the Orthodox Church fared no better than its foreign counterparts during the reign of Catherine. Under her leadership, she completed what Peter III had started. The church's lands were expropriated, and the budget of both monasteries and bishoprics were controlled by the Collegium of Accounting. Endowments from the government replaced income from privately held lands. The endowments were often much less than the original intended amount.[122] She closed 569 of 954 monasteries, of which only 161 received government money. Only 400,000 roubles of church wealth were paid back.[123] While other religions (such as Islam) received invitations to the Legislative Commission, the Orthodox clergy did not receive a single seat.[122] Their place in government was restricted severely during the years of Catherine's reign.[108] In 1762, to help mend the rift between the Orthodox church and a sect that called themselves the Old Believers, Catherine passed an act that allowed Old Believers to practice their faith openly without interference. While claiming religious tolerance, she intended to recall the Old Believers into the official church. They refused to comply, and in 1764, she deported over 20,000 Old Believers to Siberia on the grounds of their faith. In later years, Catherine amended her thoughts. Old Believers were allowed to hold elected municipal positions after the Urban Charter of 1785, and she promised religious freedom to those who wished to settle in Russia.[125] Religious education was reviewed strictly. At first, she attempted to revise clerical studies, proposing a reform of religious schools. This reform never progressed beyond the planning stages. By 1786, Catherine excluded all religion and clerical studies programs from lay education. By separating the public interests from those of the church, Catherine began a secularisation of the day-to-day workings of Russia. She transformed the clergy from a group that wielded great power over the Russian government and its people to a segregated community forced to depend on the state for compensation.[122] Personal life [edit] Catherine, throughout her long reign, took many lovers, often elevating them to high positions for as long as they held her interest and then pensioning them off with gifts of serfs and large estates.[129] The percentage of state money spent on the court increased from 10% in 1767 to 11% in 1781 to 14% in 1795. Catherine gave away 66,000 serfs from 1762 to 1772, 202,000 from 1773 to 1793, and 100,000 in one day: 18 August 1795.[130]: 119 Catherine bought the support of the bureaucracy. In 1767, Catherine decreed that after seven years in one rank, civil servants automatically would be promoted regardless of office or merit.[131] After her affair with her lover and adviser Grigory Potemkin ended in 1776, he allegedly selected a candidate-lover for her who had the physical beauty and mental faculties to hold her interest (such as Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov and Nicholas Alexander Suk).[132] Some of these men loved her in return, and she always showed generosity towards them, even after the affair ended. One of her lovers, Pyotr Zavadovsky, received 50,000 roubles, a pension of 5,000 roubles, and 4,000 peasants in Ukraine after she dismissed him in 1777.[133] The last of her lovers, Platon Zubov, was 40 years her junior. Her sexual independence led to many of the legends about her.[134] Catherine kept her illegitimate son by Grigory Orlov (Alexis Bobrinsky, later elevated to Count Bobrinsky by Paul I) near Tula, away from her court. The acceptance of a woman ruler was more of an issue among elites in Western Europe than in Russia. The British ambassador to Russia, James Harris, reported back to London that: Her Majesty has a masculine force of mind, obstinacy in adhering to a plan, and intrepidity in the execution of it; but she wants the more manly virtues of deliberation, forbearance in prosperity and accuracy of judgment, while she possesses in a high degree the weaknesses vulgarly attributed to her sex—love of flattery, and its inseparable companion, vanity; an inattention to unpleasant but salutary advice; and a propensity to voluptuousness which leads to excesses that would debase a female character in any sphere of life.[135] Poniatowski [edit] Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, the British ambassador to Russia, offered Stanisław Poniatowski a place in the embassy in return for gaining Catherine as an ally. Poniatowski, through his mother's side, came from the Czartoryski family, prominent members of the pro-Russian faction in Poland; Poniatowski and Catherine were eighth cousins, twice removed, by their mutual ancestor King Christian I of Denmark, by virtue of Poniatowski's maternal descent from the Scottish House of Stuart. Catherine, 26 years old and already married to the then-Grand Duke Peter for some 10 years, met the 22-year-old Poniatowski in 1755, well before encountering the Orlov brothers. They had a daughter named Anna Petrovna in December 1757 (not to be confused with Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, the daughter of Peter I's second marriage), although she was legally regarded as Grand Duke Peter's.[136] King Augustus III of Poland died in 1763, so Poland needed to elect a new ruler. Catherine supported Poniatowski as a candidate to become the next king. She sent the Russian army into Poland to avoid possible disputes. Russia invaded Poland on 26 August 1764, threatening to fight, and imposing Poniatowski as king. Poniatowski accepted the throne, and thereby put himself under Catherine's control. News of Catherine's plan spread, and Frederick II (others say the Ottoman sultan) warned her that if she tried to conquer Poland by marrying Poniatowski, all of Europe would oppose her. She had no intention of marrying him, having already given birth to Orlov's child and to the Grand Duke Paul by then. Prussia (through the agency of Prince Henry), Russia (under Catherine), and Austria (under Maria Theresa) began preparing the ground for the partitions of Poland. In the first partition, 1772, the three powers split 52,000 km2 (20,000 sq mi) among them. Russia got territories east of the line connecting, more or less, Riga–Polotsk–Mogilev. In the second partition, in 1793, Russia received the most land, from west of Minsk almost to Kiev and down the river Dnieper, leaving some spaces of steppe down south in front of Ochakov, on the Black Sea. Later uprisings in Poland led to the third partition in 1795. Poland ceased to exist as an independent nation[137] until its post-World War I reconstitution. Orlov [edit] Grigory Orlov, the grandson of a rebel in the Streltsy uprising (1698) against Peter the Great, distinguished himself in the Battle of Zorndorf (25 August 1758), receiving three wounds. He represented an opposite to Peter's pro-Prussian sentiment, with which Catherine disagreed. By 1759, he and Catherine had become lovers; no one told Catherine's husband, Peter. Catherine saw Orlov as very useful, and he became instrumental in the 28 June 1762 coup d'état against her husband, but she preferred to remain the dowager empress of Russia rather than marrying anyone. Orlov and his other three brothers found themselves rewarded with titles, money, swords, and other gifts, but Catherine did not marry Grigory, who proved inept at politics and useless when asked for advice. He received a palace in Saint Petersburg when Catherine became empress. Orlov died in 1783. Their son, Aleksey Grygoriovich Bobrinsky (1762–1813), had one daughter, Maria Alexeyeva Bobrinsky (Bobrinskaya) (1798–1835), who married in 1819 the 34-year-old Prince Nikolai Sergeevich Gagarin (London, England, 1784–1842) who took part in the Battle of Borodino (7 September 1812) against Napoleon, and later served as ambassador in Turin, the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Potemkin [edit] Grigory Potemkin was involved in the palace coup of 1762. In 1772, Catherine's close friends informed her of Orlov's affairs with other women, and she dismissed him. By the winter of 1773, the Pugachev revolt had started to threaten. Catherine's son Paul had started gaining support; both of these trends threatened her power. She called Potemkin for help—mostly military—and he became devoted to her. In 1772, Catherine wrote to Potemkin. Days earlier, she had found out about an uprising in the Volga region. She appointed General Aleksandr Bibikov to put down the uprising, but she needed Potemkin's advice on military strategy. Potemkin quickly gained positions and awards. Russian poets wrote about his virtues, the court praised him, foreign ambassadors fought for his favour, and his family moved into the palace. He later became the de facto absolute ruler of New Russia, governing its colonisation. In 1780, Emperor Joseph II, the son of Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa, toyed with the idea of determining whether or not to enter an alliance with Russia, and asked to meet Catherine. Potemkin had the task of briefing him and travelling with him to Saint Petersburg. Potemkin also convinced Catherine to expand the universities in Russia to increase the number of scientists. Catherine was worried that Potemkin's poor health would delay his important work in colonising and developing the south as he had planned. He died at the age of 52 in 1791.[138] Final months and death [edit] Catherine's life and reign included many personal successes, but they ended in two failures. Her Swedish cousin (once removed), King Gustav IV Adolf, visited her in September 1796, the empress's intention being that her granddaughter Alexandra should become queen of Sweden by marriage. A ball was given at the imperial court on 11 September when the engagement was supposed to be announced. Gustav Adolph felt pressured to accept that Alexandra would not convert to Lutheranism, and though he was delighted by the young lady, he refused to appear at the ball and left for Stockholm. The frustration affected Catherine's health. She recovered well enough to begin to plan a ceremony which would establish her favourite grandson Alexander as her heir, superseding her difficult son Paul, but she died before the announcement could be made, just over two months after the engagement ball.[139] On 16 November [O.S. 5 November] 1796, Catherine rose early in the morning and had her usual morning coffee, soon settling down to work on papers; she told her lady's maid, Maria Perekusikhina, that she had slept better than she had in a long time.[140] Sometime after 9:00 she was found on the floor with her face purplish, her pulse weak, her breathing shallow and laboured.[140] The court physician diagnosed a stroke[140][141] and despite attempts to revive her, she fell into a coma. She was given the last rites and died the following evening around 9:45.[141] An autopsy confirmed a stroke as the cause of death.[142] Later, several rumours circulated regarding the cause and manner of her death. The most famous of these rumors is that she died after having sex with her horse. This rumor was widely circulated by satirical British and French publications at the time of her death. In his 1647 book Beschreibung der muscowitischen und persischen Reise (Description of the Muscovite and Persian journey), German scholar Adam Olearius[143] alleged a supposed Russian tendency towards bestiality with horses. This was repeated in anti-Russian literature throughout the 17th and 18th centuries to illustrate the claimed barbarous Asian nature of Russia.[144] Catherine's undated will, discovered in early 1792 among her papers by her secretary Alexander Vasilievich Khrapovitsky, gave specific instructions should she die: "Lay out my corpse dressed in white, with a golden crown on my head, and on it inscribe my Christian name. Mourning dress is to be worn for six months, and no longer: the shorter the better."[145] In the end, the empress was laid to rest with a gold crown on her head and clothed in a silver brocade dress. On 25 November, the coffin, richly decorated in gold fabric, was placed atop an elevated platform at the Grand Gallery's chamber of mourning, designed and decorated by Antonio Rinaldi.[146][147] According to Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun: "The empress's body lay in state for six weeks in a large and magnificently decorated room in the castle, which was kept lit day and night. Catherine was stretched on a ceremonial bed surrounded by the coats of arms of all the towns in Russia. Her face was left uncovered, and her fair hand rested on the bed. All the ladies, some of whom took turn to watch by the body, would go and kiss this hand, or at least appear to." A description of the empress's funeral is written in Madame Vigée Le Brun's memoirs. Children [edit] Name Lifespan Notes Miscarriage 20 December 1752 According to court gossip, this lost pregnancy was attributed to Sergei Saltykov.[148] Miscarriage 30 June 1753 This second lost pregnancy was also attributed to Saltykov;[148] this time she was very ill for 13 days. Catherine later wrote in her memoirs: "...They suspect that part of the afterbirth has not come away ... on the 13th day it came out by itself".[149][150] Paul (I) Petrovich Emperor of Russia 1 October 1754 – 23 March 1801 (aged 46) Born at the Winter Palace, officially he was a son of Peter III but in her memoirs, Catherine implies very strongly that Saltykov was the biological father of the child, though she later retracted this.[151] He married firstly Princess Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1773 and had no issue. He married secondly, in 1776, Princess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg and had issue, including the future Alexander I of Russia and Nicholas I of Russia. He succeeded as emperor of Russia in 1796 and was murdered at Saint Michael's Castle in 1801. Anna Petrovna Grand Duchess of Russia 9 December 1757 – 8 March 1759 (aged 15 months) Possibly the offspring of Catherine and Stanislaus Poniatowski, Anna was born at the Winter Palace between 10 and 11 o'clock;[152] she was named by Empress Elizabeth after her deceased sister, against Catherine's wishes.[153] On 17 December 1757, Anna was baptised and received the Great Cross of the Order of Saint Catherine.[154] Elizabeth served as godmother; she held Anna above the baptismal font and brought Catherine, who did not witness any of the celebrations, and Peter a gift of 60,000 rubles.[153] Elizabeth took Anna and raised the baby herself, as she had done with Paul.[155] In her memoirs, Catherine makes no mention of Anna's death on 8 March 1759,[156] though she was inconsolable and entered a state of shock.[157] Anna's funeral took place on 15 March, at Alexander Nevsky Lavra. After the funeral, Catherine never mentioned her dead daughter again. Aleksey Grigorievich Bobrinsky Count Bobrinsky 11 April 1762 – 20 June 1813 (aged 51) Born at the Winter Palace, he was brought up at Bobriki; his father was Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov. He married Baroness Anna Dorothea von Ungern-Sternberg and had issue. Created Count Bobrinsky in 1796, he died in 1813. Elizabeth Grigorieva Temkina (alleged daughter) 13 July 1775 – 25 May 1854 (aged 78) Born many years after the death of Catherine's husband, brought up in the Samoilov household as Grigory Potemkin's daughter, and never acknowledged by Catherine, it has been suggested that Temkina was the illegitimate child of Catherine and Potemkin, but this is now regarded as unlikely.[159] Title [edit] The Manifesto of 1763 begins with Catherine's title: We, Catherine the second, by the Grace of God, Empress and Autocrat of all the Russians at Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsarina of Kasan, Tsarina of Astrachan, Tsarina of Siberia, Lady of Pleskow and Grand Duchess of Smolensko, Duchess of Estonia and Livland, Carelial, Tver, Yugoria, Permia, Viatka and Bulgaria and others; Lady and Grand Duchess of Novgorod in the Netherland of Chernigov, Resan, Rostov, Yaroslav, Beloosrial, Udoria, Obdoria, Condinia, and Ruler of the entire North region and Lady of the Yurish, of the Cartalinian and Grusinian tsars and the Cabardinian land, of the Cherkessian and Gorsian princes and the lady of the manor and sovereign of many others.[160] Another of her titles was "Mother of the Fatherland".[161] She was often simply called "Mother"; even "Mommy" was used by the court nobles instead of "Your Majesty".[162] Archives [edit] Empress Catherine's correspondence with Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, (the father of Catherine's daughter-in-law Maria Feodorovna) written between 1768 and 1795, is preserved in the State Archive of Stuttgart (Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart) in Stuttgart, Germany.[163] In popular culture [edit] Empress Catherine appears as a character in Lord Byron's unfinished mock-heroic poem Don Juan. She was a subject in The Royal Diaries series in the book Catherine: The Great Journey, Russia, 1743–1745 by Kristiana Gregory. The Empress is parodied in Offenbach's operetta La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein (1867).[164] Ernst Lubitsch's silent film Forbidden Paradise (1924) told the story of Catherine's romance with an officer. Marlene Dietrich portrayed Catherine the Great in the film The Scarlet Empress (1934). The Rise of Catherine the Great (1934) is a film starring Elisabeth Bergner and Douglas Fairbanks Jr. Lubitsch remade his 1924 silent film as the sound film A Royal Scandal (1945), also known as Czarina. Mae West published Catherine Was Great in 1944, starring in it then and in subsequent productions. Jeanne Moreau played a version of Catherine in the farce comedy film Great Catherine (1968). The Yugoslav new-wave band EKV (Ekaterina Velika) was named after Catherine. The British/Canadian/American TV miniseries Young Catherine (1991), starring Julia Ormond as Catherine and Vanessa Redgrave as Empress Elizabeth, is based on Catherine's early life. Kristina Orbakaitė portrayed Catherine's journey to the throne as a side-plot in the Soviet film "Vivat, Gardes-Marines!!" (1991) The television film Catherine the Great (1995) stars Catherine Zeta-Jones as Catherine and Jeanne Moreau as Empress Elizabeth. Actress Olga Antonova played the role of the Empress in the 2000 film The Captain's Daughter, based on the novel of the same name by Alexander Pushkin. A teenage clone of Catherine the Great appears a recurring character in the American animated series Clone High (2002–2003), voiced by Murray Miller from "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand" until "Changes: The Big Prom: The Sex Romp: The Season Finale", and depicted as dating a clone of Julius Caesar. In the series' 2023 revival, Miller was recast with Dannah Phirman, and depicted as now dating a clone of Genghis Khan. Her rise to power and reign are portrayed in the award-winning Russia-1 television series Ekaterina, which has been extended for a second season in 2017 and a third season in 2019. The Channel One Russia television series Catherine the Great was released in 2015. The song "Catherine the Great" from the album Foreverland by The Divine Comedy was released as a single on 24 June 2016. Catherine (portrayed by Meghan Tonjes) is featured in the web series Epic Rap Battles of History, in the episode "Alexander the Great vs. Ivan the Terrible" (12 July 2016), pitted against the titular characters, as well as Frederick the Great and Pompey the Great.[165] The television miniseries Catherine the Great (2019) stars Helen Mirren. She was portrayed by Elle Fanning in the Hulu television series The Great (2020–2023). She appears as a leader of the Russian civilization in Civilization games II, III, Revolution, IV and V. See also [edit] Legends of Catherine the Great Potemkin village Catherine II and opera Family tree of Russian monarchs References [edit] Explanatory notes [edit] Citations [edit] General and cited sources [edit] Further reading [edit] Catherine the Great on In Our Time at the BBC Some of the code of laws mentioned above, along with other information Archived 26 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Manifesto of the Empress Catherine II, inviting foreign immigration at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 March 2004)
4562	dbpedia	3	96	https://www.instagram.com/santaferaptorcenter/reel/CudgxtWgbuu/	en	Instagram	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png		null
4562	dbpedia	3	79	https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/sports/ncaab/march-madness-mascots-2024-mens-tournament/3245321/	en	March Madness mascots: What animal is most represented in 2024 men's tournament?	https://media.nbcconnect…ity=85&strip=all	https://media.nbcconnect…ity=85&strip=all	[ "https://media.nbcconnecticut.com/2024/04/WVIT-Dgtl-Oly-On-Dark.png?fit=198%2C120&quality=85&strip=all&w=66&h=40", "https://media.nbcconnecticut.com/2019/09/OTT-CT.png?fit=1920%2C1080&quality=85&strip=all&w=400&h=44&crop=1", "https://media.nbcconnecticut.com/2024/04/GettyImages-2144863164-e1712602328325.jpg?qua...	[]	[]	[ "March Madness" ]	null	[ "Sanjesh Singh" ]	2024-03-19T08:44:16	Sixty-eight teams are competing in the 2024 men's NCAA Tournament, but only one mascot will triumph. Here's a look at each.	en	https://media.nbcconnect…ity=85&strip=all	NBC Connecticut	https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/sports/ncaab/march-madness-mascots-2024-mens-tournament/3245321/	Every March Madness gets hectic, but there's a high chance 2024 is the most mind-boggling yet. There are no clear favorites on the men's side of things, where the four No. 1 seeds are UConn, Houston, Purdue and UNC. Free 24/7 Connecticut news stream: Watch NBC CT wherever you are The 2023 tournament saw then-No. 4 seed UConn prevail 76-59 over No. 5 seed San Diego State in the final, one of the lowest-seeded matchups ever in the championship game. With the parity and unpredictability 2024 could bring, there should be extra fun involving the mascots hyping up their respective teams. But just who are the mascots in 2024? Let's break it down by animal category: 1. Human mascot: 10 If we're counting human mascots as animals, then technically it has the most. But with Virginia being a First Four team, it could drop to nine. No. 1 Purdue (Purdue Pete) No. 4 Duke (Blue Devil) No. 5 Saint Mary's (Gael) No. 7 Dayton (Rudy Flyer) No. 8 Nebraska (Lil' Red) No. 9 Michigan State (Sparty) No. 10 Virginia (Cav Man) [First Four team] No. 11 Duquesne (Duke) No. 12 McNeese (Rowdy) No. 16 Stetson (John B.) 2. Bird: 9 Different bird species form the second-most represented group. If Wagner loses its First Four game, then the total would drop to eight. The only unclear fit was the gamecock (South Carolina), but it falls in this category as a rooster. No. 2 Iowa State (cardinal) No. 2 Marquette (golden eagle) No. 3 Creighton (bluejay) No. 4 Kansas (jayhawk) No. 6 South Carolina (gamecock) No. 8 Florida Atlantic (owl) No. 14 Morehead State (beaker) No. 15 Saint Peter's (peacock) No. 16 Wagner (seahawk) [First Four team] 3. Bulldog/dog: 7 Combining all the dogs, there are seven teams that have it as their mascot, including live ones. No. 2 Tennessee (Smokey, live) No. 5 Gonzaga (Spike) No. 8 Mississippi State (Bully, live) No. 10 Drake (Griff, live) No. 12 James Madison (Duke Dog) No. 13 Samford (Spike) No. 13 Yale (Handsome Dan, live) 4. Cougar: 6 Moving onto cougars, this is an animal represented by six teams. Montana State are the bobcats and a First Four team, so it may be cut from the list. No. 1 Houston No. 6 BYU No. 7 Washington State No. 13 Vermont (catamount, extinct) No. 13 Charleston No. 16 Montana State [First Four team] T-5. Husky/Wolf: 4 Four teams have either a husky or wolf, with New Mexico being a lobo, a type of wolf. No. 1 UConn No. 10 Nevada No. 11 New Mexico (lobo) No. 11 NC State T-5. Water species: 4 These four schools are represented by an animal who spends significant time in water. No. 7 Florida (gators) No. 9 TCU (frog) No. 11 Oregon (duck) No. 15 Long Beach State (shark) T-7. Tiger: 3 Auburn and Clemson are the notable tigers in the tournament, with Grambling State a First Four team. No. 4 Auburn No. 6 Clemson No. 16 Grambling State (First Four team) T-7. Wildcat: 3 Wildcats rival tigers with three teams, too. No. 2 Arizona No. 3 Kentucky No. 9 Northwestern Mascots represented by two teams: 6 There are six cases in which two teams have the same mascot. Here's the rundown, though multiple teams are competing in the First Four. Horse: No. 10 Boise State (First Four), No. 16 Longwood Buffalo/Bison: No. 10 Colorado (First Four), No. 16 Howard (First Four) Ram: No. 1 UNC, No. 10 Colorado State (First Four) Bear: No. 3 Baylor, No. 14 Oakland Raiders: No. 6 Texas Tech, No. 14 Colgate Aggies: No. 8 Utah State, No. 9 Texas A&M Teams that do not share a mascot: 8 These eight schools do not share a mascot. Not all are animals, too, such as Western Kentucky's Big Red. Elephant: No. 4 Alabama Badger: No. 5 Wisconsin Longhorn: No. 7 Texas Antelope: No. 12 Grand Canyon Dragon: No. 12 UAB Kangaroo: No. 14 Akron Blob: No. 15 Western Kentucky Jackrabbit: No. 15 South Dakota State Teams with no mascots: 2 No. 3 Illinois and No. 5 San Diego State do not have school-sanctioned mascots, so both fall under this category.
4562	dbpedia	0	7	https://www.maritimequest.com/misc_pages/slang_terms/slang_g.htm	en	Military Abbreviations, Nicknames and Slang Terms Begriming with G			[ "https://www.maritimequest.com/graphics/maritimequest_banner_750.jpg", "https://www.maritimequest.com/2sitenavigate/vessel_type_index.jpg", "https://www.maritimequest.com/2sitenavigate/alphabetical_index.jpg", "https://www.maritimequest.com/2sitenavigate/miscellaneous_index.jpg", "https://www.maritimequest....	[]	[]	[ "warships", "battleships", "aircraft carriers", "cruisers", "destroyers", "frigates", "submarines", "uboats", "passenger liners", "ocean liners", "sailing ships", "fishing vessels", "cargo ships", "merchant ships", "ship database" ]	null	[ "Michael Pocock" ]	null	Website with searchable ship database about warships, passenger liners, merchant ships, photo galleries, technical details, stories, news and much more.				null	Gaggle- (British) A number of aircraft in loose formation. Gainful- (NATO Codename) Soviet SA-6, Surface to Air Missile. Galaxy- The Lockheed C-5, Heavy Airlifter. Gallant Gussi- (Nickname) USS Gilbert Islands CVE-107, a Commencement Bay Class Escort Carrier. Galloping Gearing- (Nickname) USS Gearing DD-710, a Gearing Class Destroyer. Galloping Ghost- (Nickname) USS Enterprise CV-6. A Yorktown Class Aircraft Carrier. Galloping Ghost of the East Coast- (Nickname) USS Kula Gulf CVE-108, a Commencement Bay Class Escort Carrier. Galloping Ghost of the Java Coast- (Nickname) USS Houston CA-30, a Northampton Class Heavy Cruiser. Galloping Ghost of the Korean Coast- 1. (Nickname) USS Duncan DD-874, a Gearing Class Destroyer. 2. (Nickname) USS Black DD-666, a Fletcher Class Destroyer. Galloping Ghost of the Virginia Coast- 1. (Nickname) USS Siboney CVE-112, a Commencement Bay Class Escort Carrier. 2. (Nickname) USS Juneau CLAA-119, a Juneau Class Light Cruiser. Galosh- (NATO Codename) Soviet Anti-Ballistic Missile Missile. Gamecocks- (Squadron Nickname) 19th Fighter Squadron, that flies the F-15 Eagle. Gamblers- 1. (Squadron Nickname) 21st Fighter Squadron, that operates the F-16 Falcon. 2. (Squadron Nickname) 77th Fighter Squadron, that operated the F-100 Super Sabre, F-111 Aardvark & currently the F-16 Fighting Falcon. Ganep- (NATO Codename) Soviet SA-4, Surface to Air Missile. Ganked- 1. (Slang) Stolen. 2. (Slang) Screwed out of/into something. Garage Doors- Dive Brakes. Gargoyle- The KUD-1, a radio controlled Glide bomb. Garudas- (Squadron Nickname) VAQ-134 that operates the EA-6 Prowler. Gaskin- (NATO Codename) Soviet SA-9, Surface to Air Missile. Gators- 1. (Squadron Nickname) VMSB/VMF/VMA/VMFA-142, that flew the SBD Dauntless, F4U Corsair, A-4 Skyhawk & the F/A-18 Hornet. Served during World War II. 2. (Squadron Nickname) 562nd Flying Training Squadron, flying the T-43. 3. (Squadron Nickname) 558th Flying Training Squadron, flying the T-43. (Disestablished) Gator Freighter- (Nickname) USS New Orleans LPH-11, an Iwo Jima Class Helicopter Amphibious ship. Gauntlets- (Squadron Nickname) VAQ-136, that operates the EA-6 Prowler. Gecko- (NATO Codename) Soviet SA-8, Surface to Air Missile. Gedunk- (Navy) A Soda Fountain. Gem- (Nickname) USS Columbia CL-56, a Cleveland Class Light Cruiser. Gen- (British) A Rumor. General of the Hot Air Force- (Nickname) General Billy Mitchell, of the US Army Air Corps. Gender- (Allied Codename) Japanese Nippon Ku-8. George- 1. Automatic Pilot. 2. (Allied Codename) Japanese Kawanishi N1K2-J, Army Fighter Plane. 3. Former Codeword for the letter G. Georgia Bones- (Squadron Nickname) 128th Bomb Squadron, that operates the B-1 Lancer for the Georgia Air National Guard. Getting Mopped Up- Donning Chemical Warfare Gear. Ghost Riders- 1. (Squadron Nickname) 416th Tactical Fighter Squadron, that operated the F-117 Nighthawk during the Persian Gulf War. (Disestablished). 2. (Squadron Nickname) 16th Special Operations Squadron, that operated the AC-130 Specter. (Disestablished). 3. (Squadron Nickname) 4th SOS, that operates the AC-130 Spectra. 4. (Squadron Nickname) VF-142, that operated the F-8 Crusader, F-4 Phantom II & the F-14 Tomcat. (Disestablished) GI- Government Issue. Any US service member. GI Party- A massive cleaning party of a barracks or office. Giant Voice- A public address system for a base or for a flightline. Gig Line- The alignment of the uniform’s shirt, belt buckle and fly. Gipper- 1. (Nickname) President Ronald W. Reagan (1981-1989). 2. (Nickname) USS Ronald Reagan CVN-76; a Nimitz Class Aircraft Carrier. Gitmo- (Nickname) NAS Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. “The Navy’s Thorn in Castro’s Ass”. Gladiators- (Squadron Nickname) VA/VFA-106, that operated the A-4 Skyhawk & the F/A-18 Hornet. Glen- (Allied Codename) Japanese Yokosuka E14Y. Global Eagles- 1. (Squadron Nickname) 15th Special Operations Squadron, that operates the MC-130 Hercules. 2. (Squadron Nickname) 15th Airlift Squadron, that operated the C-141 Starlifter & the C-17 Globemaster III. Global Hawk- The Northrop Grumman RQ-4, reconnaissance drone. Globemaster- The Douglas C-74 airlifter. A development of the DC-7. Globemaster II- The Douglas C-124 airlifter. A development of the C-74. Globemaster III- The Boeing (McDonnell-Douglas) C-17, airlifter. Designed as the replacement for the Lockheed C-141. Globemasters- (Squadron Nickname) VR-56, that flies the C-9 Skytrain II. Go Juice- (Slang) Fuel. Go-on Rowan- (Nickname) USS Rowan DD-782; a Gearing Class Destroyer. Goa- (NATO Codename) Soviet SA-3, Surface to Air Missile. Goat- (Nickname) Grumman SA-16/HU-16 Albatross. Goat Locker- The Chief Petty Officers berthing area onboard a ship. Goat Rope- (Slang) A Disorganized or Chaotic mess. Goblin- The McDonnell XF-85. An experimental jet parasite fighter. Goldbrick- (Slang) A goof off. Goldbrick Society- (Slang) A group of goof offs, on the job. Gold Bottle Cap- (Slang) An O-4 Major. Gold Eagle- (Nickname) USS Carl Vinson CVN-70, a Nimitz Class Aircraft Carrier. Golden Acorn- The 87th Infantry Division, that served in World War I and in Europe during World War II. Golden Arrow- The 8th Infantry Division, that served in World War I, in Europe in World War II, and during the Korean War. Golden BB- A lucky shot that brings down an airplane. Golden Dragons- (Squadron Nickname) VF/VA/VFA-192, that operated the F9F Panther, FJ Fury, A-7 Corsair II & the F/A-18 Hornet. Golden Eagles- 1. (Squadron Nickname) VT-22, that flies the T-45 Goshawk. 2. (Squadron Nickname) HMM-162, that operates the CH-46 Sea Knight. Golden Falcons- (Squadron Nickname) HS-2 that operates the SH-60 Sea Hawk. Golden Gator- (Nickname) USS Boxer LHD-4. A Wasp Class Amphibious Assault Ship. Golden Gators- (Squadron Nickname) HC-85 that flies the SH-3 Sea King. Golden Grizzly- (Nickname) USS California CGN-36. A California Class Nuclear Cruiser. Golden Hawks- (Squadron Nickname) VAW-112 that operates the E-2 Hawkeye. Golden Intruders- (Squadron Nickname) VA-128, that operated the A-6 Intruder. The Squadron was reorganized into VAQ-128 “Fighting Phoenix” flying the EA-6 Prowler. Golden Knights- (Squadron Nickname) US Army Parachute Demonstration Team. They’ve operated the C-7 Caribou and currently the C-31 Friendship. Golden Lion- The 106th Infantry Division, that served in Europe during World War II. Golden Pride- (Squadron Nickname) 59th Fighter Squadron, that flew the F-15 Eagle. (Disestablished) Golden Warriors- (Squadron Nickname) VFA-87, that flies the F/A-18 Hornet. Golf- (Codeword) Letter G. Golf Ball- A tracer, flaming in the air. Gonzo Station- US Ships assigned to the Indian Ocean, with the 5th Fleet. Gooney Bird- (Nickname) Douglas DC-3/C-47 Skytrain, during World War II. Good Hood- (Nickname) USS Mount Hood AE-29. Goop Bomb- (Slang) A special kind of incendiary bomb. Gorillas- (Squadron Nickname) 58th Fighter Squadron, that operates the F-15 Eagle. Goshawk- The McDonnell-Douglas/Boeing T-45, Naval Jet Trainer. Based on the British Hawk attack plane. GQ Johnnie- (Nickname) USS Johnston DD-557; a Fletcher Class Destroyer. Grace- (Allied Codename) Japanese Aichi B7A. Grandmasters- (Squadron Nickname) HSL-46 that flies the SH-60. Granny- (Nickname) USS Guadalupe AO-32. Grapes- (Nickname) Purple Shirt sailors on an aircraft carrier, who refuel aircraft. Grant- The M-3 medium tank, or early World War II. Grasshopper- A series of Liaison aircraft of World War II. To include the Taylorcraft L-2; the Piper L-3, L-4, L-18. Gravel Haulers- (Squadron Nickname) 741st Missile Squadron, that operates the LGM-30 Minuteman II ICBM. Gray Ghost- 1. (Nickname) General John S. Mosby, CSA; during the Civil War. 2. (Nickname) USS Hornet CV-12, an Essex Class Aircraft Carrier. 3. (Nickname) USS Pensacola CA-24, a Pensacola Class Heavy Cruiser. Gray Ghosts- (Squadron Nickname) VMF-531 that flew the F6F Hellcat, F4U Corsair, FJ Fury, F-8 Crusader, & the F-4 Phantom II. Served as a Night Fighter Squadron in World War II. (Disestablished) Gray Ghost of the Carolina Coast- (Nickname) USS Trumpetfish SS-425. Gray Ghost of the East Coast- (Nickname) USS Newport News CA-148, a Des Moines Class Heavy Cruiser. Gray Ghost of the Korean Coast- (Nickname) USS Rochester CA-124, an Oregon City Class Heavy Cruiser. Gray Ghost of the South China Coast- (Nickname) USS Gridley DLG/CG-21; a Leahy Class Cruiser. Gray Ghost of Virginia Coast- (Nickname) USS Northampton, CLC-1/CC-1. Gray Hawks- 1. (Squadron Nickname) VAW-120 that flies the E-2 Hawkeye. 2. (Squadron Nickname) HMM-161, that operates the CH-19 Sea Horse & the CH-46 Sea Knight. 1st Helicopter unit too see combat in the Korean War. Gray Knights- (Squadron Nickname) VP-46, that flies the P-3 Orion. Gray Lady- (Nickname) USS Long Beach CGN-9; the Worlds first Nuclear Powered Warship. Gray Wolves- (Squadron Nickname) VAQ-142, that flies the EA-6 Prowler. Greyhound- (Nickname) A US Navy Destroyer. Grease- (Slang) To make a smooth landing. Grease Monkey- (Slang) A mechanic or other members of a ground crew. Greasy G- (Nickname) USS Guadalupe AO-32. Greasy George- (Nickname) USS George Clymer AP-51/APA-27; an Arthur Middleton Class Amphibious Attack Troop Transport. Great Decliner- (Nickname) General William S. Rosecrans, USA; during the Civil War. Great Emancipator- (Nickname) President Abraham Lincoln. Great Marianas Turkey Shoot- (Nickname) Battle of the Philippine Sea, on 19-20 June, 1944. Great White Fleet- (Nickname) American Battleship Armada, that steamed around the world, as part of President Theodore Roosevelt’s Foreign Diplomacy. Great White Ghost of the Arabian Coast- (Nickname) USS LaSalle AGF-3. Named so due to its white paint it wore early in its career. Greatest Contribution to the Japanese War Effort- (Nickname) Curtiss C-46 Commando. Green Card- An active duty, Identification card. Green Falcons- (Squadron Nickname) VA-205, that operated the A-4 Skyhawk, A-7 Corsair II, & the A-6 Intruder. (Disestablished) Green Hornet- (Nickname) General George S. Patton Jr., of World War II. Green Hornets- 1. (Squadron Nickname) 20th Special Operations Squadron that operates the MH-53 Pave Low. 2. (Squadron Nickname) 61st Airlift Squadron, that operates the C-130 Hercules. Greenhouse- A glassed enclosure on an aircraft. Green Knights- (Squadron Nickname) VMA/VMFA-121, that operated the A-4 Skyhawk, & the F/A-18 Hornet. Green Lizard- (Nickname) Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, during the Vietnam War. Green Lizards- (Squadron Nickname) VA-95, that flew the A-4 Skyhawk & the A-6 Intruder. (Disestablished) Green Mountain Boys- (Squadron Nickname) 134th Fighter Squadron that operates the F-16 Fighting Falcon for the Vermont Air National Guard. Green Pawns- (Squadron Nickname) VA-42, that flew the AD Skyraider & the A-6 Intruder. (Disestablished) Gremlin- An imaginary elf, that was blamed for all kinds of aircraft trouble, during WWII. Gremlin’s Delight- The B-17, due to its reoccurring maintenance problems. Griffins- 1. (Squadron Nickname) 194th Fighter Squadron that operates the F-16 Fighting Falcon for the California Air National Guard. 2. (Squadron Nickname) 1st Fighter Squadron, that operates the F-15 Eagle & currently the F-22 Raptor. Griffon- (NATO Codename) Soviet Anti-Ballistic Missile Missile. Grim Reapers- 1. (Squadron Nickname) 13th Bomb Squadron, that operated the A-17 Nomad, B-12, B-18 Bolo, A-20 Havoc, B-25 Mitchell, A/B-26 Invader, B-57 Canberra & currently the B-1 Lancer. Established during World War I, flying the Spad XIII, the flew the DH-4 Jenny, for most of the 1920’s as the 13th Squadron/13th Attack Sq., they would also fly the A-3 Falcon & A-12 Shrike, during the Mid 1920’s to Early 1930’s. The unit saw service during World War I, World War II, Korea, & Vietnam. (www.13thbombsquadron.org) 2. (Squadron Nickname) 493rd Fighter Squadron, that has operated the P-47 Thunderbolt, F-84 Thunderjet, F-86 Sabre, F-100 Super Sabre, F-4 Phantom II, F-111 Aardvark, & currently the F-15 Eagle. Served in World War II & the Persian Gulf War. 3. (Squadron Nickname) VF-101, that operated the F4D Skyray, F-4 Phantom II & the F-14 Tomcat. (Disestablished) 4. (Squadron Nickname) 4453rd Test & Evaluation Squadron, that operated the F-117 Nighthawk. (Disestablished) Grinder- (Navy) A piece of Asphalt. Ground Pounder- (Slang) An Air Force member who does not fly. Growler- The Boeing EA-18G Super Hornet. Grunt- Any US Marine (Used as Slang by other services) Guad- (Nickname) for the USS Guadalupe AO-32. Guardian Wings- (Squadron Nickname) 301st Rescue Squadron, that operates the HH-60 Blackhawk. Gucci Tanker- (Nickname) McDonnell-Douglas KC-10 Extender. Guideline- (NATO Codename) Soviet SA-2, Surface to Air Missile, used to great effect during the Vietnam War, by the North Vietnamese. Gulfstream- The Grumman VC-4, executive transport. Gulfstream II- The Grumman VC-11, executive transport. Gulfstream III- The Grumman C-20, executive transport. Gulfstream IV- The Grumman C-20F, executive transport. Gulfstream V- The Grumman C-37, executive transport. Gunfighters- 1. (Squadron Nickname) HMLA-369, that operates the UH-1 Iroquois/AH-1 Cobra. 2. (Squadron Nickname) VF-124, who operated the F-14 Tomcat. (Disestablished) Gunner- The Fairchild AT-21, advanced trainer of World War II. Gunrunners- (Squadron Nickname) HMLA-269, who flies the UH-1 Huey/AH-1 Cobra. Gunship- 1. A Battleship or Cruiser. 2. An aerial gun platform (example: AC-130 Specter). Gunslingers- (Squadron Nickname) VFA-105 that flies the F/A-18 Hornet. Gutless- (Nickname) Vought F7U Cutless Gun Decking- (Navy) A White Lie. Gung-Ho- (Codeword) “Everything is Right”.
4562	dbpedia	1	37	https://forum.paradoxplaza.com/forum/threads/the-lions-of-olomouc-a-ckiii-ironman-aar-duchy-of-moravia-867.1479193/page-2	en				[ "https://forum.paradoxplaza.com/_fs-ch-1T1wmsGaOgGaSxcX/assets/fastlyLogoError.svg", "https://forum.paradoxplaza.com/_fs-ch-1T1wmsGaOgGaSxcX/assets/errorIcon.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
4562	dbpedia	3	55	https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/birds/eagle-vs-osprey	en	White-tailed eagle vs osprey: what's the difference between these two stunning birds of prey?	https://c02.purpledshub.…60537.jpg?w=1200	https://c02.purpledshub.…60537.jpg?w=1200	[ "https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/62/2023/07/Osprey-c360537.jpg?webp=1&w=1200", "https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/62/2023/07/white-tailed-eagle-hunting-fc0b760.jpg?webp=1&w=1200", "https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/62/2023/09/Wild-Isles-filming-locations-.jpg-f217b46.jpg", "https://c...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://eu.cdn2.purplemanager.com/193c804a-a673-47bd-b09b-11baf4822a17/thumbnails/f347d34d-c1a6-4a00-b570-b78c2dcb3211/web_kiosk_favicon_1.ico		https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/birds/eagle-vs-osprey	Osprey and white-tailed eagle are iconic species, which capture the imagination and elicit gasps of awe and wonder when sighted soaring the skies, or plunging into the water for a fish – but where can you expect to spot them and how do you tell the difference between these magnificent birds of prey? Due to their supreme hunting skills and ability to pluck fish out of the water with consummate ease, both osprey and white-tailed eagles are often known by their nicknames of ‘fish hawk’ and ‘sea eagle’. Are white-tailed eagles and ospreys related? Despite their name association with hawks, ospreys are in fact the only raptor in the Pandionidae family. In contrast the white-tailed eagle belongs to the Accipitridae family, which includes hawks, kites, harriers and other eagles. How to tell the difference between an osprey and a white-tailed eagle With a wingspan of up to 2.4m, the white-tailed eagle is the UK’s largest bird of prey and the fourth largest eagle in the world. Huge broad wings and a slow, heavy wing beat give the impression of eclipsing the sun, and rise to the nickname of the ‘flying barn door’. By comparison with relatively narrow wings measuring 1.4-1.7m, an osprey sits somewhere between a buzzard and a red kite in size. It flies steadily and with purpose, using a combination of powerful wingbeats and glides, and can easily be mistaken for a gull due to its distinctive ‘M’ wing-shape in the air. As with all raptors, females are larger than the males, this helps with defence of the nest, but also enables effective brooding of rapidly growing young. In the case of white-tailed eagles, females weigh in at a mighty 4-7kg, whereas the males are 3.5-5kg. Ospreys in comparison weigh a slight 1.2-2kg. Both species share similar brown feathers across the back and upper wings, bright yellow eyes (in adults) and un-feathered, scaly legs below the knee. It is there that their similarities end. As its name would suggest adult white-tailed eagles not only have a pale head, brown underside, a huge yellow beak and yellow legs, but a brilliant white tail. Conversely, osprey have a white head and underside, interspersed with brown underwing coverts, grey-blue legs, a dark beak and of course their iconic ‘bandit’ eye mask. White-tailed eagle vs osprey: diet Fish make up a large part of the diet of a white-tailed eagle, supplemented by hunting and scavenging seabirds, waterfowl, rabbit, deer and carrion. In comparison, ospreys are exclusively piscivores. Both are uniquely adapted to taking fish, with razor-like talons and spiny protrusions on the underside of their feet known as ‘spicules’, providing a Velcro-like grip on slippery fish. Ospreys have evolved even further with the adaption of a reversible outer toe, ensuring any hard-won prey cannot escape, and can be turned into an aerodynamic position for the flight back to the nesting site. Both species will hunt for freshwater and saltwater fish, however the technique used does differ. White-tailed eagles prefer to use the element of surprise, using a swooping approach to snatch fish from the surface without entering the water, whereas osprey plunge feet first from height, often resting on the water, before using their flexible wings to take off with their catch. Where can you see ospreys and white-tailed eagles? With their preference for aquatic prey, both species breed close to clear lochs and lakes and near the coast, though ospreys are more likely to be found inland. White-tailed eagles will nest on coastal cliffs, but large conifer trees are usually preferred by both species. Whilst white-tailed eagles will nest below the crown of the tree, ospreys prefer to be perched at the very top, utilising broken branches to ensure they have a 360º view of any approaching threats. Both are loyal to their nesting sites and will use them for many years, adding material to them until they become huge structures. What's their conservation status in the UK? Sadly, the relentless persecution of white-tailed eagles and ospreys from a combination of shooting, poisoning and egg collecting lead to their extinction in the UK by the early 20th century. The last known white-tailed eagle, a lone albino female, was shot in Shetland in 1918, whilst the osprey population was deemed functionally extinct by 1916. Thanks largely due to the tireless work of conservationists – in particular Roy Dennis – and changes in legal protection, both are now enjoying a steady resurgence. In 1954, a pair of ospreys naturally recolonised RSPB Loch Garten, and despite continued efforts by egg thieves, ospreys began to slowly flourish, thanks to the support of round-the-clock volunteer nest protection programmes. Meanwhile, in 1975 the first reintroduction of white-tailed eagles was being undertaken on the island of Rum. However, it was not until 1983 that the first wild breeding occurred. Since then, further translocation project and natural expansion of both white-tailed eagles and ospreys have seen the UK populations increase to their current levels of 125 and 300 breeding pairs respectively. How many white-tailed eagles are there in the UK? There are 125 breeding pairs in the UK How many ospreys are there in the UK? There are 300 pairs in the UK Did you know? Both species share reference in their scientific name to ’aetos’ meaning eagle and ‘hal’ meaning sea or salt in ancient Greek, emphasising the importance of this habitat in their respective lives. The revered status of the osprey is further reflected in the reference to Pandion I, a mythical Greek king of Athens. Meanwhile, the white-tailed eagle is evocatively described in the Gaelic culture as ‘iolar sùil na grèine’, or 'the eagle with the sunlight eye', on account of its piercing yellow gaze. Main image: Getty Images
4562	dbpedia	2	5	https://www.mca-marines.org/leatherneck/the-evolution-of-marine-corps-aircraft-art/	en	Plane to See: The Evolution of Marine Corps Aircraft Art and the Artist Keeping the Tradition Alive	https://www.mca-marines.…ainting-copy.jpg	https://www.mca-marines.…ainting-copy.jpg	[ "https://www.mca-marines.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-MCA-updated-Logo-2.png", "https://www.mca-marines.org/wp-content/themes/mca/images/icon-search.png", "https://www.mca-marines.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/partner-logo.png", "https://www.mca-marines.org/wp-content/uploads/Plane_ShaneMederPainting-copy....	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-05-15T13:06:57+00:00	As a tradition, aircraft art in the Armed Forces has been encouraged by some branches while being heavily regulated in others. And though there is currently	en	https://www.mca-marines.org/wp-content/themes/mca/images/favicon.ico	Marine Corps Association	https://www.mca-marines.org/leatherneck/the-evolution-of-marine-corps-aircraft-art/	By: Briesa Koch As a tradition, aircraft art in the Armed Forces has been encouraged by some branches while being heavily regulated in others. And though there is currently a massive resurgence of interest in aircraft art, which has become more widespread within the Marine Corps and generally accepted over the years, that was not always the case. What was once a wartime tradition has now become a way for Marine aviators across the Corps to connect with their squadron’s history and their roots as Marines. One artist, through her experience in the Air Force, has dedicated her time to helping depict these histories, using military aircraft as the canvas and bringing new life to the practice of aircraft art as a form of expression. Placing personalized decorative images on attack aircraft first gained traction among German forces in World War I after a sea monster was painted on the nose of an Italian Macchi M.5 flying boat in 1913. By this time, some squadrons had started to use general unit identification markings. The sea monster was meant to be menacing, a way to grab the attention of enemy pilots and stand out from others in the unit. Upon their return from missions, Allied pilots said they had seen German fighters painted in a multitude of colors soaring through the skies and took inspiration from the unique art. Soon after, Allied forces everywhere, including Marine pilots, began painting aircraft art of their own. But aircraft nose art did not rise in popularity among U.S. forces until World War II, where it was primarily used as a method to boost morale during the war as it progressed, although it was not officially authorized. The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) pilots had more freedom to personalize their aircraft and were even encouraged to do so by their command, while the strict regulations upheld by the Navy were put in place to ensure that no markings aside from squadron badges or national insignia were permitted on its airplanes. That regulation made it particularly difficult for Marines to participate in the popular practice, which is why there are more existing USAAF bombers with distinctive nose art displayed in museums than Marine ones. “The Navy did not want the Japanese to be able to identify particular units and recognize when, for instance, a particular carrier was in the area or not in the area,” said Larry Burke, the aviation curator at the National Museum of the Marine Corps. “So, for much of the war, there is no readily visible individual identifier [on the aircraft] other than the Navy Bureau number. But those are small and generally not terribly visible once you get a few feet away from the airplane.” And though that regulation came long before World War II, the rules have been broken from time to time, particularly in the Pacific, where the crews rarely saw top brass. In other words, Marines did it anyway. Paintings of pinups were some of the most popular displays of nose art. But pilots would paint anything from animals to squadron mascots or even Disney characters on their attack aircraft, along with distinctive names for further personalization. In fact, Walt Disney’s relationship to the military was largely personal. Not only did his older brother Roy O. Disney serve in the Navy during World War I, Walt Disney himself also served in the military as a Red Cross ambulance driver during the same war, where he decorated his ambulance and others in his unit with cartoons. Those ties had a big impact on the appearance of Disney cartoons on military aircraft, which started in 1933. Walt Disney Productions provided more than 1,200 insignias during World War II, creating designs of recognizable characters that would later be used for flight jacket patches, pins and nose art. These designs were done by the studio free of charge and provided to Allied military units as a donation to the war effort. According to an article on Disney aircraft insignia in World War II published by the Department of Defense, Donald Duck was the most requested Disney character, with over 216 requests. But Pluto, Goofy, Mickey Mouse and Dumbo were other highly requested characters. Marine Utility Squadron 252 displayed their nose art painting of Disney’s Dumbo on the side of their Curtiss R5C Commando, calling it “The Flying Elephant.” Other squadrons, like Marine Utility Squadron 352 and Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 344, requested insignias that featured Donald Duck with the eagle, globe and anchor tattooed on his left wing, and a bulldog, bearing a similar resemblance to Disney’s Butch the Bulldog, holding a skull-decorated bomb in his paws. The end of World War II marked the steady decline of aircraft art across all branches—mostly due to the end of wartime activity, but also due to the disappearance of the airplanes themselves. After the war, the United States dismantled what was left of the 300,000 warplanes or sold them off. Nose art would resurface during the Korean and Vietnam wars but was still more commonly seen on Air Force aircraft. However, that did not stop Marine aviators from taking part in the tradition, even though Navy restrictions on nose art never truly relaxed. Aircraft art has continued to fluctuate in and out of use during the turn of the century. Peacetime regulations between wars dimmed the spark of tradition that was eager to grow and evolve, and many were unsure of how to continue the legacy of the aircraft artists before them. But hope was not lost. For over 20 years, one artist has dedicated her time to helping aviators across the Armed Forces carry on the legacy of those who came before them through the artistry she paints on the aircraft they fly. Her name is Shayne Meder, and she is a retired U.S. Air Force Master Sergeant who works under the alias “Flygirlpainter.” Alongside her work as a restoration manager at March Air Reserve Base in California, MSgt Meder has volunteered her services to help military flight crews express their pride and dedication in the form of art. For the Marine Corps, whose history details a strenuous fight to embrace aircraft art as a tradition amid strict uniformity, her services are welcomed and highly praised. Meder’s work as an artist started long before she began painting aircraft art for military aviators. “My grandmother was a painter, so I was doing art before I even went into the Air Force,” she said. “I was in support equipment maintenance and did some aircraft maintenance inspection over the years. Once they find out you can paint, you end up painting everything from designs on hangar doors to toolboxes.” In 1987, while working in Strategic Air Command, MSgt Meder began painting nose art on B-52 bombers before transferring to California in 1990. Shortly after, the base where Meder was stationed was put on a closure list, prompting her to retire. However, that did not stop her from working on aircraft. Years of experience in the Air Force brought along new opportunities, and shortly after retiring, she signed on as the Restoration Manager at March Air Reserve Base in California after it transitioned from military to private operations. Meder continued to work on and maintain old military aircraft like she had during her days in the Air Force, but it would not be until 1999 that she would begin her journey as Flygirlpainter. While painting a piece of nose art on a B-17 at the March Airfield Museum, a Navy crew in the area stopped by on their way back from the San Bernadino Mountains. The previous year, there had been a crash, and the crew had traveled back to the crash site to pay tribute to their fellow Marines. One of the crewmembers saw the work that Meder was doing and asked her to paint the tail of an H-60 Seahawk for them. “They wanted this blue tail with a hawk and an eagle on it … I had never painted a helicopter like that before.” Though she was unsure at first, the crew persisted, and in 1999 they flew the helicopter from San Diego, Calif., to March Airfield Base, providing paint and other materials for her to create the design for their show bird. Meder got straight to work. “I’d always been doing nose art on the base for the KC-135s. And I still do that, but it just steamrolled into this huge thing.” Since then, MSgt Meder has offered her services to any flight crew that has reached out, as long as travel expenses, room and board, and painting supplies are provided. Over the course of her years working as Flygirlpainter, Meder has painted over a dozen V-22B Ospreys for various aircraft squadrons across the Marine Corps, and the number of requests grows with each passing day. For Meder, her work is a way to give thanks to those who serve and have served, and to keep the tradition of aircraft art alive. “I know a lot of people support our military,” Meder said. “They might make cookies or send them care packages, and I love all that, but if I can make them happy and help them by painting them a bird, then that’s what I’ll do.” Her dedication and commitment have garnered her a large following of military aviators all over the country who seek out her services regularly. Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 764 “Moonlight,” VMM-364 “Purple Foxes,” VMM-268 “Red Dragons” and VMM-162 “Golden Eagles” are just a few of the Marine squadrons that have worked with Meder over her years as Flygirlpainter. The designs are striking and detailed, illustrating each squadron’s story in a colorful and creative way. Recently, VMM-268 and VMM-364 spoke with Leatherneck about the work that Meder has done for them and what each of their tail designs represent. As support squadrons with the Marine Air Ground Task Force, VMM-268, located at Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, and VMM-364, located at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Calif., provide assault support transport of combat troops as well as supplies and equipment during expeditionary, joint and combined operations. Their coastal locations, combined with the long-range capabilities of the MV-22B Osprey, allow the squadrons to conduct transpacific assault operations day or night, under all weather conditions. “Our job is to insert Marines into key positions on the battlefield so that they can attack the enemies’ critical vulnerabilities. As they execute their role as the front-line war fighters, we ensure that they stay supplied with what they need to continue the fight. And when that fight is done, we bring them home,” said Captain Casey “Mouth” Funk, a pilot with VMM-268. Having always aspired to become a pilot, Funk enlisted in the Corps for the opportunity to fly but was also drawn to the Corps’ values and cultural environment. “It’s a community of service built around a requirement to constantly better oneself and help those around you do the same,” he said. While nose art united Marines of the past with their shared longing for home, today’s Marine aviators can find community through art that represents the squadrons’ past and its future. In 2019, MSgt Meder traveled to Hawaii to paint the tail of an MV-22B Osprey for VMM-268. The design featured two starkly different images, one on each side of the tail. One side displayed the squadron mascot, Trixi the Red Dragon, which was inspired by the dragon Smaug from J.R.R. Tolkien’s book “The Hobbit.” The painting of Trixi also pays tribute to VMM-268’s legacy of night operations, which began in 1982 when then-Marine Medium Helicopter (HMM) Squadron 268 became the first Marine Corps squadron qualified to fly with night-vision goggles. The other side of the tail features an image of two surfers looking out over the ocean at the setting sun. That image is known as “Endless Summer,” based on surfers Robert “Wingnut” Weaver and Patrick O’Connell, who were documented in a 1994 film titled “Endless Summer II,” directed by Bruce Brown. During the film, the two surfers travel the world in search of the perfect wave. “This squadron has a passion for excellence, and every day we show up in search of the perfect flight,” Capt Funk said. “That image, and the spirit carried with it, have long been a part of the squadron.” Though completely different in appearance, both paintings show a different part of VMM-268’s history and the fundamental purpose of the artistic expression that aircraft art brings for military aviators. Nearly three years later, Meder would make her way to Camp Pendleton to paint a tail art design for VMM-364, the “Purple Foxes.” Once designated HMM-364, the squadron was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for their service during the Vietnam War and became well known throughout the Corps for descending into landing zones to support ground troops while under fire. On Oct. 9, 2014, the squadron was redesignated. During the redesignation ceremony, all CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters were retired and have been replaced by the MV-22B Osprey. “The Purple Foxes have a couple of historic stories that blend together to form where that [mascot] came from,” said Lieutenant Colonel John C. Miller, the commanding officer of VMM-364. “HMM-364 was formed in the early ’60s, and the squadron members would visit a bar called the Purple Fox. So that was where the original name came from. They liked this bar, and they would visit on R&R. As they started deploying to Vietnam in combat operations during the war, they acquired a fox pelt that was dyed purple, and that supported the purple fox name that they acquired through the bar.” Their design features the face of a fierce purple fox ripping through metal with sharpened claws on both sides of the tail. “The purple fox on the aircraft is the traditional patch that we wear around. It’s a more aggressive, I would say, warfighting logo, and it takes up the whole tail of the aircraft,” LtCol Miller said. As with most squadrons who have had aircraft painted by Flygirlpainter, VMM-364 first discovered her work through her social media, where Meder showcases her work and the service she offers for military aviators. In all, it took a week and a half for Meder to complete the painting, but with the help and hospitality of the Marines of VMM-364, the process went smoothly, and the final product pays homage to the squadron’s history and the legacy that they carry with them. But it isn’t just the artwork itself that differs from the wartime art of the past. As aircraft art continues to resurface within the Marine Corps, aviators who fly a variety of aircraft have the desire to take part in the tradition. This leads to the invention of new ways to express pride and dedication to the Corps without the perception that aircraft art is reserved only for attack aircraft. “The tail is a great canvas for us to show our squadron art. It is easy to see even from a distance,” said Funk, when asked about the importance of featuring art on the tail of an aircraft. “The art on the nose was always meant to look menacing … the art on the tail for assault support aircraft is a signal of hope to the troops on the ground that the Red Dragons are here, and we will not stop flying as long as they need us.” The significance of what Marine aviators do and how they support their Corps is something that Flygirlpainter has been able to depict on the aircraft they fly. Her artwork signifies that there are no limitations to art, whether it’s on an easel or an aircraft. “For an aviation unit, artwork is everything to a squadron. It represents the culture, and each individual squadron that is dedicated to the mission that they have,” LtCol Miller said. Flygirlpainter embodies this mentality in her work. By revisiting this old tradition, Marines have the opportunity to express their love for the Corps, to celebrate those who passed their legacies on, and to take pride in the hard work, the long hours and the sacrifice that it takes to serve as a Marine. Executive Editor’s note: You can see more of MSgt Meder’s incredible work on Instagram and Facebook under the name @Flygirlpainter, or on her website: www.flygirlpainters.com Author’s bio: Briesa Koch is the editorial assistant for Leatherneck and a graduate student at Old Dominion University where she is earning a master’s degree in library and information science.
4562	dbpedia	3	63	https://www.tntech.edu/about/history.php	en	About Tennessee Tech	https://www.tntech.edu/_…3AUG19_00131.jpg	https://www.tntech.edu/_…3AUG19_00131.jpg	[ "https://www.tntech.edu/_resources/2023-theme/images/tenn-tech-logo.svg", "https://www.tntech.edu/_resources/2023-theme/images/purple-close.svg", "https://www.tntech.edu/_resources/2023-theme/images/tenn-tech-logo.svg", "https://www.tntech.edu/_resources/2023-theme/images/purple-close.svg", "https://www.tnt...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Tennessee Tech University ranked as the #1 public university in TN, according to Money magazine, and best return on investment. 200+ programs in Engineering, Education, Business, and more.	en		Tennessee Tech University	https://www.tntech.edu/about/history.php	History of Tennessee Tech Tennessee Tech has a long and awesome history. Check out some of the highlights below! Bartoo Hall Named after Dorr R. Bartoo, Tech’s first Ph.D. student. Dr. Bartoo joined faculty of the biology department in 1929. He served until 1943. Bryan Fine Arts Building The home of the music and art departments was built in 1981. It was named in memory of Charles Faulkner Bryan, who was given a Guggenheim Fellowship and composed “Ballad of a Harp Weaver.” Centennial Plaza Also known as “The Plaza” is an open area between the Roaden University Center and Derryberry Hall. The plaza was built in mid-1980 and was called South Patio before being renovated in 2015 for Tech's centennial celebration. This location provides students a place to relax and socialize between classes. It also hosts many events such as Week of Welcome. Clock Tower Tower atop Derryberry Hall, featuring a clock on each of its four sides, a carillon system, and the Golden Eagle. Designed to be aesthetically pleasing, but also functional, the towers primary purpose was to house the clock and carillon sound system, keeping time for campus and students. During a renovation of Derryberry Hall in the 1960s that made it much of what we see today, the iconic Eagle was moved from the tower on Jere Whitson to Derryberry Hall. East and West Halls Now known as Kittrell and Bartoo Halls. These were original dorms – the women in the East and the men in the West. That’s the closest men and women lived to each other until 1996 when the first coed residence hall was built. Flag The official Tennessee Tech University flag, designed by first lady Gloria Bell in 2003. The three main divisions of the flag represent the historic and idyllic characteristics of the university as well as its earned reputation for quality. The golden eagle – This magnificent bird, with wings outstretched, depicts the pride, honor, strength and spirit of our students, faculty and staff. The bold pillar – This column of gold represents the pillar of knowledge, intellect and experience – all qualities of our prestigious academic reputation. The purple base – This field of majestic purple represents the strong foundation of character, commitment and endurance indicative of our university’s culture. May this flag forever wave, and may the history and future of Tennessee Tech University prosper in its shadow. Foster Hall The chemistry building, named after Dr. Ferris U. Foster, chairman of the department. It was built in 1964. Golden Eagles Name of the athletic teams. Chosen by students in 1925, the name is believed to have been inspired by the four golden eagles who were often seen flying over the campus during the university's early days. The Grill The place to grab fast food and hang out. Located on the first floor of the RUC. In 2019 the expansion of the RUC provided additional lounge area for students. The Hoop The Hooper Eblen Center houses the office of the intercollegiate athletics program at Tech. The Hoop has a seating capacity of 9,282. The building was constructed in 1977 and is named after Hooper Eblen, former coach and Health and Physical Education professor. The Hoop is home for Tech men and women basketball games, Tech women’s volleyball, commencement ceremonies, concerts and other special events. Vice President of Student Affairs, Marc Burnett, was the first Golden Eagle to score a basket in the Hoop. Hymn Words and music by Joan Derryberry The quiet hills stand steadfast ‘round walls of russet brown. On halls serene and campus green the smoky hills look down; And steadfast may I cherish what thou hast giv’n to me. Oh Alma Mater Tennessee Tech, God prosper thee. Deep purple stand the mountains and golden sets the sun. We proudly wear these colors fair until our goal is won; We pledge thee faithful service, our love and loyalty. Oh Alma Mater Tennessee Tech, God prosper thee. Jere Whitson Building Building located on the Quad that houses several administrative offices such as Office of Admissions, New Student and Family Programs, Financial Aid and Scholarships, and Military and Veteran Affairs. Named after Jere Whitson, former chairman of the board for Dixie College. He also was the leader of the move to establish a college in Cookeville during the early 1900s. Main Quad Original campus location of Dixie College. The land was deeded to the state upon establishment of Tennessee Polytechnic Institute in 1915. Many campus buildings were arranged into quads. This includes Derryberry, Kittrell, Jere Whitson, Oakley, Crawford, Matthews-Daniel, Bartoo Hall and Memorial Gym. Memorial Gym Named to honor the students and alumni who died in World War II. The Nest The student section located inside Hooper Eblen Center. It is designated in section L for Tech students to get involved and support the basketball and volleyball teams. The Nest is also a student-run campus radio (88.5 WTTU) that has broadcasted campus news and weather since 1969. The Oracle This is a student newspaper that began its publication in 1924 and was then known as the Tech Dynamo. It is published weekly during the semester and a new edition comes out every Tuesday. The paper contains news articles pertaining to the university, campus activities and sports. The Oracle is available online at www.tntechoracle.com. Overall Field The field inside Tucker Stadium. Named after P. V. “Putty” Overall, former agriculture professor and football, basketball and baseball coach who worked for Tech 24 years. Purple and Gold School colors, selected before 1925. Chosen because of two wildflowers, ironweed and goldenrod, which grew in abundance on campus in the early years. Roaden University Center Also known as the RUC is the student center and houses several administrative offices such as Student Affairs, Center for Career Development, Center for Counseling and Mental Health Wellness and Women’s’ Center. Built in 1971 and expanded in 2019, it is named after former Tech President Arliss Roaden. Rock Lodge The nickname for Kittrell Hall. Formerly East Hall, it has been the women's residence hall and served as the College of Business building. It is now home to the Department of Earth Sciences and houses the Tennessee Tech Weather Station. The folktale about the rocks outside the building is that a group of graduating seniors played a prank and took some rocks from the geology lab and placed them on the front steps of the building. The professors, not appreciating the stunt, told them they had to identify all the rocks or they would not graduate. Fortunately, they did so and were able to receive their degrees. Roll of Honor Displays all the names of Tennessee Tech students, alumni, faculty and staff who served in World War II. Located in Jere Whitson Memorial Building. Sherlock Park Named after Bethel "Sherlock" Carrington, who was a night watchman for the university from 1933-1967. The park is used by students for football, ultimate frisbee, recruitment events, cookouts and relaxation. The Tech marching band also uses the open area for practice. Tennessee Polytechnic Institute (TPI) The official name from 1915 until 1965. The TPI seal is displayed on the Derryberry clock tower. Tennessee Technological University In 1965, the university’s name changed to Tennessee Technological University. Supporters call the university “Tech” for short. Tucker Stadium Tucker Stadium is the home of the Tech Golden Eagle football team. It was built in 1966 and seats 16,500 spectators. The stadium is named after Wilburn Tucker, former head football coach and staff member for 21 years. It has artificial turf and a six-lane track around the field. Tucker Stadium is where the freshmen class photo is taken and current home of the BlueCross Bowl, the state high school football championship. University of Dixie The school was incorporated in 1909 with the State of Tennessee by leaders of the Church of Christ in Cookeville, Tennessee. The school was popularly called “Dixie College.” The road Dixie Avenue takes its name from the school as it was the road “you took from town out to Dixie College.” Walton House President's home, originally built in 1964. Name comes from the Old Walton Road, the main Nashville-to-Washington, D.C. route that U.S. President Andrew Jackson would take home.
4562	dbpedia	3	0	https://eagles.org/what-we-do/educate/learn-about-eagles/golden-eagle-as-a-national-symbol/	en	American Eagle Foundation	https://eaglesorg.wpengi…gle-symbols2.jpg		[ "https://eaglesorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AmericanEagleFoundation_Neg.png", "https://eaglesorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/golden-eagle-symbols2.jpg", "https://eaglesorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/facebook_icon-150x150-1.png", "https://eaglesorg.wpengine.com/wp-conten...	[ "https://www.youtube.com/embed/IfyEnNhm_1I?rel=0&controls=0" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			https://eagles.org/what-we-do/educate/learn-about-eagles/golden-eagle-as-a-national-symbol/	[av_textblock size=” font_color=” color=” custom_class=”] The Golden Eagle as a Symbol [/av_textblock] [av_textblock size=” font_color=” color=” custom_class=”] Biology \| Behavior \| Diet \| Nests \| Demographics \| Eaglets \| Status Symbolism \| Laws Protecting Eagles \| Dangers \| AEF & Golden Eagles \| Overview [/av_textblock] [av_textblock size=” font_color=” color=” custom_class=”] [/av_textblock] [av_toggle_container initial=’0′ mode=’accordion’ sort=” custom_class=”] [av_toggle title=’What countries have chosen the golden eagle as their National Symbol’ tags=”] The Golden Eagle is the most common national symbol in the world: Afghanistan, Mexico, Egypt, Germany, and Scotland have adopted the Golden Eagle as their official symbol. [/av_toggle] [av_toggle title=’What is the importance of the Golden Eagle in Native American society?’ tags=”] Most all Native American Indian Peoples attach special significance to the Eagle and its feathers. Images of eagles and their feathers are used on many tribal logos as symbols of the Native American Indian. To be given an Eagle feather is the highest honor that can be awarded within indigenous cultures. Both Bald and Golden Eagles (and their feathers) are highly revered and considered sacred within American Indian traditions, culture and religion. They are honored with great care and shown the deepest respect. They represent honesty, truth, majesty, strength, courage, wisdom, power and freedom. As they roam the sky, they are believed to have a special connection to God. According to traditional American Indian beliefs, the Creator made all the birds of the sky when the World was new. Of all the birds, the Creator chose the Eagle to be the leader… the Master of the Sky. The Eagle flies higher and sees better than any other bird. Therefore, its perspective is different from other creations that are held close to the Earth, and it is closer to the Creator. The Creator also has a different perspective of what occurs below in this world of physical things in which humankind resides. The Eagle spends more time in the higher element of Father Sky than other birds, and Father Sky is an element of the Spirit. The Eagle is considered to be a messenger to God. It was given the honor of carrying the prayers of man between the World of Earth and the World of Spirit, where the Creator and grandfathers reside. To wear or hold an Eagle feather causes the Creator to take immediate notice. With the Eagle feather, the Creator is honored in the highest way. The wings of an Eagle represent the balance needed between male and female, each one dependent upon the strengths and abilities of the other. When one receives an Eagle feather, that person is being acknowledged with gratitude, love and ultimate respect. The holder of the feather must ensure that anything that changes one’s state of mind (alcohol and drugs) must never come in contact with a sacred Eagle feather. The keeper of an Eagle feather makes a little home where the feather will be kept safely and protected. It should be hung up within one’s home, not placed in drawers or cupboards. Eagle feathers are never to be abused, shown disrespect, dropped or contaminated. Only real true human Men and Women carry the Eagle feather. Of all the feathers, the Golden Eagle feather was the most coveted and the most significant. If someone had one of these in their headdress, they received a great deal of reverence and respect from other members of the tribe. Many dancers use Eagle feathers as part of their dance regalia. The Creek and Cherokee have an Eagle Dance. If for any reason an eagle feather is dropped, it needs to be cleansed. The arena director’s job is to guard the Eagle feather and not leave the spot it is in until the proper cleansing ceremony is performed. Eagle feathers were awarded to Indian Braves, warriors and Chieftains for extreme acts of valor and bravery. These feathers were difficult to come by, and were earned one at a time. Regardless of where or how an Indian Brave accumulated Eagle feathers, he was not allowed, according to Tribal Law, to wear them until he won them by a brave deed. He had to appear before the Tribal Council and tell or reenact his exploit. Witnesses were examined and, if in the eyes of the council, the deed was thought worthy, the Indian Brave was then allowed to wear the feathers in his hair or Indian Headdress or Indian War Bonnet. An Indian would rather part with his horse or tepee, than to lose his Eagle feathers. To do so would be dishonor in the eyes of his Tribe. Many of the old American Indian Chiefs had won enough honors to wear a double-trailed bonnet that dragged the ground. Only the great and important men of the Tribes had the right to wear the double-trailed Indian War Bonnets. During the “Four Sacred Rituals”, American Indians wear or hold Eagle feathers. The “Flag Song” has its earliest origins during the period when some Indian Nations would honor the Eagle feather staffs of leaders from different other bands of Indian Nations. Under both U.S. and Canadian law, a permit is required from official governmental conservation authorities of anyone to possess an Eagle feather legally. Native American Indians acquiring Bald and Golden Eagle feathers must use them for traditional ceremonies or teaching purposes. Under normal circumstances, it is illegal to use, sell or possess Eagle feathers. Anyone possessing an Eagle feather without a federal permit can face stiff fines and imprisonment. The American Indian holds the Eagle in the highest regard, and has a true “heart and soul desire” to keep it flying healthy and free for many generations to come. “Prophesy says that it is time to share some of the sacred traditions of our culture. The four colors of man will be coming together to unite and heal. Creator has given different gifts and responsibilities to each of the four colors. Ours is to help preserve Earth for all the children. Time is running out. It’s time to act.” — Indigenous Spiritual Leaders of the Americas [/av_toggle] [av_toggle title=’The Golden Eagle in Ancient Cultures’ tags=”] *In this section, all references to ‘eagle’ refer specifically to the Golden Eagle, as the Bald Eagle is only found in North America. The eagle with its keen eyes symbolized courage, strength and immortality, but is also considered “king of the skies” and messenger of the highest Gods. In ancient Rome, the eagle, or aquila, was the standard of a Roman legion. Each legion carried one eagle. The importance of keeping the eagle standard safe was of highest importance. The eagle was associated with the god Jupiter; the thunderbolt and the eagle being sculpted on Jupiter’s shield. A famous Roman historian, Pliny, said the eagle was the “most honorable and strongest of all birds.” In ancient Greece, the Aetos Dios was a huge golden eagle – thought to be the companion of Zeus as well as his personal messenger. Aristotle, a famous Greek philosopher & scientist, said that the eagle “flies high in order to see over the greatest area” and that men called it divine because of this. So, in that day and age, humans considered the eagle divine because it flew so high (to the heavens), and because it was so strong and domineering. Ancient Germanic tribes associated the Golden Eagle with Odin. In Norse mythology, Oden was a god of war and death, a sky god, and the god of wisdom and poetry. The eagle, considered to be the greatest of all birds, was held sacred to Odin. In Norse tradition, the eagle’s cry signified the birth of a heroic soul. Also in this tradition, the greatest of eagles sits on top of the World Tree and represents the greatest aspects of the mind and spiritual attainment. Judeo-Christian scriptures praise the eagle with this quote from Isaiah 40:31: “But those who hope in the Lord will renew their strength. They will soar on wings like eagles; they will run and not grow weary, they will walk and not be faint.”
4562	dbpedia	3	59	https://gogriffs.com/sports/2020/11/13/all-about-petey.aspx	en	Canisius University Athletics	http://gogriffs.com/common/controls/image_handler.aspx?thumb_id=14&image_path=/images/2018/5/4/GriffinStatue_228.jpg	http://gogriffs.com/common/controls/image_handler.aspx?thumb_id=14&image_path=/images/2018/5/4/GriffinStatue_228.jpg	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=3005086&cv=2.0&cj=1", "https://dxbhsrqyrr690.cloudfront.net/sidearm.nextgen.sites/canisius.sidearmsports.com/images/responsive_2021/logo_main.svg", "https://dxbhsrqyrr690.cloudfront.net/sidearm.nextgen.sites/canisius.sidearmsports.com/images/responsive_2021/logo_main....	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-11-13T00:00:00	The Griffin: All About Canisius' Mythical Mascot Just what exactly is a Griffin? How did it become the official mascot of Canisius University, where does Petey’s	en	/images/logos/site/site.png	Canisius University Athletics	https://gogriffs.com/sports/2020/11/13/all-about-petey.aspx
4562	dbpedia	1	2	https://www.mca-marines.org/leatherneck/page/2/	en	Marine Corps Association	https://www.mca-marines.…parent-32x32.png	https://www.mca-marines.…parent-32x32.png	[ "https://www.mca-marines.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-MCA-updated-Logo-2.png", "https://www.mca-marines.org/wp-content/themes/mca/images/icon-search.png", "https://www.mca-marines.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/partner-logo.png", "https://www.mca-marines.org/wp-content/uploads/SDP_6829702-copy-scaled.jpg", ...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Marine Corps Association" ]	null	Leatherneck Magazines Archive - Page 2 of 8 - Marine Corps Association	en	https://www.mca-marines.org/wp-content/themes/mca/images/favicon.ico	Marine Corps Association	https://www.mca-marines.org/leatherneck/page/2/	A highly selective and unique niche fills the ranks of the Marine Corps’ Silent Drill Platoon. Throughout the unit’s history, the platoon has proven unparalleled among the services at their craft and represented the Marine Corps on the grandest scale. To earn a spot with this elite group, a young Marine must begin proving himself from the moment he steps on the yellow footprints. When a new infantry Marine graduates from Infantry Training Battalion, a select few receive assignment to Marine Barracks Washington, D.C. Selections are based on multiple characteristics, but character and performance trump all. Once finished with Ceremonial Drill School, the basic training for all new marching Marines at “8th and I,” fewer still receive the opportunity to compete for a spot with the Silent Drill Platoon. Silent Drill School commences every December. Prospective candidates volunteer to showcase their skills and attention to detail. Some years, more than half of the platoon’s requirement of 39 Marines is vacated when some move into the fleet or civilian life. As the candidate pool is whittled down, instructors finalize the list of selectees. The platoon veterans then pack up and take off with the new selects for their culminating annual training event at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Ariz. Spring training in Yuma lasts one month. The Marines work 12 or more hours a day, seven days a week, memorizing every muscle movement in the routine. “In Yuma we learn the new sequence for the year and work to get the new guys in the platoon up to par,” said Corporal Alexander A. Rojas, 2nd Squad Leader in the platoon. “Training days are very long, every day.” “It’s a grind, waking up at 0600 every morning and working until 10 o’clock at night,” added Cpl Jack N. Conner, 3rd Squad Leader. “But it’s a great way to get away from everything here at the barracks and just focus on ourselves, perfecting everything and preparing for the parade season.” The platoon’s Drill Master, a senior corporal in his third or fourth year with the unit, creates the routine. He envisions the flow and tempo of each Marine and invents the paths they take, orchestrating their movements into a single, purposeful design. The platoon Rifle Inspector serves as the subject matter expert in rifle manual and spins. He and the Assistant Rifle Inspector take the lead in polishing the reflexes and hand-eye-coordination of each Marine to ensure a flawless performance. While the Drill Master and Rifle Inspector work together to create a unique performance, flavored with their personal brand of experience and style, several major portions of the routine endure as Silent Drill Platoon traditions. Anyone familiar with the platoon recognizes the iconic “bursting bomb” formation, or “long line” rifle inspection sequence. Like all Marines, Silent Drill Platoon members idolize their forerunners, embrace their unit history, and pass their creed onto a new generation each year. The legacy of the Silent Drill Platoon originated in 1948. Though intended as a one-time performance, the first version of the team received an overwhelming and enthusiastic response. The public demanded repeat performances. As a result, the platoon eventually became a permanent part of Marine Barracks Washington. Throughout its history, newly minted infantrymen, prior to their first tour in the fleet, filled out the platoon. The Marines today celebrate one notable exception to this standard, memorializing a unique point in time on their barracks wall. A black and white photograph displayed in the passageway depicts the platoon during the Vietnam War, when even the Marines of the Silent Drill Platoon deployed to combat. The photo looks much like any other taken of the platoon in formation, except that each Marine wears sergeant or staff sergeant chevrons and a chest full of medals. The Marines proudly differentiate themselves through numerous traditions passed down over the years. From tattoos to unique uniform details, some traditions are held sacred and recognized only by veterans of the platoon. The coveted silver buttons worn by the number one Rifle Inspector represent one of the more widely known rituals. Since the 1970s, the Rifle Inspector has removed the brass buttons from his dress blues and entrusted them to his successor. Over time and through constant polishing, the buttons turned silver and became a trademark feature. The original buttons are preserved today in a glass case, still handed down to each new Rifle Inspector for safe keeping, while he sews another set of silver buttons to his blouse to keep the tradition alive. As a far lesser known or visible tradition, when practicing drill out of uniform, the Marines adopt the style of their predecessors, drilling in Converse hightop shoes. A keen observer might notice the iconic shoes tied differently from Marine to Marine, laced one eyelet farther down to signify the number of years a Marine has served with the platoon. The summer parade season is the platoon’s primary tradition and premier event, and is the most widely anticipated engagement every year. Most spectators familiar with the Silent Drill Platoon recognize the unit from one of their classic performances at a Friday Evening Parade or Tuesday Sunset Parade. Running June through August, these two performances every week represent the minimum of the platoon’s time commitment. The Marines travel all over the country, and sometimes internationally, performing at a variety of venues. One day, the platoon might execute their routine in a local high school gymnasium for a group of students and their parents. The next night, the Marines could be standing on the 50-yard line during the halftime show of a National Football League game in front of thousands of cheering fans. Often, the Marines land back in Washington, D.C., within an hour or two of their next performance at an Evening Parade. They don their dress blues, proceed directly onto the parade field, then fly out once again the following morning for their next performance. In addition to performing, traveling, and remaining the best in the business at slide drill and rifle spinning, platoon members must maintain proficiency in the basic skills as an infantry Marine. “It’s a tight window, but we throw in infantry classes, land nav classes, and practical application on our annex field here in D.C. whenever we can,” Corporal Christopher I. Houck stated, who serves as 1st Squad Leader. “Sometimes it’s tough to get in training here in the city, but we use whatever resources we can.” Houck and the other squad leaders prepare the Professional Military Education to be covered during their days abroad. Several times a year, the platoon travels to Marine Corps Base Quantico, Va., to practice infantry tactics in the field and complete their basic set of requirements. They spend time on the range for rifle qualification and complete their annual Physical Fitness and Combat Fitness Tests. While extremely demanding and challenging, Silent Drill Platoon Marines take immense pride in their role. Not only because of the unique opportunity they possess to be one of the very few who have ever earned a spot with the platoon, but also because of what the unit represents about the Corps and our beloved history. When the elevator door opens onto the Silent Drill Platoon’s deck at 8th and I, a large wooden sign is immediately visible to anyone visiting, and to Marines returning home. “Remember what you represent.” There’s nothing ambiguous about the meaning behind those words for the Marines of the Silent Drill Platoon—they are part of something greater than themselves. Plaques, memorials, and photographs evenly spaced down each passageway contrast against the black-painted walls in distinguished prominence. Each tells a proud story of platoon history, remembers an extraordinary example of bearing and fortitude, or recognizes individual Marines for their performance. One stunning memorial just beyond the elevator door remembers Lance Corporal Davis M. Mosqueda. While on holiday leave in his hometown of Boise, Idaho, Mosqueda joined a party on Dec. 30, 2020. When gunshots rang out from the apartment parking lot, Mosqueda realized one of his friends was outside and in danger. He ignored the threat and moved outside in order to protect his friend. In the process, the assailant shot and killed Mosqueda. To recognize his off-duty example of honor, courage, and commitment, a pencil sketch of Mosqueda performing with the platoon stands alongside his M1 Garand bayonet and several other items in his memory. Other memorials along the wall pay tribute to Marines who displayed exemplary demeanor during a performance as a reminder that no matter what occurs, you must maintain your bearing. On April 28, 2004, LCpl Jamar C. Bailey executed his part on the rifle inspection team during a performance at 8th and I. According to his Certificate of Commendation, “At the moment when two rifles are exchanged between three Marines, the rifle that was thrown to Lance Corporal Bailey was not in the proper position … and struck him in the face. The front sight post caught him in the cheek and opened a 2-inch long cut.” A photograph next to Bailey’s certificate shows him standing at attention as he continued on to flawlessly finish out the remainder of the performance. Blood pours down his chin and covers his blouse. It took 14 stitches to sew his face back together. His bloodstained blouse hangs in the display case with his photo as a testament to his outstanding example of commitment to his profession. Another plaque on display serves as a persistent reminder to all Marines in the platoon that their role is constantly under evaluation and up for grabs. Dedicated by the outgoing platoon leadership in 2022, the “Old Dogs and New Dogs” plaque recognizes both the top performing platoon veteran and rookie each year. The Marines named here earn their spot in the marching 24. The remaining 22 spots are highly coveted and must be earned throughout the year. Character and discipline play a primary function in securing a role in the platoon. To achieve the highest honor of marching with the 24, each Marine must be constantly ready for Challenge Day. The first Challenge Day of the year comes at the end of spring training when the initial marching 24 are finalized. Every Marines understands, however, that his spot in the 24 remains secure only through demonstrating the highest level of proficiency and character. The number of Challenge Days in a year varies at the discretion of the platoon leadership. They come as a surprise, unannounced until the morning of, forcing each Marine to remain constantly prepared. Every Marine in the platoon performs the routine from start to finish, individually and under close scrutiny of the Drill Master. They receive a composite score at the end, and the highest scores fill out the marching 24. The intense level of preparation required for competition against their peers enables those who achieve the marching 24 to perform under any circumstances, in front of any audience. Silent Drill Platoon Marines consider their bearing as a leadership trait held in the highest regard. They revere examples such as Jamar Bailey and others who, under extraordinary circumstances, maintained their bearing, performed their drill routine, and demonstrated exactly the type of character the Marine Corps wants to embody. On rare occasions, mistakes are made. Hats cock to the side and fall off, or rifles are dropped. In cases such as this, the Marines remain stoic on the outside while the Rifle Inspector corrects the problem as he moves down the line. Performing on the grandest stage, at the highest level of visibility, appears not to unnerve the Marines. Representing the heart and soul of what the public envisions about the Marine Corps drives the platoon to perform flawlessly, regardless of the circumstances surrounding the occasion. In March 2023, the Silent Drill Platoon travelled to Anchorage, Alaska, to perform at the opening ceremony of the 51st annual Iditarod sled dog race. Before dawn, with temperatures hovering below zero, the platoon donned hoodies and beanies to practice their routine a final time in the quiet, empty street near the starting line. Several hours later, they marched out once more in full uniform before the cheering crowd. The Marines executed the drill on a slippery and snow-covered street, while the temperature rose barely above zero. Their incredible discipline and professionalism marked an awesome first-time appearance for the platoon at the event. Fleet Week in New York City arrived two months later. In front of an audience of civilians, allied nation military representatives, and members of each branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, the Silent Drill Platoon shone. They performed their solemn and respectful routine in the center of Times Square with fluorescent flashing lights all around, traffic and car horns blaring, police whistles signaling, and people shouting. A nearly torrential downpour elevated the impact of the performance, as the Marines flowed together unfazed by the rain, spinning, flipping, and tossing their soaked rifles with soaked gloves. One annual opportunity offers the Marines a chance to prove they truly are the masters of their craft. Drill teams from each branch of service compete head-to-head at the Joint Service Drill Exhibition every spring near the National Mall in Washington, D.C. On April 15, the Silent Drill Platoon wowed the crowd once again, outperforming teams from the Navy, Coast Guard, Army, and Air Force to win the competition for the third year in a row. The character traits Marines perfect during their time with the Silent Drill Platoon serve them well over the rest of their career. “None of us have been to the fleet yet, but a lot of friends who have gone on from here have become very successful,” said Cpl Conner. “They have a lot of unique skills; the attention to detail, the discipline, ability to teach, ability to learn quickly; and take them with them. We’ve had guys go to MARSOC, we’ve had guys go to Recon. Others lateral move and find success in a different MOS.” “The intangibles these Marines take with them from being part of the platoon sets them up for success,” said Captain Gregory Jones, the Silent Drill Platoon Commander. “It pays dividends wherever they decide to go from here.” Regardless of their next duty station, a Marine’s time with the Silent Drill Platoon remains a cherished time in their career. The pride they take reflects what other Marine veterans feel when we watch them perform. Throughout our lives, the title of “Marine” endures as the proudest we have earned. With each performance, the Silent Drill Platoon offers outsiders a glimpse of why. Author’s bio: Kyle Watts is the staff writer for Leatherneck. He served on active duty in the Marine Corps as a communications officer from 2009-2013. He is the 2019 winner of the Colonel Robert Debs Heinl Jr. Award for Marine Corps History. He lives in Richmond, Va., with his wife and three children. Editor’s note: This article was re-published in honor of Women Veterans Appreciation Day on June 12. It was originally published in the August 2022 issue of Leatherneck Magazine. After a recent visit to the Military Women’s Memorial and its education center, located at the ceremonial entrance to Arlington National Cemetery, a group of young women in uniform seemed to stand up a little taller and straighter than when they walked in mere hours earlier. At least that’s how the memorial foundation’s president, retired Chief Warrant Officer 5 Phyllis Wilson, USA, describes the visible boost in morale she observed as the noncommissioned officers absorbed the stories of the trailblazing women who came before them and paved the way. “Many of them had no idea on whose shoulders they stand and what these women endured to make it easier for the next generation,” said Wilson, who assumed her current position in 2019 after 37 years of service in the Army intelligence community. “It’s a great educational opportunity, and it’s empowering […] understanding the lineage, the collective lineage: not just by your branch of service, but what all these women have collectively done for us.” Officially named the Women in Military Service for America Memorial, the unique landmark, which recently reopened to the public on Memorial Day after a six-month closure for partial renovation, celebrates its 25th anniversary this year. It’s the only major national memorial of its kind, honoring the efforts of the more than 3 million American women who have served in defense of the nation since the Revolutionary War. And while it’s certainly a mecca of sorts for women who have worn the uniform, the small, dedicated group of staff members who oversee its daily operations emphasize that it’s important for all servicemembers and all Americans—regardless of gender—to understand the complete history of women’s military service and the barriers that women in uniform continue to break today. That’s precisely what the memorial’s 33,000 square-foot education center strives to achieve by featuring artifacts from its extensive collection of memorabilia, uniforms, diaries, photographs and more in a chronological array of exhibits that detail women’s contributions to national defense which began even before women were legally permitted to serve—or even to vote. From Deborah Sampson, who disguised herself as a man and joined the Continental Army during the American Revolution, and Dr. Mary Edwards Walker, who served as a civilian surgeon for the Union Army during the Civil War and is the only female Medal of Honor recipient in history; to the female yeomen or “yeomanettes” and the first Woman Marines who joined through the U.S. Navy Reserve and Marine Corps Reserve due to a loophole in the Naval Act of 1916, visitors to the education center learn about the women whose bravery and patriotism set the conditions for the progress that would slowly but surely follow. Another exhibit entitled “Sweet Victory” educates visitors on the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act of 1948, which came on the heels of the Second World War, during which women served in separate and distinct branches of the services: the U.S. Marine Corps Women’s Reserve, the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WACs), the Women Air Force Service Pilots (WASPs), the Women Accepted for Volunteer Military Services (WAVES), and the Coast Guard Women Reserve who were known as SPARs – Semper Paratus Always Ready. The act allowed women to integrate into the regular and reserve Army, Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force as full members and to serve during peacetime, albeit with significant restrictions: women had limited benefits, could only make up 2 percent of the total force, could not have children, and could not achieve a grade above O-5 unless they were chief of one of the women’s components. According to retired Army Lieutenant Colonel Marilla Cushman, who has been on the staff of the Military Women’s Memorial since shortly before its 1997 dedication and now serves as Wilson’s senior advisor, it’s vital that young women serving in uniform today gain an understanding of their collective history and recognize that it wasn’t long ago that they were granted many of the opportunities and entitlements they are afforded today. When speaking with these servicewomen, Cushman often uses the Supreme Court’s 1973 landmark decision in Frontiero v. Richardson, which allowed military women to secure equal benefits like housing allowances and healthcare for their spouses and dependents, as an example. They’re often surprised to learn, she said, that when Cushman was commissioned in 1972, she was not yet entitled to the same benefits as her male counterparts. Among the education center’s other displays are a case detailing the instrumental efforts of the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS), established in 1951, as well as a look at the various capacities in which women have served, ranging from American Women’s Voluntary Service on the homefront during World War II, to nurses in the Vietnam and women who served in combat roles during the Global War on Terror. A sobering display of 177 yellow ribbons pays tribute by name to each woman who has died in service since 9/11, and the newest exhibit, “The Color of Freedom,” honors the diversity of America’s servicewomen throughout history. “The Women’s Memorial is a living tribute to all who have worn the uniform,” said veteran Marine Dr. Betty Moseley Brown, who, while serving as the 19th national president of the Women Marines Association, was an honored guest at the memorial for the unveiling of an exhibit that honored the 100th anniversary of women in the Marine Corps in 2018. “The Women’s Memorial opened their doors so we could commemorate our history and weave their stories of those in uniform today and for our future. We are honored to have this living memorial,” she added. The memorial’s recent renovation includes an update to its office spaces, restrooms and, most notably, the transformation of its 196-seat theater into a state-of-the-art multipurpose event space known as the Vaught Center, a tribute to retired Air Force Brigadier General Wilma L. Vaught, the memorial’s founder and a pioneer of her time who was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 2000. After her 1985 retirement as one of the most decorated military women in U.S. history to that point, Brig Gen Vaught dedicated the following three decades to serving as the memorial foundation’s president. Wilson, her successor, often refers to the memorial as “the house that Wilma built,” and lauds the tireless efforts of the general who, now in her 90s, continues to serve as the memorial foundation’s president emeritus. After the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation was founded in 1985, Congress approved the story of women’s service to the nation, at its heart—literally and figuratively—is its “Register,” a central alcove of the memorial that houses its digital repository of stories of individual women’s service, to include their memorable experiences and awards and decorations. To date, they’ve collected just over 300,000—nearly two-thirds of which were gathered before the memorial even opened in 1997—and Wilson, Cushman and their team are on a mission to raise that number significantly by getting the word out to women who have served or are currently serving, or their surviving family members. Registration is simple and can be done by creating an account on the memorial’s website, uploading a photo and submitting the requested information. It’s an effort that retired Marine Lieutenant General Loretta “Lori” Reynolds, who served as the Corps’ deputy commandant for information and has been a stalwart supporter of the Military Women’s Memorial, believes in wholeheartedly. “So much of our history is the big stories. It’s the big stories of courage and those are important. But it’s the little stories of courage and service that don’t always get noticed. I think the memorial does a fabulous job of collecting those,” said LtGen Reynolds. Not only are the stories collected by the Military Women’s Memorial accessible online at its website, where they are frequently accessed by family members and researchers alike, but they also come to life in the Register room, where visitors can search their own names, or the names of family members or friends who served, which are then displayed on a screen. Often, veterans visit the memorial as part of an Honor Flight, and Wilson, Cushman and the rest of the memorial staff relish the opportunity to recognize the women veterans among the tour group by pulling up their “stories” from the register, calling them up front and center and reading their accolades and memorable experiences to the group. “Firsthand accounts are so critical to our database, to our researchers, to us,” said Wilson. “It’s so amazing what they tell us. It’s just stunning what these women are willing to entrust to us.” At the foundation offices just down the road from the cemetery, a “book room” is home to wall-to-wall shelving filled with binders that catalog all of the registrations that were received by mail in the years leading up to the memorial’s opening. Within them are handwritten stories, original photographs and letters from women across the nation who answered the call when their country needed them most. “Often we’ll have folks that say, ‘Well, I didn’t do anything.’ But you did,” said Cushman, to which Wilson added, “You served in the capacity that the nation permitted you to serve. Women couldn’t graduate from service academies until 1980. We didn’t have the first woman general until 1970 […] so there are a lot of things in very recent history that have changed and freed us up.” Frequently, family members come to the memorial after their loved one has been buried at Arlington and want to look up the deceased’s individual story of service. Other times, it’s the women themselves, many of whom earned the title “Marine.” Last summer, veteran Marine and former Private First Class Patricia Morlock Sanderson, who served in the Corps from 1954 to 1955, visited the memorial with her granddaughter. When a staff member pulled up her profile on the screen, Sanderson, in her late 80s, raised her sleeve to show off her recent USMC tattoo, which she got at the age of 85, and took a photo with her personal story “card.” In another instance, during an Honor Flight visit, Wilson had the opportunity to present a Marine veteran, Evelyn Kandel, who also served during the 1950s, with a complete uniform that she never received during her time in the Corps. The emotion on her face, said Wilson, was priceless. “It just illustrates the pride, and the enduring pride in service, of these women. What it meant to be able to say, ‘I’m a Marine,’” said Cushman. “Individually we can all say, ‘Well, what I did wasn’t much. If I had never served, the Army or Marine Corps would have driven on,’” said Wilson. “But when you see as a collective these different eras of women and the transformation over time, what has transpired, and you realize, ‘I was part of that!’ That’s what causes these women to suddenly sit up straighter, whether they’re in their wheelchairs or they’re 100 years old or they’re a young woman coming in and they’re at the front of their military career […] I think it just gives them a better sense of the lineage of which they are now part of.” It’s important to Wilson and her staff that even those who can’t physically visit the memorial are still able to benefit from its treasure trove of women’s military history. Artifacts from the foundation’s collection are on loan at numerous museums and the memorial also has traveling exhibits that make their way to universities, libraries and other institutions. In recent years, they’ve expanded their website with a 360-degree virtual tour of the website and launched a YouTube channel with an extensive collection of videos called “HERstory Spotlights” that feature various topics and individuals related to women’s military history. In late 2023, the memorial will close again for a second phase renovation, this time to its exhibits, which will be overhauled to include more interactive and technology-based displays. But despite current and future changes, the mission remains unchanged. “To embrace that legacy is so important to who you are, and to know that you’ve been part of this journey, and that you have been entrusted to carry that legacy forward,” Cushman said. At first glance, with their dissimilar camouflage and a red star on the tail, the F-5 Tigers on the flightline don’t appear to be American aircraft. A closer look will reveal “Marines” emblazoned boldly on the fuselages. These F-5s belong to Marine Fighter Training Squadron 401, currently the only adversary squadron in the Marine Corps. Stationed aboard Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, VMFT-401, the “Lucky Snipers,” are an expert team of pilots and support personnel who play an integral role in honing Marine Corps readiness through their use of dissimilar air combat training (DACT). In other words, they play the “bad guys,” and they are very good at it. Squadron History VMFT-401 was activated in 1986 in response to a growing need for DACT for Marine Corps aircrews. DACT places aircraft of different types against each other in simulated combat with the goal of providing realistic training and sharpening the ability of American aircrews to counter peer or near-peer threats. For this training to be successful, the adversary needs to present an authentic opponent, and adversary pilots need to be expert in the employment of “red” tactics as well as their own. Beginning in the 1960s, following losses in the skies over Vietnam, the Air Force and Navy began to develop and implement more intentional air combat training as they stood up their adversary squadrons. In the 1980s, as the Marine Corps adopted the F-18 Hornet, a fourth- generation fighter, the need arose for those Marine aircrews to train against a peer or near-peer adversary, and VMFT-401 was created. The first aircraft to come to the squadron were F-21 Kfirs from Israel. The Israeli pilots worked closely with the Marines of the squadron to integrate the aircraft, and the pilots trained with Navy and Air Force adversary units. In 1989, the squadron transitioned to the F-5 Tiger, a simple but robust aircraft capable of Mach 2 with a service ceiling of 50,000 feet. Lucky Sniper Pilots Today, VMFT-401 flies many types of missions with the F-5, all in support of the Fleet Marine Force. Though they focus heavily on air-to-air combat training, the Lucky Snipers also fly sorties to train ground defense units to hone their aircraft detection and neutralization skills, help train rotary-wing aircrew to counter air-to-air threats, and aid in the development of training programs. “Our job is to keep the Marine Corps from fighting the last war,” said Lieutenant Colonel Eric Scherrer, commanding officer of VMFT-401. “We don’t know exactly the enemy that we’re going to fight next, and we don’t know exactly what they’re going to do. That’s where I come in. I study that enemy. And so when I go, when I provide fleet support to squadrons across the Marine Corps, I’m going to fight them in a way that one of our peer or near-peer adversaries will fight.” As the Marine Corps’ only squadron dedicated to acting as the opposing force in simulated air combat, VMFT-401 most often provides support for Marine fighter/attack squadrons, fleet replacement squadrons, and for large scale exercises, like Weapons and Tactics Instructor Course and Marine Division Tactics Course. A defining feature of the unit is their wealth of experience, which greatly enhances their ability to carry out this mission. Each of the pilots is seasoned, having already flown multiple tours in the fleet. “There are so many deployments in the squadron. I don’t know how many combat tours or real-world tours that we all have,” said Major Joel Adolphson, a pilot with VMFT-401. “And the goal is to use our experience, our knowledge, to better train the fleet. There are thousands of hours of experience between everybody that flies here, so we use our experience and expertise not only to accomplish their training, but also to increase the quality of their training.” Pilots come to the squadron from all over the Marine Corps, including from the active-duty and Reserve components, integrating the individual skills and specialties they’ve developed over the course of their careers into the mission here. Major Benjamin VanWingerden, a pilot currently assigned to VMFT-401, flew the F/A-18 in Iwakuni, Japan, before coming to the Lucky Snipers. “China was one of the threats, and it definitely ramped up while I was there,” Maj VanWingerden said, “so we had quite a few briefs when I was there. I leveraged that when I got here to try to push to the local squadrons to up their training. Because we don’t want you to go out trained to a minimal threat. That’s the mentality I bring to the Snipers—give the hardest threat available even though sometimes they don’t like it. I’d rather have them survive than get shot because they’re not upping their training.” The squadron is also unique in its manpower. Assigned to the 4th Marine Air Wing, VMFT-401 is a reserve squadron with a roughly even mix of active duty and reserve pilots. “All of my Reserve aircrew are also airline pilots. They’re very, very good aviators,” said LtCol Scherrer. “They add a lot of safety and a lot of maturity to the squadron, and experience that you wouldn’t always have. So, I see it as a great gift.” Knowledge of Tactics Adversary squadrons, and VMFT-401 in particular, are characterized by a deep knowledge of the tactics of peer and near-peer threats. This knowledge is acquired through study and experience. The pilots not only need to know red tactics, they need to be able to employ them in order to provide formative training. “I’m very fortunate because all of our pilots are very experienced. They’ve done at least one full fleet tour before they come to us. So, they’re very well versed in blue tactics, and they’re very experienced in the airplane.” said Scherrer. “They have to learn how to fly the F-5, but they already know blue tactics, and they already have a basic understanding of what red tactics are. Then it’s just a matter of taking them from the blue side and indoctrinating them into the red.” To become expert in red tactics, every pilot goes through further advanced training to hone their adversary abilities, usually including either the adversary course at the Navy Fighter Weapons School, more commonly known as TOPGUN, or through Marine Corps Weapons and Tactics Instructors Course, where they’ll serve as adversary mission commanders. Each of the pilots also becomes a subject matter expert in a relevant field. “We’re very closely tied in with the 64th Aggressor Squadron out of Nellis Air Force Base,” said Scherrer. “They’re really the red adversary subject matter experts. Every one of our pilots goes up there to be a subject matter expert in everything from doctrine, to aircraft and missiles, to tactics. So, everyone that’s here, including myself, goes to train in that capacity.” After becoming a subject matter expert in a particular area, whether it’s a specific aircraft or weapons system, each of 401’s pilots can pass that knowledge on to others in the squadron and share it with other squadrons. They provide presentations on their area of expertise to pilots in the fleet and use this expertise to enhance the realism of their training scenarios. “Rarely do we have a vanilla problem for them to solve. Most of them are very difficult, especially for the weapons course,” said Maj Adolphson. “It’s extremely difficult sometimes, so that they’re better prepared when they actually go do the real thing, if that does happen.” The scenarios themselves are not difficult just for the sake of being challenging. It’s all directed toward the formation of top-of-the-line combat aviators. The squadron’s pilots use their knowledge to hone the abilities of aircrews and provide them with training experiences to call back to in the future. “Sometimes people say ‘red punishes blue mistakes.’ If blue wins every time, no questions asked, what will be masked by that overall win are execution errors or things that they could have done better. If somebody is always telling you you’re doing a great job, naturally you’re going to think you’re doing a great job, and you might get a little lax in your execution,” said LtCol Michael Webb, VMFT-401 executive officer. “Maybe we’re going to go to combat someday and that’s going to bite you. So, I see us as the best way to not critique blue verbally, but to give them critiques of themselves. And to build confidence in their airframe, confidence in their weapons systems, and an understanding of what they can and can’t do well. It’s our job to kind of pick at that perspective that they have, figure out ways to beat them so they eventually fix that gap and then they’re unbeatable.” Maintainers The pilots aren’t the only ones at VMFT-401 with a wealth of experience and expertise. The squadron’s maintainers are civilian contractors, many of whom have been working with the squadron’s F-5s for well over 20 years. “We’ve still got maybe 12 or 15 guys that have been here since 1989,” said Marcel Gaud, who has been a maintainer with VMFT-401 since July 1987. He and the other maintainers credit much of their success to this longevity. They’re experts with the airframe, and they work well as a team, drawing on each other’s strengths to keep the squadron flying. Like many of the other maintainers, Gaud is a veteran Marine, having served with VMAT-102 from 1983-1986 in the same hangar he works in today. “It’s longevity … most of us are Marines here. I really think that that has something to do with it. Most of us are former jarheads, and we have the bar pretty high.” Many of the maintainers are also able to cross-train in positions besides their own and qualify to operate in positions besides their regular specialty. Their work exceeds expectations, and it allows the squadron to keep up an incredible mission capable rate for their aircraft. This isn’t taken for granted by the Marines of the squadron, and the pilots acknowledge the maintainers’ skill as integral to their success. “Our aircraft health is very good,” said LtCol Webb. “We can have a pretty robust flight schedule because we have such a good maintenance footprint.” VMFT-401 hasn’t had a mishap since 1995, in part because of the dedication and expertise of the maintainers. “I’ve seen some amazing things done by just a group of six or seven of us,” said Gaud. “I’m very proud of the work we do here.” F-5 Tiger Though the F-5 Tiger isn’t a fifth-generation fighter, it lends itself incredibly well to an adversary role for fifth-generation fighters like the F-35. In addition to the exceptional skill the pilots have for mimicking adversaries, the Tiger is a platform for a handful of technologies that contribute to effective and safe training. One of these, the Tactical Combat Training System, or TCTS, allows pilots to track other aircraft in the training exercise through a TCTS pod mounted on each aircraft. The pilots also have access to “RedNet,” which is tied in to the TCTS system. RedNet allows for the real time tracking of any aircraft carrying a TCTS pod, increasing situational awareness and precision during training scenarios, but it also allows for playback. This is a valuable tool because it gives pilots an opportunity to debrief where and how they made their good shots on “blue” aircraft, enhancing the depth of understanding pilots have of their tactics, and helping them to refine their training scenarios. The enhanced situational awareness also creates a safer training environment in what can become very dynamic and crowded airspace. And the Lucky Snipers love what they do. “It’s almost like this finishing school for not just red air, but for being a proficient aviator,” said Webb. “VMFT-401 is everything I ever wanted in a fighter squadron. And we don’t have a gun, we don’t have any missiles, we don’t drop any bombs, but we get to do the fun stuff. All we do is dogfight; fight other people, fight each other, plan these large force exercises and go out and execute, and we have such a good enlisted component here. This is an awesome place to be.” Adversary units have an increased relevance as the Marine Corps looks toward the future. Later this year, VMFT-402 will be activated at MCAS Beaufort in South Carolina, increasing the availability of adversary training to squadrons across the fleet. The aircraft will also continue to develop with new technologies being integrated to provide the most realistic training available. And the Marines of VMFT-401 will continue to study, train, and perfect their role as red air, all with one goal in mind. “Just trying to polish the diamond, right?” Webb said. “That’s what we’re trying to do—to make them that much better so that the first time they see something in combat, they’ll realize they’ve seen it before. We’re just here to make the fleet better combat aviators in any way we can.” Author’s note: Special thank you to LtCol Eric Scherrer and the Marines and civilians of VMFT-401 and MCAS Yuma for their assistance with this article. Author’s bio: Patrick Reed is a historian and graduate of Abilene Christian University. He has a particular interest in the Marine Corps and Marine Corps history and travels to speak with World War II veterans about their experiences. By June 15, 1944, the Central Pacific drive of the United States had inexorably pushed the Japanese back toward their homeland. Throughout the methodical island-hopping campaign, the Japanese had put up stiff resistance, fighting furiously on the sea, on land, and in the air. Unlike the Marines, who had developed a combined arms team that included infantry weapons, artillery, and tanks as well as naval gunfire and close air support, the Japanese failed to integrate all their available weapons. Noticeably absent was any significant use of tanks or armor. That would all change with the invasion of the Mariana Islands. The 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions landed on Saipan on June 15. Japanese artillery and mortars were hidden on the heights overlooking the beaches. Small, local counterattacks attempted to push back the invaders. But the Marines’ combined arms teams dealt with each piecemeal attack. Despite more than 3,000 casualties and gains of less than a mile inland, in some places less than three hundred yards, the Marines had a solid foothold on the island. By evening, the Army’s 27th Infantry Division was landing. On D-day, the men of Lieutenant Colonel William K. Jones’ 1st Battalion, 6th Marines, came ashore on the extreme left flank of the invasion force. Known as “Willie K” by Marines, Jones led his men inland beyond the beaches, where the bulk of enemy forces were entrenched, passing a radio station with its tall tower a few hundred yards from the beach. The Japanese use of tanks on the first day was disjointed and uncoordinated. At about noon, four unsupported light tanks attacked the boundary between 1st and 2nd Battalions, 6th Marines. “Amtanks,” Marine amphibious infantry support vehicles mounted with a cannon, destroyed three of the Japanese tanks. During that first night, Japanese sailors attempted a small landing with a few amphibious tanks on the left flank of 2ndMarDiv. It was defeated by the combined arms of the Marines, in part due to a new weapon, the 2.36-inch rocket launcher, which would later be nicknamed the bazooka. The Japanese also carried out frequent infantry attacks that night, probing and pushing for weaknesses to exploit. Artillery, naval gunfire, tanks and 75mm guns mounted on halftracks supported the Marine infantry, and by morning there were over 700 Japanese dead near 2ndMarDiv and hundreds more in 4thMarDiv’s sector. The next day, Jones’ battalion continued to carve out the island’s terrain, flanked by 2/2 under Major Howard Rice. The men of 1/6 made way for the remainder of the 2nd Marine Regiment to land. That night, both Marine divisions formed tight perimeters and prepared for a Japanese counterattack. Lieutenant General Yoshitsugu Saito, the commander of the Japanese army on Saipan, issued an order for the 136th Infantry Regiment and the 9th Tank Regiment to “attack the enemy in the direction of Oreal (Charon Kanoa Airfield) with its full force.” In “Saipan: The Beginning of the End” by Carl W. Hoffman, Saito described the plan: “The tank unit will advance SW of Hill 164.6 after the attack unit [the infantry] has commenced the attack. The tank unit will charge the transmitting station and throw the enemy into disorder before the penetration of the attack unit into this sector.” Then, the Japanese 1st Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force would attack from the north, parallel to the beach, to capture the Charon Kanoa Airfield, which was well behind Marine lines. One Japanese NCO noted, “Our plan would seem to be to annihilate the enemy by morning.” This time, the Japanese had between thirty and forty tanks. Most were medium Type 97 Kai Shinhoto Chi-Ha vehicles armed with a 47mm main gun and a couple of machine guns. A few were the smaller Type 95 Ha-Go armed with a 37mm main gun and two machine guns. The tanks gave away their presence moving into their attack positions. The Marines heard the sounds of their engines, as well as the chanting and shouting of Japanese infantry, early in the evening. Due to poor coordination, the Japanese attack didn’t begin until 3:30 a.m. and the Marines were ready. Captain C.G. Rollen called for armored support as the enemy tanks approached the front line of Company B, 1/6. A platoon of M4A2 tanks from Company A, Second Tank Bn, and a section of the halftracks were dispatched to support the infantrymen. Rollen called for artillery and naval gunfire support. The Navy provided an almost constant supply of star shells, turning the night into an eerie bright daylight. Correspondent Robert Sherrod, in his book “On to Westward,” quoted one Marine who said: “The [Japanese] would halt, then jump out of their tanks. Then they would sing songs and wave swords. Finally, one of them would blow a bugle, jump back into the tanks, if they hadn’t been hit already. Then we would let them have it with a bazooka.” Major James A. Donovan Jr. executive officer of 1/6, noted: “Many of the tanks were ‘unbuttoned,’ [with their turrets open,] the crew chief directing from the top of his open turret. Some were being led by a crew member afoot. They seemed to come in two waves, carrying foot troops on the long engine compartment or clustered around the turret, holding on to the handrail. Some even had machine guns or grenade throwers set up on the tank.” Marine artillery and machine guns stripped away their infantry support. Then the infantry Marines took over. The armor of the Japanese light and medium tanks was so thin that, in many cases, Marine antitank rounds went completely through them. Several Japanese tankers became disoriented as star shells and tracers lit up the darkness. They strayed into nearby swamps and were immobilized, making them easy targets for the Marines. Donovan recalled, “The battle evolved itself into a madhouse of noise, tracers, and flashing lights. As tanks were hit and set afire, they silhouetted other tanks coming out of the flickering shadows to the front or already on top of the squads.” Marine infantrymen hunkered down in their foxholes as some of the enemy tanks managed to reach the front-line positions. Jones related in a June 1988 Leatherneck article, “One tank, leaking oil heavily, soaked a Marine as it passed over his foxhole. Another Marine, also lying low in his foxhole until a tank passed over him, jumped out and stuck a coconut log in its bogey wheels. The tank spun in circles. And when the bewildered tank commander opened his turret top to see what was going on, the Marine jumped on top and hurled a thermite grenade into the open turret. The tank blew up like a volcano.” As the battle grew in ferocity, Rollen was injured by the concussion of a near miss. Jones ordered Captain Norman K. Thomas, the Headquarters Company commander, to take over the command. Oddly enough, Thomas had earned a Silver Star on Tarawa in relief of Rollen there. Now, as Thomas advanced, he was struck and killed by fire from a Japanese tank. Sergeant Dean Squires saw the captain fall. He shot the Japanese vehicle commander and placed a demolition charge on its back deck—the resulting explosion disabled the tank. Corporal Donald Watson threw two phosphorous grenades on the back deck of a tank passing by his foxhole, then shot the crew as they exited the burning vehicle. Despite machine-gun fire from another tank, he retrieved a wounded comrade who was stranded in the midst of the enemy tanks. He would be awarded the Navy Cross. Two other Marines were awarded Navy Crosses by knocking out seven tanks with seven rockets. Private First Class Charles D. Merritt and PFC Herbert J. Hodges moved into the open, dodging from left to right and back again. Both were untouched by enemy tank and infantry fire. Private Robert S. Reed used his rocket launcher to hit four Japanese tanks. After he ran out of rockets, he mounted a Japanese tank and put it out of action with a grenade down the hatch. PFCs John Kounk and Horace Narveson stalked the enemy tanks. Ultimately, they scored hits on three tanks with four rockets. Machine-gun squad leader, Sergeant Alex Smith, frustrated that the bullets of his guns bounced off the tanks’ armor, left his Marines and moved into the open. Using the grenade launcher mounted on his carbine, he disabled three tanks in quick succession. Japanese artillery attempted to silence the Marine artillery instead of concentrating on the Marine front-line positions. This let the infantry Marines concentrate on the enemy assault. Marine artillerymen suffered many casualties but continued firing. During the action, Donovan noted, “The Japanese tanks … appeared confused. As their guides and crew chiefs were hit by Marine rifle and machine gun fire, what little control they had was lost. They ambled in the general direction of the beach, getting hit again and again until each one burst into flame or turned aimless circles only to stop when hit.” As daylight spread across the battlefield, Marine tanks and halftracks advanced into the area, finishing off many of the derelict enemy vehicles. By 7 a.m., the attack was over. Only one Japanese tank remained in action, but it rolled away into the hills. A call for naval gunfire brought down a barrage of 5-inch gunfire from a destroyer, which turned the tank into a smoking pyre. Despite the long night, Jones’ Marines began the day’s attack at 7:30 a.m. If all the claims of destroyed tanks were added up, including those of the infantry, antitank guns, tanks, and halftracks, they would have equaled over 50 tanks. After the battle, 2ndMarDiv observers counted 31 metal carcasses. Perhaps a thousand Japanese men were dead. Jones was circumspect, stating that if the Japanese attack on June 17 had been successful, it “would have been fatal to the division’s fighting efficiency.” For the rest of the campaign, Japanese tanks were used only in small numbers, the largest armored attack occurred on June 24, when tanks of Co C, 2nd Tank Bn, destroyed seven Japanese tanks near the town of Garapan. Slowly, relentlessly, the Marines and soldiers conquered the island. Airfields were secured, allowing B-29s to bomb Japan. The only major counterattack was a banzai charge on July 7, the largest in the Pacific Island campaigns, of 4,000 bedraggled Japanese soldiers, sailors, and civilians without armored support. They smashed through front-line positions but were ultimately killed. The campaign for Saipan ended with the island declared secure on July 9. In Oscar Gilbert’s book “Marine Tank Battles in the Pacific,” the commander of the Marine tanks, Captain Ed Bale, talked about credit for the destruction: “The argument has never been settled who destroyed the Japanese tanks, whether B Company [2nd] Tank Battalion or whether Weapons Company, 6th Marines did.” Sherrod gave credit to the infantrymen in an article for Leatherneck: “But most of the [Japanese] tanks were knocked out by infantrymen … who declined to get panicky. They waited in their foxholes until the moment was right, then they let go with bazookas or with antitank grenades. Some of them sat in their holes until the tanks rolled over and past them. Then they aimed at the weaker rear armor.” Ultimately it was the individual Marine, acting as part of the combined arms team, that defeated the Japanese in the Pacific. General Thomas Watson, commanding general of 2ndMarDiv, surveyed the destruction around 1/6 and pronounced, “I don’t think we have to fear [Japanese] tanks anymore. We’ve got their number.” The general was right; the Japanese never tried a large-scale tank assault in the Pacific. Author’s bio: MSgt Jeff Dacus, USMCR (Ret) is a retired Marine tanker. He is the 2020 recipient of the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation General Roy S. Geiger award. He is the author of the books, The Fighting Corsairs: The Men of Marine Fighting Squadron 215, Desert Storm Marines: A Marine Tank Company at War in the Gulf, and Perceptions of Battle: George Washington’s Victory at Monmouth. A shuttle van rolled to a stop across the street from the Belleau Town Hall. Out of the side door emerged an elderly gentleman, hunched over, his physical frame sharply contrasted by the fierce resolve propelling him forward. Protruding from his bowed head was a red hat emblazoned with a vibrant yellow USMC. His eyes rose to meet mine as I introduced myself and he waved his hand for me to follow him. The 82-year-old man was named James, and he told me he had been a recruit at Parris Island in 1959. He had dreamed of coming to Belleau Wood for over six decades. With his health in decline, it was now or never. Earlier in the day, James and his wife walked through Belleau Wood with the intent of “walking in the footsteps of those heroes from 1918.” James was adamant that their day end with a visit to the “devil dog” fountain. It was clear there was a lot riding on this moment, and he wanted it to unfold exactly as he envisioned. We walked to the iron gate, and after a woman from the local museum had unlocked it, James slowly pushed it open with his cane. He beckoned his wife to join us, and the three of us walked into the old farmyard. When he saw the fountain, James whispered, “It all makes sense. This is why we are the devil dogs. I knew we earned this title from the Germans in World War I, but now it all makes sense. I’m here because I’m a Marine.” James hobbled toward the fountain. His wife held his right arm, stabilizing him as he leaned forward to position his head near the water trickling out of the dog’s mouth. He removed his hat, closed his eyes, and craned his neck to drink from the fountain. He paused with his eyes closed, then turned to his wife and said, “I’m done. It’s complete.” His face was splashed with water droplets. He shuffled back to the van and climbed into his seat. After a few minutes, his wife joined him and we waved goodbye as the van drove up the hill. I was left to ponder what I had witnessed—and to reflect on James’ words, which seemed to imbue a profound sense of meaning. He hinted at a lifetime of reasons that motivated him to make a pilgrimage to Belleau Wood and the bulldog fountain. The fountain positioned him in a line of continuity existing within a sacred landscape. It reaffirmed an overarching narrative that as an individual Marine, James existed inside the collective. He and the Corps were one. I’m here because I’m a Marine. History of the Fountain The Marine Corps has long understood the power of place and the importance of inculcating a sense of connection to hallowed ground. Servicemembers of all branches are tied to particular places, but Marines are collectively tied to the same places: Belleau Wood, Iwo Jima, Chosin Reservoir, Khe Sanh, Fallujah. This list of sacred places includes the devil dog fountain, which has become synonymous with Belleau Wood. However, because Marines were never in this exact location in 1918, the site’s prominence is not grounded in historical events. Rather, it emerged from the confluence of geographic proximity to Belleau Wood, individual and group identity, rituals and rites of passage, personal relationships, devotion, and collective memory. The site is an exemplar of how once-insignificant places can evolve into pilgrimage sites—and of the symbiotic relationship that emerges between sacred sites and pilgrims. The fountain is located inside the village of Belleau on private property, formerly the 16th century chateau built for the Graimberg family. The current owners are descendants of Alphonse Paillet, who, in 1842, purchased the chateau, along with most of the hunting preserve known as Belleau Wood. Paillet sold Belleau Wood to the Belleau Wood Memorial Association in 1923, and it was dedicated as a shrine to the American Expeditionary Force. The family retained the chateau ruins and have been an integral part of the growth of pilgrimages to the site. The fountain is sourced by a spring-fed aquifer that supplies water to the entire area. The sculpted bronze bulldog head is more accurately a Dogue of Bordeaux, a hunting breed that gained popularity in France in the mid-to-late 19th century. This particular fountain was used inside the farm area of the chateau grounds and is an unlikely structure to emerge as a sacred site. However, its proximity to the battlefield and the significance of the bulldog coalesced into the birth of a Marine Corps shrine. Visits to this shrine are a relatively recent phenomenon, as Marines were not in the village of Belleau during WW I. There is a possibility that a Marine may have been held as a prisoner of war or treated in the German first aid station under the chateau. But, despite this, there are no accounts of Marines drinking from the fountain during the war. The historic silence on the topic of the bulldog fountain is conspicuous given its current prominence. It is particularly noteworthy because of the number of fountains established by Americans as living memorials after WW I, such as the fountain on Belleau’s main road that is dedicated to the memory of soldiers from Pennsylvania who died in Belleau Wood. There is no mention of our fountain in the writings about Belleau visits to include the 1920 Knights of Columbus pilgrimage, the dedication of Belleau Wood in 1923, or the 1929 reconstruction of the church that also serves as the U.S. Army 26th “Yankee” Division memorial. Brigadier General James Harbord, USA was incensed by the location of this memorial and released a number of press statements asserting that Belleau Wood belonged to the Marines. Had the fountain been important to the Marines, this would have been a perfect time to emphasize their connection not only to Belleau Wood but to the village of Belleau. Gold Star Mothers also visited the area as part of the U.S. government funded pilgrimages of 1930-1933, and there are no written or photographic records of them visiting this particular fountain. After World War II, veterans of both wars continued visiting the area, and the Yankee Division veterans again paid for repairs to the church, which was rededicated in 1953. Also visiting during this time was 20th Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Lemuel Shepherd. He was concerned that people were forgetting the contributions of Marines in Belleau Wood and initiated a plan to erect a monument, which was dedicated in 1955. It seems likely that Shepherd, along with other dignitaries, would have paid a visit to the fountain had there been an established Marine Corps connection to the site. The following decades reflect a similar lack of attention. Based on testimonies from Belleau residents and press pieces from the 1980s, it was sometime during this decade that Marines began to visit the village of Belleau and the fountain as an extension to Belleau Wood itineraries. In the November 1988 issue of Marine Corps Gazette, author Agostino von Hassell described Marines visiting the devil dog fountain and proposed an interesting rationale for why Marines were connected to the village of Belleau. He referenced an account wherein the Germans occupied Belleau in 1914 and encountered the “Hounds of Belleau” inside the chateau. During the subsequent fighting in June 1918, the Germans recalled their first skirmish in Belleau, which resulted in the devil dogs moniker. On July 15, 1990, Boston Globe sportswriter Bud Collins asserted that the Marines had bivouacked in the former farmyard of the chateau during the war. This is particularly interesting given the fact that the date of Collins’ visit to the location corresponded to the dates in 1918 when the Yankee Division liberated the village. Despite the historical inaccuracy of the Marines’ connection to Belleau, both authors linked fragmented pieces into one integrated framework. From this point, the village of Belleau was subsumed into the Belleau Wood narrative and fused together as one place within the collective memory of the area. This is illustrated by a conversation I had with a veteran Marine visiting Belleau Wood, who stopped me to inquire about the location of the fountain inside the woods. This man had actually been at the fountain and inside Belleau Wood in the early 1990s with a group from The Basic School but had forgotten the sites were geographically separated. At some point in the decades following his visit, his individual memory of the fountain’s location had merged with the collective memory of Belleau Wood. While Belleau Wood had been hallowed ground since 1918, the subsummation of Belleau into Belleau Wood was cemented by 31st Commandant General Charles Krulak during his 1997 and 1998 visits. Gen Krulak’s personal connections to the area ran deep—he grew up hearing about the battle from his godfather, General Holland Smith, who had seen action at Belleau Wood—and these visits sacralized the oneness of the landscape in four significant ways. First, he chose the battlefield as the setting for the 222nd Marine Corps Birthday film. Like a prophet standing in the wheatfield, with one arm seemingly reaching back to WW I-era Marines and the other arm extended to future generations, Gen Krulak passionately spoke of continuity, identity, and shared vision. He also effectively used water as a connective motif by saying Belleau Wood was “like a river that runs through all Marines and all Frenchmen … rippling through our souls, renewing us, sustaining us and fortifying us for the trials to come.” Secondly, Gen Krulak was photographed drinking directly from the devil dog fountain, giving a visual template for how future Marines would engage with the site. Third, he referenced his visit to Belleau Wood as a “pilgrimage of great personal meaning” and emphasized the importance of reenacting the journey of the 1918 Marines. Lastly, Gen Krulak acknowledged the local residents by presenting the fountain landowners with a Certificate of Appreciation, a powerful indicator of the importance the Corps placed on the site. Current Practices at the Fountain The devil dog fountain’s emergence as a sacred site is concurrent to the growth of pilgrimages worldwide. The practices there mirror those at other sacred sites involving wells or fountains. These places are often associated with healing properties, miracles, or divine connections, which makes them focal points for spiritual practices and pilgrimages. Pilgrims and visitors come to these wells seeking physical, emotional, or spiritual well-being and either ingest the water or immerse themselves in it. Over time, stories and legends associated with such fountains get passed down through generations. Like other sacred wells, the bulldog fountain is a center point of gathering for those who share a common identity and has become an important site for rituals and rites of passage, including reenlistments, promotions, and retirements. Moreover, the fountain shares another characteristic with other pilgrimage sites: an element of challenge or difficulty to access. The courtyard gate is locked and knowing how to access the key becomes part of the experience and affirms a sense of exclusivity. I spoke to a Marine sergeant who told me she had waited her entire life to be at the fountain. The fact that she was stationed in Europe was a dream come true, and being at the fountain was her sign that she was in the right place at the right time. She attributed her good fortune and life trajectory to the Marine Corps and was eager to send photos to her family and friends to show them how she made it to the fountain, knowing how proud they would be. Another Marine I spoke to, a captain who was a prior enlisted Marine, told me being at the fountain reminded him of the yellow footsteps at PI and how he was walking in the footsteps of Marines from 1918 and taking his place among all Marines. He said that he felt a great deal of responsibility to honor the Marines of the past. It is customary for Marines to drink directly from the fountain rather than filling a canteen or bottle to drink from. Either during the initial drink or the subsequent one, most Marines are photographed in the same pose as Krulak in 1998. If they are part of a group, they will often flank the fountain for a photo. These photos are subsequently posted on social media with the hashtag #BelleauWood, further cementing the oneness of the two places. The water’s meaning has evolved over time, too. Marines drinking from the fountain in the 1990s focused on the power of the water to extend one’s professional life in the Corps. Now, it is said that the water extends one’s physical life for 20 years. It is also considered the element that links all Marines to one another. Marines drink the water for those at Belleau Wood, for the current Marines, and for future Marines. Many Marines report taking home bottles of water from the bulldog fountain in the same manner as pilgrims do from other sacred wells. These bottles are treasured artifacts that form part of a collection that may include sand from Iwo Jima or one of the Normandy beaches. Not all visitors coming to the fountain are Marines; others such as civilians and non-USMC servicemembers frequent the site. U.S. Army and National Guard personnel visiting the fountain often recount contested battle histories and the evolving collective memory of the war. In many ways, this reinforces the fountain’s status as a pilgrimage site—contested narratives always characterize such places. The long-standing interservice rivalry between the Marine Corps and the Army is also a point of dialogue, with a particular emphasis on WW I. Soldiers often remark that the Marines were never in that location and jest that they will post photos in front of the fountain on social media with messages related to historical accuracy. There is also a sense that the Marine Corps has systematically removed the Army’s presence in the Belleau Wood narrative, and one soldier told me that the Corps was “doing what Marines do and making everything about themselves.” Soldiers visiting the fountain who know about the Yankee Division’s liberation of the village of Belleau also recount the actions of July 1918. In addition, they point out the weather vane on top of the nearby barn, which depicts a Yankee Division soldier with his boot permanently kicking east, symbolizing pushing the Germans out of Belleau. There is also a local impact resulting from the prominence of the site. The museum across the street, opened in 2008, retains the key for gate access and now has vessels for the water, similar to other holy wells like Lourdes. Local guides have incorporated a stop at the fountain as part of battlefield itineraries in the area. The fountain landowners remain central to the site and fund ongoing maintenance and access for ceremonies and cultivate personal connections with the diplomatic and military communities in France. Memorial Day The steady stream of Marines visiting the Belleau area rises to a groundswell during the Memorial Day weekend. There is a growing list of ceremonies for the weekend occurring across multiple sites, to include the German cemetery and the village church where a Catholic mass is held on Saturday evening. The recent inclusion of Marine Corps participation in this service is conspicuous due to its overtly religious nature, indicative of the evolution of pilgrimages in Belleau. During the 2023 service, there were contributions by French clergy members, local residents, and American military dignitaries. During the sermon, the priest referenced “martyr Marines” who died in Belleau Wood, which is interesting given the fact that the church itself is a memorial for the Yankee Division. During this service, Marines inhabit a space that was paid for by the sacrifices of their brothers-in-arms in the Yankee Division. For the locals, though, these Marines seem to personify the names of the war dead flanking the church walls. The Yankee Division soldiers, who liberated the village of Belleau, seem to have been reborn as Marines, a nod to the Corps’ powerful influence on the collective memory of the area in WW I. On Sunday, the culminating ceremony, infused with grand military pageantry, occurs at the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery. Similar ceremonies take place at all American Battle Monuments Commission cemeteries in France and all of them include military representation. However, the ceremony at Aisne-Marne is palpably “Marine Corps” in choreography, presence, and tenor. The list of distinguished guests continues to grow and is evidence of the increasing importance ascribed to the ceremony by French military and government officials. Moreover, the German Army has a burgeoning presence, and several German soldiers I spoke to shared that they were there to honor the war dead of “our allies” and focus on reconciliation. The Marine Corps understands the power of place, and the Memorial Day ceremony demonstrates a superior grasp of symbolism, ritual and narrative. Ceremony attendees from many countries fill the parade ground, and their gazes are initially fixed on the Memorial Chapel, ascending as a stark reminder of the human costs of war. Behind the chapel is Belleau Wood. Prior to the start of last year’s ceremony, visitors watched the Commandant and Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps descending from Belleau Wood, shoulder to shoulder with the Chief of Staff of the French Army and a German Brigadier General. Not only was this a powerful symbol of reconciliation between former enemies, it was also a reminder that the Marine Corps, which had been untested in the conflicts of WW I, matured inside the primordial darkness of Belleau Wood and emerged victorious. The speeches given by dignitaries mentioned the sacrifice and loss of life in WW I. This reality was made more poignant by the setting, which includes over 2,200 graves of servicemembers who died during the war. Death and burial are tangible at places like this, and the proximity of the cemetery to the battlefield creates an immediate sense of the gravitas of the toll of war. The entire Memorial Day ceremony was a well-choreographed display of order, discipline, and precision that sharply contrasted the chaos and carnage of 1918. As the ceremony ended, hundreds of attendees made a procession through the town, down the main street, and into the courtyard for a reception at the devil dog fountain. Like other pilgrimage processions, an amalgam of people moved together toward the sacred site. It was even more remarkable given the blending of military ranks within close proximity, which would not occur in any other setting. The climactic event was Gen David H. Berger’s arrival at the fountain, where he gave a speech thanking the local hosts, allies, and partners and mentioning the “sacrifices of those who fought here at Belleau Wood.” He posed for a photo with the other generals, who represented the military alliance amongst the United States, France and Germany. He reenlisted a Marine during the reception as well. Memorial Day weekend is also about the local inhabitants, often silent stakeholders in the pilgrimage saga of Belleau Wood and Belleau. During this weekend, the Belleau locals are co-creators of the experience; they renew personal relationships with Marines and other visitors and have a sense of agency in decision-making about the ceremonies. This agency is increasingly important as the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The added notoriety and people visiting these sites impacts the locals and, like other pilgrimage sites around the world, their voices are often marginalized. Many of the families have lived in the area since before WW I, and they have their own strong attachments to the sites. These attachments often reflect a different type of priority, function, and meaning than for American pilgrims and visitors. During the Memorial Day weekend, the locals also host Marines in their homes, and the relationships forged over decades are treasured by all involved. Finally, the fountain landowners have the opportunity to remind visitors of their benevolence and hospitality, while also ensuring a seat at the table regarding the future of the fountain. The Hero’s Journey The Marines fighting in Belleau Wood in 1918 engaged in a hero’s journey mirrored by an archetypal psychological process. They left their ordinary world for a call to adventure and reached a place known as “Hellwood.” After fighting with the enemy inside this Hell, they were bruised and battered; many were dead. The survivors emerged and returned home with the elixir of victory. Their reality set the stage for a new type of journey: walking in their footsteps through reenactment. Such reenactments began as early as 1919 as pilgrims flocked to Belleau Wood to follow in the footsteps of the heroes. And it was important for them to retrace the steps exactly as the events unfolded in June of 1918. However, the reenactments could only reach the resurrection stage of the archetypal Hero’s Journey through the practice of calling to memory the Marines and their actions—they could not return with the elixir of victory as their forebears had. Gen Krulak tapped into this need for the completion of the quest in his 1997 video. He provided a pilgrimage template as he moved from the wheatfield into the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery, while recalling the people and events of the battle. He was then photographed at the devil dog fountain drinking directly from the source of the water. This imagery sent a powerful message that pilgrimages were a sanctioned part of the Marine Corps experience and further cultivated the idea that places connected to the Corps could be spoken of in overtly spiritual terms. His use of the water motif provided further language to describe how Marines are connected to hallowed ground and that there is a life force that fuses all Marines together. The fact that the water originates from the same source as it did in 1918 carries deep spiritual significance. And Krulak’s language around renewal and rebirth set the stage for a shrine that could be visited and revisited by future generations of Marines seeking exactly that. For James, the 82-year-old Marine veteran, his visit to the devil dog fountain was a moment of completion to the narrative of his life that opened at Parris Island. He was looking to reaffirm his place within the collective, and it must have been reassuring to know that the memory of past generations of Marines lives on at sites like Belleau Wood. In knowing this, there is the comfort that he will not be forgotten. He had walked the battlefield and communed with the Marines of 1918—and the last step was that he needed to ingest the water from the sacred fountain. Within the fusion of the individual with the collective, I am here because we were here is interchangeable with we are here because I am here. “Here” is Belleau Wood, which now includes Belleau—their oneness understood through how average places evolve into sacred spaces through their relationship with pilgrims. James was a pilgrim reenacting the Hero’s Journey, and his final quest was to return home with the elixir from the devil dog fountain. He found completion, belonging, and continuity with the Marines of the past and the Marines of the future. He became fused with a landscape that emerged as hallowed ground. It is quite appropriate that Belleau means “beautiful water”—and the elixir pilgrims seek is the essence of the place. Author’s bio: Heather A. Warfield is a professor, researcher, author, and consultant with subject matter expertise on pilgrimages to the Western Front of World War I. She was a 2022-2023 Fulbright France Research Scholar at the University of Lille where her research focused on post-war pilgrimages to Belleau and Belleau Wood. While in France, she contributed to a number of staff rides and educational experiences for U.S. military groups. In addition, she is the series editor of Pilgrimage Studies and is the co-editor of the book “Pilgrimages to the Western Front of World War I: Historical Exemplars & Contemporary Practices,” to be published in 2024. Her book on pilgrimages to Belleau and Belleau Wood is forthcoming in 2025. Executive Editor’s note: In 2003, NBC News journalist Chip Reid embedded with 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines during the opening days of OIF. He spent six weeks living with the Marines and telling their stories to TV audiences back home. He developed a better understanding of what it means to be a Marine—he also developed a profound respect for these young men and the sacrifices they made. Twenty years later, Reid interviewed those Marines again. In this book he tells their inspiring stories of heroism in battle, camaraderie, patriotism and belief in the mission. Reid also writes about recovery from wounds—both physical and mental—and delves into the new appreciation for life that results from post-traumatic growth. We chose to publish this excerpt in this issue because June is PTSD Awareness month, and hope that it reinforces the importance of speaking openly about mental health issues. For information about resources available to veterans, visit: www.mca-marines.org/blog/resource/resources-for-veteran-marines/ Preface On Thanksgiving Day 2021, while driving from my home in Washington, D.C., to the Philadelphia suburbs for a family dinner, a souped-up pickup truck roared past me on I-95. It had temporary plates and two Marine Corps stickers, one on the rear window and one on the bumper. I thought: “Isn’t that just like a Marine. He just bought the damn thing and it’s already plastered with Marine Corps stickers.” That got me thinking about the most challenging, gratifying, jaw-dropping, and frightening story I covered in my 33 years as a journalist—the slightly less than six weeks I spent embedded with 3rd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, during the invasion of Iraq in 2003, as a correspondent for NBC News. For years I had thought that one day I would escape the journalism rat-race and write a book, but I hadn’t settled on a topic. “That’s it!” I thought as the pickup disappeared out of sight. For the 20th anniversary of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2023, I would write a book about the Marines of 3/5. As I drove, I thought of questions I wanted to ask them. Where are they today and what are they doing? Do they have families? How did their lives change due to their first combat experience? (It was the first combat for almost all of them.) What did they learn as Marines that helped them prosper in civilian life? Did they struggle with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? What do they think about the war today? When I returned home, I reached out to some of the Marines I had occasionally stayed in touch with and started asking questions. I found their stories fascinating and powerful—and they were eager to tell them. They clearly did not want their service and their sacrifice to be forgotten. At first, I thought I could get a good cross-section with about a dozen Marines, but word spread about my project and requests to be included started pouring in. Eventually I interviewed more than 40 Marines, plus several wives and grown children, whose experiences and insights were often as engrossing as those of the Marines. I was often surprised, sometimes stunned, by their honesty, how deep they reached to tell me their stories. On several occasions I heard the words “I’ve never told this to anybody who’s not a Marine, but …” I was deeply gratified that they still trusted me after all those years. Many of them talked about arriving home from Iraq and discovering that their families knew all about where they had been and what they had done because they had been glued to NBC and MSNBC, waiting for my frequent updates on their progress along the road to Baghdad. Whenever I appeared on TV, I was later told, the phone tree would “light up” with wives, mothers, and other loved ones speaking only two words before hanging up: “Chip’s on!” Of course, their passionate interest in my reports had nothing to do with me—it was because they were desperate for information about their Marines. Where were they? What were they doing? Were they in danger? Had anyone been injured—or, heaven forbid, worse? When were they coming home? They hoped to catch a glimpse of their Marine in the background of my live reports—or even better—to see and hear him in an interview. I interviewed as many Marines as I could convince NBC and MSNBC to put on the air. One of my most prized possessions is an immense photo book with “Marines” stamped on the front in gold letters. It contains dozens of letters and family photos from the Marines’ wives, girlfriends, fiancées, parents, grandparents, etc., thanking me and my crew for enduring battlefield conditions to report on their men. This book is a tribute to the dozens of Marines I interviewed, and to everyone who served in the Iraq war. Many of the Marines I interviewed also served in Afghanistan, so I think of this book as a tribute to all who served in those wars. World War II and the Iraq War, of course, have very different places in American history. World War II saved the world from fascism and dictatorship. The Iraq War, by contrast, is a war that many Americans, especially young ones, know little about. Many Americans who do know about the war believe it never should have happened. I had serious reservations about the war in Iraq even before it began. But I believed then, and I believe even more strongly now, that the stories of those who fight our wars should be told. Even if a war is unpopular, even if you think it was a mistake, our men and women in uniform put their lives on the line and answered their nation’s call. In writing a tribute to the Marines of 3/5, I believe it’s important to honor not only their service, but also their sacrifice—in battle and in the two decades since. Indeed, there is quite a bit of sacrifice in the pages that follow, including death in battle; death by tragic accident; life-changing injuries; and the whole panoply of nightmarish symptoms of PTSD. Also, of course, addiction, divorce, and suicide, which tend to plague the armed forces to a greater degree than the non-military public. But there is also much that’s positive and life-affirming in this book: heroism in battle; the intense, life-long camaraderie among Marines; patriotism and belief in one’s mission; life-changing traits learned as Marines; and the post-traumatic growth that often follows PTSD. For the most part, I have told the 2003 Iraq invasion story chronologically, from Kuwait to Baghdad, while interspersing that account with stories from the past 20 years about Marines who were affected by specific battles and other incidents along the way. It took only 22 days for the Marines of 3/5 to fight their way to Baghdad, but the effects on those who fought in that war have lasted two decades. As the convoy moved toward Baghdad and the Marines came under attack almost daily, I was awed by the fact that men as young as 18 and 19 were charging forward under machine-gun fire and making instantaneous life and death decisions at an age when my biggest worries were who to take to the high school prom and what courses to take in college. I developed enormous respect for their courage and devotion to duty. That respect only increased during my time writing this book. From someone who doesn’t have a military bone in his body, this is my small contribution to ensuring that the service and sacrifice of our men and women in uniform—even in unpopular wars—are not forgotten. Marine Families Tell Their Stories: The Martinez Family In early September 2003, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines came home from Iraq after a seven-month deployment. NBC News asked me to cover the homecoming of “my” battalion. I met Joe Klimovitz, who was my cameraman in Iraq, at Camp Pendleton in Southern California. We waited for the Marines to arrive, standing with their wives, newborn babies, mothers, fathers, and other family members, who profusely thanked us for our reports. In previous wars, those with loved ones on the front lines often went weeks or months without hearing a word. With our live and taped reports airing multiple times every day, the families kept their televisions tuned 24/7 to MSNBC or NBC. The Marines arrived in three waves with the last arriving at 2:30 a.m. The families of the final group had waited in a state of nervous excitement for more than eight hours. When the Marines finally got off the buses, Klimo shot video of the emotional reunions and I did interviews for stories that would air later that day. Looking at those stories years later, one of the lines I wrote stands out: “Many here say that after so long apart, getting back to normal will be hard work.” That turned out to be an enormous understatement for many of the Marines and their families, including Corporal Mike Martinez, who held his son Mike Jr., while I interviewed him and his wife Stefanie, who held their newborn son Scott. A photo of this moment is included in this book. Stefanie was overwhelmed with joy to have their family reunited, but Mike was stoic and distant. Looking at his eyes, he appears to have what is known as “the one-thousand-yard stare.” At the time, I thought that’s just the way Marines are. They don’t like to show their emotions. And of course, he must have been physically and mentally exhausted. In fact, though, as I later learned, the extreme disconnectedness of some of the Marines, including Martinez, was also a sign of difficult times to come. Almost 20 years later, I interviewed Mike and Stefanie Martinez again, this time on Zoom from their home in California. Their son Mike Jr. is in the Air Force and joined us on Zoom from a base in Italy. Son Scott, a Midshipman at the United States Naval Academy, joined us from Annapolis, Md. My first impression of the family on the screen in front of me was of the quintessentially happy military family—the proud father wearing a shirt with the Marine Corps eagle, globe, and anchor symbol, sitting next to his beautiful, smiling wife; the sons, Mike Jr. and Scott, both handsome young men proudly following in their father’s military footsteps. And in fact, I was right. They are a happy family. But it took a long time, a tremendous amount of patience, and a lot of love to get to this point. Mike had told me before the interview that he struggled mightily with PTSD for several years following his 2003 deployment in Iraq, so I approached the topic gingerly because his family was present. He told me not to worry about it. He was totally open to any question I wanted to ask. “They know 100 percent,” he said. All four members of this courageous family were not just willing, but eager, to talk about their struggle in detail. Their hope is that other families can learn from their difficult experience. Perhaps someone else who reads this—and is driving his family to the ragged edge because of PTSD—will seek help right away, instead of putting it off for 15 agonizing years. Mike said he had several symptoms of PTSD, including explosive anger. Just about anything could set him off. He had such a short fuse that his family was always “walking on eggshells.” Mike Jr. said there was never any physical abuse—but the mental abuse was at times, severe. His father could explode without warning. He said it was like living with a drill instructor. “We were scared. I was always angry, hearing my dad going off on our mom. Why is he doing this? Why is he like this? I didn’t understand at the time.” Younger brother Scott said: “It was something that we just had to keep going through and endure, despite the fact that we knew it was wrong.” There were some good times. Even some good years. “It wasn’t 24/7,” wife Stefanie said. “It would come and go in spurts.” But the bad times always seemed to return. Anger was not Mike’s only PTSD symptom. Many veterans with PTSD suffer from addiction. Mike’s addiction wasn’t drugs or alcohol. He medicated himself with food, gaining an enormous amount of weight and peaking at 340 pounds. That made him even more frightening. Stefanie said his attitude was: “I’m big and intimidating, and I don’t care what people think.” Mike said his mindset, before he sought help, was: “This is just who I am. I’m the big bad guy. I’m right, you’re wrong.” Much of that attitude was aimed at Stefanie, who says the hardest part was that she always doubted herself. “I always felt like there was something I did wrong. Everything I did was never right, and I couldn’t keep him happy.” She was often too frightened and confused to respond to his outbursts. “I would always shut down. I couldn’t say anything.” Her job, she said, was to try to keep peace in the household. When Mike was angry, she would sneak away to warn the boys. “Just stay away from dad, he’s in a mood,” she would tell them. “I was always protecting them so they wouldn’t get the brunt of the anger,” she told me, as her husband nodded in agreement beside her. Mike’s PTSD almost tore the family apart. “There were moments where I wanted to just give up and leave, take the kids and go,” Stefanie said. “There were many nights I cried myself to sleep because I just didn’t know what else to do. I was stuck.” She said three things kept her going: her sons, her faith, and her commitment to helping her husband climb out of the dark hole he was in. “Don’t give up. He needs you,” she would tell herself. “You have to stay. You love him. And I do. I love him to death. And I decided, I’m going to fight for him. I have to fight for him because he’s not fighting for himself.” Mike had sought help at the VA in 2007, but says they weren’t helpful at all. A nurse even told him he needed to “suck it up.” Instead, he gave up. It took him another 12 years to try again. For most people, New Year’s resolutions rarely meet with success, but on Jan. 1, 2019, Mike’s resolution was to get help. And it turned his life around. He started seeing a therapist who guided him through his time in combat and the horrors he had witnessed, zeroing in on one particular incident—the death of Michael “Doc” Johnson, the battalion’s first fatality in 2003. For years Mike had blamed himself for Johnson’s death, even though his reasoning made little sense. This is how he explained it: “When Johnson got hit, I felt like I failed. As a forward observer my job was to call for fire, to provide support for anybody who’s in need. I broke my radio; I could not maintain communication. My one job was to maintain communications. I could not do that. Because I failed, Johnson died.” With the help of his therapist, and the strong support of his family, he finally accepted the fact that blaming himself was absurd. “It’s the Marine Corps,” he says now. “… Things break. It was absolutely not my fault that Doc Johnson died.” That was the beginning of the end of 15 years of self-imposed torture over unfounded feelings of guilt. Eventually he reached the light at the end of the tunnel—and turned PTSD into Post-Traumatic Growth. Stefanie, who attended some of Mike’s therapy sessions, says his turnaround has been the answer to her prayers. He’s growing in ways that amaze and inspire her. He’s going to school, with the goal of trading his monotonous job at the post office for his dream job—teacher and sports coach. “He’s now in a very happy place,” she says. “He’s very content with his life now.” Mike calls it a “positive place,” a dramatic change from the constant negativity of just a few years ago. And he adds that there’s no chance he could have made the change without the love and support of his family. “They were my rock,” he says. He now has a new mantra: “Better every day.” A vast improvement, he says, over his previous mantra: “F— ’em.” Scott sees a silver lining on the dark cloud of his father’s PTSD. It taught him an important life lesson. “We saw firsthand what PTSD can do to those around you,” he said. “I feel like we have a different understanding than what the average person has.” Epilogue And here’s an update on Mike Martinez. During his interview he said he wanted to leave his tedious job at the post office and pursue his dream—to become a teacher and a coach. Well, guess what. He did it. In October 2023, while I was narrating this audiobook, I received the following email from Mike: “After reading the transcript from our interview, I wanted to update you with more information. I have now finished my bachelor’s degree program and I am working full time as a 7th grade math teacher. I also became the head coach for our high school cross country and track and field teams. I genuinely believe PTG is real but strangely must appreciate the PTSD that allowed me to rebuild myself into something that I never thought was possible. I guess it’s true that you can’t have a rainbow without the rain.” Author’s bio: Chip Reid’s journalism career has spanned 33 years. In addition to being embedded with Marines during the invasion of Iraq in 2003, Reid reported from Ground Zero and the Pentagon after 9/11. He has also covered stories on the war on terror from Afghanistan, Israel, Gaza, Uzbekistan, Egypt and around the world. Marine Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) represent a small slice of the active-duty component. Less than 1,000 of these Marines exist in the service today, with even fewer operating in capacities actually controlling aircraft. Though small in number, these Marines perform a vital “behind the scenes” function for Marine aviation, providing safety and order within their assigned airspace. The path to achieving the Marine ATC designation 7257 looks different from other MOS training pipelines. Following boot camp and Marine Combat Training, prospective ATCs attend entry-level training at Naval Air Station (NAS) Pensacola, Fla. Marine and U.S. Navy instructors teach students the fundamentals of air traffic control, tower and radar operations, and provide them with a baseline understanding of Navy and Marine Corps policies and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations. Graduates depart less than six months later as 7251 Air Traffic Control trainees. Each trainee receives an assignment to one of the 10 permanent Marine Corps ATC Facilities around the world, where the training continues. A controller’s credentials vary depending on the facility to which they are assigned. In order to control aircraft inside the assigned airspace, new trainees must complete certifications within an allotted timeframe from the day they check in. This process can take over a year in some cases. Because of this extensive training, ATC candidates enlist for an initial period of five years, rather than the standard four-year contract. During their training period, Marines are cleared to operate from the tower, communicating with aircraft actively landing or departing the runway, and the radar room, keeping an eye on the entire airspace and communicating with incoming aircraft beyond visual range. In a world where specific credentials are required to hold increasing levels of responsibility, Marine Corps rank structure matters little in deciding who performs what duties. Lance corporals on their first enlistment might act as tower supervisors, watching over corporals as they talk with aircraft and instruct sergeants or staff sergeants who just checked in. This practice is largely unique to the ATC field. Every duty station requires its own set of credentials to understand the specific airspace and the types of aircraft it accommodates. As a result, moving to a new location at any rank can be like starting over again. Career Marines can easily spend three or four years away from their craft on a special duty assignment such as recruiting, drill instructor or Marine Security Guard. Loss of currency, coupled with the requirement to obtain credentials upon return to the community, can be a daunting task. At the Marine Corps Air Facility in Quantico, Va., roughly 40 Marines control the airspace in shifts around the clock. Corporal Abraham Gamboa serves as one of the tower supervisors. “Painting the picture for the pilots will solve all the problems,” Gamboa said, breaking down the essence of his job in its simplest terms. Tower-related aircraft mishaps typically result due to a lack of communication between controllers and pilots. It is the responsibility of the ATCs, Gamboa explained, to inform the pilots of anything that might inhibit their safe landing or departure. During a Leatherneck visit to the tower at Quantico, Gamboa demonstrated this tenant of air traffic control with a sophisticated simulator. All kinds of variables can be entered to throw off the ATCs. While another Marine demonstrated how he would bring in a simulated plane, Gamboa manipulated helicopters circling, weather patterns changing, flocks of birds swarming, and even a herd of deer sprinting across the runway. “We sequence, we separate, and we make sure everyone abides by the rules to remain safe within the airspace,” explained Staff Sergeant Marcus Beacham, ATC Training Chief at MCAF Quantico. Controllers assigned to USMC air stations and facilities, like the Marines at Quantico, are also somewhat unique because they are non-deployable. They serve as permanent staff members of each Marine Corps installation. To deploy, controllers must achieve their 7257 designation and be assigned to an Air Traffic Control Company. These units fall under the Marine Air Control Groups of their respective Marine Aircraft Wing. Marines train for deployment in scalable units, from single Marines deploying as liaisons to allied airfields around the world, to a full company deployment into a combat zone. The capabilities they offer scale in relation to the size of the unit going forward and the gear they carry. This quality of Marine ATCs makes them the only branch of service with ATCs trained and equipped to provide expeditionary Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) services. Marine ATCs have accompanied aviators in combat since WW II. The first of these Marines served with the Marine Air Warning Group established in 1943, focusing their radar capabilities on providing early warning and fighter direction. Post-war changes upgraded and reformed the group into Marine Air Traffic Control Units (MATCUs). By the Vietnam War, MATCUs offered a full complement of all-weather capabilities. A small detachment from MATCU-62 served admirably in one of the most high stress and high visibility settings of the war. Led by Captain William J. Flahive Jr., the section of controllers and radar operators arrived at Khe San
4562	dbpedia	2	9	https://www.1stmaw.marines.mil/Subordinate-Units/Marine-Aircraft-Group-24/VMM-363/	en	1st Marine Aircraft Wing > Subordinate Units > Marine Aircraft Group 24 > VMM	https://www.1stmaw.marin…J_Twhd3WdQ%3d%3d		[ "https://www.1stmaw.marines.mil/Portals/65/mdmlogo.png?ver=FzMnbGM6KzbyDo35ll5VGw%3d%3d", "https://media.defense.gov/2023/Feb/15/2003162649/150/150/0/230215-M-HC389-0014.PNG", "https://media.defense.gov/2023/Dec/06/2003353147/600/400/0/231206-M-SX378-001.JPG", "https://media.defense.gov/2024/Jan/08/2003371690...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron (HMR) 363 was activated June 2, 1952, at Santa Ana, California, due to the demands of the Korean War. After the squadron’s activation, personnel of HMR-363 embarked on a rigorous flight training schedule with their newly issued Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters. HMR-363’s first deployment took place in January through September 1956. HMR-363 supported Operation Redwing (US Army), an atomic test series conducted at test site Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands, out of Eniwetok Army Base. Throughout the summer HMR-363 supported the atomic testing with General Support (GS) using both the Sikorsky HRS-1 and the HRS-3. Later in 1956, the squadron became the first West Coast helicopter unit to receive the Sikorsky H-34 helicopter and was re-designated as Marine Helicopter Squadron (Light) (HMR(L)) 363. Throughout the next several years, HMR(L) was re-designated repeatedly as small changes to her helicopters were made; on 30 June 1958 as Marine Transport Squadron (Composite), then on 29 February 1960 back to HMR(L). Finally, as all the Sikorsky HRS type helicopters were phased out, the squadron was again re-designated on 1 February 1962 as Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron (HMM) 363. In December 1964, a disastrous flood struck Northern California, and on Christmas Eve, 15 UH-34’s of HMM-363 deployed aboard the USS Bennington and rushed northward to the disaster area. General V.H. Krulak, Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force Pacific wrote a personal letter of congratulations to HMM-363 for their "relief of suffering and preservation of life." The intensification of the American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1965 necessitated the deployment of Marine forces to Southeast Asia. On September 1, 1965, HMM-363 and its 15 UH-34’s engaged in their first combat missions ever. The squadron’s initial troop insert was a combined operation with HMM-161 in moving the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment into a landing zone south of Da Nang. Close ties between HMM-363 and Republic of Korea (ROK) forces were developed in Operation FLYING TIGER. The famed Tiger Division was airlifted to Hill 78 in conjunction with the operation, which was proclaimed as the most successful Korean Offensive of the war to date. Out of mutual respect for each other, the Korean Marines also presented an award to HMM-363, a new insignia and the nickname, the "Lucky Red Lions." March 26, 1968 was perhaps the most disastrous day in the history of HMM-363. During a rocket attack, five squadron members were wounded and required medical evacuation. During the flight up the coast of Vietnam, the medevac aircraft was tragically lost at sea, killing seven people including the Commanding Officer, LtCol Frankie E. Allgood. The only survivors were the pilot and co-pilot who managed to escape before the aircraft sank in the coastal waters. In January 1969 HMM-363 was later re-designated as Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron (HMH) 363 and established in Santa Ana, California, equipped with 13 new Sikorsky CH-53A aircraft. The new "Super Bird", took over the role of the heavy lift helicopter in the Vietnam War from the now obsolete UH-34. The old workhorse of the war had to give way to the sophisticated jet turbine powered CH-53A. For the remainder of the Vietnam War, in addition to assault support, HMH-363 was one of the first squadrons to execute Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP), recovering several downed UH-34 and CH-46 airframes during the war. In December of 1972, HMH-363 continued to execute TRAP when they lifted HMH-361’s CH-53A that had crashed in a mountainous area near Saddleback Mountain. In September of 1973, HMH-363 performed the same mission again when a crashed CH-53A was externally extracted from a 4,000-foot mountain-landing zone. In early 1982, the Red Lions were well on their way to another outstanding year by receiving the Meritorious Unit Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy. Throughout the late 1970s and 1980s, the squadron participated in the Unit Deployment Program to Marine Air Group 36, supporting multiple operations, to include TEAM SPIRIT, EMERALD EXPRESS, VALIANT BLITZ, and BEACH CREST throughout the Western Pacific and Far East. During their 1984 unit deployment, the squadron accumulated the most flight time ever achieved by a deployed helicopter squadron. In April 1986, the Red Lions were awarded the CNO Safety Award for 1985, exceeding 10,000 mishap free hours and two years of accident free flying. As the sole CH-53D west coast squadron, the Red Lions participated in several exercises, providing support at Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twenty Nine Palms and Mountain Warfare Training Center Bridgeport, California. Always ready, in December 1992, the Red Lions participated in Operation RESTORE HOPE as the heavy helicopter lift support for Marine Forces in Somalia and the Joint Task Force, deploying 162 personnel and 10 aircraft in less than four weeks. For its outstanding service, the squadron was awarded the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, the Meritorious Unit Commendation, the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, and numerous air crewmen were awarded the Air Medal for missions flown during the four-month deployment. Returning to California, the squadron resumed its support of I Marine Expeditionary Force, conducted squadron-training deployments, and supported exercises such as DESFIREX and EMERALD EXPRESS. In 1996, HMH-363 was relocated to Marine Corps Base Hawaii in permanent support of 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. The squadron boarded the newly commissioned USS Boxer to sail to Hawaii, thereby consolidating all existing CH-53D squadrons on one station. Soon thereafter, the squadron established itself as the premier assault support helicopter squadron for Marine Air Group 24. In October 2001, immediately following the tragic events of September 11th, the squadron was ordered to reestablish the WESTPAC Unit Deployment Program at MCAS Iwakuni, Japan, and became the first CH-53D squadron in over ten years to deploy to Japan. The Red Lions participated in the Unit Deployment Program April - October 2003. The squadron also participated in numerous Hawaii Combined Arms Exercises (HCAX), Exercise ULCHI FOCUS LENS 02, Exercise COBRA GOLD 03, and Exercise Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 04. The Red Lions distinguished themselves by earning three consecutive CNO Safety awards in 2001, 2002 and 2003 for 20,000 mishap free hours. The Red Lions were further recognized in 2002 when nominated by the Secretary of Defense for the Phoenix Award for Excellence in Maintenance. The squadron supported the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit by chopping four aircraft to the MEU during June 2005 in support of the Global War on Terrorism. From late 2006 to early 2007, HMH-363 deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Based at Al Asad, this was the unit’s first deployment in support of the Global War on Terror. From 2011 through 2012, HMH-363 deployed to Afghanistan is support of Operation Enduring Freedom. HMH-363 was deactivated on 10 May 2012 at Marine Corps Base Hawaii. The squadron was then re-designated VMM-363 and activated as an MV-22 Squadron aboard Marine Corps Air Station Miramar as part of Marine Aircraft Group 16, 3d Marine Air Wing. Throughout their tenure at MCAS Miramar, the Red Lions supported the Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF), Crisis Response, Central Command (SPMAGTF-CR-CC) with TRAP coverage of Iraq and Syria. As part of the SPMAGTF-CR-CC rotation VMM-363 deployed to support SPAGTF-CR-CCs 15.1, 16.2, and 17.1. After their third rotation to SPMAGTF-CR-CC, and the squadron became fully acclimated to a regular diet of sand, VMM-363 enthusiastically conducted the move from MCAS Miramar to MCBH Kaneohe Bay in July 2018. Today, the Red Lions are an MV-22B squadron that will continue to provide Assault Support to the MAGTF. Throughout its rich history, the Red Lions have received countless honors and decorations for their ability to get the job done under fire. With such a tremendous legacy, there is no doubt that the Red Lions of today will continue to serve with the same esprit de corps found throughout its history in the finest tradition of Marine Aviation and the United States Marine Corps.
4562	dbpedia	2	8	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_Marine_Corps_aircraft_squadrons	en	List of active United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hmx1_official_insigia.jpg/46px-Hmx1_official_insigia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CH-53Ds_landing.jpg/250px-CH-53Ds_landing.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/CH-53_Super_Stallion_2.jpg/2...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	This is a list of all of the active squadrons that currently exist in the United States Marine Corps, sorted by type. Most squadrons have changed names and designations many times over the years, so they are listed by their current designation. To see Marine Aviation units sorted by command...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_Marine_Corps_aircraft_squadrons	This is a list of all of the active squadrons that currently exist in the United States Marine Corps, sorted by type. Most squadrons have changed names and designations many times over the years, so they are listed by their current designation. To see Marine Aviation units sorted by command hierarchy, see aviation combat element. Squadron designations[] The basic tactical and administrative unit of United States Marine Corps aviation is the squadron. Fixed-wing aircraft squadrons (heavier than air) and tiltrotor squadrons are denoted by the letter "V", which comes from the Spanish verb "volar" (to fly). Rotary wing (helicopter) squadrons use "H." Marine squadrons are always noted by the second letter "M." Squadron numbering is not linear as some were numbered in ascending order and others took numbers from the wing or the ship to which they were assigned. From 1920 to 1941, Marine flying squadrons were identified by one digit numbers. This changed on July 1, 1941 when all existing squadrons were redesignated to a three-digit system. The first two numbers were supposed to identify the squadrons parent group but with the rapid expansion during World War II and frequent transfer of squadrons this system fell apart.[1] Rotary-Wing Aircraft[] Marine Helicopter Squadron[] The squadron is responsible for the helicopter transportation of the President of the United States, , Cabinet members and VIPs. In addition to its VIP transport role, it is also tasked with operational test and evaluation (OT&E) of new flight systems for Marine Corps helicopters.[2] The squadron currently flies the VH-3D Sea King and the SH-60 Seahawk. These were due to be replaced by the VH-71 Kestrel,[3] however that program was cancelled in April 2009.[4] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMX-1 Nighthawks 1 December 1947 Headquarters Marine Corps MCAF Quantico, VA[5] Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadrons[] Heavy helicopter squadrons were first formed in 1966 when the Marine Corps began flying the heavy lift CH-53 Sea Stallion during the Vietnam War.[6] Their primary role is moving cargo and equipment with the secondary role of transferring troops ashore in an amphibious assault. Most of the squadrons have transitioned to the larger and more powerful CH-53E Super Stallion; however, three squadrons of the original Sea Stallions still remain.[7] The CH-53Es are the most powerful helicopter in the U.S. military inventory today.[8] Due to a reorganization in Marine aviation, HMH-366 was reactivated in 2008[9] at MCAS Cherry Point.[10] The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, refresher pilots, and enlisted aircrew on the CH-53E Super Stallion.[17] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMH-361 Flying Tigers 25 February 19 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[11] HMH-362 Ugly Angels 30 April 1952 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCAS Kaneohe Bay, HI[12] HMH-366 Hammerheads 30 September 2008 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC HMH-461 Iron Horse 15 March 1944 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[13] HMH-462 Heavy Haulers 15 April 1944 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[14] HMH-463 Pegasus 20 July 1944 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCAS Kaneohe Bay, HI[15] HMH-464 Condors 5 April 1944 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[16] HMH-465 Warhorse 1 December 1981 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA HMH-466 Wolfpack 30 November 1984 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMHT-302 Phoenix 1 November 1966 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadrons[] The Marine Corps’ light attack squadrons are composite squadrons usually made up of 18 AH-1W Cobras and 9 UH-1N Hueys. The primary missions of the Cobra is close air support, forward air control, reconnaissance and armed escort,[18] while the Huey provides airborne command and control, utility support, supporting arms coordination and medical evacuation.[19] Both airframes are due to be upgraded as part of the H-1 upgrade program which will see them get greater power, improved avionics and an 85% commonality of parts. When the aircraft are upgraded, they will have the new nomenclatures AH-1Z[20] and UH-1Y.[21][22] Due to the need for more light attack squadrons, the Marine Corps began adding new squadrons in 2008.[23] HMLA-467 and HMLA-469 activated recently.[10] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMLA-167 File:Hmla167 insig.jpg Warriors 1 April 1968 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[24] HMLA-169 Vipers 30 September 1971 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[25] HMLA-267 Stingers 15 February 1944 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[26] HMLA-269 The Gunrunners 22 February 1971 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[27] HMLA-367 Scarface 1 December 1943 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCAS Kaneohe Bay, HI[28] HMLA-369 Gunfighters 1 April 1972 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[29] HMLA-467 Sabers 1 October 2008 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[30] HMLA-469 Vengeance 30 June 2009 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[31] HMLA-773 Red Dog June 1968 MAG-49, 4th MAW Robins AFB, GA[32] Marine Light Attack Helicopter Training Squadron[] The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, refresher pilots, and enlisted aircrew on the AH-1W SuperCobra, the UH-1N Twin Huey, as well as transition to the newer AH-1Z Viper and UH-1Y Venom variants.[33] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMLAT-303 Atlas 30 April 1982 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA Marine Medium Helicopter Squadrons[] The Marine Corps' HMM squadrons first came to being in 1964 with the fielding of the CH-46 Sea Knight medium helicopter. They provide all-weather, day/night, night vision goggle (NVG) assault transport of combat troops, supplies, and equipment during amphibious and subsequent operations ashore. Troop assault is their primary function and the movement of supplies and equipment is secondary.[34][35] The CH-46 is currently being replaced by the MV-22B Osprey and HMM squadrons are incrementally being deactivated and coming back as VMMs.[36] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMM-268 Red Dragons September 15, 1972 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[37] HMM-364 Purple Foxes September 1, 1961 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[38] HMM-774 Wild Goose 1969 MAG-49, 4th MAW NS Norfolk, VA[39] Marine Medium Helicopter Training Squadron[] The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, refresher pilots, and enlisted aircrew on the CH-46 Sea Knight.[40] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMMT-164 Knightriders July 1, 1962 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA Tiltrotor Aircraft[] Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadrons[] Marine tiltrotor squadrons are new units operating the MV-22 Osprey with their main mission being assault support. The Osprey offers twice the speed, three times the payload, five times the range, and can fly more than twice as high as the helicopters it is replacing.[41] As the Marine Corps’ number one aviation acquisition priority, the Osprey is replacing the aging fleet of CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters and is a cornerstone of the capstone concept of Expeditionary maneuver warfare.[42] The Marine Corps is planning on transitioning two squadrons a year to the new airframe until all squadrons have made the conversion.[36][dead link] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMM-161 Greyhawks 15 January 1951 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[43] VMM-162 Golden Eagles June 30, 1952 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[44] VMM-163 Ridge Runners December 1951 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[45] VMM-165 White Knights July 1, 1965 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[46] VMM-166 Sea Elk September 13, 1985 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[47] VMM-261 Raging Bulls April 5, 1951 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[48] VMM-262 Flying Tigers September 1951 MAG-36, 1st MAW MCAS Futenma, Japan[49] VMM-263 Thunder Eagles June 16, 1952 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[50] VMM-264 Black Knights June 30, 1959 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[51] VMM-265 Dragons October 1, 1962 MAG-36, 1st MAW MCAS Futenma, Japan[52] VMM-266 Fighting Griffins April 26, 1983 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[53] VMM-363 Red Lions June 2, 1952 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[54] VMM-365 Blue Knights July 1, 1963 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[55] VMM-764 Moonlight April 15, 1958 MAG-41, 4th MAW Edwards AFB, CA[56] Marine Tiltrotor Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron[] The squadron is a joint Marine Corps and Air Force test and development unit. Its mission is to conduct operational testing and evaluation of the MV/CV-22 Osprey and future tiltrotor systems.[57][58] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMX-22 Argonauts August 28, 2003 Operational Test and Evaluation Force MCAS New River, NC Marine Medium Tiltrotor Training Squadron[] The squadron provides new and conversion training to both Marine and Air Force pilots and units in the use and maintenance of the Osprey tiltrotor aircraft that is scheduled to replace the Marine Corps' fleet of CH-46 Sea Knights.[59] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMMT-204 Raptors May 1, 1972 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC Fixed-Wing Aircraft[] Marine Attack Squadrons[] After World War II, the United States Navy decided to combine all of the functions of the scout bomber, torpedo bomber and bomber torpedo communities into the Attack designation.[60] On July 22, 1946, it released Bulletin No. 46-1543, which authorized the formation of attack squadrons; however, the Marine Corps did not form any until 1952.[1] Today, Marine attack squadrons fly the AV-8B Harrier II[61] and are tasked with providing close air support, air interdiction, surveillance and escort of helicopters. Because the STOVL Harrier can operate from amphibious assault ships, expeditionary airfields and tactical remote landing sites, it provides commanders with more flexibility in providing air support.[62] The Harrier is due to be replaced by the F-35B, the STOVL version of the F-35 Lightning II.[63] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMA-211 Wake Island Avengers 1 January 1937 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[64] VMA-214 Black Sheep 1 July 1942 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[65] VMA-223 Bulldogs 1 May 1942 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[66] VMA-231 Ace of Spades 8 February 1919 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[67] VMA-311 Tomcats 1 December 1942 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ 15 February 1944 VMA-542 Tigers 6 March 1944 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[68] Marine Attack Training Squadron[] The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators to fly the AV-8B Harrier II.[69] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMAT-203 Hawks July 1, 1947 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadrons[] VMAQ squadrons operate the EA-6B Prowler[70] and are tasked with providing electronic attack, electronic counter-countermeasures, radar jamming and suppression of enemy air defense using the AN/ALQ-99 jamming pod[71] and the AGM-88 HARM. Each of the four squadrons operates five aircraft and are land-based, although they are capable of landing on board U.S. Navy aircraft carriers.[72][73] The Marine Corps has recently solidified plans to install a next-generation jammer on the F-35 Lightning II. It has joined the EA-18G Growler as the launch platform for the jammer, which is scheduled to enter service in 2018.[74] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMAQ-1 Banshees July 1, 1992 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC [75] VMAQ-2 Death Jesters September 15, 1952 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC [76] VMAQ-3 Moon Dogs July 1, 1992 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC [77] VMAQ-4 Seahawks November 7, 1981 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC [78] Marine Fighter Attack Squadrons[] The Marine Corps' VMFA squadrons fly the single seat F/A-18A++, F/A-18C Hornet and F-35B Lightning II. Their primary role is to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft and to attack and destroy surface targets in all weather conditions. Each Hornet squadron operates 12 aircraft, while each F-35B squadron operates 16 aircraft.[79][80] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMFA-112 Cowboys March 1, 1942 MAG-41, 4th MAW NASJRB Fort Worth, TX [81] VMFA-115 Silver Eagles July 1, 1943 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [82] VMFA-121 Green Knights June 24, 1941 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ [83] VMFA-122 Werewolves March 1, 1942 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [84] VMFA-232 Red Devils September 1, 1925 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [85] VMFA-251 Thunderbolts December 1, 1941 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [86] VMFA-312 Checkerboard June 1, 1943 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [87] VMFA-314 Black Knights October 1, 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [88] VMFA-323 Death Rattlers August 1, 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [89] Marine All-Weather Fighter Attack Squadrons[] The VMFA(AW) squadrons fly the two seat F/A-18D Hornet. Their primary mission is to attack and destroy surface targets, day or night, under all weather conditions; conduct multi-sensor imagery reconnaissance; provide supporting arms coordination; and intercept and destroy enemy aircraft in all weather conditions. The current F/A-18s saw their first action in Operation Desert Storm after replacing the venerable F-4 Phantom II.[79][80] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMFA(AW)-224 Bengals May 1, 1942 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [90] VMFA(AW)-225 Vikings January 1, 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [91] VMFA(AW)-242 Bats July 1, 1943 MAG-12, 1st MAW MCAS Iwakuni, JA [92] VMFA(AW)-533 Hawks October 1, 1943 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC [93] Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadrons[] VMFAT-101 trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators to fly the F/A-18 Hornet while VMFAT-501 trains new and transitioning pilots to fly the F-35B Lightning II.[94][95] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMFAT-101 Sharpshooters January 3, 1969 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA VMFAT-501 Warlords April 1, 2010 MAG-31, 2nd MAW Eglin AFB, FL Marine Fighter Training Squadron[] VMFT-401 is the only aggressor squadron in the Marine Corps. It flies the F-5E Tiger II and provides instruction to active and reserve squadrons through dissimilar adversary combat tactics. The squadron is based at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona.[96] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMFT-401 Snipers March 18, 1986 MAG-41, 4th MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadrons[] VMGR squadrons operate the KC-130 Hercules tanker/transport. Their primary missions are aerial and rapid ground refuelling, transportation of personnel and cargo to include MEDEVACs and parachute insertions, flying the airborne version of the Direct Air Support Center (DASC) and emergency resupply into unimproved landing zones.[97][98][99] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMGR-152 Sumos 11 March 1942 MAG-36, 1st MAW MCAS Futenma, Japan [100] VMGR-234 Rangers 1 May 1942 MAG-41, 4th MAW NASJRB Fort Worth, TX [101] VMGR-252 Otis 1 June 1928 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC [102] VMGR-352 Raiders 1 April 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [103] VMGR-452 Yankees 9 September 1988 MAG-49, 4th MAW Stewart ANGB, NY [104] Marine Transport Squadron[] VMR squadrons provide search and rescue support as well as movement of key personnel and critical logistics support around the world. They also provide movement of high priority passengers and cargo during wartime in support of operations and other critical commitments.[105] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMR-1 Roadrunners January 1943 H&HS, MCAS Cherry Point MCAS Cherry Point, NC Unmanned Aerial Systems[] Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadrons[] VMUs operate the RQ-7B Shadow unmanned aerial system (UAS) which provides Marine ground forces with reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition. They also provide artillery spotting and can assist in search and rescue operations.[106][107] Since 2004, the VMU squadrons have also been operating the Boeing ScanEagle UAS, and has longer endurance and smaller footprint, but has a lesser camera capability with no IR pointer.[108] The Navy/Marine Corps has shown interest in the MQ-8B Fire Scout Vertical Takeoff and Landing Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (VTUAV),[109] which was originally developed to meet the future Tier III requirements of the Marine Corps.[110] Due to the high operational tempo of the VMU squadrons in recent years, the Marine Corps stood up VMU-3 in 2008 and VMU-4, a reserve unit, was activated in 2010 with the lineage of VMO-4.[23] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMU-1 Watchdogs 21 January 1987 MACG-38, 3rd MAW MCAGCC Twentynine Palms, CA [111] VMU-2 Night Owls June 1984 MACG-28, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[112] VMU-3 Phantoms 12 September 2008 MACG-38, 3rd MAW MCAGCC Twentynine Palms, CA VMU-4 Evil Eyes 20 December 1943 MACG-48, 4th MAW Camp Pendleton, CA See also[] United States Marine Corps Aviation Aviation combat element List of inactive United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons List of United States Marine Corps aircraft wings List of United States Marine Corps aviation support units List of United States Marine Corps battalions List of active United States Air Force aircraft squadrons
4562	dbpedia	3	58	https://gohighlanders.com/sports/2009/1/17/GEN_0117090003.aspx	en	The Mascot	https://gohighlanders.com/common/controls/image_handler.aspx?thumb_id=12&image_path=/images/2013/7/26/Bear_Head_StandAlone_Outline_CMYK_TransBack.jpg	https://gohighlanders.com/common/controls/image_handler.aspx?thumb_id=12&image_path=/images/2013/7/26/Bear_Head_StandAlone_Outline_CMYK_TransBack.jpg	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=3005086&cv=2.0&cj=1", "https://gohighlanders.com/images/responsive/main_logo.png?width=125", "https://gohighlanders.com/images/responsive/scroll-logo.png", "https://gohighlanders.com/common/controls/image_handler.aspx?thumb_id=12&image_path=/images/2013/7/26/Bear_He...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2009-01-17T00:00:00	The History of the UC Riverside MascotWhen UC Riverside opened in February 1954, it had classrooms, a new Physical Education Building, and a student body eager to	en	/images/logos/site/site.png	UC Riverside Athletics	https://gohighlanders.com/sports/2009/1/17/GEN_0117090003.aspx	The controversy raged throughout the opening weeks of that inaugural school year as different factions argued over what symbol should represent the newest UC school. Many wanted a bear symbol that could compete with the Bruins of UCLA and the Bears of Berkeley, while others wanted to go in a completely different direction, demonstrating the independence and uniqueness of the school. A total of 67 nicknames were initially suggested by the student body. The names ran the gamut, from the wild (Bearcats, Rams, Bisons, Badgers, Gorillas) to the uninspired (Rovers, Ramblers, Possums, Chihuahuas, Valencias). There were colorful names (Red Raiders, Golden Eagles, Bluejays, Golden Beavers, Orangemen), names befitting the area’s heritage and environment (Caballeros, Friars, Vaqueros, Rattlers, Scorpions, Pioneers) and names that were, frankly, just weird (Aphids, Rocks, Bondsmen). An election in November 1954 saw none of the proposed six nicknames receive a majority. While “Cubs” was the most popular of the six, many rallied against it because it showed the campus as a “little brother” to schools like UCLA and Cal. A write-in campaign, led by the men’s basketball team, was begun for the name “Hylanders,” a name suggested by freshman Donna Lewis. The name was changed to its current spelling and won easily. In recognition of her contribution to the university, Lewis received a lifetime pass to all athletic events. “Highlanders” fit the campus well for several reasons. The Box Springs Mountains, which stand behind the campus, were known as the Highlands. In addition, UCR is the highest elevation campus in the UC System. The name proved to be a solid compromise. UCR Publicity Director Howard Cook had a friend create an aggressive little bear wearing a kilt for the school’s logo, and the campus took on a Scottish flare as buildings were named after Scottish regions. There was a brief uproar in 1988 when the athletics department proposed changing the mascot to a human figure in a kilt, a plan that was quickly scrapped. But change was inevitable, and it occurred after the 1998 passing of the referendum that approved the move to Division I. Much as they had done years earlier, student-athletes took the lead, approaching the administration and saying that they “didn’t want a teddy bear in a dress” to represent them. The change took time, money and input from New York based SME Design, Inc., a logo development company. Several logos were designed, including one with a bear featuring a half-blue face in homage to William Wallace, the Scottish hero and the subject of the movie Braveheart. In 2011, the mascot was updated once again. Students voted online from 13 new designs and selected a new interlocking U and C logo as well as a streamlined version of the UCR mascot, featuring a roaring Scotty wearing a plaid Tam o' Shanter. Every school in the University of California System has some combination of blue and gold as their school colors. The colors were selected for the university by a committee of students at what is now UC Berkeley in June 1873. Blue was considered because of the sky and the landscape, the student cadet uniforms, and the number of Yale graduates who were instrumental in the founding and administration of the university.
4562	dbpedia	3	74	https://online.usm.edu/blog/college-lingo/	en	College Lingo	https://online.usm.edu/w…ingo-blog-01.png	https://online.usm.edu/w…ingo-blog-01.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1508770009441166&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://online.usm.edu/wp-content/themes/online-learning/dist/images/usm-logo_ca54cf43fb1f34eda540e86d3e6c8fb9.svg", "https://online.usm.edu/wp-content/themes/online-learning/dist/images/usm-logo_ca54cf43fb1f34eda540e86d3e6c8fb9.svg", ...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Josh Stricklin" ]	2020-03-23T16:28:06+00:00	A new school means a new lingo. We made a list of the most commonly used terms you see as you get started at Southern Miss!	en	/wp-content/themes/online-learning/dist/images/web/apple-touch-icon-57x57_0d266bc487a814da6f9640ea26fa220b.png		http://online.web03.usm.edu/blog/college-lingo/	Starting a new school is like traveling to a new place. It comes with new people, a new culture, and even a new language. Rather than spending your first days at Southern Miss in a state of confusion, we wanted to share with you our Rosetta Stone for college lingo to keep you sailing smoothly into your academic experience. Below, you’ll find a list of some of the most popular terms you’ll need to know as a Golden Eagle. Academic Advisor \| A faculty or staff member in your academic area who is assigned to help you with your academic planning is your advisor. Academic Calendar \| Found on the Registrar’s website, this calendar highlights all the important academic deadlines and campus holidays. Academic School \| Academic Schools are clusters of courses of study available to students at Southern Miss. Advisement \| Advisement occurs when you meet with your academic advisor each semester to discuss how you are progressing toward your degree, to finalize your class schedule for the upcoming term and to talk about your plans after graduation. Canvas \| Canvas is a website that you will log into using your SOAR ID and password to access online classes and supplemental material for your courses. Commencement \| Also known as graduation, Commencement is the ceremony that honors the completion of your degree. Credit Hour \| A credit hour is equivalent to one hour of class time per week. Courses are usually measured in credit hours, with the average being three or four. Dean \| A dean is an administrator in charge of an academic college or other major area of student life. Degree Progress Report \| A report that shows the progress a student has made toward degree completion. Disburse \| When funds (like your financial aid and/or scholarship) have been applied to your account in Business Services, this is referred to as a disbursement. The Dome \| The Aubrey K. Lucas Administration Building, referred to as “The Dome,” is the focal point of campus and houses the offices of the University president and vice presidents. FAFSA \| The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is required to be considered for federal student loans, grants, and some scholarships. FERPA \| The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) protects the confidentiality of your educational records. You must waive your FERPA rights in order for you parents or guardians to have access to your Southern Miss records. Full-Time Students \| This status refers to enrollment in 12 or more credit hours for the fall/spring semester and 9 or more credit hours for the summer semester for undergraduate students. Full-time status for graduate students is 9 or more credit hours for fall/spring and 3 hours for summer. GEC \| General Education Curriculum (GEC) refers to course requirements designed to help you have a general background in several areas outside of your major area of study. GEWW \| GEWW is an abbreviation for Golden Eagles Welcome Week, a week-long extended orientation program for all new students. GPA \| GPA is an abbreviation for grade point average. Major \| A subject or career field that serves as the focus of study in a degree plan is called a major. Minor \| A secondary concentration in a specific subject or career field is called a minor. OOL \| OOL is the abbreviation for the Office of Online Learning. OTP \| OTP is the abbreviation for the Office of Orientation and Transition Programs. Prerequisite \| Prerequisites are courses that students are required to take prior to registering for an upper-level course. Registrar \| The Office of the Registrar is responsible for the official records of all University students. The Rock \| The Rock is the nickname for M. M. Roberts Stadium where the Golden Eagle football team takes the field. Seymour \| The USM Golden Eagle mascot and hype machine! SOAR \| SOAR, the University’s online records system, is a website where you can add/drop classes, view degree progress, accept/decline financial aid and view grades. SMTTT \| The University’s official motto is “Southern Miss to the Top” and is commonly abbreviated, SMTTT. Syllabus \| Each instructor distributes an outline or overview of the course at the beginning of each semester. The syllabus usually includes course expectations, exam and project dates, and the instructor’s contact information. Transcript \| Your official academic record, also known as a transcript, can be obtained from the Office of the Registrar. Tuition \| Tuition is the amount of money charged for classes. Verification \| Verification occurs when the Office of Financial Aid requires additional documentation from you in order to evaluate your eligibility for federal financial aid. Withdrawal \| The withdrawal process means to formally drop all of your courses so that you are no longer a student at the University.
4562	dbpedia	3	1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagles_in_human_culture	en	Golden eagles in human culture	https://upload.wikimedia…olden_Eagles.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…olden_Eagles.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hunting_with_Golden_...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2016-05-19T19:43:11+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagles_in_human_culture	Mankind has been fascinated by the golden eagle as early as the beginning of recorded history. Most early-recorded cultures regarded the golden eagle with reverence. Only after the Industrial Revolution, when sport-hunting became widespread and commercial stock farming became internationally common, did humans started to widely regard golden eagles as a threat to their livelihoods. This period also brought about the firearm and industrialized poisons, which made it easy for humans to kill the evasive and powerful birds. The following are various reportages of the significance of eagles, many likely pertaining to the golden eagles, in early cultures and older religions as well as national and military insignias. Ancient mythology [edit] The Ancient Egyptian sun god Horus was depicted as having the head of a falcon, and was important as a deity representing the Pharaoh. Horus played an important role, too, as representing resurrection, being the son of his mummified father Osiris and mother Isis. The Greeks and Romans believed Zeus and Jupiter respectively to be represented by the eagle. Falconry [edit] Main article: Hunting with eagles Golden eagles can be trained to be highly effective falconry birds, though their size, strength, and aggressiveness require careful handling to control the risk of injury to the falconer.[1] They have been used in this practice at least since the Middle Ages. In Asia, they were reportedly used in teams to hunt such animals as deer, antelope and wolves. Concurrently in Europe, their use for falconry was typically reserved for emperors and kings, which is why the common names for the golden eagle in various European languages roughly translate as the “royal eagle”.[2] In the United States falconers seldom use golden eagles, as the similarly aggressive Ferruginous hawk is more available and provides a similar hunting experience with most of the same game species with lower risk of injury to the falconer.[3] The most common interaction of American falconers with golden eagles is in trying to avoid them in order to reduce golden eagle attacks on their trained birds.[4] The very athletic golden eagle is approximately as swift as the large falcons, is quite willing to attack smaller raptors when the opportunity is available, and is often capable of flying down a falcon or hawk. Experienced falconers will consequently not fly their birds if golden eagles are spotted, and usually prefer to fly later in the day when the golden eagles have typically already fed. The culture in which falconry with golden eagles is prominent today is amongst the Kyrgyz people of the Tien Shan Mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.[5] This practice is also culturally prominent in western Mongolia and Xinjiang.[6][7] There are around 250 active eagle hunters in Bayan-Ölgii Province of Mongolia, and 50 in Kazakhstan.[8][9] In these cultures, the golden eagle is considered a highly valued working animal which will be used for 15 years or more. Falconers carry their bird on a gloved right hand, usually with a wooden brace to support its considerable weight. In the Tien Shan Mountains, falconry mostly occurs in late fall and early winter. It is possible for up to 30 to 50 foxes to be caught by a single eagle during this season.[10] Full-grown wolves are not believed to be viable prey for wild golden eagles; they are too dangerous due to their large size and large, powerful bite.[11] Despite this, falconers occasionally use golden eagles to hunt wolves. The steppe wolf (Canis lupus campestris), a relatively small-bodied race of wolf at around 35 kg (77 lb), is the main wolf reportedly hunted by golden eagles in falconry.[10] There are records that some experienced golden eagles successfully kill subadult or even adult wolves.[12] However, even a well-trained golden eagle has a risk of injury so most falconers do not risk casting a mature eagle at an adult wolf.[13] Some wolves prove particularly challenging quarry: there is the tale of one that was injured by 11 successive eagles but foiled their attempts – killing each one – until it was finally dispatched thanks to the efforts of a twelfth eagle.[12] Heraldry and myth [edit] Main article: Eagle (heraldry) The golden eagle is the most common national animal in the world, with five nations—Albania, Germany, Austria, Mexico and Kazakhstan—making it the national animal. It is also a common motif in the national symbols of countries that have not officially made it the national animal or national bird. The reasons for this are various, but among the nations that use the golden eagle as or in a state symbol, there are two clear traditions that help explain the modern usage. Among European countries, the golden eagle was the model for the aquila, the most prominent symbol of the Roman legions and more generally the Roman civilization that had such a powerful impact on Western culture; furthermore, some classical Roman traditions were carried on by the Eastern Roman Empire in the Southern and Eastern of Europe and the Holy Roman Empire in Central and Western Europe, transmitting the use of the golden eagle to several modern states. This association of the golden eagle with Rome has also led to the adoption of similar symbols in other countries; for instance, the adoption of the related and physically similar bald eagle as the national bird of the United States was inspired by the conception of the United States as a modern reincarnation of the Roman Republic, a theme that recurs in other elements as well (including the prevalence of neoclassical architecture in American public buildings and the use of Roman terminology—such as naming the upper house of Congress the Senate—to hark back to the Roman model). Adolf Hitler used a golden eagle regularly as a symbol for the Nazi Party, including large monuments or statues on buildings and bridges as well as the pins worn on lapels of Nazi officers. In this case, the eagle was used as to stir up nationalism, since it was a longtime symbol (Hoheitszeichen) for the German Empire dating back centuries in use for the coat of arms of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire.[10][14] Another large tradition of using the golden eagle can be found in the Arab world, where the eagle is historically a symbol of power in Arabic poetry, and was according to legend the personal emblem of Saladin. The specific depiction of golden eagle legendarily considered to be Saladin's was adopted by the Arab nationalist movement, and currently appears on the arms of Egypt, Iraq, and Palestine; it had previously appeared on the arms of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990) and on the arms of the Libyan Arab Republic (1970–1972). The current emblem of Yemen displays a golden eagle, but it is not that of Saladin. Religion [edit] See also: Eagle lectern Eagles are often prominent in The Bible, though are sometimes mixed with carrion birds and are not specifically identifiable to species. As the most widespread eagle in the Middle East and Eurasia, certainly many said references must pertain to the golden eagle. The use of eagles seems generally heavier in the Torah or the Old Testament than in the New Testament. In biblical times, eagles and other meat-eating birds were banned from being eaten since their diet was considered unclean.[15] However, eagles are mentioned in the Bible as being admired for their swiftness,[16] great physical power[17] and their seemingly endless endurance.[18] Eagles are one of four dimensions of creation,[19] as a messenger of God,[20] and a skilled predator.[21] Eagles are also widespread in the Bible for symbolism.[10] For example, due to the perceived high level of parental care, eagles were associated with protection and even paralleled to God carrying the Israelites out of Egypt.[22] However, the biblical word for eagle is also utilised for the Cinereous vulture,[23] and it is likely that it actually is the subject of most of these verses. Many Eurasian cultures and faiths also feature eagles quite prominently. In Hellenistic religion, the golden eagle is the signature bird of the god Zeus, a connection most notable in the myth of Ganymede, where the god adopted the form of a golden eagle to kidnap the boy, as well as the eagle-like daimon Aetos Dios.[24] At least a few sources also associate it with Helios. In Norse mythology, the golden eagle sits atop Yggdrasil, the great ash tree that runs through the universe. A squirrel, Ratsatosk, carries messages and insults between the eagle at the crown and a serpent gnawing at the tree roots.[25] In many cultures, eagles were viewed as a link between terrestrial mankind and celestial deities.[26] Eagles were particularly prominent in Roman culture. Many banners, coins and insignias from Rome feature eagles. In Roman religion, the eagle was both the symbol and the messenger of the Roman sky-god, Jupiter. When an emperor died, his body was burned in a funeral pyre and an eagle was released above his ashes to carry his soul to the heavens. Eagles play a small role in Celtic mythology.[27] The eagle is said to be the oldest of birds, and a form that may be taken by a deity or other mythological figure.[28] In the Welsh tale of Lleu Llaw Gyffes, the protagonist escapes death at the hands of a hunter by taking an eagle's form and killing the hunter who assaulted him.[28] In North America [edit] In ancient North America, eagles were more prominent than in Eurasia. The eagle is still considered a sacred bird in many Indigenous American cultures. The feathers in particular are central to a number of religious and spiritual ceremonies. While most prominent among the Plains cultures, eagles are also held sacred in the spiritual ways of a number of Native Americans in the United States and First Nations Peoples in Canada, as well as among some of the peoples of Mesoamerica. Feathers are often worn on Native American headdresses and have been compared to the Bible and cross of Christianity.[citation needed] Some nations use eagle feathers in the construction of prayer sticks, doctors’ rattles and sacred medicine pipes. Per Thomas E. Mails: "in the mind of the Plains warrior in the 18th and 19th century, the male golden eagle flew above all the creatures of the world and saw everything. Nothing matched his courage and swiftness, and his talons had the strength of a giant's hand. The eagle was very holy."[29] The tail feathers of juvenile golden eagles are used in some ceremonies as well as to honor noteworthy achievements and qualities such as exceptional leadership and bravery.[29] several Sioux communities have an “eagle dance”, where the dancers imitate the motions of a flying eagle, accompanied by a traditional song for the eagles. Historically, plains warriors have not been allowed to use weapons when capturing eagles for their feathers. The most common method to capture golden eagles is to lay a trap, consisting of an earth-colored tarp, with a dead jackrabbit on it, over a pit containing a crouching warrior. When the eagle comes to land on the tarp, the warrior grabs the eagle by the top of its feet to pull it in and kill it. The hunter may simply take some feathers and let the bird go free. If the warrior fails to grab the eagle properly it sometimes results in serious injury to the human.[29] Among the Hopi people, one of two eagle nestlings (it is strictly forbidden to capture one unless there are two nestlings in the nest) may be captured and raised with great care, until it reaches an age where feathers can be taken.[30] Current United States eagle feather law (50 CFR 22) stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or spiritual use. Thus, the supply of eagle material for traditional ceremonial use can be guaranteed and ceremonial eagle items can be passed on as heirlooms by their traditional owners without the restrictions that would usually apply. Commercial trade in golden eagles or their feathers or body parts is not legalized by these exceptions.[31] In Aztec religion, eagles are associated with the god Huitzilopochtli. Eagle warriors were one of the two main leading military special forces of the Aztec armies. Postage stamps [edit] The golden eagle is the eighth-most common bird depicted on postage stamps with 155 stamps issued by 71 stamp-issuing entities.[32][33] Other uses [edit] J. R. R. Tolkien used an image of an immature golden eagle from T. A. Coward's 1919 work The Birds of the British Isles and Their Eggs for an illustration depicting Bilbo Baggins awaking next to Gwaihir, a giant eagle of Middle-earth.[34] American aircraft manufacturer Cessna manufactured its Model 421 series of aircraft between the late 1960s and mid-1980s, calling the type the Golden Eagle. Before every football game, Auburn University has a golden eagle fly around the stadium as tradition, despite the official school athletic name being the Tigers.[35] Kent State University, named the Golden Flashes, eventually refined the nickname to refer to a golden eagle.[36] Golden Eagle Syrup, an American syrup company, uses a Golden eagle as their logo.[37]
4562	dbpedia	3	62	https://www.pinterest.com/pin/majestic-and-powerful-eagle-names-to-inspire-you--1140395936874848051/	en		https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-04-25T11:13:11+00:00	Eagles are majestic birds that have long been admired for their strength and power. Their names are often chosen to reflect these qualities	en	https://s.pinimg.com/web…144-3da7a67b.png	Pinterest	https://www.pinterest.com/pin/300-best-eagle-names--1140395936874848051/
4562	dbpedia	2	96	https://github.com/microsoft/WSLab/blob/master/Scripts/LabConfig.ps1	en	MSLab/Scripts/LabConfig.ps1 at master · microsoft/MSLab	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/d53eb5c6f1fe4169bc27e9d0348cb1c8db870800a386a31047e61d050c54a275/microsoft/MSLab	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/d53eb5c6f1fe4169bc27e9d0348cb1c8db870800a386a31047e61d050c54a275/microsoft/MSLab	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Azure Stack HCI, Windows 10 and Windows Server rapid lab deployment scripts - MSLab/Scripts/LabConfig.ps1 at master · microsoft/MSLab	en	https://github.com/fluidicon.png	GitHub	https://github.com/microsoft/MSLab/blob/master/Scripts/LabConfig.ps1	Skip to content Navigation Menu
4562	dbpedia	2	4	https://www.2ndmaw.marines.mil/Units/MAG-26/VMM-261/	en	2nd Marine Aircraft Wing > Units > MAG	https://media.defense.go…M-VG080-0001.JPG		[ "https://www.2ndmaw.marines.mil/Portals/7/mdmlogo.png?ver=IOix9bqVcCxzMPo_pd3L3w%3d%3d", "https://media.defense.gov/2020/Oct/22/2003412261/150/150/0/201022-M-VG080-0004.PNG", "https://media.defense.gov/2022/Jun/24/2003407379/600/400/0/220624-M-VG080-0001.JPG", "https://media.defense.gov/2022/Aug/11/2003407380...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/Portals/7/favicon.ico?ver=ZQikU4c5sJtDJmXSFqyYKg%3d%3d		null	History Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron (HMR) 261, the "Raging Bulls", was activated on 5 April, 1951 at MCAS Cherry Point, N.C. Throughout its history, the squadron has carried the tail code of "EM" on its aircraft. In 1954, the squadron moved from Cherry Point to MCAS New River. Two years later, it was redesignated Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron (Light) (HMR(L)) to reflect the acquisition of HUS helicopters to replace its HRS-1 helicopters. The squadron was, during this period, the first helicopter squadron to conduct troop lifts on the East coast. In 1959, the Bulls deployed to Okinawa, Japan before returning to New River the next year. The squadron returned to Japan in 1961 and received its designation as Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron (HMM) 261. By that time the Bulls were flying the H-34 helicopter. In 1963, the Bulls were assigned to Marine Aircraft Group (MAG) 16, based in DaNang, Republic of Vietnam. During their time at DaNang, HMM-261 conducted combat operations and delivered troops and supplies throughout the operating area. Over 80 Bulls received Air Medals for actions during this tour in Vietnam. In 1964, the squadron deployed aboard the USS Valley Forge as part of the Ready Landing Force in the Western Pacific, and was afterwards shore-based at MCAS Futenma, Okinawa. Following an active West PAC tour, HMM-261 returned to New River. The squadron returned to Vietnam a year later for the second of three eventual tours. During this tour and the subsequent tour in 1965-1966, the Bulls operated from DaNang, Marble Mountain, ChuLai, and the USS Valley Forge. The squadron continued to fly the H-34 helicopter throughout both tours, and participated in several major offensives including: OPERATIONS DOUBLE EAGLE, UTAH, NEVADA, TEXAS, and HOT SPRINGS. Throughout the 1965-1966 tour, the Bulls flew over 11,589 combat hours, 38,090 combat sorties, transported 47,522 troops into combat and 2,315 wounded. Many of the aircraft were shot up during troop insertions. The helicopters were hit 273 times. Because of their actions, the squadron was awarded the Presidential Unit Award (1st MAW) and the Navy Unit Commendation. Many of the pilots also received awards for their heroism which included the Navy Cross, Silver Stars, Distinguished Flying Crosses, Air Medals, Bronze Stars, Navy Commendations, Purple Hearts and Vietnamese Crosses of Gallantry. In 1966 the Bulls came home to New River again. During the late 1960's the squadron accepted their first brand-new CH-46 Sea Knight helicopter. Throughout the 1970's, the Bulls participated in various training exercises in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Caribbean regions. It was during this time that the squadron added to their nickname and became the "Raging Bulls". In 1982, the Raging Bulls deployed to Beirut, Lebanon. In October 1982, the squadron was about to be deployed again to Beirut, but was diverted to the Caribbean for the invasion of Grenada, code-named OPERATION URGENT FURY. There, the squadron provided assault support during the initial landings and subsequent operations ashore. Two AH-1 Cobras were shot down and three squadron pilots killed during the invasion. Two CH-46 helicopters were also shot down. Several hundred American students received their rides to safety aboard Raging Bull aircraft. Following this operation, HMM-261 deployed to war-ravaged Beirut. While stationed off Beirut, the squadron conducted missions in support of the 22D Marine Amphibious Unit ashore following the bombing of the Marine Barracks, and flew over 800 American and Lebanese citizens to safety. From 1983-1990, the Raging Bulls continued to make Mediterranean cruises as part of Marine Amphibious Units (MAU), and later Marine Expeditionary Units (MEU). In 1990, while part of a 22D MEU, the squadron took part in OPERATION SHARP EDGE which consisted of the evacuation and protection of American citizens in Liberia. In January 1991, following a quick turnaround in New River, the squadron deployed to Saudi Arabia for OPERATIONS DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM. With the ground war in full swing, the Raging Bulls flew numerous medevac and assault support missions in support of 2D Marine Division. The squadron returned home to New River in April 1991. In October 1992, the squadron deployed as the aviation combat element (ACE) of 22D MEU. During this deployment, the squadron was part of OPERATION PROVIDE PROMISE. The Bulls assumed primary search and rescue (SAR) responsibility of all United Nations flights flying relief into war-torn Sarajevo. The Bulls remained at sea for 66 consecutive days on 24 hour alert. The Bulls returned back to the New River in April. The squadron once again chopped to 22D MEU in October 1994. During this deployment, the Bulls returned to the Adriatic Sea and supported OPERATIONS DENY FLIGHT and PROVIDE PROMISE. Once again, they assumed primary SAR responsibility for all United Nations flights flying into the former Yugoslavia. The Bulls would return home that following April. In November 1996, the squadron was attached to 22D MEU for a Landing Force 6th Fleet (LF6F) Mediterranean Sea deployment. Pre-deployment training took the squadron from New River to Charleston, South Carolina, Fort Eustis, Virginia, and several times to the USS KEARSARGE off the Onslow County coast. Following this, the squadron and the MEU were declared Special Operations Capable (SOC) and ready for the deployment. In April 1997, HMM-261 (REIN) departed for LF6F 97-2 two weeks early to be on station in preparation for a pending Noncombatant Evacuation Operation (NEO) in the country of Zaire, leaving behind a detachment of (4) CH-46's and (2) UH-1N's to board the USS Ponce (LPD- 15). The 22D MEU Forward, which included HMM-261(REIN) Det. A, departed on time and entered the Mediterranean Sea to cover the 22D MEU's commitments. During the deployment, the main body of the 22D MEU participated in two major operations: OPERATION GUARDIAN RETRIEVAL, operating out of Brazzaville, Congo; and OPERATION NOBLE OBELISK, in Freetown, Sierra Leone, which resulted in the evacuation of more than 2,500 American citizens and foreign nationals. Meanwhile, HMM-261 (REIN)'s Detachment A participated in OPERATION SILVER WAKE in Tirana, Albania while still managing to conduct nine joint exercises with nations bordering the Mediterranean Sea. HMM-261 returned to New River in October of 1997. A year later, HMM-261 would be called upon to help provide hurricane relief in Puerto Rico. The squadron returned later that month to prepare for their next deployment. In September of 1999, HMM-261 was forced to move their aircraft to Norfolk to avoid Hurricane Fran. The squadron returned on the heels of the hurricane in order to complete their on-load for deployment with 22D MEU. Their first exercise was BRIGHT STAR in Egypt, where the squadron participated in the largest multinational exercise since the Gulf War. Two months later, they traveled to Israel to be on stand-by for contingency operations into the former Republic of Yugoslavia. HMM-261 returned in March of 2000 where they would prepare for their next deployment in 2002. In February 2002, HMM-261 (REIN) once again embarked aboard ARG (Amphibious Ready Group) shipping in support of LF6F. Exercises to prepare for further operations in the 5th Fleet became the priority early in the deployment. The squadron Harriers participated in OPERATION INFINITE ANVIL while the ARG participated in exercises in the Horn of Africa. A permanent detachment of squadron aircraft aboard the USS Trenton participated in Exercise Sea Eagle while also sharing a milestone by making the LPDs 50,000 Class A mishap free landing. Early in June 2002, the 22D MEU prepared for a NEO in Pakistan due to the increased tension between Pakistan and India. It was called upon again the next month to conduct operations in support of OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM. Once off the coast of Pakistan, the MEU continued to plan for interdiction operations in Afghanistan. Concurrently, AV-8s flew the MEUs first reconnaissance flights over the country. Advanced parties were dispatched into Pakistan to conduct liaison with host nation agencies. In August, the ARG transited the Suez Canal bound for North Carolina. The year 2003 brought about pre-deployment planning for OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM II, as well as administrative and logistical preparations for Desert Talon at MAWTS-1 Yuma, Arizona. Upon completion of Desert Talon in January 2004, HMM-261 embarked aboard the USS BATAAN, which carried the squadron and its assets to the Middle East. Upon arriving in the Persian Gulf, HMM 261 flew into First Marine Expeditionary Forces Area of Operation, where it was attached to the Third Marine Air Wing at Marine Corps Air Station, Al Asad. While in Iraq, HMM-261 was fully engaged in various operations in support of OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM II. The squadron continued to perform direct support missions in the form of Casualty Evacuation (CASEVAC), Command and Control (C&C) standby, general support, re-supply, troop movements, VIP lifts and Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP)/Quick Reaction Force (QRF) during the day and night. In September 2004, HMM-261 returned to MCAS, New River, where it was attached to Marine Aircraft Group 29. During the deployment, HMM-261 successfully completed over 2,000 Aviation Support Requests (ASRs), transported 8,358 passengers and 815,274 lbs of cargo, flew 3,058.2 hours and executed 1,941 sorties, with zero combat casualties or loss of any aircraft. HMM-261 joined 22D MEU early in May to begin their pre-deployment training. In step with MEU and SOTG Planning, the Bulls reshaped their work-up training with the CENTCOM Theater Planning guidance. The focus was re-prioritized from traditional MEU (SOC) Mission Essential Task Lists (METL) to include stability and combat operations in Iraq, a focus on Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) and Visit, Board, Search and Seizure (VBSS). With this, the squadron preemptively conducted multiple exercises rehearsing the R2P2 process. This was followed by the MEU (SOC) workshop where the MEU defined its planning process. Immediately following the MEU (SOC) workshop, the Bulls conducted an extensive two-week Raid Training Package with 1st Battalion 2d Marines, flying multiple full mission profile raids. During June and July, the squadrons operational tempo increased with multiple MEU exercises. In June, the squadron sent aircrew detachments to Fort A.P. Hill and Expeditionary Strike Group Interoperability Exercise (ESGINT) aboard the USS NASSAU. In July, the squadron completed VBSS training. During the course, the squadron practiced inserting the Maritime Special Purpose Force aboard ships. Two weeks after VBSS, the Raging Bulls headed to Savannah, Georgia for Training in an Urban Environment Exercise (TRUEX). With ACE support, the MSPF received their certification, a highly unusual accomplishment so early in the work-up training cycle. The peak of the training cycle came in August. Returning from TRUEX, the squadron had one week to prepare and embark aboard the USS NASSAU for the Expeditionary Strike Group Exercise (ESGEX). The Raging Bulls finished their pre-deployment training early in October with the completion of CERTEX. Overall, the 22D MEU had far exceeded their expectations. An SOTG evaluator described this as one of the best MEU work-ups seen. On November 8, 2005 HMM-261 (REIN) began their deployment. The squadron spent twenty six days aboard the USS NASSAU before they arrived off the coast of Kuwait. On December 20th, HMM -261 (REIN) began its offload to Al Asad, Iraq. The fly-in took four days. Three days after their arrival, the Raging Bulls began to impact combat operations in Iraq by flying Assault Support, Close Air Support, Armed Reconnaissance, and Escort Missions. Within the first four days of combat operations, the Raging Bulls would fly 454 hours and 273 sorties. The squadron conducted 194 Assault Support Requests (ASR) and 23 Joint Tactical Air Requests (JTAR). Flying both day and night, missions were conducted from the western border of Iraq to Baghdad. The squadrons fixed wing and attack helicopter assets were responsible for Convoy Escort, Armed Reconnaissance, Close Air Support and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR). The assault aircraft lifted 623 passengers and 76,600 lbs of cargo. With the pilots collective experience from previous deployments in Iraq, the Bulls made a rapid transition from theater familiarization to combat operations. The Raging Bulls were relentless, pressing forward into the New Year. From January 1st until February 18th 2006, the squadron flew over 2,700 combined combat hours for all type model series (T/M/S). Over 4,700 passengers and 290,000 lbs of cargo were transported during this period. With experience gained during the MEU work-ups, the squadron was able to fly any assigned mission with complete integration of all T/M/S. A mission of note occurred in January. A total of 11 aircraft were used in a helo raid to capture insurgents. The result of the mission was nine terrorist captured that had been linked with the production of IEDs that had been used around the local area. The Bulls were able to execute this mission flawlessly during a low light level night in austere weather conditions. Along with their ability to provide fully integrated raid packages, the Bulls also displayed proficient skills in its ability to strike back at anti-coalition forces. The AV-8Bs provided Close Air Support which saved Marines lives. Marines had been under fire from a position inside a soccer stadium in Ramadi. This forced them to seek cover and suppressed their ability to observe. After the AV-8Bs conducted strafing runs and a Precision Guided Missile (PGM) strike on the stadium all actions by the enemy stopped. On February 18th, 2006, the squadron ended combat operations and began preparing for the backload onto the USS NASSAU. The squadron completed its second tour in Iraq with no loss of life or aircraft. HMM-261(REIN)s two months time in Iraq made a difference in the II MEF AO. They provided relief for Second Marine Air Wings squadrons and most importantly supported the efforts of II Marine Expeditionary Force making its second tour a definite success. On March 24th 2006, 22D MEU and the HMM-261(REIN) began IMAGE NAUTILUS in Djibouti. This exercise was vital as it gave the squadron an opportunity to get a great deal of initial training done for its junior pilots. Concurrent with squadron training, the squadron supported the MEU by providing standby CASEVAC. All training was flown from the ship, which required a great deal of coordination. Initial training flights were done for paraops, forward air controllers, defensive measures against fixed and rotary wing, air to air combat, Terrain Flight (TERF) instructors, TERF externals, HAC checks, and section/division lead checks. With the conclusion of the exercise, the Raging Bulls had completed 74 initial T&R training flights. Following IMAGE NAUTILUS, the Raging Bulls began to travel eastward towards home. They made a stop in Palma, Spain to enjoy well deserved liberty. On May 1st 2006, the Bulls finally arrived off the coast of North Carolina. On the 3rd of May 2006, the Bulls were reunited with loved ones and family completing another successful deployment. After returning from well deserved leave the Raging Bulls spent the next several months preparing for their upcoming chop to the 22D Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) planned for January 2007. In April of 2007 HMM-261 completed their first exercise aboard the USS Kearsarge. As the Raging Bulls continued their work ups for the 22D MEU they departed for Fort Picket Virginia for Marine Special Operations Capable Deployment Certification and Training in a Realistic Urban Environment Exercise. In June of 2007, HMM-261 (REIN) prepared for its final MEU PTP exercise, Certification Exercise (CERTEX). The first day of August 2007 marked the departure of the squadron on its deployment with the 22D MEU Special Operations Capable (SOC) for the transit across the Atlantic and into the Mediterranean Sea. As the USS Kearsarge made its way into the Mediterranean Sea they sailed into Malta on 15 August for its first port call of the deployment. Following the port call in Malta the squadron conducted multiple operations in Djibouti and Kuwait. In September 2007 multiple Fragmentary Orders (FRAGs) were completed in support of the 22D MEU as well as a three day Assault Support mission into Bucca, Iraq in support of Army Central Command. During the mission, the squadron launched multiple waves of CH-46E sections to and from the Bucca Detention Facility. In October after sailing south to the Port of Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates, the USS Kersarge docked and began a much anticipated port call. On 1 November, the squadrons main body sailed southwest towards the coast of Somalia to participate in anti-piracy operations. On 15 November, after completing its final three days of armed reconnaissance missions in support of Operation BOW SPIRIT, the ACE main body on the USS Kearsarge was tasked to proceed east towards Bangladesh and began its support of Operation SEA ANGEL II, which consisted of humanitarian aid missions in order to provide food, water, blankets and medical supplies to the Bangladesh citizens affected by Tropical Cyclone Sidr. During Operation SEA ANGEL II, the squadron was able to move 378,420 pounds of food and supplies and transport 765 passengers. On 2 December the squadron main body was relieved by the 11th MEU that marked the end of humanitarian operations for the 22D MEU. Following the relief in place, HMM-261 (REIN) sailed toward the Suez Canal marking the transition from Fifth Fleet to Sixth Fleet. After a short port call in Haifa, Israel the USS Kearsarge anchored off the coast of Israel in preparation for support of HMX-1 and the President of the United States. After three days of support the USS Kearsarge sailed west towards the Straits of Gibraltar destined for Rota, Spain. While in Rota, the Marines of the 22D MEU and ACE washed all transport containers, vehicles and equipment as well as enjoyed a four day port call which would be their last port call of the deployment. Upon completion of the wash down and port call in Spain the ship sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean. The squadron disembarked the 22D MEU and all ACE aircraft, personnel and equipment between 27 and 31 January 2008. February and March of 2008 proved to be busy months while squadron began post deployment leave and prepared the squadron spaces for its re-designation as VMM-261. On 11 April HMM-261 commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James G. Flynn was designated as VMM-261 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Anthony J. Bianca. A significant personnel shift occurred during the remainder of this month. Non-transitioning aircrew and maintainers commenced the checkout process and personnel transitioning to the new platform were sent to VMMT-204 for training. In August 2008 the squadron prepared for the influx of personnel, new furniture and its first MV-22 Osprey. On 23 October VMM-261 conducted their first operational flight. The focus for the remainder of 2008 was to support the fall Weapons Tactics Instructor Course. During the early months of 2009 the squadron began ramping up operations for their upcoming deployment to Afghanistan. Ground training and individual pilot qualifications were a major focus leading up to the deployment for training aboard Navy Auxiliary Field (NAF) El Centro, California. The squadron spent 6 weeks at NAF El Centro working on pre-deployment training as well as participating in Enhanced Mojave Viper (EMV). During EMV the squadron participated in Ground Air Integrated Training (GAIT) 1/2/3/4, Clear Hold Build (CHB) II, CHB III and Casualty Evacuation (CASEVAC) exercises. Upon completion of EMV the squadron completed: two night systems instructors, five personnel high light level qualified and one tiltrotor aircraft commander (TAC). On November 5th the main body of VMM-261 departed for Camp Bastion, Afghanistan. After only two short weeks of general support tasking, the Bulls took part in their first named operation. The Marines of Marine Expeditionary Brigade Afghanistan launched OPERATION COBRAS ANGER in the first part of December with an early morning insert. VMM-261 provided two aircraft for the mission and inserted 80 Recon Marines into multiple landing zones in vicinity of the town of Now Zad. The entire air package included AV-8s, AH-1Ws, UH-1Ys, CH-53Es and a KC-130. The squadron continued to support COBRAS ANGER throughout December. During that time the squadron participated in a raid in support of Recon Marines and Afghan National Army Commandos in the town of Bar Now Zad. VMM-261 provided all four assault support aircraft for the mission. The air package was nearly the same as the previous mission near Now Zad. December proved only to be the tip of the iceberg as the squadron settled into a very demanding and fast-paced working stride. During routine tasking in the middle of January, the Bulls responded to an immediate air support request from Third Battalion Fourth Marines, which were taking enemy fire in the vicinity of Bar Now Zad. The Bulls inserted a quick reaction force and carried three casualties from the insert location. The squadron executed another immediate air support request later that evening inserting 30 Marines from Now Zad to an area heavy with enemy contact. Later that month, VMM-261 participated in Operation FAS LANDEY by launching a four-ship division. The Ospreys inserted two waves of Marines from Fourth Light Armored Reconnaissance and 4th Reconnaissance Battalion. Toward the end of January, the Bulls also inserted Marines from India Company Third Battalion Fourth Marines in the vicinity of Buji Bhast and Black Pass in order to conduct ongoing patrols and resupply. In February the squadron lifted numerous very important persons (VIPs) starting with General James T. Conway, Commandant of the Marine Corps and Sergeant Major Carlton W. Kent, Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, throughout the area of operations for familiarization flights. In the middle of the month, the squadron inserted General Stanley A. McChrystal, Commander of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) Joint Command along with 28 members of the Afghanistan Ministry of Interior into a forward operating base in vicinity of Marjeh. The Bulls wrapped up the month of February flying Karl W. Eikenberry, United States Ambassador to Afghanistan from Camp Bastion to Lashkar Gah. In early March the squadron lifted the Honorable Mr. Robert M. Gates, United States Secretary of Defense. The first named operation of the month was in support of Operation SADDLE HORN. VMM-261 inserted members from the Afghan National Army and Special Operations Task Force to a landing zone in vicinity of Shingazi. The purpose of this mission was to clear an enemy safe-haven south of Marjeh. Later in the month the squadron lifted Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen from Kabul to a landing zone in the heart of Marjeh and then onto Patrol Base Wilson. After a short stay at Patrol Base Wilson the Bulls moved him once more to Camp Nathan Smith, a forward operating base in the vicinity of Kandahar. Toward the beginning of April the Bulls participated in Operation MELMASTYA which consisted of multiple VIP movements between Zaranj and Farah. Later in the month VMM-261 participated in OPERATION LIONS PREY, a three ship-tactical insert of approximately 60 Marines to a landing zone in the vicinity of Safaar Bazaar. May was marked with new beginnings for the Raging Bulls as they conducted a change of command early in the month. On 5 May, the Marines of VMM-261 conducted a change of command, at which, Lieutenant Colonel Anthony J. Bianca relinquished command to Lieutenant Colonel Ivan G. Thomas. The majoity of the month was dedicated to VIP and general support tasking. Later in the month, the squadron supported Operation LITHIUM from 28-31 May. The operation consisted of multiple inserts and extracts to unimproved landing zones in close proximity to both the Pakistani and Iranian borders, in order to collect soil samples of the area. VMM-261 provided assault support for members from a United States Geological Survey Team as well as Marines of 3rd Recon Battalion. Other players participating in the mission were VMFA-232, a section of FA-18s, and armed intelligence surveillance reconnaissance. The purpose of the operation was to locate lithium ore for the Afghan people to exploit to aid the stabilization of their economy. Overall the squadron participated in over 30 named operations, flew 2,853 hours, and moved over 24,900 passengers and 800,000 pounds of cargo. The Raging Bulls were given the chance to demonstrate the versatility of the MV-22 by flying missions as far north as Bagram, followed by a trip to the eastern and western board of Afghanistan all in the same day. Many missions of note were many trips into Marjeh as well as buildup of coalition forces along the Sangin River Valley to include the Kajaki Dam. During many of these missions the Bulls took fire with minor damages and continued their mission. As the Bulls continued to support Operation Enduring Freedom they proved to be a valuable asset to 3D MAW (FWD). The Raging Bulls returned home to MCAS New River, NC on 15 July 2010 and they look forward to their next big challenge.
4562	dbpedia	0	17	https://squadronnostalgia.com/shop/tail-flashes/	en	Shop Aircraft Tail Flashes Online from Squadronnostalgia.com	https://squadronnostalgi…81_n-169x300.jpg	https://squadronnostalgi…81_n-169x300.jpg	[ "https://squadronnostalgia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/squot-copy-1-1-300x232.png 300w, https://squadronnostalgia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/squot-copy-1-1-1024x791.png 1024w, https://squadronnostalgia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/squot-copy-1-1-768x593.png 768w, https://squadronnostalgia.com/wp-content/up...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Shop one-of-kind military aircraft tail flashes online such as F-14, A-7, MV-22, A-4, C-3, etc. from Squadron Nostalgia LLC.	en	https://squadronnostalgi…Logo-250-pix.gif	Squadron Nostalgia	https://squadronnostalgia.com/shop/tail-flashes/	Aircraft Tail Flashes Looking for a unique gift for an aviation enthusiast in your life? Consider one of our one-of-a-kind aircraft tail flashes. Our military aircraft tail flashes are hand-carved and hand-painted, and are both lightweight and sturdy. They make for a beautiful conversation starter and a source of pride in any space they are displayed. We offer a variety of aircraft tails for sale, and our expert craftsmen can even recreate a specific tail flash based on a picture you provide. These make for great gifts for holidays, retirements, birthdays, or as a surprise when someone returns from deployment. They are typically 20 inches at their longest point, but we can accommodate other sizes as well. Aviators often collect significant items from their first solo flight, first carrier landing, and other memorable moments, and these are a way to preserve those memories for their families. Each piece is guaranteed, and we will send pictures for approval when a custom tail is requested.
4562	dbpedia	3	54	https://bleacherreport.com/articles/650132-college-football-the-18-most-frequently-used-mascot-names-in-ncaa-division-one	en	College Football: The 18 Most Frequently Used Mascot Names in NCAA	https://cdn.bleacherrepo…0.jpg?1301529625	https://cdn.bleacherrepo…0.jpg?1301529625	[ "https://static-assets.bleacherreport.net/img//atoms/svg/icons/x-icon.svg", "https://cdn.bleacherreport.net/images_root/slides/photos/000/823/420/104657917_original.jpg?1301529599", "https://cdn.bleacherreport.net/images_root/slides/photos/000/823/425/90428347_original.jpg?1301529861", "https://cdn.bleacherre...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Amy Daughters" ]	2011-03-30T21:24:16-04:00	USA Today ran a story this week regarding a battle brewing between NC State and Loyola over the use of the nickname “Wolfpack”. Apparently, NC State is not opposed to Loyola using the nickname in theory...	en	https://static-assets.bleacherreport.net/favicon.ico	Bleacher Report	https://bleacherreport.com/articles/650132-college-football-the-18-most-frequently-used-mascot-names-in-ncaa-division-one	Chris Graythen/Getty Images USA Today ran a story this week regarding a battle brewing between NC State and Loyola over the use of the nickname “Wolfpack”. Apparently, NC State is not opposed to Loyola using the nickname in theory. Instead, NC State would like to prevent Loyola from using the nickname as a "stand alone," therefore requiring them to only use it combined with their institutional name. If this isn't acceptable, NC State would allow Loyola to “license the nickname for a fee.” The report also details a similar incident that occurred between NC State and Nevada in 2008 which resulted in Nevada using the two-word nickname “Wolf Pack” as opposed to the one-word “Wolfpack.” Many universities share nicknames or mascots more amiably but what are the most popular of these shared spirit representatives? The following slideshow presents the 18 most frequently used mascot/nicknames for institutions classified as Division One for sports competition. We begin with nicknames that are used by at least four schools and work our way all the way up to the most commonly used mascot name in NCAA Division One athletics.
4562	dbpedia	0	6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_Marine_Corps_aircraft_squadrons	en	List of active United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hmx1_official_insigi...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2004-02-16T16:05:56+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_Marine_Corps_aircraft_squadrons	This is a list of all of the active squadrons that exist in the United States Marine Corps, sorted by type. Most squadrons have changed names and designations many times over the years, so they are listed by their current designation. To see Marine Aviation units sorted by command hierarchy, see aviation combat element. Squadron designations [edit] The basic tactical and administrative unit of United States Marine Corps aviation is the squadron. Fixed-wing aircraft squadrons (heavier than air) and tiltrotor squadrons are denoted by the letter "V", which comes from the Spanish verb "volar" (to fly). Rotary wing (helicopter) squadrons use "H." Marine squadrons are always noted by the second letter "M." Squadron numbering is not linear as some were numbered in ascending order and others took numbers from the wing or the ship to which they were assigned. From 1920 to 1941, Marine flying squadrons were identified by one digit numbers. This changed on 1 July 1941, when all existing squadrons were redesignated to a three-digit system. The first two numbers were supposed to identify the squadrons parent group but with the rapid expansion during World War II and frequent transfer of squadrons this system fell apart.[1] Rotary-wing aircraft [edit] Marine Helicopter Squadron [edit] The squadron is responsible for the helicopter transportation of the president of the United States, vice president, Cabinet members and VIPs. In addition to its VIP transport role, it is also tasked with operational test and evaluation (OT&E) of new flight systems for Marine Corps helicopters.[2] The squadron flies the VH-3D Sea King the VH-60N Whitehawk, and the MV-22 Osprey. These were due to be replaced by the VH-71 Kestrel,[3] however that program was cancelled in April 2009.[4] HMX-1 is now preparing for the arrival of the VH-92A Patriot, which will replace the VH-3D that serves as Marine One. Lastly, HMX-1 provides support to training at The Basic School, providing aerial insertion for various training events, as well as MAGTF Air component orientation to the student officers. Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMX-1 Marine One 1 December 1947 Headquarters Marine Corps MCAF Quantico, VA[5] Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadrons [edit] Heavy helicopter squadrons were first formed in 1966 when the Marine Corps began flying the heavy lift CH-53 Sea Stallion during the Vietnam War.[6] Each squadron is equipped with sixteen CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters. Their primary role is moving cargo and equipment with the secondary role of transferring troops ashore in an amphibious assault. The CH-53Es are the most powerful helicopter in the U.S. military inventory today.[7] As part of the current reorganization of the Corps, HMH-462 will be decommissioned by 2030.[8] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMH-361 Flying Tigers 25 February 1952 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[9] HMH-461 Iron Horse 15 March 1944 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[10] HMH-462 Heavy Haulers 15 April 1944 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[11] HMH-464 Condors 5 April 1944 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[12] HMH-465 Warhorse 1 December 1981 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[13] HMH-466 Wolfpack 30 November 1984 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[14] HMH-772 Hustler 15 April 1958 MAG-49, 4th MAW McGuire Air Force Base, NJ[15] Marine Heavy Helicopter Training Squadron [edit] The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, refresher pilots, and enlisted aircrew on the CH-53E Super Stallion.[16] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMHT-302 Phoenix 1 November 1966 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[16] Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadrons [edit] The Marine Corps’ light attack squadrons are composite squadrons made up of 18 AH-1Z Vipers and 9 UH-1Y Venoms.[17] The primary missions of the Viper is close air support, forward air control, reconnaissance and armed escort,[18] while the Huey provides airborne command and control, utility support, supporting arms coordination and medical evacuation.[19] The H-1 upgrade program will see both the AH-1 and UH-1 get greater power, improved avionics and an 85% commonality of parts.[20][21][22] The transition to the UH-1Y was completed in August 2014 when HMLA-773 flew the UH-1N for the last time. Due to the need for more light attack squadrons, the Marine Corps began adding new squadrons in 2008. HMLA-469 is the newest squadron. However, as part of the re-organization of the corps, HMLA-469 and HMLA-367 will be de-activated by 2030.[23] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMLA-167 Warriors 1 April 1968 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[24] HMLA-169 Vipers 30 September 1971 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[25] HMLA-267 Stingers 15 February 1944 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[26] HMLA-269 The Gunrunners 22 February 1977 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[27] HMLA-367 Scarface 1 December 1943 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[28] HMLA-369 Gunfighters 1 April 1972 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[29] HMLA-773 Red Dog June 1968 MAG-49, 4th MAW Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst, NJ[30] HMLA-775 Coyote 1 October 2016 MAG-41, 4th MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[31] Marine Light Attack Helicopter Training Squadron [edit] The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, refresher pilots, and enlisted aircrew on the UH-1Y Venom, and the AH-1Z Viper.[32] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station HMLAT-303 Atlas 30 April 1982 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[32] Tiltrotor Aircraft [edit] Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadrons [edit] Marine tiltrotor squadrons are new units operating the MV-22 Osprey with their main mission being assault support. The Osprey offers twice the speed, five times the range, and can fly more than twice as high as the helicopters they are replacing.[33] As the Marine Corps’ number one aviation acquisition priority, the Osprey replaced the aging fleet of CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters and is a cornerstone of the capstone concept of Expeditionary maneuver warfare.[34] As of October 2017, the Marine Corps has 16 Fully Operationally Capable (FOC) MV-22 squadrons. VMM-268, VMM-364, and VMM-164 reached FOC in FY16. The two newest Osprey squadrons, VMM-362 and VMM-212, will stand up in FY18 and FY19 respectively, completing the Marine Corps' transition to 18 active component MV-22 squadrons. Each squadron operates 12 aircraft. Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMM-161 Greyhawks 15 January 1951 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[35] VMM-162 Golden Eagles 30 June 1952 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[36] VMM-163 Evil Eyes December 1951 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[37] VMM-164 Knightriders 1 July 1962 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA VMM-165 White Knights 1 July 1965 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[38] VMM-261 Raging Bulls 5 April 1951 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[39] VMM-262 Flying Tigers September 1951 MAG-36, 1st MAW MCAS Futenma, Japan[40] VMM-263 Thunder Chickens 16 June 1952 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[41] VMM-265 Dragons 1 October 1962 MAG-36, 1st MAW MCAS Futenma, Japan[42] VMM-266 Fighting Griffins 26 April 1983 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[43] VMM-268 Red Dragons 26 April 1983 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCB Hawaii, HI[44] VMM-362 Ugly Angels 30 April 1952 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[45] VMM-363 Red Lions 2 June 1952 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCB Hawaii, HI[46] VMM-364 Purple Foxes 1 September 1961 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[47] VMM-365 Blue Knights 1 July 1963 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[48] VMM-764 Moonlight 15 April 1958 MAG-41, 4th MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[49] VMM-774 Wild Goose 1969 MAG-49, 4th MAW MCAS New River, NC[50] Marine Medium Tiltrotor Training Squadron [edit] The squadron provides new and conversion training to Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force pilots and units in the use and maintenance of the Osprey tiltrotor aircraft.[51] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMMT-204 Raptors 1 May 1972 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC Fixed-Wing Aircraft [edit] Marine Attack Squadrons [edit] Marine attack squadrons fly the AV-8B Harrier II[52] and are tasked with providing close air support, air interdiction, surveillance and escort of helicopters. Because the STOVL Harrier can operate from amphibious assault ships, expeditionary airfields and tactical remote landing sites, it provides commanders with more flexibility in providing air support.[53] The Harrier is due to be replaced by the F-35B, the STOVL version of the F-35 Lightning II.[54] This transition began in 2016 when VMA-211 exchanged its Harriers for the F-35B and became VMFA-211. Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMA-223 Bulldogs 1 May 1942 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[55] VMA-231 Ace of Spades 8 February 1919 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[56] Marine Fighter Attack Squadrons [edit] The Marine Corps' VMFA squadrons fly the F/A-18 Hornet and F-35 Lightning II. Their primary mission is to attack and destroy surface targets, during both day and nighttime operations, under all weather conditions; conduct multi-sensor imagery reconnaissance; provide supporting arms coordination; and intercept and destroy enemy aircraft in all weather conditions. The current F/A-18s saw first deployments during Operation Desert Storm, after having replaced the A-6 Intruder. Each Hornet squadron operates 12 aircraft and each F-35 squadron operates 10 aircraft.[57][58] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Aircraft Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMFA-112 Cowboys F/A-18C 1 March 1942 MAG-41, 4th MAW NASJRB Fort Worth, TX[59] VMFA-121 Green Knights F-35B 24 June 1941 MAG-12, 1st MAW MCAS Iwakuni, Japan[60] VMFA-122 Flying Leathernecks F-35B 1 March 1942 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[61] VMFA-211 Wake Island Avengers F-35B 1 January 1937 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[62] VMFA-214 Black Sheep F-35B 1 July 1942 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[63] VMFA(AW)-224 Fighting Bengals F/A-18D 1 May 1942 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC[64] VMFA-225 Vikings F-35B 1 January 1943 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[65] VMFA-232 Red Devils F/A-18C 1 September 1925 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[66] VMFA-242 Bats F-35B 1 July 1943 MAG-12, 1st MAW MCAS Iwakuni, Japan[67] VMFA-311 Tomcats F-35C 1 December 1942 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[68] VMFA-312 Checkerboard F/A-18C 1 June 1943 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC[69] VMFA-314 Black Knights F-35C 1 October 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[70] VMFA-323 Death Rattlers F/A-18C 1 August 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[71] VMFA-533 Hawks F-35B 1 October 1943 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC[72] VMFA-542 Tigers F-35B 6 March 1944 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[73] Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadrons [edit] VMFAT squadrons train newly designated Naval Aviators to fly Marine Corps Aircraft.[74][75] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Aircraft Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMFAT-501 Warlords F-35B 15 February 1944 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC[76] VMFAT-502 Flying Nightmares F-35B 15 February 1944 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA Marine Fighter Training Squadron [edit] VMFT-401 is the only aggressor squadron in the Marine Corps. It flies the F-5E Tiger II and provides instruction to active and reserve squadrons through dissimilar adversary combat tactics. The squadron is based at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, AZ and is assigned to Marine Aircraft Group-41, 4th Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Forces Reserve. Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMFT-401 Snipers 18 March 1986 MAG-41, 4th MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadrons [edit] VMGR squadrons operate the KC-130 Hercules tanker/transport. Their primary missions are aerial and rapid ground refueling, transportation of personnel and cargo to include MEDEVACs and parachute insertions, flying the airborne version of the Direct Air Support Center (DASC) and emergency resupply into unimproved landing zones.[77][78] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Aircraft Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMGR-152 Sumos KC-130J 11 March 1942 MAG-12, 1st MAW MCAS Iwakuni, Japan[79] VMGR-153 Hercules KC-130J 1 March 1942 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCAS Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii VMGR-234 Rangers KC-130J 1 May 1942 MAG-41, 4th MAW NASJRB Fort Worth, TX[80] VMGR-252 Otis KC-130J 1 June 1928 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[81] VMGR-352 Raiders KC-130J 1 April 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[82] Marine Transport Squadron [edit] VMR squadrons provide search and rescue support as well as movement of key personnel and critical logistics support around the world. They also provide movement of high priority passengers and cargo during wartime in support of operations and other critical commitments.[83] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMR-1 Roadrunners January 1943 Marine Aircraft Group 41 Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, TX Marine Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron [edit] The squadron is a Marine Corps test and development unit. Its mission is to conduct operational testing and evaluation of Marine Corps fixed, tiltrotor, and rotary-wing aircraft. The unit was re-designated to VMX-1 (from VMX-22) on 13 May 2016.[84] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Aircraft Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMX-1 Flying Lions UH-1Y AH-1Z CH-53E/K MV-22B F-35B RQ-21 28 August 2003 Operational Test and Evaluation Force MCAS Yuma, AZ Unmanned Aerial Systems [edit] Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadrons [edit] VMUs operate the RQ-21 Blackjack unmanned aerial system (UAS) which provides Marine ground forces with reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition. They also provide artillery spotting and can assist in search and rescue operations. Due to the high operational tempo of the VMU squadrons in recent years, the Marine Corps stood up VMU-3 in 2008 and VMU-4, a reserve unit, was activated in 2010 with the lineage of VMO-4.[85] Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station VMU-1 Watchdogs 21 January 1987 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[86] VMU-2 Night Owls June 1984 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[87] VMU-3 Phantoms 12 September 2008 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCAS Kaneohe Bay, HI VMU-4 Evil Eyes 20 December 1943 MAG-41, 4th MAW MCB Camp Pendleton, CA See also [edit] United States Marine Corps Aviation Aviation combat element List of decommissioned United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of United States Marine Corps aircraft groups List of United States Marine Corps aircraft wings List of United States Marine Corps aviation support units List of United States Marine Corps battalions
4562	dbpedia	1	61	https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/browse%3Fcollection%3D72%26output%3Domeka-xml	en	Log In · Clinton Digital Library			[ "https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/files/theme_uploads/f3cd011b2af562987fbe19b57bf77b57.png", "https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/files/original/5eed247e4cb8c80c5f880b6a20fefcc3.png", "https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/files/original/954b6b4a24a08a545714899467dda615.png", "https://clinton....	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	Search using this query type: Keyword Boolean Exact match Search only these record types: Item Collection Advanced Search (Items only)
4562	dbpedia	3	97	https://abcbirds.org/bird/great-horned-owl/	en	Great Horned Owl	https://abcbirds.org/wp-…_NatureServe.jpg	https://abcbirds.org/wp-…_NatureServe.jpg	[ "https://dariuszzdziebk.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/American-Bird-Conservancy/assets/img/logo.svg", "https://dariuszzdziebk.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/threats_navthumb_araripe-manakin_ciro-albano.jpg", "https://dariuszzdziebk.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/threats_n...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2019-01-25T21:36:15+00:00	Early naturalists called the Great Horned Owl the "winged tiger" or "tiger of the air" because of its ferocity and hunting skills.	en	https://dariuszzdziebk.wpenginepowered.com/favicon.ico	American Bird Conservancy	https://abcbirds.org/bird/great-horned-owl/	Early naturalists called the Great Horned Owl the "winged tiger" or "tiger of the air" because of its ferocity and hunting skills. This big owl (the second heaviest in North America after the Snowy Owl) is also called the "hoot owl" after its deep, booming call, which sounds like: “Who's a-wake? Me too!” In Native American folklore and Greek myth, owls represent wisdom and helpfulness, and have powers of prophecy. The “wise old owl” is also a popular motif in children's books and cartoons. But the owl is also seen as a familiar of witches, whose silent flight and spooky calls foretell evil and even imminent death. A Devilish Darker Side? Although this owl may occasionally spook people, it's not a horned devil. The "horns" atop a Great Horned Owl's head are actually tufts of feathers called plumicorns, meaning “feather horns” in Latin. Although they are sometimes called "ears," plumicorns have nothing to do with the bird's hearing, and scientists are not sure of their exact function. It's speculated that the tufts may help camouflage the Great Horned Owl within its favored forest haunts. Adaptable Owl Like the Barn Owl and Short-eared Owl, the Great Horned Owl has a wide distribution, found from the northern boreal forests of Alaska and Canada south through the mountains and deserts of Patagonia — an impressively large portion of the Americas. This species varies in plumage color and pattern across its broad range, with 15 recognized subspecies. All Great Horned Owls are cryptically colored and blend with their surroundings while roosting. (Audio by Lance A. M. Benner, XC328749. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/328749) Great Horned Owls are non-migratory and territorial, preferring to remain within a home range of several hundred acres. They favor dense forest near open areas, habitat often shared by their daytime counterparts, Red-tailed Hawks. Sign up for ABC's eNews to learn how you can help protect birds Eating Crow The Great Horned Owl is a fearsome nocturnal predator, drifting silently through the night on five-foot-wide wings. This powerful hunter captures a wide range of creatures. These include large insects, amphibians, reptiles, and birds, including, on occasion, Peregrine Falcons, other owls, geese, and herons. Mammals are favored quarry, particularly rodents and rabbits. Their dietary flexibility allows Great Horned Owls to live in a wide variety of habitats, including cities. Crows and Blue Jays seem to have a particular dislike of Great Horned Owls, which often raid their roosts by night. During the day, a resting owl can often be located by watching for a noisy and agitated mob of crows, which harasses the sleepy predator until it silently flaps on to a more sheltered spot. Winter Courtship Like Bald Eagles, Great Horned Owls begin to nest in late winter, usually December through February. They don't build their own nests, instead reusing the nest of another large bird such as a hawk. They may also nest on cliff ledges, in caves, or on broken-off snags. Great Horned Owl pairs hoot back and forth to each other while courting. The smaller male can be told by his lower call. Pairs are monogamous and tend to remain on the same territory year after year. Protecting the Winged Tiger Although Great Horned Owls are still considered common in many areas, Partners in Flight data show a 27-percent decline in their U.S. and Canadian population in recent years. Like most birds, these big owls are vulnerable to habitat loss. Rat and mouse poisons harm Great Horned Owls through their rodent prey, and many owls are injured and killed by collisions with cars and fencing. ABC's BirdScapes approach to bird conservation helps to protect habitats throughout the Americas, including the forests Great Horned Owls share with neotropical migrant birds such as the Wood Thrush, Hooded Warbler, and Yellow-billed Cuckoo. ABC and partners' efforts to ban the lethal rodenticide d-CON resulted in an agreement to remove it from retail shelves in 2014, helping to protect Great Horned Owls and other raptors, such as the Eastern Screech-Owl and Golden Eagle.
4562	dbpedia	3	78	https://studentlife.ucr.edu/school-spirit	en	School Spirit	https://studentlife.ucr.edu/themes/custom/ucr_default/favicon.ico	https://studentlife.ucr.edu/themes/custom/ucr_default/favicon.ico	[ "https://studentlife.ucr.edu/sites/default/files/student-life-slider6.jpg", "https://studentlife.ucr.edu/sites/default/files/slife_article_mactavish_390x200.jpg", "https://studentlife.ucr.edu/sites/default/files/slife_article_oldscotty_390x200.jpg", "https://studentlife.ucr.edu/sites/default/files/slife_artic...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-01-27T08:36:36-08:00	Learn how you can show your Highlander pride by displaying our school colors, singing our songs, and cheering on our beloved bear mascot, Scotty Highlander.	en	/themes/custom/ucr_default/favicon.ico	Student Life	https://studentlife.ucr.edu/school-spirit	UCR's First Mascot: Lady Mac Tavish of Walpole aka Buttons Lady MacTavish of Walpole, known to UCR students as Buttons, was a pedigreed Scottish Terrier who was introduced to the campus by George Beattie, UCR class of '58. Buttons was most active during the years of 1955–59 when she seldom missed a game. Hylanders and Scotty the Bear When UC Riverside opened in February 1954, it had classrooms, a new Physical Education Building, and a student body eager to inaugurate the new school. What it didn't have, however, was a mascot. The controversy raged throughout the opening weeks of that inaugural school year as different factions argued over what symbol should represent the newest UC school. Many wanted a bear symbol that could compete with the Bruins of UCLA and the Golden Bears of Berkeley, while others wanted to go in a completely different direction, demonstrating the independence and uniqueness of the school. A total of 67 nicknames were initially suggested by the student body. The names ran the gamut, from the wild (Bearcats, Rams, Bisons, Badgers, Gorillas) to the uninspired (Rovers, Ramblers, Possums, Chihuahuas, Valencias). There were colorful names (Red Raiders, Golden Eagles, Bluejays, Golden Beavers, Orangemen), names befitting the area's heritage and environment (Caballeros, Friars, Vaqueros, Rattlers, Scorpions, Pioneers), and names that were, frankly, just weird (Aphids, Rocks, Bondsmen). An election in November 1954 saw none of the proposed six nicknames receive a majority and a runoff vote was scheduled. While "Cubs" was the most popular of the six, many rallied against it because it showed the campus as a "little brother" to schools like UCLA and Cal. A write-in campaign, led by the men's basketball team, was begun for the name "Hylanders," a name suggested by freshman coed Donna Lewis. The name was changed to its current spelling and won easily. In recognition of her contribution to the university, Lewis received a lifetime pass to all athletic events from student-body president Charles Young, who went on to become chancellor at UCLA. "Highlanders" fit the campus well for several reasons. The Box Springs Mountains, which stand behind the campus, were known as the Highlands. In addition, UCR has the highest elevation of any campus in the UC System. UCR Publicity Director Howard Cook had a friend create an aggressive little bear, Scotty, wearing a kilt for the school's logo, and the campus took on a Scottish flare as buildings were named after Scottish regions. UCR's Current Mascot The mascot went largely unchanged over the years, until 1998 when student-athletes approached the department administration and told them that they "didn't want a teddy bear in a dress" representing the Highlanders. Rather, they wanted a mascot that "looks like we are going to tear the competition apart." A bear was chosen featuring a half-blue face in homage to William Wallace, the Scottish hero and subject of the movie "Braveheart". In 2011, the mascot was updated once again. Students voted online from 13 new designs and selected a new interlocking U and C logo as well as a streamlined version of the UCR mascot, featuring a roaring Scotty wearing a plaid tam o'shanter. UC Riverside Official Logo Blue and gold are the official school colors of UC Riverside. University of California Seal The present seal, designed by Tiffany and Company, has been used since 1910. The seal incorporates symbolic icons and phrases that represent the image of the University. Symbols used include: The open book, which symbolized the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge. The letter "A", representing the beginning of wisdom. The five-pointed star above the book represents the discovery and sharing of knowledge. The University motto, "Fiat Lux", or "Let There be Light", displayed on a scroll, represents the coming of light and knowledge in to the world. Chancellors Gold Medal ImageThe Chancellor's Medal The Chancellor's Medal is worn at ceremonial observances as a part of the chancellor's regalia. At the center is the University of California seal. The back of the medal displays the names of the campus' chancellors and year he or she was inaugurated. The UC Riverside Mace The UC Riverside Mace was first carried by Ramon J. Rhine, chair of the Academic Senate, on Oct. 6, 1987. Professor Emeritus George Helmkamp designed and constructed the ceremonial mace, with Eugene L. Ethridge of the Chemistry Department contributing metal work. Below is an excerpt from Rhine's address: "Today, for the first time, the new mace of the University of California, Riverside is carried in academic procession. The academic mace represents the immortal dignity of the university. At great universities throughout the world, the mace symbolizes internally the authority of the university and externally the immunity of the university to undue interference." The UC Riverside mace was hand-crafted with inlaid woods, with the head and shaft made out of Hawaiian koa wood. The light inlaid wood is yellow fir from Canada and the dark inlays are desert ironwood, collected by Helmkamp throughout Southern California. The mace has ornaments at the top and on the base. The base is in the shape of a citrus fruit, representing UCR's Citrus Experiment Station. The top ornament is the bear of the State of California. Seals of California and the university are mounted on opposite sides of the mace's head. Below the seals are the mottos of California and the UCR, respectively, along with the years 1850 (the year California was admitted in to the Union) and 1868 (the year the University of California was founded).
4562	dbpedia	3	81	https://www.poconorecord.com/story/sports/pro/2001/02/15/students-want-new-nickname/51081001007/	en	Students want new nickname	https://www.gannett-cdn.…ages/favicon.png	https://www.gannett-cdn.…ages/favicon.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Staff , Pocono Record" ]	2001-02-15T00:00:00	INDIANA (AP) — Students at Indiana University of Pennsylvania want the school to drop its \	en	https://www.gannett-cdn.…ages/favicon.png	Pocono Record	https://www.poconorecord.com/story/sports/pro/2001/02/15/students-want-new-nickname/51081001007/	INDIANA (AP) — Students at Indiana University of Pennsylvania want the school to drop its "Indians" nickname, just as it abandoned the Indian sports mascot nine years ago. But the university president and trustees say it probably won't happen because the matter was resolved two years ago. One of two branches of the student government passed a resolution 21-7 Monday, urging the school to give up a nickname students say is racist. "They need to make a better effort, either by consulting Native Americans or consulting the students," said Tim Golding, president of student congress. "They changed things a couple years ago, but they only came halfway. They didn't finish the deal." In 1998, the school adopted "Cherokee" the bear after six years without a mascot. But school officials said the name, which first appeared in the campus newspaper in 1928, would remain. The campus bell tower and the letter "I" had proceeded the bear as school symbols. Lawrence Pettit, the university president, said he most likely wouldn't support a name change. He said the school satisfied people who found the Indian mascot offensive while keeping a reference to American Indian heritage. The university wanted to choose an animal that was sacred to the Woodland Indians who lived near the campus in western Pennsylvania, Pettit said. Its options were an eagle or bear, and because Clarion University has the Golden Eagles, Indiana chose the bear. Pettit said he felt the problem was with the school's prior mascot, not the name "Indians." "Notre Dame is not being disrespectful to the Irish for using that nickname," the Fighting Irish, he said Wednesday. Some students say the ties between the bear and the "Indians" nickname is muddled. "They changed the name to the Bears because bears are indigenous to the area, but they named it 'Cherokee' the bear,"' Golding said. "Cherokees have never been in this area. ... We also want to clear up the confusion. What are we? Are with the Bears or the Indians?" Suzan Shown Harjo, the president of the Morning Star Foundation, an advocacy group for American Indians in Washington, D.C., said the school's argument is "nonsense." "You should remove all human beings from the naming game," Harjo said. "If they want to do the right thing, they will quit honoring us by using us for recreation." Several universities changed nicknames in recent years. The Marquette Warriors became the Golden Eagles; Eastern Michigan's Hurons are the Eagles; and St. John's former Redmen are the Red Storm.
1010	dbpedia	0	14	https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/060a2030d10b40f5a7aba0836abbac25d842621850f52cf45e0aeb03e10cf102/5e665e13217d93849f1fa40c	en	Viewing online file analysis results for 'MSG_539113.vbs'			[ "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/img/logo_ha_new.svg", "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/img/clippy.svg", "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/img/clippy.svg", "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/img/clippy.svg", "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/img/clippy.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "sandbox", "malware", "analysis", "online", "submit", "vxstream", "sample", "download", "trojan", "apt" ]	null	[]	null	Submit malware for free analysis with Falcon Sandbox and Hybrid Analysis technology. Hybrid Analysis develops and licenses analysis tools to fight malware.	en	/favicon.ico		null	Hybrid Analysis requires that users undergo the Hybrid Analysis Vetting Process prior to obtaining an API key or downloading malware samples. Please note that you must abide by the Hybrid Analysis Terms and Conditions and only use these samples for research purposes. You are not permitted to share your user credentials or API key with anyone else. Please notify Hybrid Analysis immediately if you believe that your API key or user credentials have been compromised.
1010	dbpedia	3	16	https://basketball.realgm.com/nba/summer/2/Orlando-Pro-Summer-League/28/stats/Miami-Heat/15/Totals/All/assists/PF/desc/1/Summer_League	en	Orlando Pro Summer League			[ "https://basketball.realgm.com/images/basketball/5.0/template/realgm-basketball-logo-175-80.png", "https://basketball.realgm.com/images/basketball/5.0/template/realgm-basketball-logo-130-60.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Miami Heat", "nba", "scores", "news", "schedule", "depth charts" ]	null	[]	null	Miami Heat scores, news, schedule, players, stats, rumors, depth charts and more on RealGM.com	en			https://basketball.realgm.com/nba/summer/2/Orlando-Pro-Summer-League/28/stats	by Brendon Kleen Victor Wembanyama flew to Paris this year to test the boundaries of his greatness, showing us why we call him an alien while reminding us of all the ways he's human. by John Wilmes This round of Olympics basketball felt different (weightier, more grand) than usual. It might be the last time that America is the clear favorite. by Wes Goldberg Kevin Durant has spent his NBA career touring the country, ingratiating himself to different fanbases before making a complicated exit. The through-line for it all has been his place on Team USA. by John Wilmes The Nuggets very well will be like the 2024 Serbian national team: a hardly extraordinary collection, expanded to their strategic limits by the genius of their leader.
1010	dbpedia	1	19	https://academic.oup.com/annweh/issue-pdf/67/Supplement_1/50277375	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
1010	dbpedia	1	35	https://www.science.gov/topicpages/v/variables%2Bsignificantly%2Bmediated	en	variables significantly mediated: Topics by Science.gov			[ "https://www.science.gov/scigov/desktop/en/images/SciGov_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	Advances in Testing the Statistical Significance of Mediation Effects ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Mallinckrodt, Brent; Abraham, W. Todd; Wei, Meifen; Russell, Daniel W. 2006-01-01 P. A. Frazier, A. P. Tix, and K. E. Barron (2004) highlighted a normal theory method popularized by R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986) for testing the statistical significance of indirect effects (i.e., mediator variables) in multiple regression contexts. However, simulation studies suggest that this method lacks statistical power relative to someâ¦ Guidelines for the Investigation of Mediating Variables in Business Research. PubMed MacKinnon, David P; Coxe, Stefany; Baraldi, Amanda N 2012-03-01 Business theories often specify the mediating mechanisms by which a predictor variable affects an outcome variable. In the last 30 years, investigations of mediating processes have become more widespread with corresponding developments in statistical methods to conduct these tests. The purpose of this article is to provide guidelines for mediation studies by focusing on decisions made prior to the research study that affect the clarity of conclusions from a mediation study, the statistical models for mediation analysis, and methods to improve interpretation of mediation results after the research study. Throughout this article, the importance of a program of experimental and observational research for investigating mediating mechanisms is emphasized. Guidelines for the Investigation of Mediating Variables in Business Research PubMed Central Coxe, Stefany; Baraldi, Amanda N. 2013-01-01 Business theories often specify the mediating mechanisms by which a predictor variable affects an outcome variable. In the last 30 years, investigations of mediating processes have become more widespread with corresponding developments in statistical methods to conduct these tests. The purpose of this article is to provide guidelines for mediation studies by focusing on decisions made prior to the research study that affect the clarity of conclusions from a mediation study, the statistical models for mediation analysis, and methods to improve interpretation of mediation results after the research study. Throughout this article, the importance of a program of experimental and observational research for investigating mediating mechanisms is emphasized. PMID:25237213 Testing Mediation in Structural Equation Modeling: The Effectiveness of the Test of Joint Significance ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Leth-Steensen, Craig; Gallitto, Elena 2016-01-01 A large number of approaches have been proposed for estimating and testing the significance of indirect effects in mediation models. In this study, four sets of Monte Carlo simulations involving full latent variable structural equation models were run in order to contrast the effectiveness of the currently popular bias-corrected bootstrappingâ¦ Accounting for sex differences in PTSD: A multi-variable mediation model. PubMed Christiansen, Dorte M; Hansen, Maj 2015-01-01 Approximately twice as many females as males are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little is known about why females report more PTSD symptoms than males. Prior studies have generally focused on few potential mediators at a time and have often used methods that were not ideally suited to test for mediation effects. Prior research has identified a number of individual risk factors that may contribute to sex differences in PTSD severity, although these cannot fully account for the increased symptom levels in females when examined individually. The present study is the first to systematically test the hypothesis that a combination of pre-, peri-, and posttraumatic risk factors more prevalent in females can account for sex differences in PTSD severity. The study was a quasi-prospective questionnaire survey assessing PTSD and related variables in 73.3% of all Danish bank employees exposed to bank robbery during the period from April 2010 to April 2011. Participants filled out questionnaires 1 week (T1, N=450) and 6 months after the robbery (T2, N=368; 61.1% females). Mediation was examined using an analysis designed specifically to test a multiple mediator model. Females reported more PTSD symptoms than males and higher levels of neuroticism, depression, physical anxiety sensitivity, peritraumatic fear, horror, and helplessness (the A2 criterion), tonic immobility, panic, dissociation, negative posttraumatic cognitions about self and the world, and feeling let down. These variables were included in the model as potential mediators. The combination of risk factors significantly mediated the association between sex and PTSD severity, accounting for 83% of the association. The findings suggest that females report more PTSD symptoms because they experience higher levels of associated risk factors. The results are relevant to other trauma populations and to other trauma-related psychiatric disorders more prevalent in females, such as depression The association between home environmental variables and soft drink consumption among adolescents. Exploration of mediation by individual cognitions and habit strength. PubMed Tak, N I; Te Velde, S J; Oenema, A; Van der Horst, K; Timperio, A; Crawford, D; Brug, J 2011-04-01 Soft-drink consumption is one of the important target behaviours for the prevention of excessive weight gain among adolescents. To be able to modify these behaviours in obesity prevention interventions, further understanding of the underlying factors and mediational pathways is required. The present study aimed to explore associations between home environment variables and adolescent soft drink consumption and potential mediation of these associations by individual cognitions derived from the Theory of Planned Behaviour and habit strength. The ENDORSE study (N=1005) provided data on soft drink consumption and on home environment variables related to soft drink consumption (availability, accessibility, parental modelling, and parental rules), cognitive variables (intention, attitude, perceived behaviour control, and parental norm) and habit strength. Multiple mediation analyses were conducted using regression analyses according to the steps described by MacKinnon to assess the association between home environment variables and soft drink consumption and mediation of these associations by cognitive variables and habit strength. The bootstrapping method was used to calculate the confidence intervals. There were significant associations between the home environment variables and soft drink consumption. After inclusion of the mediators the strength of these associations was reduced. In the multiple mediator models, habit strength (39.4-62.6%) and intention (19.1-36.6%) were the strongest mediators. Intention and habit strength partly mediate the associations between home environment factors and soft drink consumption, suggesting that home environment variables influence soft drink consumption both indirectly and directly. Copyright Â© 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Accounting for sex differences in PTSD: A multi-variable mediation model PubMed Central Christiansen, Dorte M.; Hansen, Maj 2015-01-01 Background Approximately twice as many females as males are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little is known about why females report more PTSD symptoms than males. Prior studies have generally focused on few potential mediators at a time and have often used methods that were not ideally suited to test for mediation effects. Prior research has identified a number of individual risk factors that may contribute to sex differences in PTSD severity, although these cannot fully account for the increased symptom levels in females when examined individually. Objective The present study is the first to systematically test the hypothesis that a combination of pre-, peri-, and posttraumatic risk factors more prevalent in females can account for sex differences in PTSD severity. Method The study was a quasi-prospective questionnaire survey assessing PTSD and related variables in 73.3% of all Danish bank employees exposed to bank robbery during the period from April 2010 to April 2011. Participants filled out questionnaires 1 week (T1, N=450) and 6 months after the robbery (T2, N=368; 61.1% females). Mediation was examined using an analysis designed specifically to test a multiple mediator model. Results Females reported more PTSD symptoms than males and higher levels of neuroticism, depression, physical anxiety sensitivity, peritraumatic fear, horror, and helplessness (the A2 criterion), tonic immobility, panic, dissociation, negative posttraumatic cognitions about self and the world, and feeling let down. These variables were included in the model as potential mediators. The combination of risk factors significantly mediated the association between sex and PTSD severity, accounting for 83% of the association. Conclusions The findings suggest that females report more PTSD symptoms because they experience higher levels of associated risk factors. The results are relevant to other trauma populations and to other trauma-related psychiatric disorders Why significant variables aren't automatically good predictors. PubMed Lo, Adeline; Chernoff, Herman; Zheng, Tian; Lo, Shaw-Hwa 2015-11-10 Thus far, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been disappointing in the inability of investigators to use the results of identified, statistically significant variants in complex diseases to make predictions useful for personalized medicine. Why are significant variables not leading to good prediction of outcomes? We point out that this problem is prevalent in simple as well as complex data, in the sciences as well as the social sciences. We offer a brief explanation and some statistical insights on why higher significance cannot automatically imply stronger predictivity and illustrate through simulations and a real breast cancer example. We also demonstrate that highly predictive variables do not necessarily appear as highly significant, thus evading the researcher using significance-based methods. We point out that what makes variables good for prediction versus significance depends on different properties of the underlying distributions. If prediction is the goal, we must lay aside significance as the only selection standard. We suggest that progress in prediction requires efforts toward a new research agenda of searching for a novel criterion to retrieve highly predictive variables rather than highly significant variables. We offer an alternative approach that was not designed for significance, the partition retention method, which was very effective predicting on a long-studied breast cancer data set, by reducing the classification error rate from 30% to 8%. Estimation of indirect effect when the mediator is a censored variable. PubMed Wang, Jian; Shete, Sanjay 2017-01-01 A mediation model explores the direct and indirect effects of an initial variable ( X) on an outcome variable ( Y) by including a mediator ( M). In many realistic scenarios, investigators observe censored data instead of the complete data. Current research in mediation analysis for censored data focuses mainly on censored outcomes, but not censored mediators. In this study, we proposed a strategy based on the accelerated failure time model and a multiple imputation approach. We adapted a measure of the indirect effect for the mediation model with a censored mediator, which can assess the indirect effect at both the group and individual levels. Based on simulation, we established the bias in the estimations of different paths (i.e. the effects of X on M [ a], of M on Y [ b] and of X on Y given mediator M [ c']) and indirect effects when analyzing the data using the existing approaches, including a naÃ¯ve approach implemented in software such as Mplus, complete-case analysis, and the Tobit mediation model. We conducted simulation studies to investigate the performance of the proposed strategy compared to that of the existing approaches. The proposed strategy accurately estimates the coefficients of different paths, indirect effects and percentages of the total effects mediated. We applied these mediation approaches to the study of SNPs, age at menopause and fasting glucose levels. Our results indicate that there is no indirect effect of association between SNPs and fasting glucose level that is mediated through the age at menopause. Bias and Bias Correction in Multi-Site Instrumental Variables Analysis of Heterogeneous Mediator Effects ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Reardon, Sean F.; Unlu, Faith; Zhu, Pei; Bloom, Howard 2013-01-01 We explore the use of instrumental variables (IV) analysis with a multi-site randomized trial to estimate the effect of a mediating variable on an outcome in cases where it can be assumed that the observed mediator is the only mechanism linking treatment assignment to outcomes, as assumption known in the instrumental variables literature as theâ¦ Bias and Bias Correction in Multisite Instrumental Variables Analysis of Heterogeneous Mediator Effects ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Reardon, Sean F.; Unlu, Fatih; Zhu, Pei; Bloom, Howard S. 2014-01-01 We explore the use of instrumental variables (IV) analysis with a multisite randomized trial to estimate the effect of a mediating variable on an outcome in cases where it can be assumed that the observed mediator is the only mechanism linking treatment assignment to outcomes, an assumption known in the IV literature as the exclusion restriction.â¦ Exploring associations between parental and peer variables, personal variables and physical activity among adolescents: a mediation analysis. PubMed Verloigne, MaÃ¯tÃ©; Veitch, Jenny; Carver, Alison; Salmon, Jo; Cardon, Greet; De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse; Timperio, Anna 2014-09-18 This study aimed to investigate how parental and peer variables are associated with moderate- to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) on week- and weekend days among Australian adolescents (13-15 y), and whether perceived internal barriers (e.g. lack of time), external barriers (e.g. lack of others to be physically active with) and self-efficacy mediated these associations. Cross-sectional data were drawn from the Health, Eating and Play Study, conducted in Melbourne, Australia. Adolescents (mean ageâ=â14.11âÂ±â0.59 years, 51% girls) and one of their parents completed a questionnaire and adolescents wore an ActiGraph accelerometer for a week (nâ=â134). Mediating effects of perceived barriers and self-efficacy were tested using MacKinnon's product-of-coefficients test based on multilevel linear regression analyses. Parental logistic support was positively related to MVPA on weekdays (Ïâ=â0.035) and weekend days (Ïâ=â0.078), peer interest (Ï =0.036) was positively related to MVPA on weekdays, and parental control (Ïâ=â-0.056) and parental concern (Ïâ=â-0.180) were inversely related to MVPA on weekdays. Internal barriers significantly mediated the association between parental logistic support and MVPA on weekdays (42.9% proportion mediated). Self-efficacy and external barriers did not mediate any association. Interventions aiming to increase adolescents' MVPA should involve parents, as parental support may influence MVPA on weekdays by reducing adolescents' perceived internal barriers. Longitudinal and experimental research is needed to confirm these findings and to investigate other personal mediators. Network Mendelian randomization: using genetic variants as instrumental variables to investigate mediation in causal pathways PubMed Central Burgess, Stephen; Daniel, Rhian M; Butterworth, Adam S; Thompson, Simon G 2015-01-01 Background: Mendelian randomization uses genetic variants, assumed to be instrumental variables for a particular exposure, to estimate the causal effect of that exposure on an outcome. If the instrumental variable criteria are satisfied, the resulting estimator is consistent even in the presence of unmeasured confounding and reverse causation. Methods: We extend the Mendelian randomization paradigm to investigate more complex networks of relationships between variables, in particular where some of the effect of an exposure on the outcome may operate through an intermediate variable (a mediator). If instrumental variables for the exposure and mediator are available, direct and indirect effects of the exposure on the outcome can be estimated, for example using either a regression-based method or structural equation models. The direction of effect between the exposure and a possible mediator can also be assessed. Methods are illustrated in an applied example considering causal relationships between body mass index, C-reactive protein and uric acid. Results: These estimators are consistent in the presence of unmeasured confounding if, in addition to the instrumental variable assumptions, the effects of both the exposure on the mediator and the mediator on the outcome are homogeneous across individuals and linear without interactions. Nevertheless, a simulation study demonstrates that even considerable heterogeneity in these effects does not lead to bias in the estimates. Conclusions: These methods can be used to estimate direct and indirect causal effects in a mediation setting, and have potential for the investigation of more complex networks between multiple interrelated exposures and disease outcomes. PMID:25150977 Night-to-Night Sleep Variability in Older Adults With Chronic Insomnia: Mediators and Moderators in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Brief Behavioral Therapy (BBT-I) PubMed Central Chan, Wai Sze; Williams, Jacob; Dautovich, Natalie D.; McNamara, Joseph P.H.; Stripling, Ashley; Dzierzewski, Joseph M.; Berry, Richard B.; McCoy, Karin J.M.; McCrae, Christina S. 2017-01-01 Study Objectives: Sleep variability is a clinically significant variable in understanding and treating insomnia in older adults. The current study examined changes in sleep variability in the course of brief behavioral therapy for insomnia (BBT-I) in older adults who had chronic insomnia. Additionally, the current study examined the mediating mechanisms underlying reductions of sleep variability and the moderating effects of baseline sleep variability on treatment responsiveness. Methods: Sixty-two elderly participants were randomly assigned to either BBT-I or self-monitoring and attention control (SMAC). Sleep was assessed by sleep diaries and actigraphy from baseline to posttreatment and at 3-month follow-up. Mixed models were used to examine changes in sleep variability (within-person standard deviations of weekly sleep parameters) and the hypothesized mediation and moderation effects. Results: Variabilities in sleep diary-assessed sleep onset latency (SOL) and actigraphy-assessed total sleep time (TST) significantly decreased in BBT-I compared to SMAC (Pseudo R2 = .12, .27; P = .018, .008). These effects were mediated by reductions in bedtime and wake time variability and time in bed. Significant time Ã group Ã baseline sleep variability interactions on sleep outcomes indicated that participants who had higher baseline sleep variability were more responsive to BBT-I; their actigraphy-assessed TST, SOL, and sleep efficiency improved to a greater degree (Pseudo R2 = .15 to .66; P < .001 to .044). Conclusions: BBT-I is effective in reducing sleep variability in older adults who have chronic insomnia. Increased consistency in bedtime and wake time and decreased time in bed mediate reductions of sleep variability. Baseline sleep variability may serve as a marker of high treatment responsiveness to BBT-I. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02967185 Citation: Chan WS, Williams J, Dautovich ND, McNamara JP, Stripling A, Dzierzewski JM Accommodating Binary and Count Variables in Mediation: A Case for Conditional Indirect Effects ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Geldhof, G. John; Anthony, Katherine P.; Selig, James P.; Mendez-Luck, Carolyn A. 2018-01-01 The existence of several accessible sources has led to a proliferation of mediation models in the applied research literature. Most of these sources assume endogenous variables (e.g., M, and Y) have normally distributed residuals, precluding models of binary and/or count data. Although a growing body of literature has expanded mediation models toâ¦ Applying causal mediation analysis to personality disorder research. PubMed Walters, Glenn D 2018-01-01 This article is designed to address fundamental issues in the application of causal mediation analysis to research on personality disorders. Causal mediation analysis is used to identify mechanisms of effect by testing variables as putative links between the independent and dependent variables. As such, it would appear to have relevance to personality disorder research. It is argued that proper implementation of causal mediation analysis requires that investigators take several factors into account. These factors are discussed under 5 headings: variable selection, model specification, significance evaluation, effect size estimation, and sensitivity testing. First, care must be taken when selecting the independent, dependent, mediator, and control variables for a mediation analysis. Some variables make better mediators than others and all variables should be based on reasonably reliable indicators. Second, the mediation model needs to be properly specified. This requires that the data for the analysis be prospectively or historically ordered and possess proper causal direction. Third, it is imperative that the significance of the identified pathways be established, preferably with a nonparametric bootstrap resampling approach. Fourth, effect size estimates should be computed or competing pathways compared. Finally, investigators employing the mediation method are advised to perform a sensitivity analysis. Additional topics covered in this article include parallel and serial multiple mediation designs, moderation, and the relationship between mediation and moderation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved). Socioeconomic status and oppositional defiant disorder in preschoolers: parenting practices and executive functioning as mediating variables. PubMed Granero, Roser; Louwaars, Leonie; Ezpeleta, Lourdes 2015-01-01 To investigate the mediating mechanisms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in preschoolers through pathways analysis, considering the family socioeconomic status (SES) as the independent variable and the parenting style and the children's executive functioning (EF) as the mediating factors. The sample included 622 three-year-old children from the general population. Multi-informant reports from parents and teachers were analyzed. Structural Equation Modeling showed that the associations between SES, EF, parenting style and ODD levels differed by children's gender: (a) for girls, the association of low SES and high ODD scores was partially mediated by difficulties in EF inhibition, and parenting practices defined by corporal punishment and inconsistent discipline obtained a quasi-significant indirect effect into the association between SES and ODD; (b) for boys, SES and EF (inhibition and emotional control) had a direct effect on ODD with no mediation. SES seems a good indicator to identify children at high-risk for prevention and intervention programs for ODD. Girls with ODD in families of low SES may particularly benefit from parent training practices and training in inhibition control. Associated and mediating variables related to quality of life among service users with mental disorders. PubMed Fleury, Marie-JosÃ©e; Grenier, Guy; Bamvita, Jean-Marie 2018-02-01 This study aimed to identify variables associated with quality of life (QoL) and mediating variables among 338 service users with mental disorders in Quebec (Canada). Data were collected using nine standardized questionnaires and participant medical records. Quality of life was assessed with the Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale. Independent variables were organized into a six-block conceptual framework. Using structural equation modeling, associated and mediating variables related to QoL were identified. Lower seriousness of needs was the strongest variable associated with QoL, followed by recovery, greater service continuity, gender (male), adequacy of help received, not living alone, absence of substance use or mood disorders, and higher functional status, in that order. Recovery was the single mediating variable linking lower seriousness of needs, higher service continuity, and reduced alcohol use with QoL. Findings suggest that greater service continuity creates favorable conditions for recovery, reducing seriousness of needs and increasing QoL among service users. Lack of recovery-oriented services may affect QoL among alcohol users, as substance use disorders were associated directly and negatively with QoL. Decision makers and mental health professionals should promote service continuity, and closer collaboration between primary care and specialized services, while supporting recovery-oriented services that encourage service user involvement in their treatment and follow-up. Community-based organizations should aim to reduce the seriousness of needs particularly for female service users and those living alone. Mediators and moderators in early intervention research PubMed Central Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Srihari, Vinod H.; Pollard, Jessica M.; Addington, Donald N.; Woods, Scott W. 2015-01-01 Aim The goal of this paper is to provide clarification with regard to the nature of mediator and moderator variables and the statistical methods used to test for the existence of these variables. Particular attention will be devoted to discussing the ways in which the identification of mediator and moderator variables may help to advance the field of early intervention in psychiatry. Methods We completed a literature review of the methodological strategies used to test for mediator and moderator variables. Results Although several tests for mediator variables are currently available, recent evaluations suggest that tests which directly evaluate the indirect effect are superior. With regard to moderator variables, two approaches (âpick-a-pointâ and regions of significance) are available, and we provide guidelines with regard to how researchers can determine which approach may be most appropriate to use for their specific study. Finally, we discuss how to evaluate the clinical importance of mediator and moderator relationships as well as the methodology to calculate statistical power for tests of mediation and moderation. Conclusion Further exploration of mediator and moderator variables may provide valuable information with regard to interventions provided early in the course of a psychiatric illness. PMID:20536970 Mediators and moderators in early intervention research. PubMed Breitborde, Nicholas J K; Srihari, Vinod H; Pollard, Jessica M; Addington, Donald N; Woods, Scott W 2010-05-01 The goal of this paper is to provide clarification with regard to the nature of mediator and moderator variables and the statistical methods used to test for the existence of these variables. Particular attention will be devoted to discussing the ways in which the identification of mediator and moderator variables may help to advance the field of early intervention in psychiatry. We completed a literature review of the methodological strategies used to test for mediator and moderator variables. Although several tests for mediator variables are currently available, recent evaluations suggest that tests which directly evaluate the indirect effect are superior. With regard to moderator variables, two approaches ('pick-a-point' and regions of significance) are available, and we provide guidelines with regard to how researchers can determine which approach may be most appropriate to use for their specific study. Finally, we discuss how to evaluate the clinical importance of mediator and moderator relationships as well as the methodology to calculate statistical power for tests of mediation and moderation. Further exploration of mediator and moderator variables may provide valuable information with regard to interventions provided early in the course of a psychiatric illness. Sleep-mediated heart rate variability after bilateral carotid body tumor resection. PubMed Niemeijer, Nicolasine D; Corssmit, Eleonora P M; Reijntjes, Robert H A M; Lammers, Gert Jan; van Dijk, J Gert; Thijs, Roland D 2015-04-01 The carotid bodies are thought to play an important role in sleep-dependent autonomic changes. Patients who underwent resection of bilateral carotid body tumors have chronically attenuated baroreflex sensitivity. These subjects provide a unique opportunity to investigate the role of the baroreflex during sleep. One-night ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) recording. Participants' homes. Nine patients with bilateral carotid body tumor resection (bCBR) (four women, mean age 50.4 Â± 7.2 years) and nine controls matched for age, gender, and body mass index. N/A. Sleep parameters were obtained from PSG. Heart rate (HR) and its variability were calculated using 30-s epochs. In bCBR patients, HR was slightly but not significantly increased during wake and all sleep stages. The effect of sleep on HR was similar for patients and controls. Low frequency (LF) power of the heart rate variability spectrum was significantly lower in bCBR patients in active wakefulness, sleep stage 1 and REM sleep. No differences were found between patients and controls for high frequency (HF) power and the LF/HF ratio. Bilateral carotid body tumor resection (bCBR) is associated with decreased low frequency power during sleep, suggesting impaired baroreflex function. Despite this, sleep-related heart rate changes were similar between bCBR patients and controls. These findings suggest that the effects of sleep on heart rate are predominantly generated through central, non-baroreflex mediated pathways. Â© 2015 Associated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC. What carries a mediation process? Configural analysis of mediation. PubMed von Eye, Alexander; Mun, Eun Young; Mair, Patrick 2009-09-01 Mediation is a process that links a predictor and a criterion via a mediator variable. Mediation can be full or partial. This well-established definition operates at the level of variables even if they are categorical. In this article, two new approaches to the analysis of mediation are proposed. Both of these approaches focus on the analysis of categorical variables. The first involves mediation analysis at the level of configurations instead of variables. Thus, mediation can be incorporated into the arsenal of methods of analysis for person-oriented research. Second, it is proposed that Configural Frequency Analysis (CFA) can be used for both exploration and confirmation of mediation relationships among categorical variables. The implications of using CFA are first that mediation hypotheses can be tested at the level of individual configurations instead of variables. Second, this approach leaves the door open for different types of mediation processes to exist within the same set. Using a data example, it is illustrated that aggregate-level analysis can overlook mediation processes that operate at the level of individual configurations. Mediating processes between stress and problematic marijuana use. PubMed Ketcherside, Ariel; Filbey, Francesca M 2015-06-01 The literature widely reports that stress is associated with marijuana use, yet, to date, the path from stress to marijuana-related problems has not been tested. In this study, we evaluated whether negative affect mediates the relationship between stress and marijuana use. To that end, we tested models to determine mediators between problems with marijuana use (via Marijuana Problem Scale), stress (via Early Life Stress Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale), and negative affect (via Beck Depression Inventory; Beck Anxiety Inventory) in 157 current heavy marijuana users. Mediation tests and bootstrap confidence intervals were carried out via the "Mediation" package in R. Depression and anxiety scores both significantly mediated the relationship between perceived stress and problematic marijuana use. Only depression significantly mediated the relationship between early life stress and problematic marijuana use. Early life stress, perceived stress and problematic marijuana use were significant only as independent variables and dependent variables. These findings demonstrate that (1) depression mediated both early life stress and perceived stress, and problematic marijuana use, and, (2) anxiety mediated perceived stress and problematic marijuana use. This mediation analysis represents a strong first step toward understanding the relationship between these variables; however, longitudinal studies are needed to determine causality between these variables. To conclude, addressing concomitant depression and anxiety in those who report either perceived stress or early life stress is important for the prevention of cannabis use disorders. Copyright Â© 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. PubMed Baron, R M; Kenny, D A 1986-12-01 In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators. Social cognition as a mediator variable between neurocognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: empirical review and new results by structural equation modeling. PubMed Schmidt, Stefanie J; Mueller, Daniel R; Roder, Volker 2011-09-01 Cognitive impairments are currently regarded as important determinants of functional domains and are promising treatment goals in schizophrenia. Nevertheless, the exact nature of the interdependent relationship between neurocognition and social cognition as well as the relative contribution of each of these factors to adequate functioning remains unclear. The purpose of this article is to systematically review the findings and methodology of studies that have investigated social cognition as a mediator variable between neurocognitive performance and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Moreover, we carried out a study to evaluate this mediation hypothesis by the means of structural equation modeling in a large sample of 148 schizophrenia patients. The review comprised 15 studies. All but one study provided evidence for the mediating role of social cognition both in cross-sectional and in longitudinal designs. Other variables like motivation and social competence additionally mediated the relationship between social cognition and functional outcome. The mean effect size of the indirect effect was 0.20. However, social cognitive domains were differentially effective mediators. On average, 25% of the variance in functional outcome could be explained in the mediation model. The results of our own statistical analysis are in line with these conclusions: Social cognition mediated a significant indirect relationship between neurocognition and functional outcome. These results suggest that research should focus on differential mediation pathways. Future studies should also consider the interaction with other prognostic factors, additional mediators, and moderators in order to increase the predictive power and to target those factors relevant for optimizing therapy effects. Associated and Mediating Variables Related to Job Satisfaction among Professionals from Mental Health Teams. PubMed Fleury, Marie-JosÃ©e; Grenier, Guy; Bamvita, Jean-Marie; Chiocchio, FranÃ§ois 2018-06-01 Using a structural analysis, this study examines the relationship between job satisfaction among 315 mental health professionals from the province of Quebec (Canada) and a wide range of variables related to provider characteristics, team characteristics, processes, and emergent states, and organizational culture. We used the Job Satisfaction Survey to assess job satisfaction. Our conceptual framework integrated numerous independent variables adapted from the input-mediator-output-input (IMOI) model and the Integrated Team Effectiveness Model (ITEM). The structural equation model predicted 47% of the variance of job satisfaction. Job satisfaction was associated with eight variables: strong team support, participation in the decision-making process, closer collaboration, fewer conflicts among team members, modest knowledge production (team processes), firm affective commitment, multifocal identification (emergent states) and belonging to the nursing profession (provider characteristics). Team climate had an impact on six job satisfaction variables (team support, knowledge production, conflicts, affective commitment, collaboration, and multifocal identification). Results show that team processes and emergent states were mediators between job satisfaction and team climate. To increase job satisfaction among professionals, health managers need to pursue strategies that foster a positive climate within mental health teams. Variable system: An alternative approach for the analysis of mediated moderation. PubMed Kwan, Joyce Lok Yin; Chan, Wai 2018-06-01 Mediated moderation (meMO) occurs when the moderation effect of the moderator (W) on the relationship between the independent variable (X) and the dependent variable (Y) is transmitted through a mediator (M). To examine this process empirically, 2 different model specifications (Type I meMO and Type II meMO) have been proposed in the literature. However, both specifications are found to be problematic, either conceptually or statistically. For example, it can be shown that each type of meMO model is statistically equivalent to a particular form of moderated mediation (moME), another process that examines the condition when the indirect effect from X to Y through M varies as a function of W. Consequently, it is difficult for one to differentiate these 2 processes mathematically. This study therefore has 2 objectives. First, we attempt to differentiate moME and meMO by proposing an alternative specification for meMO. Conceptually, this alternative specification is intuitively meaningful and interpretable, and, statistically, it offers meMO a unique representation that is no longer identical to its moME counterpart. Second, using structural equation modeling, we propose an integrated approach for the analysis of meMO as well as for other general types of conditional path models. VS, a computer software program that implements the proposed approach, has been developed to facilitate the analysis of conditional path models for applied researchers. Real examples are considered to illustrate how the proposed approach works in practice and to compare its performance against the traditional methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved). Exploring individual cognitions, self-regulation skills, and environmental-level factors as mediating variables of two versions of a Web-based computer-tailored nutrition education intervention aimed at adults: A randomized controlled trial. PubMed Springvloet, Linda; Lechner, Lilian; Candel, Math J J M; de Vries, Hein; Oenema, Anke 2016-03-01 This study explored whether the determinants that were targeted in two versions of a Web-based computer-tailored nutrition education intervention mediated the effects on fruit, high-energy snack, and saturated fat intake among adults who did not comply with dietary guidelines. A RCT was conducted with a basic (tailored intervention targeting individual cognitions and self-regulation), plus (additionally targeting environmental-level factors), and control group (generic nutrition information). Participants were recruited from the general Dutch adult population and randomly assigned to one of the study groups. Online self-reported questionnaires assessed dietary intake and potential mediating variables (behavior-specific cognitions, action- and coping planning, environmental-level factors) at baseline and one (T1) and four (T2) months post-intervention (i.e. four and seven months after baseline). The joint-significance test was used to establish mediating variables at different time points (T1-mediating variables - T2-intake; T1-mediating variables - T1-intake; T2-mediating variables - T2-intake). Educational differences were examined by testing interaction terms. The effect of the plus version on fruit intake was mediated (T2-T2) by intention and fruit availability at home and for high-educated participants also by attitude. Among low/moderate-educated participants, high-energy snack availability at home mediated (T1-T1) the effect of the basic version on high-energy snack intake. Subjective norm mediated (T1-T1) the effect of the basic version on fat intake among high-educated participants. Only some of the targeted determinants mediated the effects of both intervention versions on fruit, high-energy snack, and saturated fat intake. A possible reason for not finding a more pronounced pattern of mediating variables is that the educational content was tailored to individual characteristics and that participants only received feedback for relevant and not for all Quality of life and adolescents' communication with their significant others (mother, father, and best friend): the mediating effect of attachment to pets. PubMed Marsa-Sambola, Ferran; Williams, Joanne; Muldoon, Janine; Lawrence, Alistair; Connor, Melanie; Currie, Candace 2017-06-01 The relationship between adolescents' communication with their significant others (mother, father, and best friend) and quality of life (KIDSCREEN) was investigated in 2262 Scottish adolescent pet owners. The variable attachment to pets was also tested and assessed as a mediator of this relationship. A positive relationship between adolescents' communication with their significant other (mother, father, and best friend) and quality of life decreased when controlling for attachment to dogs. In cat owners, a positive relationship between communication with a best friend and quality of life decreased when controlling for attachment to cats. In cat and dog owners, attachment to these pets predicted higher levels of quality of life. Higher attachment to dogs and cats was explained by good best friend (IV) and attachment to pets (DV) and best friends. Mediation effects of attachment to dogs and cats might be explained in terms of the caring activities associated with these types of pets. Variability of Neuronal Responses: Types and Functional Significance in Neuroplasticity and Neural Darwinism PubMed Central Chervyakov, Alexander V.; Sinitsyn, Dmitry O.; Piradov, Michael A. 2016-01-01 HIGHLIGHTS We suggest classifying variability of neuronal responses as follows: false (associated with a lack of knowledge about the influential factors), âgenuine harmfulâ (noise), âgenuine neutralâ (synonyms, repeats), and âgenuine usefulâ (the basis of neuroplasticity and learning).The genuine neutral variability is considered in terms of the phenomenon of degeneracy.Of particular importance is the genuine useful variability that is considered as a potential basis for neuroplasticity and learning. This type of variability is considered in terms of the neural Darwinism theory. In many cases, neural signals detected under the same external experimental conditions significantly change from trial to trial. The variability phenomenon, which complicates extraction of reproducible results and is ignored in many studies by averaging, has attracted attention of researchers in recent years. In this paper, we classify possible types of variability based on its functional significance and describe features of each type. We describe the key adaptive significance of variability at the neural network level and the degeneracy phenomenon that may be important for learning processes in connection with the principle of neuronal group selection. PMID:27932969 Variability of Neuronal Responses: Types and Functional Significance in Neuroplasticity and Neural Darwinism. PubMed Chervyakov, Alexander V; Sinitsyn, Dmitry O; Piradov, Michael A 2016-01-01 HIGHLIGHTS We suggest classifying variability of neuronal responses as follows: false (associated with a lack of knowledge about the influential factors), "genuine harmful" (noise), "genuine neutral" (synonyms, repeats), and "genuine useful" (the basis of neuroplasticity and learning).The genuine neutral variability is considered in terms of the phenomenon of degeneracy.Of particular importance is the genuine useful variability that is considered as a potential basis for neuroplasticity and learning. This type of variability is considered in terms of the neural Darwinism theory. In many cases, neural signals detected under the same external experimental conditions significantly change from trial to trial. The variability phenomenon, which complicates extraction of reproducible results and is ignored in many studies by averaging, has attracted attention of researchers in recent years. In this paper, we classify possible types of variability based on its functional significance and describe features of each type. We describe the key adaptive significance of variability at the neural network level and the degeneracy phenomenon that may be important for learning processes in connection with the principle of neuronal group selection. Low heart rate variability in unemployed men: The possible mediating effects of life satisfaction. PubMed Jandackova, V K; Jackowska, M 2015-01-01 Unemployment has consistently been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and premature mortality, and impaired autonomic modulation of the heart might be one mechanism partly explaining this. This study examined whether the possible effect of unemployment on cardiac autonomic modulation is in part mediated by lower psychological well-being. The sample comprised of 15 job-seeking men aged 30-49 years matched with 15 employed men on age, type of job, smoking habits, alcohol intake, frequency of physical activity, and body mass index. Heart rate variability (HRV) during a modified orthostatic test was the measure of cardiac autonomic modulation, and life satisfaction was the measure of psychological well-being. Unemployed men had significantly lower overall HRV (p = .040) than controls. This association was partially mediated through lower general life satisfaction, and in particular, by low financial satisfaction, independently of demographic and/or behavioral factors that influence HRV. These findings suggest that seeking a job is a potential stressor that may reduce overall HRV and contribute towards disturbance of cardiac autonomic modulation in men. Financial difficulties could be one mechanism through which the effects of unemployment are translated into impaired autonomic modulation. Associations between neighbourhood and household environmental variables and fruit consumption: exploration of mediation by individual cognitions and habit strength in the GLOBE study. PubMed Tak, Nannah I; te Velde, Saskia J; Kamphuis, Carlijn Bm; Ball, Kylie; Crawford, David; Brug, Johannes; van Lenthe, Frank J 2013-03-01 The present study examined associations of several home and neighbourhood environmental variables with fruit consumption and explored whether these associations were mediated by variables derived from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and by habit strength. Data of the Dutch GLOBE study on household and neighbourhood environment, fruit intake and related factors were used, obtained by self-administered questionnaires (cross-sectional), face-to-face interviews and audits. The city of Eindhoven in the Netherlands Adults (n 333; mean age 58 years, 54% female). Multiple mediation analyses were conducted using regression analyses to assess the association between environmental variables and fruit consumption, as well as mediation of these associations by TPB variables and by habit strength. Intention, perceived behaviour control, subjective norm and habit strength were associated with fruit intake. None of the neighbourhood environmental variables was directly or indirectly associated with fruit intake. The home environmental variable 'modelling behaviour by family members' was indirectly, but not directly, associated with fruit intake. Habit strength and perceived behaviour control explained most of the mediated effect (71.9%). Modelling behaviour by family members was indirectly associated with fruit intake through habit strength and perceived behaviour control. None of the neighbourhood variables was directly or indirectly, through any of the proposed mediators, associated with adult fruit intake. These findings suggest that future interventions promoting fruit intake should address a combination of the home environment (especially modelling behaviour by family members), TPB variables and habit strength for fruit intake. Leadership for Learning: The Relationships between School Context, Principal Leadership and Mediating Variables ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Paletta, Angelo; Alivernini, Fabio; Manganelli, Sara 2017-01-01 Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between the school context, the leadership of the school principal, and a set of process variables related to teachers and the educational climate, which have been shown to mediate the effects of the principal's leadership on schools and students. The authors examined the followingâ¦ Current Directions in Mediation Analysis PubMed Central MacKinnon, David P.; Fairchild, Amanda J. 2010-01-01 Mediating variables continue to play an important role in psychological theory and research. A mediating variable transmits the effect of an antecedent variable on to a dependent variable, thereby providing more detailed understanding of relations among variables. Methods to assess mediation have been an active area of research for the last two decades. This paper describes the current state of methods to investigate mediating variables. PMID:20157637 Design approaches to experimental mediation. PubMed Pirlott, Angela G; MacKinnon, David P 2016-09-01 Identifying causal mechanisms has become a cornerstone of experimental social psychology, and editors in top social psychology journals champion the use of mediation methods, particularly innovative ones when possible (e.g. Halberstadt, 2010, Smith, 2012). Commonly, studies in experimental social psychology randomly assign participants to levels of the independent variable and measure the mediating and dependent variables, and the mediator is assumed to causally affect the dependent variable. However, participants are not randomly assigned to levels of the mediating variable(s), i.e., the relationship between the mediating and dependent variables is correlational. Although researchers likely know that correlational studies pose a risk of confounding, this problem seems forgotten when thinking about experimental designs randomly assigning participants to levels of the independent variable and measuring the mediator (i.e., "measurement-of-mediation" designs). Experimentally manipulating the mediator provides an approach to solving these problems, yet these methods contain their own set of challenges (e.g., Bullock, Green, & Ha, 2010). We describe types of experimental manipulations targeting the mediator (manipulations demonstrating a causal effect of the mediator on the dependent variable and manipulations targeting the strength of the causal effect of the mediator) and types of experimental designs (double randomization, concurrent double randomization, and parallel), provide published examples of the designs, and discuss the strengths and challenges of each design. Therefore, the goals of this paper include providing a practical guide to manipulation-of-mediator designs in light of their challenges and encouraging researchers to use more rigorous approaches to mediation because manipulation-of-mediator designs strengthen the ability to infer causality of the mediating variable on the dependent variable. The Relationship between Parent-Child Interactions and Prosocial Behavior among Fifth- and Sixth-Grade Students: Gratitude as a Mediating Variable ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Wu, Ho-Tang; Tseng, Shu-Feng; Wu, Pai-Lu; Chen, Chun-Miao 2016-01-01 Parent-child interaction, gratitude and prosocial behavior have a crucial impact on psychological development. According to our literature review, these three variables are positively related to one another. Therefore, the authors created a model that treats parent-child interaction as an exogenous variable, gratitude as a mediating variable, andâ¦ Violence as Mediating Variable in Mental Health Disparities Associated to Sexual Orientation Among Mexican Youths. PubMed Mendoza-PÃ©rez, Juan Carlos; Ortiz-HernÃ¡ndez, Luis 2018-01-05 In this study, we explored the role of sex as an effect-modifying variable in the association between sexual orientation and mental health in Mexican youth. In addition, we tested if violent experiences in the family and the school and attitudes toward homosexuality could act as mediating variables in such association. Data from three representative surveys performed in 2007, 2009, and 2013 among Mexican high school students were analyzed. Two dimensions of sexual orientation were evaluated: romantic partnership and sexual behavior. The outcomes were negative and positive mood, suicidal ideation and intent, self-concept, and self-esteem. There were differences by gender because in males, there were more disparities in mental health associated with sexual orientation (suicidal ideation and attempt, negative and positive mood, negative self-concept, and family-related self-esteem) than in females (suicidal ideation and negative mood). Experiences of school violence were mediators in the relationship between sexual orientation and most health outcomes in males. Estimation of Causal Mediation Effects for a Dichotomous Outcome in Multiple-Mediator Models using the Mediation Formula PubMed Central Nelson, Suchitra; Albert, Jeffrey M. 2013-01-01 Mediators are intermediate variables in the causal pathway between an exposure and an outcome. Mediation analysis investigates the extent to which exposure effects occur through these variables, thus revealing causal mechanisms. In this paper, we consider the estimation of the mediation effect when the outcome is binary and multiple mediators of different types exist. We give a precise definition of the total mediation effect as well as decomposed mediation effects through individual or sets of mediators using the potential outcomes framework. We formulate a model of joint distribution (probit-normal) using continuous latent variables for any binary mediators to account for correlations among multiple mediators. A mediation formula approach is proposed to estimate the total mediation effect and decomposed mediation effects based on this parametric model. Estimation of mediation effects through individual or subsets of mediators requires an assumption involving the joint distribution of multiple counterfactuals. We conduct a simulation study that demonstrates low bias of mediation effect estimators for two-mediator models with various combinations of mediator types. The results also show that the power to detect a non-zero total mediation effect increases as the correlation coefficient between two mediators increases, while power for individual mediation effects reaches a maximum when the mediators are uncorrelated. We illustrate our approach by applying it to a retrospective cohort study of dental caries in adolescents with low and high socioeconomic status. Sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the robustness of conclusions regarding mediation effects when the assumption of no unmeasured mediator-outcome confounders is violated. PMID:23650048 Estimation of causal mediation effects for a dichotomous outcome in multiple-mediator models using the mediation formula. PubMed Wang, Wei; Nelson, Suchitra; Albert, Jeffrey M 2013-10-30 Mediators are intermediate variables in the causal pathway between an exposure and an outcome. Mediation analysis investigates the extent to which exposure effects occur through these variables, thus revealing causal mechanisms. In this paper, we consider the estimation of the mediation effect when the outcome is binary and multiple mediators of different types exist. We give a precise definition of the total mediation effect as well as decomposed mediation effects through individual or sets of mediators using the potential outcomes framework. We formulate a model of joint distribution (probit-normal) using continuous latent variables for any binary mediators to account for correlations among multiple mediators. A mediation formula approach is proposed to estimate the total mediation effect and decomposed mediation effects based on this parametric model. Estimation of mediation effects through individual or subsets of mediators requires an assumption involving the joint distribution of multiple counterfactuals. We conduct a simulation study that demonstrates low bias of mediation effect estimators for two-mediator models with various combinations of mediator types. The results also show that the power to detect a nonzero total mediation effect increases as the correlation coefficient between two mediators increases, whereas power for individual mediation effects reaches a maximum when the mediators are uncorrelated. We illustrate our approach by applying it to a retrospective cohort study of dental caries in adolescents with low and high socioeconomic status. Sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the robustness of conclusions regarding mediation effects when the assumption of no unmeasured mediator-outcome confounders is violated. Copyright Â© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The whole relationship between environmental variables and firm performance: competitive advantage and firm resources as mediator variables. PubMed LÃ³pez-Gamero, MarÃa D; Molina-AzorÃn, JosÃ© F; Claver-CortÃ©s, Enrique 2009-07-01 The examination of the possible direct link between environmental protection and firm performance in the literature has generally produced mixed results. The present paper contributes to the literature by using the resource-based view as a mediating process in this relationship. The study specifically tests whether or not the resource-based view of the firm mediates the positive relationships of proactive environmental management and improved environmental performance with competitive advantage, which also has consequences for financial performance. We also check the possible link between the adoption of a pioneering approach and good environmental management practices. Our findings support that early investment timing and intensity in environmental issues impact on the adoption of a proactive environmental management, which in turn helps to improve environmental performance. The findings also show that a firm's resources and competitive advantage act as mediator variables for a positive relationship between environmental protection and financial performance. This contribution is original because the present paper develops a comprehensive whole picture of this path process, which has previously only been partially discussed in the literature. In addition, this study clarifies a relevant point in the literature, namely that the effect of environmental protection on firm performance is not direct and can vary depending on the sector considered. Whereas competitive advantage in relation to costs influences financial performance in the IPPC law sector, the relevant influence in the hotel sector comes from competitive advantage through differentiation. Anxiety, affect, self-esteem, and stress: mediation and moderation effects on depression. PubMed Nima, Ali Al; Rosenberg, Patricia; Archer, Trevor; Garcia, Danilo 2013-01-01 Mediation analysis investigates whether a variable (i.e., mediator) changes in regard to an independent variable, in turn, affecting a dependent variable. Moderation analysis, on the other hand, investigates whether the statistical interaction between independent variables predict a dependent variable. Although this difference between these two types of analysis is explicit in current literature, there is still confusion with regard to the mediating and moderating effects of different variables on depression. The purpose of this study was to assess the mediating and moderating effects of anxiety, stress, positive affect, and negative affect on depression. Two hundred and two university students (males â=â93, females â=â113) completed questionnaires assessing anxiety, stress, self-esteem, positive and negative affect, and depression. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted using techniques based on standard multiple regression and hierarchical regression analyses. The results indicated that (i) anxiety partially mediated the effects of both stress and self-esteem upon depression, (ii) that stress partially mediated the effects of anxiety and positive affect upon depression, (iii) that stress completely mediated the effects of self-esteem on depression, and (iv) that there was a significant interaction between stress and negative affect, and between positive affect and negative affect upon depression. The study highlights different research questions that can be investigated depending on whether researchers decide to use the same variables as mediators and/or moderators. Mediational Significance of PTSD in the Relationship of Sexual Trauma and Eating Disorders ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Holzer, Sarah R.; Uppala, Saritha; Wonderlich, Stephen A.; Crosby, Ross D.; Simonich, Heather 2008-01-01 Objective: To examine the mediational significance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the development of eating disorder symptomatology following sexually traumatic experiences. Method: Seventy-one victims of sexual trauma and 25 control subjects completed interviews and questionnaires assessing eating disorder psychopathology andâ¦ POWER ANALYSIS FOR COMPLEX MEDIATIONAL DESIGNS USING MONTE CARLO METHODS PubMed Central Thoemmes, Felix; MacKinnon, David P.; Reiser, Mark R. 2013-01-01 Applied researchers often include mediation effects in applications of advanced methods such as latent variable models and linear growth curve models. Guidance on how to estimate statistical power to detect mediation for these models has not yet been addressed in the literature. We describe a general framework for power analyses for complex mediational models. The approach is based on the well known technique of generating a large number of samples in a Monte Carlo study, and estimating power as the percentage of cases in which an estimate of interest is significantly different from zero. Examples of power calculation for commonly used mediational models are provided. Power analyses for the single mediator, multiple mediators, three-path mediation, mediation with latent variables, moderated mediation, and mediation in longitudinal designs are described. Annotated sample syntax for Mplus is appended and tabled values of required sample sizes are shown for some models. PMID:23935262 Anxiety, Affect, Self-Esteem, and Stress: Mediation and Moderation Effects on Depression PubMed Central Nima, Ali Al; Rosenberg, Patricia; Archer, Trevor; Garcia, Danilo 2013-01-01 Background Mediation analysis investigates whether a variable (i.e., mediator) changes in regard to an independent variable, in turn, affecting a dependent variable. Moderation analysis, on the other hand, investigates whether the statistical interaction between independent variables predict a dependent variable. Although this difference between these two types of analysis is explicit in current literature, there is still confusion with regard to the mediating and moderating effects of different variables on depression. The purpose of this study was to assess the mediating and moderating effects of anxiety, stress, positive affect, and negative affect on depression. Methods Two hundred and two university students (males â=â93, females â=â113) completed questionnaires assessing anxiety, stress, self-esteem, positive and negative affect, and depression. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted using techniques based on standard multiple regression and hierarchical regression analyses. Main Findings The results indicated that (i) anxiety partially mediated the effects of both stress and self-esteem upon depression, (ii) that stress partially mediated the effects of anxiety and positive affect upon depression, (iii) that stress completely mediated the effects of self-esteem on depression, and (iv) that there was a significant interaction between stress and negative affect, and between positive affect and negative affect upon depression. Conclusion The study highlights different research questions that can be investigated depending on whether researchers decide to use the same variables as mediators and/or moderators. PMID:24039896 Mediation of social cognitive theory variables in the relationship of exercise and improved eating in sedentary adults with severe obesity. PubMed Annesi, James J; Tennant, GisÃ¨le A 2013-01-01 Results from behavioral treatments for obesity have been disappointing due to an inability to sustain healthy eating. The concurrent use of theory, research, and practical application has the potential of reducing overeating through innovative treatments. When overweight individuals begin an exercise program their eating tends to improve, however, the basis of this relationship is not determined. If the psychosocial mediators of the relationship between exercise and improved eating are better understood, supported exercise may be a key component for improving the efficacy of behavioral weight management treatments. In Phase 1 of this research, psychosocial variables derived from social cognitive theory were tested as possible mediators of the relationship of exercise participation with increased fruit and vegetable intake in severely obese adults initiating a 26-week treatment of supported exercise and standard nutrition education (nâ=â161). Change in self-regulation for healthy eating and self-regulation at treatment end was a strong mediator; with the addition of mood and self-efficacy for healthy eating being additional mediators that notably increased effect ratios. In Phase 2, participants in a cognitive-behavioral nutrition treatment tailored to improve the identified mediators (nâ=â163) were contrasted with the original group. The cognitive-behavioral nutrition treatment was associated with significantly greater increases than standard nutrition education in self-regulation, pâ=â0.023, CIs [4.69, 6.48], and [3.19, 5.02], respectively; self-efficacy, pâ=â0.013, CIs [19.72, 29.41], and [11.70, 20.71], respectively; and a marginally significant decrease in negative mood, pâ=â0.062, CIs [-14.26, -9.36], and [-10.90, -6.45], respectively. Findings served to inform treatment designs concerning the use of supported exercise and cognitive-behavioral means to derive better outcomes related to nutrition and weight loss in individuals with severe Depression and pain: testing of serial multiple mediators. PubMed Wongpakaran, Tinakon; Wongpakaran, Nahathai; Tanchakvaranont, Sitthinant; Bookkamana, Putipong; Pinyopornpanish, Manee; Wannarit, Kamonporn; Satthapisit, Sirina; Nakawiro, Daochompu; Hiranyatheb, Thanita; Thongpibul, Kulvadee 2016-01-01 Despite the fact that pain is related to depression, few studies have been conducted to investigate the variables that mediate between the two conditions. In this study, the authors explored the following mediators: cognitive function, self-sacrificing interpersonal problems, and perception of stress, and the effects they had on pain symptoms among patients with depressive disorders. An analysis was performed on the data of 346 participants with unipolar depressive disorders. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, the pain subscale of the health-related quality of life (SF-36), the self-sacrificing subscale of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, and the Perceived Stress Scale were used. Parallel multiple mediator and serial multiple mediator models were used. An alternative model regarding the effect of self-sacrificing on pain was also proposed. Perceived stress, self-sacrificing interpersonal style, and cognitive function were found to significantly mediate the relationship between depression and pain, while controlling for demographic variables. The total effect of depression on pain was significant. This model, with an additional three mediators, accounted for 15% of the explained variance in pain compared to 9% without mediators. For the alternative model, after controlling for the mediators, a nonsignificant total direct effect level of self-sacrificing was found, suggesting that the effect of self-sacrificing on pain was based only on an indirect effect and that perceived stress was found to be the strongest mediator. Serial mediation may help us to see how depression and pain are linked and what the fundamental mediators are in the chain. No significant, indirect effect of self-sacrificing on pain was observed, if perceived stress was not part of the depression and/or cognitive function mediational chain. The results shown here have implications for future research, both in terms of testing the model and in Association between sleep difficulties as well as duration and hypertension: is BMI a mediator? PubMed Carrillo-Larco, R M; Bernabe-Ortiz, A; Sacksteder, K A; Diez-Canseco, F; CÃ¡rdenas, M K; Gilman, R H; Miranda, J J 2017-01-01 Sleep difficulties and short sleep duration have been associated with hypertension. Though body mass index (BMI) may be a mediator variable, the mediation effect has not been defined. We aimed to assess the association between sleep duration and sleep difficulties with hypertension, to determine if BMI is a mediator variable, and to quantify the mediation effect. We conducted a mediation analysis and calculated prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals. The exposure variables were sleep duration and sleep difficulties, and the outcome was hypertension. Sleep difficulties were statistically significantly associated with a 43% higher prevalence of hypertension in multivariable analyses; results were not statistically significant for sleep duration. In these analyses, and in sex-specific subgroup analyses, we found no strong evidence that BMI mediated the association between sleep indices and risk of hypertension. Our findings suggest that BMI does not appear to mediate the association between sleep patterns and hypertension. These results highlight the need to further study the mechanisms underlying the relationship between sleep patterns and cardiovascular risk factors. Causal mediation analysis with a latent mediator. PubMed Albert, Jeffrey M; Geng, Cuiyu; Nelson, Suchitra 2016-05-01 Health researchers are often interested in assessing the direct effect of a treatment or exposure on an outcome variable, as well as its indirect (or mediation) effect through an intermediate variable (or mediator). For an outcome following a nonlinear model, the mediation formula may be used to estimate causally interpretable mediation effects. This method, like others, assumes that the mediator is observed. However, as is common in structural equations modeling, we may wish to consider a latent (unobserved) mediator. We follow a potential outcomes framework and assume a generalized structural equations model (GSEM). We provide maximum-likelihood estimation of GSEM parameters using an approximate Monte Carlo EM algorithm, coupled with a mediation formula approach to estimate natural direct and indirect effects. The method relies on an untestable sequential ignorability assumption; we assess robustness to this assumption by adapting a recently proposed method for sensitivity analysis. Simulation studies show good properties of the proposed estimators in plausible scenarios. Our method is applied to a study of the effect of mother education on occurrence of adolescent dental caries, in which we examine possible mediation through latent oral health behavior. Â© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay: inter-individual variability and human disease PubMed Central Nguyen, Lam Son; Wilkinson, Miles; Gecz, Jozef 2013-01-01 Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) is a regulatory pathway that functions to degrade transcripts containing premature termination codons (PTCs) and to maintain normal transcriptome homeostasis. Nonsense and frameshift mutations that generate PTCs cause approximately one-third of all known human genetic diseases and thus NMD has a potentially important role in human disease. In genetic disorders in which the affected genes carry PTC-generating mutations, NMD acts as a double-edge sword. While it can benefit the patient by degrading PTC-containing mRNAs that encode detrimental, dominant-negative truncated proteins, it can also make the disease worse when a PTC-containing mRNA is degraded that encodes a mutant but still functional protein. There is evidence that the magnitude of NMD varies between individuals, which, in turn, has been shown to correlate with both clinical presentations and the patientsâ responses to drugs that promote read-through of PTCs. In this review, we examine the evidence supporting the existence of inter-individual variability in NMD efficiency and discuss the genetic factors that underlie this variability. We propose that inter-individual variability in NMD efficiency is a common phenomenon in human populations and that an individualâs NMD efficiency should be taken into consideration when testing, developing, and making therapeutic decisions for diseases caused by genes harboring PTCs. PMID:24239855 Variability in nucleus accumbens activity mediates age-related suboptimal financial risk taking PubMed Central Samanez-Larkin, Gregory R.; Kuhnen, Camelia M.; Yoo, Daniel J.; Knutson, Brian 2010-01-01 As human life expectancy continues to rise, financial decisions of aging investors may have an increasing impact on the global economy. In this study, we examined age differences in financial decisions across the adult life span by combining functional neuroimaging with a dynamic financial investment task. During the task, older adults made more suboptimal choices than younger adults when choosing risky assets. This age-related effect was mediated by a neural measure of temporal variability in nucleus accumbens activity. These findings reveal a novel neural mechanism by which aging may disrupt rational financial choice. PMID:20107069 Total ozone trend significance from space time variability of daily Dobson data NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Wilcox, R. W. 1981-01-01 Estimates of standard errors of total ozone time and area means, as derived from ozone's natural temporal and spatial variability and autocorrelation in middle latitudes determined from daily Dobson data are presented. Assessing the significance of apparent total ozone trends is equivalent to assessing the standard error of the means. Standard errors of time averages depend on the temporal variability and correlation of the averaged parameter. Trend detectability is discussed, both for the present network and for satellite measurements. Depression and reduced heart rate variability after cardiac surgery: the mediating role of emotion regulation. PubMed Patron, Elisabetta; Messerotti Benvenuti, Simone; Favretto, Giuseppe; Gasparotto, Renata; Palomba, Daniela 2014-02-01 Heart rate variability (HRV), as an index of autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning, is reduced by depression after cardiac surgery, but the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are poorly understood. Poor emotion regulation as a core symptom of depression has also been associated with altered ANS functioning. The present study aimed to examine whether emotion dysregulation could be a mediator of the depression-reduced HRV relationship observed after cardiac surgery. Self-reported emotion regulation and four-minute HRV were measured in 25 depressed and 43 nondepressed patients after cardiac surgery. Mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate emotion regulation as a mediator of the depression-reduced HRV relationship. Compared to nondepressed patients, those with depression showed lower standard deviation of normal-to-normal (NN) intervals (p<.05), root mean square successive difference of NN intervals (p<.004), and number of interval differences of successive NN intervals greater than 50ms (NN50) (p<.05). Increased low frequency (LF) in normalized units (n.u.) and reduced high frequency (HF) n.u. were also found in depressed compared to nondepressed patients (p's<.01). Mediation analysis revealed that suppression of emotion-expressive behavior partially mediated the effect of depression on LF n.u. and HF n.u. Results confirmed previous findings showing that depression is associated with reduced HRV, especially a reduced vagal tone and a sympathovagal imbalance, after cardiac surgery. This study also provides preliminary evidence that increased trait levels of suppression of emotion-expressive behavior may mediate the depression-related sympathovagal imbalance after cardiac surgery. Copyright Â© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Parenting practices as mediating variables between parents' psychopathology and oppositional defiant disorder in preschoolers. PubMed Trepat, Esther; Granero, Roser; Ezpeleta, Lourdes 2014-01-01 Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is very frequent in preschoolers. The severity and the long-term negative outcomes make the understanding of this disorder a priority. The goal in this study was to assess the mediating role of parenting practices in the relationship between parents' psychopathology and ODD in preschoolers. A community sample of 622 children was assessed longitudinally at age 3 and age 5. Parents reported on children's psychopathology through a diagnostic interview, and on their own psychological state and parenting style through questionnaires. At ages 3 and 5, corporal punishment mediated the relationships between mothers' anxiety-depression and ODD (in girls), between mothers' aggressive behavior and ODD (in boys), and between parents' rule-breaking and ODD both in boys and girls. For both sexes, there was a direct association between mothers' aggressive behavior score and ODD. The association between fathers' psychopathology and ODD was not mediated by the fathers' parenting practices. Fathers' anxiety-depression and aggressive behavior scores were directly associated with ODD. Parents' psychopathology must be explored and, in families where such psychopathology is a relevant variable, parenting practices must be addressed with a view to the prevention and treatment of children's ODD in the preschool years. Visit-to-visit and 24-h blood pressure variability: association with endothelial and smooth muscle function in African Americans. PubMed Diaz, K M; Veerabhadrappa, P; Kashem, M A; Thakkar, S R; Feairheller, D L; Sturgeon, K M; Ling, C; Williamson, S T; Kretzschmar, J; Lee, H; Grimm, H; Babbitt, D M; Vin, C; Fan, X; Crabbe, D L; Brown, M D 2013-11-01 The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of visit-to-visit and 24-h blood pressure (BP) variability with markers of endothelial injury and vascular function. We recruited 72 African Americans who were non-diabetic, non-smoking and free of cardiovascular (CV) and renal disease. Office BP was measured at three visits and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring was conducted to measure visit-to-visit and 24-h BP variability, respectively. The 5-min time-course of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation were assessed as measures of endothelial and smooth muscle function. Fasted blood samples were analyzed for circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs). Significantly lower CD31+CD42- EMPs were found in participants with high visit-to-visit systolic blood pressure (SBP) variability or high 24-h diastolic blood pressure (DBP) variability. Participants with high visit-to-visit DBP variability had significantly lower flow-mediated dilation and higher nitroglycerin-mediated dilation at multiple time-points. When analyzed as continuous variables, 24-h mean arterial pressure variability was inversely associated with CD62+ EMPs; visit-to-visit DBP variability was inversely associated with flow-mediated dilation normalized by smooth muscle function and was positively associated with nitroglycerin-mediated dilation; and 24-h DBP variability was positively associated with nitroglycerin-mediated dilation. All associations were independent of age, gender, body mass index and mean BP. In conclusion, in this cohort of African Americans visit-to-visit and 24-h BP variability were associated with measures of endothelial injury, endothelial function and smooth muscle function. These results suggest that BP variability may influence the pathogenesis of CV disease, in part, through influences on vascular health. Relapse May Serve as a Mediator Variable in Longitudinal Outcomes in Multiple Sclerosis. PubMed Stone, Lael Anne; Cutter, Gary Raymond; Fisher, Elizabeth; Richert, Nancy; McCartin, Jennifer; Ohayon, Joan; Bash, Craig; McFarland, Henry 2016-05-01 Contrast-enhancing lesions (CEL) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are believed to represent inflammatory disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), but their relationship to subsequent long-term disability and progression is unclear, particularly at longer time periods such as 8-10 years. Between 1989 and 1994, 111 MS patients were seen at the National Institutes of Health for clinical evaluations and 3 monthly contrast-enhanced MRI scans. Of these, 94 patients were re-evaluated a mean of 8 years later (range 6.1-10.5 years) with a single MRI scan and clinical evaluation. CEL number and volume were determined at baseline and follow-up. The number of relapses was ascertained over the follow-up period and annualized relapse rates were calculated. Other MRI parameters, such as T2 hyperintensity volume, T1 volume, and brain parenchymal fraction, were also calculated. While there was no direct correlation between CEL number or volume at baseline and disability status at follow-up, CEL measures at baseline did correlate with number of relapses observed in the subsequent years, and the number of relapses in turn correlated with subsequent disability as well as transition to progressive MS. While number and volume of CEL at baseline do not directly correlate with disability in the longer term in MS, our data suggest that 1 route to disability involves relapses as a mediator variable in the causal sequence of MS progression from CEL to disability. Further studies using relapse as a mediator variable in a larger data set may be warranted. Copyright Â© 2015 by the American Society of Neuroimaging. Evidence that theory of planned behaviour variables mediate the effects of socio-demographic variables on homeless people's participation in service programmes. PubMed Christian, Julie; Armitage, Christopher J; Abrams, Dominic 2007-09-01 This article reports findings from two studies (N = 88, N = 100) using Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict homeless people's uptake of service programmes. Study 1 was conducted with an opportunity sample whereas Study 2 employed a representative sample. Both studies provide support for the application of the TPB, and demonstrate that the effects of demographic characteristics on behaviour were mediated by TPB variables. The discussion focuses on the role of attitudinal and normative components in actual behaviour, and on the potential role of social normative processes and stigmatization in homeless people's uptake of services. Incorporating nonlinearity into mediation analyses. PubMed Knafl, George J; Knafl, Kathleen A; Grey, Margaret; Dixon, Jane; Deatrick, Janet A; Gallo, Agatha M 2017-03-21 Mediation is an important issue considered in the behavioral, medical, and social sciences. It addresses situations where the effect of a predictor variable X on an outcome variable Y is explained to some extent by an intervening, mediator variable M. Methods for addressing mediation have been available for some time. While these methods continue to undergo refinement, the relationships underlying mediation are commonly treated as linear in the outcome Y, the predictor X, and the mediator M. These relationships, however, can be nonlinear. Methods are needed for assessing when mediation relationships can be treated as linear and for estimating them when they are nonlinear. Existing adaptive regression methods based on fractional polynomials are extended here to address nonlinearity in mediation relationships, but assuming those relationships are monotonic as would be consistent with theories about directionality of such relationships. Example monotonic mediation analyses are provided assessing linear and monotonic mediation of the effect of family functioning (X) on a child's adaptation (Y) to a chronic condition by the difficulty (M) for the family in managing the child's condition. Example moderated monotonic mediation and simulation analyses are also presented. Adaptive methods provide an effective way to incorporate possibly nonlinear monotonicity into mediation relationships. Working memory and intraindividual variability as neurocognitive indicators in ADHD: examining competing model predictions. PubMed Kofler, Michael J; Alderson, R Matt; Raiker, Joseph S; Bolden, Jennifer; Sarver, Dustin E; Rapport, Mark D 2014-05-01 The current study examined competing predictions of the default mode, cognitive neuroenergetic, and functional working memory models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) regarding the relation between neurocognitive impairments in working memory and intraindividual variability. Twenty-two children with ADHD and 15 typically developing children were assessed on multiple tasks measuring intraindividual reaction time (RT) variability (ex-Gaussian: tau, sigma) and central executive (CE) working memory. Latent factor scores based on multiple, counterbalanced tasks were created for each construct of interest (CE, tau, sigma) to reflect reliable variance associated with each construct and remove task-specific, test-retest, and random error. Bias-corrected, bootstrapped mediation analyses revealed that CE working memory accounted for 88% to 100% of ADHD-related RT variability across models, and between-group differences in RT variability were no longer detectable after accounting for the mediating role of CE working memory. In contrast, RT variability accounted for 10% to 29% of between-group differences in CE working memory, and large magnitude CE working memory deficits remained after accounting for this partial mediation. Statistical comparison of effect size estimates across models suggests directionality of effects, such that the mediation effects of CE working memory on RT variability were significantly greater than the mediation effects of RT variability on CE working memory. The current findings question the role of RT variability as a primary neurocognitive indicator in ADHD and suggest that ADHD-related RT variability may be secondary to underlying deficits in CE working memory. European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator: External Validation, Variability, and Clinical Significance. PubMed GÃ³mez-GÃ³mez, Enrique; Carrasco-Valiente, Julia; Blanca-Pedregosa, Ana; Barco-SÃ¡nchez, Beatriz; Fernandez-Rueda, Jose Luis; Molina-Abril, Helena; Valero-Rosa, Jose; Font-Ugalde, Pilar; Requena-Tapia, Maria JosÃ© 2017-04-01 To externally validate the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) risk calculator (RC) and to evaluate its variability between 2 consecutive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values. We prospectively catalogued 1021 consecutive patients before prostate biopsy for suspicion of prostate cancer (PCa). The risk of PCa and significant PCa (Gleason score â¥7) from 749 patients was calculated according to ERSPC-RC (digital rectal examination-based version 3 of 4) for 2 consecutive PSA tests per patient. The calculators' predictions were analyzed using calibration plots and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve). Cohen kappa coefficient was used to compare the ability and variability. Of 749 patients, PCa was detected in 251 (33.5%) and significant PCa was detected in 133 (17.8%). Calibration plots showed an acceptable parallelism and similar discrimination ability for both PSA levels with an area under the curve of 0.69 for PCa and 0.74 for significant PCa. The ERSPC showed 226 (30.2%) unnecessary biopsies with the loss of 10 significant PCa. The variability of the RC was 16% for PCa and 20% for significant PCa, and a higher variability was associated with a reduced risk of significant PCa. We can conclude that the performance of the ERSPC-RC in the present cohort shows a high similitude between the 2 PSA levels; however, the RC variability value is associated with a decreased risk of significant PCa. The use of the ERSPC in our cohort detects a high number of unnecessary biopsies. Thus, the incorporation of ERSPC-RC could help the clinical decision to carry out a prostate biopsy. Copyright Â© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Single-Level and Multilevel Mediation Analysis ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Tofighi, Davood; Thoemmes, Felix 2014-01-01 Mediation analysis is a statistical approach used to examine how the effect of an independent variable on an outcome is transmitted through an intervening variable (mediator). In this article, we provide a gentle introduction to single-level and multilevel mediation analyses. Using single-level data, we demonstrate an application of structuralâ¦ Integrating Mediators and Moderators in Research Design ERIC Educational Resources Information Center MacKinnon, David P. 2011-01-01 The purpose of this article is to describe mediating variables and moderating variables and provide reasons for integrating them in outcome studies. Separate sections describe examples of moderating and mediating variables and the simplest statistical model for investigating each variable. The strengths and limitations of incorporating mediatingâ¦ Significant Improvement Selected Mediators of Inflammation in Phenotypes of Women with PCOS after Reduction and Low GI Diet. PubMed Szczuko, MaÅgorzata; ZapaÅowska-ChwyÄ, Marta; Maciejewska, Dominika; Drozd, Arleta; Starczewski, Andrzej; Stachowska, Ewa 2017-01-01 Many researchers suggest an increased risk of atherosclerosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. In the available literature, there are no studies on the mediators of inflammation in women with PCOS, especially after dietary intervention. Eicosanoids (HETE and HODE) were compared between the biochemical phenotypes of women with PCOS (normal and high androgens) and after the 3-month reduction diet. Eicosanoid profiles (9( S )-HODE, 13( S )-HODE, 5( S )-HETE, 12( S )-HETE, 15( S )-HETE, 5( S )-oxoETE, 16( R )-HETE, 16( S )-HETE and 5( S ), 6( R )-lipoxin A 4 , 5( S ), 6( R ), 15( R )-lipoxin A 4 ) were extracted from 0.5âml of plasma using solid-phase extraction RP-18 SPE columns. The HPLC separations were performed on a 1260 liquid chromatograph. No significant differences were found in the concentration of analysed eicosanoids in phenotypes of women with PCOS. These women, however, have significantly lower concentration of inflammatory mediators than potentially healthy women from the control group. Dietary intervention leads to a significant ( p < 0.01) increase in the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators, reaching similar levels as in the control group. The development of inflammatory reaction in both phenotypes of women with PCOS is similar. The pathways for synthesis of proinflammatory mediators in women with PCOS are dormant, but can be stimulated through a reduction diet. Three-month period of lifestyle change may be too short to stimulate the pathways inhibiting inflammatory process. On causal interpretation of race in regressions adjusting for confounding and mediating variables PubMed Central VanderWeele, Tyler J.; Robinson, Whitney R. 2014-01-01 We consider several possible interpretations of the âeffect of raceâ when regressions are run with race as an exposure variable, controlling also for various confounding and mediating variables. When adjustment is made for socioeconomic status early in a personâs life, we discuss under what contexts the regression coefficients for race can be interpreted as corresponding to the extent to which a racial inequality would remain if various socioeconomic distributions early in life across racial groups could be equalized. When adjustment is also made for adult socioeconomic status, we note how the overall racial inequality can be decomposed into the portion that would be eliminated by equalizing adult socioeconomic status across racial groups and the portion of the inequality that would remain even if adult socioeconomic status across racial groups were equalized. We also discuss a stronger interpretation of the âeffect of raceâ (stronger in terms of assumptions) involving the joint effects of race-associated physical phenotype (e.g. skin color), parental physical phenotype, genetic background and cultural context when such variables are thought to be hypothetically manipulable and if adequate control for confounding were possible. We discuss some of the challenges with such an interpretation. Further discussion is given as to how the use of selected populations in examining racial disparities can additionally complicate the interpretation of the effects. PMID:24887159 Disturbed self concept mediates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult personality pathology. PubMed Cohen, Lisa; Leibu, Olga; Tanis, Thachell; Ardalan, Firouz; Galynker, Igor 2016-07-01 Despite a robust literature documenting the relationship between childhood maltreatment and personality pathology in adulthood, there is far less clarity about the mechanism underlying this relationship. One promising candidate for such a linking mechanism is disturbance in the sense of self. This paper tests the hypothesis that disturbances in the sense of self mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult personality pathology. Specifically, we assess the self-related traits of stable self-image, self-reflective functioning, self-respect and feeling recognized. The sample included 113 non-psychotic psychiatric inpatients. Participants completed the Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4+), and the self-reflexive functioning, stable self image, self-respect, and feeling recognized scales from the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP-118). A series of linear regressions was then performed to assess the direct and indirect effects of childhood trauma on personality disorder traits (PDQ-4+ total score), as mediated by self concept (SIPP-118 scales). Aroian tests assessed the statistical significance of each mediating effect. There was a significant mediating effect for all SIPP self concept variables, with a full mediating effect for the SIPP composite score and for SIPP feeling recognized and self-reflexive functioning, such that the direct effect of childhood trauma on personality did not retain significance after accounting for the effect of these variables. There was a partial mediating effect for SIPP stable self image and self-respect, such that the direct effect of the CTQ retained significance after accounting for these variables. SIPP feeling recognized had the strongest mediating effect. Multiple facets of self concept, particularly the degree to which an individual feels understood by other people, may mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult personality Mediating Variables in a Transtheoretical Model Dietary Intervention Program ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Di Noia, Jennifer; Prochaska, James O. 2010-01-01 This study identified mediators of a Transtheoretical Model (TTM) intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among economically disadvantaged African American adolescents (N = 549). Single-and multiple-mediator models were used to determine whether pros, cons, self-efficacy, and stages of change satisfied four conclusions necessaryâ¦ Forgiveness and relationship satisfaction: mediating mechanisms. PubMed Braithwaite, Scott R; Selby, Edward A; Fincham, Frank D 2011-08-01 Although the ability to forgive transgressions has been linked to overall relationship satisfaction, the mechanisms that mediate this association have not been established. We propose that the tendency to forgive a romantic partner increases relationship satisfaction via increased relational effort and decreased negative conflict. In two studies, we used structural equations modeling to examine these variables as potential mechanisms that drive this association. In Study 1 (N = 523) and Study 2 (N = 446) we found that these variables significantly mediated the association between forgiveness and relationship satisfaction. The findings were robust when examined concurrently and longitudinally, across multiple measures of forgiveness, and when accounting for baseline relationship satisfaction and interpersonal commitment. These two mechanisms parallel theorized positive and negative dimensions of forgiveness and the motivational transformation that is said to underlie forgiveness. Theoretical implications and implications for intervention are discussed. Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: mediation analysis. PubMed Fairchild, Amanda J; McDaniel, Heather L 2017-06-01 This contribution in the "Best (but Oft-Forgotten) Practices" series considers mediation analysis. A mediator (someti
1010	dbpedia	2	60	https://www.ncclondon.ac.uk/news/dream-comes-true-for-students-awarded-scholarships-to-play-basketball-at-college-in-america/	en	Dream comes true for students awarded scholarships to play basketball at college in America	https://epnwpfdx8n9.exac…ying-in-EYBL.jpg	https://epnwpfdx8n9.exac…ying-in-EYBL.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=2762686627362465&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://epnwpfdx8n9.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Josiah-playing-in-EYBL.jpg?strip=all&lossy=1&sharp=1&ssl=1&lazy=1", "https://epnwpfdx8n9.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Josiah-playing-in-EYBL.jpg?strip=all&lossy=1&sharp...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Julia Borland" ]	2023-02-15T12:18:38+00:00		en	https://epnwpfdx8n9.exac…ze=32%2C32&ssl=1	New City College	https://www.ncclondon.ac.uk/news/dream-comes-true-for-students-awarded-scholarships-to-play-basketball-at-college-in-america/	Two New City College students will be flying off to the USA this summer after winning a full scholarship to study and play top level basketball for a college in Louisiana. Josiah Asantewa-Philip (above) and Suhayb Choaibi, who study Level 3 Sport and are part of the London Lions Basketball Development Partnership at NCC Hackney campus, will have their American college fees, books, food, living expenses and an apartment, all funded through the scholarship for two years. This amazing opportunity for the boys, who are both 19, has been offered by America’s Baton Rouge Community College after they were spotted by scouts when playing in the European Youth Basketball League (EYBL) – the most prestigious youth competition in Europe. Josiah captains the London Lions U20s team and is ‘the best player in the league’ according to his coach, Andre Lockhart. He will travel with his fellow player, Suhayb, to Louisiana in June, for this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. Josiah said they were both ecstatic and determined to make the most of this incredible experience. Andre, Director of Basketball and Head Coach at NCC, said: “They have a bright future ahead of them. It is most young basketball players’ dream to make it to America – and they are getting to do it at no cost to themselves. “They will have to leave their families and friends and it will be a huge culture shock but it’s such a great opportunity that will change their lives.” While they attend Baton Rouge, Josiah and Suhayb will study for an academic associate degree as well as playing basketball in the Junior College League – travelling to towns and cities across Eastern USA. Meanwhile, before they leave, they are working hard at New City College to get the best grades in their Level 3 course and they continue to play in the EYBL, having travelled recently to Romania and Slovakia for tournaments. Andre added: “They are focused students who are aiming high and I’m sure they will make a great success of their scholarship in America. It will be tough at times but at least they are going together and have each other.” Josiah and Suhayb are following in the footsteps of other famous former Hackney students – the great Darius Defoe and Taiwo Badmus: Darius is the most decorated and successful player in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL) with 27 trophies. He started playing the sport seriously when he joined the Basketball Academy while a student at Hackney and has become somewhat of a legend in the basketball world with his record-breaking performances for Newcastle Eagles. Taiwo also started playing basketball under the academy coaches at Hackney campus. He went to America after being awarded a scholarship to play at Fairmont State. After a hugely successful final two years in the USA, he moved to Spain and turned pro in 2018-19. He still plays professionally in Spain and is a member of the Ireland Senior Men’s team, regularly playing international matches all over the world. New City College is partnered with the London Lions – one of the UK’s top professional teams competing at a national level. On our London Lions pathway, you will be able to develop your basketball alongside studying for a vocational qualification. The course runs at either our Epping Forest or Hackney campus. On the programme you will: Benefit from expert coaching and training Have opportunities to play matches in the cup and league at the London Copper Box Arena, Stratford Train with and meet professional elite level players from the Lions team Gain a vocational qualification to prepare you for future careers in sports, coaching or sports development Follow in the footsteps of some of our previous students who have progressed to become professional players for either the London Lions or for teams in America. Apply now! If you have the talent and drive, the opportunity is there!
1010	dbpedia	3	94	https://www.mdpi.com/journal/healthcare/special_issues/3L2Y82YIM1	en	Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…8600e93ff98dbf14	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…8600e93ff98dbf14	[ "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1723031622", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1723031622", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/CS_no_number.svg?62107aae53c39662?1723031622", "https://pub.m...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Healthcare, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal.	en	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…d7013?1723031622		https://www.mdpi.com/journal/healthcare/special_issues/3L2Y82YIM1	Order results Result details Select all Export citation of selected articles as: Error Oops... you haven't selected anything for export. clear Research Jump to: Other 14 pages, 12687 KiB Open AccessArticle Redesigned Electrodes for Improved Intraoperative Nerve Conduction Studies during the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injuries by Nathaniel Riemann, Jack Coursen, Laura Elena Porras, Bryan Sabogal, Xin-Hua Liang, Christian Guaraca, Allan Belzberg, Matthias Ringkamp, Gang Wu, Lily Zhu, Samantha Weed and Constanza Miranda Healthcare 2024, 12(13), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12131269 - 26 Jun 2024 Viewed by 1151 Abstract Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries (PNI), present with symptoms ranging from pain to loss of motor and sensory function. Difficulties in intraoperative visual assessment of nerve functional status necessitate intraoperative nerve conduction studies (INCSs) by neurosurgeons and neurologists to determine the presence of functioning [...] Read more. Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries (PNI), present with symptoms ranging from pain to loss of motor and sensory function. Difficulties in intraoperative visual assessment of nerve functional status necessitate intraoperative nerve conduction studies (INCSs) by neurosurgeons and neurologists to determine the presence of functioning axons in the zone of a PNI. This process, also referred to as nerve “inching”, uses a set of stimulating and recording electrode hooks to lift the injured nerve from the surrounding surgical field and to determine whether an electrical stimulus can travel through the zone of injury. However, confounding electrical signal artifacts can arise from the current workflow and electrode design, particularly from the mandatory lifting of the nerve, complicating the definitive assessment of nerve function and neurosurgical treatment decision-making. The objective of this study is to describe the design process and verification testing of our group’s newly designed stimulating and recording electrodes that do not require the lifting or displacement of the injured nerve during INCSs. Ergonomic in vivo analysis of the device within a porcine model demonstrated successful intraoperative manipulation of the device, while quantitative nerve action potential (NAP) signal analysis with an ex vivo simulated “inching” procedure on healthy non-human primate nerve tissue demonstrated excellent reproducible recorded NAP fidelity and the absence of NAP signal artifacts at all points of recording. Lastly, electrode pullout force testing determined maximum forces of 0.43 N, 1.57 N, and 3.61 N required to remove the device from 2 mm, 5 mm, and 1 cm nerve models, respectively, which are well within established thresholds for nerve safety. These results suggest that these new electrodes can safely and successfully perform accurate PNI assessment without the presence of artifacts, with the potential to improve the INCS standard of care while remaining compatible with currently used neurosurgical technology, infrastructure, and clinical workflows. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) ►▼ Show Figures 11 pages, 869 KiB Open AccessArticle Prevalence and Risk Factors of Deep Venous Thrombosis in Intensive Inpatient Neurorehabilitation Unit by Maria Elena Pugliese, Riccardo Battaglia, Maria Ursino, Lucia Francesca Lucca, Maria Quintieri, Martina Vatrano, Paolo Tonin and Antonio Cerasa Healthcare 2024, 12(9), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12090936 - 1 May 2024 Viewed by 1007 Abstract Venous thromboembolism (VTE) (deep vein thrombosis and its complication, pulmonary embolism) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and about 7% of these cases are due to immobility secondary to a neurological impairment. Acquired brain injury (ABI) has also [...] Read more. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) (deep vein thrombosis and its complication, pulmonary embolism) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and about 7% of these cases are due to immobility secondary to a neurological impairment. Acquired brain injury (ABI) has also been recognized as one of the main risk factors for VTE. Numerous epidemiological studies have been conducted to assess the risk factors for VTE in institutionalized polytrauma patients, although there is a lack of information about neurorehabilitation wards. Since VTE is often undiagnosed, this prospective study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of lower-limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in ABI patients at neurorehabilitation admission. Methods: ABI patients were screened for DVT on admission to the intensive rehabilitation unit (IRU) with compression ultrasonography and basal D-dimer assay and were daily clinically monitored until discharge. A total of 127 consecutive ABI patients (mean age: 60.1 ± 17.6 years; 63% male; time from event: 30.9 ± 22.1 days; rehabilitation time in IRU: 84.6 ± 58.4 days) were enrolled. Results: On admission to the IRU, the DVT prevalence was about 8.6%. The mean D-dimer level in patients with DVT was significantly higher than in patients without DVT (6 ± 0.9 vs. 1.97 ± 1.61, p-value = 0.0001). ABI patients with DVT did not show any significant clinical characteristics with respect to ABI without DVT, although a prevalence of hemorrhagic strokes and patients originating from the Intensive Care Unit and Neurosurgery ward was revealed. During the rehabilitation period, patients with DVT showed a significant difference in pharmacological DVT prophylaxis (high prevalence of nadroparin with 27.3% vs. 1.7%, p-value = 0.04) and a prevalence of transfers in critical awards (36% versus 9.5% of patients without DVT, p-value = 0.05). The mortality rate was similar in the two groups. Conclusions: Our research offers a more comprehensive view of the clinical development of DVT patients and confirms the prevalence rate of DVT in ABI patients as determined upon IRU admission. According to our findings, screening these individuals regularly at the time of rehabilitation admission may help identify asymptomatic DVT quickly and initiate the proper treatment to avoid potentially fatal consequences. However, to avoid time-consuming general ultrasonography observation, a more precise selection of patients entering the rehabilitation ward is required. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) ►▼ Show Figures 12 pages, 288 KiB Open AccessArticle Walking Speed and Risk of Falling Patients Operated for Selected Malignant Tumors by Anna Latajka, Małgorzata Stefańska, Marek Woźniewski and Iwona Malicka Healthcare 2023, 11(23), 3069; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11233069 - 30 Nov 2023 Viewed by 976 Abstract Background: A literature review reveals that studies on walking and fall occurrences in the context of cancer have predominantly centered on geriatric patients. Nonetheless, cancer patients of all ages are susceptible to such risks. Both cancer and its treatments contribute to significant risk [...] Read more. Background: A literature review reveals that studies on walking and fall occurrences in the context of cancer have predominantly centered on geriatric patients. Nonetheless, cancer patients of all ages are susceptible to such risks. Both cancer and its treatments contribute to significant risk factors for disturbances in walking and falls, encompassing muscle weakness, impaired balance, reduced proprioception, cognitive impairment, and functional limitations. Aim: to assess walking speed and the risk of falls among patients undergoing surgery for the most common malignancies: breast (BU), lung (P), colorectal (DS), and reproductive organs (G). Material and Methods: An observational study was conducted using a cohort design. A total of 176 individuals participated in the study, including 139 cancer patients, who were divided into four groups: BU (N = 30), P (N = 35), DS (N = 35), and G (N = 39), as well as 37 healthy volunteers in the control group (C, N = 37). All participants underwent an assessment of walking speed using BTS G-WALK® and an evaluation of the number of falls and the risk of falling using a Fall Control Card. Results: There was a significant decrease in walking speed after surgery compared to the time before surgery, from 2.7% in the BU group, through 9.3% in the P group, and 19.2% in the DS group, to 30.0% in the G group. At the same time, for groups G and DS, the average walking speed fell below 1.0 m/s, amounting to 0.84 m/s and 0.97 m/s, respectively, in the measurement after the surgery and 0.95 m/s and 1.0 m/s in the follow-up measurement. Falling occurred in all the groups except for the BU group. The created logistic regression model showed that increasing the walking speed measured after the procedure (study 2) by 1 m/s reduces the risk of falling by approximately 500 times (OR = 0.002). Limitations in daily activity were observed in the follow-up examination (study 3) in 75% of patients. Conclusions: Surgical intervention has an impact on walking speed, and being part of the study group influences the risk of falling. Further research is needed to determine the precise risk of falls in cancer patients. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) 12 pages, 1991 KiB Open AccessArticle Arabic Translation and Psychometric Validation of PROMIS General Life Satisfaction Short Form in the General Population by Hadeel R. Bakhsh, Nouf S. Aldajani, Bodor Bin Sheeha, Monira I. Aldhahi, Atheer A. Alsomali, Ghada K. Alhamrani, Rahaf Z. Alamri and Rehab Alhasani Healthcare 2023, 11(23), 3034; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11233034 - 24 Nov 2023 Viewed by 1239 Abstract This study aimed to translate the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) General Life Satisfaction Short Form (GLS SF5a) into the Arabic language and psychometrically validate the scale in the general population of Saudi Arabia. The translation processes followed the international recommendations of [...] Read more. This study aimed to translate the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) General Life Satisfaction Short Form (GLS SF5a) into the Arabic language and psychometrically validate the scale in the general population of Saudi Arabia. The translation processes followed the international recommendations of the FACIT Measurement System. The study was a multicentre cross-sectional study conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 657 individuals who were above 18 years of age and able to write and comprehend Arabic completed the GLS SF5a. Rasch analysis was used to evaluate item fit, reliability indices, item difficulty, principal component analysis and local item dependency. WINSTEPS (v. 5.6.0) was used for the analysis. The translation process and cognitive defibring were completed with no issues. The rating scale categories had a disordered threshold. All items, except one, demonstrated a satisfactory fit to the Rasch model. The reliability of the person separation was 0.86. The scale was unidimensional, and no items showed local dependency. Overall, this study confirms the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the PROMIS GLS SF5a, which can be used as an instrument for measuring general life satisfaction in the general population. Further research is required to explore responsiveness, interpretability and feasibility in the clinical setting. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) ►▼ Show Figures 16 pages, 930 KiB Open AccessArticle Complications of Intrathecal Baclofen Pump Therapy: An Institutional Experience from Saudi Arabia by Ahmad Zaheer Qureshi, Hasan Shacfe, Amara Ilyas, Saeed Bin Ayaz, Khalid Yousef Aljamaan, Imad Saeed Moukais, Mohammed Jameel, Waqas Sami and Sami Ullah Healthcare 2023, 11(21), 2820; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11212820 - 25 Oct 2023 Viewed by 1375 Abstract The intrathecal baclofen pump (ITB) is one of the advanced treatment options in the management of spasticity. This retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify the complications of ITB treatment at a tertiary care rehabilitation facility. Various demographic and technical factors were analyzed, [...] Read more. The intrathecal baclofen pump (ITB) is one of the advanced treatment options in the management of spasticity. This retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify the complications of ITB treatment at a tertiary care rehabilitation facility. Various demographic and technical factors were analyzed, which are less often reported in the literature. All patients with ITB who had their refill at the ITB clinic between November 2019 and March 2020 were included. Of 48 patients, 17 patients had 18 (37.5%) ITB-related complications. Catheter-related complications were most common, whereas loss of efficacy (16.7%) and baclofen withdrawal (14.5%) were the most common outcomes of complications. Only catheter occlusion had a significant relationship with the pattern of spastic quadriparesis (p = 0.001). Gender, rehabilitation diagnosis, patients’ residence, and facility of ITB placement did not have significant association. Similarly, age, distance from hospital, disease onset, ITB therapy duration, and baclofen dose were not statistically significant in relation to ITB-related complications. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) ►▼ Show Figures 14 pages, 822 KiB Open AccessArticle Feasibility of a Home-Based Mirror Therapy Program in Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy by Anna Ortega-Martínez, Rocío Palomo-Carrión, Carlos Varela-Ferro and Maria Caritat Bagur-Calafat Healthcare 2023, 11(12), 1797; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121797 - 19 Jun 2023 Cited by 1 \| Viewed by 2332 Abstract Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy (US CP) have motor and somatosensory impairments that affect one side of their body, impacting upper limb functioning. These impairments contribute negatively to children’s bimanual performance and quality of life. Intensive home-based therapies have been developed and [...] Read more. Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy (US CP) have motor and somatosensory impairments that affect one side of their body, impacting upper limb functioning. These impairments contribute negatively to children’s bimanual performance and quality of life. Intensive home-based therapies have been developed and have demonstrated their feasibility for children with US CP and their parents, especially when therapies are designed with the proper coaching of families. Mirror Therapy (MT) is being studied to become an approachable intensive and home-based therapy suitable for children with US CP. The aim of this study is to analyze the feasibility of a five-week home-based program of MT for children with US CP that includes coaching by the therapist. Six children aged 8–12 years old performed the therapy for five days per week, 30 min per day. A minimum of 80% of compliance was required. The feasibility included compliance evaluations, total dosage, perceived difficulty of the exercises, and losses of follow-ups. All children completed the therapy and were included in the analysis. The total accomplishment was 86.47 ± 7.67. The perceived difficulty of the exercises ranged from 2.37 to 4.51 out of 10. In conclusion, a home-based program of Mirror Therapy is a safe, cost-efficient, and feasible therapy for children with US CP when the therapist is involved as a coach during the entire program. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) ►▼ Show Figures 11 pages, 270 KiB Open AccessArticle The Masticatory Structure and Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy—A Pilot Study by Karolina Szuflak, Roksana Malak, Brittany Fechner, Dorota Sikorska, Włodzimierz Samborski, Ewa Mojs and Karolina Gerreth Healthcare 2023, 11(7), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11071029 - 4 Apr 2023 Cited by 2 \| Viewed by 1703 Abstract (1) Background: Muscle tension around the head and neck influences orofacial functions. The data exist concerning head posture during increased salivation; however, little is known about muscle tightness during this process. This study aims to investigate whether or not any muscles are related [...] Read more. (1) Background: Muscle tension around the head and neck influences orofacial functions. The data exist concerning head posture during increased salivation; however, little is known about muscle tightness during this process. This study aims to investigate whether or not any muscles are related to problems with eating, such as drooling in individuals with cerebral palsy; (2) Methods: Nineteen patients between the ages of 1 and 14 were examined prior to the physiotherapy intervention. This intervention lasted three months and consisted of: relaxing muscles via the strain-counterstrain technique, functional exercises based on the NeuroDevelopmental Treatment-Bobath method, and functional exercises for eating; (3) Results: the tone of rectus capitis posterior minor muscle on the left side (p = 0.027) and temporalis muscle on the right side (p = 0.048) before the therapy, and scalene muscle on the right side after the therapy (p = 0.024) were correlated with drooling behavior and were considered statistically significant. Gross motor function was not considered statistically significant with the occurrence of drooling behavior (p ≤ 0.05). Following the therapeutic intervention, the frequency of drooling during feeding decreased from 63.16% to 38.89% of the total sample of examined patients; (4) Conclusions: The tightness of the muscles in the head area can cause drooling during feeding. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) 16 pages, 1380 KiB Open AccessArticle Effectiveness of Vestibular Rehabilitation after Concussion: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trial by Erasmo Galeno, Edoardo Pullano, Firas Mourad, Giovanni Galeoto and Francesco Frontani Healthcare 2023, 11(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010090 - 28 Dec 2022 Cited by 8 \| Viewed by 3575 Abstract Introduction: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) affects approximately 740 cases per 100,000 people. Impairments related to mTBI include vertigo, dizziness, balance, gait disorders double or blurry vision, and others. The efficacy on acute or chronic phase and dosage of vestibular rehabilitation (VR) in [...] Read more. Introduction: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) affects approximately 740 cases per 100,000 people. Impairments related to mTBI include vertigo, dizziness, balance, gait disorders double or blurry vision, and others. The efficacy on acute or chronic phase and dosage of vestibular rehabilitation (VR) in reducing these symptoms is not clearly stated. To clarify these points, we performed a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: A systematic literature search was performed from 2015 to 2022 on PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Trial SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and PEDRO. Eligibility criteria were RCTs which consider VR, participants with mTBI, and no gender or age restriction. Two blinded reviewers independently selected the study, and a third author was contacted in case of disagreements. Risk of bias was independently screened by two authors and successively checked by the other two authors. Results: Thirty-three full articles were read for potential inclusion and seven records met the inclusion criteria. The authors analysed different outcomes considering DHI, a meta-analysis was carried out, statistical difference was observed (p < 0.01), and a mean difference of −6.91 (−9.11, −4.72) in favour of VR was shown. Considering quality of life, the VR group reached a higher score on QOLIBRI. Controversial results were shown about balance and subjective symptoms questionnaire. Differently considering HiMAT, the authors showed a statistically important difference in favour of VR (p = 0.002). Conclusion: VR seems useful to reduce symptoms in patients with concussion; however, a huge heterogeneity of the studies and of the outcomes used were found. Therefore, a larger sample is necessary to assess the efficacy of VR. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) ►▼ Show Figures 10 pages, 619 KiB Open AccessArticle Ataxia Rating Scales: Content Analysis by Linking to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health by Mohammad Etoom, Alhadi M. Jahan, Alia Alghwiri, Francesco Lena and Nicola Modugno Healthcare 2022, 10(12), 2459; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122459 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2022 Cited by 1 \| Viewed by 2158 Abstract Ataxia management is mainly based on rehabilitation, symptomatic management, and functional improvement. Therefore, it is important to comprehensively assess ataxic symptoms and their impact on function. Recently, the movement disorders society recommended four generic ataxia rating scales: scale for assessment and rating of [...] Read more. Ataxia management is mainly based on rehabilitation, symptomatic management, and functional improvement. Therefore, it is important to comprehensively assess ataxic symptoms and their impact on function. Recently, the movement disorders society recommended four generic ataxia rating scales: scale for assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA), international cooperative ataxia rating scales, Friedreich’s ataxia rating scale (FARS), and unified multiple system atrophy rating scale (UMSARS). The aim of the study was to analyze and compare the content of the recommended ataxia rating scales by linking them to the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). A total of 125 meaningful concepts from 93 items of the four included scales were linked to 57 different ICF categories. The ICF categories were distributed in body structure (n = 8), body function (n = 26), activity and participation (n = 20), and environmental factors (n = 3) components. UMSARS and FARS were the only ones that have addressed the body structure or environmental factors component. The content analysis of ataxia rating scales would help clinicians and researchers select the most appropriate scale and understand ataxic symptoms and their impact on function. It seems that SARA is the optimal scale for rapid assessment of ataxia or in busy clinical settings. UMSARS or FARS are more appropriate for the investigating the impact of ataxia on overall health, and monitoring ataxia progression and disability. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) ►▼ Show Figures 15 pages, 5335 KiB Open AccessArticle Habilitation of Executive Functions in Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease Patients through LEGO®-Based Therapy: A Quasi-Experimental Study by Eduardo Espinosa-Garamendi, Norma Angélica Labra-Ruiz, Lizbeth Naranjo, Claudia Andrea Chávez-Mejía, Erika Valenzuela-Alarcón and Julieta Griselda Mendoza-Torreblanca Healthcare 2022, 10(12), 2348; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122348 - 23 Nov 2022 Cited by 3 \| Viewed by 1788 Abstract Congenital heart disease is defined as an abnormality in the cardiocirculatory structure or function. Various studies have shown that patients with this condition may present cognitive deficits. To compensate for this, several therapeutic strategies have been developed, among them, the LEGO® Education [...] Read more. Congenital heart disease is defined as an abnormality in the cardiocirculatory structure or function. Various studies have shown that patients with this condition may present cognitive deficits. To compensate for this, several therapeutic strategies have been developed, among them, the LEGO® Education sets, which use the pedagogic enginery to modify cognitive function by didactic material based on mechanics and robotics principles. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of cognitive habilitation by using LEGO®-based therapy in pediatric congenital heart disease patients. This was a quasi-experimental study; eligible patients were identified, and their general data were obtained. In the treatment group, an initial evaluation with the neuropsychological BANFE-2 test was applied; then, once a week, the interventions were performed, with a final test at the end of the interventions. In the control group, after the initial evaluation, a second appointment was scheduled for the final evaluation. Our results show that >50% of children presented cognitive impairment; nevertheless, there was an overall improvement in treatment patients, showing a significant increase in BANFE scores in areas related to executive functions. LEGO®-based therapy may be useful to improve cognitive abilities; however, future research should be performed to strengthen the data. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) ►▼ Show Figures 10 pages, 962 KiB Open AccessArticle Manual Physiotherapy Combined with Pelvic Floor Training in Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Preliminary Study by Gianluca Giordani, Sara De Angelis, Annunziata Isabella Parisi, Andrea Cosimo D’amico, Moira Di Re, Chiara Liumbruno, Federica Tamburella, Danilo Lisi, Giovanni Galeoto and Marco Tramontano Healthcare 2022, 10(10), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102031 - 14 Oct 2022 Viewed by 2948 Abstract Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) represents one of the most common subtypes of urinary incontinence (UI) reported by women. Studies have shown an association of SUI with nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP). The primary aim of the present study was to explore the long-term [...] Read more. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) represents one of the most common subtypes of urinary incontinence (UI) reported by women. Studies have shown an association of SUI with nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP). The primary aim of the present study was to explore the long-term effects of a combined treatment of manual techniques and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training in women suffering from SUI associated with NSLBP. The secondary aim was to evaluate which manual approach combined with PFM rehabilitation is more effective in improving symptoms related to SUI and in reducing pain perception related to NSLBP. Twenty-six patients suffering from SUI associated with chronic NSLBP were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the postural rehabilitation group (PRg) or the spinal mobilization group (SMg). Both groups performed a manual approach combined with PFM rehabilitation. All patients were evaluated before the treatment (T0), after 10 sessions (T1) and after 30 days from the end of the treatment (T2). The results showed an improvement in both groups in all of the investigated outcomes. Combining manual therapy and PFM training within the same therapy session may be useful for improving both SUI and NSLBP and increasing the quality of life of women suffering from SUI associated with NSLBP. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) ►▼ Show Figures 8 pages, 892 KiB Open AccessArticle Clinical Items for Geriatric Patients with Post-Stroke at Discharge or Transfer after Rehabilitation Therapy in a Chronic-Phase Hospital: A Retrospective Pilot Study by Masatoshi Koumo, Akio Goda, Yoshinori Maki, Kouta Yokoyama, Tetsuya Yamamoto, Tsumugi Hosokawa, Ryota Ishibashi, Junichi Katsura and Ken Yanagibashi Healthcare 2022, 10(8), 1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081577 - 19 Aug 2022 Viewed by 1531 Abstract Clinical factors related to destination after rehabilitation therapy for geriatric patients with post-stroke in chronic-phase hospitals have not been elucidated. This study analyzed the clinical characteristics of geriatric patients with post-stroke at discharge/transfer after rehabilitation therapy in a chronic-phase hospital. Fifty-three patients (20 [...] Read more. Clinical factors related to destination after rehabilitation therapy for geriatric patients with post-stroke in chronic-phase hospitals have not been elucidated. This study analyzed the clinical characteristics of geriatric patients with post-stroke at discharge/transfer after rehabilitation therapy in a chronic-phase hospital. Fifty-three patients (20 men, 33 women; mean age 81.36 ± 8.14 years) were recruited (the period analyzed: October 2013–March 2020). Clinical data were statistically analyzed among patients discharged to homes or facilities for older adults or transferred to another hospital. In addition, we analyzed the clinical items at discharge and transfer after rehabilitation therapy using a decision tree analysis. Twelve patients were discharged, eighteen were discharged to facilities for older adults, and twenty-three were transferred to another hospital. There were significant differences in the modified Rankin Scale, admission dates, functional independence measure (FIM) score, and Barthel Index score in the three groups (p < 0.05). Patients with motor subtotal functional independence scores of ≥14 (chronologically improved ≥5) after rehabilitation therapy for <291 days were more likely to be discharged home. Patients in a chronic-phase hospital who improved within a limited period were discharged to their homes, whereas those who were bedridden tended to be transferred to another hospital. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) ►▼ Show Figures Other Jump to: Research 19 pages, 4699 KiB Open AccessTechnical Note Sexual Disability in Low Back Pain: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Framework for Physical Therapists by Carla Vanti, Silvano Ferrari, Marco Chiodini, Cesare Olivoni, Arianna Bortolami and Paolo Pillastrini Healthcare 2024, 12(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010080 - 29 Dec 2023 Viewed by 2409 Abstract Background: The literature shows a relationship between sexual activity and low back pain (LBP). The aim of this work is to provide a theoretical framework and practical proposal for the management of sexual disability in individuals with LBP. Methods: Based on a literature [...] Read more. Background: The literature shows a relationship between sexual activity and low back pain (LBP). The aim of this work is to provide a theoretical framework and practical proposal for the management of sexual disability in individuals with LBP. Methods: Based on a literature review, a team of specialized physical therapists developed a pattern for the management of LBP-related sexual disability. Results: A patient reporting LBP-related sexual disability may be included in one of four clinical decision-making pathways corresponding to one of the following: #1 standard physical therapy (PT); #2 psychologically informed physical therapy (PIPT); #3 PIPT with referral; or #4 immediate referral. Standard PT concerns the management of LBP-related sexual disability in the absence of psychosocial or pathological issues. It includes strategies for pain modulation, stiffness management, motor control, stabilization, functional training, pacing activities comprising education, and stay-active advice. PIPT refers to patients with yellow flags or concerns about their relationship with partners; this treatment is oriented towards a specific psychological approach. “PIPT with referral” and “Immediate referral” pathways concern patients needing to be referred to specialists in other fields due to relationship problems or conditions requiring medical management or pelvic floor or sexual rehabilitation. Conclusions: The proposed framework can help clinicians properly manage patients with LBP-related sexual disability. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Outcome Measures and Innovative Approaches in Rehabilitation) ►▼ Show Figures 22 pages, 643 KiB Open AccessSystematic Review Effectiveness of Respiratory Rehabilitation in COVID-19’s Post-Acute Phase: A Systematic Review by Matteo Tamburlani, Rossana Cuscito, Annamaria Servadio and Giovanni Galeoto Healthcare 2023, 11(8), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081071 - 8 Apr 2023 Cited by 11 \| Viewed by 2963 Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the new grave and acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), generated an unprecedented danger to public health. This condition may impact survivors’ quality of life and includes extensive pulmonary and respiratory outcomes. Respiratory rehabilitation is known for its [...] Read more. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the new grave and acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), generated an unprecedented danger to public health. This condition may impact survivors’ quality of life and includes extensive pulmonary and respiratory outcomes. Respiratory rehabilitation is known for its effects in improving dyspnea, alleviating anxiety and depression, reducing complications, preventing and ameliorating dysfunctions, reducing morbidity, preserving functions and improving subjects’ quality of life. For this reason, respiratory rehabilitation may be recommended for this category of patients. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and benefits produced by the adoption of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programs in COVID-19’s post-acute phase. Material and Methods: A search of relevant publications was conducted using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, and Cochrane Library. A single reviser selected pertinent articles that studied the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation during COVID-19’s post-acute phase in improving the respiratory function, physical performance, autonomy and quality of life (QoL). Results: After an initial selection, 18 studies were included in this systematic review, of which 14 concern respiratory rehabilitation delivered in conventional form and 4 concern respiratory rehabilitation provided in telehealth. Conclusions: Pulmonary rehabilitation combining different types of training—breathing, aerobic, fitness and strength—and not bypassing the neuropsychological aspects revealed itself to be capable of improving pulmonary and muscular functions, general health and quality of life in post-acute COVID-19 patients, besides increasing workout capacity and muscle strength, improving fatigue states and reducing anxiety and depression. 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1010	dbpedia	2	37	https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3243641/new-awards-to-feature-at-ab-medal	en	New awards to feature at AB Medal	https://resources.cricket-australia.pulselive.com/cricket-australia/photo/2023/04/28/0c2f5952-4662-4630-a70f-3638a2b96954/09r54Zav.ashx	https://resources.cricket-australia.pulselive.com/cricket-australia/photo/2023/04/28/0c2f5952-4662-4630-a70f-3638a2b96954/09r54Zav.ashx	[ "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-_yGXjT_8BYPT1.gif", "https://resources.cricket-australia.pulselive.com/cricket-australia/document/2022/10/25/bdb5b713-9bb9-40c9-aefd-84b51f0b1b20/CricketAustraliaLogoWhiteWide.svg", "https://resources.cricket-australia.pulselive.com/cricket-australia/document/2022/12/15/49e...	[]	[]	[ "text" ]	null	[ "cricket.com.au" ]	2017-01-19T12:33:55+00:00	Australia's best female talent will be honoured through two new awards at Monday night's Allan…	en	/resources/ver/v1.12.8/assets/cricket-australia/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3243641/new-awards-to-feature-at-ab-medal	Two new awards will be on offer at Monday night’s Crown Lager AB Medal night celebrating Australia’s best female talent. Cricket Australia and the Australian Cricketers’ Association have worked together to introduce two new awards for the 2017 awards night, the Betty Wilson Young Player of the Year Award and the Domestic Player of the Year award. The new awards join the longstanding Belinda Clark Award, introduced 16 years ago, which recognises Australia’s top female international cricketer of the year. The Domestic Player of the Year Award will be awarded to an outstanding cricketer across the Women’s National Cricket League and the Rebel Women’s Big Bash league during the award period, which runs from 5 December 2015 to 4 December last year. Image Id: 642D5AA6A7ED4A67883A466A7548ED43 Image Caption: Ellyse Perry won the 2016 Belinda Clark Award // Getty The Betty Wilson Young Player of the Year Award, named in honour of one of Australia’s greatest allrounders, will be awarded to a player aged 24 years or younger who had played 10 or fewer matches before 5 December 2015. Voting takes into account performances in the WNCL, WBBL as well as at international level. Both awards are voted for by Australian-based international, state and WBBL-contracted players, gathered and tallied by the ACA, with players unable to vote for a player of their own State. "It is fantastic to have these new awards announced for the 2017 Allan Border Medal awards night, which provide the entire cricketing community more opportunity to recognise and celebrate the performances of the incredible women who play our game," Cricket Australia Head of Female Engagement, Sarah Styles said. "For each major initiative tailored towards increasing the appeal of cricket to women and girls, such as the Big Bash League, the WBBL and more recently with the Growing Cricket For Girls Fund, there are countless seen and unseen changes Australian Cricket is taking to ensure cricket a sport for all. These new awards are another example of this." Quick single: Five breakout stars of WBBL\|02 Australian Cricketers’ Association Manager of Female Operations Jodie Fields said the new awards would serve as a well-deserved recognition of the domestic female game in Australia. "The introduction of these awards is something that is extremely important to all players, and represents a fantastic opportunity to further celebrate female players at the Allan Border Medal awards night," the former Australian captain said. The 2017 Allan Border Medal will be held on Monday night at The Star, Sydney. The awards ceremony will be broadcast live by the Nine Network on GEM from 7.30pm and will also be streamed live on cricket.com.au and on the Cricket Australia Live app.
1010	dbpedia	3	82	https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/22/1699/2022/nhess-22-1699-2022-relations.html	en	Enhancing disaster risk resilience using greenspace in urbanising Quito, Ecuador	https://nhess.copernicus…2-avatar-web.png	https://nhess.copernicus…2-avatar-web.png	[ "https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/800952/7/ssl", "https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/800952/7/ssl", "https://www.natural-hazards-and-earth-system-sciences.net/licenceSVG_16.svg", "https://www.natural-hazards-and-earth-system-sciences.net/licenceSVG_16.svg", "https://gc.copernicus.org/articles/6/75/2...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "C. Scott", "John R", "Susanna K", "VÃ¡squez", "MarÃa Antonieta", "Bonilla-Bedoya", "Diego Francisco" ]	null	Abstract. Greenspaces within broader ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) strategies provide multiple benefits to society, biodiversity, and addressing climate breakdown. In this study, we investigated urban growth, its intersection with hazards, and the availability of greenspace for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the city of Quito, Ecuador, which experiences multiple hazards including landslides, floods, volcanoes, and earthquakes. We used satellite data to quantify urban sprawl and developed a workflow incorporating high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) to identify potential greenspaces for emergency refuge accommodation (DRR greenspace), for example, following an earthquake. Quito's historical urban growth totalled â¼â192âkm2 for 1986â2020 and was primarily on flatter land, in some cases crossed by steep ravines. By contrast, future projections indicate an increasing intersection between easterly urbanisation and steep areas of high landslide susceptibility. Therefore, a timely opportunity exists for future risk-informed planning. Our workflow identified 18.6âkm2 of DRR greenspaces, of which 16.3âkm2 intersected with potential sources of landslide and flood hazards, indicating that hazard events could impact potential âsafe spacesâ. These spaces could mitigate future risk if designated as greenspaces and left undeveloped. DRR greenspace overlapped 7â% (2.5âkm2) with municipality-designated greenspace. Similarly, 10â% (1.7âkm2) of municipality-designated âsafe spaceâ for use following an earthquake was classified as potentially DRR suitable in our analysis. For emergency refuge, currently designated greenspaces could accommodate â¼â2â%â14â% (depending on space requirements) of Quito's population within 800âm. This increases to 8â%â40â% considering all the potential DRR greenspace mapped in this study. Therefore, a gap exists between the provision of DRR and designated greenspace. Within Quito, we found a disparity between access to greenspaces across socio-economic groups, with lower income groups having less access and further to travel to designated greenspaces. Notably, the accessibility of greenspaces was high overall with 98â% (2.3Â million) of Quito's population within 800âm of a designated greenspace, of which 88â% (2.1Â million) had access to potential DRR greenspaces. Our workflow demonstrates a citywide evaluation of DRR greenspace potential and provides the foundation upon which to evaluate these spaces with local stakeholders. Promoting equitable access to greenspaces, communicating their multiple benefits, and considering their use to restrict propagating development into hazardous areas are key themes that emerge for further investigation.	en	https://www.natural-hazards-and-earth-system-sciences.net/favicon_copernicus_16x16_.ico		https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/22/1699/2022/	Articles \| Volume 22, issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1699-2022 © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1699-2022 © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Research article 20 May 2022 Research article \| \| 20 May 2022 Enhancing disaster risk resilience using greenspace in urbanising Quito, Ecuador C. Scott Watson, John R. Elliott, Susanna K. Ebmeier, MarÃa Antonieta VÃ¡squez, Camilo Zapata, Santiago Bonilla-Bedoya, Paulina Cubillo, Diego Francisco Orbe, Marco CÃ³rdova, Jonathan Menoscal, and Elisa Sevilla COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK John R. Elliott COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK Susanna K. Ebmeier COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK MarÃa Antonieta VÃ¡squez College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador Camilo Zapata College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador Santiago Bonilla-Bedoya Research Center for the Territory and Sustainable Habitat, Universidad TecnolÃ³gica IndoamÃ©rica, Machala y Sabanilla, 170301, Quito, Ecuador Paulina Cubillo Centro de InformaciÃ³n Urbana de Quito - CIUQ, Quito, Ecuador Diego Francisco Orbe Centro de InformaciÃ³n Urbana de Quito - CIUQ, Quito, Ecuador Marco CÃ³rdova Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO, Quito, Ecuador Jonathan Menoscal Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO, Quito, Ecuador Elisa Sevilla College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador Related authors Show only first author papers Show all papers Strategies for improving the communication of satellite-derived InSAR data for geohazards through the analysis of Twitter and online data portals C. Scott Watson, John R. Elliott, Susanna K. Ebmeier, Juliet Biggs, Fabien Albino, Sarah K. Brown, Helen Burns, Andrew Hooper, Milan Lazecky, Yasser Maghsoudi, Richard Rigby, and Tim J. Wright Geosci. Commun., 6, 75–96, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-6-75-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-6-75-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary We evaluate the communication and open data processing of satellite Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data, which measures ground deformation. We discuss the unique interpretation challenges and the use of automatic data processing and web tools to broaden accessibility. We link these tools with an analysis of InSAR communication through Twitter in which applications to earthquakes and volcanoes prevailed. We discuss future integration with disaster risk-reduction strategies. Annual 30 m dataset for glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia from 2008 to 2017 Fang Chen, Meimei Zhang, Huadong Guo, Simon Allen, Jeffrey S. Kargel, Umesh K. Haritashya, and C. Scott Watson Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 741–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-741-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-741-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We developed a 30 m dataset to characterize the annual coverage of glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia (HMA) from 2008 to 2017. Our results show that proglacial lakes are a main contributor to recent lake evolution in HMA, accounting for 62.87 % (56.67 km2) of the total area increase. Regional geographic variability of debris cover, together with trends in warming and precipitation over the past few decades, largely explains the current distribution of supra- and proglacial lake area. Glacial and geomorphic effects of a supraglacial lake drainage and outburst event, Everest region, Nepal Himalaya Evan S. Miles, C. Scott Watson, Fanny Brun, Etienne Berthier, Michel Esteves, Duncan J. Quincey, Katie E. Miles, Bryn Hubbard, and Patrick Wagnon The Cryosphere, 12, 3891–3905, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3891-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3891-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary We use high-resolution satellite imagery and field visits to assess the growth and drainage of a lake on Changri Shar Glacier in the Everest region, and its impact. The lake filled and drained within 3 months, which is a shorter interval than would be detected by standard monitoring protocols, but forced re-routing of major trails in several locations. The water appears to have flowed beneath Changri Shar and Khumbu glaciers in an efficient manner, suggesting pre-existing developed flow paths. Multiannual observations and modelling of seasonal thermal profiles through supraglacial debris in the Central Himalaya Ann V. Rowan, Lindsey Nicholson, Emily Collier, Duncan J. Quincey, Morgan J. Gibson, Patrick Wagnon, David R. Rounce, Sarah S. Thompson, Owen King, C. Scott Watson, Tristram D. L. Irvine-Fynn, and Neil F. Glasser The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-239,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-239, 2017 Revised manuscript not accepted Short summary Short summary Many glaciers in the Himalaya are covered with thick layers of rock debris that acts as an insulating blanket and so reduces melting of the underlying ice. Little is known about how melt beneath supraglacial debris varies across glaciers and through the monsoon season. We measured debris temperatures across three glaciers and several years to investigate seasonal trends, and found that sub-debris ice melt can be predicted using a temperature–depth relationship with surface temperature data. A new remote hazard and risk assessment framework for glacial lakes in the Nepal Himalaya David R. Rounce, Daene C. McKinney, Jonathan M. Lala, Alton C. Byers, and C. Scott Watson Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3455–3475, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3455-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3455-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Glacial lake outburst floods pose a significant threat to downstream communities and infrastructure as they rapidly unleash stored lake water. Nepal is home to many potentially dangerous glacial lakes, yet a holistic understanding of the hazards faced by these lakes is lacking. This study develops a framework using remotely sensed data to investigate the hazards and risks associated with each glacial lake and discusses how this assessment may help inform future management actions. Strategies for improving the communication of satellite-derived InSAR data for geohazards through the analysis of Twitter and online data portals C. Scott Watson, John R. Elliott, Susanna K. Ebmeier, Juliet Biggs, Fabien Albino, Sarah K. Brown, Helen Burns, Andrew Hooper, Milan Lazecky, Yasser Maghsoudi, Richard Rigby, and Tim J. Wright Geosci. Commun., 6, 75–96, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-6-75-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-6-75-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary We evaluate the communication and open data processing of satellite Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data, which measures ground deformation. We discuss the unique interpretation challenges and the use of automatic data processing and web tools to broaden accessibility. We link these tools with an analysis of InSAR communication through Twitter in which applications to earthquakes and volcanoes prevailed. We discuss future integration with disaster risk-reduction strategies. Annual 30 m dataset for glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia from 2008 to 2017 Fang Chen, Meimei Zhang, Huadong Guo, Simon Allen, Jeffrey S. Kargel, Umesh K. Haritashya, and C. Scott Watson Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 741–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-741-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-741-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We developed a 30 m dataset to characterize the annual coverage of glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia (HMA) from 2008 to 2017. Our results show that proglacial lakes are a main contributor to recent lake evolution in HMA, accounting for 62.87 % (56.67 km2) of the total area increase. Regional geographic variability of debris cover, together with trends in warming and precipitation over the past few decades, largely explains the current distribution of supra- and proglacial lake area. Contrasting seismic risk for Santiago, Chile, from near-field and distant earthquake sources Ekbal Hussain, John R. Elliott, Vitor Silva, MabÃ© Vilar-Vega, and Deborah Kane Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1533–1555, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1533-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1533-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Many of the rapidly expanding cities around the world are located near active tectonic faults that have not produced an earthquake in recent memory. But these faults are generally small, and so most previous seismic-hazard analysis has focussed on large, more distant faults. In this paper we show that a moderate-size earthquake on a fault close to the city of Santiago in Chile has a greater impact on the city than a great earthquake on the tectonic boundary in the ocean, about a 100 km away. Glacial and geomorphic effects of a supraglacial lake drainage and outburst event, Everest region, Nepal Himalaya Evan S. Miles, C. Scott Watson, Fanny Brun, Etienne Berthier, Michel Esteves, Duncan J. Quincey, Katie E. Miles, Bryn Hubbard, and Patrick Wagnon The Cryosphere, 12, 3891–3905, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3891-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3891-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary We use high-resolution satellite imagery and field visits to assess the growth and drainage of a lake on Changri Shar Glacier in the Everest region, and its impact. The lake filled and drained within 3 months, which is a shorter interval than would be detected by standard monitoring protocols, but forced re-routing of major trails in several locations. The water appears to have flowed beneath Changri Shar and Khumbu glaciers in an efficient manner, suggesting pre-existing developed flow paths. Multiannual observations and modelling of seasonal thermal profiles through supraglacial debris in the Central Himalaya Ann V. Rowan, Lindsey Nicholson, Emily Collier, Duncan J. Quincey, Morgan J. Gibson, Patrick Wagnon, David R. Rounce, Sarah S. Thompson, Owen King, C. Scott Watson, Tristram D. L. Irvine-Fynn, and Neil F. Glasser The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-239,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-239, 2017 Revised manuscript not accepted Short summary Short summary Many glaciers in the Himalaya are covered with thick layers of rock debris that acts as an insulating blanket and so reduces melting of the underlying ice. Little is known about how melt beneath supraglacial debris varies across glaciers and through the monsoon season. We measured debris temperatures across three glaciers and several years to investigate seasonal trends, and found that sub-debris ice melt can be predicted using a temperature–depth relationship with surface temperature data. A new remote hazard and risk assessment framework for glacial lakes in the Nepal Himalaya David R. Rounce, Daene C. McKinney, Jonathan M. Lala, Alton C. Byers, and C. Scott Watson Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3455–3475, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3455-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3455-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Glacial lake outburst floods pose a significant threat to downstream communities and infrastructure as they rapidly unleash stored lake water. Nepal is home to many potentially dangerous glacial lakes, yet a holistic understanding of the hazards faced by these lakes is lacking. This study develops a framework using remotely sensed data to investigate the hazards and risks associated with each glacial lake and discusses how this assessment may help inform future management actions. Related subject area Databases, GIS, Remote Sensing, Early Warning Systems and Monitoring Technologies Machine-learning-based nowcasting of the VÃ¶gelsberg deep-seated landslide: why predicting slow deformation is not so easy Adriaan L. van Natijne, Thom A. Bogaard, Thomas Zieher, Jan Pfeiffer, and Roderik C. Lindenbergh Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3723–3745, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3723-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3723-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Landslides are one of the major weather-related geohazards. To assess their potential impact and design mitigation solutions, a detailed understanding of the slope is required. We tested if the use of machine learning, combined with satellite remote sensing data, would allow us to forecast deformation. Our results on the Vögelsberg landslide, a deep-seated landslide near Innsbruck, Austria, show that the formulation of such a machine learning system is not as straightforward as often hoped for. Fixed photogrammetric systems for natural hazard monitoring with high spatio-temporal resolution Xabier Blanch, Marta Guinau, Anette Eltner, and Antonio Abellan Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3285–3303, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3285-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3285-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary We present cost-effective photogrammetric systems for high-resolution rockfall monitoring. The paper outlines the components, assembly, and programming codes required. The systems utilize prime cameras to generate 3D models and offer comparable performance to lidar for change detection monitoring. Real-world applications highlight their potential in geohazard monitoring which enables accurate detection of pre-failure deformation and rockfalls with a high temporal resolution. A neural network model for automated prediction of avalanche danger level Vipasana Sharma, Sushil Kumar, and Rama Sushil Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2523–2530, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2523-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2523-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Snow avalanchesÂ are a natural hazard that can cause danger to human lives. This threat can be reduced by accurate prediction of the danger levels. The development of mathematical models based on past data and present conditions can help to improve the accuracy of prediction. This research aims to develop a neural-network-based model for correlating complex relationships between the meteorological variables and the profile variables. Brief communication: Landslide activity on the Argentinian Santa Cruz River mega dam works confirmed by PSI DInSAR Guillermo Tamburini-Beliveau, SebastiÃ¡n Balbarani, and Oriol Monserrat Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1987–1999, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1987-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1987-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Landslides and ground deformation associated with the construction of a hydropower mega dam in the Santa Cruz River in Argentine Patagonia have been monitored using radar and optical satellite data, together with the analysis of technical reports. This allowed us to assess the integrity of the construction, providing a new and independent dataset. We have been able to identify ground deformation trends that put the construction works at risk. Exploiting radar polarimetry for nowcasting thunderstorm hazards using deep learning Nathalie Rombeek, Jussi Leinonen, and Ulrich Hamann EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-551,https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-551, 2023 Short summary Short summary Severe weather, such as hail, lightning and heavy rainfall can be hazardous to humans and property. Dual-polarization weather radars provide crucial information to forecast these events by detecting precipitation types. This study analyzes the importance of dual-polarization data for predicting severe weather during the next 60 min using an existing deep learning model. The results indicate that including these variables improves the accuracy of predicting heavy rainfall and lightning. Inform@Risk. The Development of a Prototype for an Integrated Landslide Early Warning System in an Informal Settlement: the Case of Bello Oriente in Medellín, Colombia Christian Werthmann, Marta Sapena, Marlene KÃ¼hnl, John Singer, Carolina Garcia, Bettina Menschik, Heike SchÃ¤fer, Sebastian SchrÃ¶ck, Lisa Seiler, Kurosch Thuro, and Hannes TaubenbÃ¶ck Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-53,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-53, 2023 Revised manuscript under review for NHESS Short summary Short summary Early Warning Systems (EWS) promise to decrease the vulnerability of self-constructed (informal) settlements threatened by landslides. A living lab sought to develop an integrated EWS in a landslide exposed neighborhood in Medellín. Findings indicate that technical aspects can be manageable, lesser social and political dynamics. A resilient EWS for informal settlements has to achieve sufficient social and technical redundancy to maintain basic functionality in a reduced support scenario. Impact of topography on in situ soil wetness measurements for regional landslide early warning â a case study from the Swiss Alpine Foreland Adrian Wicki, Peter Lehmann, Christian Hauck, and Manfred StÃ¤hli Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1059–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1059-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1059-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Soil wetness measurements are used for shallow landslide prediction; however, existing sites are often located in flat terrain. Here, we assessed the ability of monitoring sites at flat locations to detect critically saturated conditions compared to if they were situated at a landslide-prone location. We found that differences exist but that both sites could equally well distinguish critical from non-critical conditions for shallow landslide triggering if relative changes are considered. Earthquake building damage detection based on synthetic-aperture-radar imagery and machine learning Anirudh Rao, Jungkyo Jung, Vitor Silva, Giuseppe Molinario, and Sang-Ho Yun Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 789–807, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-789-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-789-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary This article presents a framework for semi-automated building damage assessment due to earthquakes from remote-sensing data and other supplementary datasets including high-resolution building inventories, while also leveraging recent advances in machine-learning algorithms. For three out of the four recent earthquakes studied, the machine-learning framework is able to identify over 50 % or nearly half of the damaged buildings successfully. Assessing riverbank erosion in Bangladesh using time series of Sentinel-1 radar imagery in the Google Earth Engine Jan Freihardt and Othmar Frey Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 751–770, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-751-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-751-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary In Bangladesh, riverbank erosion occurs every year during the monsoon and affects thousands of households. Information on locations and extent of past erosion can help anticipate where erosion might occur in the upcoming monsoon season and to take preventive measures. In our study, we show how time series of radar satellite imagery can be used to retrieve information on past erosion events shortly after the monsoon season using a novel interactive online tool based on the Google Earth Engine. Quantifying unequal urban resilience to rainfall across China from location-aware big data Jiale Qian, Yunyan Du, Jiawei Yi, Fuyuan Liang, Nan Wang, Ting Ma, and Tao Pei Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 317–328, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-317-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-317-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Human activities across China show a similar trend in response to rains. However, urban resilience varies significantly by region. The northwestern arid region and the central underdeveloped areas are very fragile, and even low-intensity rains can trigger significant human activity anomalies. By contrast, even high-intensity rains might not affect residents in the southeast. Comparison of machine learning techniques for reservoir outflow forecasting Orlando GarcÃa-Feal, JosÃ© GonzÃ¡lez-Cao, Diego FernÃ¡ndez-NÃ³voa, Gonzalo Astray Dopazo, and Moncho GÃ³mez-Gesteira Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3859–3874, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3859-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3859-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Extreme events have increased in the last few decades; having a good estimation of the outflow of a reservoir can be an advantage for water management or early warning systems. This study analyzes the efficiency of different machine learning techniques to predict reservoir outflow. The results obtained showed that the proposed models provided a good estimation of the outflow of the reservoirs, improving the results obtained with classical approaches. Development of black ice prediction model using GIS-based multi-sensor model validation Seok Bum Hong, Hong Sik Yun, Sang Guk Yum, Seung Yeop Ryu, In Seong Jeong, and Jisung Kim Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3435–3459, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3435-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3435-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary This study advances previous models through machine learning and multi-sensor-verified results. Using spatial and meteorological data from the study area (Suncheon–Wanju Highway in Gurye-gun), the amount and location of black ice were modelled based on system dynamics to predict black ice and then simulated with the geographic information system (m2). Based on the model results, multiple sensors were buried at four selected points in the study area, and the model was compared with sensor data. Forecasting vegetation condition with a Bayesian auto-regressive distributed lagsÂ (BARDL) model Edward E. Salakpi, Peter D. Hurley, James M. Muthoka, Adam B. Barrett, Andrew Bowell, Seb Oliver, and Pedram Rowhani Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2703–2723, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2703-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2703-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The devastating effects of recurring drought conditions are mostly felt by pastoralists that rely on grass and shrubs as fodder for their animals. Using historical information from precipitation, soil moisture, and vegetation health data, we developed a model that can forecast vegetation condition and the probability of drought occurrence up till a 10-week lead time with an accuracy of 74 %. Our model can be adopted by policymakers and relief agencies for drought early warning and early action. A dynamic hierarchical Bayesian approach for forecasting vegetation condition Edward E. Salakpi, Peter D. Hurley, James M. Muthoka, Andrew Bowell, Seb Oliver, and Pedram Rowhani Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2725–2749, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2725-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2725-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The impact of drought may vary in a given region depending on whether it is dominated by trees, grasslands, or croplands. The differences in impact can also be the agro-ecological zones within the region. This paper proposes a hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM) for forecasting vegetation condition in spatially diverse areas. Compared to a non-hierarchical model, the HBM proved to be a more natural method for forecasting drought in areas with different land covers and agro-ecological zones. Using a single remote-sensing image to calculate the height of a landslide dam and the maximum volume of a lake Weijie Zou, Yi Zhou, Shixin Wang, Futao Wang, Litao Wang, Qing Zhao, Wenliang Liu, Jinfeng Zhu, Yibing Xiong, Zhenqing Wang, and Gang Qin Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2081–2097, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2081-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2081-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Landslide dams are secondary disasters caused by landslides, which can cause great damage to mountains. We have proposed a procedure to calculate the key parameters of these dams that uses only a single remote-sensing image and a pre-landslide DEM combined with landslide theory. The core of this study is a modeling problem. We have found the bridge between the theory of landslide dams and the requirements of disaster relief. Gridded flood depth estimates from satellite-derived inundations Seth Bryant, Heather McGrath, and Mathieu Boudreault Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1437–1450, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1437-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1437-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The advent of new satellite technologies improves our ability to study floods. While the depth of water at flooded buildings is generally the most important variable for flood researchers, extracting this accurately from satellite data is challenging. The software tool presented here accomplishes this, and tests show the tool is more accurate than competing tools. This achievement unlocks more detailed studies of past floods and improves our ability to plan for and mitigate disasters. ProbFire: a probabilistic fire early warning system for Indonesia Tadas Nikonovas, Allan Spessa, Stefan H. Doerr, Gareth D. Clay, and Symon Mezbahuddin Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 303–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-303-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-303-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Extreme fire episodes in Indonesia emit large amounts of greenhouse gasses and have negative effects on human health in the region. In this study we show that such burning events can be predicted several months in advance in large parts of Indonesia using existing seasonal climate forecasts and forest cover change datasets. A reliable early fire warning system would enable local agencies to prepare and mitigate the worst of the effects. Index establishment and capability evaluation of spaceâairâground remote sensing cooperation in geohazard emergency response Yahong Liu and Jin Zhang Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 227–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-227-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-227-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Through a comprehensive analysis of the current remote sensing technology resources, this paper establishes the database to realize the unified management of heterogeneous sensor resources and proposes a capability evaluation method of remote sensing cooperative technology in geohazard emergencies, providing a decision-making basis for the establishment of remote sensing cooperative observations in geohazard emergencies. Brief communication: Monitoring a soft-rock coastal cliff using webcams and strain sensors Diego Guenzi, Danilo Godone, Paolo Allasia, Nunzio Luciano Fazio, Michele Perrotti, and Piernicola Lollino Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 207–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-207-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-207-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary In the Apulia region (southeastern Italy) we are monitoring a soft-rock coastal cliff using webcams and strain sensors. In this urban and touristic area, coastal recession is extremely rapid and rockfalls are very frequent. In our work we are using low-cost and open-source hardware and software, trying to correlate both meteorological information with measures obtained from crack meters and webcams, aiming to recognize potential precursor signals that could be triggered by instability phenomena. Multiscale analysis of surface roughness for the improvement of natural hazard modelling Natalie BroÅ¾ovÃ¡, Tommaso Baggio, Vincenzo D'Agostino, Yves BÃ¼hler, and Peter Bebi Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3539–3562, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3539-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3539-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Surface roughness plays a great role in natural hazard processes but is not always well implemented in natural hazard modelling. The results of our study show how surface roughness can be useful in representing vegetation and ground structures, which are currently underrated. By including surface roughness in natural hazard modelling, we could better illustrate the processes and thus improve hazard mapping, which is crucial for infrastructure and settlement planning in mountainous areas. EUNADICS-AV early warning system dedicated to supporting aviation in the case of a crisis from natural airborne hazards and radionuclide clouds Hugues Brenot, Nicolas Theys, Lieven Clarisse, Jeroen van Gent, Daniel R. Hurtmans, Sophie Vandenbussche, Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos, Lucia Mona, Timo Virtanen, Andreas Uppstu, Mikhail Sofiev, Luca Bugliaro, Margarita VÃ¡zquez-Navarro, Pascal Hedelt, Michelle Maree Parks, Sara Barsotti, Mauro Coltelli, William Moreland, Simona Scollo, Giuseppe Salerno, Delia Arnold-Arias, Marcus Hirtl, Tuomas Peltonen, Juhani Lahtinen, Klaus Sievers, Florian Lipok, Rolf RÃ¼fenacht, Alexander Haefele, Maxime Hervo, Saskia Wagenaar, Wim Som de Cerff, Jos de Laat, Arnoud Apituley, Piet Stammes, Quentin Laffineur, Andy Delcloo, Robertson Lennart, Carl-Herbert Rokitansky, Arturo Vargas, Markus Kerschbaum, Christian Resch, Raimund Zopp, Matthieu Plu, Vincent-Henri Peuch, Michel Van Roozendael, and Gerhard Wotawa Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3367–3405, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3367-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3367-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary The purpose of the EUNADICS-AV (European Natural Airborne Disaster Information and Coordination System for Aviation) prototype early warning system (EWS) is to develop the combined use of harmonised data products from satellite, ground-based and in situ instruments to produce alerts of airborne hazards (volcanic, dust, smoke and radionuclide clouds), satisfying the requirement of aviation air traffic management (ATM) stakeholders (https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/723986). Are sirens effective tools to alert the population in France? Johnny Douvinet, Anna Serra-Llobet, Esteban Bopp, and G. Mathias Kondolf Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2899–2920, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2899-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2899-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary This study proposes to combine results of research regarding the spatial inequalities due to the siren coverage, the political dilemma of siren activation, and the social problem of siren awareness and trust for people in France. Surveys were conducted using a range of complementary methods (GIS analysis, statistical analysis, questionnaires, interviews) through different scales. Results show that siren coverage in France is often determined by population density but not risks or disasters. UAV survey method to monitor and analyze geological hazards: the case study of the mud volcano of Villaggio Santa Barbara, Caltanissetta (Sicily) Fabio Brighenti, Francesco Carnemolla, Danilo Messina, and Giorgio De Guidi Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2881–2898, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2881-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2881-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary In this paper we propose a methodology to mitigate hazard in a natural environment in an urbanized context. The deformation of the ground is a precursor of paroxysms in mud volcanoes. Therefore, through the analysis of the deformation supported by a statistical approach, this methodology was tested to reduce the hazard around the mud volcano. In the future, the goal is that this dangerous area will become both a naturalistic heritage and a source of development for the community of the area. Timely prediction potential of landslide early warning systems with multispectral remote sensing: a conceptual approach tested in the Sattelkar, Austria Doris Hermle, Markus Keuschnig, Ingo Hartmeyer, Robert Delleske, and Michael Krautblatter Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2753–2772, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2753-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2753-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Multispectral remote sensing imagery enables landslide detection and monitoring, but its applicability to time-critical early warning is rarely studied. We present a concept to operationalise its use for landslide early warning, aiming to extend lead time. We tested PlanetScope and unmanned aerial system images on a complex mass movement and compared processing times to historic benchmarks. Acquired data are within the forecasting window, indicating the feasibility for landslide early warning. CHILDA â Czech Historical Landslide Database Michal BÃl, Pavel RaÅ¡ka, LukÃ¡Å¡ DolÃ¡k, and Jan KubeÄek Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2581–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2581-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2581-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary The online landslide database CHILDA (Czech Historical Landslide Database) summarises information about landslides which occurred in the area of Czechia (the Czech Republic). The database is freely accessible via the https://childa.cz/ website. It includes 699 records (spanning the period of 1132–1989). Overall, 55 % of all recorded landslide events occurred only within 15 years of the extreme landslide incidence. Review article: Detection of actionable tweets in crisis events Anna Kruspe, Jens Kersten, and Friederike Klan Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1825–1845, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1825-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1825-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Messages on social media can be an important source of information during crisis situations. This article reviews approaches for the reliable detection of informative messages in a flood of data. We demonstrate the varying goals of these approaches and present existing data sets. We then compare approaches based (1) on keyword and location filtering, (2) on crowdsourcing, and (3) on machine learning. We also point out challenges and suggest future research. Long-term magnetic anomalies and their possible relationship to the latest greater Chilean earthquakes in the context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory Enrique Guillermo Cordaro, Patricio Venegas-Aravena, and David Laroze Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1785–1806, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1785-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1785-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We developed a methodology that generates free externally disturbed magnetic variations in ground magnetometers close to the Chilean convergent margin. Spectral analysis (~ mHz) and magnetic anomalies increased prior to large Chilean earthquakes (Maule 2010, Mw 8.8; Iquique 2014, Mw 8.2; Illapel 2015, Mw 8.3). These findings relate to microcracks within the lithosphere due to stress state changes. This physical evidence should be thought of as a last stage of the earthquake preparation process. HazMapper: a global open-source natural hazard mapping application in Google Earth Engine Corey M. Scheip and Karl W. Wegmann Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1495–1511, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1495-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1495-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary For many decades, natural disasters have been monitored by trained analysts using multiple satellite images to observe landscape change. This approach is incredibly useful, but our new tool, HazMapper, offers researchers and the scientifically curious public a web-accessible cloud-based tool to perform similar analysis. We intend for the tool to both be used in scientific research and provide rapid response to global natural disasters like landslides, wildfires, and volcanic eruptions. Opportunities and risks of disaster data from social media: a systematic review of incident information Matti Wiegmann, Jens Kersten, Hansi Senaratne, Martin Potthast, Friederike Klan, and Benno Stein Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1431–1444, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1431-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1431-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary In this paper, we study when social media is an adequate source to find metadata about incidents that cannot be acquired by traditional means. We identify six major use cases: impact assessment and verification of model predictions, narrative generation, recruiting citizen volunteers, supporting weakly institutionalized areas, narrowing surveillance areas, and reporting triggers for periodical surveillance. Online urban-waterlogging monitoring based on a recurrent neural network for classification of microblogging text Hui Liu, Ya Hao, Wenhao Zhang, Hanyue Zhang, Fei Gao, and Jinping Tong Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1179–1194, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1179-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1179-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We trained a recurrent neural network model to classify microblogging posts related to urban waterlogging and establish an online monitoring system of urban waterlogging caused by flood disasters. We manually curated more than 4400 waterlogging posts to train the RNN model so that it can precisely identify waterlogging-related posts of Sina Weibo to timely determine urban waterlogging. Predicting power outages caused by extratropical storms Roope Tervo, Ilona LÃ¡ng, Alexander Jung, and Antti MÃ¤kelÃ¤ Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 607–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-607-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-607-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Predicting the number of power outages caused by extratropical storms is a key challenge for power grid operators. We introduce a novel method to predict the storm severity for the power grid employing ERA5 reanalysis data combined with a forest inventory. The storms are first identified from the data and then classified using several machine-learning methods. While there is plenty of room to improve, the results are already usable, with support vector classifier providing the best performance. Near-real-time automated classification of seismic signals of slope failures with continuous random forests Michaela Wenner, ClÃ©ment Hibert, Alec van Herwijnen, Lorenz Meier, and Fabian Walter Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 339–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-339-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-339-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Mass movements constitute a risk to property and human life. In this study we use machine learning to automatically detect and classify slope failure events using ground vibrations. We explore the influence of non-ideal though commonly encountered conditions: poor network coverage, small number of events, and low signal-to-noise ratios. Our approach enables us to detect the occurrence of rare events of high interest in a large data set of more than a million windowed seismic signals. Assessing the accuracy of remotely sensed fire datasets across the southwestern Mediterranean Basin Luiz Felipe Galizia, Thomas Curt, Renaud Barbero, and Marcos Rodrigues Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 73–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-73-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-73-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary This paper aims to provide a quantitative evaluation of three remotely sensed fire datasets which have recently emerged as an important resource to improve our understanding of fire regimes. Our findings suggest that remotely sensed fire datasets can be used to proxy variations in fire activity on monthly and annual timescales; however, caution is advised when drawing information from smaller fires (< 100 ha) across the Mediterranean region. Responses to severe weather warnings and affective decision-making Philippe Weyrich, Anna Scolobig, Florian Walther, and Anthony Patt Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2811–2821, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2811-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2811-2020, 2020 The object-specific flood damage database HOWASÂ 21 Patric Kellermann, Kai SchrÃ¶ter, Annegret H. Thieken, SÃ¶ren-Nils Haubrock, and Heidi Kreibich Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2503–2519, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2503-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2503-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary The flood damage database HOWAS 21 contains object-speciï¬c ï¬ood damage data resulting from fluvial, pluvial and groundwater flooding. The datasets incorporate various variables of ï¬ood hazard, exposure, vulnerability and direct tangible damage at properties from several economic sectors. This paper presents HOWAS 21 and highlights exemplary analyses to demonstrate the use of HOWAS 21 flood damage data. A spaceborne SAR-based procedure to support the detection of landslides Giuseppe Esposito, Ivan Marchesini, Alessandro Cesare Mondini, Paola Reichenbach, Mauro Rossi, and Simone Sterlacchini Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2379–2395, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2379-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2379-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary In this article, we present an automatic processing chain aimed to support the detection of landslides that induce sharp land cover changes. The chain exploits free software and spaceborne SAR data, allowing the systematic monitoring of wide mountainous regions exposed to mass movements. In the test site, we verified a general accordance between the spatial distribution of seismically induced landslides and the detected land cover changes, demonstrating its potential use in emergency management. GIS-based DRASTIC and composite DRASTIC indices for assessing groundwater vulnerability in the Baghin aquifer, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Malakootian and Majid Nozari Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2351–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2351-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2351-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary The present study estimated the Kerman–Baghin aquifer vulnerability using DRASTIC and âcomposite DRASTIC (CDRASTIC) indices with the aid of geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The aquifer vulnerability maps indicated very similar results, âidentifying the north-west parts of the aquifer as areas with high to very high vulnerability. According to the results, parts of the studied aquifer have a high vulnerability and ârequire protective measures. Review article: The spatial dimension in the assessment of urban socio-economic vulnerability related to geohazards Diana Contreras, Alondra Chamorro, and Sean Wilkinson Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1663–1687, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1663-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1663-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary The socio-economic condition of the population determines their vulnerability to earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, soil erosion and land degradation. This condition is estimated mainly from population censuses. The lack to access to basic services, proximity to hazard zones, poverty and population density highly influence the vulnerability of communities. Mapping the location of this vulnerable population makes it possible to prevent and mitigate their risk. Design and implementation of a mobile device app for network-based earthquake early warning systems (EEWSs): application to the PRESTo EEWS in southern Italy Simona Colombelli, Francesco Carotenuto, Luca Elia, and Aldo Zollo Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 921–931, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-921-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-921-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary We developed a mobile app for Android devices which receives the alerts generated by a network-based early warning system, predicts the expected ground-shaking intensity and the available lead time at the user position, and provides customized messages to inform the user about the proper reaction to the alert. The app represents a powerful tool for informing in real time a wide audience of end users and stakeholders about the potential damaging shaking in the occurrence of an earthquake. CCAF-DB: the Caribbean and Central American active fault database Richard Styron, Julio GarcÃa-Pelaez, and Marco Pagani Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 831–857, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-831-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-831-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary The Caribbean and Central American region is both tectonically active and densely populated, leading to a large population that is exposed to earthquake hazards. Until now, no comprehensive fault data covering the region have been available. We present a new public fault database for Central America and the Caribbean that synthesizes published studies with new mapping from remote sensing to provide fault sources for the CCARA seismic hazard and risk analysis project and to aid future research. Evaluation of a combined drought indicator and its potential for agricultural drought prediction in southern Spain MarÃa del Pilar JimÃ©nez-Donaire, Ana Tarquis, and Juan Vicente GirÃ¡ldez Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 21–33, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-21-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-21-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary A new combined drought indicator (CDI) is proposed that integrates rainfall, soil moisture and vegetation dynamics. The performance of this indicator was evaluated against crop damage data from agricultural insurance schemes in five different areas in SW Spain. Results show that this indicator was able to predict important droughts in 2004–2005 and 2011–2012, marked by crop damage of between 70 % and 95 % of the total insured area. This opens important applications for improving insurance schemes. Study on real-time correction of site amplification factor Quancai Xie, Qiang Ma, Jingfa Zhang, and Haiying Yu Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2827–2839, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2827-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2827-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary This paper evaluates a new method for modeling the site amplification factor. Through implementing this method and making simulations for different cases, we find that this method shows better performance than the previous method and JMA report. We better understand the advantages and disadvantages of this method, although there are some problems that need to be considered carefully and solved; it shows good potential to be used in future earthquake early warning systems. Three-dimensional rockfall shape back analysis: methods and implications David A. Bonneau, D. Jean Hutchinson, Paul-Mark DiFrancesco, Melanie Coombs, and Zac Sala Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2745–2765, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2745-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2745-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary In mountainous regions around the world rockfalls pose a hazard to infrastructure and society. To aid in our understanding and management of these complex hazards, an inventory can be compiled. Three-dimensional remote sensing data can be used to locate the source zones of these events and generate models of areas which detached. We address the way in which the shape of a rockfall object can be measured. The shape of a rockfall has implications for forward modelling of potential runout zones. Effects of high-resolution geostationary satellite imagery on the predictability of tropical thunderstorms over Southeast Asia Kwonmin Lee, Hye-Sil Kim, and Yong-Sang Choi Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2241–2248, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2241-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2241-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary This study examined the advances in the predictability of thunderstorms using geostationary satellite imageries. Our present results show that by using the latest geostationary satellite data (with a resolution of 2 km and 10 min), thunderstorms can be predicted 90–180 min ahead of their mature state. These data can capture the rapidly growing cloud tops before the cloud moisture falls as precipitation and enable prompt preparation and the mitigation of hazards. InSAR technique applied to the monitoring of the QinghaiâTibet Railway Qingyun Zhang, Yongsheng Li, Jingfa Zhang, and Yi Luo Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2229–2240, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2229-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2229-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary Before the opening of the railway, the deformation of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway was very small and considered stable. After opening, the overall stability of the railway section was good. The main deformation areas are concentrated in the areas where railway lines turn and geological disasters are concentrated. In order to ensure the safety of railway operation, it is necessary to carry out long-term time series observation along the Qinghai–Tibet Railway. Understanding the spatiotemporal development of human settlement in hurricane-prone areas on the USÂ Atlantic and Gulf coasts using nighttime remote sensing Xiao Huang, Cuizhen Wang, and Junyu Lu Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2141–2155, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2141-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2141-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary This study examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of nighttime satellite-derived human settlement in response to different levels of hurricane proneness in a period from 1992 to 2013. It confirms the Snow Belt-to-Sun Belt US population shift trend. The results also suggest that hurricane-exposed human settlement has grown in extent and area, as more hurricane exposure has experienced a larger increase rate in settlement intensity. Pre-disaster mapping with drones: an urban case study in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Maja Kucharczyk and Chris H. Hugenholtz Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2039–2051, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2039-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2039-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary We performed pre-disaster 3-D mapping with a drone in downtown Victoria, BC, Canada. This was the first drone mapping mission over a Canadian city approved by Canadaâs aviation authority. We were legally constrained to using a specific drone. The goal was to assess the quality of the 3-D map. Results indicate that the spatial accuracies achieved with this drone would allow for sub-meter building collapse detection, but the non-tilting camera was insufficient for mapping buildings in 3-D. New approaches to modelling of local seismic amplification susceptibility using direct characteristics of influencing criteria: case study of Bam City, Iran Reza Hassanzadeh, Mehdi Honarmand, Mahdieh Hossienjani Zadeh, and Farzin Naseri Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1989–2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1989-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1989-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary This paper proposes a new model for evaluating local seismic amplification susceptibility by considering direct characteristics of influencing criteria and dealing with uncertainty of modelling through production of fuzzy membership functions and GIS. This model helps planners and decision makers easily produce local seismic amplification susceptibility to be incorporated in designing development plans of urban areas and to evaluate safety measures of existing infrastructure. SMC-Flood database: a high-resolution press database on flood cases for the Spanish Mediterranean coast (1960â2015) Salvador Gil-Guirado, Alfredo PÃ©rez-Morales, and Francisco Lopez-Martinez Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1955–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1955-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1955-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary In this study the SMC-Flood database for the municipalities of the Mediterranean coast of mainland Spain is presented. This database has enabled the reconstruction of 3008 cases of flooding on a municipal scale between 1960 and 2015. The data analysis reveals a growing trend in the frequency and area affected by flood cases. The main novelty lies in the fact that we have detected a clear latitudinal gradient of growing intensity and severity of flood cases with a north–south direction. Statistical analysis for satellite-index-based insurance to define damaged pasture thresholds Juan JosÃ© MartÃn-Sotoca, Antonio Saa-Requejo, RubÃ©n Moratiel, Nicolas Dalezios, Ioannis Faraslis, and Ana MarÃa Tarquis Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1685–1702, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1685-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1685-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary Vegetation indices based on satellite images, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), have been used for damaged pasture insurance. The occurrence of damage is usually defined by NDVI thresholds mainly based on normal statistics. In this work a pasture area in Spain was delimited by MODIS images. A statistical analysis of NDVI was applied to search for alternative distributions. Results show that generalized extreme value distributions present a better fit than normal ones. Cited articles Airbus Defence and Space: PlÃ©iades Imagery User Guide, https://www.intelligence-airbusds.com/en/8718-user-guides (last access: 29Â OctoberÂ 2019), 2012.â Allan, P., Bryant, M., Wirsching, C., Garcia, D., and Rodriguez, M. 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H., Levin, G., and Hansen, H. S.: Modelling the spatial extent of urban growth using a cellular automata-based model: a case study for Quito, Ecuador, Geogr. Tidsskr., 120, 156â173, https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2020.1823867, 2020.â Vidal, X., Burgos, L., and Zevallos, O.: 11 Protection and environmental restoration of the slopes of Pichincha in Quito, Ecuador, Water and Cities in Latin America: Challenges for Sustainable Development, Routledge, London, 181, 298 pp., https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315848440, 2015.â Vincenti, S. S., Zuleta, D., Moscoso, V., JÃ¡come, P., Palacios, E., and VillacÃs, M.: AnÃ¡lisis estadÃstico de datos meteorolÃ³gicos mensuales y diarios para la determinaciÃ³n de variabilidad climÃ¡tica y cambio climÃ¡tico en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, La Granja, 16, 23â47, https://lagranja.ups.edu.ec/index.php/granja/article/download/16.2012.03/232 (last access: 16Â MayÂ 2022), 2012.â Watson, C. S., Elliott, J. R., Ebmeier, S. K., VÃ¡squez, M. A., Zapata, C., Bonilla-Bedoya, S., Cubillo, P., Orbe, D. F., CÃ³rdova, M., Menoscal, J., and Sevilla, E.: Datasets supporting the paper âEnhancing disaster risk resilience using greenspace in urbanising Quito, Ecuadorâ, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5881876, 2022.â WHO Regional Office for Europe: Urban green spaces and health, https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/321971/Urban-green-spaces-and-health-review-evidence.pdf (last access: 16Â MayÂ 2022), 2016.â Wilson, T. M., Stewart, C., Sword-Daniels, V., Leonard, G. S., Johnston, D. M., Cole, J. W., Wardman, J., Wilson, G., and Barnard, S. T.: Volcanic ash impacts on critical infrastructure, Phys. Chem. Earth, Parts A/B/C, 45-46, 5â23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.06.006, 2012.â Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., and Newell, J. P.: Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities âjust green enoughâ, Landscape Urban Plan., 125, 234â244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017, 2014.â Yamazaki, F., Liu, W., and Takasaki, M.: Characteristics of shadow and removal of its effects for remote sensing imagery, 2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa, 12â17Â JulyÂ 2009, 4, IV-426âIV-429 pp., https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417404, 2009.â Zalakeviciute, R., LÃ³pez-Villada, J., and Rybarczyk, Y.: Contrasted Effects of Relative Humidity and Precipitation on Urban PM2.5 Pollution in High Elevation Urban Areas, Sustainability, 10, 2064, https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062064, 2018.â Zambrano-BarragÃ¡n, C., Zevallos, O., VillacÃs, M., and EnrÃquez, D.: Quito's Climate Change Strategy: A Response to Climate Change in the Metropolitan District of Quito, Ecuador, in: Resilient Cities, Dordrecht, 515â529, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0785-6_51, 2011.â Zhou, Y., Parsons, B., Elliott, J. R., Barisin, I., and Walker, R. T.: Assessing the ability of Pleiades stereo imagery to determine height changes in earthquakes: A case study for the El Mayor-Cucapah epicentral area, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 8793â8808, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb012358, 2015.â Zhu, Z., Gallant, A. L., Woodcock, C. E., Pengra, B., Olofsson, P., Loveland, T. R., Jin, S., Dahal, D., Yang, L., and Auch, R. F.: Optimizing selection of training and auxiliary data for operational land cover classification for the LCMAP initiative, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 122, 206â221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.11.004, 2016.â
1010	dbpedia	2	76	https://promdhealth.com/rejuvenate-skin-forever-young-bbl/	en	Rejuvenate Skin with Forever Young BBL	https://promdhealth.com/…ck_279546251.jpg	https://promdhealth.com/…ck_279546251.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=810316517488451&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://promdhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ProMD-Logo.svg", "https://promdhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ProMD-Logo.svg", "https://promdhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/HydrafacialStep2_Desktop-1024x683.png 1024w, ht...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "KIJO-Admin" ]	2016-04-04T09:00:44+00:00	Forever Young BBL™ therapy is an advanced version of intense pulsed light (IPL) technology. Research at Stanford University has shown that people who...	en	/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png	ProMD Health	https://promdhealth.com/rejuvenate-skin-forever-young-bbl/	Forever Young BBL™ therapy is an advanced version of intense pulsed light (IPL) technology. Research at Stanford University has shown that people who have had two or more Forever Young BBL™ treatments each year have actually reversed the signs of aging skin, and the skin cells behave more like young cells. This means that they produce more elastin and collagen than aged cells. For years, IPL has been used for cosmetic and medical procedures to improve the appearance of skin for aesthetic and therapeutic purposes. It is used for hair removal and rejuvenation of skin that has sun damage, thread veins and hyper-pigmentation. Forever Young BBL™ is an advanced IPL technique used to treat or slow down damaged facial skin, as well as skin problems on other parts of the body, including the chest, arms, neck and hands. Because of the broadband light technology, it is the most effective form of IPL skin therapy. The procedure is performed by trained technicians. Unlike laser technology that uses only one color wave, Forever Young BBL™ uses various wavelengths that treat a variety of issues. The light modifies the molecular structure of damaged cells and stimulates the body’s natural healing process. Sun-damaged skin and other brown spots are pushed to the surface and naturally flake off over time. It also treats diffused redness and broken capillaries. After the treatment, the skin has a more even color and texture, looks brighter and feels softer. When collagen is stimulated, it works to thicken the skin, creating a more youthful and healthy appearance. Unhealthy ultraviolet rays from the sun cause damage to the deep layers of skin, not only on the surface. It depletes collagen levels, but also alters the DNA of the skin cells. This results in changes of skin texture, uneven pigmentation loss of elasticity and, in some cases, skin cancer. The Stanford University study showed that Forever Young BBL™ treatments might restore the gene pattern of aged skin to resemble young, healthy skin. The collagen deposits become uniform, and the elasticity is improved. Along with sun-damaged skin, other skin conditions that Forever Young BBL™ can treat are: • Rosacea • Acne • Freckles • Mild acne scars • Uneven pigmentation • Dull skin • Age spots • Liver spots After a consultation with our expert at ProMD Health, you can plan for Forever Young BBL™ therapy. Recovery time is minimal, but we recommend that you have therapy, at least, seven days before a big event. The number of treatments will depend on your particular condition. With locations in Annapolis, Arlington, or Baltimore, ProMD Health proudly offers Forever Young BBL™ treatments as an effective way for patients to say goodbye to aging skin. We can evaluate your situation and determine if this incredible therapy treatment is right for you. Contact us today to schedule your appointment. Beginning as a pre-med major, Ashley transitioned to nursing in 2009 with a clear goal of entering the aesthetics industry. Since then, she has relentlessly pursued this ambition. After earning a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) from the University of Delaware in 2014, she dedicated eight years to working as a Registered Nurse in both bedside care and the operating room, all the while striving to delve deeper into aesthetics. Despite facing setbacks, she took the bold step of launching her own practice while concurrently pursuing a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) at Maryville University, successfully completing her studies in 2023. A pivotal moment arose when Ashley seized the opportunity to become an independent injector at Attitudes Medi Spa in Milford, DE, a move that marked a significant breakthrough in her career journey, allowing her to realize a long-held aspiration. Ashley places a high value on her education, continuously refining her skills through mentorship from leading figures in the aesthetics field. She has traversed the nation, seeking knowledge from some of the most reputable aesthetic providers. Now, as a Certified Registered Nurse Practitioner (CRNP) in healthcare, Ashley steps into her new role armed with a wealth of experience and expertise. Mario is the Chief Growth Officer of ProMD Health and is primarily responsible for driving the growth of the ProMD Development Group by launching new franchise locations and identifying opportunities to strategically grow ProMD’s footprint nationwide. Mario graduated from Johns Hopkins receiving a master’s degree in Health Administration, a Bachelor of Arts in Public Health Studies, and a minor in Entrepreneurship and Management. Mario has an extensive history in startups, business development and healthcare. Prior to joining ProMD, Nelson worked at several firms and most recently was a senior manager at New York-based Cold Start Ventures, where he helped build and launch early-stage healthcare companies. In 2020, Nelson was CEO and Co-Founder of New York-based Micro Audio, Inc. He built the company and grew its platform to 10,000 users in the first 90 days of operation. From 2014 to 2018 Nelson worked at global consultancy Deloitte as a senior consultant where he spearheaded a $1 billion financial turnaround of a leading healthcare system. He also developed a five-year strategic plan for military hospitals in the Washington, D.C. area, and he executed a complete digital overhaul of a hospital system in the Midwest, resulting in 20 percent cost reductions. In his spare time, Mario is an avid Basketball player and fan and is passionate about education and volunteers as a tutor in New York City after school programs.
1010	dbpedia	2	56	https://www.sieberplasticsurgery.com/about/dr-david-a-sieber/	en	Plastic Surgeon San Francisco	https://www.sieberplasti…ber_DrPhoto1.png	https://www.sieberplasti…ber_DrPhoto1.png	[ "https://www.sieberplasticsurgery.com/wp-content/uploads/sieber-plastic-surgery.png", "https://www.sieberplasticsurgery.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/sieber-logo-retina-white.png", "https://www.sieberplasticsurgery.com/wp-content/uploads/sieber-plastic-surgery-san-francisco-desktop-header.jpg.webp", "https:/...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "David A. Sieber" ]	2017-01-24T00:41:59+00:00	Dr. David Sieber is a board-certified plastic surgeon in the San Francisco area. Schedule your face, body, or breast surgery procedure today! Call 415-915-9000!	en	https://www.sieberplasti…urgery-32x32.png	Sieber Plastic Surgery	https://www.sieberplasticsurgery.com/about/dr-david-a-sieber/	Focusing on cosmetic surgery of the breast with procedures like Breast Augmentation and Breast Lift, and body procedures like liposuction and tummy tuck, Dr. David Sieber is one of few double board-certified plastic surgeons in the San Francisco Bay Area with specialized fellowship training in cosmetic surgery. He has completed further training in the latest non-surgical procedures including dermal fillers, botulinum toxins, and laser skin rejuvenation. Dr. Sieber is a graduate of Loyola University-Stritch School of Medicine and completed a five-year residency in general surgery at Loyola University Medical Center. Board certified by the American Board of Surgery, he then went on to complete an additional three-year residency in plastic and reconstructive surgery at the University of Minnesota as well as a one-year aesthetic surgery fellowship at the top-ranked University of Texas Southwestern program in Dallas under the mentorship of some of the most highly regarded and world-renowned plastic surgeons. With this strong foundation, Dr. Sieber went on to become certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery. In order to provide his patients with the best possible care, Dr. Sieber is adamant about understanding and investigating the latest trends and technologies in plastic surgery. He received the award for best research paper during the 2015 calendar year by the Aesthetic Surgery Journal editorial board and serves on committees for the American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) and Aesthetic Surgery Education and Research Foundation (ASERF). He is also a peer reviewer for both the Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery as well as the Aesthetic Surgery Journal. Dr. Sieber was the recipient of the inaugural Frederic Brandt, MD Memorial Scholarship in recognition of his commitment to the ongoing education and training of aesthetic physicians. Dr. Sieber, his wife, and two dogs now call San Francisco home. In his free time, he enjoys photography, exercising, hiking, and travel. One of the most rewarding aspects of his career has been the opportunity to treat underserved patients who severely lack health care. To date, he has provided life-changing medical care to patients in Nepal, Peru, and Armenia. Dr. Sieber continues to volunteer his time and medical skills in order to help those most in need. Dr. Sieber recognizes that each patient is unique. He works closely with his patients, listening to their concerns. His goal is to create the ideal treatment plan for each patient’s individual needs. His gentle bedside manner, calm demeanor, and outgoing disposition make his patients feel at home. His philosophy has always been that the patient comes first and that great medical outcomes always start with excellent patient care.
1010	dbpedia	1	0	https://www.shamsports.com/2014/07	en	ShamSports	https://www.shamsports.c…ped-ss-32x32.jpg	https://www.shamsports.c…ped-ss-32x32.jpg	[ "https://www.shamsports.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/shamlogo.png", "https://www.shamsports.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/shamnologo-1.png", "https://www.shamsports.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ss.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Basketball scouting & NBA salaries", "Mark Deeks" ]	null			https://www.shamsports.c…ped-ss-32x32.jpg		null	Josh Huestis’s D-League adventure, a misplaced exercise in loyalty (originally published elsewhere) A few days ago, Darnell Mayberry broke the story that Oklahoma City Thunder draft pick Josh Huestis might spend next year in the D-League, collecting a mere $25,000 or so salary, rather than sign in the NBA. This would be groundbreaking, not as the first first rounder to not sign immediately in the NBA (this happens quite often), but as the first to do so who instead signs in the D-League. It also makes absolutely no sense on the face of it. As useful as the D-League can be, its salaries are extremely uncompetitive. Players are paid by the league in one of three salary brackets, determined by their ability, and even though Huestis would no doubt be worthy of the highest D-League salary possible, that figure is still paltry. It will be comparable before tax with what an NBA 10 day contract pays, and when I say ‘comparable with’, I mean ‘slightly lower than’. Huestis would be doing so because the Thunder asked him to, in a pre-arranged deal running unnervingly close to the line. Tom Ziller speculated it, and Zach Lowe confirmed it. The projected second round or undrafted player going in the first round was indeed a eye opener, and it follows that, given that they may have been alone in wanting to take him that high, the Thunder felt they had the leverage to lean on him in this way. Apparently, to agent Mitchell Butler, the fact that it is the Thunder makes it all worthwhile. An analogous situation here is that of George Hill with the San Antonio Spurs in 2008. The Spurs took the IUPUI guard in the first round when no one expected them to, and used this as a means of leveraging him into accepting less than the customary […] The Following Players Are Untradeable ‘Traditional’ no-trade clauses in the NBA are possible, but rare, with only six of them currently in existence. They belong to Kobe Bryant, Tim Duncan, Kevin Garnett, Dirk Nowitzki, Carmelo Anthony and Dwyane Wade, the latter three all getting one in the contracts they signed this summer. These vetos apply to any trades throughout the life of the contract, and are not lost if one trade goes through – Garnett, for example, keeps his no-trade clause for any future trades he might be in, despite his acquiescence to the trade to Brooklyn last year. To be eligible for one, a player has to have spent eight seasons in the league, four of which must have been with the team with whom he is signing the new contract containing the clause. They don’t have to have been the four years immediately prior to the signing, however – Cleveland, for example, could have put a no-trade clause in the maximum contract LeBron James signed with them this summer, due to the service time he spent there between 2003 and 2010. They didn’t, however, and so only those six ‘traditional’ no-trade clauses exist. (It also matters not how long the contract is, as long as the criteria in the opening are met.) Devin Harris could also have done so with Dallas, which would have been a laugh, yet it is apparent why these devices are rare and reserved only for the best. There also however exist some slightly more funky no-trade provisions, born out of salary cap technicalities, that give certain players no-trade powers that you would not be expecting. Cole Aldrich, for example, can veto any trade he is in, while LeBron cannot. And this probably needs explaining. Aldrich et al have their rights to veto come from a technicality of Bird rights. Named […] What Is A Cap Hold And Why Does It Matter? The calculation of a team’s cap space would, you would hope, be as easy as looking at their owed contracts to both current and waive players, and subtracting it from the salary cap amount for that year. Nope, not close. There are a few extra things that go into the determination of a team’s “team salary” amount, and by association that team salary amount’s proximity to the salary cap thresholds. And of these extra things, the most important, obvious and prevalent are things we know as “cap holds”. There are two types of cap hold – a free agent’s cap hold, and a draft pick’s cap hold. The first one, the free agent cap hold, is the most common. A free agent’s cap hold is an amount of money that is charged to your team’s salary cap number, even though the player is not under contract. This is a deliberate ploy that exists to close a loophole; if free agent cap holds did not exist, it is theoretically possible for a team to have its entire roster become free agents at the same time, have their entire cap to spend on other team’s free agents, and then use Bird rights to re-sign their own ones afterwards. That would be disingenuous and would create a rather ludicrous situation whereby there would be no incentive to ever sign a long term deal. In having cap holds, your free agents eat into your cap room, forcing you to prioritise a bit better. The juggling of these priorities is a key component in team building and roster management. There are multiple ways to get rid of a cap hold. Firstly, if you waive a player, they are automatically removed, and so will not have a cap hold. Secondly, if a player signs with another NBA team, […] The amount of cap room teams have remaining The bulk of free agency is behind us, maybe, but we’re far from done. There follows a look at how much cap space NBA teams still have outstanding, which, with the exception of the occasions I blatantly do the opposite, will be presented without analysis as to how the situation came about. All the teams that have cap space, or have had cap space this offseason, are included in the list. That is a total of fifteen teams and half the league. The other fifteen – Boston, Brooklyn, Denver, Golden State, Indiana, L.A. Clippers, Memphis, Minnesota, New York, Oklahoma City, Portland, Sacramento, San Antonio, Toronto and Washington – are not mentioned at all. All salary information is taken from this website’s own salary pages. All figures taken from the day of publication – if subsequent trades/signings are made, then adjust accordingly. It is vital – VITAL – that you understand what a “cap hold” is before you read this. An explanation can be found here. Players with asterisks by their names are not under contract with the team, and cap holds are separated from active contracts by the use of a simple link break. Atlanta Hawks Committed salary for 2014/15: $48,416,058 (view full forecast) Remaining cap space: $10,839,436 Atlanta has made only one signing in free agency, facilitated by one trade, and the money jointly spent on Thabo Sefolosha and John Salmons is actually less than the money they were due to spend on Louis Williams. They started with cap space, added more possibly unnecessarily, and still haven’t used up the extra bit, let alone dip into the reserves. I say “possibly unnecessarily” because it does not appear as though they have looked to do much with it, got shot down when they did, and the list of candidates is […] “Consideration In Trades And Trade Structure” – a league instruction manual At the end of the July Moratorium each year, the league sends out a memo containing all of the findings from the audit it conducted during it. That audit is what the moratorium period is for – the moratorium is one long end-of-season book-keep in which it crunches all the numbers related to revenue, BRI, escrow, tax and the like, and makes determinations on both the past and the future. That memo generally filters through to the mainstream media – it has to, because it contains all the things that will make the league work next year, such as the salary cap numbers and exact size of the luxury tax threshold. It also contains things such as the latest projection of the season after next ($66.3 million salary cap, $80.7 million luxury tax threshold) and the sizes of next year’s exceptions. This year, however, the league sent out a second memo. Entitled “Consideration in Trades and Trade Structure”, it is a reminder and/or clarifier to teams about some of the specifics of what they can and cannot do in trades. Seemingly, they felt this was necessary Considering the presence of this memo suggests that some teams do not entirely understand the rules (or, perhaps, have been intent on pushing them back a bit), it is self-evidently the case that those of us outside of the league will not fully know them either. So, here goes. The memo is divided into two parts. The first part of the memo deals with what constitutes ‘consideration’ in trades, and is itself split into two parts. Part two of this first section concerns consideration in trades for non-playing personnel. Seemingly, in light of recent de facto coaching trades (whereby a team receives compensation for letting a non-playing member of staff out of their contract […] Complete History Of NBA Luxury Tax Payments, 2001-2014 This website and its sole proprietor keep a spreadsheet containing to-the-dollar information on all luxury tax paid to date, updated annually. Here is the latest update. In the 13 seasons since the luxury tax was created, it has been applicable in eleven seasons; in those eleven seasons, 24 NBA franchises have paid over $1 billion in payroll excess. The exact details can be found here. (Sorted alphabetically – click to enhance.) (Sorted by expenditure – click to enhance.) (Orange cells denote the team that won the championship that year.) Please use the spreadsheet freely for resource purposes, and feel equally free to suggest any improvements. However, please do not just take it, and if you do cite its data somewhere, please acknowledge its source. While the content is not my IP, I did spend a long time sourcing the relevant information, and in return, I seek only credit and a few page hits for that. Thank you. 2014 Summer League rosters – Miami Ivan Aska – Murray State graduate Aska has played two professional seasons, splitting last one between Greece and Puerto Rico. He averaged 15.2 points, 7.0 rebounds and 3.4 fouls in 29.9 minutes per game for Ikaros, then averaged 6.9 points, 4.5 rebounds and 2.5 fouls in 13.8 minutes per game for Santurce. The 6’7 power forward never really developed at Murray State, saved for an improved free throw stroke he has subsequently lost again, but he brings plenty of athleticism to the table, easily his most alluring quality. There are occasional post ups, straight line dribble drives and mid-range catch-and-shoots in there, but the athleticism doesn’t seem to make him a shot blocker, and there are no NBA calibre skills other than it. Danilo Barthel – In his first significant season of playing time at the highest level of German basketball, the 6’10 Barthel won the Bundesliga’s Most Improved Player award. A 6’10 face-up power forward who does a bit of everything, Barthel is a very good athlete for his size, and uses it to put the ball on the floor. He shoots jump shots from mid and long range (albeit not especially well yet), plays the pick-and-roll, can get up to throw down, and handles it very well for one so large. He is also a good passer of the ball with good vision, and who knows how to get open for others, a high IQ offensive player and a very real prospect who has started to realise that potential. Barthel has more to do to put it all together – he makes mistakes at times, forces the issue at some, being too passive at others, and needs to toughen up defensively. But he would have been a high to mid second-round pick had he done what he did […] How Chicago Can Get Carmelo (originally published elsewhere) Pretend for a minute that Carmelo Anthony chooses the Bulls. It’s possible until it isn’t. Pretend for a minute that he wants more than they can pay him in free agency. Considering that their best free agency offers would top out at a starting salary of $15 million barring a significant weakening of the roster elsewhere, and that other teams are offering an unconditional max, and this seems a reasonable belief. To join Chicago for an amount of money comparable to what he would get elsewhere, Melo would have to be signed and traded. Pretend for a minute that the Knicks are willing to do this deal to help out a conference rival. This, too, is realistic. If they want to be proud and/or stubborn and refuse to help a one time rival, instead preferring to let their player walk for free, then….OK. But there’s assets in it for them if they do, so they shouldn’t be stubborn in this way. They need assets to get good again more than they need to worry about who is good whilst they rebuild. It’s not personal, Sonny. It’s strictly business. With all the previous assumptions in place, Chicago would want badly to acquire Melo via sign and trade while keeping together as good of a team as possible. This means no trading of Taj Gibson, and ideally no trading of Jimmy Butler and Nikola Mirotic. Can Chicago keep all three, acquire Melo, build a brilliant team and do it all within the confines of the Collective Bargaining Agreement? Just about. Here’s how. STEP ONE: Amnesty Carlos Boozer. Thereby expunging his $16.8 million salary from the cap number, if not the payroll. Note that amnestying Boozer does not immediately put the Bulls under the salary cap, due to their […] 2014 Summer League rosters – Detroit Kentavious Caldwell-Pope – It was a bit of a nothing season for KCP, who was given plenty of opportunity to succeed (80 games, 41 starts, 19.8 mpg) and simply didn’t. He averaged only 5.9 points, 2.0 rebounds and 0.7 assists per game, shooting 39.6% from the field and 31.9% from three, looking very awkward on the offensive end of the court. Caldwell-Pope faired better defensively, given plenty of big matchups (especially at the start of the season) and using his athleticism and wingspan to occasionally be a deterrent to any slashing guard, but on offence he mostly looked lost, was unreliable with the handle, and settled for far too many long twos. KCP projects to be a very good three and D role player, which would suffice despite his draft position, but he absolutely needs to spend the summer honing that jump shot. There is something there to work with, yet a long way to go. Brian Cook – The 33 year old Cook is back for one final go-around, joining the Jazz last year for training camp and now back in summer league for the first time in a decade. Cook however has not been an effective player for seven years, and, having not played in his time since being cut by the Jazz, hasn’t done anything to show this will stop being the case any time soon. Justin Harper – Seems Stan Van Gundy is bringing in all the stretch fours from his Orlando days. Or at least, that’s what Harper was projected to be. He has not shot the ball well from three point range since leaving Richmond, hitting only 31.9% of his threes last season with Hapoel Tel-Aviv in Israel, on his way to 10.4 point and 5.1 rebound averages. Nevertheless, Harper can stretch the floor […] 2014 Summer League rosters – Boston O.D. Anosike – Anosike played in summer league last year with the Nuggets, then split last year between Italy and France. He started in Italy with Pesaro, and averaged 14.3 points and a league leading 13.1 rebounds in 35 minutes per game. He then bought himself out of his contract in May and finished the season with Strasbourg, where he did little in six games, averaging only 4.5 points and 3.3 rebounds in 19 minutes per game. The 6’7 Anosike is self-evidently an extremely proficient rebounder – strong, relentless, a decent athlete and a tireless worker, he uses his strength and determination to clean the boards, box out and rebound out of his area. The offensive skills, however, are lacking – Anosike posts little, shoots less, has no range and a very poor free throw stroke, good for some occasional pick-and-roll action but a finisher in the paint at best, and even then not the best one. Given his size, the fact that he is exclusively a paint player and the fact that he does not protect the rim, Anosike has few hopes of joining the NBA level. But Italy will have him back for many a year to come. Chris Babb – Babb started the season with the Celtics and also ended it there. He is signed through 2017, albeit all unguaranteed from here on out, and played 14 games with the team down the stretch. He didn’t play them well, exclusively casting up threes and missing most of them, but he played them nonetheless. In the time in between, Babb played 33 D-League games with the Maine Red Claws and averaged 12.0 points, 6.1 rebounds and 3.3 assists in 37.5 minutes per game. As effective of a role player as Babb is – demonstrating good IQ, moving the […] 2014 Summer League rosters – Indiana Lavoy Allen – Allen was the third part of the Danny Granger/Evan Turner trade, but has barely improved in three years. He is still one of the most inefficient scorers in the league – he can hit a mid-range shot, but he only takes them, and there’s nothing efficient about a mid range jump shot. You have to hit 50% of them just to score a point per possession, with very few foul shots in the process, and Allen has yet to add the three point range to it. On the plus side, the rest of his game outside of scoring is very solid. He picked up his rebounding rate last year, still passes well, and defends through physicality, temperament and IQ rather than length or athleticism. Allen is said to already have agreed a deal to re-sign with the Pacers, which makes plenty of sense, because he is a very solid backup power forward. They can now waive Luis Scola, save money, and lose little. Eric Atkins – Atkins is very hardy, playing huge minutes in almost every game. In those minutes, he is a very steadying presence, sporting an assist/turnover ratio of slightly over 2.5 to one and making very few mistakes. The trade-off is an absence of dynamic play. Reasonably big for a point guard, but not especially fast or athletic, Atkins does not has the speed to consistently penetrate the first line of the defence and collapse it. He racks up his assists through feeding the post and moving it around without making bad passes, rather than through drawing the defence. Atkins is not a particularly bold or audacious ball handler, either, but he keeps the dribble alive and rarely loses it, partly because he rarely takes it into traffic but also because of the same […] 2014 Summer League rosters: Philadelphia Nerlens Noel – Noel will be the best player from the 2013 draft, barring more significant injuries. There is no reason why this as-near-as-is 7 footer with wingspan, athleticism, instincts, anticipation, body control and hustle should not average 10 points and 3 blocks per game at his peak. The offensive end is less certain, as is the fit alongside Joel Embiid, but that’s all stuff that can be worked out down the right. As of right now, the Sixers landed the two best talents in back-to-back drafts without a number one overall pick to do so. And the fact that both have been injured sufficiently to keep the tank open is even better. Casper Ware – Ware is signed through 2017 with the Sixers, although this being they, that does not mean much, as it is all fully unguaranteed from here on out. He squeaked into nine games with the team at the end of last season and did what he always does – score. He also defends well for his size, moving the feet well and being generally pesky, even when generally pesky. It is going to be a problem for Ware that the Sixers have obtained the draft rights to Pierre Jackson, because as good as Ware is for a 5’10 scorer with a merely adequate floor game, Jackson is a better. Ware, then, needs to win (or hold) his spot through this defensive pressure. Ronald Roberts – Roberts was one of the best athletes in this draft, or indeed in any draft. He has a decent frame, decent wingspan and decent strength, terrific leaping ability, good speed, and a LONG first step. His athleticism is magnetic and tantalising, because few can impact a game through their ability to jump alone in the way he can. There is […] 2014 Summer League Rosters – Orlando Kadeem Batts – Batts is somewhere in between Mike Davis and Mike Scott. He is a wiry strong finesse power forward whose game is based around the mid-range jump shot and who rarely creates. Be it through the pick and pop, the pick-and-roll, cuts to the basket or through running the court in transition, Batts generally only finishes looks others or opportunity created for him. Even when he posts, it is normally only to a jump shot. He has the frame to do more in the paint, but not the game. He’s a finesse player who will take some contact, but hasn’t that much power. He just is. So be it. On the glass, Batts uses his activity and length to keep balls alive and is a good offensive rebounder for this reason, but is less effective on the defensive glass where he can be outfought. Similarly, he defends the perimeter well, but is not much of a rim protector. He struggles to do much in the post on both ends when up against players of true size, and though he anticipates well and hedges hard, he has not the power of a power position player. Batts has good speed and a good motor, and can seal and finish down low on smaller opponents, but there aren’t going to be smaller opponents at the highest levels. And while he can occasionally spot up from three and drive the ball from the line, he can also barrel people over and has yet to add consistent three point range. What separates Mike Davis and Mike Scott? Scott is smarter, tougher, competes defensively even when overmatched and has a little bit of three point range. Batts ought to channel some of this. He could make the league despite his rebounding and his defensive […] 2014 Summer League rosters – Houston Miro Bilan – The 6’11 Bilan turns 25 later this month, yet this is his first foray into the NBA. He has long been on the radar of clubs around the world, appearing in European championships at various age levels, and finally cracking the Croatian national team this past season. Bilan has never really broken out, however, merely making steady improvements to his game year on year. A brief spell in the EuroLeague in 2012/13 coupled with a longer spell in the EuroCup last season to allow him to take on the best European centres at his position, and he held his own on the offensive end at least, where his post and pick-and-roll play helped him to 8.8 points in 18.4 minutes on 58% shooting, alongside 13.3 points in 22 minutes per game of Croatian league play. Bilan is a prototypical European big man – big enough and offensively skilled, but unathletic, and a defensive factor only by the virtue of giving a good hard foul. He can make shots around the basket and from mid-range, but neither his physical tools nor style of play are ideally suited for the NBA and he is probably best where he is. Greg Smith admittedly played a bit like this while being slightly smaller, but Greg Smith was faster and had hands like mattresses. Or like Tim Howard. Tarik Black – Black was covered emphatically in the 2014 NCAA Senior Centres round-up. Click here. Jabari Brown – Brown plays and photographs with a permanent look of insouciance. He never ever smiles, save for one time after a game winner. It does not undermine his skill set, but it would have helped his draft credentials a bit better had he looked like he was enjoying himself. Brown played alongside Earnest Ross on Missouri’s […]
1010	dbpedia	2	40	https://www.brandonplasticsurgery.com/the-best-plastic-surgeon-in-florida/	en	The Best Plastic Surgeon in Florida	https://www.brandonplast…618943866980.png	https://www.brandonplast…618943866980.png	[ "https://www.brandonplasticsurgery.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Shienbaum_Logo_White-01.png", "https://www.brandonplasticsurgery.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Shienbaum_Logo_Black-01.png", "https://www.brandonplasticsurgery.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/instagram-pink-icon-e1638423039294.png", "https://ww...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Marvin Shienbaum, MD", "Marvin Shienbaum" ]	2021-11-16T14:35:09+00:00	Best Florida Surgeon - Dr. Marvin Shienbaum is a leading plastic surgeon with over 30 years of experience comprehensive surgical services.		https://www.brandonplasticsurgery.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/favicon-1.ico	Brandon Plastic Surgery	https://www.brandonplasticsurgery.com/the-best-plastic-surgeon-in-florida/	Whether you live in Florida or you are interested in traveling for a procedure, you have many plastic surgeons to choose from in the sunshine state. When you are choosing the best plastic surgeon in Florida to perform your procedure, you should consider factors like their experience, before-and-after photos, and patient reviews. Dr. Marvin Shienbaum is a double-board certified plastic surgeon offering great results for patients in the Tampa, Florida area. Meet Dr. Shienbaum Dr. Marvin Shienbaum is a leading plastic surgeon with over 30 years of experience in innovative and comprehensive services. Patients travel to Brandon Plastic Surgery from across the country to receive safe, effective, and advanced plastic surgery procedures with Dr. Shienbaum. Through the years, he has been recognized with numerous awards for his achievements and positive reviews from patients. Dr. Shienbaum first completed undergraduate studies at Temple University before attending the Medical College of Pennsylvania. Following medical school, Dr. Shienbaum then completed a Surgical Internship at Maricopa County Hospital in Phoenix, AZ, an Otolaryngology Residency at New York Eye & Ear Infrimary, and completed plastic surgery training at the Allentown Sacred Heart Hospitals. He is double-board certified by the American Board of Otolaryngology and the American Board of Plastic Surgery, and has been a member of the American Society of Plastic Surgery for over 25 years. In addition to his work with Brandon Plastic Surgery, Dr. Shienbaum stays active as a 15-mile-per-week runner, avid long-distance biker, and competitive tennis player. Dr. Shienbaum’s Awards and Recognition Through his career, Dr. Shienbaum has been presented with numerous awards and recognitions for his excellent work as a plastic surgeon. Most recently, Dr. Shienbaum was selected as one of Florida’s Top 10 Plastic Surgeons by the National Academy of Plastic Surgeons. This award is presented to less than 1% of surgeons nationally, and recognizes plastic surgeons who advance and elevate the field of plastic surgery, maintain high standards in their own practice, and offer excellent results for patients. Dr. Shienbaum has also been selected as a top surgeon by patients and peers. He earned his place among America’s Top Breast Surgeons of 2021 in a poll of patients and fellow plastic surgeons. Some other awards and recognitions Dr. Shienbaum has earned through the years include: Top Plastic Surgeon—Castle Connolly (10 consecutive years) America’s Most Honored Professionals—The American Registry (2017 & 2018) The Best Physicians—US News & World Report (2013) Outstanding Plastic Surgeons of Florida—Cosmopolitan Magazine America’s Top Plastic Surgeons—Consumer’s Research Council of America Best Plastic Surgeon of Brandon—The Tampa Tribune – Brandon News Best Cosmetic Surgeon in Plant City—The Tampa Tribune – Courier Top Plastic Surgeon of the Tampa Bay Region (2018) Marquis Who’s Who Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award (2018) Top Plastic Surgeon—International Association of Plastic Surgeons (2018) Top 100 Health Professionals—International Biographical Centre (2018) In addition to these awards, Dr. Shienbaum has been profiled as a premier Tampa plastic surgeon by national magazines including Good Housekeeping and Redbook. Top Plastic Surgery Procedures with Dr. Shienbaum Dr. Shienbaum offers a range of plastic surgery procedures. As a body contouring specialist, patients often choose Dr. Shienbaum for his hourglass tummy tuck procedure. This surgery utilizes a combination of abdominoplasty, LipoSculpture, and Brazilian butt lift techniques to create a toned, proportionate, and flattering hourglass shape. Patients can also choose Dr. Shienbaum for minimally-invasive procedures that yield results comparable to a traditional surgical procedure. Dr. Shienbaum uses cutting-edge technology such as BodyTite radiofrequency procedures for minimally-invasive thigh lifts, breast augmentation or lift, tummy tuck, or facelift and neck lifts. Whichever procedure you are interested in, Dr. Shienbaum will work with you to create a customized treatment plan that can address your concerns and achieve your goal results safely. Schedule a Consultation
1010	dbpedia	0	9	https://www.paulaner-fantraeume.de/en/paulaner-fc-bayern	en	Paulaner & FC Bayern	https://www.paulaner-fan…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.paulaner-fan…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.paulaner-fantraeume.de/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/4/csm_wappen-en_7d86e65988.webp", "https://www.paulaner-fantraeume.de/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/4/csm_wappen-en_7d86e65988.webp", "https://www.paulaner-fantraeume.de/fileadmin/_processed_/2/1/csm_240614-FCBB-Berlin-F4-Celebration-185_9f5f0a...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.paulaner-fantraeume.de/en/paulaner-fc-bayern	FREE BEER FOR THE FAN BUSSES As a thank you for the support of the best fans in the world, Paulaner gave the fan buses free beer. The fans from all over Germany not only took home the finest Munich brewing art, but also a piece of Bavarian lifestyle. “What a welcome surprise!” – that was the sound from all sides in the Allianz Arena bus parking lot after FC Bayern Münchens home game against Heidenheim. During the game, busy hands loaded several cases of Paulaner Münchner Hell into each fan bus. As a sign of attention and appreciation, but above all as a refreshing refreshment for the way home. FREE BEER FOR THE FANS As an FC Bayern partner, Paulaner is, above all, a partner of the club’s fans: That's why Paulaner kept the traditional free beer promise at the first home game against FC Augsburg and gave the fans 100 liters of free beer for every Bundesliga goal scored. Since FC Bayern scored a fantastic 92 goals in the 2022/23 season, that was 9,200 liters, which Paulaner generously rounded up to a total of 10,000 liters of Paulaner Münchner Hell. The vouchers for this were distributed by the charming Paulas before the start of the game. „WEMBLEY REVIVAL“ WITH PAULANER HELLBIER At the atmospheric start of the FC Bayern Team Presentation at the end of July, there was a big rematch between the legends of FCB in the Paulaner jersey and BVB in the Allianz Arena. Numerous Wembley heroes from 2013 did the honors and ensured an excellent atmosphere among the 45,000 spectators. "Football god" Bastian Schweinsteiger, Dante, Daniel van Buyten, Roy Makaay, Rafinha, Claudio Pizarro and Jérôme Boateng played for Bayern. „FCB SUMMER SWING“ WITH PAULANER In the run-up to the rematch of the FCB and BVB legends, numerous players came together for the FC Bayern Summer Swing at the Schloss Egmating golf club. The golf tournament included Philipp Lahm and Claudio Pizarro as well as the BVB legend team around Roman Weidenfeller and Patrick Owomoyela. The FCB board and prominent guests from sport and show such as Felix Neureuther also took part in the golf tournament. At the subsequent evening event with an award ceremony in the "AAHHH Penthouse", the guests toasted the successful event with Paulaner Münchner Hell. PAULANER GIVES FREE BEER Free beer for the fans: As a partner of FC Bayern, Paulaner kept the traditional promise of free beer at the first home game against VfL Wolfsburg and gave the fans 100 liters of free beer for every goal scored in the past 2021/22 season! The vouchers for this were distributed by the charming Paulas before the start of the game. For the journey home, the fan buses were loaded with Paulaner Münchner Hell and the limited five-litre party keg. RADIANT BAVARIA COME TO PAULANER AT THE WIESN In wonderful sunshine, FC Bayern München and coach Thomas Tuchel celebrated with Paulaner in the Käfer Wiesn-Schänke. In best of moods, the Oktoberfest newcomers like Harry Kane and Minjae Kim enjoyed the unique Oktoberfest atmosphere and their first visit to the Oktoberfest, as did the experienced costume wearers. In the tent, the stars and their charming companions enjoyed Bavarian snacks and toasted the successful Oktoberfest home game weekend. THE FCB STARS CELEBRATE WITH PAULANER AT THE WIESN At the start of the 187th Wiesn, the FC Bayern Munich team headed by coach Julian Nagelsmann visited the Munich Oktoberfest and stopped off at the Käfer Wiesn-Schänke. They posed in traditional costume and “Haferlschuhen” and showed their Bavarian side. Invited were the FC Bayern stars and the players' wives, who wowed the audience with their smart dirndl fashion. O'zapft is! THE STARS OF FC BAYERN CELEBRATE WITH PAULANER ON THE "WIESN"! They belong to the „Wiesn“ like Bavarian clothing and a fresh litre of Paulaner beer: the stars of FC Bayern Munich. Also this year the team around the new trainer Nico Kovac used the 185. Oktoberfest in Munich for their traditional visit. In Bavarian costume the stars presented their Bavarian side. In an excellent mood, the record masters celebrated with Paulaner in „Käfer’s Wies’n-Schänke“ and raised their glasses upon further successes. Also, the player’s wives were invited together with the FC Bayern stars and inspired with the newest Dirndl fashion and stylish accessories. This is how the Bavarians celebrate with Paulaner at the Wiesn They belong to the Wiesn like a smart dirndl and a fresh pint of Paulaner beer: the stars of FC Bayern Munich. And again this year, the team around coach Carlo Ancelotti used the 184th Munich Oktoberfest for a traditional Oktoberfest visit. The Bavarians and the newcomers posed in traditional costume and brogues and showed their Bavarian side. The record champions celebrated exuberantly with Paulaner in Käfer's Wies'n-Schänke and toasted to further successes. The FC Bayern stars were also invited to the players' wives, who wowed the audience with the latest dirndl fashion and stylish accessories. BAYERN MUNICH CELEBRATES ON THE OCTOBERFEST WITH PAULANER! They belong to the Wiesn as a fresh mug of beer: The visits of the stars of Bayern Munich at Paulaner on the Octoberfest. On sunday, October 2, coach Ancelotti headed the team for these traditional company outing. As leaders of the score in the Bundesliga they celebrated with Paulaner in „Käfers Wiesn-Schänke“. Following the tradition the players' wives joined the stars and looked fantastic in „Dirndl“ and stylish accessories. PAULANER PUT THE FCB STARS ON THE LEATHER PANTS Shortly before the start of the Wiesn, the FC Bayern stars swapped their jerseys for leather pants and brogues at the "Lederhosen Shooting" at the end of August. The pros and the team of coaches headed by Thomes Tuchel proved that they also cut an excellent figure in traditional costume. At the traditional photo shoot for partner Paulaner, newcomers Minjae Kim, Raphaël Guerreiro and Konrad Laimer showed their Bavarian side. Harry Kane celebrated his premiere in Lederhosen a few days later and was enthusiastic. Together with his teammates Thomas Müller and Alphonso Davies, he experienced a "best of" Bavarian tradition with traditional costume and white sausage - and has now "officially" arrived in Bavaria. PAULANER OUTFITS BAYERN PLAYERS IN LEDERHOSEN On August 28, at the "Lederhosen Shooting" for the FC Bayern stars, the motto was again: Get out of the shirt and into the traditional costume with “Krachlederner” and “Haferl” shoes. At the traditional photo shoot for partner Paulaner, the team around trainer Julian Nagelsmann showed their Bavarian side together with international newcomers such as Sadio Mané and Mattijs de Ligt – and looked great! The stars of FC Bayern Munich in lederhosen Paulaner dresses the players of FC Bayern Three weeks before the start of Munich’s Oktoberfest the stars of FC Bayern Munich and the trainer team surrounding Niko Kovac? presented themselves in traditional Bavarian attire. Captain Manuel Neuer and FC Bayern Munich’s players cut just as fine of a figure in lederhosen as the new team members Philippe Coutinho and Lucas Herna?ndez. During their first encounter with traditional Bavarian attire, FC Bayern Munich’s new international team members had the opportunity to become acquainted with and learn to appreciate this special Bavarian culture. FC BAYERN DRESSED UP HEARTY WITH "LEDERHOSEN" AND "HAFERL SHOES" Three weeks up to the beginning of the „Wiesn“ the stars of the record master appeared in leather pants, bavarian shirt and “Haferl” shoes also this year on the 2nd of September. At the annual traditional photo shoot for the Platinum Partner Paulaner not only long-established Bavarians like Manual Neuer und Thomas Müller but also the new trainer Niko Kovac and the new entries Leon Goretzka und Serge Gnabry cut a good figure and presented the photographers and numerous media representatives their Bavarian side. With a big bunch of flowers and a short serenade the record masters congratulated birthday child Javi Martinez who celebrated his 30th anniversary this day. Also for the third time the Paulaner Fan Dream "The Selfie of your Lifetime" took place: the winner got an exclusive place on the photo of the team. FC BAYERN IS DRESSING UP WITH "LEDERHOSEN" Punctually to the beginning of the „Wiesn“, Paulaner dressed the stars of the FC Bayern with costume. So, the stars appeared with leather pants and “Haferl” shoes on the 13th of September at the Lederhosen photo shoot. At the traditional photo shoot for the Platinum Partner Paulaner trainer Carlo Ancelotti and his team cut a good figure and presented the photographers and numerous media representatives their Bavarian side. With a short serenade the record masters congratulated birthday child Thomas Müller on his 28th anniversary. A reason to celebrate was also given to the winners of the Paulaner Fan Dream “The selfie of your lifetime”: Together with their idols they were standing in front of the camera and made unforgettable pictures of this unique moment. NI HAO FROM SINGAPUR Under the motto "a way to inspire", FC Bayern toured Tokyo and Singapore this year, captivating fans along the way. Of course, there were also numerous Bavarian moments: Here we present to you the most beautiful Paulaner impressions from the Audi Summer Tour 2023: For example the exclusive Meet & Greet at the Paulaner Bräuhaus in Singapore with Joshua Kimmich and Sven Ulreich. Fans got autographs and selfies with the stars and celebrated this special experience with Paulaner. Two days later, FCB and Paulaner invited fans to a Fan Fest at the Paulaner Bräuhaus in Singapore. Over 300 fans from Singapore, Indonesia, India, Taiwan, Australia, and China celebrated with Paulaner and FC Bayern Legends Claudio Pizarro and Giovane Élber. The two engaged in a stein-holding competition with the fans and tirelessly signed autographs. Earlier, they had orchestrated a legendary event: a boat ride through the spectacular bay of Singapore. Together with Giovane Élber and Claudio Pizarro, fans enjoyed Paulaner specialties during the ride. Paulaner fulfills international Fan Dreams Fan dreams come true in Shanghai too: As part of a fan campaign in retail and gastronomy in the various regions of China with a total of 43,000 participants, an exclusive Paulaner Fan Dream beckoned as a prize. The joy was huge when the Fan Dream winner was able to toast the unforgettable experience with a fresh Paulaner at a digital meet & greet with FCB star Niklas Süle in the FCB office in Shanghai. This is how the Chinese fans celebrate with Paulaner and Bayern As part of the partnership in Shanghai, there were numerous opportunities for the Chinese fans to toast their Bavarians with Paulaner: At the FC Bayern Fan Carnival there were great attractions for the more than 1.000 enthusiastic participants. At the FC Bayern Viewing Party, the fans cheered for FC Bayern Munich in the top game against RB Leipzig in the local Paulaner gastronomy. You can find the most beautiful impressions here. FOR SOUTH TYROLEAN FANS IT WAS: “GET TO THE TABLE FOOTBALL”! Compete once against the stars of FC Bayern Munich in table football - e.g. in 2018, Paulaner fulfilled this dream for South Tyrolean fans. In exciting competitions in Paulaner restaurants in South Tyrol, the teams played masterfully in the disciplines table football, bottle football and box football, won the respective elimination tournament and thus the main prize: A match against their stars from FC Bayern München. At the grand finale, they competed against Kingsley Coman, Javi Martinez and Sandro Wagner in front of the numerous media representatives in the Paulaner brewery in Munich-Langwied. We have put together the most beautiful pictures here. FC Bayern celebrated their historic record with Paulaner! What a season: With the victory against Borussia Dortmund, FC Bayern Munich secured their 10th German championship in a row! Of course, the traditional Paulaner wheat beer showers couldn't be missing. Coach Julian Nagelsmann experienced this Bavarian tradition for the first time - much to the delight of his players and the cheering fans in the Allianz Arena. You can see the most beautiful pictures and impressions of this year's wheat beer showers below. TITLE CELEBRATION WITH WHEATBEER SHOWERS AND FANS! What a season ending for FC Bayern Munich, its fans and Paulaner! With the victory against Eintracht Frankfurt the record champion secured his 29th championship title and had an emotional celebration. The historic series of seven league titles in a row FC Bayern Munich was celebrated of course with Paulaner. After the final whistle the stars of Bayern celebrated the traditional wheatbeer showers. The first on the pitch was given to coach Niko Kovac from Arjen Robben. Later Bayern continued their victory celebration in Paulaner am Nockherberg. After the arrival the stars thanked their fans in the beer garden for their great support this season. About 2500 fans attended the 2nd edition of the Paulaner Fanfest - and celebrated themselves and their team. THE TRIUMPHANT FINALE OF AN SUCCESSFUL SEASON: FC BAYERN CELEBRATED 28TH CHAMPIONSHIP Again, it was a season of records: For the 28th time in total and for the sixth time in a row, the team of the record champion secured this title - and celebrated this masterful season with an cheerful ceremony at the Allianz Arena - and of course with the traditional wheatbeer showers. You can find the best pictures of this great event below. BAVARIA, BEER AND THE BALL FEELING THE START OF THE WORLD'S BIGGEST FOOTBALL CASTING IN BAVARIA At the premiere of the Paulaner Cup of the South, the Bavarian men showed how they interpreted the triad of "Bavaria, beer and ball feeling" in online castings and live castings in the five Bavarian regions. The best applicants made it onto their regional team and played in a tournament for the Paulaner Cup of the South. The victorious Lower Bavarians took on FC Bayern München in Burghausen in front of 10,000 spectators and live on SPORT1. The record champions played with all their stars in the Wacker Arena and beat the "best from Bavaria" 13:1 on a glorious spring evening. ARE YOU STRONG ENOUGH FOR FC BAYERN? THE PAULANER CUP GOES INTERNATIONAL "Compete against the stars of FC Bayern Munich for once!". 13,934 participants from 23 countries followed this dream in 2012. With videos, photos and texts, they tried to convince the jury with Waldemar Hartmann, Paul Breitner and Raimond Aumann. 111 candidates made it to the big casting in Munich: The candidates showed off their football skills and their talent as ball jugglers, beat boxers, poets and gstanzl singers during training at the FC Bayern grounds and the presentation to the jury at Nockherberg. 27 players from all over Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy and Belgium were nominated by the jury for the Paulaner dream team - and were thus able to fulfil their dream. On 31 July, they played against FC Bayern Munich in Ingolstadt with their best line-up. The 12,200 enthusiastic spectators in the stadium and hundreds of thousands watching on TV saw a magnificent final of the Paulaner Cup of the South and 15 wonderful goals from the German record champions. TRIPLE, GOALS AND TRENTINO Paulaner Traumelf trifft in Arco auf Pep Guardiola und den FC Bayern With 19,209 participants from all over Europe and China, the Paulaner Cup of the South set a new record in its 3rd season. The Paulaner Brewery's major fan campaign has become an international highlight for amateur footballers. The 29 winners of the Paulaner Cup of the South met the triple winners FC Bayern München in the magnificent final in Arco: As part of its training camp, FC Bayern and coach Pep Guardiola presented themselves with many stars to around four thousand spectators at the Campo Sportivo in Arco - and to many TV viewers in Germany and Italy. SPORT1 showed the final of the Paulaner Cup des Südens in full length as part of three-and-a-half hours of live coverage. The match between the Paulaner Traumelf and FC Bayern München was surprisingly evenly matched in the first half: FCB went into the break with a 2:0 lead. In the second half, the Bavarians then produced a final score of 13:0. XABI ALONSO'S FIRST GOAL EXCITING FINAL IN UNTERHACHING WITH A DOUBLE PREMIERE More than 31,000 amateur footballers worldwide entered the 2014 Paulaner Cup - the best 30 met the stars of FC Bayern München in Unterhaching. Among them, for the first time, were amateur footballers from China, who took part in a spectacular casting in Guangzhou and faced the celebrity jury led by Paul Breitner. The Paulaner dream team under team boss Waldemar Hartmann kept the score at 0:0 for 35 minutes before Thomas Müller overcame the outstanding goalkeeper for the first time to level the scores at half-time. The second half went down in the history books twice: The South Tyrolean Matthias Prünster scored the first goal for a Paulaner dream team and Xabi Alonso added his name to the Munich scorers' list for the first time. In the end, FC Bayern deserved to win 5:1, giving the players of the Paulaner Traumelf and the spectators a wonderful evening of football - and were impressed by the performance of the amateurs, according to captain Philipp Lahm: “The lads put up a really good fight.” THE GRAND FINAL IN REGENSBURG MORE THAN 40,000 APPLICANTS AND AN EMOTIONAL FAREWELL TO THE PAULANER CUP Many stars, beautiful goals, great emotions, 12,200 enthusiastic spectators: in 2015, the Paulaner Cup celebrated its grand final in the Continental Arena in Regensburg - and saw only winners. The 30 amateur footballers from Europe, China and the USA beat more than 40,000 applicants to fulfil their dream of playing against the stars of FC Bayern. The spectators witnessed an FCB that had travelled to the final with many stars and in high spirits. In addition to captain Philipp Lahm, Thomas Müller, Manuel Neuer, Xabi Alonso, Javier Martinez, Rafinha, Holger Badstuber and Joshua Kimmich were among those who lined out for FCB in Regensburg. The players of the Paulaner Traumelf from nine countries had prepared for this match in a two-day training camp and stood up to the German record champions with great passion. Much to the delight of the football fans from the Upper Palatinate, who cheered on FC Bayern just as much as the Paulaner dream team. And brought the biggest football casting in the world to a great conclusion. Dream victory for the FCB legends in the Paulaner jersey at the „Matthäi Cup“ The legendary “Matthäi Cup” indoor soccer tournament in Frankfurt celebrated a revival after nine years - and the legendary FC Bayern team in the Paulaner jersey celebrated an outstanding victory. In addition to Ivica Oli? and Zé Roberto, Mario Mandžuki?, Roy Makaay, Thomas Linke and - brand new - Sebastian Rudy also played for FCB under coach Raimond Aumann. They impressed the teams from Eintracht Frankfurt, Werder Bremen, Mainz 05, VfB Stuttgart and VfL Bochum with a spectacular record: four wins in four games, 17:5 goals. The FC Bayern Legends were cheered on by the winners of the Paulaner fan dream “You and the FC Bayern Legends: A legendary weekend!”. Together with their legends, they toasted the outstanding victory with a fresh Paulaner Münchner Hell. WEMBLEY REVIVAL“ WITH PAULANER HELL A legendary Rematch IN Paulaner JERSEY At the atmospheric start of the FC Bayern Team Presentation at the end of July, there was a big rematch between the legends of FCB in the Paulaner jersey and BVB in the Allianz Arena. Numerous Wembley heroes from 2013 did the honors and ensured an excellent atmosphere among the 45,000 spectators. "Football god" Bastian Schweinsteiger, Dante, Daniel van Buyten, Roy Makaay, Rafinha, Claudio Pizarro and Jérôme Boateng played for Bayern. DERBY FEVER! THE LEGENDARY SOCCER CLASSIC WITH THE FCB LEGENDS What a legendary derby - and the fans had been waiting for this for a long time: On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Olympic Stadium, the all-stars of FC Bayern München in Paulaner jerseys and TSV 1860 Munich competed against each other. Almost 30,000 fans cheered their legend teams. In the run-up to the event, visitors had the chance to show off their football dart skills and win tickets for the derby. FCB Legends at the Oktoberfest Toni, Elber & Co. celebrate with Paulaner at the Oktoberfest On the opening day of the Oktoberfest in 2019 the FC Bayern Legends met for their traditional "Wiesn-Stammtisch" in the Paulaner tent. Luca Toni, Giovane Elber, Jörg Butt, Daniel van Buyten, Ivica Olic, Hans Pflügler and many other legendary Bayern players celebrated the victory of FC Bayern for the Oktoberfest start and came up with coach Niko Kovac and sports director Hasan Salihamidžic to Paulaner. Four fans from Germany, Italy, the USA and China were allowed to participate. For them, this evening a Paulaner Fan Dream came true. As the highlight of a priceless Oktoberfest weekend they met the FCB Legends in the Paulaner tent and clinked glasses with the champions. MASTER AND DOUBLE CELEBRATION WITH PAULANER After winning the BBL Cup in February, FC Bayern Basketball have now also secured the German championship. In the fourth play-off final in Berlin, Bayern defeated the hosts Alba Berlin 88:82. At the subsequent dressing room party, the new German champions toasted the double with Paulaner Weißbier 0.0% and Paulaner Hell. A few days later, the FC Bayern Munich basketball team celebrated the successful season with numerous fans at Sugar Mountain in Munich - with Paulaner Münchner Hell, of course.
1010	dbpedia	1	39	https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-018-0267-6	en	ACNP 57th Annual Meeting: Poster Session II	https://www.nature.com/s…8-b52890008c.png	https://www.nature.com/s…8-b52890008c.png	[ "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/npp.nature.com/article&sz=728x90&c=-44148739&t=pos%3Dtop%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41386-018-0267-6%26doi%3D10.1038/s41386-018-0267-6%26kwrd%3DMedicine%2FPublic+Health%2C+general,Psychiatry,Neurosciences,Behavioral+Sciences,Pharmacotherapy,Biological+Psychology"...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2018-12-06T00:00:00	Sponsorship Statement: Publication of this supplement is sponsored by the ACNP. Individual contributor disclosures may be found within the abstracts. Asterisks in the author lists indicate presenter of the abstract at the annual meeting.	en	/static/images/favicons/nature/apple-touch-icon-f39cb19454.png	Nature	https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-018-0267-6	T1. Evaluating the Effects of C-Reactive Protein Overexpression and Risk for PTSD-Like Behaviors in Mice Exposed to Trauma Samantha Friend, Sorana Caldwell, Rahul Nachnani, April Crossan, Mei Hua Gao, Ngai C. Lai, H. Kirk Hammond, Victoria Risbrough University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains a growing and often debilitating psychiatric disorder resulting from severe trauma. Increasing evidence suggests a role for systemic and neurological inflammation in the pathophysiology of fear and trauma exposure based psychiatric disorders (Micholpoulos et al., 2017; Haroon et al., 2012). Several large case-control and prospective studies have shown associations with PTSD diagnosis and elevated serum peripheral inflammatory markers, including the acute phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) (Spitzer et al., 2010; Passos et al., 2014). Moreover, one prospective study demonstrated that marines who were diagnosed with post-deployment PTSD previously had a two-fold higher baseline serum CRP levels prior to deployment (Eraly et al., 2014). CRP genetic mutations have also been positively correlated with increased PTSD symptoms, further suggesting CRP may confer risk for PTSD pathogenesis (Michopoulos et al., 2015). We tested the hypothesis that increased CRP after gene transfer using an adeno-associated virus (AAV8) encoding murine CRP may confer a higher risk for PTSD-like behaviors after predator stress. Methods: Male C57BL6J mice received a single intrajugular injection of 1011 genome copies (gc) of either AAV8.CRP or AAV8.Null. Four weeks after infection, mice were exposed to either predator stress (10 minutes roomed with a laboratory cat) or handled (stress control). After one week, mice were tested for avoidance behaviors by open field and light-dark box testing. Two weeks post predator stress, we assessed avoidance of trauma cues by measuring exploration of a cue scented with dirty cat litter. Mice where cheek-bled one day after the trauma reminder to measure differential peripheral CRP protein expression post trauma reminder. We further assessed fear conditioning by pairing five separate twenty-second tones (75 dB, 4 kHz) with terminal shocks (0.7 mAmps, 1 second) and forty second inter-trial intervals (ITI). Twenty-four hours later, contextual fear was assessed by exposing mice to the chambers for 16 minutes without tones or shocks. After a final twenty-four hours, mice were exposed again to thirty-two tones (20 seconds, 5 second ITI) within chambers containing altered visual, tactile, and odor dimensions to minimize contextual fear. Following fear conditioning, mice were sacrificed for further brain and peripheral tissue analysis. Results: 6 weeks post AAV8.CRP infection, and subsequent to predator stress and trauma reminder behavioral testing, levels of plasma CRP were almost three-fold higher in animals who had received AAV8.CRP (~18,300 ng/mL, n = 29) compared to AAV8.Null (~6,500 ng/mL, n = 32, p < 0.0001). Predator stress did not significantly alter CRP levels in either group (n = 17-19). A composite avoidance score (average of Z-scores across open field, light-dark box, and trauma reminder) demonstrated a main effect of increased avoidance behaviors by two-way ANOVA (Fstress = 9.10, p = 0.0036), though CRP overexpression had no effect either in baseline avoidance or in response to predator stress. Predator stress also increased conditioned fear acquisition as evidence by increased freezing (Fstress = 4.21, n = 11-13, p = 0.006), overall there was no effect of either predator stress or CRP on either contextual freezing or in freezing with altered context. CRP expression across peripheral organs and brain will also be discussed. Conclusions: This preliminary study indicated that CRP overexpression exposure did not induce increase risk for avoidance behaviors or conditioned fear after trauma exposure through predator stress, despite high levels of protein. Further investigation is still required to determine if there are sex-specific differences. These data indicate that when limited to adulthood, high CRP loads representing physiological levels in humans do not appear to be sufficient to alter susceptibility to trauma. These results suggest that either CRP gene mutations are required to increase risk or that CRP may only be a marker of immune pathology but is not itself directly contributing to PTSD pathogenesis. Keywords: PTSD, Inflammation, CRP Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T2. Olfactory Memory Codes in the Dentate Gyrus Nick Woods, Fabio Stefanini, Mazen Kheirbek University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States Background: A central goal of neuroscience is to understand how sensory stimuli are encoded within ensembles of neurons, and how these representations are modified by learning. The hippocampus (HPC) has a well-documented function in encoding spatial information, however, it also encodes non-spatial information crucial for memory formation. Granule cells (GCs) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus receive input from the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC), which is known to process olfactory information. This is of interest as these structures are known to be involved in memory generalization, a process impaired in individuals with post-traumatic stress, and are vulnerable to ageing and age-related memory decline. If and how the DG encodes and discriminates olfactory information, and how this information is stored into memory is currently unknown. Here, we identified the DG as a critical hub for generating odor-outcome associations, encoding odor identity using a population code. In addition, we identify how representations change in response to fear learning, defining both stability and dynamism in populations of DG GCs. Methods: We used in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging combined with behavior to determine the mechanisms by which DG GCs represent odor information and how learning alters these representations. We first developed a fear conditioning task in which mice discriminate between three odorants, two similar (methyl butyrate (CS + ) and ethyl butyrate (CS-)) and one distinct (isoamyl acetate (CS-)). After conditioning to CS + , mice are tested to each odor and freezing is assessed to measure how well the mice can discriminate between odors. In a separate context, we performed head-fixed calcium imaging of odor responses in DG GCs in awake mice, before and after odor learning. We blocked synaptic transmission in the LEC-DG pathway using AAV-expressing tetanus toxin light chain (TeLC), and measured effects on learning and neural population odor responses. Results: In both imaging sessions (pre and postconditioning), a subset of DG GCs show odor-selectivity, responding to individual or pairs of odors, as well as odor offset. Analysis of the population code in DG GCs showed high similarity in the ensembles of neurons representing repeated presentations of the same odor, with little overlap in the similarity between separate odors. Using machine learning techniques, we were able to predict odor identity from DG GC activity with very high accuracy ( > 80%) for three odor cues. Moreover, decoding accuracy was just as high in deciphering similar odors as between distinct odor pairs, supporting the notion that the DG is a structure involved in pattern separation. Up to six odors were tested in a given imaging session, and decoding performance remained significant, suggesting DG ensembles can flexibly encode many stimuli and each can be detected as a unique identity. Valence classes were not encoded at the level of DG population responses. Mice were fear conditioned to one of the odors and discrimination scores were taken for freezing to the conditioned odorant and a highly similar odorant. Remarkably, odor classification accuracy before conditioning predicted the animal’s behavioral discrimination between similar odor pairs. To determine how neural representations change with learning, we tested two groups of mice, one was conditioned to an odorant with a footshock, and a control group that did not receive a shock, and tracked activity in the same neurons before and after conditioning. We trained our decoder with neural data from the preconditioning session and tested on the data after conditioning. This revealed accurate decoding of all odors across in both groups of mice, indicating that the neural population code for odor identity is stable across time regardless of conditioning. However, changes in single cell responses could be detected in the conditioned animals. We found that the small population of cells tuned to the CS + odor before learning were more likely to maintain their selectivity to the CS + compared to animals that did not receive footshock. In addition, cells tuned to the CS- similar odor in the preconditioning day shifted selectivity toward the CS + odor after conditioning only in the animal receiving a footshock. These results suggest that learning can produce dynamic changes in the small population of selective cells, but the population level response is stable, maintaining odor identity across timescales of days and regardless of conditioning. Conclusions: These results demonstrate a population code for odor identity in an LEC to DG circuit and the stability of that code despite a robust learning event and individual cells altering responsivity. Uncovering the code for odor memories in the DG could offer new insights as to how the DG encodes information and discriminates between incoming information. These studies pave the way to generating new targeted approaches for improving memory generalization deficits often seen in anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress or with cognitive decline in ageing. Keywords: In Vivo Calcium Imaging, Dentate Gyrus, Olfactory Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T3. MicroRNA Regulation of Persistent Stress-Enhanced Memory Stephanie Sillivan, Sarah Jamieson, Laurence de Nijs, Meghan Jones, Clara Snijders, Torsten Klengel, Nadine Joseph, Julian Krauskopf, Jos Kleinjans, Christiaan Vinkers, Marco Boks, Elbert Geuze, Eric Vermetten, Kerry Ressler, Bart Rutten, Gavin Rumbaugh, Courtney Miller Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States Background: Mechanisms supporting long-lasting, remote memory are largely unknown, yet highly relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders of memory, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a chronic, debilitating disorder in which patients exhibit memories of trauma that are heightened, perseverant and extinction-resistant. Nearly everyone experiences at least one traumatic event in their lifetime, but only 10-20% will later display enduring symptoms of PTSD. We previously developed a stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) paradigm in inbred C57BL/6 mice that results in PTSD-like characteristics, including persistently enhanced memory in a subset of mice termed stress stress-susceptible (SS). Importantly, this SEFL protocol allows for the study of molecular phenotypes associated with selective vulnerability, as SS mice can be identified from training data, avoiding mechanistic confounds introduced by additional phenotyping. Relative to stress-resilient animals (SR), SS mice have heightened cFos activation in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLC) upon retrieval of the remote stress memory (30 days post-training) and differential BLC expression of genes with known polymorphisms in human PTSD genomic studies. Disruption of persistent, stress-associated memories is relevant for treating PTSD and microRNAs (miRNAs) are excellent remote memory candidate regulators. miRNAs are endogenous ~20-24 nucleotide RNAs that act as translational repressors through direct binding to the 3’-UTR of target mRNAs and noncleavage degradation of the target mRNA via deadenylation. miRNAs have a wide genomic range of potential target proteins that confers a complexity capable of handling the intricacies of memory but the contribution of miRNAs to long-lasting, remote ( > 30 days) memory is unknown. Methods: We performed small-RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomics on BLC tissue from SEFL animals collected one month after training. Bioinformatic pathway analysis was used to identify candidate miRNAs and target proteins persistently regulated by traumatic memory. In vivo functional manipulation of a candidate miRNA in SEFL animals was performed to further delineate the role of the miRNA in long-lasting memory expression. Levels of the miRNA were measured in postmortem human amygdala tissue with qPCR and in human serum samples from a well-characterized Dutch PTSD military cohort with small-RNA sequencing. Results: We identified persistently changed miRNAs, including mir-135b-5p, and predicted target proteins associated with PTSD-like heightened fear expression. 18 (24%) of predicted mir-135b-5p protein targets detected in the BLC were differentially regulated between SS and SR animals. Pathway analysis of these 18 mir-135b-5p putative targets that were changed by SEFL identified annotations related to learning and synaptic plasticity. Functional manipulations of BLC mir-135b-5p with short hairpin inhibition or viral-mediated overexpression bidirectionally modulated stress-associated memory in SEFL animals without impacting baseline anxiety levels. mir-135b-5p is expressed in human amygdala and its passenger strand was selectively elevated in members of the military diagnosed with PTSD relative to members without the diagnosis and non-trauma exposed healthy military controls. Conclusions: miR-135b-5p may be an important therapeutic target for dampening persistent, stress-enhanced memory and its passenger strand a potential biomarker for responsivity to a mir-135-based therapeutic. Keywords: Stress Resilience, MicroRNA, Remote Memory Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T4. Precision Medicine and Noradrenergic Biomarkers in PTSD: Preliminary Methods and Validation Data for an Aggregated N-Of-1 Clinical Trial Design Using Pupillometery and Cardiovascular Biomarkers Rebecca Hendrickson, Steve Millard, Shofer Jane, Nicholas Schork, Murray Raskind University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a clinical diagnosis that is likely to contain multiple subtypes, with distinct pathophysiological profiles. This unmeasured heterogeneity may contribute to the inconsistent results of pharmacologic treatment trials, where the efficacy of both serotonergic and noradrenergic pharmacotherapies (e.g. SSRI/SNRIs and prazosin) appears to vary both from trial to trial and from person to person. Precision medicine is an approach to clinical research and practice that is designed to address this traditionally unmeasured heterogeneity. Here, we present the preliminary methods and validation data for a new precision medicine trial using pupillometric and cardiovascular biomarkers in PTSD. Precision medicine seeks to identify patient characteristics that can be measured upfront in order to more effectively match a particular patient to a treatment that is more likely to be efficacious. Previously published post hoc data have suggested that in young males, pre-treatment measurements of cardiovascular biomarkers of peripheral noradrenergic signaling may be able to predict who will have a clinically significant decrease in PTSD symptoms in response to the α1 noradrenergic antagonist prazosin. However, this finding has not been prospectively tested, and is unlikely to generalize to women, older individuals, or those with medical comorbidities. Pupillary dilation, which is also an α1 noradrenaline receptor mediated reflex, may represent an alternative biomarker with wider generalizability. An additional challenge in precision medicine is that the traditional parallel-group randomized controlled trial is poorly optimized to test hypotheses about predictive biomarkers. They also require that many participants spend the full duration of the study on placebo, which can limit the enrollment of patients with acute symptoms, particularly when the intervention being tested is already widely available. An alternative approach is the use of N-of-1 trial design, where each individual participant spends time in multiple treatment conditions, such as active treatment and placebo; in aggregated N-of-1 trials, a cohort of individuals move through this same type of trial design, and their outcomes are analyzed together to answer questions about e.g. the relationship of a baseline characteristic to the magnitude of treatment response. Here, we describe the preliminary methods and validation data for a novel aggregated N-of-1 clinical trial designed to test whether pupillometeric and cardiovascular biomarkers predict clinical response to prazosin in treatment-seeking Veterans with PTSD. In addition to preliminary data regarding our biomarkers, we present a set of statistical simulations comparing the power of the selected versus alternative trial designs. Methods: Pupillometric biomarkers measured include maximal dark-adapted pupil diameter, average dilation velocity (ADV) of the pupil following cessation of a brief light pulse, and peak pupillary dilation following phenylephrine ophthalmic application (PPD). Pupillometric biomarkers were measured using a NeurOptics PLR-3000 handheld device. Cardiovascular biomarkers included systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured two minutes after standing and the change in SBP from supine position to seated. For the statistical simulations of the clinical trial designs, R statistical software was used to simulate the data from: (1) an open-label trial; (2) an open-label phase followed by a blinded discontinuation phase; (3) a traditional crossover trial; and (4) an open label phase, followed by a blinded discontinuation phase and a brief crossover phase. Results were analyzed using a linear mixed effects model. Results: Pupillometric and cardiovascular measurements were well tolerated by participants. In very preliminary results (N = 3), but consistent with predictions, total PTSD symptom severity was positively associated with peak pupillary dilation (PPD, p = .03), and change in SBP from supine to seated appeared positively associated with ADV (p = .09). Trial designs 3 & 4 had substantially higher power with fewer subjects than open label and open label plus blinded discontinuation designs, a pattern maintained across a substantial number of permutations of the modeling assumptions. Conclusions: Assessment of pupillometric and cardiovascular biomarkers is well tolerated, and feasible for a clinical trial or clinical practice setting. The preliminary results from biomarker measurements were consistent with their predicted relationships to PTSD symptom expression. The results of the statistical simulations suggest that both a cross-over trial design, and an aggregated N-of-1 trial design beginning with an open label titration phase, provide superior power over an open label or open label plus discontinuation design in detecting an association between a predictive biomarker and the clinical response to the PTSD pharmacotherapeutic prazosin. These results provide support for a prospective test of whether noradrenergic biomarkers can provide clinically significant predictions of the likelihood of an individual having a meaningful response to prazosin for PTSD, using an aggregated N-of-1 trial design. This framework for approaching precision medicine goals in psychiatric research is expected to have utility for a range of specific research topics. Keywords: PTSD, Noradrenaline, Clinical Trial Design, Biomarkers, Prazosin Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T5. Unconditioned Responses During a Fear-Conditioning Paradigm Predict Physiological and Neural Correlates of Fear Extinction Recall in Anxious Individuals Marie-France Marin, Mira Hammoud, Mohammed Milad Université du Québec à Montréal, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada Background: Fear conditioning and extinction paradigms are used in the laboratory to better understand how individuals learn fear and safety associations. In this type of paradigm, a neutral stimulus (e.g., a colored lamp, conditioned stimulus, CS + ) is presented along with an aversive stimulus (e.g., shock), which in itself provokes a physiological reaction (named unconditioned response, UCR). Eventually, a similar physiological response can be induced with the presentation of the CS + alone, what is called a conditioned response. Following this fear-conditioning phase, extinction learning takes place where the CS + is presented multiple times without any reinforcement, which gradually decreases the physiological reaction. Extinction recall memory also be tested after a delay in order to examine whether the safety memory trace, formed during extinction learning, has been properly consolidated and/or can be adequately retrieved. Previous studies have shown that individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and from anxiety disorders exhibit deficient extinction recall, either at the neural and/or physiological level. This being said, beyond the identified group differences, there is a need to identify biomarkers that could be used as predictors of extinction recall. Here, we tested whether UCRs to an aversive stimulus during fear learning could predict psychophysiological and neural responses during extinction learning and extinction recall. Methods: Eighty-seven individuals suffering from an anxiety disorder were recruited and exposed to a 2-day fear conditioning and extinction protocol in a fMRI environment. On day 1, three colored lamps were presented, two of which were partially reinforced with a mild electric shock (CS + ) and the third one was never reinforced (CS-). Immediately after, extinction learning took place where one of the CS + was presented along with the CS-. The next day, extinction recall was tested by presenting all three cues again. For each phase, skin conductance responses (SCR) were measured. UCRs to the shock presentations were computed for each individual. Four groups were generated based on their UCRs (from very low to very high UCRs). Between-groups comparisons were tested for skin conductance responses and for BOLD signal during early and late extinction learning and during early extinction recall. For each fMRI contrast mentioned above, we looked for a main effect of group in the following regions of interests (ROIs) known to be involved in the fear circuitry: amygdala, hippocampus, insular cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Significant clusters (p < 0.005) identified within the masks (based on ROIs) were tested for small-volume corrections. Beta-weights were extracted in order to conduct post-hoc analyses. Results: Groups did not differ in terms of education, shock intensity, and sex distribution. They did however differ on age. Therefore, all analyses presented below controlled for that variable. For extinction learning, a significant Time X Group interaction was found for SCR, F(3,70) = 3.32, p = 0.025. Decomposing the interaction, we found that the group exhibiting the highest UCR during fear conditioning had higher SCR to CS + during early extinction learning relative to all other groups. Importantly, no group differences were found during late extinction learning (p = 0.74), suggesting that all groups reached similar physiological fear levels at the end of extinction learning. The fMRI analyses yielded no significant group differences in the ROIs. For extinction recall, a Stimulus X Group interaction was revealed, F(3,67) = 3.98, p = 0.011, with the group with the highest UCR exhibiting higher fear levels to the CS + relative to the other groups. No group effects were found for the CS-. Moreover, a significant correlation was revealed between UCR and SCR to the CS + during extinction recall (r = 0.499, p < 0.001). At the neural level, a main effect of Group was found in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (pfwe = 0.048). Post-hoc analyses on the extracted beta-weights revealed lower dACC activation in the group with the lowest UCR relative to the group exhibiting the highest UCR (p = 0.017). Conclusions: Our results suggest that unconditioned responses, assessed via skin conductance responses, during a fear-learning paradigm could inform about fear reactivity during extinction recall, assessed both with physiological and neural measures. Importantly, this result is specific to extinction recall, given that all groups had similar fear levels, in terms of SCR and BOLD signal, at the end of extinction learning. Given that deficits in extinction recall have been shown to characterize multiple fear-based and anxiety disorders, these results point to a potential biomarker that could be used to predict later expression of fear. Future studies in anxiety patients should assess whether unconditioned responses could be predictive of response to exposure-based therapy, which relies on fear extinction learning principles. Keywords: Unconditioned Responses, Fear Extinction, Extinction Memory Recall, Skin Conductance Responses, Anxiety Disorders Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T6. Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Attention Deficits in Trauma Abstract not included. T7. Longitudinal Investigation of Advanced Epigenetic Age and Change in Peripheral Biomarkers of Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome Filomene Morrison, Hannah Maniates, Mark Logue, Annjanette Stone, Steven Schichman, Regina McGlinchey, William Milberg, Mark Miller, Erika Wolf Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States Background: Epigenetic age estimations based on DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles can be used to predict human chronological age with a high level of accuracy. These DNAm age profiles can also be used to index advanced cellular age, when estimated DNAm age exceeds chronological age. The goal of the present study was to understand the biological changes associated with advanced epigenetic age over time, given that accelerated cellular age has previously demonstrated association with a variety of diseases and early death. Methods: We investigated associations between two measures of epigenetic age acceleration (Hannum and Horvath) and changes in peripheral metabolic and inflammatory markers in a longitudinal cohort of 179 veterans who were assessed over the course of two years. The cohort was enriched for PTSD and other psychopathology and we have previously demonstrated that trauma-related psychopathology is associated with advanced epigenetic age (Wolf et al., 2016), making this cohort particularly relevant for understanding the biological correlates of advanced epigenetic age over time. Results: Analyses revealed that, controlling for chronological age, sex, race, education, PTSD, and baseline biomarkers, advanced DNAm age at baseline was associated with residualized change in metabolic syndrome (MetS) severity at T2, suggestive of worsening MetS pathology (p < .001). Follow-up analyses found that this association was specific to worsening obesity (as measured by lipid panels and indicators of abdominal obesity: p = .001). Advanced Hannum DNAm age at T1 was nominally associated with residualized change in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and total white blood cells at T2 (for CRP: p = .058; for white blood cells: p = .051). We also found that PTSD symptom severity at T1 predicted decreasing (i.e., worsening) CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios at T2 (p = .015). There were no significant associations between baseline Horvath DNAm age and change in any of the biological variables at T2. Conclusions: Results suggest that advanced epigenetic age may hasten pathological metabolic and inflammatory processes, which could be one mechanism linking advanced epigenetic age to morbidity and mortality. Keywords: DNA Methylation, Metabolic Syndrome, C-Reactive Protein, PTSD Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T8. Functional Impacts of Acute Stress on Negative Affective Circuit Function in Anxiety and Depression Andrea Goldstein-Piekarski, Leonardo Tozzi, Keith Sudheimer, Alan Schatzberg, Leanne Williams Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States Background: Dysfunction in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and negative affective circuit, which includes the amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC), have independently been associated with mood and anxiety disorders. Consistent with these relationships, both disorders are conceptualized within a vulnerability-stress framework in which stress is thought to cause long-term alterations in the function of affective circuitry which in turn, sensitizes the stress response. Threat-elicited hyper-activity of the amygdala along with hypo-activity of the prefrontal cortex has been observed in individuals with mood and anxiety disorders and with high-trait anxiety. Mood and anxiety disorders have also been associated with HPA dysfunction assayed by diurnal cortisol profiles (most consistently elevated), and by abnormal negative feedback of stress hormones indexed by the dexamethasone suppression test. HPA stress responses are modulated by input from the amygdala and PFC. Conversely, baseline levels of stress hormones (including cortisol) as well as the release of stress hormones in response to stressors are also both associated with amygdala and PFC reactivity and connectivity. Despite the above evidence of abnormal negative affective circuit profiles in nodes such as the amygdala and PFC that are critically involved in and influenced by stress responding, it remains unexplored how HPA dysregulation may contribute to and/or explain these neuroimaging phenotypes. Addressing this issue, we tested the contribution of abnormal stress responding in the negative affective circuit and clinical profiles by using a repeated-measures design in which a commonly used MRI stress induction paradigm is interleaved between emotional face probes, in combination with cortisol assays. Methods: 16 unmedicated individuals experiencing anxiety and depression symptoms completed the same standardized imaging procedure twice under two conditions (stress induction, control) separated by at least once week. Negative affective circuit function was assessed using an established emotional face task. Regions of interest (ROIs) included bilateral amygdala and the medial PFC (mPFC). During the stress visit, the emotion task was preceded by a stress induction paradigm (Montreal Neuroimaging Stress Task). In contrast, on the control visit, the emotion task was preceded by a neutral control task. Subjective stress and cortisol levels were acquired at multiple time points across the imaging sessions. Cortisol trajectories were visually inspected and used to classify participants into those who did and did not have the expected stress response following induction. Mean contrast estimates for the anger versus neutral face contrast were extracted for each of the ROIs and entered into subsequent analyses. Linear mixed models were then used to assess the impact of condition (stress induction, control) and stress response status (stress response, no stress response) on negative affective circuit function. Results: As a group, the stress induction significantly increased cortisol levels as measured by the area under the curve (t = 2.43; p = 0.028). However, there was significant variation across individuals: six participants elicited the expected cortisol stress response while ten did not. Negative affective circuit function did not differ between the two conditions (all p’s = > 0.05) nor between the stress response status groups (all p’s > 0.05). Importantly, there was a significant interaction between condition and stress response status for amygdala activation (left: F = 10.22, p = 0.006; Right: F = 5.93; p = 0.029). Those who elicited a cortisol stress response following the stress induction also saw an increase in amygdala activation across conditions (left: t = 2.28, p = 0.039; Right: t = 1.96, p = 0.060). Conversely, those who did not elicit a cortisol response saw a decrease in amygdala activation across conditions (left: t = -2.28, p = 0.039; Right: t = -1.44, p = 0.022). No effects were found for the PFC (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our results advance our understanding of how HPA axis dysfunction may be associated with abnormal negative affect circuit function in anxious and depressed individuals. Keywords: Amygdala, HPA Axis, Cortisol, Anxiety, Depression Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T9. Childhood Maltreatment is Associated With White Matter Alterations in Temporal Pathways Regardless of PTSD Diagnostic Status: A Probabilistic Tractography Analysis Elizabeth Olson, Caroline Ostrand, Tate Overbey, Scott Rauch, Isabelle Rosso McLean Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States Background: Consistent with a large body of literature demonstrating white matter tract abnormalities including reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in temporal tracts in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), our group previously found reduced FA in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) in PTSD patients compared with trauma-exposed controls (Olson et al., 2017). However, because childhood maltreatment and PTSD diagnosis were statistically overlapping, it was unclear whether those group differences could be attributable to childhood adverse experiences. Choi et al (2012) previously found that witnessing inter-parental violence was associated with reduced FA in the left ILF, a part of the visual limbic pathway involved in processing visual and auditory stimuli related to emotion, learning, and memory. They theorized that exposure to threatening facial expressions and voices may result in an over-activation of visual-limbic cortices connected by the ILF, so that repeated exposure to violence ultimately inhibits the development of this pathway. Given these findings, we attempted to replicate our study demonstrating reduced FA in the ILF in PTSD, in a new sample including controls reporting a broad range of childhood adverse event exposure. We hypothesized that reduced FA would be associated with PTSD diagnostic status and also with total exposure to childhood maltreatment. Previous studies have demonstrated that forms of maltreatment including emotional abuse and emotional/physical neglect that do not meet DSM-IV criterion A for PTSD are also associated with white matter tract abnormalities. Therefore, we hypothesized that non-criterion A childhood maltreatment (emotional abuse, emotional and physical neglect) would yield similar effects on ILF FA as forms of childhood abuse that are consistent with criterion A exposure (physical and sexual abuse). Methods: This sample included 93 participants, age 20-50 (M = 33.50, SD = 8.37): 32 with DSM-IV lifetime PTSD (19 F, 13 M), 27 trauma-exposed non-PTSD controls (TENC: 15 F, 12 M), and 34 healthy controls (17 F, 17 M). Participants completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV I/P), the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The CTQ generates scores on 5 subscales (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect). Scores were summed to generate a total abuse exposure variable. We also summed the physical and sexual abuse categories to create a combined criterion-A-type exposure score and summed the neglect and emotional abuse categories to create a combined non-criterion-A-type exposure score. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was collected on a Siemens 3.0 T Trio (TR, 7300 ms; TE; 80 ms; 72 directions at b = 1000 plus 8 b = 0 images). Data were preprocessed in FSL and automatic probabilistic tractography was performed using FreeSurfer’s TRACULA to measure DTI metrics (FA, mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD)) within the ILF bilaterally. Results: In contrast to our previous report, after controlling for age and sex, there was no significant effect of diagnostic status on ILF FA, F(4,176) = 1.107, p = 0.355, partial eta squared = 0.025. Across the entire sample, after controlling for age and sex, greater total childhood trauma exposure was associated with reduced ILF FA, F(2,87) = 3.656, p = 0.030, partial eta squared = 0.078. This effect was significant bilaterally (left ILF, F(1,88) = 6.788, p = 0.011, partial eta squared = 0.072; right ILF, F(1,88) = 5.350, p = 0.023, partial eta squared = 0.057). The association between childhood trauma exposure and reduced ILF FA persisted after additionally controlling for diagnostic group, F(2,85) = 4.118, p = 0.020. The effect of childhood maltreatment on ILF FA was significant for criterion-A-type exposures (i.e., physical and sexual abuse), F(2,87) = 3.230, p = 0.044, as well as for non-criterion-A-type exposures (i.e., emotional abuse and emotional and physical neglect), F(2,88) = 3.519, p = 0.034. The effect of total childhood trauma exposure also was significantly associated with reduced ILF FA within the combined TENC and PTSD groups, F(2,53) = 3.545, p = 0.036. Despite associations between FA and childhood trauma exposure, childhood trauma was not associated with alterations in the other DTI metrics (MD, RD, AD). Conclusions: Total exposure to childhood maltreatment was associated with reduced FA in both left and right ILF independent of PTSD diagnostic status. Furthermore, both criterion A type maltreatment and non-criterion A type maltreatment were correlated with reduced FA in this tract. In contrast to our previous report, these results suggest that differences in the structural integrity of white matter in the ILF may be due to exposure to childhood maltreatment rather than diagnostic status. Considering the involvement of the ILF in processing visual and auditory information, exposure to adverse early life events may be implicated in abnormal sensory processing. Our results suggest that reduced ILF FA (and possibly associated sensory processing abnormalities) is associated with childhood maltreatment broadly, including neglect and emotional abuse as well as more violent forms of exposure. Keywords: PTSD, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), Childhood Maltreatment, Child Abuse and Neglect Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T10. The Role of Respiratory Noradrenergic Projections to the Basal Lateral Amygdala in Anxiety-Related Behavior Vena Martinez, Jenny Sun, Russell Ray Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States Background: The most commonly reported symptom of panic attacks is respiratory dysfunction, such as hyperventilation. It has been shown that subsets of patients with anxiety disorders have a greater sensitivity for carbon dioxide level imbalances, and exposure to high levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) can induce anxiety-like behavior, such as panic attacks. The false suffocation alarm hypothesis posits that inappropriate activation of respiratory chemoreceptors, sensors of carbon dioxide levels, in response to benign indices triggers an alarm of suffocation danger and may contribute to anxiety and panic disorders. Two potential candidates that may link anxiogenic and respiratory circuitry are the central noradrenergic (NA) system and the basal lateral amygdala (BLA), both of which have been shown to play roles in both breathing and anxiety. Therefore, we hypothesize that projections from the brainstem NA nuclei to the BLA play a functional role in modulating the hypercapnic ventilatory response and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we targeted NA neurons that project to the BLA by using a Cre-expressing retrograde virus applied to the BLA of our intersectional DBH-p2a-FLPo; RR5, multicolor reporter line to conduct projection mapping of NA neurons that project to the BLA and DBH-p2a-FLPo; RR1 and RR2 DREADD mice to specifically inhibit or stimulate, respectively, NA neurons that project to the BLA in vivo. In these mice, we measured respiratory output using whole-body plethysmography and anxiety-like behavior using open field, light dark and elevated plus maze. Results: Anatomical projection mapping reveal that NA neurons that project to the BLA are highly collateralized, projecting to additional brainstem and forebrain regions associated with respiration and negative affective disorders, and that these NA projections are primarily derived from the locus coeruleus (LC). Upon stimulation of NA neurons that project to the BLA, there was no change in hypercapnic response (n = 9, p > 0.5). However, we observed increased distance traveled in the center (n = 9, p < 0.5), decreased distance traveled in the perimeter (n = 9, p < 0.5) and decreased latency to enter the center of the open field. Additionally, there was decreased distance traveled in the dark zone of the light dark assay (n = 9, p < 0.5), but no change in anxiety-related behavior in elevated plus maze. Conversely, upon inhibition of NA neurons that project to the BLA, there was a decrease in the hypercapnic response (n = 7, p > 0.5), although not significant. We observed a decrease in distance traveled in the center of the open field (n = 7, p < 0.5) and an increased distance traveled in the illuminated region of the light dark assay (n = 7, p < 0.5). There was also decreased distance traveled in the enclosed arms (n = 7, p < 0.5), as well as increased latency to first entry of enclosed arms in the elevated plus maze (n = 7, p < 0.5). Respiratory data was analyzed using a linear mixed-effects regression model, significance at an alpha = 0.05. Behavior data was analyzed using multiple t-tests, assuming samples from populations with same scatter (SD) and corrected using Holm-Sidak method, significance at an alpha = 0.05. Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest that NA neurons that project to the BLA may play a role in both the hypercapnic response and anxiety-related behavior, beginning to illustrate the role of respiratory circuitry in negative affective disorders, suggesting that further study of NA subpopulations based on efferent target should greatly advance our current understanding of related psychopathologies. Keywords: Amygdala, Noradrenaline, Anxiety, Respiration, DREADD Receptor Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T11. Open Board T12. Determining the Role of the Central Amygdala in Modulating Complex Fear States Maria Dorofeikova, Ryan Martin, Alexis Resendez, Jonathan Fadok Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States Background: Anxiety disorders are debilitating psychiatric illnesses that are characterized by maladaptive responses to perceived threat. Threatening stimuli cause alterations in neuronal circuits that act to elicit adaptive defensive responses. Importantly, associative learning causes plastic changes in these neuronal circuits that allow organisms to use predictive cues to adequately respond to danger. Deficits or abnormalities in the ability to express appropriate defensive behavior in response to learned cues could underlie anxiety disorders such as specific phobia, panic, and post-traumatic stress disorder; however, the neuronal processes that regulate defensive response intensity are poorly understood. Associative learning related to aversive experience is modeled in the laboratory with Pavlovian fear conditioning. Freezing is the dominant behavioral response elicited in this paradigm and has therefore become the standard experimental readout of aversive learning. However, defensive responses are highly complex and there is a critical need to move beyond reductionist readouts of learned fear towards methods that capture the full range of behavioral adaptations to perceived threat. Indeed, we need to establish a better understanding of the neurophysiological changes that drive defensive responding if we are to develop better therapeutics. Methods: We recently developed an associative learning paradigm in which auditory stimuli elicit scalable intensities of defensive behavior in a context-dependent manner. We are using this conditioned flight paradigm to establish robust behavioral profiles of different fear states as well as investigations into the neurophysiological underpinnings of complex responding. Our hypothesis is that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) is a critical site that controls the intensity of defensive responses. We are utilizing extracellular recordings in freely moving mice to record the activity patterns of CEA neuronal populations. We are also using a “phototagging” approach in which opsins are expressed in specific populations of genetically defined CEA neurons to allow for optogenetic identification of recorded neurons. These approaches allow us to obtain temporally precise correlations of neurophysiology with defined fear states, with a primary goal of identifying activity patterns that predict shifts in defensive responding. Results: To date, we have recorded 177 CEA neurons in 19 mice subjected to the conditioned flight paradigm. Approximately 20% of these units are response specifically to the footshock (the unconditioned stimulus, US), 50% are responsive to conditioned auditory stimuli (CSs), and 30% are unresponsive to either the US or CSs. Among the CS-responsive neurons, 30% respond to the cue that drives flight and 20% respond to the cue that drives freezing. There were also populations of neurons that were inhibited by each of the CSs. Among the US-responsive units, we found two main categories of response – transient ( < 3 s) and sustained ( > 3 s), with both populations containing subpopulations with excitatory or inhibitory responses. Using the context-dependence of the flight paradigm, we have also tracked the activity of CeL-ON and CeL-OFF neurons in high and low fear states. We find that CeL-OFF neurons (n = 9) are strongly inhibited throughout the flight paradigm. Cel-ON neurons (n = 6), however, are excited during the CS eliciting freezing and inhibited by the CS inducing flight, but only in the flight context. Finally, using the phototagging approach in PKCδ-Cre mice, we found that 5/10 PKCδ neurons could be identified as CeL-OFF. These PKCδ + CeL-OFF neurons were neither excited nor inhibited during the conditioned flight paradigm. Conclusions: The proposed experiments are providing vital information about the neurobiological basis of complex fear states. We are currently performing analyses aimed at identifying neuronal populations with activity that is predictive of switching between high and low fear states. We believe that this will build a foundation for identifying and verifying novel therapeutic targets aimed at improving understanding and treatment of the brain dysfunction underlying debilitating mental disorders that negatively affect the lives of millions. Keywords: Fear, Amygdala, Electrophysiology, Anxiety Disorders, Central Amygdala Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T13. Parallel Circuits From the Bed Nuclei of Stria Terminalis to the Lateral Hypothalamus Drive Opposing Emotional States William Giardino, Ada Eban-Rothschild, Daniel Christoffel, Shi-Bin Li, Robert Malenka, Luis de Lecea Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States Background: The mechanisms underlying aversion and reward are beginning to be uncovered, with substantial efforts focused on the intricate connectivity of the lateral hypothalamus (LH). LH neurons containing the neuropeptide hypocretin (Hcrt; orexin) modulate affective components of arousal, yet the precise synaptic inputs linking Hcrt-LH activity and emotional behavior remain to be fully defined. We set out to uncover how Hcrt-LH neurons respond to ethologically salient stimuli, generate hedonically-valenced behavioral states, and integrate diverse synaptic inputs from specific upstream cell types. Methods: Here, we used modified rabies monosynaptic input mapping to identify major sources of long-range input onto Hcrt-LH neurons originating from neuronal populations in the bed nuclei of stria terminalis (BNST; a heterogeneous structure of the extended amygdala). To functionally interrogate BNST-- > LH circuitry, we used viral, optical, chemogenetic, and slice electrophysiological methods for monitoring and manipulating neural activity with genetically-defined and pathway-specific resolution in mice. Results: Specifically, we characterized two non-overlapping and spatially-segregated GABAergic BNST cell groups that both exhibit axonal projections to the LH, but express distinct neuropeptide markers (corticotropin-releasing factor, Crf; and cholecystokinin, Cck). We found that Crf-BNST and Cck-BNST neurons provide differentially abundant synaptic inputs onto Hcrt-LH neurons, display discrete physiological responses to salient stimuli, drive opposite emotionally-valenced behaviors, are differentially required for appetitive behavioral approach, and receive synaptic inputs from unique upstream neural networks. Conclusions: Together, the data provide an advanced model for how parallel genetically-defined BNST-- > LH pathways promote divergent emotional states via distinct connectivity patterns of circuit-specific neuronal subpopulations. Our novel findings suggest a mechanistic framework for BNST-- > LH circuit dysregulations in psychiatric disorders and will therefore be broadly relevant to the fields of neuroscience and mental health, as future studies will inform development of improved therapeutic approaches. Keywords: Lateral Hypothalamus, Extended Amygdala, Hypocretin, Orexin, CRF Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T14. Epigenetic Programming of Chromatin Accessibility by Stress During Puberty Kathleen Morrison, Tracy Bale University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States Background: Adverse childhood experiences are one of the greatest predictors for affective disorder presentation for women. However, few animal models exist that address female-specific risk factors or unique periods across the lifespan. As the pubertal transition is marked by dynamic hormonal changes and ensuing reorganization of the brain, it represents a window of sex-specific vulnerability to adverse experiences. Periods of hormonal flux in the female lifespan, including pregnancy, exacerbate the risk for affective disturbances and promote stress dysregulation, a key feature of affective disorders. We have established a translationally relevant mouse model in which pubertal adversity leads to broad stress dysregulation in adulthood that is dependent upon hormonal status. Our previous work in humans and mice has shown that increases in allopregnanolone are necessary to produce the blunted HPA axis response in stressed females. Allopregnanolone likely acts on a reprogrammed GABA system within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), as RNA-Seq analysis of the PVN during pregnancy revealed alterations to GABA system gene expression by pubertal stress. However, it is unclear what is responsible for long-term reprogramming of the GABA system. Prior RNA-Seq also revealed that females stressed during puberty had increased expression of a host of immediate early genes at baseline during pregnancy. Immediate early gene expression requires that their promoters be accessible to the intracellular cascades that initiate their transcription. Therefore, we hypothesize that, even at baseline, the chromatin in the PVN of pubertally stressed females is in a more open, permissive state. Methods: Female mice were exposed to chronic variable stress from postnatal days 21-34. At 10-12 weeks old, females were sacrificed, either in virgin or pregnant state. Brains were frozen until the PVN could be extracted. PVN tissue was subject to ATAC-Sequencing, a technique which allows for the direct assessment of chromatin openness and interrogation of which genes are available for transcription, to assess pubertal stress-induced epigenetic programming. Results: ATAC-Seq signal intensity in the PVN was assessed for effects of pubertal stress and hormonal state, allowing for the identification of alterations to the chromatin accessibility landscape by pubertal stress, pregnancy, or requiring both. Rigorous quality analysis was done to account for factors such as duplicate reads and mitochondrial reads that can impact analysis. Conclusions: Together, these studies support a role for long-term alterations in chromatin accessibility in the PVN in the stress dysregulation phenotype that is observed only in adult female mice that had both experienced stress during puberty and were pregnant. This translationally-relevant mouse model provides the opportunity to understand the molecular underpinnings of risk for stress dysregulation, a central endophenotype of affective disorders. Keywords: GABA, Allopregnanolone, Chromatin, ATAC-seq, Stress Models Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T15. Increase GABAergic Neurons in Brain Organoids Derived From Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Eunice Yuen, Anahita Amiri, Noor Small, Cindy Nguyen, Flora Vaccarino Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States Background: Aberrant gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, is highly implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Aberrant gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, is highly implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, mechanisms are essentially unknown. Methods: To study the proposed questions, we reprogram fibroblasts that are terminally differentiated back to pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allows the investigation of human neurodevelopment in vitro. The iPSCs are developed into three-dimensional organoids that resemble human brain tissue. Results: We found that control non-affected organoids show neuronal differentiation potential with cortical and cell type-specific markers and display functional voltage-gated channels and neuronal excitability. Moreover, qPCR and immunocytochemistry concomitantly suggest the increase of GABAergic neuronal markers in ASD organoids, such as DLX, vGAT and GAD67. Conclusions: We conclude that there is an increased GABAergic neuronal fate in cortical organoids derived from children with ASD. Keywords: Autism, GABA, Brain Organoids Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T16. Neural Abnormalities During Successful and Failed Stopping in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis Using Whole-Brain Statistical Parametric Maps Luke Norman, Stephan F. Taylor, Claire L. Morrison, Joaquim Radua, Shivani A. Kaushal, Andre Chevrier, Catharina A. Hartman, Tieme W.P. Janssen, Steve Lukito, Isabelle Massat, Jaap Oosterlaan, Philippe Peigneux, Katya Rubia, Russell J. Schachar, Alexandre Sebastian, Philip Shaw, Gustavo Sudre, Oliver Tüscher, Daan van Rooij, Kate Fitzgerald University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States Background: Patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often demonstrate abnormalities in brain functioning during tasks of inhibitory control. However, most individual neuroimaging studies have been small. Moreover, previous meta-analyses of functional magnetic imaging studies (fMRI) of inhibitory control in ADHD have the following limitations: (i) they have been based on peak-coordinates rather than whole-brain data; (ii) they have not considered behavioral performance; (iii) they have focused on between-group findings and have not observed within-group patterns of activation/deactivation; (iv) they have included data from different inhibitory tasks and used multiple contrasts; (v) and they did not examine both successful and failed inhibition. To overcome these limitations, we thus meta-analyzed whole-brain and task performance data from 10 studies that used the same probe of successful and failed inhibitory processes (the stop signal task). Methods: A preliminary meta-analysis (n = 834) was performed on 10 studies comparing patients with ADHD (n = 379; age range = 8-50, 269 males) and controls (n = 455; age range = 8-50, 273 males) on the stop signal task using event-related fMRI. Performance data was analyzed using a random-effects meta-analysis implemented in the Metafor package for R. Seed-based d Mapping was used to perform within-group and between-group fMRI meta-analyses based on whole-brain statistical parametric maps from the original studies. The examined contrasts were successful-stop > go and failed-stop > go. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018095365). Results: There was no significant group difference in mean stop signal reaction time (d = 0.24 p = .11). During successful stopping, patients with ADHD showed underactivation relative to controls in left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)/orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), left amygdala and bilateral thalamus/right caudate, but reduced deactivation relative to controls in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). During failed stopping, patients showed underactivation in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and left IFG/OFC/anterior insula, but reduced deactivation in PCC and bilateral putamen (all SDM-Z > 2, p < .005). Conclusions: During both successful and failed stopping, patients with ADHD showed reduced activation in the predominantly left hemisphere salience network (SN) and reduced deactivation in posterior default mode network (DMN). The SN has been implicated in shifts between DMN and task positive networks that follow upon the detection of stimuli which indicate the need for greater externally focused attention and executive control. Thus, our central finding of greater DMN and reduced left SN activation provides further evidence that patients have deficits in performing dynamic adjustments between interoceptive and exteroceptive attention. In unaffected controls, deactivation within dopamine-innervated dorsal striatum during failed stopping has been hypothesized to represent a learning signal that guides improvements to future performance. Failures of deactivation within bilateral putamen in ADHD are therefore in line with recent suggestions of impaired dopaminergic functioning and prediction error signaling in the disorder. Keywords: ADHD, Response Inhibition, Functional MRI (fMRI), Stopping, Meta-Analysis Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T17. Neurocognitive Correlates of Resilience in Youth With a History of Traumatic Stress Exposure Ran Barzilay, Christeen Samuel, Monica Calkins, Tyler Moore, J. Cobb Scott, Raquel Gur, Ruben Gur Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States Background: Children and adolescents often grow up experiencing significant stress at a sensitive period of brain development. For some susceptible individuals, this stress exposure is associated with increased risk for mental health disorders, especially depression. Yet many individuals exposed to traumatic stress do not show significant psychopathology. These individuals are often characterized as resilient. Significant research has been dedicated to identifying risk factors and studying mechanisms of developmental psychopathology, but there is limited understanding of the mechanisms that underpin resilience in developing humans. We have recently reported detrimental clinical and cognitive correlates of childhood trauma exposure in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC). The PNC includes ~9,500 genotyped community youths (ages 8-21), some with significant trauma exposure, who have been robustly phenotyped for psychopathology and neurocognitive functioning. In this study, we aimed to identify neurocognitive measures that are associated with resilience in PNC youth. Methods: Traumatic stress exposure was assessed through screening of eight potentially traumatic events that include situations in which the participant (1) experienced a natural disaster; (2) experienced a bad accident; (3) thought that s/he or someone close to him/her could be killed or hurt badly; (4) witnessed someone getting killed, badly beaten, or die; (5) saw a dead body; or if s/he ever was a victim of one of the following assaults: (6) attacked or badly beaten, (7) threatened with a weapon, or (8) sexually forced (including but not limited to rape). Psychopathology was assessed using a mood-anxiety factor score, calculated using factor analysis of item-wise (i.e. symptom-level) psychopathology responses from clinical assessment. Neurocognitive functioning was evaluated by the 1-hour Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB). The CNB includes multiple tests assessing 4 cognitive domains: 1) executive function; 2) episodic memory; 3) complex reasoning; 4) social cognition. To identify correlates of resilience, we employed a 2 × 2 factorial design: high/low traumatic stress exposure; high/low psychopathology. Resilient individuals represent youths with high traumatic stress exposure and low psychopathology. Associations among trauma exposure, psychopathology, and their interaction (independent variables) with neurocognitive functioning (dependent variable) were studied using linear regression models controlling for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Results: In youths with high traumatic stress exposure, those with low psychopathology (resilient, N = 732) showed superior overall cognitive efficiency compared to those with high psychopathology (N = 1595), while no such differences were observed comparing high and low psychopathology in low traumatic stress exposure individuals (exposure X psychopathology interaction t = 2.274, p = .023). Follow-up analyses to break down overall cognitive efficiency to specific cognitive domains revealed a similar pattern in complex reasoning efficiency (exposure X psychopathology interaction t = 2.168, p = .03), with no significant interactions in other cognitive domains. Conclusions: Resilient youths who exhibit low mood-anxiety psychopathology in the face of high traumatic stress exposure show a distinct neurocognitive efficiency pattern that is characterized by superior complex reasoning, independent of sex, age, and socioeconomic status. While a cross-sectional design does not allow causal inference, results may shed light on specific cognitive mechanisms underpinning resilience. Keywords: Risk and Resilience, Childhood Trauma, Cognitive Functioning, Developmental Psychopathology Disclosure: Taliaz Health, Advisory Board, Taliaz Health, Stock / Equity T18. The Importance of Prefrontal Regions in Frustration Tolerance in Children With ADHD Karen Seymour, Keri Rosch, Deana Crocetti, Kathryn Hirabayashi, Colleen Buckless, Stewart Mostofsky Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States Background: Emotion dysregulation, particularly low frustration tolerance, is a key impairment in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Observational and behavioral studies of frustration tolerance in children with ADHD have shown that compared to typically-developing (TD) children, children with ADHD show greater levels of frustration, are more likely to quit a frustrating task, exhibit greater attention to the negative aspects of a task and display less constructive patterns of emotional coping when frustrated. Taken together, this literature stresses the clinical importance of elucidating the mechanisms underlying poor frustration tolerance in children with ADHD. However, to date, few studies have examined the neural mechanisms of frustration in children with ADHD. Frustration has been theorized to involve: (1) core limbic and reward regions (amygdala [AMG], orbitofrontal cortex [OFC], ventral striatum) involved in the assessment of emotional/reward salience and generation of emotion responses; (2) frontal cortical (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [dlPFC]) and dorsal striatal regions involved in the cognitive control of emotional responses, and (3) regions involved in the interface between emotional and cognitive control circuitry (medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC] and anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]). The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between cortical and subcortical regions of interest (ROIs) and frustration using a novel behavioral paradigm in children with ADHD with and without comorbidity compared to TD children. Methods: Participants included 102, 8-12 y.o. children: typically-developing controls (TD, n = 38), children diagnosed with DSM-5 ADHD (ADHD, n = 32) or children diagnosed with ADHD plus a comorbidity including Oppositional Defiant Disorder, anxiety or depressive disorders (Comorbid, n = 32). Participants completed a novel Frustration Go/No Go paradigm with performance-based incentives delivered across three blocks including a “frustrative” second block involving 50% “rigged” Go trials in which the stimuli did not move to the target. To assess frustration during the task, participants completed affect ratings at four points (baseline and after each block). High resolution MPRAGE images were acquired for all participants. Frontal lobe volumes were extracted using an atlas developed by our Center and employed within FreeSurfer including: dlPFC, ACC, OFC, and mPFC. Subcortical volumes were extracted using a validated in-house pipeline and included: AMG, hippocampus, caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. Left and right ROIs were averaged. Groups were compared on ROI volumes and brain-behavior correlations were conducted to examine the relationship between frustration exhibited during the task and ROI volumes. All analyses included age and Total Cerebral Volume (TCV) as covariates. Findings related to behavioral task performance and neuroimaging measures are not reported due to space limitations. Results: Behavioral results showed that across all participants, the task elicited frustration from baseline to the frustrative block, t(101) = -10.96, p ≤ .001; however, controlling for age, groups did not differ in change in frustration, F(2,98) = .219, p = .804 Controlling for age, groups differed in TCV, F(2,76) = 3.49, p = .035, such that the TDs had greater TCV compared to the Comorbid group (p = .05). Results of a MANCOVA examining all cortical ROI volumes revealed a significant multivariate main effect of Group, λ = .800, F(8,148) = 2.19, p = .032, due to reduced ACC volume in ADHD vs. TDC (p = .003) and reduced dlPFC volume in Comorbid vs. TDC (p = .093). For subcortical measures, the multivariate effect was not significant, λ = .833, F(10,146) = 1.40, p = .186; therefore, univariate tests were not examined. Across all groups, partial correlations showed a significant negative association of dlPFC and mPFC volumes (respectively) with frustration at Baseline (r = -.245, p = .028; r = -.327, p = .003), after the frustrative block (r = -.246, p = .028; r = -.276, p = .013), and in change in frustration across the task (r = -.240, p = .032; r = -.255, p = .023). Further, partial correlations showed a significant positive relationship between baseline frustration and caudate volume (r = .234, p = .037). Conclusions: Compared to TDCs, children with ADHD showed reduced volumes in prefrontal regions including the ACC and dlPFC. Moreover, on a novel frustration GNG task, reduced dlPFC and mPFC volumes and greater caudate volume were negatively associated with self-reported frustration suggesting the importance of neural circuitry involved in reward and cognitive control in frustration tolerance. Keywords: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Frustration Tolerance, Emotion Regulation, Affective Neuroscience, Irritability Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T19. Differences in Brain Structure and Functioning in Children With the FTO Obesity Risk Allele Claudia Lugo-Candelas, Yajing Pang, Lisa Ranzenhofer, Rachel Korn, Haley Davis, Hailey McInerny, Janet Schebendach, Chung Wendy, Leibel Rudolph, Walsh B. Timothy, Jonathan Posner, Michael Rosenbaum, Laurel Mayer Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, United States Background: The prevalence of obesity (defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile) in the US is estimated at 39% in adults and 18% in youth, highlighting the need to identify risk factors (Hales et al. 2017). In recent years, polymorphisms in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) have been associated with higher BMI and risk for obesity (Frayling et al. 2007). In the FTO gene, (intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1421085), CC and CT genotypes are considered at-risk genotypes compared to the TT genotype (Wang et al. 2013; Hudek et al. 2018; Albuquerque, Nóbrega, and Manco 2013). Whereas the mechanism underlying the association between FTO gene and obesity is not fully understood, individuals carrying risk alleles show higher food intake, regardless of BMI (Cecil et al. 2008; Wardle et al. 2008). As FTO is highly expressed throughout the brain, a growing body of literature has started to examine brain function and structure across FTO genotypes (McTaggart et al. 2011). Thus far, studies find volumetric reductions (Melka et al. 2013), differences in activation in response to food stimuli (Heni et al. 2014; Wiemerslage et al. 2016; Melhorn et al. 2018) and differences in connectivity in the default mode and salience networks (Olivo et al. 2016). However, studies have examined FTO genotype differences mostly in adult populations. Given that weight status has been shown to impact brain functioning (Doucet et al. 2018), the mechanisms leading to weight gain are better examined in children at risk for obesity, rather than in adults who are already overweight. The one existing child study supports a potential mechanistic role of brain function in the relation between FTO and weight gain, documenting stronger responses to food stimuli in regions involved in reward processing in risk allele carriers (Rapuano et al. 2017). However, the study sample had significant differences in BMI across FTO genotypes. We thus examined associations between FTO genotypes and brain structure and function in a sample of children with comparable BMIs. Methods: Saliva was collected and DNA was extracted using DNA Genotek™ kit. Children were genotyped for the C/T alleles at rs1421085 by the pyrosequencing (PSQ96 Biotage, LLC. Westborough, MA). PCR reactions consisted of 6 pmol of each of the appropriate forward and reverse primer, 0.75 U GoTaq, 1xGoTaq buffer, 0.2 mM dNTP’s and 50 ng of genomic DNA in a 30 μλ reaction volume for 35 cycles at an annealing temperature of 50°C. Genotype brain differences were examined in 93 children (15 with CC genotype, 31 with CT genotype, and 47 with TT genotype) ages 6-11 (mean age = 9.12 ± 1.17 years). Grey matter (GM) morphology, white matter (WM) fiber density, and resting-state functional connectivity (rsfMRI), were assessed using deformation-based GM morphometry, fixel-based morphometry (Raffelt et al. 2017), and seed-based analyses, respectively. Results: Age [F(2,90) = 0.38, p = 0.69], sex [χ2(2) = 0.37, p = 0.83], and BMI [F(2,90) = 0.47, p = 0.63] distributions did not vary across genotypes. GM morphology analyses demonstrated that C allele carriers showed significant GM volume expansions bilaterally in the cerebellum and temporal gyrus and in the right occipital cortex (whole brain corrected p < 0.05; adjusted for sex, age at scan, and BMI). Given these findings, we examined cerebral WM structural and functional connectivity. Fixel-based morphometry analyses showed a significant relationship between C alleles and increased WM fiber density in the inferior cerebellar peduncle tract (FWE corrected p < 0.05, adjusted for the aforementioned covariates). Finally, cerebellum seed-based rsfMRI analyses showed that C alleles predicted increased positive connectivity between the left cerebellum (lobule VI) and left superior frontal gyrus and right thalamus as well as increased negative connectivity between the cerebellum (Crus II) and the temporal fusiform cortex and lateral occipital cortex (thresholded at voxel level p < 0.001 (uncorrected) and at cluster level p < 0.05 (FDR corrected); adjusted for the aforementioned covariates). Conclusions: In line with prior research, the present study suggests that the FTO gene may impact brain structure and functioning. We document that FTO genotype differences occur independently of BMI and can be detected during childhood. Our multimodal analyses suggest a prominent role for the cerebellum in FTO genotype differences. Animal and human studies document that the FTO gene is widely expressed in the cerebellum (Fredriksson et al. 2008) and a prior adult study found genotype by reward sensitivity interactions such that for homozygote risk allele carriers, higher punishment sensitivity was related to increased rsfMRI cerebellar activity (Olivo et al. 2016). Given the cerebellum’s role in reward based-learning (Thoma et al. 2008), and reports of increased cerebellar activity as a function of BMI (Park, Seo, and Park 2016), our results lend premilitary support to the hypothesis that FTO risk allele carriers may present atypical food-related learning and sensitivity, even prior to developing obesity and other adiposity-related conditions. However, further study is required to better elucidate the effects of the FTO genotypes on brain development, food intake, and obesity susceptibility. Keywords: Obesity, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, FTO, Children Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T20. Developmental Origins of Adult Prefrontal Cortical Parvalbumin Interneuron Functional Dysconnectivity Sarah Canetta, Eric Teboul, Alan Brown, Christoph Kellendonk Columbia University, New York, New York, United States Background: Abnormalities in prefrontal cortical parvalbumin-expressing (PFC PV) interneurons are believed to contribute to cognitive and affective deficits in schizophrenia (SCZ), as well as other neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about whether developmental alterations in PV inhibitory interneuron maturation and integration into cortical circuitry could be contributing to disease onset. We have recently shown that mice exposed to an early environmental risk factor for SCZ—prenatal maternal immune activation (MIA)—show decreased functional inhibitory connectivity between PFC PV interneurons and pyramidal cells in adulthood, and that these physiological changes result in impairments in cognitive flexibility and anxiety. Therefore, we decided to utilize this model to investigate changes in PFC PV interneuron function during development that may precede and precipitate these long-term functional and behavioral alterations observed in the adult. Methods: We used slice electrophysiology to record from PFC PV interneurons from MIA and control offspring at different time points during development and in adulthood. We then utilized a viral and genetic approach to express the pharmacogenetic receptor, hM4D, in developing PV interneurons and administered the agonist for hM4D, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), during the postnatal window (P14-P50) to mimic the physiological changes in excitability we observed in MIA offspring during development. Twenty-four hours following the end of this transient pharmacogenetically-induced reduction in excitability, we measured the strength of GABAergic connectivity in the PFC by recording spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic currents. Results: We discovered that PFC PV interneurons in MIA offspring show decreased intrinsic excitability transiently during early development, corresponding to a window during which extensive pruning of synaptic connections occurs. This change in excitability appears due to an increase in an inward conductance active around resting membrane potential and at more hyperpolarized potentials in PFC PV interneurons. Our pharmacogenetic studies reveal that transiently reducing the excitability of PFC PV interneurons early in development is sufficient to reduce the strength of functional GABAergic connectivity between these interneurons and pyramidal cells 24 h following normalization of PV interneuron excitability. Persistent effects on GABAergic connectivity in adulthood are also detected. Ongoing studies are examining the effects of this developmental manipulation on PFC PV interneuron-dependent behaviors such as attentional set-shifting and anxiety. Conclusions: Our results indicate a sensitive developmental period during which alterations in PFC PV interneuron excitability are able to affect the strength of GABAergic functional connectivity, even after excitability has returned to normal. This may have consequences for establishing the strength of prefrontal GABAergic connectivity in adulthood as well as for prefrontal PV-dependent behaviors. From a therapeutic perspective, this may indicate a developmental period during which the brain would be particularly susceptible to interventions that engage the prefrontal cortex and thereby naturally enhance activity. Keywords: Parvalbumin Interneurons, Brain Development, Prefrontal Cortex, Excitability Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T21. Neural Coding of Explore-Exploit Decisions in Macaque Prefrontal Cortex Vincent Costa, Bruno Averbeck Division Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States Background: The explore-exploit dilemma describes agents’ decisions to forego immediate rewards and explore an unknown option, to learn if it is better than something they already experienced. Previous studies find that cortical regions encode exploratory choices when primates deviate from specified decision policies. However, without explicit task constraints it is difficult to tell if off policy-choices reflect exploration, decision noise, or poor learning. Novelty seeking is an evolved solution to the explore-exploit dilemma and of interest because it is computationally tractable. Methods: In the present study we combined high channel count single-unit recordings (768 electrodes; > 3000 neurons) from macaque prefrontal cortex (Area 9/46) with computational modeling of two monkeys’ behavior on a multi-arm bandit task. The monkeys learned to choose between three, probabilistically rewarded images. Periodically one of the choices was replaced with a novel image the monkey had not yet associated with reward. This induced an explore-exploit tradeoff, forcing the monkeys to either explore the novel option or exploit their existing knowledge about the two remaining familiar options. We used a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) model to quantify the value of choosing each option based on the likelihood that choice would be rewarded on the current trial (immediate expected value) the overall richness of the reward environment (future expected value), and the relative difference in the total number of future rewards to be gained by choosing to explore or exploit novel versus familiar options (exploration bonus). Results: Prefrontal neurons encoded each of these value computations, however, there were key differences in when these value signals were encoded. We observed both tonic encoding of the immediate and future expected value of choices during the inter-trial interval, as well as phasic encoding of these values at the time of choice. Whereas, the exploration bonus tied to novelty seeking was only encoded after the monkeys chose to explore or exploit particular options. Prefrontal neurons also encoded the identity of the chosen stimulus and choice outcomes. This is important because the immediate expected value, stimulus identity, and outcome of choices defines the state and the state transition in the POMDP algorithm we used to derive choice values. Interestingly, choice location which was task irrelevant but important for action selection, was also strongly encoded. Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that prefrontal cortex is important in resolving uncertainty about the value of unexplored, novel options to efficiently manage the explore-exploit dilemma. Keywords: Reinforcement Learning, Prefrontal Cortex, Explore-Exploit Dilemma, Probabilistic Reward Learning, Computational Models Of Decision-Making Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T22. Contributions of Parallel Nigrostriatal Dopamine Circuits to Reward Learning and Habit Formation Talia Lerner, Caitlin Cosme, Jillian Seiler Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States Background: Habit formation, a process by which behavior becomes fluid and automatic, is an essential survival strategy in a complex world, freeing cognitive resources for other purposes. The process of habit formation depends on the striatum and inputs to the striatum from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Our recent work has shown that dopamine neurons in SNc are divisible by their efferent projections to the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) or dorsolateral striatum (DLS), striatal subregions that play distinct roles in operant learning: the DMS mediates early goal-directed action-outcome learning, while the DLS mediates later habit formation. Now, we are asking whether changes in nigrostriatal dopamine circuits’ structure and function are altered by habit formation and how these different classes of efferent-defined dopamine neurons differentially contribute to reward learning and the transition to habit. Methods: To address the question of how nigrostriatal dopamine circuits change over the course of habit formation, we are using both optogenetic circuit mapping in ex vivo slices and in vivo fiber photometry recordings during behavior. We injected ChR2-YFP into either the DMS or DLS and red retrobeads into either the DMS or DLS. This preparation allows us to identify DMS-projecting or DLS-projecting dopamine neurons in ex vivo slices to target for our recordings. We can then stimulate ChR2-expressing axons with blue light and test the connectivity of the DMS and DLS onto these efferent-defined dopamine neuron populations. We are currently comparing the connectivity in mice that have been trained to form habits with cagemates that are similarly handled and food restructure, but untrained. For fiber photometry recordings, we injected DIO-GCaMP6s into the SNc of DAT-cre mice to express GCaMP6s in SNc dopamine neurons. Fiber optic implants were placed in both the DMS and DLS, allowing us to simultaneously measure the activity of dopaminergic axons in these two striatal subregions as mice trained on an operant task designed to elicit inflexible behavior. Since individual mice acquire habits are different rates, these experiments allow us to identify the dopaminergic circuit signatures of habit formation vs changes that are independent of habit formation. These preliminary experiments are ongoing, with statistical analyses forthcoming. Both sexes are being examined and we will test for sex-dependent effects in our analyses. Results: In our preliminary studies, we have observed selective alterations of striatal inputs onto DLS-projecting dopamine neurons following habit training. The strength of DMS inputs onto DLS-projecting dopamine neurons increases, whereas the strength of DLS inputs onto these neurons decreases. In our fiber photometry recordings, we have observed that dopamine signals in the DLS preferentially evolve over the course of habit training, in particular showing a prolonged increase in activity in response to salient events, independent of reward outcome. Conclusions: So far, our preliminary results suggest that plasticity of inputs onto DLS-projecting dopamine neurons plays a key role in habit formation. Future experiments will address the timeline and mechanisms by which this plasticity occurs. We also plan interventional optogenetic experiments to test whether the timecourse of habit acquisition and consolidation can be altered via temporally precise manipulations of the DLS-projecting dopaminergic system. Keywords: Dopamine, Dorsal Striatum, Habit, Reward Learning, Optogenetics Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T23. Perimenstrual Exacerbation of Symptoms in Female Suicide Attempters With Current Ideation: Examining RDoC Mechanisms of Steroid Withdrawal in a Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial Tory Eisenlohr-Moul, Mitchell Prinstein, David Rubinow, Steven Young, Savannah Bowers, Susan Girdler University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States Background: The perimenstrual weeks of the menstrual cycle (i.e., weeks before and during menses, when ovarian steroids 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) fall rapidly), have been linked to suicide attempts and deaths. Our recently-completed crossover double-blind trial of perimenstrual E2/P4 stabilization in female outpatients with a history of suicide attempt (and current ideation) provides evidence that perimenstrual withdrawal from E2 and P4 causes increases in suicidality, which can be prevented using exogenous steroid stabilization. Now, candidate mechanisms require exploration. In preclinical models, ovarian steroid withdrawal provokes a variety of behavioral phenotypes (depression, impulsivity) related to affective and suicide risk. Using data collected during the trial referenced above, the present work examines candidate RDoC mediators of the observed therapeutic effect. We hypothesized that prevention of perimenstrual steroid withdrawal would prevent deterioration of RDoC systems known to influence acute suicidality, including loss, potential threat, reward processing, behavioral disinhibition, social affiliation and attachment, and disturbed sleep. Methods: Procedures were approved by the UNC Chapel Hill Ethics Board. In a crossover double-blind placebo-controlled trial, female participants (n = 25) with a history of suicide attempt and current ideation were recruited for a study on “the biology of depression and suicide” via social media. Participants completed two 14-day conditions in counterbalanced order: In the active condition, they were treated with 14 days (starting 7 days following positive urine LH test) of transdermal E2 (.1 mg/day) patches plus oral micronized P4 (200 mg) pills; in the other condition, they received identical placebos in the same perimenstrual timeframe. A washout cycle separated the conditions. Participants (ages 18-45) had normal BMI, no premenstrual dysphoric disorder (luteal phase symptom confinement), serious medical conditions, dysmenorrhea, pregnancy/breastfeeding, hormone use, or history of mania or psychosis. Participants reported daily suicidality and indicators of loss (“I felt sad”, “I felt hopeless”), potential threat (“I felt anxious”, “I felt worried”), blunted reward processing (“I had little motivation or interest”, “I did not enjoy things”), cognitive/behavioral disinhibition (“I did something impulsive I regret”, “I acted without thinking”), impaired social affiliation and attachment (“I felt I did not belong with others”, “I felt I was a burden to others”, number of social interactions), and poor sleep (“I had trouble falling or staying asleep”, number of hours of sleep reported). Composites were calculated as the daily mean of within-person z-scores. Multilevel models were used to test hypotheses. Physical symptoms and medications were covaried. Results: All participants demonstrated a 30% perimenstrual exacerbation of at least one emotional symptom. suggesting high risk of cyclical exacerbation in this population. Serum measures across each condition confirmed that the manipulation extended the mid-luteal phase hormone profile, preventing E2/P4 withdrawal relative to perimenstrual steroid withdrawal under placebo. Blinding was successful, with no condition differences in condition beliefs (p = .58). Consistent with previously-reported beneficial effects on suicidality in this trial, we observed condition X phase interactions predicting composite outcomes related to loss (Estimate = -.74, SE = .25, t(905) = -2.96, p = .03), blunted reward processing (Estimate = -.60, SE = .24, t(902) = -2.50, p = .012), cognitive/behavioral disinhibition (Estimate = -.50, SE = .22, t(907) = -2.27, p = .023), impaired social affiliation (Estimate = -.48, SE = .11, t(905) = -4.36, p < .0001), and poor sleep (Estimate = -.84, SE = .20, t(905) = -4.20, p < .0001). During placebo, these outcomes worsened one to one-and-a-half person-standard-deviations from the midluteal to the perimenstrual week but showed no increase during stabilization. Further, there were significant condition X phase effects on these outcomes during the medication withdrawal week; delayed withdrawal from active E2/P4 caused a delayed increase in symptoms relative to midluteal baseline (not observed during placebo withdrawal). There were no significant condition or condition X phase effects on potential threat (Estimate = -.07, SE = .26, t(901) = -.26, p = .79). Conclusions: In addition to exacerbating daily suicidality, ovarian steroid withdrawal (both natural perimenstrual and experimental withdrawal) provoked heightened sadness, hopelessness, anhedonia, impulsivity, social disconnection, and trouble sleeping in a sample of female suicide attempters with current suicidal ideation. Anxiety was not affected and may not be a key mechanism. Studies should probe whether disturbed sleep may represent a mechanism between steroid withdrawal and psychiatric symptoms. Perhaps due to shared risk factors, chronic suicidality in females seems to correlate with psychiatric sensitivity to perimenstrual steroid withdrawal. This withdrawal mechanism stands in contrast to those observed in premenstrual dysphoric disorder, where symptoms are triggered by post-ovulatory neurosteroid changes rather than perimenstrual steroid changes. Serum from the present study is currently being assayed to examine possible molecular mechanisms, such as GABAergic neurosteroid withdrawal. Keywords: Suicide, Gonadal Hormones, Sex Hormones, Women’s Mental Health, Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T24. Social Cognition Remediation for Bipolar Disorder - A Path to Better Clinical Outcomes Anna Van Meter, Joel Stoddard The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Glen Oaks, New York, United States Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with poor emotion recognition (Samamé, 2013). Misinterpreting others’ emotions may exacerbate disordered mood; for people with BD, who tend to have a negative emotion bias, noticing and focusing on negative emotions in others may maintain depressed mood (Leppanen, 2006). This effect on mood could be due, in part, to the social functioning deficits associated with misinterpreting others’ emotions (Fulford et al, 2014; Michalak et al., 2006). This emotion recognition deficit – and associated consequences – appear to be specific to faces; recently completed work by our group suggests that people with BD perform as well as others when asked to interpret emotional body language (Lee & Van Meter, 2018). Remediating the face emotion recognition deficit could (1) reduce depressed mood in people with BD, (2) improve social functioning, and (3) increase treatment engagement. Previous research has indicated that a computer-based cognitive bias modification intervention designed to modify emotion perception biases may positively influence mood and behavior in depressed and aggressive individuals (Penton-Voak et al., 2012; 2013). Our goals are to determine whether this intervention can shift emotion processing biases in people with BD and demonstrate clinical benefits (lower depressed mood, improved social function, greater treatment engagement). Methods: Young adults (16-25) with BD were recruited for a three weekly sessions of Interpretation Bias Training (IBT), a computer-based intervention that trains sad/happy judgments of ambiguous face emotions on a linear morph continuum of faces between sad and happy (Penton-Voak et al., 2012). Active IBT targets negative emotion bias by training towards more happy judgments of ambiguous faces on the sad/happy continuum, relative to a person’s native bias. Feedback during sham IBT is consistent with a person’s native bias. Exclusion criteria were minimal. Participants were interviewed to assess eligibility and completed mood and social functioning self-reports. Participants were randomized to the active or sham condition. Two months after intervention sessions, emotion recognition, mood (General Behavior Inventory, (Depue, 1981), and social functioning (Perceived Social Support – Family and Friends (Procidano & Heller, 1983) were evaluated. Changes in treatment (start/stop medication or therapy) were also assessed to account for engagement. A small subset of participants (n = 7) in the active condition underwent neuroimaging pre- and post-intervention to assess within-person changes in neural activation during a separate emotion processing task (participants viewed faces exhibiting different emotions and were asked to identify the gender of the face). Results: Forty-three participants (average age 21.89, SD = 2.4, 70% female) completed at least one intervention session, 79% completed all four sessions. The most common subtype was BD I (n = 29) followed by BD II (n = 9). At baseline, 59% were in psychotherapy, 60% were currently taking medication for their BD. The active group had higher depression scores than the sham group (t = 2.30, p = .027), other measures were equivalent. The negative emotion bias shifted more in the active than in the sham group (Cohen’s d = 1.49, p < .001), indicating the training was effective. In a linear mixed model, with random intercepts for participant and a random slope for the measure of negative emotion bias, fixed effects for group (p = .027) and group-by-time (p = .031) were significant; the intervention group had a larger decrease in depressed mood from baseline to two-month follow-up. (p = .027). Related, the intervention group had a larger increase in perceived social support from family members (p = .011). There were no main effects for group, time, or their interaction on mania scores or treatment status (initiating medication or participating in psychotherapy). Among those participants who underwent neuroimaging pre- and post-intervention, at baseline there was significant activation in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) when observing the emotional faces (happy, sad). Following the intervention, there was no significant activation in this area. Conclusions: A computer-based cognitive bias intervention shifted emotion perception in people with BD, which may have contributed to decreased depression scores and the perception of greater familial support, consistent with the “virtuous cycle” theory that seeing others’ emotions more positively can lead to enhanced interactions and improved mood (Penton-Voak, 2012; Penton-Voak et al., 2013). A reduction in DMPFC response after intervention provides preliminary support for it as a neural treatment target and is consistent with its role in emotion regulation, identification, and learning (Bakker et al., 2015). These results converge with prior work demonstrating IBT may reduce depressed mood in healthy individuals (Penton-Voak et al., 2012). On average, people with BD spend more time depressed than manic, and depressed mood tends to be more difficult to treat (Baldessarini et al., 2010; Van Meter et al., 2013). The results of this study suggest that cognitive remediation could augment treatment with medication and/or therapy targeting BD depression through emotion processing and social pathways. Importantly, this computer-based intervention can be more easily disseminated, at lower cost, than traditional interventions, creating an opportunity to benefit under-served populations. Keywords: Bipolar Disorder, Social Cognition, Non-Pharmacological Interventions, Mobile Health Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. T25. Using Resting State Intrinsic Network Connectivity to Identify Suicide Risk in Mood Disorders Jonathan Stange, Lisanne Jenkins, Stephanie Pocius, Kayla Kreutzer, Katie Bessette, Sophie DelDonno, Leah Kling, Runa Bhaumik, John Keilp, K. Luan Phan, Scott Langenecker University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States Background: Little is known about the neural substrates of suicide risk in mood disorders. Improving the identification of biomarkers of suicide risk in mood disorders could lead to more targeted treatments to reduce risk. The aim of this study was to use resting-state intrinsic network connectivity to identify individuals at risk for suicide, as indicated by a history of suicide-related behavior (SB). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at two urban communities with medical centers. Resting-state functional connectivity was examined within intrinsic networks, including the cognitive control network (CCN), a system involving frontoparietal and dorsal attention networks that is critical for problem-solving and executive functioning; the salience and emotional network (SEN), which is active in response to stimuli relevant to current goals, including emotional stimuli, and involves limbic and ventral attention networks; and the default mode network (DMN), which is active during self-focused thought and when not engaged with external stimuli. Two fMRI scans were conducted approximately two months apart to examine stability and reliability of group differences over time. Participants (Mean age = 21.88, SD = 2.70; 67% female) were 112 individuals with a mood disorder with no history of suicide-related behavior (NSB), 18 young adults with a mood disorder who had a history of SB (as indicated by endorsing a past suicide attempt), and 82 healthy comparison participants (HC). Strength of resting-state connectivity of intrinsic networks was compared between SB, NSB, and HC groups. Results: Several regions (k > 57, p < .005) were identified in the three networks in connectivity to fronto-parietal regions, including right middle and inferior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule, that were significantly different in SB relative to NSB and HC groups for both within-network connectivity (in the CCN) and cross-network connectivity (DMN-CCN and DMN-SEN). Furthermore, deficits in connectivity (exhibited by the SB group) between the right middle frontal gyrus and the CCN were associated with poorer inhibitory control on a behavioral go/no-go task, and deficits in connectivity between the right middle frontal gyrus and DMN were associated with higher levels of self-reported rumination. Intrinsic network connectivity effects were stable over time and identified group membership with good accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Conclusions: These results suggest that individuals with a history of SB may show distinct patterns of intrinsic network connectivity, even when compared to those with mood disorders and no history of SB. These deficits may underlie candidate behavioral risk factors for suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior, including rumination and inhibitory control deficits. Resting-state fMRI may serve as a promising tool for identifying subtypes of patients with mood disorders who are at risk for suicidal behavior. Keywords: Suicide, Resting-State fMRI, Depression, Intrinsic Connectivity, Cognitive Control Network Disclosure: NIMH, Grant, BBRF, Grant T26. Frontoinsular Network Markers of Current and Future Adolescent Mood Health Roselinde Kaiser, Elena Peterson, Min Su Kang, Julie Van Der Feen, Blais
1010	dbpedia	3	2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyliners_Frankfurt	en	Skyliners Frankfurt	https://upload.wikimedia…yliners_logo.png	https://upload.wikimedia…yliners_logo.png	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Fraport_Skyliners_logo.pn...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2006-09-21T20:48:51+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyliners_Frankfurt	Professional basketball team in Frankfurt, Germany The Skyliners Frankfurt, currently known as Fraport Skyliners for sponsorship reasons, are a professional basketball club based in Frankfurt, Germany.[1] Their home arena is Ballsporthalle. The club has played in the Basketball Bundesliga since 1999. Its greatest accomplishments were the German Cup competition title in 2000, the German national championship in 2004 and the FIBA Europe Cup in 2016. Its most famous player has been Pascal Roller, who was selected as Basketball Bundesliga All-Star seven times and played 122 games for the German national basketball team. Roller played ten seasons for the Frankfurt Skyliners until his retirement in 2011. Besides Roller, numerous other players of the German national team played multiple seasons for the Skyliners. A notable non-German basketball player is Mario Kasun, who played for the Skyliners when he was discovered and eventually drafted by the NBA team Orlando Magic in 2002. History [edit] The foundation [edit] In 1999, Gunnar Woebke, then manager and former player of TV Tatami Rhöndorf moved his team from Bad Honnef to its current location. The declared goal was to place the team in a big arena in a large city to become a top team in the Basketball Bundesliga and in Europe in the near future. In Bad Honnef, this did not seem possible. After going through several options – including the idea to send the team to Cologne – Sylvia Schenk, the director of Frankfurt's sports department officially announced Frankfurt as the team's new location. Franz-Ludwig Solzbacher, a businessman from Bad Honnef helped organize the Skyliners' first steps but remained patron of the TV Rhöndorf and bought a second division license from EnBW Ludwigsburg to keep Rhöndorf from being relegated. Later years [edit] In its first season as a German elite team it managed to win the German Cup competition. In 2004, they won their first and only Bundesliga title, beating Baskets Bamberg in the finals by 3–2 victories. The following year, the Skyliners had a repeated appearance in the finals, but this time the Baskets Bamberg took the title by 3–2 victories. As in the year before, both teams were almost equally strong. In 2004 and 2010, the Skyliners finished as runner-up in the German Cup competition, falling against the same opponent with identical victory splits again. Throughout the years, the Skyliners have been known for their numerous appearances at European competitions such as the Euroleague, Saporta Cup and the Eurocup Basketball. In 2015, the team reached the EuroChallenge Final Four, but the Germans lost both games to finish in fourth place. In the 2015–16 season, Fraport had once again an impressive European campaign, this time in the newly established FIBA Europe Cup. In the Final, Skyliners beat Pallacanestro Varese 66–62 to win its first European cup in history.[2] After preventing a relegation to the second tier ProA in the 2021/22 Basketball Bundesliga season by receiving a wildcard, the team again finished 17th in the 2022/23 season and relegated. [3] Denis Wucherer was announced as new head coach for the following 2023/24 season.[4] Arena [edit] The Skyliners play their home games at the 5,002 seat Fraport Arena (until summer 2011, it was called Ballsporthalle Frankfurt). Honours and titles [edit] Total titles: 3 Worldwide [edit] FIBA Intercontinental Cup Runners-up: 2016 European competition [edit] FIBA Europe Cup Champions: 2015–16 FIBA EuroChallenge Fourth place: 2014–15 Domestic competition [edit] Basketball Bundesliga[5] Champions: 2003–04 Runners-up: 2004–05, 2009–10 BBL-Pokal[5] Winners: 2000 Runners-up: 2004, 2010 Players [edit] Current roster [edit] Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed. Retired numbers [edit] Skyliners Frankfurt retired numbers No Player Position Tenure Date retired 11 Pascal Roller PG 1999–2011 October 4, 2011[6][7] Notable players [edit] See also: Category:Skyliners Frankfurt players To appear in this section a player must have played at least two seasons for the club AND either: – Set a club record or won an individual award as a professional player. – Played at least one official international match for his senior national team at any time. Head coach position [edit] Season by season [edit] Season Tier League Pos. German Cup European competitions 1999–00 1 Bundesliga 3rd Champion 2 Saporta Cup 2000–01 1 Bundesliga 8th Fourth position 1 Euroleague 2001–02 1 Bundesliga 3rd Third position 1 Euroleague 2002–03 1 Bundesliga 7th 2 ULEB Cup 2003–04 1 Bundesliga 1st Runner-up 2 ULEB Cup 2004–05 1 Bundesliga 2nd Fourth position 1 Euroleague 2005–06 1 Bundesliga 14th 2 ULEB Cup 2006–07 1 Bundesliga 13th 2007–08 1 Bundesliga 4th 2 ULEB Cup 2008–09 1 Bundesliga 7th Third position 3 EuroChallenge 2009–10 1 Bundesliga 2nd Runner-up 2010–11 1 Bundesliga 3rd Fourth position 3 EuroChallenge 2011–12 1 Bundesliga 9th 2 Eurocup 2012–13 1 Bundesliga 15th 2013–14 1 Bundesliga 11th 2014–15 1 Bundesliga 6th 3 EuroChallenge 4th 2015–16 1 Bundesliga 3rd Third position 3 FIBA Europe Cup 2016–17 1 Bundesliga 10th 3 Champions League 2017–18 1 Bundesliga 8th Qualifying round 2018–19 1 Bundesliga 11th Semifinals 2 EuroCup 2019–20 1 Bundesliga 7th Round of 16 2020–21 1 Bundesliga 11th Group stage 2021–22 1 Bundesliga 17th Quarterfinals 2022–23 1 Bundesliga 17th 2023–24 1 ProA Second League First round Junior team [edit] Main article: Skyliners Juniors The second team of Skyliners plays in the ProB, the German third division. To develop its young players further, the Skyliners have merged some of their youth departments with Eintracht Frankfurt Basketball.[8] Kit [edit] Manufacturer [edit] Year Manufacturer 1999–2000 Mazine 2000–2012 Nike 2012–2016 Peak[9] Year Sponsor 2014–2016 Fraport[9] References [edit]
1010	dbpedia	0	34	https://github.com/garethsprice/libretext/blob/master/api/wordlists/german.txt	en	libretext/api/wordlists/german.txt at master · garethsprice/libretext	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/dd8ad53bb9c5b3ae4841a6ad5143e7a62f5bd7092c2e3947b9d5ebe203d5bf83/garethsprice/libretext	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/dd8ad53bb9c5b3ae4841a6ad5143e7a62f5bd7092c2e3947b9d5ebe203d5bf83/garethsprice/libretext	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	LibreText generates text for typeface designers to test their typefaces with. - libretext/api/wordlists/german.txt at master · garethsprice/libretext	en	https://github.com/fluidicon.png	GitHub	https://github.com/garethsprice/libretext/blob/master/api/wordlists/german.txt	Skip to content Navigation Menu
1010	dbpedia	3	36	https://boo.world/database/profile/642123/danielle-robinson-personality-type	en	Danielle Robinson's Personality Unveiled: MBTI, Enneagram and More	https://boo.world/boo_logo.png	https://boo.world/boo_logo.png	[ "https://boo.world/boo_logo.png", "https://boo.world/boo_logo.png", "https://boo.world/boo_logo.png", "https://boo.world/boo_logo.png", "https://boo.world/boo_logo.png", "https://boo.world/boo_logo.png", "https://boo.world/boo_logo.png", "https://boo.world/boo_logo.png", "https://boo.world/boo_logo....	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	What 16 personality type is Danielle Robinson from Turkey? Find out Danielle Robinson's 16 type, Enneagram, and Zodiac sign in the Soulverse, the comprehensive personality database.	en	/icon.png	Boo	https://boo.world/database/profile/642123/danielle-robinson-personality-type	Danielle Robinson Bio Danielle Robinson is an accomplished American celebrity who has made her mark in the entertainment industry through her exceptional talents and versatile skills. Born and raised in the United States, Danielle has garnered immense recognition and a dedicated fanbase over the years. With her charismatic personality and undeniable talent, she has become a household name in the entertainment sphere. As a successful actress, Danielle Robinson has appeared in a wide array of television shows and films, mesmerizing audiences with her captivating performances. From romantic dramas to action-packed thrillers, she has demonstrated her ability to embody diverse characters and bring them to life with her impressive acting prowess. Her ability to seamlessly transition from one role to another has earned her critical acclaim and numerous accolades, solidifying her position as one of the most sought-after actresses in the industry. Not limited to acting alone, Danielle Robinson’s multifaceted talents extend to other artistic endeavors as well. She is also an accomplished singer and dancer, showcasing her exceptional skills on stage and mesmerizing audiences with her captivating performances. With a powerful voice and remarkable dance moves, she has established herself as an all-rounded performer, capable of entertaining and enthralling audiences in various capacities. Beyond her professional achievements, Danielle Robinson has also become known for her philanthropic efforts. She has been actively involved in several charitable organizations and causes, using her platform to raise awareness and contribute to positive change in society. Her compassionate nature and dedication to making a difference have resonated with her fans, who admire her not only for her talent but also for her commitment to giving back to the community. In conclusion, Danielle Robinson is an esteemed American celebrity who has captured the hearts of many through her exceptional talent and versatile skills. With her captivating performances in the entertainment industry, she has become a beloved figure in the hearts of fans worldwide. Alongside her acting success, Danielle's musical abilities and philanthropic endeavors further contribute to her widespread admiration. Her dedication to her craft and commitment to making a positive impact on society serve as a testament to her exceptional character. What 16 personality type is Danielle Robinson? Danielle Robinson, as an ESFJ, tends to be very good at reading other people's emotions and can usually tell when something is wrong. This sort of person is continuously looking for methods to aid people in need. They are natural crowd boosters and are often effervescent, pleasant, and empathetic. ESFJs are warm and compassionate, and they enjoy spending time with their loved ones. They are social creatures, and they thrive in environments where they can interact with others. The spotlight does not faze these social chameleons. However, do not confuse their exuberant personality for lack of commitment. These people follow their promises and are devoted to their relationships and obligations. Whether they are prepared or not, they always find a way to show up when you need a buddy. Ambassadors are unquestionably your favorite go-to persons in times of highs and lows. Which Enneagram Type is Danielle Robinson? As an AI, I don't have access to personal information about individuals unless it has been shared online. Therefore, I cannot provide an analysis of Danielle Robinson's Enneagram type. Additionally, it's important to note that determining someone's Enneagram type accurately can be challenging, as it requires a deep understanding of the individual's motivations, fears, and core desires. It's also worth mentioning that Enneagram types are not definitive or absolute, as individuals may exhibit qualities from various types at different times. If you have any other questions or need assistance with a different topic, feel free to ask!
1010	dbpedia	2	94	https://www.brisbaneheat.com.au/news/4036249/heat-farewell-kerr-allrounder-to-join-rivals	en	Allrounder To Join Rivals	https://resources.brisba…Thanks-Melie.jpg	https://resources.brisba…Thanks-Melie.jpg	[ "https://resources.brisbane-heat.pulselive.com/brisbane-heat/document/2023/04/26/40b6eeff-f538-4d2f-84b5-7a3b94cea8dd/brisbane-heat.svg", "https://resources.brisbane-heat.pulselive.com/brisbane-heat/photo/2023/05/24/f723bf2e-6b4f-47a5-9126-055719bf5626/Brisbane-Heat-Logo-White.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "text" ]	null	[ "brisbane-heat" ]	2024-06-10T22:08:08+00:00	The Brisbane Heat have thanked Amelia Kerr for her time with the club in the wake of the New Zealand…	en	/resources/ver/v1.10.8/assets/brisbane-heat/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.brisbaneheat.com.au/news/4036249/heat-farewell-kerr-allrounder-to-join-rivals	Under the revised contracting conditions for this season's Weber Women's Big Bash League and KFC Big Bash League, clubs are able to enter into one multi-year contract with an international player outside of the male and female international Player Drafts that will take place closer to the start of the season. Kerr made her WBBL debut with the Heat in 2019 and aside from missing a season in 2021-22, has played 58 matches for the club, winning the Heat’s MVP award on three occasions. She has scored 854 runs and taken 62 wickets for the Heat in her four seasons with the club, playing in the WBBL championship winning team in her first season in 2019-20 and being part of the club’s past two Finals campaigns including last season’s runners-up team. Queensland Cricket Head of Elite Cricket Joe Dawes said the club was sad to lose the 23-year-old. “The club has enjoyed having Melie in the group since she joined us, and it is always a challenge to move on from a player and a person who has contributed so much to our squad. “It was very rewarding to see her emerge from a tough period in her life a few years ago to then go onto make such a positive impact on her community through her off-field efforts around mental health.” “Our fans around the country will no doubt be very disappointed not to see her out on the field playing for Brisbane again this summer. “But we thank her and her family for trusting us back when she signed her first contract to play in the WBBL and certainly wish her all the best as she takes on a new challenge. “We have some opportunities now in the playing contracting space and will finalise those plans shortly,” Dawes said. The Heat has announced the following signings so far for the Weber Women’s Big Bash League, the tenth season the competition has run.
1010	dbpedia	3	60	https://basketnews.com/news.15050.html	en	News	https://basketnews.com/i…any1200x1200.jpg	https://basketnews.com/i…any1200x1200.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1478797636064417&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://basketnews.com/config/basketnews.lt/_v2-images/logo.svg", "https://basketnews.com/config/basketnews.lt/_v2-images/icons/settings.svg", "https://basketnews.com/config/basketnews.lt/_v2-images/icons/user-mobile.svg", "https://b...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	FC Barcelona have gotten the upper hand in their head-to-head encounters with Real Madrid this season, having beaten their rivals five straight times across all ...	en	/config/basketnews.lt/favicon/favicon.ico	basketnews.com	null	FC Barcelona have gotten the upper hand in their head-to-head encounters with Real Madrid this season, having beaten their rivals five straight times across all competitions. However, Sarunas Jasikevicius thinks that the third-ever EuroLeague semi-final clash between the two teams will bear no resemblance to what has preceded it. Asked about the particularities of the game, the Lithuanian coach said "it always helps to have a good start, but the game is 40 minutes. You need to know how to react. There are many ups and downs and you need to be mentally strong for 40 minutes." "You have to know how to react," he continued. "It will be a bit like the Cup match, in a another gym. There are usually ups and downs and you have to know how to endure the bad times and go for more in the good times. The Lithuanian coach relativized the importance of the previous duels against Real Madrid. "I don’t think you can forget about what happened. Tomorrow, it’s going to be a new game. We have to take into consideration what went well and what didn’t. Tomorrow it’s a new story, a different situation. We have to be ready for the challenge, we can't be less hungry because we've beaten Madrid a couple of times," added Barca's coach. For Jasikevicius , facing the eternal rival in the FinalFour does not add importance to the game. "The 'El Clasico' is a huge game, but it's a EuroLeague Final Four semi-final. So it doesn't matter if it's a clasico or not. Both teams are here for the same goal, which is to reach the final". The 2022 Final Four in Belgrade will probably be Giorgos Printezis' career-last. The emblematic Olympiacos Piraeus' captain is competing in his sixth tournament, which could hand him his third EuroLeague trophy. In order for his side to do that, they must get past reigning champs Anadolu Efes Istanbul in Thursday's semi-final. Printezis joined Olympiacos in 2002 and when presenter Joe Arlauckas mentioned it at the beginning of the inaugural press conference, the 36-year forward joked about it. "After 20 years, it doesn’t sound so good," he said with a smile. "It’s a very big honor and privilege to be here. Also,for our fans. Of course, it’s not so easy because our first goal wasn’t the Final Four. We had to fight hard to get here. I am happy, like my team," he said. Olympiacos have won the last five semifinal games, starting from 2010. Printezis was a part of the team in 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2017, when the Reds eliminated Barcelona and CSKA Moscow the other three times to reach the final game. "Sometimes, we used to talk about Final Fours. But all players know what they mean and what it takes to being the team here. Our coach, Sloukas and Papanikolaou have the Final Four experience and give others some advice, but I think they know the way." Olympiacos' captain was asked about the differences between every Final Four he's been a part of. "Every Final Four is different," he replied. "There’s always anxiety and you have to reach your goal. One difference is that Olympiacos have had three different version. First, we had a very big budget and renown players. Then, in 2012-13, we had a low budget and got back-to-back EuroLeagues. Now, we have a young new team, with the exception of me, Kostas Sloukas and Papanikolaou, we started from scratch to get to the Final Four." Olympiacos' fans are expected to be the overwhelming majority at the Final Four and Printezis knows how big of an impact their support can have on the team. "Fans will give us more energy. They have done it all season long. They haven’t put any pressure on us," he said. Fans became the protagonists in Game 5 against AS Monaco that sealed the Red's Final Four ticket. "It was amazing. I understand that it wasn’t the right way for the game to finish, but the emotions after two years of COVID were very intense. I hope that we will give them more positive feelings in this Final Four," Printezis concluded. When Pablo Laso won the EuroLeague last time, he had Luka Doncic at his disposal. Laso is in Belgrade with Real Madrid again to win his first EuroLeague title in four years. But the difference is that Doncic is on a different campaign now, fighting for the NBA title with the Dallas Mavericks in the Western Conference Finals. NBA people doubted Doncic despite winning the EuroLeague season and Final Four MVP awards in 2018. But once again, his former coach in Madrid Pablo Laso said he didn't have any doubts on Luka's success in the NBA. He also explained what made Luka so good. "Luka has been a great player since he came to Madrid at age of 13. But he was a great person from that day. That makes him so big," Laso started. "When people talk about NBA and how he was going to play there, I didn't have any doubts. No doubts that he's going to play good. Probably the best thing that he has as a person and as a player is that he's able to adjust to any situation. That's something you have as a person. And Luka has it. I'm very happy for him. I wish him luck for sure." In an official ceremony in Belgrade, the EuroLeague Final Four officially started the process that will lead to the final winner. But before that, it was time to announce all the winners of the EuroLeague season awards. Since some of those awards were announced before the ceremony and others were only revealed during the show, we thought it was the right time to make some clarity. For this reason, here's a quick recap of all the EuroLeague season awards and the winners of every single trophy. 2021-2022 Turkish Airlines EuroLeague MVP: Nikola Mirotic (Barcelona) EuroLeague Coach of The Year: Georgios Bartzokas (Olympiacos Piraeus) 2021-2022 EuroLeague Best Defender: Kyle Hines (AX Armani Exchange Milan) 2021-2022 Alphonso Ford Trophy: Vasilije Micic (Anadolu Efes) Rising Star Trophy: Rokas Jokubaitis (Barcelona) EuroLeague 7Day Magic Moment of the Season: Kostas Sloukas (Olympiacos) 2021-2022 All-EuroLeague First Team: Mike James (Monaco), Shane Larkin (Anadolu Efes), Sasha Vezenkov (Olympiacos), Nikola Mirotic (Barcelona), Walter Tavares (Real Madrid) 2021-2022 All-EuroLeague Second Team: Vasilije Micic (Anadolu Efes), Kostas Sloukas (Olympiacos), Shavon Shields (AX Armani Exchange Milan), Vladimir Lucic (Bayern Munich), Georgios Papagiannis (Panathinaikos) EuroLeague CEO Jordi Bertomeu officially opened the Final Four in Belgrade by giving opening remarks in Stark Arena. Unfortunately, it had to be started by paying respects to the German basketball legend Ademola Okulja, who passed away on Tuesday. After that, Bertomeu sent a message to the fans and cities of Berlin and Belgrade. "After such a long time, we will have Final Four with fans again," Bertomeu said. "The fans are exactly the reason why we are in Belgrade. As everyone knows, Final Four should have been in Berlin, but until January, we weren't sure if we'll be able to celebrate this moment with fans." "And the fans are the reason why we are doing it. We couldn't have another event without fans. I want to thank the cities. First of all, Berlin and the Mercedes-Benz Arena for understanding such a difficult situation. Secondly, Belgrade and its mayor and municipality. They amazingly have been able to turn everything around in such a short time," added Bertomeu. EuroLeague CEO also emphasized that the competition continues to grow, adding the reason why everyone loves EuroLeague basketball. "It's been a joy to see our arenas filling progressively after restrictions were lifted. Arenas became full of the color and energy, what makes EuroLeague what it is," Bertomeu said. "Over those two years, despite everything, we still feel passion, who continue to support and cheer for our teams and players in different ways," he continued. "We are extremely happy that in these times, our fanbase continues to grow, and we continue to attract devotion to new people for what they believe is the most competitive basketball competition in the world." "These two years have proven that EuroLeague has an enormous resilience and is a solid and strong property which the support of the fans continues to overcome difficulties," Bertomeu noted. Bertomeu also touched on the topic of the ongoing war in Ukraine, saying that he expects that all the unrest will end soon. "Today's difficult time continues with the terrible ongoing war in Ukraine. We remain hopeful that peace will come soon. We cannot forget that for the first time in 22 years, some teams that started the competition in October won't be available to finish it. This situation brings many challenges and uncertainties for everybody, which surely will last some time. Despite these challenges, this week in Belgrade, we will throw the biggest celebration in European basketball. Full of emotion, bringing people together around one passion – passion for basketball. That's why it's important to celebrate the Final Four with our fans in Belgrade and from all around the world," Bertomeu concluded. Barcelona star forward Nikola Mirotic was officially named EuroLeague MVP for the 2021-2022 season in an official ceremony in Belgrade. The Montenegrin forward was the main factor behind Barcelona's success in the regular season, which ended with the Catalan side at the very top of the standings. Mirotic averaged 16.6 points, 5.1 rebounds, and 1.2 assists per game during the EuroLeague regular season while also shooting an impressive 45% from 3-point. Now in his third season with Barcelona, this is the first MVP award for Mirotic. He was also named in the first All-EuroLeague team of this season. "It's been a big pleasure for me to receive this award from our greatest coach Zeljko Obradovic," Mirotic said after receiving the award. "I would like to thank my team FC Barcelona, an entire organization, coaching staff, and all the players." In the end, this is a team job. A couple of weeks ago my dear friend Nick Calathes said: 'In case you win MVP, please remember me in your speech.' I said to him I will. I want to thank Nick because he makes my life way easier on the court. He's been an amazing teammate and friend. In the end, I want to say a couple of words about who's here today. My personal coach Vujacic, who was my first coach since I started basketball. He really pushed me very hard to get to this point, working hard all summers together. He was the person who believed in me. This trophy also goes to him," Mirotic added. In 2019, the forward decided to return to European basketball despite receiving very lucrative offers to remain in the NBA. During the official ceremony in Belgrade, there was the official announcement for the Coach of The Year Award. For Greek head coach Georgios Bartzokas it was his second Coach of The Year award after the one that he won back in 2013. Olympiacos ended the regular season in the second place and in the playoff series they overcame the French side AS Monaco in 5 games. Coach Bartzokas returned to Olympiacos back in 2020 after spending two seasons with Russian side Khimki. Bartzokas already won a EuroLeague title with Olympiacos back in 2013 and now hopes to win another one in Belgrade. EuroLeague Final Four participants are finally here in Belgrade. BasketNews share the most thrilling moments of team arrivals on Tuesday night. "We've arrived in a thunderstorm. We will depart with the cup in a thunderstorm," Ergin Ataman threw another bold statement entering the hotel in Belgrade that hosts all Final Four participants. Ataman, who had his son Sarp in the hotel next to him, was more reserved giving an interview to EuroLeague TV. "Now it's time to be calm. So far, we played great, and I made great announcements," Ataman smiled. "Four, three, now two, but we have to think about Olympiacos now with all the respect." American big man Alex Tyus is one of the veterans of European basketball. At 34, he has already achieved some great goals in his career but the majority of his great moments in European basketball are linked to Maccabi Tel Aviv. With the Israeli powerhouse, he won a EuroLeague title back in 2014 and three Israeli league championships. This season, Tyus is playing in Turkey for Pinar Karsiyaka but in an interview with the Israeli website 'Israel Hayom' he didn't hide the fact that he would love to play again for Maccabi Tel Aviv. "The only team that I'd play for in Israel is Maccabi Tel Aviv", Tyus stated. "I don't see myself returning to Israel if it's not there. If Maccabi calls, I'd be happy to come". Tyus has also an Israeli passport, which always makes him more attractive in the local market for the Israeli teams. "There have been some talks in recent years about a potential return to Maccabi but in the end, it didn't work out", Tyus continued. "I'd love to return and finish my career in Tel Aviv, but even if I won't return, I'll always have good memories of my time there. The best moments in my career were with Maccabi". Tyus talked about the beautiful atmosphere of the club and the amazing support that he received from the fans. "At Maccabi, everything is been taken care of", Tyus explained. "The conduct of the club is amazing and as a player, you only need to concentrate on basketball. You are always paid on time and the fans are amazing, they always create an atmosphere that pushes you to give the best". "Ajde, Doncic," the Nikola Tesla's airport staff member made way for BasketNews daily editor when he noticed him wearing Luka Doncic jerseys. On his way to the Final Four city, Edvinas Jablonskis saluted Doncic's spectacle in Game 7 of the Western Conference semifinals vs. the Phoenix Suns, where Luka went off for another remarkable 35-point performance. But Doncic's name also has another meaning for the upcoming EuroLeague fiesta in the Serbian capital. Apparently, Doncic played his last EuroLeague game in the previous Final Four that Belgrade hosted in 2018. He left the EuroLeague floor in style as the EuroLeague champion, the Final Four MVP, and the season 2017-18 MVP. On top of that, he made history, becoming the youngest EuroLeague season and Final Four MVP at the age of 19. With the EuroLeague season coming to an end, the two All-EuroLeague teams were announced last week, creating some buzz as usual. While for the players involved in the selection, it's always a good recognition for what they did during the season, most of the talks are often dedicated to the ones left out of the two teams. With Mike James, Shane Larkin, Sasha Vezenkov, Nikola Mirotic, and Walter Tavares forming the All-EuroLeague first team, the All-EuroLeague second team was composed of Vasilije Micic, Kostas Sloukas, Shavon Shields, Vladimir Lucic, and Georgios Papagiannis. So now it's time to switch the conversation to the names of other players who might have been involved in the selection but, for various reasons, were left out. Who are the biggest All-EuroLeague teams snubs? Let’s try to find out some candidates. Scottie Wilbekin (PG, Maccabi Tel Aviv) After a disappointing first part of the season that led to the decision to part ways with coach Ioannis Sfairopoulos, Maccabi Tel Aviv bounced back with coach Avi Even on the bench, winning 8 of the last 10 games played in the regular season and gaining a spot in the EuroLeague playoffs. Scottie Wilbekin was hands down one of the main factors for that great final part of the season. Once again, the American point guard took most of the team's offensive load on his shoulders and delivered in the most important moments. Real Madrid will play against Barcelona in one of the most anticipated versions of 'El Clasico' in the EuroLeague semifinal in Belgrade. Yesterday, Real Madrid forward Gabriel Deck spoke to Radio Marca and talked about his feelings for this Final Four. "I'm calm and I'm just waiting for the games", Deck said. "We have enjoyed the previous days, personally I'm happy to be in another Final Four, now it's time to enjoy and give it all when it'll be the time". Deck also talked about the previous games against Barcelona during the season. Los Blancos lost both regular-season games against the Catalan side but the Argentinian forward is sure that the next one will be a very different game. "I think everyone learned from the mistakes of the past games, it'll serve as experience for this game", Deck explained. "This is of course where we wanted to be, we know how dangerous they are, but it's not only about one player, it's not only Mirotic, he's surrounded by very good players, we have to work together to stop them". "This is the best part of the season", Deck continued. "The players love these moments because are unique, It's everyone's dream and desire to raise the cup. We know that we have to play with the same mentality that we had in the playoffs". Luka Doncic led the Dallas Mavericks to the Western Conference finals where they'll face the Golden State Warriors. The matchup against Steph Curry and Klay Thompson is definitely an interesting topic but the Slovenian start believes that the real key to the Warriors is another player: Draymond Green. "I have so much respect for Draymond as a guy, you know", Doncic said to the reporters before Game 1 of the Western Conference finals. "Obviously, Steph and Klay are two incredible offensive players but I think that the key to the Warriors' team is Draymond". "He's just unbelievable, man, I mean everything he does on the court, I really respect him", Doncic added. "He's not the best offensive player but he impacts the game in every other category, so I really have a lot of respect for him". Doncic also explained that he enjoys trash-talking with Green. "Obviously, we're gonna have some words", Doncic said. "But I love that part of the game, you know, it's the fun part". As reported by Shams Charania of The Athletic, the NBA Board of Governors is considering making a change to the transition take foul rule. The new rule would award the offensive team with one free throw and retaining possession. The board of governors will vote on the matter in July but during the meeting that they had in Chicago there was widespread support for this change, Charania added in his report. Over the past few months, in fact, the NBA, the NBPA, and the Competition Committee had already discussed the matter to propose a change to the current rule. The type of foul occurs when a player on defense attempts to stop a fast break by intentionally making contact with the offensive player in order to stop their momentum down court to the basket. The NBA Draft Lottery took place last night and now we know the order for the upcoming NBA Draft. The Orlando Magic will select with the no.1 pick and the quest to understand who'll be selected as the no.1 pick now is officially on. Duke alumn Paolo Banchero was interviewed by ESPN right after the lottery and shared his thoughts about why he should be the no.1 pick in the upcoming NBA Draft. "I feel like I'm the no.1 pick in the draft just because overall I'm the best player in the draft, I feel like I check all the boxes", Banchero explained. "Whether it's being a great teammate, being a star player, or doing whatever the coach needs. I've been aware of that my entire life, and when I'm going to the NBA it's not gonna change". The Orlando Magic won the first overall pick in the 2022 NBA Draft in Tuesday night's lottery held in Chicago. The Oklahoma City Thunder will pick No. 2. The Houston Rockets were No. 3, and the Sacramento Kings and Detroit Pistons rounded out the top five. Jimmy Butler scored 17 of his 41 points in an epic third-quarter uprising to help the host Miami Heat rally for a 118-107 (25-28, 29-34, 39-14, 25-31) victory over the Boston Celtics in Game 1 of the Eastern Conference finals on Tuesday night. Butler also contributed nine rebounds, five assists, four steals and three blocked shots to help Miami overcome a 13-point, second-quarter deficit. The Heat outscored Boston 39-14 in the third quarter to seize a 93-76 lead entering the final stanza. Tyler Herro registered 18 points and eight rebounds and Gabe Vincent scored 17 points for Miami. Jayson Tatum recorded 29 points, eight rebounds, six assists and four steals for the Celtics. Jaylen Brown had 24 points and 10 rebounds, Robert Williams III added 18 points and nine rebounds and Payton Pritchard also scored 18 points for Boston. Game 2 is Thursday night in Miami. Boston Celtics big man Al Horford entered COVID-19 health and safety protocol Tuesday and will miss Game 1 of the Eastern Conference finals against the host Miami Heat. The Celtics also ruled out point guard Marcus Smart, who was considered a game-time decision due to a right mid-foot sprain. Horford is averaging 13.0 points, 9.4 rebounds and 1.4 blocks across 11 playoff games (all starts). The 35-year-old played a crucial role in Game 4 of the Celtics' second-round series with the Milwaukee Bucks, when he scored a playoff career-best 30 points on 11-for-14 shooting to help Boston even that series at two games apiece. Smart is averaging 15.0 points and 6.2 assists per game in 10 playoff games (all starts), slightly up from his regular-season averages of 12.1 points and 5.9 assists. He had an MRI exam on Monday that detected a mid-foot sprain, which he suffered during Sunday's Game 7 triumph over the Bucks. When Smart missed Game 2 of the Milwaukee series with a thigh contusion, Derrick White started at point guard. Center Robert Williams III, now at full health, could draw back into the starting five in Horford's absence. --Field Level Media Luka Doncic and the Dallas Mavericks will be looking to continue their regular-season mastery of Stephen Curry and the Golden State Warriors when the Western Conference finals tip off Wednesday night in San Francisco. Only one game separated the teams in the regular season, and it's because of the Warriors' 53-52 edge in wins -- rather than the Mavericks' 3-1 triumph in the season series -- that Golden State has earned the home-court advantage in the best-of-seven. The disparity in win totals is a far cry from the last time the clubs faced each other in the playoffs. That historic event 15 years ago saw the eighth-seeded Warriors, who won 25 fewer games than the Mavericks, shock top-seeded Dallas in six games in what has become known in San Francisco as the "We Believe" series. The Warriors won all three of their home games in that series, and home court could be critical this time as well, with Golden State yet to lose in six games on its home floor this postseason. The Mavericks have won five straight at home after a series-opening loss to Utah. Both teams upset better-seeded opponents to arrive at just their second-ever meeting in the postseason. Fourth-seeded Dallas took out Phoenix, the Western Conference regular-season champ, in seven games, while third-seeded Golden State disposed of No. 2 Memphis in six games. Doncic, who averaged 32.6 points in the series against Phoenix, outscored Curry in all four regular-season head-to-heads this season. In fact, their personal duel wasn't close, with the Dallas star running up 26-14, 25-18, 34-27 and 41-21 scoring advantages. The Mavericks didn't see the Warriors at their best, with Draymond Green missing the last three meetings and Klay Thompson missing two of the first three. Then again, the Warriors saw the Mavericks only twice after Dallas' headline-grabbing trade of Kristaps Porzingis at midseason, with newcomer Spencer Dinwiddie leading the Mavericks to wins in the last two meetings with a total of 41 points. Based on their history of having made the Western Conference finals six times in the past eight seasons and owning the home-court advantage, the Warriors go into the series as the favorite, even with coach Steve Kerr warning them not to think that way. "Every opponent at this stage is going to pose a huge threat because only the best teams are left," said Kerr, who missed the last three games of the Memphis series with COVID. He has been cleared for the start of this series. "It's all about figuring it out," he continued, "and I thought our team and our staff did a really good job over the course of Games 4, 5 and 6 (against Memphis) of making that adjustment to the way the series had shifted and kind of finding a way to get through." The Warriors have had two extra days of rest, having wrapped up their second-round series on Friday while the Mavericks were going the distance to a Game 7 in Phoenix on Sunday. Doncic appeared to pull from Warriors-Mavericks history when gushing over the elimination of the Suns, declaring: "We came here with a statement in Game 7. We believed. So I'm just happy." Both teams will be without one of their most famous names, with the Mavericks having lost Tim Hardaway Jr. for the season to a broken foot, while the Warriors likely will remain without Gary Payton II, who fractured his left elbow in Game 1 against the Grizzlies. Golden State expects to have veteran Otto Porter Jr. (sore foot) back for Game 1, but awaits a re-evaluation of Andre Iguodala's neck injury on Thursday before projecting his potential entry into the series. --Field Level Media AX Armani Exchange Milan and Virtus Segafredo Bologna jumped to a 2-0 lead in their best-of-five quarterfinal series of the Lega Basket Serie A playoffs. Milan crushed Pallacanestro Reggiana 91-65 (27-14, 30-18, 21-13, 13-20). Luigi Datome led the route with 16 points (2/2 2PT, 3/5 3PT, 3/3 FT), 5 rebounds, 2 assists, and 22 PIR. Armani Exchange: Luigi Datome 16 (5 REB), Sergio Rodriguez 14 (5 AST), Shavon Shields 9 (5 REB). Reggiana: Andrea Cinciarini 19, Stephen Thompson 15, Mikael Hopkins 9. With nine matches played in the last round, the LNB Pro A regular-season standings were set. LDCL ASVEL Villeurbanne (26-8) prevailed over Limoges (20-14) 79-70 (28-16, 21-19, 9-15, 21-20) and secured the first spot in the league. EuroLeague's squad will meet eight-seeded Cholet in the first playoffs stage. Youssoupha Fall guided his team to victory with 17 points (6/8 2PT, 5/7 FT) and 8 rebounds. ASVEL: Youssoupha Fall 17 (8 REB), Chris Jones 13 (5 AST), Dylan Osetkowski 12, Elie Okobo 11, William Howard 10 (6 REB). Limoges: Demonte Harper 17 (7 REB), Nicolas Lang 16 (5 REB), C.J. Massinburg 15. Gary Payton II could still return during the Western Conference finals, but the defensive whiz will not play in Game 1 against the Dallas Mavericks on Wednesday due to his elbow injury. Head coach Steve Kerr said the Warriors are encouraged by Payton's activity, which was largely limited to right-hand dominant work at practice on Tuesday. Payton could play in the best-of-seven series, but the Warriors plan to take his availability game-to-game. However, he's not expected to return this week. Payton has a fractured left elbow and ligament damage and was originally projected to return for the NBA Finals. He was hurt in Game 2 of the Western Conference semifinals series at Memphis on a rough foul that led to a suspension for Grizzlies guard Dillon Brooks. The journeyman found a home with the Warriors as a role player who earned Kerr's endorsement for his play in tight games. Payton, 29, averaged career-highs of 7.1 points, 3.5 rebounds, and 1.4 steals in 71 regular-season games (16 starts). Frutti Extra Bursaspor eased past Fenerbahce Beko Istanbul 97-77 (21-15, 19-17, 28-29, 29-16) and tied the Turkish League quarterfinals series at one win apiece. The decisive Game 3 is set to take place in Istanbul. Even though Bursa had plus 14 (67-53) in the third tally, Fenerbahce came within 7 points before the decisive 10 minutes of the match (61-68). Nevertheless, the hosts arranged a game-deciding 10-0 spurt at the start of the fourth and gained a 15-point advantage (78-63), which was too much to handle for Fener. Andrew Andrews and Onuralp Bitim were outstanding for the winners. Andrews finished the duel with 23 points (0/5 2PT, 7/9 3PT, 2/2 FT), 6 rebounds, 4 assists, 3 steals, 1 turnover, and 28 PIR, while Bitim had 22 points (2/3 2PT, 6/9 3PT), 8 rebounds, 3 assists, 2 steals, 1 turnover, and 31 PIR. Point guard Marcus Smart remains questionable hours before Game 1 of the Eastern Conference finals and the Boston Celtics expect the decision on his availability just before tipoff in Miami on Tuesday night. The Heat are relatively healthy but are again without point guard Kyle Lowry because of a hamstring injury. Smart, the NBA Defensive Player of the Year, continues to experience soreness in his right foot. "The swelling is there, the soreness is there," Celtics coach Ime Udoka said after Tuesday's shootaround. "We'll monitor him, how he reacts to treatment today. Long day, he has an extra hour (before tipoff) or two. He tested it out a little bit here. We'll see how it goes. It's very sore. Legitimately questionable." An MRI exam on Monday detected a right midfoot sprain. Smart was injured Sunday in the Celtics' Game 7 win over the Milwaukee Bucks. "He took a pretty bad fall, got bent up," Udoka said. "It's pretty tender and sore right now. We'll get him round-the-clock treatment." Smart is averaging 15.0 points and 6.2 assists per game in 10 postseason games, besting his average of 12.1 points and 5.9 assists during the regular season. He might be most important in helping the Celtics contain Heat All-Star Jimmy Butler. Butler enters the series as the player with the most playoff experience on the Miami roster (90 games). Butler said he expected to be a focal point of Boston's defense, but spared any care for the topic of how he'll be defended. "I really don't care, honestly," he said. Butler averaged 22 points, 3.5 rebounds, and 2.0 assists in two regular-season games against Boston this season. Dante Exum grabs the rebound and waits for another opportunity to pass a ball to deadly shooter Kyle Kuric. Swish. One time. Twice. Six in a row after a shot from Michael Caicedo hit the ball to avoid the basket. "He can't miss," said the Australian guard looking at BasketNews journalist during the FC Barcelona's Media Day ahead of the EuroLeague Final Four. Exum and Kuric have become good friends in Barca. Both are important in Sarunas Jasikevicius' plans. When Cory Higgins was sidelined, Exum erupted as a key piece for the Blaugranas. Meanwhile, Kuric is still the best executor for the Lithuanian playbook. Despite some injury problems in the last few days, the American sharpshooter will be ready to rumble at Belgrade. Exum attended the media after the practice in the middle of Palau Blaugrana's court. "I am excited to play the Final Four. We are waiting to get out of there and show what we are capable of. We want to win. It won't be easy, but we are ready," stated Dante, while Kuric was next to him nodding his head. On the verge of a historical title-defense journey in Euroleague, Ergin Ataman answered the question of Ismail Senol from Bein Sports. If Anadolu Efes win, they will be only the third team to complete a back-to-back in the competition after Maccabi Playtika Tel Aviv and Olympiacos Piraeus. "I don't feel much pressure about winning back to back based on the fact that there are so few teams managing to do so," says Ataman. "The only pressure will come from being required to play in front of 20,000 fans in Belgrade and playing against a good team. I don’t get fazed by historical milestone achievements,” he added. The defending champions did not have an easy path to the semi-finals as many people had serious doubts about Anadolu Efes repeating previous years’ success. Efes won half of their first 18 games, and the prospects were not bright. "If we got these results early in the season in my first year at Efes, I would not be able to keep my position on the bench, which would be normal," Ataman admits. "There is a great amount of investment here, and anything less than Final Four would be a failure. But of course, I had some credit from the previous seasons." Pablo Laso will be in his 7th EuroLeague Final Four as Real Madrid's head coach. No other coach has been it more times in the last decade. The Spanish mastermind attended the media in the press conference ahead of Belgrade, some hours before the Blancos took off to the Serbian capital. Laso confirmed that only Carlos Alocen will be sidelined at the event, but he will travel with the team too. "I see my team prepared for the Final Four. Everyone is ready except Alocen," Laso said. Real Madrid struggled as never before during March, downgrading from 2nd seed to 4th in the EuroLeague regular season. An unexpected streak that turned on all the alarms in the Casa Blanca. Far from sinking, Madrid bounced back as they used to, improving the offensive fluency. They will face FC Barcelona in the semifinals with a nine-game winning streak. More than a month without a loss. "I understand that a month ago no one believed in us. I did. I don't think we were that bad, but it's also true that in the last month we have competed very well and that the series against Maccabi gave us confidence," Laso admitted. Sergio Scariolo has explained his contractual situation with Virtus Segafredo Bologna and the Spanish national team, following the reports about his departure from the NT at the end of EuroBasket 2022. The 61-year-old Italian specialist gave an official statement to AS.com. "I don't know where certain rumors come from. I don't usually comment on them, but maybe it's worth clarifying that my contract with Virtus explicitly allows me to participate in the National Team Windows. My deal with the Spanish Basketball Federation runs until the end of the 2024 Olympic Games. I find it extremely offensive to doubt about credibility and seriousness of my directors as if they can consider anything other than complying with the letter of the contract. With good logistical work and calendar harmonization, we can do exactly what Igor Kokoskov did for two years at Fenerbahce. That could limit the coincidence of my presence in the club and the national team to the maximum," Sergio Scariolo stated. On November 5, following Olympiacos Piraeus' home win over AS Monaco (86-65), coach Giorgos Bartzokas provided a comment on his team's latest addition. "We would have signed Quincy Acy, even if he was point guard," the Greek tactician emphasized. Well, in hindsight, Bartzokas might just as well have said that the Reds would have picked Acy even if he was going to play only in the Greek League. Because that's what really happened. Seven months after the NBA veteran first set his foot in Piraeus, he has only appeared in four EuroLeague regular-season games. Over a total playing time of roughly 10 minutes, Acy made only one 3-point shot, which ironically came in the only one Olympiacos home loss against Crvena Zvezda. In the Greek League, the 31-year-old forward has played 14 games, with an average of 10 minutes per contest. That's still three minutes less than guard Michalis Lountzis, the 12th man on the Reds' roster. Somewhat surprisingly, Acy has gone over 50% from distance in domestic competition, boasting an astounding team-best 15/29 shooting beyond the arc. The forward from Texas came to Olympiacos to bolster their defensive prowess, carrying 337 NBA games with seven different teams (Raptors, Kings, Knicks, Mavericks, Nets, Suns) under his belt. But more importantly, a very promising EuroLeague rookie season with Maccabi Tel Aviv (2019-20), which was cut short by COVID in March 2020. Despite measuring only 2.01 m. Quincy Acy's ability to support the switch-all defense that Giorgos Bartzokas like to play made him even more attractive. Being a second-round pick in the 2012 NBA Draft (No. 37), Acy quickly realized that he would need to do whatever it takes for his team to get the win without paying any attention to his individual stats. With him on the court, Maccabi conceded only 0.79 points per possession when Acy guarded his personal opponent one-on-one; 0.86 points per possession in post-up situations, and 1.0 points when he went to the perimeter. His 2019-20 campaign generated 4.8 points and 3.5 rebounds per outing over 27 appearances, including 19 starts, in Europe's premier club competition. Brooklyn Nets superstar Kevin Durant will be the main protagonist of a one-on-one interview with legendary David Letterman. The full interview will be available as a part of the new series of Letterman's show 'My Next Guest Needs No Introduction' on Netflix from May 20. A small conversation segment between Durant and Letterman has already been released. Durant focused on his involvement as an advocate for the legalization of marijuana, which is already legal in 18 states around the USA. Marijuana is still considered a prohibited substance in the NBA, although the league decided not to test the players for marijuana during the bubble in Orlando, and for this season, they suspended the random testing. During the interview, Durant revealed that he started to smoke weed when he was 22 years old, and that helps him to clear his mind, especially during very stressful moments. "For me, it's like having a glass of wine," Durant said. The Brooklyn Nets star actually confessed to Letterman that he had smoked right before the interview and that he was high at that moment. Durant is involved in the cannabis business with some partners and hopes to de-stigmatize the narrative surrounding marijuana and athletes. Euroleague Basketball and the 2022 Turkish Airlines EuroLeague Final Four's participating teams would like to provide the following recommendations to all fans who will be traveling to Belgrade. EuroLeague Final Four 2022 will take place from 19-21 May in Belgrade. DO arrive early to the arena so that you can enter the arena comfortably on time to cheer for your team. Gates will be open 2h45min before the start of the game. DO follow all instructions of the organizers and local authorities to make sure everyone has an enjoyable experience in the arena. DO stay in your seats for the games and for the trophy ceremony to make sure you don’t miss any of the action on the court. Moving outside of the assigned areas is not allowed and, if not following the recommendations of the arena staff, may result in being invited to leave the arena and reported to the local authorities. DO bring a good attitude, have fun cheering for your team in an enjoyable and respectful way. Any offensive acts or messages may result in the perpetrator being invited to leave the arena and reported to the local authorities. DON’T bring in flags that are larger than 2sqm; they are not allowed by Serbian law. DON’T bring in any pyrotechnics; they are not allowed by Serbian law. DON’T come to the Final Four if you don’t have a ticket to enter the arena. Semifinal schedule: Olympiacos vs Anadolu Efes at 6 pm CET (19 May) Barcelona vs Real Madrid at 9 pm CET (19 May) In his first season with Barcelona, Rokas Jokubaitis has already proved his value. The 21-year-old Lithuanian guard was named Rising Star of the season in EuroLeague and gained an important role inside coach Jasikevicius' rotations. But the future of Jokubaitis isn't linked only to Barcelona and Spain but also to New York and the NBA. In the 2021 NBA Draft, Rokas Jokubaitis was selected with the 34th pick overall by the Knicks and there's the general expectation that the Lithuanian guard will end up playing in the NBA sooner rather than later. Despite the good performances of this season, Jokubaitis is not expected to join the Knicks next season. According to the New York Post, the Knicks are leaning towards letting Jokubaitis stay in Europe for at least another season so that he can have more minutes and a stable role. According to the NY Post, the Knicks are also skeptical that Barcelona will allow Jokubaitis to play in the Summer League during the offseason. The Lithuanian guard averaged 7.2 points and 2.8 assists per game in EuroLeague. If you still want to experience the Final Four in Belgrade, prepare to pony up some cash. "The prices are even higher than for the New Year's Eve," the Airbnb host told the BasketNews crew during the check-in. In some particular cases, one night's stay for the standard Saturday night compared to the Final Four weekend could rise from €88 to €647. In most cases, the prices go up 4-7 times. Most of the hotels offer the last available rooms for this week. Moreover, the upcoming EuroLeague Final Four in Belgrade affected the ABA League playoffs in a way no one expected. The pricing alone is not the only problem for ABA League teams - there are simply no physical rooms or hotels left where visiting teams could stay. That's mainly because the entire Belgrade is packed with EuroLeague representatives and fans who came for the biggest event of the European basketball season. Buducnost Podgorica and Cedevita Olimpija Ljubljana forced ABA League Game 3 against Partizan and Crvena Zvezda in the best of three series. These do-or-die games are expected to be played after the EuroLeague Final Four, sources say BasketNews. According to sources, Partizan is expected to host Buducnost Podgorica on Sunday, and Crvena Zvezda should host Cedevita Olimpija Ljubljana on Monday. Belgrade will be colored in red this week. According to Giorgos Kyriakidis, Olympiacos Piraeus could see up to 10,000 - or even more- of their fans cheer for them in the Stark Arena, where the allowed capacity will be around 15,500. Virtus Bologna secured a spot in the next EuroLeague after winning the EuroCup title against Bursaspor. This was great news for Virtus and the city of Bologna, it was less good news for the Spanish national team though. With Virtus Bologna playing in EuroLeague next season, in fact, it'll be very difficult for coach Sergio Scariolo to coach both teams, especially during the FIBA windows for the national teams. According to Encestando, the Spanish federation already knows that coach Scariolo will leave his job as head coach of the national team at the end of EuroBasket. Although there might be even the possibility of him leaving his role before EuroBasket since Virtus Bologna would love to have the coach at his full capacity already during the pre-season in September. One of the names that the Spanish federation is considering as a potential replacement for coach Scariolo is Joan Penarroya, the current head coach of Valencia. Penarroya, though, is on an expiring contract and the general expectation is that he'll leave the club at the end of the season. Turkish powerhouse Anadolu Efes will fight for a new EuroLeague title this week in Belgrade, but before heading to Serbia, they took some time to remember and celebrate their 2021 EuroLeague victory. On Monday, Anadolu Efes unveiled a monument to remember their last season's victory in front of the Sinan Erdem Arena. Turkey sports minister Mehmet Kasapoglu attended the ceremony, while all the official ranks of Anadolu Efes were also present, including president Tuncay Ozilhan, all players, and coach Ergin Ataman. The Turkish sports minister Mehmet Kasapoglu stated that the EuroLeague title won by Efes last season will be a driving force for the Turkish basketball movement moving forward. "I have absolute faith that the EuroLeague title that brought us together here today will be a new driving force for Turkish basketball," said Kasapoglu. The 4th seeded Dallas Mavericks delivered a surprising victory by 33 points in Game 7 over the Phoenix Suns. They won the series 4-3 against the regular-season leaders, who went to a league-best 64-18 record this campaign. With this Game 7 victory, Mavs tied the 5th biggest win in an entire NBA history, and now Dallas is set to face the Golden State Warriors in the Western Conference final. Argentinian guard Nicolas Laprovittola has been hands down one of the best players for Barcelona this season. After joining the Catalan side from Real Madrid, some were skeptical about his potential impact on coach Jasikevicius' side but Laprovittola quickly became one of the key pieces for Barcelona. The player gave an interview to the Spanish website AS and talked about his impressive season and the upcoming EuroLeague Final Four. "I feel well but now a big challenge is coming, this will be my first Final Four, what can I tell?", Laprovittola said during the interview. "We had different injuries throughout the season, you know, between Calathes and Higgins, but even without them we kept playing well and winning, we reacted in the right way. Now they're back and they'll be available but I'm still playing well and I feel comfortable", Laprovittola continued. Talking about his impressive season, the Argentinian guard confessed that it's going even better than he expected. "I think that this season exceeded my expectations", Laprovittola revealed. "Both my personal ones and the club's ones. But I always trusted my game, I knew what I could give. Today I'm in a different role, I play more like a guard, as a scorer. I think I found my game". Laprovittola also talked about the Final Four and the chances of Barcelona winning the Euroleague. "The feeling that I had since I arrived at this team has always been the same, that the EuroLeague is the most important goal for this club. We've arrived here in Belgrade but the job is not done yet". Nikola Mirotic was not included in the All-ACB team announced by the Spanish league on Sunday. For that reason, FC Barcelona have expressed their disagreement with the All-ACB team of the season through Josep Cubells - an executive responsible for the Blaugranas basketball team, sources told BasketNews. The Catalan club does not understand how it could be possible that a player who has been elected to the All-EuroLeague First Team is not included in the domestic league's one. Cubells expressed his discomfort to the ACB for Mirotic's absence, requesting a review and a turnaround of the voting systems. Instead, Dzanan Musa (Rio Breogan), Marcelinho Huertas (Lenovo Tenerife), Nico Laprovittola (Barcelona), Chima Moneke (BAXI Manresa), and Giorgi Shermadini (Lenovo Tenerife) were included in the All-ACB team. Throughout the regular ACB season, Mirotic averaged 14.8 points, 5.2 rebounds, and 16.7 EFF. Meanwhile, in the EuroLeague, his numbers were 16.7 points, 5.1 rebounds, 1.3 assists, and 19.4 PIR. The votes for the All-Team ACB are divided into four branches: fans, players, coaches, and media. Each of them has a 25% in the final saying. Despite some difficulties that the French side ASVEL lived this season, president Tony Parker has no intention to make a change on the bench. The former NBA star, in fact, stated that he wants to extend the contract of T.J. Parker at least until 2026, as he revealed to the French newspaper 'Le Progres'. T.J. Parker became the head coach of ASVEL back in 2020 and since then he won one French league title and one French cup. With the intention of extending his brother's contract until 2026, Tony Parker puts to the rest the rumors of a potential NCAA coaching job for T.J. Parker that have been circulating in the past few weeks. ASVEL finished the EuroLeague regular season at the bottom of the standings, together with Zalgiris Kaunas, with a record of 8 wins and 20 losses. It's gonna be an interesting summer for Phoenix Suns big man Deandre Ayton. After failing to reach an agreement with the Suns on a contract extension last summer, Ayton will become a restricted free agent this offseason and his future might be away from Phoenix after all. According to Adrian Wojnarowski of ESPN, Ayton didn't feel valued enough by the Suns last summer, when the franchise decided to not offer him a max contract extension. Ayton didn't want to move from the max offer request so the two sides, in the end, decided to wait for the restricted free agency. Portland Trail Blazers and San Antonio Spurs are two teams mentioned by Wojnarowski with enough cap space to make a suitable offer for Ayton when the free agency will begin. But even teams without enough cap space available to sign Ayton right away are studying sign & trade possibilities that might be intriguing for the Suns if the franchise will decide to move away from Ayton and they would want to be compensated with some future assets. The big man averaged 17.2 points, 10.2 rebounds, and 1.4 assists per game this season with the Suns. On the eve of the Euroleague Final Four in Belgrade, you might be coming across Bryant Dunston's name mostly in the context of EuroLeague's record books. As he is the current holder of the all-time blocks record of the competition, it is all legit. But actually, he has a much bigger place in European basketball than just numbers. As he is getting ready for his 3rd Final Four and a potential championship game, Dunston revealed his thought in an interview with Ismail Senol from Bein Sports Turkey. "I am not someone who cares about the stats that much," Dunston admits. Some shots were fired yesterday in the ESPN studios. Minnesota Timberwolves point guard Pat Beverley was a guest on the show 'Get Up', which is co-hosted by former NBA player J.J. Redick. During the show, Pat Beverley heavily criticized Chris Paul for his lack of performance in the series that the Suns lost to the Dallas Mavericks in the Western Conference semifinals. Those comments, though, didn't sit well with Matt Barnes, another former NBA player and now an analyst for ESPN. Barnes, during ESPN Today, called Beverley a clown for his comments regarding Chris Paul, saying that the Minnesota Timberwolves guard was way out of the line. "I feel like what Pat Beverley did today to Chris Paul was completely disrespectful and out of the line", Barnes said during the show. "Beverley is talking like he's that guy, well, you're not that guy, plain and simple", Barnes continued. "Chris Paul played terrible in this series and his numbers are still better than your career numbers have ever been". "All he needed was the red clown nose cause he was out there talking like a clown today", Barnes said of Beverley. "CP3 is a legend of this game, we were role players in this game, so have some respect for the guy. He played terribly but he'd be the first to tell you that, Bev's comments were out of the line". Sometimes NBA contract clauses can be a bit wild. Just look at what might happen to Spencer Dinwiddie. The Dallas Mavericks guard, who joined the team at the deadline from the Washington Wizards, has a very particular clause in his contract. If the Dallas Mavericks will win the NBA title, Dinwiddie will receive the bonus, which is something not very uncommon, but the particular aspect of that clause is actually the amount of the bonus. The shooting guard will receive a $1 dollar bonus if the Dallas Mavericks will win the title. Yep, just one single dollar, not a million, just one dollar. After signing the original contract with the Washington Wizards, as noted by reporter Fred Katz of The Athletic, Dinwiddie actually joked about the clause and said: 'I want it to be paid in pennies". The American guard is averaging 13.7 points, 4.2 rebounds, and 5.2 assists per game. Although their relationship had some ups and downs, especially in their last season together, former Dallas Mavericks head coach Rick Carlisle, now with the Indiana Pacers, has very few doubts about the future of Mavs star Luka Doncic. Coach Carlisle spoke to a radio show and talked about the amazing impact that Doncic is having on the Mavericks during the NBA playoffs and how great his career will be moving forward. "I don't have any question in my mind that there'll be multiple MVPs in his future", coach Carlisle said of Doncic. "There'll be championships in his future. He has a real, great, natural sense for the moment". Coach Carlisle also praised the changes that current Mavericks head coach Jason Kidd was able to bring in this season, especially on the defensive end. "Jason was able to bring an attitude that was needed", coach Carlisle commented. After defeating the Phoenix Suns in the Western Conference semifinals, the Dallas Mavericks will now face the Golden State Warriors in the conference finals. During these playoffs, Luka Doncic is averaging 31.5 points, 10.1 rebounds, 6.6 assists, and 2 steals per game, while shooting 34.7% from three-point. An emergency protector order was granted by Jefferson County Family Court in Louisville on Friday, two days after the alleged incident occurred. According to the woman's court filing, per WDRB.com in Louisville, Rondo "became enraged" after she asked him to stop playing video games with a child in her home so the child could assist with doing the laundry. After the child stopped playing, Rondo allegedly ripped the video game from the wall, destroyed several items in the home and left, saying to the woman, "You're dead." Rondo allegedly returned to the home with a gun, demanding to see the children, but the woman didn't let him back into the house. The children reportedly were "visibly upset and clearly scared that Rajon continued to brandish a gun." The woman then called former interim Louisville Metro Police chief Yvette Gentry, who reportedly came to the scene. Per multiple media reports, the court order issued Friday against Rondo prohibits him from getting within 500 feet of the woman and the children and prevents him from trying to communicate with her. According to ESPN, an NBA spokesman said the league is investigating the incident and is "in the process of gathering more information." Rondo's representatives didn't reply to a request for comment, ESPN reported. Rondo, 36, split the current season between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Cleveland Cavaliers, averaging a combined 4.8 points, 4.4 assists and 2.8 rebounds in 39 games (one start). A four-time All-Star, Rondo earned championship rings with the Boston Celtics in 2008 and the Lakers in 2020. He has career averages of 9.8 points, 7.9 assists and 4.5 rebounds in 957 games (733 starts) for the Celtics, Dallas Mavericks, Sacramento Kings, Chicago Bulls, New Orleans Pelicans, Lakers, Atlanta Hawks, Los Angeles Clippers and Cavaliers. A Louisville native, Rondo played at the University of Louisville before Boston selected him with the 21st overall pick in the 2006 draft. --Field Level Media Five-star Oregon commit Marquis "Mookie" Cook, one of the top prospects in the Class of 2023, will star as a young LeBron James in an upcoming movie about James' time as a high school basketball star. "Shooting Stars" will be a film adaptation of a book by the same name co-authored by James and Buzz Bissinger that tells the story of James and his friends playing for a high school national championship. It is set for a 2023 release on Peacock. Cook committed to Oregon on March 31, choosing the Ducks over Gonzaga and Kentucky. He is the fifth-ranked prospect in the class, according to the 247Sports composite rankings. Like James, Cook plays small forward. He is listed at 6-foot-7, not far off from James' 6-9. Another up-and-coming prospect will star alongside Cook. Scoot Henderson, who plays in the G-League Ignite and will be eligible for the 2023 NBA Draft, will play the role of James' friend Romeo Travis. --Field Level Media The Miami Heat on Monday listed guard Kyle Lowry as out for Tuesday's Game 1 of the Eastern Conference finals against the Boston Celtics. Lowry has missed six of Miami's 11 playoff games thus far with a nagging hamstring injury. He missed the first two games of the Heat's semifinal series against the Philadelphia 76ers before returning for Games 3 and 4. In those two games, he combined for six points on 3-for-14 shooting before missing Games 5 and 6. Miami won the series 4-2. Lowry averaged 13.4 points, 7.5 assists and 4.5 rebounds per game in 63 games (all starts) in the regular season, his first with Miami. The Heat also listed four players as questionable for Tuesday's Game 1 in Miami: Caleb Martin (sprained left ankle), Max Strus (strained right hamstring), PJ Tucker (strained right calf) and Gabe Vincent (strained left hamstring). --Field Level Media Pallacanestro Varese officially announced the club's CEO Luis Scola expressed the desire to the directors and team's owners to exercise the option of acquiring 51% of the club shares, as required by the contract signed last summer. The operation will become official only after all the required bureaucratic procedures have been completed. The terms of the agreement are and will remain private and confidential, via the report. "I am extremely happy with this possibility. I am confident that this solution can lead to major success in the future," Scola said. The legendary Luis Scola began a new chapter in his life last September. The 42-year-old finished his playing career after Argentina lost to Australia in the Tokyo Olympic Games quarterfinals and ended their quest for the medals. Varese was the last team in Scola's professional basketball career. Throughout his journey, Scola became the Spanish League winner (2002), three times Spanish Cup (2002, 2004, 2006), and three times Spanish Supercup winner (2005, 2006, 2007). He was also named Spanish League MVP twice (2005, 2007). With his country, Scola won the gold medal in Athens Olympic Games in 2004 and a bronze medal in Beijing in 2008. He also has two silver medals from FIBA World Cup in 2002 and 2019. Moreover, Scola won two gold (2001 and 2011), four silver (2003, 2007, 2015, 2017), and three bronze (1999, 2009, 2013) medals in FIBA AmeriCup tournaments. Finally, Scola also won the gold medal in Pan American Games in 2019. Two-time NBA champ Rajon Rondo allegedly pulled a gun on the mother of his children and threatened to kill her during a heated altercation, while the woman claims their kids witnessed the whole thing, according to TMZ Sports. The alleged incident occurred on May 11, while Rondo was playing video games with their son and Ashley Bachelor (Rondo's former partner and mother of his two kids) asked the boy to help fold laundry. As reported by TMZ, Bachelor says Rajon became enraged and ripped the game console out of the wall in front of the kid. The NBAer then continued the destructive behavior, smashing everything from a teacup to outdoor lights and trash cans. The kids were upset after witnessing their dad losing it, so Bachelor tried to "deescalate" the situation. Though, she says Rajon responded by making a death threat, saying, "You're dead." After leaving the premises briefly, Rondo allegedly returned with a gun. With his mom and dad both arriving at home, Rondo eventually left the scene. In her emergency order of protection, Bachelor wrote that Rondo "has a history of volatile, erratic, explosive behavior" and is "verbally, emotionally, and financially abusive." "He physically hits our son and calls him names like 'p*y' and accuses him of acting like a 'bch'. Rajon verbally assaults our daughter. He calls her names like 'tt, bch, and d**khead'. Rajon has made several threats on my life, saying at various times he will shoot me or shoot up my car," Ashley Bachelor stressed. Rondo has yet to be arrested and charged with any crime, via TMZ. The 36-year-old point guard split time between the Los Angeles Lakers and Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2021-22 season.
1010	dbpedia	0	23	https://archive.org/stream/illio61univ/illio61univ_djvu.txt	en	Full text of "The Illio"			[ "https://archive.org/services/img/etree", "https://archive.org/services/img/librivoxaudio", "https://archive.org/services/img/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery", "https://archive.org/services/img/clevelandart", "https://archive.org/services/img/internetarcade", "https://archive.org/services/img/consolelivin...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://archive.org/images/glogo.jpg		https://archive.org/details/illio61univ	See other formats !:;;f\|i« ^fllilil — ~ - ■—--■■ University of Illinois f 1961 ILLIO UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS VOLUME 68 CONTENTS University and Administration Activities Athletics Organizations Residences eniors ILLIO Robert Telleen Editor Janet Monier Business Manager Edwina Garner Associate Editor Mary Geissman Associate Editor Clifford Higgerson Associate Editor Thomas Sykes Associate Business Manager James Berry Artist UNIVERSITY AND 1 'I . ..* « * .: c\i» & v ^ -;«* V .#> ^»^ ^'^V JF%W ?mHF^ ■7^^H»#\|\| 4 V^;" ' ?ff ^ i t±L. 91 1 :1 * ■ -.#w — - - J^"J ■a4HH i M * „ 4HL After a lazy summer of no classes and no studying, fall finds this boy in a state common to most of us; until mid-terms and hourlies hit us, we go to football games, have fun, and just plain relax with scarcely any thought to the opening of books. We Happily Return To Fall and Football September arrives and we return after a lazy summer vacation to fall and school. What new sights greet our eyes? A hole in the quad where green grass once grew. Three thou- sand new faces and four thousand new bikes. A flying saucer being erected near the stadium. MRH girls. Illi buses. Lovely fall, where girl meets boy, and boy meets girls ; where professors meet students and intel- lects meet instructors. But after we've battled the registration lines, had a last laugh at our new ID cards and a last cry at our bills from the book stores, we peer out among the fallen leaves and everything's the same: Eight o'clock classes are still offered only in the Natural History Building; Ox is still working toward his degree ; ROTC is still here ; it still rains every day; the undergrad li- brary is still not the place to study; and Homecoming, Dad's Day, and ev- erything fall is still fun. Fall is the time to renew old friendships and make new acquaintances. Registration Dilemma Reaches All Time High Students doggedly await their turn to engage in the battle to obtain a desired section — "Not quiz every Friday at five!" Armory guide Joan Schmidt, junior in LAS, points out proper stations to perplexed coeds during registration. During Registration Week students get into the groove of college life. Even though everyone has heard about the massive confusion and tired feet, it takes a firsthand experience in this endurance test to really initiate the new school year. The required standard equipment for the event is the student's I.D. number, comfortable shoes and per- severence, with an emphasis on the latter. The first step involves meeting an appointed college adviser to secure approval of the trial reg- istration form. Now the student tentatively sched- ules the courses and sections which he has planned. At set of IBM cards, the first of many, are filled out with schedule, housing, I.D. number, and other general information. Departmental ap- proval for each course is the succeeding project. The student proceeds to the Armory, where the sectioning areas are located, in order to obtain a class card for each of his courses. The big prob- lem now is to beat the clock and to register for the scheduled course section before the section closes. This is the longest and most nerve-racking process in registration. After submitting the cards to clerks for final checking, the student passes on to a specified sta- tion where the cards are exchanged for a fee card, then proceeds to the cashier's window. The bonus is a free trip to the photographic section for an I.D. picture, which captures the end product of an encounter with registration. 10 if :iSt :: illllMlljB 1 m-- . -I 1P*HBS b m. <4b* IHfl "^^Rftk ■9(9 Finding a secluded spot, a couple takes a break. Annual pledge dances initiate newcomers into casual campus life. Ann Shipley is held captive by Gary Danna, who sits as a pompous ruler, playing parts dictated by the costuming. While Pledge Dances Alleviate Early Pressure The house decorations and the costumes carry out the pledge dance themes. This fall Tau Kappa Epsilon adopted a "Psycho" theme, awarding keys to "cabin 1" as favors. Getting into the spirit of the dance are Carol Ann Huszar and Mary Morehart. r m 1 _ ,.Ji . -, & • ^^ j — ~s— n M ^m"' t 11 Annual Pajama Races Are Rowdy As Ever The term "pajama race" generally includes various other activities as one can tell by this scene at Alpha Rho Chi. Pledges not only have to run in the pajama race, but they also have to advertise the annual event all over campus. Readying for the race sometimes involves a good deal more excitement than the actual participation itself, as is shown here. 12 The Illi Bus is a great service to many students. In bad weather, it can't be beat. Lost? Try standing here a while. The Illi Bus is a New Service for the films The Illi Bus is the newest service on the University of Illinois campus. For five cents a student or staff member can ride anywhere on the route from Men's Residence Halls near the Stadium on the west to Illini Grove or to Women's Residence Halls on the east. One can get on or leave close to any of one hundred buildings. Thirty stops have now been marked by signs. Buses run every seven minutes from 7:17 a.m. to 5:20 p.m Mondays through Fridays, except during vacations. Any point can be reached in not more than fourteen minutes. Service began on a trial basis November 14, 1960, and is still in its birth stages. It is to become permanent if demand supports the project. This could very well be so. In the first week the number of buses had to be in- creased from three to six. The number of passengers tripled by the end of the first week. The big test for the Illi Bus will come in the Spring, when walking ceases to be chore. We hope that sights as this will be uncommon. 13 Autos No Longer Are the Most Important 14 Transportation As Bikes Increase in Number With the opening of the fall semes- ter, many new sights were to be seen on campus. One of the major innova- tions was the bicycle lanes on Wright and Gregory Streets. These paths were erected for the ever-increasing bicycle population on campus. Now when crossing streets, in addition to facing many automobile dangers, stu- dents must beware of the treacherous bicycle lanes. These bicycle lanes were inaugu- rated by the University Civil Engi- neering in order to segregate bicycles from the many cars on campus. During the fall, a survey was taken on the number of bicycles which used these lanes ; it was found that within a twenty-four hour period forty-three hundred bicycles passed Greg Hall. Within a fifteen minute break be- tween classes, three hundred bikes were ridden by this area. On Gregory Drive, forty-two hundred cyclists pedaled past the Armory within twen- ty-four hours. At the other end of the campus twenty-nine hundred bi- cycling enthusiasts wended their way past Altgeld Hall. Bicycles, bicycles, and more bicycles come to campus. Collisions as the one above were once few and far between, but over the past year, they have become everyday sights. However, as shown at the left, bicycles are not always a menace. 15 Setting out for the stadium, this crowd leaves one of the six Homecoming Special trains from the Illinois Central Railroad. Carmen Wolynczuke, campus Tumor salesman, ped- dles Homecoming papers just prior to the pep rally. U Famous Firsts "...The Fiftieth Homecoming (or Enthusiastically clutching and waving the Ohio State blanket, this crowd cheers their team at the Homecoming football game. "Famous Firsts," the appropriate theme of the '60 Homecoming celebration, commemo- rated the 50th anniversary of the U. of I. Homecoming held here on campus. Alums returned to observe the same Illini ingenuity which inspired the development of homecom- ings. The 1960 Stunt Show, a traditional home- coming event for eighteen years, presented twelve semi-finalist acts on Friday night. The table of "Firsts" in the front of the pro- gram included "1960, First contemporary Stunt Show program." Also more "Firsts," some in a contemporary mode, were displayed in house decorations of the organized houses on campus. Alums joined in a pep rally Friday night on the Illini Union Terrace, where Miss Judy Stephenson was named Homecoming Queen. The opening kick-off, reunions after the game, open houses, and creating memories . . . thus, the 50th Homecoming is complete. 16 '•MHH1 Intently watching the Homecoming football game in which the Fighting Illini were pitted against Ohio State, crowds expectantly await this outcome. Alums from many miles came to enjoy their alma mater's fiftieth annual Homecoming celebration. the Illini and Alumni Trying to elude his pursuers and to gain yardage, Ethan Blaek- aby, junior fullback on the Illini squad, runs down the field. Since Illinois won last year's game, Jack Eby from Ohio State turns over the Illibuck to Phil Siegert. 17 The TEKES erect part of their display which symbolized the driving in of the spike in the meeting of East and West. With two small engines and a sixty-five foot Indian, the Sigma Pis carry out the "First Continental Railway" theme. Homecoming Presents "Famous Firsts // Judy Stephenson is crowned Homecoming Queen at the pep rally by an honored Bill Brown, Illinois' football captain. Up on the scaffold, Theta Xi members work on their home- coming decorations, "Baby Illini Cuts First Big Ten Tooth." 18 „- f^ The 1960 Stunt Show is highlighted by Sigma Delta Tau and Phi Epsilon Pi combining their talents in "Fooling Around. Crowning the Queen, Stunt Show, and a Parade Two Illini ride along at the rapid pace of twenty miles per hour at Green and Wright streets in the Homecoming parade. 19 Enthusiastically Raisin' his Cane, Mr. Allan J. Boyd from Dixon, Illinois, cheers on the fighting Illini football team. Triumphantly jumping up, Mr. and Mrs. L. Chaunce Blue show their excitement over the Dad's Day game. Traditional Dad's Day Weekend, on October During half-time ceremonies at the Penn State football game, Dad's Day, the Marching Illini Band pays tribute to King Dad. 20 Between halves at the Penn State game, Chief Illini leans across Sherry Enoch, a senior in high school, in order to congratulate King Dad, Mr. Woodrow Enoch. Sheila Enoch, a sophomore at the University, and Mrs. Enoch witness the procedure. 22 and 23, Found Illini Dads "Raisin' Cane // On October 22 and 23 Illini Dads descended on the campus prepared for Raisin' Cane at the annual Illini Union sponsored Dad's Day Weekend. Inaugurated forty years ago by the first Dean of Men, Thomas A. Clark, it has grown into an annual event involving organized house functions, Dad's Day Coffee Hour, Illini Dad's Association Meeting, the Illini Varsity and Northwestern Men's Glee Club concert, Dolphin water show, and MIA- WGS Dad's Day Review. In 1948 a King for a Day was added to the agenda. This year's king, Woodrow Enoch, is the father of Sheila Enoch, a sophomore. The King's weekend began with a banquet in his honor Friday evening in the Union. Then he went to his coronation at the Pep Rally. The rest of the weekend King Enoch spent making appearances with his daughter. This year, with the help of the cheering Dads, the Illini defeated Penn State 10-8. With this victory adding an incentive, the Illini Dads went out in full force to enjoy the campus by Raisin' Cane. At the annual Dolphin Show, presented on Dad's Day Weekend, Charles Younger and Sue Bach salute the Illini Dads with "How!" 21 M tm wjj f 1 KrSJ( ' ,te tB" -i-'" • ' ft ■ - ■ ^M Arse "» Moving down a busy street, carrying banners, and shouting with enthusiasm, this group stopped a moment to add more loyal Illini to their numbers. They continued their snake dancing toward the pep rally in the quad in front of the Illini Union. Spirits Soar as We Await Tomorrow's Game The 1960 football season, though a success- ful one, was not as fruitful as it was intended. Ranked as number two power in the nation by preseason polls, the Fighting Illini ended with a well-deserved 5 and 4 season. After opening with impressive wins over West Vir- ginia and Indiana, the team lost two in a row to powerful Ohio State and Minnesota. On Day's Day Penn State was the next victim, followed by Purdue, and then the Illini suf- fered a heartbreaking defeat at the hands of Michigan and lost 8 to 7. The Illini came back strong to beat Wisconsin, only to drop the finale to Northwestern at Dyche Stadium. The 1960 team was truly a fine one indeed, combining the qualities of spirit and morale with sportsmanship, alertness, and the all- important element needed for great football teams — good coaching. Once again the nu- cleus of the squad was the seniors, shown by many postseason bowl bids and honors they received. Again, our congratulations to the team and Mr. Elliott and staff for carrying on a tradition that has made Illinois great. Getting into the mood for Saturday's game, the students display their Illini spirit with loud response to the chant at the rally. 23 Much time is spent in organizing the equipment for Block "I" patterns. The students above are passing out cards. On Dad's Day Week End the Illini were really "Raisin Cane." Block I did their share in this terrific stunt Block I Provides the Half-time Entertainment The camera caught this unusual Block I upheaval at the last home game. It was one big final flip of the cards until next year as the Block I unexpectedly tossed their multi-colored cards into the air during a wild moment at the end of the game. 24 The Fighting Ulini line up on West Virginia's two yard line during the first game of the season. The Illini won 34 to 0. and Then All Eyes Are on the Fighting Illini Three vivacious Pom Pom Girls, Julann Powell, Peginne Lynn, and Brenda Payne (from left to right) wait anxiously for the next play. These girls give zest to the game. What do you mean, your leg hurts ? Get in there before the next play! 25 Marching Mini Supply The Entertainment The marching band continues practicing well into the afternoon, working to perfect their performance for the Saturday game. Halftime at Illinois football games would be in- complete without the performance of the Marching Illini, one of the finest marching, playing, and sing- ing groups in the nation. Composed of over 175 men students from the Concert and First Regimental Bands, and selected members of the Second Regi- mental Band, the Marching Illini thrilled the crowds at this year's five home games and at an away game at Northwestern University. At each game, the band, under the direction of Everett Kisinger, is led onto the field in "ILLINI" formation by Rick Jarrard, drum major. Then Chief Illiniwek, portrayed by Ben Forsyth, adds to the spirit and tradition by performing his well- known war dance, after which the band plays the Alma Mater. The crowd enjoys joining them in song. In addition to providing entertainment at halftime, the Marching Illini play after touchdowns and dur- ing timeouts, which add to the enthusiasm of the fans. The band is also known for its "different" yells, including "Blood Call," "Resist Them, Resist Them," and "Ricketty Ricketty Ree." The members practice forty to fifty formations a year in order to give a unique and exciting perform- ance at every game. Each precise exhibition is the result of almost eight hours practice a week. For a change of pace, the band plays one semi- classical or classical number at every performance. The Marching Illini are truly the pride of the Uni- versity of Illinois. 26 After Hours of Practicing to Attain Precision l> ^ •Ilillillili. ■ ■ "^^ 4HMc 1 TP'^v • 4\\ \ <PI / ' ."£,:. - '§ 1 m * lUr * ' J -* ffi • ' ifc ^Mfll^ Relaxing on the lawn, members of the Illini band take out their instruments in preparation for their daily practice. The performance requires even more equipment. These two band members do their part by wheeling over the kettledrums. Maybe cotton in the ears would help solve this fellow's problem. Practicing for Saturday's big event, Kirby Johnson plays among French horn players. Could this be the new uniform for Illini glockenspiel players? 27 And The Band Presents the Final Production The Marching Mini highlight another home football game with a special performance during the halftime i MB intermission. "Hail to the Orange" rings out from the stadium as the band stands in "ILLINI" formation in a salute to the alma mater. 28 Band leader Everett Kisinger strives for perfection as he directs the band during one of the frequent practice sessions. 29 Campus in the Cold of Winter Can Be Dreary; One must be in the right place at the right time to capture a sight such as the one above. The quad seems almost on fire. A seemingly lonely student crosses the quadrangle on his way to Noyes Lab; the cold and the snow keep his pace a meager one. i r- Also It Can Be Bright and Can Be Elegant Winter, for the Illini, can be very rough. With the snow comes the cold feet, the messy halls, the crash to the ground, and the snowball in the face. And with the wind comes the biting cold, the long walk home, the chill in the room, and the uncombed hair. With the freezing temperatures come the long socks, the car that won't start, and the aching fin- gers. But this is only a part of winter. On the other hand, winter can be rather enjoyable. The first snow, the extra lift when you step outside, the Christmas tree, the Christmas parties, and that Yuletide cheer are the things that make winter worthwhile. These are, a least, some of the things. TGIFing takes on a new high during the cold months. "Biddies," "Kam's," "Thunderbird," and "Stan's" are always teeming with bright faces, smoke, and noise. Winter formals break through the snow and wind to give that "something different" touch to the year. Then we have the serenades that can so innocently remove any desire to study which you might have had. And International Week is al- ways a topic of much conversation. It's a fine way of acquainting the foreign students with the rest of the undergraduates and also the faculty and the people from the surrounding area. In the winter, plans are drawn up for the waterfight, and for that long trip to "where the boys are." Winter is a time to be in- side, to be warm, and to be comfortable. And as al- ways, winter is a time to talk about that favorite sub- ject of ours. What is it? Why, the spring, of course ! The elegance of winter can make remarkable changes in the campus sights. As shown below these changes are for the good only. II i — I ■ - ■ HHBk 31 Good Students Try Anything To Stay Awake What's he doing? Your guess is as good as mine. Perhaps after reading his psychology, he's analyzed his true personality. Here Carla Fox tries to persuade Lawrence Levy that he is not a polar bear and that he just has to get rid of that psych book. When the snows begin to fall, students flock outdoors to enjoy the crisp weather. An escape from an overly-warm room into the great outdoors gives one a good study break and a breath of fresh air at the same time. Carla Fox and Lawrence Levy take advan- tage of the nice weather and, at the same time, find an excuse to stop their studying. Of course, Lawrence is only joking when he reads his psychology book in the snow, but perhaps his method is not such a bad one. At least he escapes the danger of falling asleep instead of studying. Now that the campus has been strewn with construction equipment and bulldozers, the snow is a help, for it covers the rubble. The campus looks uniformly white instead of being torn apart. Besides providing good study breaks and fun, the snow is a sign of winter — the passing of the old year and coming of the new. 32 Ford Rollo and Marty Neet (left) and Fran Musil and Jacki Finley (right) drink coffee and play bridge on Friday afternoon. When It's TGI F Time, Those Pubs Will Be Full Jim Rose and Haven Palmquist enjoy a cup of coffee on a typical TGIF date. Joe Halac drinks beer like a true Illini. 33 International Fair Exhibiting Many Displays I B \ i . TROOP ^KfcHF G" I.Ol'Ri 1 U • • Mb » II v r i m 1 1 Resting on his valued crooked cane, this young Scottish lad models the native costume of the peoples of his homeland. Stretching out the arms is one of the many typical gestures of the native Hawaiian dance of Anne Lum. While the clerk points out facts about the native pottery, weaving, and jewelry display, this group gazes in rapt attention. ^ >£t&> 34 About Foreign Nations, Was Held in Union On December 2 and 3, 1960, the "World of Iambo" was held at the Illini Union. This theme of the International Fair, when trans- lated, means "That All May Be One." Spon- sored by the Illini Union, the fair attempted to carry out this idea. Varied displays from a number of nations showed different facets of the lives of the peoples. These booths were tended by the natives from each country. This lended itself to being more realistic. Consisting of facets of life, from the Sweet Shoppe of pastries to an Italian sportscar, there were twenty-two exhibits in all. Each drew crowds of college students who were interested in learning about foreign customs. In the line of entertainment, the Pageant was held in the auditorium on the preceding Wednesday. Ten countries represented their cultures. Copacabana, Latin American, and an oriental teahouse were held at the fair. Intricately weaving the patterns of a native dance, these gaily dressed dancers entertain patrons of the Copacabana. Determining the proper position for their sign, these Arabs prepare their display concerning the population of the Arab World. 35 Christmas is One of the Most Enjoyable Times What is more fun at Christmas than sitting on Santa's lap? One little girl is telling Santa her wants for Christmas. Karen Kassube, sitting on the floor at the left, talks to two of the boys as they all enjoy brownies and hot cocoa. Bobby smiles as he sits on Ox's back. Ox seemed to be the center of attention, except for Santa and his bag of gifts. These four smiling youngsters stand in front of the Christ- mas tree and display their gifts — pairs of woolen mittens. 36 Especially When We Take the Time to Share It This year, many groups on campus decided to entertain smaller children by giving them Christmas parties. At this particular party, the two groups combined an exchange and a Christmas celebration. Their guests were the members of a first grade class from a nearby school. After the children arrived, they inspected the huge decorated Christmas tree, which was decorated a few days before. There was some tinsel left, which they hung. They especially enjoyed OX, the well-known Saint Bernard, who patiently endured the evening. When Santa arrived, the tree was forgotten, and the children lined up to sit on Santa's lap and receive their gifts from his sack. Everyone present had fun. The best part of Christmas should be the giving. The group of children sing one of the three Christmas carols which they prepared as a surprise for their delighted hosts and hostesses. Kay Peters (left) helps one of the boys put on his coat, as Harriet House bends over to tell one of the children goodbye. The tired Santa Claus, Phil Kellogg, takes his beard down to sit and relax for a few minutes after the children have gone. 37 Carole receives a phone call and accepts an invita- tion for Friday night and the Registration Dance. Carole's question is, "What should I wear?" She asks friends Sandra Ervin (left) and Betty Borling (right) their opinions. We're Lost in a Swirl of Parties and Dances It's Friday night, and Carole rummages through her drawers for various items and says, "But it was here only yesterday!" Carole brushes her hair and anticipates the oncoming evening. She wonders about her date for the evening. 38 Rita Meiers (right) watches Carole come down the stairs and checks to make sure all's well. It is, and Carole goes to meet her date. Carole smiles as she and her date, Carl Massa. leave for the dance; her worries are gone. In the Wintertime-And Also in Other Seasons He's a good dancer, too! Carole enjoys her evening, as one can see from her smile as she and Carl dance. At home again, Carole describes the dance to Rita and shows the dance bid to Rita, who is sleepy, but interested in her account. 39 Spring Came and We Donned Our Shades In the spring, it sometimes feels good to just get out and take a relaxing walk. This is a scene from atop Altgeld Hall. These two students walk hand in hand and enjoy the beauty of spring on the Illinois campus. In spring, all spirits lighten. 40 and Went Out Into That Good Ole Sunshine University of Illinois students fill the quadrangle to watch twilight concerts nearly every Wednesday evening of the spring. Spring is the time when spirits lift and students like to forget about their books. The campus takes on a freer, lighter atmosphere; this feeling seems to be magnetic and soon reaches nearly all students. Spring offers a variety of events which lighten moods even more. Sheequon, though much work, is enjoyed and attended by many students. The Ar- mory is transformed into a different world, the type of world depending upon the theme for the year. Spring concerts, held nearly every Wednesday eve- ning, draw many Illini to the quadrangle, where they spread their blankets out and listen. Nearly every year a water fight occurs, and pent- up tensions are released. Although many regula- tions prohibit water fights, they occur yearly. Mother's Weekend, falling usually the first week- end in May, brings thousands of mothers tc the campus. During the weekend, the Women's Glee Club entertains ; Shi-Ai-Sachem Sing and Spring Mu- sical thrill both Illini and their mothers alike. Many a proud mother watches her son or daughter during the Honor's Day ceremony. Many spring formals take place each weekend, as well as swimming parties and picnics. One can look around and see all the convertible tops down; this is a sure sign of the spring. Many honoraries hold tappings in the spring se- mester. The last, but not least, important event is graduation. It is hard to decide whether the weather or the exciting events make spring so grand. 41 Spring Musical Presents "Guys and Dolls u With those lovely legs high, and those pretty smiles wide, these young ladies hypnotize almost everyone watching their dance. This jumble of bodies looks like mass confusion. Just what these fellows are doing is uncertain, but it looks like fun. The Illini Union Spring- Musical, "Guys and Dolls," has been rated as one of the best shows ever. The east for the show given on Mother's Day Weekend was as follows : Sara Brown, Nancy Voor- hies; Nathan Detroit, Charles Heimerdinger; Miss Adelade, Joyce Friedman; Sky Masterson, John Ewing and Roger Cowen; General Matilda B. Cart- wright, Helen Curley; Nicely Nicely Johnson, Ed- ward Levy; Benny Southstreet, Howard Bluestone; Rusty Charlie, Arthur Ricordati; Harry the Horse, Larry Gittleson; Lieutenant Brannigan, Bruce Kri- viskey; Angie the Ox, Tony Zeppetella; Joey Bilt- more, Jeff Foote; Mimi, Bonnie Winston; Big Jule, Dick Dresser; and Arvide Abernathy, Jack Bert. In the mission band were Lois Harris, Tom Dolan, Betty Zinser, Deanna Davis and Pat Eichelberger. Members of the chorus were Karen Crane, Deanna Davis, Pat Eichelberger, Lois Harris, Sonja Hanson, Haven Palmquist, Betty Zinser, John Reynolds, How- ard Bluestone, Ray Delong, Tom Dolan, Jeff Foote, and Bruce Kriviskey. 42 OK, girls, just keep going. The audience may he in for a thrill as these girls disrobe in a lively scene from Guys and Dolls. HP! jam ^M ww Am K'v'ln W Mr Mwfi ^m^ <IV™ Their solemn expressions hardly corresponded with the way they could dance. Their movement represents much practice. He's up! let's hope he comes down! The dancing in Guys and Dolls took many forms as is shown by these young males. 43 One will very often find himself in strange positions in preparing for Sheequon. This position takes the load off vonr feet Nn matter what poS1t10n we get ourselves into, the goal is to have a bigger and better Sheequon thar -the one the year before Sheequon Explodes In Sixty With Fantastic Booths must be built to enclose the activities that will be displayed during the Armory events on Saturday evening. Paint is dabbed and smeared from booth to booth and float to float in hopes of giving Sheequon that finished touch. 44 During Sheequon preparation, the artist comes out in all of us. Many of our accomplishments show signs of artistic ingenuity. Here the TKE's display one of their creations. Such a creation is only a small sample of the creations designed all over campus. Rendition of Those Rip Roaring Twenties // Sheequon exploded this year in usual splendor, bigger and better than ever before. Up until just this spring, we were all under the impression that Sheequon had come to a climax; however, after much discussion in Student Senate, Sheequon was assured of a return visit. What is Sheequon? It is the release of pent-up energy. It is the time and money spent in making each float and show just a little bit better. Shee- quon is hard work and at the same time loads of fun. For those who take part in shaping Shee- quon into its final mold, it is the pride we feel after seeing a job well done. Although all students do not take part in planning Sheequon, everyone enjoys the frantic fun that arises during this gala event. The Sheequon celebration began after classes were dismissed on Friday, and officially ushered in the new spring season that we had been waiting for all winter. The crowd, parade, and fireworks served to keep our minds off the high winds and exceptionally brisk weather that still persisted. In the armory skit competition, the spectators witnessed and laughed at the many different ver- sions given to this year's theme, "The Roaring Twenties." 45 The floats are definitely the most elaborate displays of the big Sheequon weekend. Everyone loves the beautiful parade. Kftv SfM' <«■' ^ >-•-.' " ' ;j. v Gary Miner, student co-chairman of the Engineering Open House activities, is doing a perf, ormance test on a gas turbine. Engineering and Agriculture Provide Progress Two engineering students are working here on a model of a vertical take-off ground effect vehicle for Open H ouse show. 46 This year's theme for the Farm and Home Show, Progress for Better Living, is demonstrated in a Feed Automation system. This Feed Automation system, located in the Stock Pavilion, is an exhibit showing labor-saving devices through automation. The students in Ag. are engaged in operating their snack bar. The profit they receive goes to the student agricultural clubs. (or Better Living Once every year the College of Engineer- ing draws back the curtain on the year's achievements. The event is the annual Engi- neering Open House, held this year on the weekend of March 11 and 12. The Open House enables all the schools of engineering from Aeronautical to Nuclear to display their goods under one broad heading: Engineering. This year along with the multi- tude of ingenious exhibits, Tau Beta Pi, the all-engineering scholastic honorary frater- nity, displayed many of the textbooks used in the College of Engineering for anyone who was inspired enough to look inside and find out the principles behind one exhibit and the next. After two filling days of looking at tech- nical exhibits, the weekend is climaxed with a contrasting air at the St. Pat's Ball. This year the theme for the annual Farm and Home Show was Progress for Better Liv- ing. Many exhibits demonstrated the fact that in the College of Agriculture, "Progress is our most important product." Everything from home furnishings to a Feed Automation system was shown to interested viewers at this year's show. • t 47 Sometimes, the University Police become the brunt of the many tensions supposedly released each year through the Watertight. Studyday Means Watertight for Almost All The rioting masses pause at Allen Hall during their wild and sometimes destructive march across their water-soaked campus. He has got one of them; he has 3000 more to go. What starts out in good wet fun can sometimes end up in pretty hot trouble. 48 Weather Change Brings a Change in Mood In the spring, when study conditions under the sun are far superior to those inside, scenes like this are not uncommon. This couple has slipped off for a few moments together. Ah yes, love is even more beautiful in the softness of spring! As the wind begins to blow and the clouds muster, we don our trench coats and prepare ourselves for the oncoming monsoons. 49 Handicapped Students Jeri Christensen participates in this study by the Univer- sity to determine the pitch and length of wheelchair ramps. Members of the Gizz Kids demonstrate that wheelchairs do not hinder their enthusiasm and skill for basketball. Ronald O'Fallon displays to his wife and baby the trophy he won as outstanding wheelchair athlete in Rome's paralympics. The University of Illinois Student Rehabilita- tion Program, a pioneering Illini activity which has received international recognition, provides opportunities in almost every area for any of the 160 handicapped students presently on campus. In sports, the "Rolling Illini," better known as the "Gizz Kids," live up to the best traditions of the "Fighting Illini" — the only thing left out is the use of feet! Whether it be football, softball, basketball, bowling, archery, or track and field, playing accuracy, energy, and enthusiasm leave nothing to be desired. In scholarship and in many other activities, handicapped students vie with able-bodied, who give scarcely a thought to the wheelchairs. One of last year's salutatorians was a wheelchair coed. Many others have won scholastic honors. Handi- capped students have been prominent in publica- tions, house organizations, professional societies, and other fields. They have well demonstrated that their abilities, not disabilities, count. Illinois has given them every educational oppor- tunity. It encourages their personal, social, and physical development. Facilities include the Stu- dent Rehabilitation Center providing therapy, counseling, and other services; residence halls planned for either handicapped or able-bodied; ramps on ground floor entrances to buildings; and elevator-equipped buses for long travel on the wide Illini campus. Research is also being carried out in subjects such as space needed for wheel- chairs, and wheelchair ramp pitch and length. Core of the program, providing direction, help, and encouragement, is the staff of the Center, headed by Professor Timothy J. Nugent. Receive Every Opportunity (or Independence The University's four lift-equipped busses facilitate long- distance travel as from residence halls to classroom areas. Handicapped students feel right at home in the resi- dence halls which provide many facilities to assist them. Members of the Gizz Kids join in an entertaining evening of square dancing. This organization is sponsored by Delta Sigma Omicron, a co-educational service fraternity for disabled students, and also participates in a number of sports activities. 51 Students Who Worked Way Through School Scurrying to keep up with the demands of their jobs, Norm Tana and John Ball, Illini Union waiters, carry trays to tables. Thoroughly scrubbing an Illini Union table, Charles Summers, helps to maintain clean dining rooms for Union customers. Another facet of the waiter's job is to serve meals. Here Carl Few places a portion of Jane Heid's meal before her. 52 Found Jobs To Help Out With Their Finances Many University of Illinois students need to put themselves either completely or partially through college. Since summer jobs do not supply all the necessary money for education, these students work during the class year at various jobs. The job opportunities for men are more numerous and more varied than those for women. Among the jobs which men may hold down, the most common are meal jobs. The meal jobs consist of waiters, dish washers, and kitchen boys. In return for work- ing at least two meals a day, these men receive their meals without paying. The Union provides many job opportunities in the fields of check room clerks, candy counter clerks, and cashiers. The libraries on campus are another source of employment for men. Women have less varied job opportunities. They may serve as waitresses in the University Women's Residence Halls, work in the University libraries, or find employment in the numerous college offices. As fewer women than men need to work, there is an adequate number of jobs for all who need them. Carefully dishing food into a serving bowl is part of the kitchen job of Sue Swanson, Jill Andrews, and Meg Adamson. Wayne Ahrens places a coat on a hanger in the Union cloak room. Besides coats, he checked books, hats, and parcels. Pouring coffee from the standard coffee urn facilitates the job of Susan Boy, who serves in the capacity of a waitress. 53 John F. Kennedy, candidate for President of the United States, here speaks before an enormous crowd of University students. National Politicians Compete for llliru Vote Kennedy signs autographs for a few members of the enthusiastic crowd that greeted hi T greeted him. Illinois' Senator Douglas waits patiently. 54 Politics comes to us in many forms. Here a group of students protest the somewhat controversial dismissal of Dr. Leo F. Koch. John Kennedy, Cabot Lodge are Speakers Henry Cabot Lodge speaks to approximately 6000 students. He spoke of his grounds for the candidacy of Vice-President. Eleanor Roosevelt, the World's First Lady, visits the campus to help promote the Presidential campaign of John Kennedy. 55 Compulsory ROTC, Subject of Controversy Honors Day is celebrated with a parade of ROTC Cadets each year. Above, a few officers prepare themselves for the big event. 56 Is With Us Now, May Not Be in the Future Company "H" of the Army ROTC receives a ribbon to display on its Guide-on for winning first place in the parade competition. Compulsory ROTC is probably the most widely discussed topic on the campus. Some like the idea, some don't, and some really don't care. Regardless of what your opinion may be, ROTC is here; from the looks of things it's going to be here for a while. So buck up, freshmen and sophomores; it's not that bad. The Army Reserve Officer Training Corps, pictured above, is divided into seven branches: Signal Corps, Infantry Corps, Quartermaster Corps, Ordnance Corps, Ar- tillery Corps, Army Corps, and the Corps of Engineers. The Senior Cadets from each of the seven groups make up Army Council, which is the governing body of the Army. This board is in charge of all Army ROTC affairs on the campus. The different corps sponsor two military parades in the fall and three in the spring. One of the spring parades is the Honors Day event in which outstanding men in the Army are awarded for their service. "Eyes right," is the command given here as this ROTC company passes the "reviewing stand" to be graded for their parading performance. 57 It seems like Gaila simply doesn't have enough hands. As the deadline approaches, the staff works frantically. It's Marion Bloemer coping- with the cropping machine or is it coping with her? Oh, well, it looks like fun. Activities Provide Useful Service and Occupy I guessall actors aren't dignified; these three don't appear to be. Barb Hermling and Gay Porter are supervising Sally Heinzel as she removes the hardware, preparing a flat for storage. They seem to be enjoying" this work, hard as it may be. 58 There are many activities on campus to allow stu- dents to do something constructive with their spare time. Often, an activity offers an opportunity for the students to further their education in an infor- mal atmosphere. Some examples of this are Theatre for speech majors, Daily Illini and Illio for jour- nalism majors, Terrapin for Physical Education Ma- jors, and Orchesis for those majoring in dance. Of course, anyone may join an activity, not just those who are majoring in the related field. Besides serving the students, activities allow the students to serve, also. Many activities, such as Star Course, which brings big-name talent to campus, and the Daily Illini, which publishes a newspaper daily, the Illio, which provides the students with one of the largest yearbooks in the world, offer services and privileges to students, faculty, and townspeople. Spare Time of Students Freshman in Theatre Sally Heinzel examines a model set used by the Technical Director for a production. Busy organizing, counting, and sorting tickets, Don Quest makes preparations for a Star Course Concert. Don, as senior man- ager, has his hands kept full serving as an over-all director and providing a working pattern for the activities of Star Course, 59 Karol Thomas takes time out from her studying to take care of those "ornery" dishes. She is enjoying herself. Chuck seems to be supervising. Surely he's not worried! Many students at the University of Illinois com- bine marriage with education. Many times there is even a family to care for, along with studying for the hour exams. The University does provide some housing for married students, but many of them re- side in private homes or apartments. Social events on campus provide entertainment for them. Students Combine Married Life and Education Quiet moments like these are rare, and even now Karol has to work on an art project while Chuck reads the paper. It' shame that fireplace isn't put to better use as the songs suggest. Karol and Chuck are envied by several couples on camt s a campus. 60 Away from Classes, U. of I. Instructors Relax Engrossed in his favorite hobby, Professor Leal relaxes from teaching Spanish and proudly shows his wife his stamp album. Intently viewing his scale model building, Jack Baker, in- structor of architecture, checks his project for mistakes. Reading a story book to his young daughter, John Mar- tin, Rhetoric instructor, relaxes from the University. 61 The Episcopal Church serves both students and faculty mem- bers. Canterbury House, next door, is devoted to students. St. John's Catholic Church offers students activities through Newman Foundation and Newman Hall men's dorm. Student Foundations Develop Religious Life Taking advantage of the many facilities offered by the Presbyterian Church, Don Williamson speaks in the chapel of McKinley. 62 This Congregational Church has a wide program of services, spiritual and recreational, for members of the Illini student body on campus. Under the auspices of the Methodist Church, Wesley Foundation offers numerous activities for students. 63 Increased Enrollment Necessitates Expansion: / A swimming pool to be built in the middle of the quad? No, it's just the foundation being dug for the new Union. The University of Illinois opened in 1868 in a second-hand building with an enrollment of 50 students. Today, the University has grown in size to accommodate its 22,000 students and is continually expanding for the future. Rising on a 39-acre site immediately south of Memorial Stadium, a much-needed facility for the University is under construction. This new bowl-shaped Assembly Hall, a somewhat radical departure from contemporary architecture, will have facilities for a multitude of activities and will be able to accommodate a larger portion of the student body than is presently possible. Pro- visions have been made for areas to hold sports events, conventions, musical and theatrical pro- ductions, and exhibitions, as well as space for meeting rooms, offices, lounges, and kitchens. Also being planned is a new addition to the Illini Union. Although actual construction will not start until some time in the near future, the quadran- gle is at present a mass of excavations, bulldozers, and laborers as the foundation is being dug and pipes are being laid. Completed late this fall, the three additions to the cluster of Men's Residence Halls are the new- est buildings on campus. Like the halls built two years ago in the same style, they present a strik- ing effect with their picture window walls and landscaped courtyards. Also to be finished soon are the new graduate student residence halls. With bulldozers roaring, fences blocking our path to classes, and mud, the quad is a far cry from the grassy area we once knew. The First Stages of the Union Addition Begin The doubts and dislikes of pessimistic students for the new Union have been expressed on this workmen's toolshed. The Union addition is still in its early stages of con- struction; the foundation is being dug and pipes laid. Extensive as it seems, construction on campus is only in the preliminary stages. The Union is just one of the expansions being planned, others including housing projects, additions to the library, and considerations for an Education Building. 65 An Invaluable Assembly Hall Will Benefit All F™m this structure will soon emerge a much needed facility for the University, an all-purpose Assembly Hall. This bowl- shaped building will have provisions for activities ranging from sports events to conventions and theatrical productions. With so much building taking place on campus, construction workers are a familiar sight to all of us. To accommodate our increasing enrollment, residence halls such as this new grad dorm were built this year or are being planned. 66 Wayne Ahrens, a member of Alpha Delta Phi frater- nity, realizes the importance of daily studying. Deeply engrossed in a copy of Outline of Shakespeare's Plays is Betty Lawler, a student who takes an interest in her work. Concentrated Study: Useful Tool of Learning Jack Weld, left, helps himself to learn while reading aloud to Lori Smith. Oftentime reading aloud helps one to concentrate. 67 Surroundings and Friends Influence Study The first picture shows what usually happens when Beverly Hufford and Andy Heueuther decide to have a study date. The second shot depicts the ideal situation, while the third shows which one has the greater power of concentration to fight off sleep. 68 The devastating fire roared through several buildings. Champaign and Urbana firemen fought the blaze through the night and early morning. No sooner had the fire been put out than the Illio staff arrived to begin sorting out ruins and saving what was left to be saved. With the photo deadline two days off, the Illio found itself without even so much as an office. What wasn't destroyed by fire was dam- aged by smoke and water. The staff worked for two days straight attempting to get things organized. In the midst of the con- fusion, the Tekes graciously offered their downstairs as temporary headquarters for the Illio. The Illio accepted and the Teke house became the new office. It was the office until the new one was obtained on the crowded second floor of a frame house on Sixth Street. A new office will be sought for the future. The fire not only left the Illio office in ruin, but swept through six business establish- ments in Campus Town. Destroyed or dam- aged in the blaze were the Campus Florist, Genung Jewelry Store, York Travel Ex- change, Illini Currency Exchange, Fairchild Camera Shop, and McBride's Drugstore. io Editorial Office Struck by Raging Fire These firemen examine carefully the ruins of the various offices so as to prevent the damaging blaze from starting again. 70 These firemen attempt to reach the inside of the burning office to stop the fire from spreading. Robert Telleen, Editor of the ILLIO, picks the office sign up out of the rubble. It was the first thing recovered when the salvaging job began. But Supreme Effort Publishes Another Book » ' «rf to _iy •-£&&(£&$/&+£ flff +y~ ^^^ M Yj^k^^l SB ^B^^r^'^^Hii & ^Hil^BSBHH ' ^ J^J^-"^~~ ' -^ mtL ■ .- M\| ——Ml fr— ~^» Gary Danna, Assistant Editor, converts the disaster to an ad- vertising advantage. The sign reads, "Remember the ILLIO." These office stairs won't be used much in the near future. Salvaged material was carted out by way of the fire escape. 71 The College of Agriculture, Through Research Progressing down the Home Ec. cafeteria, Mrs. Henry, wife of the U. of I. president, selects food from Jo Web and Sue Ape. Industriously washing dishes, Charlene Hammering discovers that cooking a meal is only half of the job in a kitchen. Dean L. B. Howard of the College of Agriculture makes sure that everything is running smoothly. 72 and Extension, Aids University, State, Nation The College of Agriculture not only pro- vides a teaching program for the students at the University of Illinois, but serves the state and the nation in research and exten- sion work. Through its research work, the University has carried on extensive studies to meet the problems of farmers and homemakers. As new materials and information develop, they are released to the state and nation through news stories, bulletins, periodicals, radio and television dispatches and photographs. The Cooperative Extension Service extends the boundaries of the college to the whole state. Extension workers supply new meth- ods and information to the people of Illinois. Teaching, the third division, serves two purposes. One, it provides the students at the University with the chance to become ed- ucated in their particular interests. Second, it provides the state with some trained lead- ers in Agriculture and Home Economics. The College continually is changing so to meet the needs in its field. Beginning this year the college offered two new course ma- jors, Agriculture Industries, and Agriculture Communications. Trying to develop the coordination of John Boat and Sue Snow, Miss Carla Krauss demonstrates the use of carpentry materials. Making use of the facilities offered by the child development center, Penny Alexander, Tom Fross, and Bob Boom happily play in the yard. This child development center enables students to observe the reactions of normal pre-school aged youngsters. 73 The Institution of Aviation Expanded Rapidly Although the student enrollment is relatively small, Direc- tor Leslie Bryan has a job with the growing department. The Institute of Aviation, directed by Leslie A. Bryan, offers a program of flight maintenance, avia- tion instruction, and a professional pilot curriculum to one hundred students in the school and to three hundred fifty others in the University. The airport and the institute were established in 1945. The airport has expanded now so that it is larger in area than Chicago's Midway Airport. The Institute has gained a national reputation for its many advances. Research at the University airport has improved methods of flight instruction and has pioneered new safety practices. Airport facilities have been used for research by the Departments of Agriculture, En- gineering, and Psychology, and other departments. An expansion program is underway that includes the building of a one-half million dollar terminal building and control tower. The building will pro- vide office space for the Ozark Airlines; the tower will operate as a part of the Interstate Air Traffic System of the Untied States. Used during the day and night, the rapidly growing University of Illinois Airport is larger in area than Midway Airport of Chicago. A. Spottke, P. Mennekan, W. Laird, and J. Hinklhause are undertaking a hard job in aircraft maintenance. 74 The College of Commerce and Business Admini- stration, located in David Kinley Hall, was called the College of Commerce in 1867 ; three courses were offered that first year of operation. To provide educational experiences for students who are to hold positions in business, government, teaching, and research, is the purpose of the College of Commerce. The college provides a study of basic aspects of business and prepares the student for the specialized and professional career in the fields of business. Some of the many organizations in the School of Commerce are the Business Education Club, the Fi- nance Club, and the Commerce Council. These organ- izations aim to promote interests in these various fields of work in commerce and to broaden the stu- dent's knowledge of his field. Beta Alpha Psi is a scholastic honorary organiza- tion encouraging the ideal of service as the basis of an accounting profession. Delta Sigma Pi is a pro- fessional fraternity. Dean Paul Green serves as the Dean of Commerce and Dean of the Graduate School of Business Administration at Illinois. College of Commerce Offers Good Training Here we see a group of students hurrying- to their next class at "D.K.H.," as it is commonly called by the Illini students. This is a typical commerce classroom. The instructor shows the students the proper position of both hands when typing. 75 The College of Education Trains the Teacher The door of Education is always open for those who wish to walk through it. The door leads students into many areas of teaching. "The College of Education certainly lives up to its fine reputation," says Alonzo G. Grace, new dean of the College. The school has gained its reputation not only by providing students with the proper backgrounds in elementary education, indus- trial education, home economics education, and education for exceptional children, men- tally handicapped, deaf, and hard of hearing, but it also has established and operates many research and educational services. The Bu- reau of Educational Research conducts stud- ies in tests and measurements, educational psychology, educational sociology, guidances, and school administration. The Council on Teacher Education plans teacher education programs and is responsible for student teaching and placement. The Office of Field Services offers a number of free services to schools of the state. The Institute for Re- search on Exceptional Children is the world's first institute for research on the education of both handicapped and gifted children. Uni- versity High School serves as a laboratory school for the college. Dean Grace also says a study redefining the purposes of the College has been initiated. Possibilities for the development of a sound junior college in the state are being investi- gated. Dean Grace, Dean of the College of Education is ready to give advice and encouragement to the students enrolled in his college. ~ ...... ^ ;.:, of Tomorrow for Various Specialized Fields Practice teaching is by far the most practical way to give students in education experience for their future teaching careers. Under such an arrangement, students and teachers both profit, for while the students learn, the teachers are learning also. Student teachers take their jobs very seriously, and feel a sense of accomplishment when a child learns to spell a new word. When a student begins to ask questions, a feeling of closeness arises and the barriers between pupil and teacher disappear. 77 Two IT. of I. students, T. S. Govindan (left) from India and D. Sigloh (on right), observe the coalescence phenomena. George Carruthers uses the plasma jet to do experimental laboratory work on tests of ballistic missile nose cones. Engineering -a College with a Dual Purpose- Professor Marvin Wyman and Gerald Beck, Reactor Super- visor, admire the newly completed Nuclear Reactor Labora- tory. The College of Engineering aims to prepare men for professional work in engineering and for re- sponsible positions of a technical and semi-techni- cal character in industry, commerce, and govern- ment. The college provides training in mathemat- ics and the physical sciences and their applications to the design, construction, and operation of indus- trial plants and public and private works of all kinds. The principal departments of the College of Engineering are Aeronautical, Electrical, Civil, Physics, General, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Cer- amic, and Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. The undergraduate curricula are administered by these departments. The curriculum in Chemical Engi- neering is directed by the Colleges of Agriculture and Engineering. Enrollment in the college is presently approaching four thousand undergradu- ates. W. L. Everitt has been the dean of the col- lege since 1949. While each student pursues a curriculum of his own choice, according to the field of his particular interest, during the first and second years all en- gineering students are required to take the basic courses in mathematics, chemistry, physics, rhet- oric, and drawing. In spite of a specialized curric- ula, third and fourth year students must take courses outside their fields. 78 One of the students (left) in an advanced Mechanical Engineering class reviews a problem at the board for his classmates, while his instructor, Professor R. P. Strout, stands (at right) at the rear of the classroom watching the young man at work. Trains Engineers and Conducts Vital Research One of the College's main purposes is to conduct research. The Engineering Experiment Station is the research organization of the College. The Sta- tion was originally organized to aid industry ; this aid remains a big part of its job. The operating budget of the Station's research activities totals over $6,000,000 a year, most of it from the spon- sorship of projects by industry and government agencies. The Engineering Experiment Station is administered by a director, Professor Ross J. Mar- tin, and an Executive Staff composed of the heads of the departments and the professor in charge of chemical engineering. The Station's research program is largely deter- mined by the interests of the research staff, which consists of full-time research professors, members of the teaching staff, and graduate research as- sistants. Not counting technicians and office per- sonnel, nearly six hundred people are carrying on research at the Station. The presence of the Sta- tion strengthens the educational program and pro- vides positions for graduate students. At the same time, the opportunity to take part in a large and varied research program helps the teaching staff keep up with the latest developments in their spe- cial fields, while helping them keep their teaching at the highest level of quality. Dean William L. Everitt, the man with the large task of head- ing this college, switches on a vacuum tube voltmeter. 79 Extension Spreads Benefits Throughout State The Hott Memorial Center was presented to the University of Illinois in September of 1960. This center will be used by the University Extension Service as an education resource facility. Adult conferences are to be scheduled in the near future. During the dedication of Allen Hall, Associate Dean Robinson and son admire a striking piece of proudly displayed sculpture. The Division of University Extension of- fers educational benefits in the state to adults and other qualified people who can't come to the campus as students but who are entitled to the services rendered by their state uni- versity. The sections by which the depart- ments carries on its work number nine: (1) Short Courses, Conferences, and Institutes; (2) Correspondence Studies; (3) The Extra- mural Classes; (4) Audio- Visual Aids Serv- ice; (5) Music Extension; (6) Engineering Extension, which includes Firemanship Training; (7) Police Training Institute; (8) Vocational Testing and Counseling for the Adults; (9) Information Services. There are 35,000 students registered in the exten- sion. To these are added the many who bene- fit from music and audio-visual services. 80 Institute Service Keeps Public Well Informed In addition to the many Colleges on the campus, the University of Illinois also provides services to many organizations. One of these services is the Institute of Government and Public Affairs. It is designed to furnish information and collective data to individuals and groups and government and state officials requesting various types of aggregate data. Graduate students are employed by this office to do field research and process the data to the different levels of government, as well as other groups. A feature beneficial to students looking for em- ployment in government is given by the Institute. Often, the Institute acts as an agent between gov- ernmental jobs and interested students by providing pertinent information about the jobs. Director G. Y. Steiner assumes many responsibilities as the head of the Institute of Government and Public Affairs. U. of I. Studies Labor-Management Problems The University of Illinois Board of Trustees estab- lished the Institute of Labor and Industrial Rela- tions in 1946 to "inquire faithfully, honestly, and im- partially into labor-management problems of all types, and secure the facts which will lay the foun- dations for future progress" in the field of labor relations. The three main divisions of the Institute are cor- related. In the first area, resident instruction, the degree of Master of Arts in labor and industrial re- lations is offered. In the second area, research, fac- ulty members study many of the basic problems in the field of labor and industrial relations. In the third area, extension services, adult education pro- grams are offered, through the Division of Univer- sity Extension, to labor, management, and public groups throughout the State. The Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, stressing the inter-disciplinary approach to the study of labor and industrial relations, draws upon the contributions of several academic disciplines — economcis, psychology, sociology, history, law, and political science. Director Martin Wagner supervises the many programs sup- ported by the Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations. 81 After many years of classes in the Architecture Building', students in art recently moved into this new building. Their proudest claim, the Krannert Art Museum, will exhibit the University's art collection, never before shown for lack of space. New Fine Arts Building and Krannert Art Dean Weller, the head of the College of Fine and Applied Arts, takes time out from his many duties to enjoy a piece of sculpture. A contrast in the college of FAA is sym- bolized by its buildings. The recently com- pleted, modern Krannert Art Museum and Fine Arts Building exemplify the progres- sion and leadership in the fields of architec- ture, art, and city planning and landscape architecture. Similarly, the classical struc- ture of Smith Music Hall represents the gran- deur and tradition in music. Also included in the college administered by Dean Allen S. Weller are the Small Homes Council and the Bureau of Community Plan- ning, both of which are devoted to research and extension ; the University Bands ; and a variety of music organizations which present concerts frequently throughout the year. Activities of the college are prominently featured in the Festival of Contemporary Arts, held biennially in March. Concerts, ex- hibitions, lectures, demonstrations, and con- ferences within the diverse areas of art are presented, and many outstanding profession- als in the field participate. The highlight of this year's festival was the opening of the Krannert Art Museum. Contemporary work by many eminent artists was displayed and plans for future showings were made. 82 The School of Music is proud of its Men's Glee Club, as well as the director Harold Decker. An outstanding choral organiza- tion, they have in the past few years made many concert tours across the United States and in several European countries. Museum Are the Pride of the College of FAA Ken Neumann, an aspiring architecture student, works diligently on a project but at the same time has an apple handy for his professor. Still-life painting provides many difficulties but a lot of fun for this art student. 83 This pretty little typesetter carefully selects another let- ter of 12 point Century type from the California Job Case. Dean Peterson is the head of our School of Journalism, which graduates some of the finest advertising men in the country. Our Journalism College Is One of the Finest This sweet young miss seems to be putting her entire heart into her work. She is busily learning the tedious process of editing film. The College of Journalism and Communica- tions offers academic instruction, public serv- ice, and research. Instruction is carried out by the Departments of Advertising, Journal- ism, and Radio and Television. The student is closely associated to public service and re- search through the Division of University Broadcasting and the Institute of Communi- cation Research, both of which are under the jurisdiction of the college. Among the facilities of the college are a library of 7000 books, a newspaper file of fifty publications, and a current subscription of 120 magazines. Latest equipment aids students with real- istic training in the newsrooms, photography laboratory, printing laboratory, radio and television studio WILL, and advertising lay- out laboratory. Included in this training is the editing of wire copy from the press services, the setting of type, and the printing of self-designed work and also the editing of film stripping. 84 College of Law Produces Experienced Men This view of the law building would impress anyone. Its new design makes it one of the most noted buildings on the campus. By correlating the problems of our ever- changing society with the tradition charac- teristic of the legal profession, the College of Law aims to train men and women for the practice of law. The training is based largely on the case method of instruction in which the students deal directly with court decisions and legis- lative acts instead of relying on textbook in- formation. Also incorporated in this train- ing is the learning of the skills of the profes- sion. To facilitate this, courses are offered in legal writing and trial procedure and ad- vocacy. The subject matter of the school encom- passes the public nature of law as well as its private aspects in such courses as admin- istrative law, labor law, trade regulations, atomic energy law and correspondingly, con- tract torts and property. The college also provides a well equipped library. To promote a sense of professional respon- sibility, the college uses an honor system gov- erned by Junior Bar Ethics Council. Dean R. N. Sullivan is the head of our School of Law which has graduated many of the finest lawyers and judges in the country. 85 As part of the teacher-training program Eileen Riccomi checks with her adviser, Professor Joseph S. Flores, her credits and hours which she needs before beginning to practice teach. Professor Flores advises all teacher-training students in Spanish. LAS: Striving to Achieve Improvement in Its Advising Eileen Riccomi in the use of a language laboratory, Professor Flores points out parts of a control tape recorder. Dean Peltason from the college of Liberal Arts and Sciences prepares to begin another day at his desk. 86 Intently concentrating on keeping his experiment over the bunsen burner, Ray Jasinski manipulates tongs in Physics. In his Chemistry laboratory, Ronald Coats carefully measures a portion of material on a balance scale. Four Major Departments In 1913 the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences was established on the Illinois campus. Since its founding it has grown into the largest college in the University. It is composed of the departments: hu- manities, physical science, social science, and life science. These in turn are comprised of some twen- ty-four specific fields of study. The largest of these four departments is that of life sciences. It has grown into such a large division that it now is a department in itself. But, it is still under the aus- pices of the college of LAS. Established in Lincoln Hall, the office of the Col- lege of Liberal Arts and Sciences handles a great number of students. Some are specializing in fields of study, and some are getting backgrounds of courses in order that they may enter a professional school. Endeavoring to improve the facilities for study, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences has initiated the language laboratories and honor sections. These laboratories help the students to speak and to under- stand the foreign languages. Hundreds of students weekly use the modern facilities offered. In the honor sections, the more advanced students have an op- portunity to study accelerated courses. During one of his astronomy classes, Raymond White, emphasises a theory by pointing it out on a model. 87 Dr. Halvor O. Halvorson, dean of the School of Life Sciences, has a big job in overseeing the expansion of the new school. School of Life Sciences Erects Research Unit Pipetting in preparation for the making of a series of dilutions for agglutenation, this student takes advantage of the new microbiology laboratory. The second unit of the School of Life Sciences is in the process of being built in the area immediately south of the present building. Financed by the Na- tional Institute of Health and by appropriations from the state, the two million dollar building will be used for research into arthropod-born diseases. With the erecting of two more units in the near future, the building will be able to house the Zoology, Botany, and Entomology departments. Next fall the school will inaugurate an undergrad- uate curriculum in biology, leading to a Bachelor of Science degree. Students obtaining this degree will be qualified to go into work in any one of the special- ized fields of biology. Located in Burrill Hall, the present School of Life Sciences was inaugurated in 1959 to facilitate coor- dination between the various departments, the col- lege of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and divisions out- side the University. The building is named in honor of the famous botanist, Dr. Thomas J. Burrill, who spent many years on the Illinois campus doing re- search. Following in his steps, the School of Life Sciences intends to have an extensive and varied research program. 88 Qualified Professionals-Library School Goals The University of Illinois Graduate School of Li- brary Science is one of four such institutions which originated in the initial decade of education for li- brarianship in the United States, being an outgrowth of the first established in the Middle West. Founded at Armour Institute in Chicago in 1893, the school moved to Urbana when a new building was available. The purpose of the Graduate School of Library Science is to equip young men and women for pro- fessional work in public libraries, school libraries, college, university, and research libraries. Prepara- tion rests mainly on basic studies which are essential for any library position, although the emphasis in particular directions is possible through the in- dividual projects such as field work. Field work con- sists of practice assignments in the various depart- ments of the University Library, and in the school and public libraries of Champaign and Urbana. At least one field trip to a metropolitan center is ar- ranged. More specialized work may be pursued in advanced courses. Programs of study are on the graduate level and lead to the degrees of Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy. Dean Lancour, dean of the Graduate School of Li- brary Science, thumbs through the card catalogue. Industriously preparing for classes, these Graduate School of Library Science students take advantage of specially de- signed library facilities. This library contains more than twenty thousand bound volumes and twenty-eight thousand reports. 89 These swimmers are not only trying to develop their leg muscles, but are practicing for their annual Terrapin Mother's Day Program. These gymnasts work many hours to develop skills. This year they put on an exhibition with the Russians. Physical Mental Fitness Go Hand in Hand Dean Staley of the School of Physical Education heads the schools of Physical Education, Recreation, Dance, and Health-Safety Education. Physical Education offers many job oppor- tunities to those who choose to major in it. Some of the possibilities are being a physical education instructor at the high school, grade school, or college level, a teacher of health education, or many varied opportunities in the field of recreation and dance. Other than the regular courses offered to students, the College of Physical Education offers numerous programs of intercollegiate and intramural sports for both graduate and undergraduate students. The college also offers a Student Rehabili- tation Center which is the largest of its kind in the world. It aids the handicapped stu- dents in getting an education by helping them with their housing, eating, recreation, transportation, and the like. For all students, the school tries to develop an interest for physical fitness and recrea- tional sports to be used in adult life. 90 Social Work Offers Many Chances for Service In the School of Social Work, one may minor in the social work curriculum, then take two years of graduate study leading to the professional degree of Master of Social Work. To be admitted into this school, applicants must be screened and reviewed by an admissions committee which has been formed. Qualifications for entering are good scholastic achievement, mastery of the English language, and a mini- mum of twenty hours in social science courses. Also the appli- cant's personality has to be suited for such work. Students may specialize ei- ther in group or in case work. Students specializing in group work have classes on the campus of the Professional Colleges in Chicago. The students specializ- ing in case work have classes ei- ther on the Urbana or Chicago campus, with field placement in nearby agencies. Some of the agencies with which the school is affiliated are Family Welfare, Child Welfare, and others. Director Marietta Stevenson coordi- nates classroom and field work in the school. A graduate student plays with a small boy at the Mental Health Clinic. The undergraduate courses serve as an introduction to such case and group work. This student in the School of Social Work and his small friend are getting plenty of target practice at the Mental Health Clinic on the Urbana campus. 91 Vet Med— Medical Research, Public Service Dr. C. A. Brandley, Dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine, is busy heading instruction, and public service of his department. The school of Veterinary Medicine trains men and women in the fields of medicine in- volving the animal kingdom. This knowledge is used not only in the cure of disease, but in the eradication, prevention, and control of diseases in animals, especially those trans- missible to man. The veterinarian is also concerned with the numerous problems of public health, particularly those which are connected directly with animal health. Two years of pre-veterinary instruction are required for admission to the school. Ap- proximately two-thirds of the fourth year is in clinical and laboratory practice, allowing the student to become familiar with the prob- lems he will come into contact with after graduation. The college is affiliated with the Agricultural Experiment Station and Exten- sion Service which allows for a great deal more practical experience, and a chance to offer more service to others. This student is performing a difficult experiment in the chemistry laboratory with all his equipment. Scissors and more scissors! These two men in the masks are performing an operation as a part of their in-service training. 92 The awarding of advanced degrees is the main distinction between a "university" and a "college." The main purpose of undergrad- uate instruction in any field is to acquaint the student with present knowledge in that field. The basic aim of graduate instruction, on the other hand, is to prepare each student for adding knowledge in his particular field. Con- sequently, the nucleus of a graduate study is the student's research, conducted under the auspices of an already established scholar and written in a thesis. The University of Illinois Graduate Col- lege has jurisdiction over all programs that lead to advanced degrees excepting profes- sional degrees in the medical sciences. In re- cent years its enrollment has grown to the point of being one of the University's two largest colleges. Illinois, drawing people from all over the nation, now ranks third in the country in doctoral degrees awarded. Dean F. T. Hall overlooks a part of the Illinois Graduate School from his office up in the Administration Building. Illinois' Graduate College Enrollment Is High These graduate architect students are looking at a model of the Illinois State Capitol Building as it might appear in 1980. This model also includes a very detailed design of a section of Springfield that is a proposed area for the re-development. 93 J Deans of Women Help Coeds Solve Problems Coordinating many jobs is the Dean of Women, Miriam Sheldon. Assistant Dean Eunice Dowse devotes most of her time to Residence Hall planning and staff choice. Assistant Dean Joan Cochran di- rects women in the Panhellenic sys- tem. 4t ^ Assistant Dean Mary Harrison directs all Residence Counseling. All the social aspects of university life are un- der the direction of Assistant Dean Morene Kelly. Ann McNamara keeps busy with the job of Assistant Dean of Freshmen Women. 94 Services Rendered By Our Deans Are Many V Robert M. Crane, Associate Dean of Men, holds a conference with one of the many troubled students he meets each day. Carl Knox, Dean of Men, takes a break from one of the many problems that are brought to his attention through the day. Carl Knox, Dean of Men, and his staff are a busy lot through the year as they perform duties of their respective positions. They act as advisers and help students with problems of personal adjustment to campus life, how to register, how to locate suitable housing, how to find part-time employment, how to budget expenses, what loans, funds, and scholarships are available, questions about the Greek system and pledging, and interpretation of University rules. The offices of these advisers are open through the day, and staff members are always on call for emergen- cies. Any student may go to them, and inquiries from parents and guardians are welcomed. The Student Counseling Serivce provides students with the opportunity to receive some of the best pro- fessional counseling and scientific aptitude testing services available. Through these services, the stu- dent can secure information about his abilities, inter- ests, and personality, which will enable him to select more wisely a course of study and to determine what his vocation is to be. Robert O'Leary, Dean of M.I. A., and Eldon Park, Dean of Fra- ternity Men, here hold counsel with a troubled undergraduate. 95 Student Welfare Is the Dean's First Interest Dean of Students Fred H. Turner has the responsibility for making many decisions which are most important to Illini. Associate Dean of Students Edward E. Stafford takes time out from his busy schedule of appointments for relaxation. Dean R. A. Schuiteman, Assistant Dean of Foreign Students, tries to solve some of the student's problems by telephone. Behind the scenes our deans perform a great many services for us and do their utmost to facilitate higher education. Although most of us recognize Dean Turner's name and associate him with a large desk in the admin- istration building, too few of us really know what his job encompasses, and how we are affected by the decisions made in this office. Many times during our years at the University of Illinois, we benefit from the work done by Dean Fred H. Turner and his com- petent staff. Under his immediate direction are Dean R. A. Schuiteman, assistant dean of foreign students, and Dean Edward E. Stafford, associate dean of stu- dents. Student welfare is the chief concern of the Dean of Students, his office handling services from the is- suing of final approval of disapproval to a CSA bill to the solving of the various problems of foreign students. As the administrator and co-ordinator of his en- tire staff, Dean Turner handles the many technical problems of the student outside of the classroom. The University, through this office, is promoting a well balanced and organized life for each student. 96 Charles W. Sanford, Dean of Admissions and Records points to statistics map which explains, in part, the high enrollment. As Admissions Office Shows High Enrollment This last fall, enrollment in the University of Illi- nois reached a record high of 32,129 students. The Champaign-Urbana campus admitted 21,955; the Chicago Undergraduate Division at Navy Pier ad- mitted 4,516. Chicago Professional College enrolled 2,103 students, and extramural extension courses fa- cilitated 3,555. Eighty-seven per cent of the students come from the state of Illinois; all counties are represented. Students also attend from forty-nine of the fifty states, Alaska not represented, and from the terri- tories and possessions of the United States. Eighty foreign countries are represented by 1,098 students. Over twenty per cent of the students on this campus are married. Besides providing living facilities and learning equipment, the University must send out transcripts and handle other records. This past year the Office of Admissions sent out over 45,000 transcripts and handled more than 5,000 records. Applications for admission, numbering close to 17,000, were proc- essed with the help of time-saving machines. Over 300 women were turned away due to lack of living facilities. In fall of 1961, the University will inaugurate a new progressive admissions plan. Because of the limited facilities, only the best qualified of the appli- cants will be admitted, possibly the top twenty per cent of in-state high school students and the top ten per cent of out-of-state students. 97 Meeting to discuss projects of the Alumni Association, board members from left to right are — Eugene Vance, executive director and secretary; Stewart D. Daniels, president; Paul Bresee, treasurer; and not pictured is Roger Pogue, second vice-president. Association Brings Illinois Alumni Together Eugene E. Vance, secretary and executive director of the Alumni Association, handles many important transactions. After graduation from the U. of I., each graduate is invited to join the Alumni Association, the organi- zation whose purpose is to bring together Illini to work on projects for the betterment of the Univer- sity of Illinois. As a graduation present, the Asso- ciation offers a free two-year membership. There are now over 19,500 dues-paying alumni. Founded in 1873, the Alumni Association is one of the largest and oldest of its kind. One of the princi- ple functions of the Association is to keep accurate data on the 100,000-plus Illini scattered throughout the world. Illini Alumni Clubs, sponsored by the As- sociation, have been started in a great number of cities. The "Alumni News," published eight times a year, is the Association's newspaper. This paper gives cov- erage to news of Illini and current events and hap- penings at the University. Eugene Vance is now the president of the Alumni Association which has its offices in the Illini Union Building on the second floor. 98 While U. of I. Foundation Regulates Business Seated left to right- H O Farber, treasurer; J. S. Begando, President Henry's representative; Kenny Williamson, director; J. G. Thomas, vice president; Joseph Camp- bell, director Standing, left to right: James Dilorio, secretary; Joseph Ator, director; Amos Watts, president; George Donoghue, director; James Colvin, executive director; Hjalmar Johnson, director The University of Illinois Foundation, organized in 1935, assists the University in its business affairs. Services of three kinds are performed. First among these services is acting as financial agent of the University, chiefly in borrowing money for buildings and other major improvements. Many buildings, both on the Chicago and Champaign- Urbana campuses, have been financed in this manner. Secondly, the Foundation conducts a patent pro- gram. The faculty inventions which seem to have commercial value are released to the Foundation for the seeking of patents and working out of licensing agreements with industrial firms. Returns are put into basic research. The third service is that of encouraging gifts and bequests from alumni and other friends of the Uni- versity. A program of annual giving was established in 1949 and has grown consistently due to generous support. Besides providing scholarships, fellowships, and loan funds for deserving graduate and undergradu- ate students, the Foundation, a non-profit organiza- tion, also sets up memorial funds for deceased mem- bers of the University staff and gathers volumes to enrich the University Library. The Foundation aids the University Student Rehabilitation Center as an- other project. Research in the fields of medicine, dentistry, phys- ics, chemistry, engineering, and agriculture often receives the Foundation's financial support. 99 These Men Supervise Many U of I Programs Mr. Charles Flynn handles all publicity for the University. Mr. Charles S. Haven takes charge of the physical plant. Director Miodrag Muntyan evaluates a publication of the University Press. Intercollegiate Athletics are directed by sports-minded Douglas Mills. O. S. Walters of the Health Service strives for improvement of our health. 100 The Board of Trustees consists of eleven elected members, including the Governor and Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Board of Trustees Shapes U. of I. Policy Lyle H. Lanier, vice president and provost, contemplates ways by which to improve the operations of the University. H. O. Farber, vice president and comptroller, checks on the expenditures of the various functionings of the U. of I. 101 President David Dodds Henry -A Speaker As president of the sixth largest university in the United States, David Dodds Henry has various speaking' engagements. David Dodds Henry was born on October 21, 1905, in East McKeesport, Pennsylvania. From Pennsylvania State University Dr. Henry received three degrees. His early appointments include di- rector of the School of Liberal Arts at Battle- Creek College, Assistant Superintendent for Higher Education at the Michigan State Depart- ment of Public Instruction, and Executive Vice President of Wayne University. Doctor Henry served as president of Wayne University in De- troit from 1945 until 1952, when he was made Ex- ecutive Vice-Chancellor of New York University. On September 1, 1955, Dr. Henry became president of the University of Illinois. In national education affairs, Dr. Henry has been president of the National Commission on Ac- crediting and president of the Association for Ur- ban Universities. At present, he is a member of the noted Electoral College of the Hall of Fame for Great Americans. President Henry holds hon- orary degrees from twelve institutions, and be- longs to eleven honor societies. Dr. and Mrs. Henry like to see their team win, so they are in attendance at the football games. Pres. Henry feels that the aca- demic standards are of the utmost importance in such an institution as ours, but activities are a large part of college. 102 Writer, Instructor, Politician, and Executive Prime Minister Nehru of India is greeted by Dr. Henry at a garden party given by the President of India in New Delhi. This painting was done of Dr. Henry while he was serving as president of Wayne State University from 1945-1952. As executive of the university, Pres. Henry supervises its clinics, conferences, and off-campus extension activities. Occasionally, Dr. Henry takes time from his busy schedule to enjoy life. Here, Dr. and Mrs. Henry are shown in Hawaii. 103 BEAUTIES 104 Sylvia Johnson Photos by Heller's Studio 105 Merle List ILLIO BEAUTIES 106 Karen Olson Photos by Heller's Studio 107 Judith Schlieper ILLIO BEAUTIES 108 Marsha Smithson Photos by Heller's Studio 109 ACTIVITIES Mortar Board Ma-Wan-Da Shorter Board Torch Wa-Na-See Sachem Who's Who ini Use Variety of Activities to Add Spice and Interest to Complete Their Student Lives As important as any other aspect of campus life are the various activities, for around them revolves much of the activity necessary to make our college experiences complete. While no one should doubt the fact that we are primarily at college to receive an education and training for future jobs, just as im- portant to our future lives as good citizens are our abilities to take part in civic, religious and govern- mental affairs. The best experience for the future lies in experience gained now . . . activities fill an im- portant role in helping us to gain that experience. The importance which employers take in the idea of participation in other activities for their employees besides their jobs is shown in their interest in an ap- plicant's activities and organizations in college as well as his grades and technical knowledge. Unlike organizations, activities normally are not allied with a particular profession or group. Men from every campus background join together in the Men's Glee Club because of their joy in singing and love for good fellowship. Theatre, Star Course, ILLIO, YWCA, to mention only a few, serve this same purpose ... all afford the opportunity for stu- dents with like interests to find satisfaction through uniting in common projects and goals. Activities are an excellent place to meet other peo- ple outside of classes and residences. Many life-long friendships, and even romances, are formed through associations in campus activities. Besides active par- ticipation in sports, no other diversification from classes and studies can help to release so much en- ergy and create the relaxation needed from the rig- ors of studying. So varied are the activities offered at Illinois that there is little excuse for any student not finding at least one to his particular liking. Besides those al- ready mentioned, there are those centered around housing groups such as Panhellenic and Women's Group System, Interfraternity Council, Men's Inde- pendent Association and Men's Residence Halls As- sociation. There is Student Senate with its important representative body for the entire campus. Campus Chest, WPGU, music organizations, the DAILY IL- LINI, all give satisfaction to those participating and to those benefitting from the services rendered. Here lies one of the points most in favor of activi- ties . . . that while giving satisfaction to the indi- vidual for his efforts, a great deal is given to others. Foremost of the examples of this is the Illini Union. Perhaps no other activity offers a more varied list of opportunities for student participation. From dances, to music hours, to Stunt Show and Spring Musical . . . International programs, movies, social fo- rums . . . over thirty major campus events help stu- dents utilize their leisure hours. Also important is the YMCA with its interesting and dynamic pro- gram of forums, speeches and debates on almost any current subject of controversy and interest to us as students of an intellectually aware community. Certainly there are criticisms offered as to the worth of some activities and to the time required by some of them. All aspects of our life need re-evalua- tion and consequent changes to be made. Activity leaders are striving to make changes for the good of their particular activity and for activities as a part of student life. It is up to each person to figure out exactly how much time he can spend and then find an activity to fit. Criticisms, yes, but rewards and values are cer- tainly more important . . . values not only for the person involved, but for the university community as well. As in all aspects of a student's life . . . sports organizations, residence groups, social . . . activities at their best can be found at Illinois. 113 ■ MORTAR BOARD Jean Ratcliffe, President Marie Anderson Brenda Braun Marianna Brown Sharon Crowley Sandra Curtis Beth Dohme Carolyn Franks Edwina Garner Martha Gilkerson Lisa Grable Judith Hildenbrand Beverly Kimes Janet Meadors Janet Monier Ann Morgan Katherine O'Brien Karen Person Virginia Seiler Martha Solomon Linda Wall Elissa Weaver 114 MA-WAN-DA David Rademacher, President Robert Armstrong Paul Arneson William Brown Charles Coane Harold D'Orazio Dale Dufour John Easterbrook Richard Hutchison David Kuhn Gregory Liptak Harry Mathews Raymond Pitton Donald Quest Robert Reger Harold Roos Simon Sheridan James Shonkwiler Thomas Sykes Robert Telleen Frank Voris illiam Sawtell William Yontz 115 Shorter Board Gail Pierce, President Margaret Allen Sally Smith Andersen Sandra Ayres Margaret Belsley Melissa Blanke Melinda Bresee Mary Brown Carolyn Curtis Joan Dilatush Sue Divan Mary Sue Drendel June Fritsch Julia Gates Mary Geissman Jean Goodmon Janet Greenberg Phoebe Kosfeld Margaret LaBarre Elizabeth Lawler Judith Lyman Carol Marvin Sharon O'Neill Diane Parks Lois Rose Deborah Rothholtz Judith Roudez Frances Swartz Carol Ufkes Virginia Weibel Sally Williamson Janice Wright Susan Sterrett# President Marilyn Austin Julia Bodman Ann Brown Bonnie Brown Karen Bunde Marianne Burgbacher Bonnie Byrns Diane Courtright Louise Darby Mary Ehler Linda Evans Sheryl Fiester Margaret Fleming Sharon Garman Gaila Grubb Joyce Hale Terry Heads Barbara Hodam Barbara Hutchens Martha Huxtable Donna Johnston Linda Joy Linda Kahn Annemarie Klink Nance Kohlenberger Ann Macke Dawn Mathre Mary Ann McGuire Barbara Meyers Judith Miller Jacquelyn Moore Martha Mulliken Lois Nestle Carol Ostrom Virginia Pagels Linda Passent Penny Peterson Sue Potts Barbara Rashbaum Ellen Reimann Helen Rodemer Lynore Rossetti Roberta Sax Patricia Smith Margaret Sprehe Judith St. Clair Barbara Sternaman Sharon Sweeney Mary Theobald 116 Wa-Na-See Joseph Atkinson Theodore Beastall Richard Brent Mark Buch Bruce Bueschel Charles Campbell Edwin Epstein Hugh Fogler Donald Friedman John Goodrich Donald Hartter Richard Jarrard William Kubitz John Lesak Russell Lloyd Lawrence Kuzela - President Daniel Mesch Donald Morrissey Martin Naumann Jack Patterson Wayne Pearson Robert Robinson Joseph Rutgens Louis Ryniec Robert Scharlach Kent Smith James Stein Everett Thomas Gary Van Winkle Thomas Washington, Jr. David Winkelmann Sachem Philip Siegert, President Larry Austermiller Thomas Boatman James Brady Stuart Cohen Gerald Colangelo Wade Freeman David Giffin Walter Gilmore Raymond Hadley Michael Hamblet Charles Henness Willard Ice Charles Kerchner Ronald Koertge Gary Kolb Gene Lemon John Lundsten Marcus Marlin John Marshall Eden Martin Bruce Milligan Michael Neff Gerald Palm James Parochetti Curt Perkins Steven Sample Larry Schafer Allen Sigoloff Donald Simborg Kenneth Smith Michael Toliuszis Edward Weis Larry Williams Allan Wolff Noel Workman James Wright Michael Yates Stanley Yukevich John Zander 117 Frank Voris Student Director, Union Robert Robinson Vice President, Student Senate Fred Guyton Chairman, Armed Forces Council Joseph Atkinson Co-Rec Manager Harry Mathews Associate Director, Campus Chest Elissa Weaver Head Cheerleader mois 118 Janet Monier Business Manager, ILLIO June Fritsch Student Director, Union Lawrence Kuzela Student Director, Union Judith Hildenbrand President, Women's Group System Joseph Huyler Swimming Captain Michael Neff President, Student Senate at Illinois Photos by Heller's Studio 119 Paul Foreman Track Captain Gregory Liptak President, Interfraternity Council Patrick Kenney General Manager, WPGU Clifford Roberts President, Tribe of Illini Donald Quest Senior Manager, Star Course Lisa Grable Senior Manager, Star Course at Illinois 120 William Brown Football Captain Robert Reger President, Men's Independent Associa- tion Bruce Bueschel President, University Choir Susan Boodin Director, Campus Chest Ann Morgan Student Director, Union Robert Telleen Editor, ILLIO inois Photos by Heller's Studio 121 Charles Kerchner Editor, DAILY ILLINI Thomas Sykes Associate Business Manager, ILLIO Louis Ryniec Baseball Captain Katherine O'Brien Student Director, Union Martha Gilkerson President, Women's Glee Club f A ba W^ E^ ~ ""cajg ^t-^ezs ^HHHm Vj William Stephens Executive Editor, DAILY ILLINI at Illinois 122 Julia Bodman President, YWCA Wr, <sSP i -^±3 ^r^^B Clifford Higgerson Associate Editor, ILLIO David Rademacher President, Ma-Wan-Da William Yontz President, Union Eden Martin President, Men's Resident Halls Association Sue Mittendorf President, Women's Sports Association inois Photos by Heller's Studio 123 Jean Ratcliffe President, Mortar Board Kenneth Viste Photo Chief, Ulini Publishing Company Beth Dohme President, Panhellenic Beverly Kimes General Manager, Theatre Janice Wright Business Manager, DAILY ILLINI Charles Coane Intramural Manager mois 124 Mary Geismann Copy Editor, ILLIO Richard Hutchison President, YMCA Carolyn Franks Personnel Manager, Theatre Edwina Garner Photo Editor, ILLIO Sharon Crowley Business Manager, Theatre Anthony Petullo President, Men's Glee Club at Illinois Photos by Heller's Studio 125 1m. I 'Vi'i ■ I wn m m 1 W" T (Hi \|^K ml ^l\| \| - m i inii {imIEmi\|i\|ImM"\|II ■■J 11 is«i»i:«» ,mt mm Ji& 1. "•"■" ■ '.< . f."HLfl . TI Ir l -r*-mm . The first snow storm at Illinois this year found the Union as busy as ever. As usual, the back entrance received many busy activity leaders, faces red from the cold, penetrating wind. Since then, the construction of the new addition has begun. The lllini Union, Center of Campus Activities Union Board — Standing: Frederick Wertering, Nancy Swanson, Frank Voris, Marcia Morgan, Carol Enrico Seated: Lawrence Kuzela, Katherine O'Brien, Earl Finder, William Yontz, Stanley Pierce, Arthur Wyatt, Robert Mayer 126 Earl Finder, associate director Vernon Kretschmer, director Whether it be for dancing to calypso records on Friday or Saturday nights in the Tavern, bowling in the basement, or speaking German at Wednesday afternoon's "Kaffeestunde," the Illini Union is the spot. The Union serves all Illini as the activity cen- ter. In addition to the organized Illini Union Student Activities found in Room 322 of the Union, other campus organizations use the Union's facilities for committee meetings and general office area. In fact, the need for enlarged facilities at the Illini Union has been felt severely, and this year the new addition was begun. Both the Union Board, consisting of student direc- tors and the advisers, and the Building Staff have planned carefully so that a maximum of efficiency in spacing and arrangement may be reached. The new addition will double the amount of space now available for the Union and other organizations. It is being built directly south of the present struc- ture and will be separated from it by a long, patio- like section. The date for completion has been set for the fall of 1963. and Home of IUSA, Begins Building Addition Building Staff — Standing: Arthur Sawyer, Charles Wertz, Robert McNabb, Kermit Clark, Clarence Leverenz, John Balogna Seated: Carolyn Cabalek, Irene Pierson, Earl Finder, Stella Cameron, Marjorie Arkwright Assistant Social Directors — Standing: John Carroll, Barbara Reed Ettabelle Schwartz Seated: Jo Anne Kirk, Irene Pierson, Irene Pierson, social director Social Directors, Student Directors, and Many Because of the many activities which the Union sponsors, committees and directors execute their responsibilities according to a definite structure. The directors deal with formulation of policies, long-range planning, budget studies, and continuous evaluation. Directly responsible to them are the de- partment heads who supervise the administration of a designated group of Illini Union sponsored pro- grams and events. Each of these program commit- tees is headed by a major chairman who plans and delegates the work to be done in connection with his specific program. Each major chairman has a corps of committee chairmen who work with one particular facet of the program such as costumes, publicity, or programs. Committee members then work directly with details. William Y
1010	dbpedia	3	21	https://www.sportingnews.com/in/nba/news/mens-basketball-2020-tokyo-olympics-preview-every-teams-roster-notable-nba-players-groups-schedule-history/5ta149z3snh410wolnu2lag9a	en	Men's Basketball at Tokyo Olympics: Every team's roster, notable NBA players, groups, schedule and history	https://library.sporting…eg?itok=QjhSX-zZ	https://library.sporting…eg?itok=QjhSX-zZ	[ "https://library.sportingnews.com/styles/author_image/s3/2022-06/SN%20Social%20Icon_0.png", "https://library.sportingnews.com/styles/crop_style_16_9_desktop/s3/2021-08/mills-durant-gobert-olympics-ftrjpeg_1bn0px9fv3adt1miuftckcoxrw.jpeg?itok=QjhSX-zZ", "https://library.sportingnews.com/2021-08/japan_12led6dkgiz...	[ "https://www.youtube.com/embed/fbojE7gB5wA", "https://www.youtube.com/embed/QpGV2j3aw40", "https://www.youtube.com/embed/-wHCy2XTLDI" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Yash Matange" ]	2021-07-25T08:00:26+00:00	Preview to Men's Basketball at Tokyo Olympics	en	https://static-nw-production.sportingnews.com/c7b0fa68b34715bed5b9b3f00ee15e770a8b96cf-static/assets/images/favicon.ico		https://www.sportingnews.com/in/nba/news/mens-basketball-2020-tokyo-olympics-preview-every-teams-roster-notable-nba-players-groups-schedule-history/5ta149z3snh410wolnu2lag9a	Basketball, as a medal sport, has been part of the Olympics since 1936. Leading into the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, which was postponed to 2021 (Jul. 25 - Aug. 7) due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States of America have dominated the gold medal tally in both the men's and women's categories. In the men's, Team USA has won 15 of a possible 19 gold medals and will be gunning to bag their fourth consecutive gold in Tokyo. On the other hand, Team USA has won eight of a possible 11 since 1976 in the women's category and will be looking to win their seventh consecutive. How will things pan out in Tokyo? Competition Format The 12 teams are divided into three groups of four. After the group phase, the top two teams from each group and the two best third-place teams qualify for the Quarterfinals. Below, find an in-depth look at the history, form, roster, groups and schedule of every one of the 12 participating teams. (Stay tuned for the preview of the women's bracket) Preview: Japan \| Argentina \| Australia \| Czech Republic \| France \| Germany \| Iran \| Italy \| Nigeria \| Slovenia \| Spain \| USA Japan (host) Form and History Qualifying for the tournament as the host, Japan is the lowest-ranked squad from the FIBA men's rankings among the final 12. This is their first participation in Olympic men's basketball since 1976, when they went winless and finished 11th of 12. The team is coming off a winless 0-5 record in the 2019 FIBA World Cup. Roster Yudai Baba, Gavin Edwards, Rui Hachimura, Tenketsu Harimoto, Makoto Hiejima, Kosuke Kanamaru, Avi Schafer, Daiki Tanaka, Yuki Togashi, Leo Vendrame, Hugh Watanabe, Yuta Watanabe. Notable NBA players The team's roster is headlined by NBA players in 23-year-old Rui Hachimura, a 6-foot-8 second-year wing for the Washington Wizards, and 26-year-old Yuta Watanbe, a 6-foot-9 third-year wing for the Toronto Raptors. The next biggest star on the team is Yudai Baba, a 25-year-old guard for Melbourne United in Australia's National Basketball League. Additionally, Hachimura was named the flag bearer for Japan's delegation for the July 23rd opening ceremony. Group and Schedule They are pooled in Group C which includes two top-four ranked squads in Spain (2), Argentina (4) and Slovenia. Date Day Opponent Jul. 26 Monday Spain Jul. 29 Thursday Slovenia Aug. 1 Sunday Argentina Argentina Form and History This Argentina squad, which is ranked fourth in the FIBA Men's ranking, is coming off a silver-medal finish at the 2019 FIBA World Cup. They are the only nation, that still exists, to have won a basketball gold medal in the men's category apart from the USA. Their 2004 gold medal in Athens is arguably their national basketball team's greatest achievement. The only other medal they have won at the Olympics is the bronze at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. Roster Lautaro Berra, Leandro Bolmaro, Nicolas Brussino, Francisco Caffaro, Facundo Campazzo, Gabriel Deck, Marcos Delia, Juan Francisco Fernandez, Maximo Fjellerup, Tayavek Gallizzi, Patricio Garino, Nicolas Laprovittola, Luis Scola, Juan Pablo Vaulet, Lucas Vildoza. NBA players At the age of 41, Luis Scola - a former 10-year NBA veteran from 2007 to 2017 - will be playing in his fifth Olympics, the most ever by an Argentian basketball player. A key member of the team reaching the final of the 2019 FIBA World Cup, Scola's expertise and experience will be huge. Apart from him, there are four NBA players on the roster: Facundo Campazzo (Denver Nuggets), Leandro Bolmaro (No. 23 overall pick 2020 NBA Draft with the Minnesota Timberwolves), Gabriel Deck (Oklahoma City Thunder) and Lucas Vildoza (New York Knicks). Group and Schedule Argentina is grouped with Spain, who they played in the Final of the 2019 FIBA World Cup, in Group B alongside Slovenia and the hosts, Japan. Date Day Opponent Jul. 26 Monday Slovenia Jul. 29 Thursday Spain Aug. 1 Sunday Japan Australia One of the most talented rosters in the 12-team field, Australia is looking to bag its first-ever medal. It came mighty close in Rio in 2016 when it lost the bronze medal game to Spain by just the one point (89-88). Three years later, at the FIBA World Cup in 2019, they finished fourth and finished agonizingly close once again to their first-ever international medal for basketball. However, that fourth-place finish allowed them to directly qualify for the Tokyo Olympics. Roster Chris Goulding, Patty Mills, Joshua Benjamin Green, Joe Ingles, Matthew Dellavedova, Nathan Sobey, Matisse Thybulle, Dante Exum, Aaron Baynes, Jock Landale, Duop Thomas Reath, Nic Kay. Notable NBA players The Boomers squad is headlined by veteran NBA players in Mills (San Antonio Spurs) and Ingles (Utah Jazz). Mills, who is competing in his fourth Olympics, is the flag bearer for the Australian contingent. Thus, becoming the first Indigenous Australian to carry the flag at an Olympic Games Other former or current NBA players who are also part of the roster include Aron Baynes (Toronto Raptors), Matthew Dellavedova, Dante Exum (Houston Rockets), Josh Green (Dallas Mavericks) and Matisse Thybulle (Philadelphia 76ers). Group and schedule The Australian Boomers were drawn alongside Nigeria, Italy and Germany in Group B for Tokyo Olympics. Day Date Opponent Sunday Jul. 25 Nigeria Wednesday Jul. 28 Italy Saturday Jul. 31 Germany Czech Republic Form and History Having finished sixth in the 2019 FIBA World Cup, the Czech Republic needed to win their qualifying tournament in Victoria, Canada. They did just that, rebounding from an opening game loss at the hands of Turkey to winning it all, courtesy of a dominant performance over Greece. However, their run to the Finals of the qualifying tournament needed some heroics in the first game of the knockout stage against Canada. Winning the tournament sealed the Czech Republic's first-ever appearance at the Olympics since the separation of Czechoslovakia. Roster Patrik Auda, Ondrej Balvin, Jaromir Bohacik, Lukas Palyza, Martin Peterka, Patrick Samoura, Tomas Satoransky, Blake Schilb, Ondrej Sehnal, Jakub Sirina, Jan Vesely, Tomas Vyoral. Notable NBA players Their squad only includes the lone NBA player and that is guard Tomas Satoransky. The Chicago Bulls representative came up huge for the Czechs as it was his shot that propelled the team to the final of the qualifying tournament. Group and Schedule After winning their qualifiers in Canada, Czech Republic were slotted against Iran, France and World No. 1-ranked USA. Date Day Opponent Sunday Jul. 25 Iran Wednesday Jul. 28 France Saturday Jul. 31 USA France Form and History Finishing third in the 2019 FIBA World Cup, France directly qualified for the Tokyo Olympics along with winners Spain as one of the two teams from Europe. This is their third consecutive Olympics, their longest such streak since 1960. Having finished sixth in the previous two editions – 2012 at London and 2016 in Rio – the French squad will be keen to get among the medals once again. In the history of this competition, they only have two medals to show for and both are Silver (1948, 2000). Roster Andrew Albicy, Nicolas Batum, Petr Cornelie, Nando de Colo, Moustapha Fall, Evan Fournier, Rudy Gobert, Thomas Heurtel, Timothé Luwawu Kongbo, Frank Ntilikina, Vincent Poirier, Guerschon Yabusele. Notable NBA players The French national squad includes five current NBA players, headlined by the reigning NBA Defensive Player of the Year Rudy Gobert. Other NBA players include LA Clippers forward Nicolas Batum, Boston Celtics guard Evan Fournier, New York Knicks guard Frank Ntilikina and Brooklyn Nets guard Timothé Luwawu-Cabarrot. Apart from these current stars, there are also a couple of former NBA players in Nando de Colo, Guerschon Yabusele and Vincent Poirier. Group and Schedule France is slotted in Group A alongside Czech Republic, Iran and the World's No. 1 squad - Team USA. Date Day Opponent Sunday Jul. 25 USA Wednesday Jul. 28 Czech Republic Saturday Jul. 31 Iran Germany Form and History This is Germany's sixth appearance in the men's basketball tournament at the Olympics. It is their first since the Beijing Olympics in 2008, and after their 18th placed finish at the 32-team 2019 FIBA World Cup, it took winning a qualifying tournament in Croatia to seal it. Roster Danilo Barthel, Robin Benzing, Isaac Bonga, Niels Giffey, Justus Hollatz, Leon Kratzer, Moado Lo, Andres Obst, Joshiko Saibou, Johannes Thiemann, Johannes Voigtmann, Moritz Wagner, Lukas Wank, Jan Niklas Wimberg. Notable NBA players With Los Angeles Lakers guard Dennis Schroder not participating, the German national team includes only two NBA players: Orlando Magic forward Moritz Wagner and Washington Wizards guard Isaac Bonga. Group and Schedule After winning their qualifying tournament in Croatia, they were slotted in Group B alongside Italy, Australia and Nigeria, the only team from Africa in the Olympics. Day Date Opponent Sunday Jul. 25 Italy Wednesday Jul. 28 Nigeria Saturday Jul. 31 Australia Iran Form and History The only team from Asia in the Tokyo Olympics, this is just Iran's third appearance in the Olympics with the previous qualifications in 1948 and 2008. The three-time Asia Cup Champions (2007, 2009, 2013) are coming off a 23rd place finish in the 2019 FIBA World Cup, which was their third consecutive World Cup – the most they have played in a row in the country's history. Roster Yet to confirm; No NBA players. Group and Schedule Iran is slotted in Group A alongside Czech Republic, France and the World's No. 1 team in the USA. Day Date Opponent Sunday Jul. 25 Czech Republic Wednesday Jul. 28 USA Saturday Jul. 31 France Italy Form and History Currently ranked 12th in the FIBA rankings, the Italians qualified for the Olympics by winning the Qualifying Tournament in Serbia, Belgrade. One of the founding nations of FIBA, Italy is making its first Olympic basketball appearance since their Silver medal finish in 2004 at Athens. In a total of 12 appearances, they have won two Silver medals (1980, 2004). Roster Simone Fontecchio, Danilo Gallinari, Nicolo Mannion, Nicolo Melli, Ricardo Moraschini, Alessandro Pajola, Achille Polonara, Giampaolo Ricci, Marco Spissu, Amedeo Tessitori, Stefano Tonut, Michele Vitali. NBA players The Italians roster includes three NBA players: Golden State Warriors rookie Nicolo Mannion, Atlanta Hawks forward Danilo Gallinari and former Dallas Mavericks forward Nicolo Melli. Group and Schedule The Italians are placed in Group B alongside neighbours Germany and Australia, Nigeria. Day Date Opponent Sunday Jul. 25 Germany Wednesday Jul. 28 Australia Saturday Jul. 31 Nigeria Nigeria Form and History The rising basketball power in Africa, Nigeria is making its third appearance in the Olympics, all of which have come since 2012. Ranked 22nd in the world, Nigeria is the only country from Africa to qualify for the 2020 Olympics. Roster Precious Achiuwa, Kezie Okpala, Miye Oni, Josh Okogie, Jordan Nwora, Chimezie Metu, Ike Iroegbu, Michael Gbinije, Obi Emegano, Calab Agada, Stanley Okoye, Ekpe Udoh, Chima Moneke, Jahlil Okafor, Gabe Vincent. NBA Players Among Nigeria's 15-man roster, there are eight players currently in the NBA – the most in any Olympic squad aside from Team USA. Precious Achiuwa, Miami Heat KZ Okpala, Miami Heat Miye Oni, Utah Jazz Josh Okogie, Minnesota Timberwolves Jordan Nwora, Milwaukee Bucks Chimezie Metu, Sacramento Kings Jahlil Okafor, Detroit Pistons Gabe Vincent, Miami Heat Group and Schedule The Nigerians are placed in Group B alongside Australia, Germany and Italy. Day Date Opponent Sunday Jul. 25 Germany Wednesday Jul. 28 Australia Saturday Jul. 31 Italy Slovenia Form and History Behind Luka Doncic, watch out for the Slovenian national team. They could be the next rising giant, not just in Europe, but on the global stage. The reigning EuroBasketball champions, they clinched their ticket to their first-ever Olympics since the separation of Yugoslavia by winning the Qualifying Tournament in Lithuania. Roster Not yet confirmed NBA Players Luka Doncic is not just the star of the Slovenian team but a rising superstar of the basketball world. Alongside him, the only NBA player on the roster that won the Qualifying Tournament is Denver Nuggets forward Vlatko Cancar. Roster and Schedule After winning the tournament in Lithuania, the Slovenians were placed in Group C alongside the hosts, Spain and Argentina. Day Date Schedule Monday Jul. 26 Argentina Thursday Jul. 29 Japan Sunday Aug. 1 Spain Spain Form and History The reigning World Cup Champions will be heavy favourites to grab a medal in this Olympics, having done so in three of the previous Summer Olympics (Silver in 2008, 2012; Bronze in 2016). The No. 2 ranked nation, Spain is making their sixth straight appearance at the Summer Olympics and will be keen to extend their run of medals. Roster Alberto Abalde, Alex Abrines, Carlos Alocen, Dario Brizuela, Victor Claver, Rudy Fernandez, Usman Garuba, Marc Gasol, Pau Gasol, Juancho Hernangomez, Willy Hernangomez, Sergio Llull, Xabi Lopez-Arostegui, Pierre Oriola, Sergio Rodriguez, Ricky Rubio. NBA Players The Spanish squad includes three active NBA players in Marc Gasol, Willy Hernangomez and Ricky Rubio to go along with former NBA players in Alex Abrines, Rudy Fernandez and Pau Gasol. Roster and Schedule Spain is alongside Argentina, Slovenia and hosts Japan in Group C. Day Date Opponent Monday Jul. 26 Japan Thursday Jul. 29 Argentina Sunday Aug. 1 Slovenia USA Form and History Team USA has won three straight gold medals but their dominance is starting to fade with the rise of talent around the world. In fact, their seventh-place finish in the 2019 FIBA World Cup snapped their 12-year run of dominance, where they won gold in every international tournament that they participated in (Olympics: 2008, 12, 16; FIBA World Cup: 2010, 2014 and the 2017 FIBA Americas). Roster Bam Adebayo, Devin Booker, Kevin Durant, Jerami Grant, Draymond Green, Jrue Holiday, Keldon Johnson, Zach LaVine, Damian Lillard, JaVale McGee, Khris Middleton, Jayson Tatum. How many NBA players, you ask? All 12. Group and Schedule Team USA is slotted in Group A alongside France, Iran and Czech Republic. Day Date Opponent Sunday Jul. 25 France Wednesday Jul. 28 Iran Saturday Jul. 31 Czech Republic The views on this page do not necessarily reflect the views of the NBA or its clubs.
1010	dbpedia	0	8	https://www.skysports.com/nba/news/36226/11802725/fiba-world-cup-day-six-czech-republic-shock-turkey-to-qualify-for-second-round	en	FIBA World Cup day six: Czech Republic shock Turkey to qualify for second round	https://e0.365dm.com/19/…g?20190905144417	https://e0.365dm.com/19/…g?20190905144417	[ "https://www.skysports.com/assets/Sky-Sports-Logo-transparent.svg", "https://e0.365dm.com/19/09/768x432/ondrej-babin-fiba-world-cup_4765851.jpg?20190905144417", "https://e0.365dm.com/19/08/512x512/sergio-llull-spain-fiba-fiba-world-cup_4757702.jpg", "https://e0.365dm.com/19/09/768x432/vojtech-hruban-czech-rep...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Stuart Hodge - <a href="https://twitter.com/hodgeythehack">@hodgeythehack</a>" ]	2019-09-05T12:07:00+00:00	Australia, Germany, France, Canada, Brazil and Greece were also victorious on day six, while the USA trounced Japan	en	/favicon.ico?bypass-service-worker	Sky Sports	https://www.skysports.com/nba/news/36226/11802725/fiba-world-cup-day-six-czech-republic-shock-turkey-to-qualify-for-second-round	The Czech Republic made history by advancing to the second round after an 91-76 upset victory over Turkey on Thursday. Turkey 76-91 Czech Republic The Czech Republic made history by advancing to the second round after a 91-76 upset victory over Turkey on Thursday. In their first ever FIBA Basketball World Cup, they join the USA to make it out of Group E. The Czech Republic were led by Vojtech Hruban, who had 18 points, and Ondrej Balvin, who added 17 points, 11 rebounds and two blocks. Balvin and fellow big man Patrik Auda monstered Turkey's frontline and dominated the boards with a combined 20 rebounds. Czech Republic had a clear 41-26 overall edge on the glass which proved pivotal in the end. After a deflating one-point overtime loss against USA just two days ago, Turkey started sluggishly and could not recover against their efficient opponents. NBA players Cedi Osman (24 points) and Furkan Korkmaz (16 points) were the key protagonists for the Turkish side who had the momentum early in the fourth when a three from Melih Mahmutoglu cut the deficit to just three. But Hruban responded from deep to fuel an 8-0 run and stretch the Czech Republic's lead back out to double digits on the way to seeing out a shock victory. Dominican Republic 56-90 France It was France who retained a perfect record with a robust drubbing of the Dominican Republic on Thursday in a match featuring two undefeated teams. Both teams were 2-0 in Group G play, but France used a balanced attack of solid games from its NBA contingent to put away the Dominican Republic, 90-56. Rudy Gobert of the Utah Jazz finished with 13 points, eight rebounds and a block to pace a solid all-around effort for France. Orlando Magic wing Evan Fournier finished with 10 points and five assists. Nando De Colo added 15 points off the bench while New York Knicks guard Frank Ntilikina finished with eight points and four assists in a starting role. Victor Liz was the top performer for the Dominican Republic with 12 points. Lithuania 82-87 Australia In another match featuring two undefeated sides, Australia confirmed the top honours in Group H with a solid all-around performance against Lithuania thanks to a Patty Mills dagger late in the game. It finished 87-82, with both teams moving on to Group L for the second round. Australia enjoyed a double digit lead for most of the game, but an 11-0 run to start the fourth quarter saw Lithuania edge in front. A major scoring drought meant the Boomers notched their first field goal of the fourth quarter with just 3:30 left on the game clock, but that allowed them to stop the rot and stay attached. Then, in the closing minutes, it was all about the one-two punch of NBA stars Patty Mills and Aron Baynes. San Antonio Spurs point guard Mills hit the biggest shot of the game, while Baynes played his best game for the national team in the World Cup finishing with a double-double of 21 points and 13 rebounds. He turned into a shooter, too. Baynes was only 1-of-3 from the three-point range in his previous 25 games at the World Cup and the Olympics, but scored 3-of-5 against Lithuania. Grinding out the win means Australia finish the opening group phase with three straight victories, while Lithuania fell to their first defeat. Greece 103-97 New Zealand Giannis Antetokounmpo top-scored for Greece as they beat New Zealand to clinch a berth in the second round. The Greek Freak posted a double-double 24 points and 10 rebounds in a dominant display which included two huge dunks in the game's opening three minutes. The reigning NBA Most Valuable Player also added six assists and two steals as four team-mates, including brother Thanasis, also scored in double figures for Greece. New Zealand performed well once again, as they did in defeat against Brazil and in beating Montenegro, with guard Corey Webster continuing his excellent World Cup form with 31 points, four assists and three rebounds. The result will give the Greeks confidence heading into the latter stages of the tournament after their one-point defeat to Brazil in the previous game. Germany 96-62 Jordan Germany avoided a winless Group Phase campaign after whipping Jordan, 96-62, to finish with a 1-2 record in Group G of the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019. Dallas Mavericks' big Max Kleber scored a game-high 18 points to lead Germany while Danilo Barthel and Paul Zipser chipped in 13 and 12 points respectively. Dennis Schroder of the Oklahoma City Thunder had a masterful performance, orchestrating the German offense with 11 assists and also added 10 points. It was an easy win for the European side in the end with two players, Ahmad Al-Dwairi and Dar Tucker, combining for 31 points to account for half of Jordan's full game output. Both teams are already relegated to the classification phase, the win by Germany will give them the upper hand to try and get the highest possible place, the 17-20th spot, which also gives them a better chance to bag an Olympic Qualifier berth for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Canada 82-60 Senegal Canada collected an 82-60 win to proceed to the classification round with a 1-2 record, while Senegal will move on winless after the first three games. The Canadians still have a shot of reaching the Olympic Qualifying Tournament via the World Cup, while Senegal could even book a trip to the 2020 Tokyo Olympics if they finish as the best African team in the classification round. Canada started poorly but snapped out of their funk and went on to win the game easily in the end. Sacramento Kings point guard Cory Joseph fuelled the run with 24 points on 9-for-17 shooting and three assists, and Barcelona guard Kevin Pangos did his part with 13 points, five rebounds and five assists for coach Nick Nurse. Mo Faye scored 14 for Senegal as they fell to a third consecutive defeat. Brazil 84-73 Montenegro Brazil staved off a resilient Montenegro, 84-73, to complete a sweep of Group F in Nanjing at the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019. Both teams battled back and forth early in the game as Brazil coach Aleksandar Petrovic chose to rest his usual starters, but the Brazilians' unconvincing play eventually forced him to bring in Leandro Barbosa sooner than he wanted to right the ship. Veteran Marcelinho Huertas was the star for Brazil in this game, with the 36-year-old shooting 7-of-10 from the field en route to a team-high 16 points along with six assists and two rebounds. Brazil led at the half, 43-38, and appeared to blow the game open in the third quarter thanks to tight defense and great transition offense. They turned a five-point half-time lead into a lead as high as 15 before settling for a 12-point advantage heading into the fourth quarter and holding on for their third win in as many games.
1010	dbpedia	2	82	https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/cricket-australia-awards-2024-full-list-of-winners-as-mitchell-marsh-ashleigh-gardner-ellyse-perry-nathan-lyon-101706754512259.html	en	Cricket Australia Awards 2024: Full list of winners as Mitchell Marsh, Ashleigh Gardner take top honours	https://www.hindustantim…706756801639.jpg	https://www.hindustantim…706756801639.jpg	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035286&cv=3.6.0&cj=1", "https://www.hindustantimes.com/static-content/1y/ht/hamburger-i.png", "https://www.hindustantimes.com/static-content/1y/ht/search-i1.png", "https://www.hindustantimes.com/static-content/1y/ht-cric-logo2.png", "https://www.hindustantimes.co...	[]	[]	[ "marsh", "australia", "mitchell marsh", "ashleigh gardner", "cricket australia awards", "cricket australia awards 2024" ]	null	[ "HT Sports Desk" ]	2024-02-01T08:41:32+05:30	Cricket Australia hosted the annual awards to recognise the performances in the past year. \| Crickit	en	https://www.hindustantim…s/icon-57x57.png	Hindustan Times	https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/cricket-australia-awards-2024-full-list-of-winners-as-mitchell-marsh-ashleigh-gardner-ellyse-perry-nathan-lyon-101706754512259.html	Additionally, Australia retained the Ashes after a 2-2 series draw with England on English soil. All-rounder Mitchell Marsh enjoyed a stellar 2023, playing a pivotal role in Australia's triumph in the World Cup. As a result of his remarkable performances, Cricket Australia bestowed upon him the prestigious Allan Border Medal for the best men's international cricketer. Marsh secured 79 more votes than Australian captain Pat Cummins, who also had an outstanding year. Also read 'Hope he gets a chance because Rajat Patidar...': AB de Villiers gushes on Sarfaraz Khan, 'Guys, that is not normal' Take a look at the detailed list of all winners from the award ceremony: Allan Border Medal - Mitchell Marsh All-rounder Marsh secured his first Allan Border Medal with 233 votes, surprisingly securing a significant 79 votes ahead of Pat Cummins, who led the Aussies to victories at the WTC and the ODI World Cup. While Marsh had already made a mark as a top-order batter and useful bowler in white-ball cricket, his remarkable comeback to Test cricket was crucial in earning him the prestigious accolade. Marsh's decision to undergo ankle surgery in January 2023 paid dividends, leading to impactful performances in the Ashes series and subsequent Test matches, coupled with impressive displays in white-ball cricket, including a career-high 177 not out during the ODI World Cup. Belinda Clark Award - Ashleigh Gardner Gardner reaffirmed her status as one of the world's top all-rounders by clinching her second Belinda Clark Award, following her win in 2022. Garnering 147 votes, she beat fellow all-rounders Ellyse Perry (134 votes) and Annabel Sutherland (106 votes). Gardner's exceptional performance spanned across formats, notably excelling in the Test arena where her remarkable bowling figures of 12-165 played a pivotal role in Australia's victory over England at Trent Bridge in June. Shane Warne Men's Test Player of the Year - Nathan Lyon Lyon's exceptional performance both before and after his calf injury, particularly during the tour of India, where he played a pivotal role in securing Australia's spot in the World Test Championship final, showcased his enduring skill and value to the team. With standout moments such as his 500th Test wicket and crucial contributions with both bat and ball, Lyon demonstrated his continued prowess even as he approaches the twilight of his career. Men's ODI Player of the Year - Mitchell Marsh Marsh outshone fellow World Cup heroes David Warner, Travis Head, and Adam Zampa to claim his first 50-over award, marking a golden period for him in the longer white-ball format. His consistent performances as a top-order batter, including crucial knocks in bilateral series and the World Cup, solidified his position as a key player in Australia's ODI squad, showcasing his adaptability and impact with the bat. Men's T20I Player of the Year - Jason Behrendorff It was a relatively quiet year for men's T20, with Australia participating in only two bilateral series during the voting period. Behrendorff made a significant impact during these tours, marking his return to the format with impressive performances, particularly in India. Despite taking fewer wickets than some of his counterparts, Behrendorff's exceptional economy rate of 6.68 across five games earned him the award, highlighting his value in maintaining pressure on the opposition batters. Ellyse Perry - Women's T20I and ODI Player of the Year Perry's resurgence in T20 batting extended to her ODI performances, where she achieved a career-best strike rate. Notable highlights included her pivotal 91 in challenging conditions during the Ashes series, contributing significantly to Australia's retention of the trophy. Throughout the year, Perry displayed consistency and adaptability, with standout innings against Ireland and India, showcasing her newfound power game and reaffirming her status as a force in Australia's middle order. List of all awards
1010	dbpedia	2	16	https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2021/Feb/04/josh-philippe-named-bbl-10-player-of-the-tournament-2259461.html	en	Josh Philippe named BBL 10 Player of the Tournament	https://media.assettype.…verlay_width=100	https://media.assettype.…verlay_width=100	[ "https://images.assettype.com/newindianexpress/2024-01/513ad66b-9f6c-4c96-a3d5-ea0e785580a6/Long_Light_Mode_500_Height.png", "https://images.assettype.com/newindianexpress/2024-01/513ad66b-9f6c-4c96-a3d5-ea0e785580a6/Long_Light_Mode_500_Height.png", "https://images.assettype.com/newindianexpress/2024-01/27bf98c...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-02-04T00:00:00	Philippe polled 22 votes throughout the regular season to finish two clear of Sydney Thunder opening batsman Alex Hales.	en	/favicon.ico	The New Indian Express	https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2021/Feb/04/josh-philippe-named-bbl-10-player-of-the-tournament-2259461.html	Philippe polled 22 votes throughout the regular season to finish two clear of Sydney Thunder opening batsman Alex Hales. Perth Scorchers fast bowler Jhye Richardson was one further vote behind in third. Philippe has already accumulated 499 runs at an average of 33.26 at an impressive strike rate of 150.30 -- the third best behind Hales and Brisbane Heat skipper Chris Lynn among the BBL's top-20 most prolific batsmen. In BBL 9, Philippe won the player of the final award after guiding the Sydney Sixers to their second title with a half century in front of a SCG home crowd. He finished as the league's third highest scorer that season with 487 runs to go with his 11 dismissals, finishing ninth in the Player of the Tournament count. He has been rewarded with selection in Australia's T20I squad for its five-match series against New Zealand starting next month, putting him in line to make his international debut. "We'd like to congratulate Josh Philippe on another outstanding season at the top of the order for the Sydney Sixers and being named the BBL 10 Player of the Tournament," said Alistair Dobson, Cricket Australia's Head of Big Bash Leagues. "This is a richly deserved accolade and recognition for a number of match-winning performances, which have guided the Sixers to a second consecutive home Final at the SCG and selection in the Australian men's T20I squad," he added. The Player of the Tournament is selected by the League's on-field umpires. Each umpire submits a 3-2-1 vote after each match, with six votes the most any individual player can receive in a single match.
1010	dbpedia	2	41	https://riders.basketball/news/	en	BBL News – Riders Basketball	https://riders.basketbal…avicon-32x32.png	https://riders.basketbal…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1857310301263864&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://riders.basketball/app/uploads/2019/08/mobile_logo.svg", "https://riders.basketball/app/uploads/2023/08/Riders-logo-on-colour.png", "https://riders.basketball/app/uploads/2023/08/Riders-logo-on-colour.png", "https://riders.bas...	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://riders.basketbal…avicon-32x32.png		https://riders.basketball/news/