README.md

---
license: mit
tags:
  - graph
  - dynamic-graph
  - temporal-graph
---

# The GraphTide Real-World Dynamic Graph Datasets

GraphTide is a collection of large-scale, real-world dynamic graph
datasets with authentic temporal information. It supports experimental
evaluation of streaming graph algorithms, dynamic graph systems, and
temporal graph analysis.

Source code, I/O and validation tools, and documentation are available
in the [GraphTide GitHub repository](https://github.com/wheatman/GraphTide).

## Graph Types

- **Signal graphs** record timestamped interactions, such as
  transactions, comments, commits, and trips.
- **Update graphs** record explicit edge insertions and deletions,
  allowing the graph state to be reconstructed over time.

Files are organized as:

```text
signal_graphs/   Timestamped edge-event streams
update_graphs/   Explicit edge insertion/deletion streams
```

## Datasets

All currently released graphs are unweighted. `Unique Edges` denotes
the number of distinct endpoint pairs, while `Events` denotes the
number of temporal signals or updates.

### Signal Graphs

| Dataset | Domain | Vertices | Unique Edges | Events | Timestamps | Unit | Directed |
|:---|:---|---:|---:|---:|---:|:---|:---:|
| [ia-online-ads-criteo](signal_graphs/ia-online-ads-criteo.bin) | Advertisement | 15,336,555 | 15,170,743 | 15,995,634 | 6,456,934 | seconds | No |
| [soc-bitcoin](signal_graphs/soc-bitcoin.bin) | Blockchain | 24,575,382 | 86,063,840 | 122,948,162 | 19,444,110 | seconds | No |
| [btc_stream_unweighted](signal_graphs/btc_stream_unweighted.bin) | Blockchain | 30,532,588 | 114,720,659 | 179,563,152 | 358,055 | seconds | No |
| [ethereum](signal_graphs/ethereum.bin) | Blockchain | 78,945,641 | 236,100,055 | 781,489,512 | 10,200,000 | seconds | Yes |
| [organization](signal_graphs/org.bin) | Collaboration | 23,309,109 | 38,081,253 | 192,051,799 | 27 | year | Yes |
| [venue](signal_graphs/ven.bin) | Collaboration | 64,482,050 | 64,405,068 | 64,698,700 | 27 | year | Yes |
| [publication](signal_graphs/pub.bin) | Collaboration | 144,435,257 | 375,925,058 | 378,459,524 | 27 | year | Yes |
| [coauthor](signal_graphs/coa.bin) | Collaboration | 31,547,264 | 656,908,420 | 3,032,478,219 | 27 | year | Yes |
| [reference](signal_graphs/ref.bin) | Collaboration | 71,129,632 | 1,138,706,757 | 1,138,706,757 | 27 | year | Yes |
| [semantic-scholar](signal_graphs/semantic_scholar_sorted.bin) | Collaboration | 125,738,070 | 2,587,951,493 | 2,587,951,493 | 229 | year | Yes |
| [rec-amazon-ratings](signal_graphs/rec-amazon-ratings.bin) | Recommendation | 2,146,057 | 5,743,258 | 5,838,041 | 3,329 | seconds | No |
| [rec-amz-Sports-and-Outdoors](signal_graphs/rec-amz-Sports-and-Outdoors.bin) | Recommendation | 2,469,419 | 3,268,695 | 3,268,695 | 4,786 | seconds | No |
| [rec-amz-Cell-Phones-and-Acc](signal_graphs/rec-amz-Cell-Phones-and-Acc.bin) | Recommendation | 2,580,723 | 3,447,249 | 3,447,249 | 4,724 | seconds | No |
| [rec-amz-CDs-and-Vinyl](signal_graphs/rec-amz-CDs-and-Vinyl.bin) | Recommendation | 2,064,957 | 3,749,004 | 3,749,004 | 6,041 | seconds | No |
| [rec-amz-Home-and-Kitchen](signal_graphs/rec-amz-Home-and-Kitchen.bin) | Recommendation | 2,921,853 | 4,253,926 | 4,253,926 | 5,202 | seconds | No |
| [rec-amz-Movies-and-TV](signal_graphs/rec-amz-Movies-and-TV.bin) | Recommendation | 2,289,561 | 4,607,047 | 4,607,047 | 6,004 | seconds | No |
| [rec-amz-Clothing-Shoes-Jewelry](signal_graphs/rec-amz-Clothing-Shoes-Jewelry.bin) | Recommendation | 4,253,272 | 5,748,920 | 5,748,920 | 4,209 | seconds | No |
| [rec-amz-Electronics](signal_graphs/rec-amz-Electronics.bin) | Recommendation | 4,677,698 | 7,824,482 | 7,824,482 | 5,489 | seconds | No |
| [rec-amz-Books](signal_graphs/rec-amz-Books.bin) | Recommendation | 10,356,390 | 22,507,155 | 22,507,155 | 6,296 | seconds | No |
| [copresence-Thiers13](signal_graphs/copresence-Thiers13.bin) | Social | 328 | 43,496 | 18,613,039 | 8,938 | seconds | No |
| [soc-youtube-growth](signal_graphs/soc-youtube-growth.bin) | Social | 3,223,589 | 9,376,594 | 12,223,774 | 203 | seconds | No |
| [sx-stackoverflow](signal_graphs/sx-stackoverflow.bin) | Social | 2,584,164 | 28,183,518 | 47,903,266 | 41,484,769 | seconds | No |
| [soc-flickr-growth](signal_graphs/soc-flickr-growth.bin) | Social | 2,302,925 | 33,140,017 | 33,140,017 | 134 | seconds | No |
| [bluesky](signal_graphs/bluesky.bin) | Social | 1,873,159 | 52,417,090 | 250,624,500 | 528,924 | seconds | No |
| [reddit](signal_graphs/reddit.bin) | Social | 74,000,011 | 746,954,361 | 8,989,320,299 | 168,851,154 | seconds | No |
| [llvm](signal_graphs/llvm.bin) | Software | 243,737 | 1,019,582 | 2,453,587 | 526,032 | seconds | No |
| [linux](signal_graphs/linux.bin) | Software | 193,269 | 1,078,218 | 2,838,279 | 1,192,006 | seconds | No |
| [nyc_taxi_yellow](signal_graphs/nyc_yellow_taxi.bin) | Transportation | 265 | 63,692 | 1,371,194,911 | 346,991,031 | seconds | Yes |
| [flight_opensky](signal_graphs/flight_opensky.bin) | Transportation | 18,257 | 2,380,394 | 62,582,273 | 45,835,674 | seconds | Yes |

An additional `ia-online-ads-criteo-attrs.bin` variant is also
available in `signal_graphs/`.

### Update Graphs

| Dataset | Domain | Vertices | Unique Edges | Events | Timestamps | Unit | Directed |
|:---|:---|---:|---:|---:|---:|:---|:---:|
| [wikipedia](update_graphs/wikipedia.bin) | Web | 62,489,082 | 401,854,218 | 1,294,550,620 | 183,259,984 | seconds | Yes |
| [central-america](update_graphs/central-america.bin) | Road | 4,454,638 | 6,468,206 | 10,661,854 | 1,354,927 | seconds | Yes |
| [australia-oceania](update_graphs/australia-oceania.bin) | Road | 8,232,884 | 13,204,266 | 20,619,707 | 2,577,810 | seconds | Yes |
| [south-america](update_graphs/south-america.bin) | Road | 26,944,705 | 43,659,791 | 71,807,857 | 6,686,033 | seconds | Yes |
| [africa](update_graphs/africa.bin) | Road | 43,817,014 | 65,355,044 | 95,425,505 | 8,085,311 | seconds | Yes |
| [north-america](update_graphs/north-america.bin) | Road | 112,771,288 | 170,000,577 | 258,236,950 | 29,048,546 | seconds | Yes |
| [asia](update_graphs/asia.bin) | Road | 124,486,147 | 187,177,810 | 280,092,215 | 24,095,945 | seconds | Yes |
| [europe](update_graphs/europe.bin) | Road | 169,942,207 | 267,341,689 | 441,068,613 | 57,207,306 | seconds | Yes |
| [planet](update_graphs/planet.bin) | Road | 485,492,757 | 745,319,813 | 1,165,712,593 | 117,089,898 | seconds | Yes |

## Download

Install the Hugging Face tools:

```bash
pip install -U huggingface_hub hf_xet
```

Download one dataset:

```bash
hf download DynamicGraphsProvider/GraphTide \
  signal_graphs/soc-youtube-growth.bin \
  --repo-type dataset \
  --local-dir GraphTide-data
```

Download the complete collection:

```bash
hf download DynamicGraphsProvider/GraphTide \
  --repo-type dataset \
  --local-dir GraphTide-data
```

The complete collection is large, so downloading individual files is
recommended.

## Reading and Validation

Install the GraphTide tools:

```bash
git clone https://github.com/wheatman/GraphTide.git GraphTide-code
python -m pip install -e ./GraphTide-code
```

Read a header or load a graph:

```python
from pybinding import read_header, read_bin

path = "GraphTide-data/signal_graphs/soc-youtube-growth.bin"

header = read_header(path)
header, data = read_bin(path)
```

Large datasets should be processed with the streaming C++ I/O
interface rather than loaded completely into memory.

Validate a binary graph:

```bash
cd GraphTide-code
python -m pybinding.validate /path/to/dataset.bin
```

For an update graph, the optional stateful check also validates the
insertion/deletion sequence:

```bash
python -m pybinding.validate /path/to/dataset.bin \
  --check-update-sequence
```

## Binary Format

Each file contains a 32-byte little-endian header followed by tightly
packed records:

```text
src, dst, [timestamp], [weight], [info]
```

The header specifies the graph type, direction, data types, number of
vertices, unique edges, and temporal records. For update graphs,
`info=0` denotes insertion and `info=1` denotes deletion.

See the complete
[binary format specification](https://github.com/wheatman/GraphTide/blob/main/IO/README.md).

## Contributing a Dataset

Providing the original parser is encouraged but not required.

Before uploading a large file, open a
[New dataset proposal](https://github.com/wheatman/GraphTide/issues/new?template=new-dataset.yml)
describing the source, license, graph semantics, timestamps, cleaning
decisions, and approximate size.

After approval, validate the graph and upload it through a Hugging Face
pull request:

```bash
hf auth login

hf upload DynamicGraphsProvider/GraphTide \
  /path/to/dataset.bin signal_graphs/DATASET_ID.bin \
  --repo-type dataset \
  --create-pr \
  --commit-message "Add DATASET_ID dynamic graph"
```

Use `update_graphs/DATASET_ID.bin` for an update graph, and link the
Hugging Face pull request from the original GitHub proposal.

See the complete
[contribution guidelines](https://github.com/wheatman/GraphTide/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md).

For questions, use the
[GraphTide issue tracker](https://github.com/wheatman/GraphTide/issues).