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However, not all services declared in the Info.plist are instantiated at
runtime. Matching only occurs if the system satisfies the personality's
conditions — such as the presence of specific hardware. Conversely, not all
instantiated services are declared in the Info.plist. Some are created
programmatically within the KEXT via calls like registerService[29], or by
overriding probe or start methods to instantiate custom service classes
without corresponding plist entries.
==============
--[ 2.1.3 - NewUserClients
============================================================================
Another way to identify driver service names is by analyzing
IOService::newUserClient overrides in the KEXT binary. This method creates
IOUserClient instances, which handle communication with user space via
IOServiceOpen. To find them, use ipsw[30]:
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ipsw macho info --symbols KEXT_NAME | grep -i "NewUserClient"
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Alternatively, nm may work, but it can fail on some KEXTs:
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nm -m KEXT_NAME | grep -i "NewUserClient"
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The results are mangled symbols, for example:
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__ZN14ANEClientHints13newUserClientEP4taskPvjPP12IOUserClient
__ZN21ANEPrivilegedVMAccess13newUserClientEP4taskPvjPP12IOUserClient
__ZN8H11ANEIn13newUserClientEP4taskPvjPP12IOUserClient
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Use c++filt[31] to demangle:
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c++filt "__ZN14ANEClientHints13newUserClientEP4taskPvjPP12IOUserClient"
ANEClientHints::newUserClient(task*, void*, unsigned int, IOUserClient**)
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This reveals possible driver service names: ANEClientHints,
ANEPrivilegedVMAccess, and H11ANEIn. Each name maps to a different
IOService class, which may implement unique newUserClient logic. The name
used during IOServiceOpen determines which logic and IOUserClient subclass
gets instantiated, so instance behavior depends directly on the selected
service.
========
--[ 2.1.4 - UC Types
============================================================================
In addition to the service name, the type argument passed to
IOServiceOpen further influences which IOUserClient subclass is
instantiated. It allows a single-driver service to expose multiple client
interfaces with different logic.
Consider the decompiled H11ANEIn::newUserClient implementation, which shows
that when opening the H11ANEIn service, passing type == 1 results in the
creation of H11ANEInDirectPathClient, while any other value defaults to
H11ANEInUserClient. These are distinct IOUserClient subclasses, each with
its own set of external methods and privilege checks.
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__int64 __fastcall H11ANEIn::newUserClient(
H11ANEIn *this, task *clientTask,
void *securityToken,
__int64 type,
IOUserClient **userClientOut)
{
  *userClientOut = nullptr;
  if (type == 1) {
    // Logs: Creating direct evaluate client
    auto client = new H11ANEInDirectPathClient;
    if (client && client->initWithTask(clientTask, 0) &&
        client->attach(this) &&
        client->start(this)) {
      *userClientOut = client;
      return 0;
    }
    if (client) {
      client->detach(this);
      client->release();
    }
  } else {
    // Logs: Creating default full-entitlement client
    auto client = new H11ANEInUserClient;
    if (client && client->initWithTask(clientTask, 0) &&
        client->attach(this) &&
        client->start(this)) {
      *userClientOut = client;
      return 0;
    }
    if (client) {
      client->detach(this);
      client->release();
    }
  }
  return 0xE00002C9; // kIOReturnUnsupported
}
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