| --- |
| language: |
| - en |
| - zh |
| - ru |
| license: cc-by-4.0 |
| size_categories: |
| - 1M<n<10M |
| task_categories: |
| - text-classification |
| - text-retrieval |
| tags: |
| - cybersecurity |
| - exploit |
| - vulnerability |
| - CVE |
| - hacker-forum |
| - threat-intelligence |
| - NLP |
| - benchmark |
| pretty_name: HackerSignal |
| dataset_info: |
| splits: |
| - name: full |
| num_examples: 7447646 |
| features: |
| - name: unified_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_dataset |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_file |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_format |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_layer |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_record_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: forum_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: timestamp |
| dtype: string |
| - name: author_hash |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text_raw |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text_length |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: text_raw_length |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: text_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text_raw_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: thread_url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: thread_title |
| dtype: string |
| - name: section |
| dtype: string |
| - name: post_index |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: post_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: thread_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: scraped_at |
| dtype: string |
| - name: reply_count |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: view_count |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: tags |
| sequence: string |
| - name: cve_refs |
| sequence: string |
| - name: dataset_generated_at |
| dtype: string |
| - name: release_mode |
| dtype: string |
| - name: released_artifact |
| dtype: string |
| - name: redaction_reason |
| dtype: string |
| configs: |
| - config_name: default |
| data_files: |
| - split: full |
| path: unified_hacker_communities_neurips_public.jsonl |
| features: |
| - name: unified_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_dataset |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_file |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_format |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_layer |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_record_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: forum_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: timestamp |
| dtype: string |
| - name: author_hash |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text_raw |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text_length |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: text_raw_length |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: text_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text_raw_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: thread_url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: thread_title |
| dtype: string |
| - name: section |
| dtype: string |
| - name: post_index |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: post_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: thread_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: scraped_at |
| dtype: string |
| - name: reply_count |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: view_count |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: tags |
| sequence: string |
| - name: cve_refs |
| sequence: string |
| - name: dataset_generated_at |
| dtype: string |
| - name: release_mode |
| dtype: string |
| - name: released_artifact |
| dtype: string |
| - name: redaction_reason |
| dtype: string |
| - config_name: sample |
| data_files: |
| - split: full |
| path: hackersignal_sample_10k.jsonl |
| features: |
| - name: unified_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_dataset |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_file |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_format |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_layer |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_record_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: forum_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: timestamp |
| dtype: string |
| - name: author_hash |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text_raw |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text_length |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: text_raw_length |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: text_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text_raw_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: thread_url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: thread_title |
| dtype: string |
| - name: section |
| dtype: string |
| - name: post_index |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: post_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: thread_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: scraped_at |
| dtype: string |
| - name: reply_count |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: view_count |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: tags |
| sequence: string |
| - name: cve_refs |
| sequence: string |
| - name: dataset_generated_at |
| dtype: string |
| - name: release_mode |
| dtype: string |
| - name: released_artifact |
| dtype: string |
| - name: redaction_reason |
| dtype: string |
| - config_name: task1_cve_linkage |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: benchmark_v2/task1_cve_linkage/train.jsonl |
| - split: validation |
| path: benchmark_v2/task1_cve_linkage/val.jsonl |
| - split: test |
| path: benchmark_v2/task1_cve_linkage/test.jsonl |
| - split: corpus |
| path: benchmark_v2/task1_cve_linkage/corpus.jsonl |
| features: |
| - name: id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text |
| dtype: string |
| - name: cve_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source |
| dtype: string |
| - name: timestamp |
| dtype: string |
| - config_name: task2_exploit_type |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: benchmark_v2/task2_exploit_type/train.jsonl |
| - split: validation |
| path: benchmark_v2/task2_exploit_type/val.jsonl |
| - split: test |
| path: benchmark_v2/task2_exploit_type/test.jsonl |
| features: |
| - name: id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source |
| dtype: string |
| - name: timestamp |
| dtype: string |
| - config_name: task3_temporal_generalization |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: benchmark_v2/task3_temporal_generalization/train.jsonl |
| - split: validation |
| path: benchmark_v2/task3_temporal_generalization/val.jsonl |
| - split: test |
| path: benchmark_v2/task3_temporal_generalization/test.jsonl |
| - split: corpus |
| path: benchmark_v2/task3_temporal_generalization/corpus.jsonl |
| features: |
| - name: id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text |
| dtype: string |
| - name: cve_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source |
| dtype: string |
| - name: timestamp |
| dtype: string |
| --- |
| |
| # HackerSignal |
|
|
| A large-scale, multi-source dataset linking hacker community discourse, exploit databases, vulnerability advisories, and fix commits through a shared CVE identifier space. |
|
|
| ## Overview |
|
|
| | Statistic | Value | |
| |-----------|-------| |
| | Documents | 7,447,646 (exact-deduplicated) | |
| | Sources | 64 public forum/source identifiers | |
| | Source layers | 8 | |
| | Temporal span | 1988--2026 | |
| | CVE-linked rows | 360,004 | |
| | Benchmark tasks | 3 | |
|
|
| ## Quick Start |
|
|
| ```python |
| from datasets import load_dataset |
| |
| # Load the 10K stratified sample (24 MB) |
| sample = load_dataset("DatasetSubmission/HackerSignal", "sample") |
| |
| # Load a benchmark task |
| task1 = load_dataset("DatasetSubmission/HackerSignal", "task1_cve_linkage") |
| |
| # Load the full corpus (12 GB) |
| full = load_dataset("DatasetSubmission/HackerSignal", "default") |
| ``` |
|
|
| ## Source Layers |
|
|
| | Layer | Description | Rows | |
| |-------|-------------|------| |
| | `hacker_community` | Forum posts from hacker/security communities | 6,974,128 | |
| | `exploit_archive` | Published exploit code and advisories | 197,393 | |
| | `vulnerability_reference` | NVD CVE descriptions and structured advisories | 150,916 | |
| | `exploit_qa_reference` | Security Q&A and tutorial content | 68,791 | |
| | `advisory_reference` | Vendor and third-party security advisories | 30,361 | |
| | `bug_bounty_disclosure` | Public bug bounty reports | 13,720 | |
| | `fix_commit_reference` | Vulnerability fix commit messages | 11,104 | |
| | `exploitation_reference` | Active exploitation indicators (CISA KEV) | 1,233 | |
|
|
| ## Benchmark Tasks |
|
|
| ### Task 1: CVE Linkage Retrieval (CVE-R) |
| Cross-source temporally OOD entity grounding: given exploit/advisory evidence text, retrieve the correct NVD CVE entry from a corpus of 340K descriptions. Queries come from 22 source identifiers across exploit archives, advisories, fix commits, and bug bounty reports; filtered to ≥8 tokens. |
|
|
| | Split | Rows | |
| |-------|------| |
| | Train | 56,692 | |
| | Val | 2,584 | |
| | Test | 1,990 | |
| | Corpus | 340,536 | |
|
|
| ### Task 2: Exploit Type Classification (ETC) |
| 8-class temporal OOD classification of exploit posts by type: injection, XSS, memory corruption, DoS, file inclusion, authentication/access bypass, RCE, and information disclosure. Sourced from ExploitDB and HackerOne public reports; split by publication year so test posts postdate all training examples. |
|
|
| | Split | Rows | |
| |-------|------| |
| | Train | 64,413 | |
| | Val | 4,735 | |
| | Test | 1,735 | |
|
|
| ### Task 3: Temporal Generalization (TG) |
| Identical retrieval formulation to Task 1 but with strict CVE-disjoint constraint: C_train ∩ C_test = ∅. Split by CVE publication year (train: <2022, test: 2024+) to test generalization to wholly unseen vulnerabilities. |
|
|
| | Split | Rows | |
| |-------|------| |
| | Train | 56,833 | |
| | Val | 2,535 | |
| | Test | 1,898 | |
| | Corpus | 340,536 | |
|
|
| ## Schema |
|
|
| Each record in the main corpus contains: |
|
|
| | Field | Type | Description | |
| |-------|------|-------------| |
| | `unified_id` | string | SHA-256-derived release identifier | |
| | `source_dataset` | string | Input source file or dataset name | |
| | `source_layer` | string | Normalized layer (see above) | |
| | `text` | string | UTF-8 post/advisory text (max 8000 chars) | |
| | `timestamp` | string | ISO 8601 publication datetime (UTC) | |
| | `forum_id` | string | Source identifier | |
| | `author_hash` | string | SHA-256 pseudonymized author | |
| | `release_mode` | string | Governance mode (see below) | |
|
|
| ## Release Governance |
|
|
| Records follow source-specific release modes: |
|
|
| - **`redistributable_text`** (5 sources): Full text included under public-domain or CC licenses. |
| - **`research_text_with_terms`** (9 sources): Text included with source attribution; no commercial reuse. |
| - **`metadata_or_pointer_only`** (13 sources): Only metadata, timestamps, CVE refs, text hashes, and lengths; raw text withheld. |
| |
| See `docs/release_governance.md` for the full source matrix, takedown policy, and responsible-use restrictions. |
| |
| ## Responsible Use |
| |
| This dataset is intended for **defensive cybersecurity research** only. Prohibited uses include: |
| - Training systems for automated exploit code generation or malware |
| - De-anonymizing forum participants outside approved research protocols |
| - Operational blocking or law-enforcement decisions based solely on model outputs |
| - Republishing text from `metadata_or_pointer_only` sources |
|
|
| ## Known Issues |
|
|
| - **HuggingFace dataset viewer row count**: The viewer may display a partial count (~1M) for the `default/full` split because HF's streaming viewer cannot fully index files over ~10 GB. The actual row count is 7,447,646 as validated against the SHA-256 manifest. |
| - **Content-scanner warnings**: HF's automated scanner flags several files (including the sample JSONL) as "Unsafe" due to exploit and vulnerability text. This is expected for a cybersecurity research dataset and does not indicate malicious content. See the Responsible Use section below. |
|
|
| ## Limitations |
|
|
| - English-language bias; non-English communities may be underrepresented |
| - Historical forum imports skew toward 2015--2017 |
| - Task labels are weak (CVE-linkage-derived), not human-annotated |
| - ~8% near-duplicate content remains after exact deduplication |
| - 1.57M rows under 8 tokens (useful for interaction analysis, not classification) |
|
|
| ## Citation |
|
|
| ```bibtex |
| @misc{hackersignal2026, |
| title={{HackerSignal}: A Temporally Structured, Multi-Source Benchmark for Cybersecurity Threat Intelligence}, |
| author={Anonymous}, |
| year={2026}, |
| howpublished={arXiv preprint} |
| } |
| ``` |
|
|
| ## License |
|
|
| Code and metadata: CC BY 4.0. Source text retains source-specific terms documented in the governance addendum and release manifest. |
|
|
