url stringlengths 6 1.61k | fetch_time int64 1,368,856,904B 1,726,893,854B | content_mime_type stringclasses 3 values | warc_filename stringlengths 108 138 | warc_record_offset int32 9.6k 1.74B | warc_record_length int32 664 793k | text stringlengths 45 1.04M | token_count int32 22 711k | char_count int32 45 1.04M | metadata stringlengths 439 443 | score float64 2.52 5.09 | int_score int64 3 5 | crawl stringclasses 93 values | snapshot_type stringclasses 2 values | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.06 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/178553/creat-a-matrix-with-boundary-condition | 1,632,421,062,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923165408-20210923195408-00228.warc.gz | 437,178,172 | 38,408 | # Creat a matrix with boundary condition
I would creat a symmetric matrix, but how can I set the boundary in Subscript?
Array[Subscript[a, #1, #2] &, {3, 3}] // MatrixForm
$a_{ij} = a_{ji}$, $j$ is not equal to $i$.
• Jul 19 '18 at 0:35
Array[Subscript[a, ## & @@ Sort[{##}]] &, {5, 5}] // MatrixForm // TeXForm
$\left( \begin{array}{ccccc} a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & a_{1,3} & a_{1,4} & a_{1,5} \\ a_{1,2} & a_{2,2} & a_{2,3} & a_{2,4} & a_{2,5} \\ a_{1,3} & a_{2,3} & a_{3,3} & a_{3,4} & a_{3,5} \\ a_{1,4} & a_{2,4} & a_{3,4} & a_{4,4} & a_{4,5} \\ a_{1,5} & a_{2,5} & a_{3,5} & a_{4,5} & a_{5,5} \\ \end{array} \right)$
You can also use
Array[Subscript[a, Min @ ##, Max @ ##] &, {5, 5}]
• thanks a lot! how can I get the voigt notation from second order tensor in a efficient way in Mathematica? Jul 19 '18 at 21:19
• @ABCDEMMM, i am afraid i don't know off the top of my head; that sounds like good new question.
– kglr
Jul 19 '18 at 21:25
• I am also afraid that I will I get negative note if i ask such a question.... Jul 19 '18 at 21:27
• @ABCDEMMM, i happen to think that it is a good question. With a small example and a link (say, to wikipedia) it is likely to be received very well on this site.
– kglr
Jul 19 '18 at 21:34 | 499 | 1,240 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.6875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | latest | en | 0.69505 |
https://foxoyo.com/mcq/193777/if-x-cos-sin-x-then-f-1-0 | 1,560,812,869,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998581.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617223249-20190618005249-00313.warc.gz | 454,865,908 | 9,166 | # If ƒ(x) = cos(sin(x)), then f-1(0) =
A Foxoyo User
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next time you Google a mcq Questions
### Related MCQs
The analog signal given below is sampled at 1200 samples per
For the circuit shown in the figure, the voltage and current
If cos 55° and sin 55° = 0.8 each then answer of cos 125°
If cos 55° and sin 55° = 0.8 each then answer of 3 cos 125
Four signalsm1 = cos (ω0t), m2(t) = cos (ω0t), m3(t) = 2 c
Match the following: List I List II
A.A1 cos2pf1t1.
B.A1 A2
If x1(t) = 2 sin pt + cos 4 pt and x2(t) = sin 5 pt + 3 sin
A message signal x(t) is amplitude modulated with carrier c(
Sampling frequency of sin 100pt + cos 200pt + sin 100pt + co | 261 | 708 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.0625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | latest | en | 0.656611 |
http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-make-a-Simple-Table-light/ | 1,524,249,596,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944677.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420174802-20180420194802-00014.warc.gz | 435,220,635 | 10,758 | # How to Make a Simple Table Light
2,541
9
8
Posted
## Introduction: How to Make a Simple Table Light
The room that I study in recieves the precious heart warming Golden bright shining rays from the sun but when it's past 11 I feel that it's 7 in the evening and this fills me with Drowsiness, I Try to remove the hands of dark from my study room by switching on three 22 watt CFL's which seem like fireflies because the ceiling is a bit higher and the electricity isn't so powerful to light these to their maximum luminous output. So, what's the solution, Living in a place where finding LED's is so difficult, not having the components to make one, but having a lot of junk in the house and a bit of mathematical support, I Found that an old 2 pin mobile charger whose both input pins were broken and I don't know why it was lying in the junk stack, was giving me enough current and voltage to light up an old LED plate which I got from a broken Chinese emergency light, These 2 things plus an old cardboard container and a bit of wire made my day!, Now it's been near 6 months from when I built it and operate it regularly for about 4 - 12 hours without any problems. Are you Bored... Don't leave this page for whatever... OK...OK, Let me start the Instructable Now
## Step 1: Materials Required
• More than 10 LED's Soldered onto a PCB
I don't have the skill nor the materials to do so and I found one such prefabricated but you aren't necessarily bound to find one, you may be able to make one. I got an LED panel from old chinese emergency light and it is with a reflector.
• An old Mobile Charger with >=6V and <1A DC output rating.
It should be atleast in the working condition.
Mine is a 5V 700 mAh DC output charger and I re-paired it's broken pins
• Some desired length of wire
• Preferably a switch would be good
I had a toggle switch from a 1980's TV video game's power button.
Now we are ready to process these into a good Table Light. Let's move...
## Step 2: Make the Circuit
Check the circuit diagram and join the components according to it (No forcing!)
Check the pin connections correctly either using a multimeter or a LED, and join positive to positive and negative to negative. Doing it the wrong way MAY (not the month!) damage the components.
## Step 3: Now Using Your Respective Creativity;
Make a Beautiful/Elegant/Cool or even Hybrid if you like stand for the circuit you just made, with whatever materials you like.
I prefer durability so I made mine using stiffened cardboard (I got it from the packing of something I don't remember)
but it's not so cool elegant beautiful or even hybrid but a simple one!.
## Step 4: Now It's Done; Use It, It's Yours Now
Now it's done it should be working, if it's not, just ask; if not me but someone will definitely help out.
A very simple Table Lamp using reused components and working on low power.
UPDATE; I had made a bike light which operated on non rechargeable cells, I modified it to work on chargeable cells, The chargeable cell has a charge regulator circuit with it. (In the pictures it's covered in Red Tape : Waterproofing)
I modified the above table lamp to work as both phone charger, bike light charger and a table lamp, of course I don't operate them all at the same time.
see the pictures on flower carpet for modified circuit diagram and pictures;
I use the charger output pin and an old nokia pin to charge my Nokia N-95 8GB, as the charger is compatible for this phone.
I Tested the system while operating all three things, Charging of phone got very slow, Charging of bike Light got Very Slow but light output was still quiet Okay. I advise for this circuit using just 2 simultaneous operations at a time, to avoid lags and any other side effects.
NOTE! Diodes are there so that if you forget unplugging the battery and you unplug the charger from wall socket, and leave the table light on, to prevent the battery from discharging into the table light circuit.
If you like the instructable please Vote me :]
## Recommendations
• ### 3D CAM and CNC Class
336 Enrolled
• ### Trash to Treasure
We have a be nice policy.
## Questions
de- rating is always good. and your plant project is simply superb!
are you from India?
Yeah, I'm from India
But which plant project are you referring to, I didn't create one?
Still, Thanks for increasing my knowledge a bit more.
Even I'm from India,
Heres something you maybe interested in-
https://www.instructables.com/id/Transform-a-boring-old-Table-lamp-into-2800-Lumen-/
Lovely desing and and power efficient.
Please refrain from using stupid 5mm LED as they're known to fade very fast and I learnt the hard way. Switch to 1W or high power LEd and you're golden
Thanks for the complement :)
But these LED's before being in my table light have been in use (when they were in an emergency light) for around 2 years regularly cause we have power outages here, and then the battery of the emergency light died and now its been about 7 months regular usage and LED's have dimmed indistinguishably and are still performing good.
Also here I am supplying these LED's less current than the peak current that they can handle, may be just 60% increasing their life sharply as they don't suffer heat damage or stress due to long duration operation.
you can use perforated metal hanger and get a much more strong & sleek design.. check it out
I thought of that first, but I like to keep it simple.
nice, i actually started this project with a cardboard arm :) thank you | 1,266 | 5,535 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.609375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | latest | en | 0.955096 |
http://forums.wolfram.com/mathgroup/archive/1999/Oct/msg00058.html | 1,575,957,557,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540525821.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210041836-20191210065836-00449.warc.gz | 52,992,098 | 7,768 | NonlinearRegress and numerical function
• To: mathgroup at smc.vnet.net
• Subject: [mg20162] NonlinearRegress and numerical function
• From: Fredrik <fredrik at ic.chalmers.se>
• Date: Sun, 3 Oct 1999 21:07:33 -0400
• Organization: Chalmers University of Technology
• Sender: owner-wri-mathgroup at wolfram.com
```Hi
I've got a big problem making Mathematica realize that my function is
numerical. The following problem illustrates it in a rather simplified
way:
g[t1_] := y[t] /. DSolve[{y'[t] == -y[t] 3, y[0] == 6}, y[t], t][[1]] /.
t -> t1
data = {0, 10, 20, 100};
fit = Transpose[{data, g[data]}];
f[t1_, a_,b_] := (y[t] /.NDSolve[{y'[t] == -y[t] a, y[0] == b}, y[t],
{t, 0, 100}][[1]]) /.t -> t1
NonlinearRegress[data, f[t, a, 6], {t}, {a, {2.9, 3.2}, 2, 4}]
It should be rather straightforward to solve this, but NonlinearRegress
seem to evaluate the function 'f' first and the results:
NDSolve::"ndnum": "Encountered non-numerical value for a derivative at \
\!\(t\) == \!\(2.680466916142905`*^-274\)."
etc....
I've tried to use Unevaluated and Hold but nothing works!
Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Regards
_________________________________________________
loke at ic.chalmers.se
Phone: +46 (0)31 7721867
Fax: +46 (0)31 7723622
Chalmers University of Technology
Solid State Electronics Laboratory
Department of Microelectronics ED
S-412 96 Guteborg, SWEDEN
_________________________________________________
```
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• Previous by thread: Re: Integrate with If and Which
• Next by thread: Mathematica 3.0 Graphics on Web | 524 | 1,658 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.046875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | longest | en | 0.727362 |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/having-trouble-finding-the-tension-of-this-newton-law-problem.535176/ | 1,527,178,794,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866511.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524151157-20180524171157-00292.warc.gz | 812,534,045 | 15,108 | # Homework Help: Having trouble finding the tension of this newton law problem
1. Sep 29, 2011
### bblair3
Block A in the figure below has mass mA = 4.5 kg and is sliding down the ramp. Block B has mass mB = 2.2 kg. The coefficient of kinetic friction between block B and the horizontal plane is 0.50. The inclined plane is frictionless and at angle 30°.
part a is to find the tension
the equation I have is Ma(g)sin theta-f(a)=ma a
i also found fa of to be 19.096, which I used $\mu$k mag cos theta
I found the b part which was to find the acceleration: 1.68 m/s^2
using my first equation for tension i keep getting t=13.99
webassign does not like that answer and I can't figure out what I am doing wrong
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
2. Relevant equations
3. The attempt at a solution
2. Sep 29, 2011
### Staff: Mentor
From the problem description only one of the blocks is on the slope, the other is on a horizontal surface. So I'm not seeing the reason for you're use of the cosine function when you calculate the frictional force.
You should be able to arrive at two expressions relating the tension and acceleration by analyzing the Free Body Diagrams of the two blocks.
3. Sep 29, 2011
### bblair3
if use sin to find Fa it gives me 11.025 which makes the tension equal 3.56 which is also wrong.
maybe I am not writing the equation right.
I am getting Tension to be T=ma g sin theta- fa-ma a
which I am getting 4.5(9.8)sin 30-19.096-(4.5)(9.8) which = 13.99
am I setting the equation wrong??
4. Sep 29, 2011
### Staff: Mentor
You should be getting two equations for the tension, one for each block, from their FBD's. These equations will each have two unknowns: the tension and the acceleration. From them a single equation for the tension can be assembled (by substituting the acceleration from one into the other).
Can you write the two equations from the FBD's? | 513 | 1,925 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.5 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | latest | en | 0.934348 |
https://www.fatalerrors.org/a/shortest-path-virtual-tree-expectation.html | 1,702,276,167,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103558.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211045204-20231211075204-00698.warc.gz | 816,729,245 | 5,966 | # problem
Given a tree n n For a rootless tree with n nodes, the edge weight of each edge is 1 1 1 .
The tree is marked with m m m different key points, small A will be here m m m points are randomly selected with medium probability k k Put cookies at k different points.
You want to know, passing by with cookies k k What is the expectation of the shortest path length of k points.
Note that you can select the start point and end point arbitrarily, and the path can also pass through repeated points or repeated edges.
The answer is right 998244353 998244353 998244353 take the mold.
# solution
observation: the starting point and ending point must be the special points of cookies.
Because you want to reach all the points with cookies, all sides will go twice, except the path between the beginning and end will only go once.
Create a virtual tree for this tree [only reflected in the thought, not in the code].
Then the shortest path process is the process of dfs virtual tree, which can be expressed as twice the sum of the paths between two adjacent cookie points ➖ The length of a path.
Since the shortest path is variable, only the "length of one path" is selected, so the longest diameter must be selected.
Then, it is found that the two parts are independent and can be calculated separately.
• Consider how an edge will be included in the shortest path under the condition of cookie selection.
Obviously, an edge divides the tree into two parts, and the contribution of this edge will be calculated if and only if both the left and right parts have cookies.
Consider the number of cookies on both sides.
Set the size of the left part to x x x. Then the size of the right part is n − x n-x n − x [size refers to the number of points].
Quantity is ( m k ) − ( x k ) − ( n − x k ) \binom{m}{k}-\binom{x}{k}-\binom{n-x}{k} (km) − (kx) − (kn − x) [all cases minus illegal numbers all on the left or all on the right].
• Consider a path [both ends of the path u , v u,v u. V must be a special cookie dry point] under what kind of cookie selection conditions will be regarded as the diameter.
Obviously, the necessary and sufficient condition is that the distance between all small cookie dots does not exceed the path length.
Due to the nature of the diameter [the method of constantly expanding the points and updating the diameter], it is only necessary to judge the other small biscuit points u , v u,v u. The distance of V does not exceed the length of the considered path.
However, it is likely that there are some small biscuit distribution schemes, and the diameter is not unique.
This will be counted as "no more than".
Therefore, you need to specify a rule for the diameter of the same length to make it strictly less than.
Here, choose the simplest one: arrange the size according to the number of endpoints.
Note: the size of the endpoint number is the second keyword. The premise of sorting using this method is that the length of the first keyword is the same.
It will be concluded that this path is the only diameter if and only if all the following conditions are not met
• d i s ( u , v ) < d i s ( u , i ) dis(u,v)<dis(u,i) dis(u,v)<dis(u,i)
• d i s ( u , v ) < d i s ( v , i ) dis(u,v)<dis(v,i) dis(u,v)<dis(v,i)
• d i s ( u , v ) = d i s ( u , i ) ∧ i < v dis(u,v)=dis(u,i)\wedge i<v dis(u,v)=dis(u,i)∧i<v
• d i s ( u , v ) = d i s ( v , i ) ∧ i < u dis(u,v)=dis(v,i)\wedge i<u dis(u,v)=dis(v,i)∧i<u
enumeration i i i calculate the value that satisfies any of the above conditions i i Quantity of i c n t cnt cnt, the last is to calculate the rest k − 2 k-2 k − the number of cases where two small biscuits fall to remove these illegal points, i.e ( m − 2 − c n t k − 2 ) \binom{m-2-cnt}{k-2} (k−2m−2−cnt).
Finally, divide the sum of all contributions by the total number of schemes ( m k ) \binom{m}{k} (km) is the expectation.
Time complexity O ( m 3 ) O(m^3) O(m3).
# code
```#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define int long long
#define mod 998244353
#define maxn 2005
vector < int > G[maxn];
int c[maxn][maxn], dis[maxn][maxn], f[maxn][15];
int siz[maxn], a[maxn], dep[maxn];
int n, m, k, ans;
void init() {
for( int i = 0;i <= m;i ++ ) {
c[i][0] = c[i][i] = 1;
for( int j = 1;j < i;j ++ )
c[i][j] = ( c[i - 1][j - 1] + c[i - 1][j] ) % mod;
}
}
void dfs( int u, int fa ) {
f[u][0] = fa, dep[u] = dep[fa] + 1;
for( int i = 1;i < 15;i ++ ) f[u][i] = f[f[u][i - 1]][i - 1];
for( int v : G[u] )
if( v ^ fa ) {
dfs( v, u );
ans = ( ans + c[m][k] - c[siz[v]][k] - c[m - siz[v]][k] ) % mod;
siz[u] += siz[v];
}
}
int lca( int u, int v ) {
if( dep[u] < dep[v] ) swap( u, v );
for( int i = 14;~ i;i -- ) if( dep[f[u][i]] >= dep[v] ) u = f[u][i];
if( u == v ) return u;
for( int i = 14;~ i;i -- ) if( f[u][i] ^ f[v][i] ) u = f[u][i], v = f[v][i];
return f[u][0];
}
int qkpow( int x, int y ) {
int ans = 1;
while( y ) {
if( y & 1 ) ans = ans * x % mod;
x = x * x % mod;
y >>= 1;
}
return ans;
}
signed main() {
freopen( "tree.in", "r", stdin );
freopen( "tree.out", "w", stdout );
scanf( "%lld %lld %lld", &n, &m, &k );
init();
for( int i = 1;i <= m;i ++ ) scanf( "%lld", &a[i] ), siz[a[i]] = 1;
for( int i = 1, u, v;i < n;i ++ ) {
scanf( "%lld %lld", &u, &v );
G[u].push_back( v );
G[v].push_back( u );
}
dfs( 1, 0 );
ans = ans << 1; //It takes two times on one side
for( int i = 1;i <= m;i ++ )
for( int j = i + 1;j <= m;j ++ )
dis[i][j] = dis[j][i] = dep[a[i]] + dep[a[j]] - ( dep[lca( a[i], a[j] )] << 1 );
for( int u = 1;u <= m;u ++ )
for( int v = u + 1;v <= m;v ++ ) {
int cnt = 0;
for( int i = 1;i <= m;i ++ )
if( i ^ u and i ^ v )
cnt += dis[u][v] < max( dis[u][i], dis[v][i] ) or ( dis[u][v] == dis[i][v] and i < u ) or ( dis[u][v] == dis[i][u] and i < v );
ans = ( ans - dis[u][v] * c[m - 2 - cnt][k - 2] ) % mod;
}
printf( "%lld\n", ( ans * qkpow( c[m][k], mod - 2 ) % mod + mod ) % mod );
return 0;
}
```
Posted by joyadmin at Nov 14, 2021 - 5:46 PM | 1,884 | 5,933 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.859375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | latest | en | 0.901305 |
https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Nonlinear_programming | 1,586,478,171,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00140.warc.gz | 750,136,306 | 15,920 | SUMMARY / RELATED TOPICS
In mathematics, nonlinear programming is the process of solving an optimization problem where some of the constraints or the objective function are nonlinear. An optimization problem is one of calculation of the extrema of an objective function over a set of unknown real variables and conditional to the satisfaction of a system of equalities and inequalities, collectively termed constraints, it is the sub-field of mathematical optimization. A typical non-convex problem is that of optimizing transportation costs by selection from a set of transportation methods, one or more of which exhibit economies of scale, with various connectivities and capacity constraints. An example would be petroleum product transport given a selection or combination of pipeline, rail tanker, road tanker, river barge, or coastal tankship. Owing to economic batch size the cost functions may have discontinuities in addition to smooth changes. In experimental science, some simple data analysis can be done with linear methods, but in general these problems are nonlinear.
One has a theoretical model of the system under study with variable parameters in it and a model the experiment or experiments, which may have unknown parameters. One tries to find a best fit numerically. In this case one wants a measure of the precision of the result, as well as the best fit itself. Let n, m, p be positive integers. Let X be a subset of Rn, let f, gi, hj be real-valued functions on X for each i in and each j in, with at least one of f, gi, hj being nonlinear. A nonlinear minimization problem is an optimization problem of the form minimize f subject to g i ≤ 0 for each i ∈ h j = 0 for each j ∈ x ∈ X. A nonlinear maximization problem is defined in a similar way. There are several possibilities for the nature of the constraint set known as the feasible set or feasible region. An infeasible problem is one for which no set of values for the choice variables satisfies all the constraints; that is, the constraints are mutually contradictory, no solution exists. A feasible problem is one for which there exists at least one set of values for the choice variables satisfying all the constraints.
An unbounded problem is a feasible problem for which the objective function can be made to be better than any given finite value. Thus there is no optimal solution, because there is always a feasible solution that gives a better objective function value than does any given proposed solution. If the objective function f is linear and the constrained space is a polytope, the problem is a linear programming problem, which may be solved using well-known linear programming techniques such as the simplex method. If the objective function is concave, or convex and the constraint set is convex the program is called convex and general methods from convex optimization can be used in most cases. If the objective function is quadratic and the constraints are linear, quadratic programming techniques are used. If the objective function is a ratio of a concave and a convex function and the constraints are convex the problem can be transformed to a convex optimization problem using fractional programming techniques.
Several methods are available for solving nonconvex problems. One approach is to use special formulations of linear programming problems. Another method involves the use of branch and bound techniques, where the program is divided into subclasses to be solved with convex or linear approximations that form a lower bound on the overall cost within the subdivision. With subsequent divisions, at some point an actual solution will be obtained whose cost is equal to the best lower bound obtained for any of the approximate solutions; this solution is optimal, although not unique. The algorithm may be stopped early, with the assurance that the best possible solution is within a tolerance from the best point found. Terminating to ε-optimal points is necessary to ensure finite termination; this is useful for large, difficult problems and problems with uncertain costs or values where the uncertainty can be estimated with an appropriate reliability estimation. Under differentiability and constraint qualifications, the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions provide necessary conditions for a solution to be optimal.
Under convexity, these conditions are sufficient. If some of the functions are non-differentiable, subdifferential versions of Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions are available. A simple problem
Thai temple art and architecture is the art and architecture of Buddhist temples in Thailand. Temples are known as wat’s, from the Pāḷi vāṭa, meaning "enclosure." A temple has an enclosing wall. Wat architecture adheres to consistent principles. A wat, with few exceptions, consists of two parts: the Sangkhawat; the Phutthawat is the area, dedicated to Buddha. It contains several buildings: Chedi – known as a Stupa it is in the form of a bell-shaped tower accessible and covered with gold leaf, containing a relic chamber. Prang – the Thai version of Khmer temple towers in temples from the Sukhothai and the Ayutthaya period. Ubosot or Bot – the ordination hall and most sacred area of a wat. Eight Sema stones mark the consecrated area. Wihan – a shrine hall that contains the principal Buddha images, it is the assembly hall. Mondop - specific square- or cruciform-based building or shrine, sometimes with a spired roof, it is a ceremonial form. It can act as a shrine. Unlike the Mandapa of Khmer or Indian temple, which are part of a larger structure, the Thai Mondop is free-standing.
Ho trai – the temple library or scriptures depository houses the sacred Tipiṭaka scriptures. Sometimes they are built in the form of a Mondop, a cubical-shaped building where the pyramidal roof is carried by columns. Sala – an open pavilion providing shade and a place to rest. Sala kan parian – a large, open hall where laity can hear sermons or receive religious education, it means "hall, in which monks study for their Parian exam" and is used for chanting afternoon prayers. Ho rakhang – bell tower, used for waking the monks and to announce the morning and evening ceremonies. Phra rabiang – a peristyle sometimes built around the sacred inner area as a cloister. Ancillary buildings such as a crematorium or a school; the buildings are adorned with elements such as chofas. In temples of the Rattanakosin era, such as Wat Pho and Wat Ratchabophit, the ubosot can be contained within a inner wall called a Kamphaeng Kaeo, which translates to "crystal wall"; the sangkhawat contains the monks' living quarters.
It lies within the wall surrounding the temple compound. The sangkhawat can have the following buildings: Kuti – a small structure, built on stilts, designed to house a monk, with its proper size defined in the Sangkhathiset, rule 6, to be 12 by 7 kheup. Modern kutis take the shape of an apartment building with small rooms; the sangkhawat can contain the'Ho rakhang' and the'Sala Kan Parian'. Houses most of the functional buildings such as the kitchen. Temples display multiple roof tiers; the use of ornamented tiers is reserved for roofs on temples and important public buildings. Two or three tiers are most used, but some royal temples have four; the practice is more aesthetic than functional. Temple halls and their roofs are large. To lighten the roof's appearance, the lowest tier is the largest with a smaller middle layer and the smallest tier on top. Multiple breaks in each roof lighten it further – a double-tiered roof might have 2-4 breaks in each tier; the tiers and tier patterns create dynamic visual rhythms.
In northern temples, the roof area is sweeping low to cover more of the wall. The lower tiers telescope toward the entrance. In a central Thai temple, the lower tiers reach a short distance beyond the top roof at the gable ends. Most decorations are attached to the bargeboard, the long, thin panel on the edge of the roof at the gable ends; the decorative structure is called the lamyong. The lamyong is sculpted in an undulating, serpentine nag sadung shape evoking the Nāga, its blade-like projection called bai raka suggest the feathers of Garuda. Its lower finial is called a hang hong, which takes the form of a Nāga's head turned up and facing away from the roof; the Nāga head may have multiple heads. A roof with multiple breaks or tiers has identical hang hong finials at the bottom of each section. Perched on the peak of the lamyong is the large curving ornament called a Chofah, which resembles the beak of a bird representing Garuda. Thai Theravada Buddhism and Hindu cultures merged, Hindu elements were introduced into Thai iconography.
Popular figures include the four-armed figure of Vishnu. Development of the Buddha image in Thailand Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand Characteristics of a Thai Buddha Apsara Erawan Ganesh Garuda Hanuman Indra Kinnara Kirtimukha Makara Nāga Rama Ravana Shiva Vishnu Yaksha Chofa Buddhism in Thailand List of Buddhist temples in Thailand Thai art Ramakien Sumeru Himavanta Discovery Channel by Scott Rutherford, "Insight Guides: Thailand.", APA Publications GmbH & Co. 2004. Discovery Channel by Steve Van Beek, "Insight Pocket Guide: Thailand.", APA Publications GmbH & Co. 2004. Maria Grazia Casella and Paola Piacco, "Thailand: Nature and Wonders.", Asia Books Co. Ltd. 2004. John Hoskin and Gerald Cubitt, "This is Thailand.", Asia Books Co. Ltd. 2003 Karl Döhring, Buddhist Temples of Thailand: an Architectonic Introduction, White Lotus, 2000. ISBN 974-7534-40-1 Wat Thai: Dhammathai Thai Ar
The Members are a British punk band that originated in Camberley, England. In the UK, they are best known for their single "The Sound of the Suburbs", reaching No. 12 in 1979, in Australia, "Radio" which reached No. 5 in 1982. The Members were formed by lyricist Nicky Tesco in 1976, through an invited audition at a recording studio at Tooley Street, London; the original personnel, with Tesco, was Gary Baker, Steve Morley with Steve Maycock Clive Parker. Morley and Parker were replaced by Chris Payne and Adrian Lillywhite. In 1976, the band performed for its first engagements at The Red Cow, The Windsor Castle and The Nashville Rooms. In that year composer Jean Marie Carroll joined the band to complement Tesco's lyrics; the Members had recorded a number of songs, but the first released recording was "Fear on the Streets", produced by Lillywhite's brother Steve Lillywhite. This song was included on the first record released by the Beggars Banquet label, the punk compilation Streets; the song-writing collaboration between Tesco and Carroll moved The Members' sound towards an incorporation of reggae, shown in the first single released for Stiff Records, "Solitary Confinement", produced by Larry Wallis.
Following these releases, band personnel became Tesco, Nigel Bennett and Lillywhite. In 1978/79 The Members continued to play the London pub and club circuit, became a feature in the music press and were championed by John Peel, they signed to Virgin Records in 1978, for which label they recorded "The Sound of the Suburbs", again produced by Steve Lillywhite. This became The Members' biggest chart success and their best-known song in the UK; the follow-up single, "Offshore Banking Business", a reggae tune written by Carroll based on his experiences working in offshore banking at the private bank Coutts, did not achieve the same popularity. A version of "Offshore Banking Business" was recorded for the early 1980s film Urgh! A Music War, produced by Michael White, distributed by Lorimar Productions; the Members' first album, At the Chelsea Nightclub, was followed by a second for Virgin, 1980 – The Choice Is Yours. Augmented by saxophonists Steve Thomson and Simon Lloyd, the group recorded what would turn out to be their final album.
This last album was first issued in the US as Uprhythm, Downbeat in 1982, it surfaced in the UK a year retitled Going West. The album featured the singles "Radio," which made the Top 10 in parts of Australia, "Working Girl," the music video for which gave the band exposure in North America via MTV; the band broke up in 1983, when Tesco left the band after the last tour of the US. Lillywhite went on to join the band King in the mid-1980s in time for their second album. Lloyd soon joined the Australian band Icehouse, remaining with them for their international smash hits "Electric Blue" and "Crazy." In 1989, Tesco appeared in Leningrad Cowboys Go America and directed by Aki Kaurismäki, a film about a fictional Russian rock band touring the US. This fictional band toured as an actual band, recorded the Tesco song "Thru the Wire". Kaurismäki directed a video for "Thru the Wire"; as well as working as a music journalist for the magazine Music Week, Tesco has been a commentator on new releases for BBC 6 Music's "Roundtable".
In 2007, The Members were reunited at The Inn on Ladbroke Grove, London. In 2008, a line up of Carroll and Nick Cash resumed touring, In 2009 a new single "International Financial Crisis" was released, recorded by Tesco, Carroll and Bennett, with artwork by the original Members' album sleeve designer, Malcolm Garrett; this line up played Isle of Wight festivals. The Members line-up of Carroll and Rat Scabies performed from 2010 to 2013, playing over 90 Shows including 3 European Tours and New Zealand and Australian Tours, Nick Cash rejoined the Band in 2014. In March 2012, the Members released their fourth studio album, InGrrLand, featuring Carroll, Bennett and Rat Scabies. in December 2013 Nigel Bennett rejoined the Members. In 2014 The Members mounted a coast-to-coast tour of the US, without Payne's temporary replacement Calle Engelmarc who had injured his hand. Instead, JC Carroll played bass; this was the band's first tour of the US for 32 years. In 2015, the band began work on their fifth studio album in studios in London and West Byfleet featuring a nucleus of Carroll, Cash and Bennett together with guest appearances from Guy Pratt and former Jam guitarist Steve Brookes.
One Law, released in early 2016, was produced by Carroll, received reviews in Record Collector, Vive Le Rock, Louder Than War, The Aberdeen Voice. Streets The Moonlight Tapes The Sound of the Suburbs The Members Official YouTube Channel The Members web site Nick Tesco music review blog. Review of The Members in Sacramento 2014 Record Collector Article September 2015 J C Carroll Official Site Nicky Tesco filmography Nick Cash: a bio Nick Tesco biographical videos
Jacksons fencing is a British fencing manufacturing company based in Stowting Common near Ashford in Kent. The company employs over 250 staff, was established in 1947 by Harold Sands Jackson and his son Ian Jackson who began selling chestnut stakes and agricultural fencing to local farmers. In April 2010, the company became the first to have a timber security fence system certified by Loss Prevention Certification Board when its Jakoustic Class 3 system was certified to LPS 1175 Security Rating 3, it went onto develop security fencing systems in steel and novel timber and steel combinations with LPCB LPS 1175 security ratings covering SR1 to SR5. LPCB LPS 1175 SR5 is the highest security rating attained by a fencing system and is held by Jacksons Trident 5 system. In 2016 the company reported an increase in pre-tax profits following the win of the Eurotunnel contract to supply and install security fencing and gate upgrades around the terminal's perimeter in Coquelles, France. In June 2017 The Sunday Times featured the organisation in their International Track 200 League Table for its involvement in the Eurotunnel project and projects in Russia.
In May 2018, the company announced its successful transition to the most up to date international quality management standard ISO 9001:2015. Headed by Peter Jackson since October 2014, the company remains in private, family ownership and serves both consumers<ref>"Jacksons Fencing Venetian". Jacksons-fencing.co.uk/. Retrieved 12 August 2018
Theron Upson "Tule" Lyman was a college football player and coach. He was the chief examiners of claims of the Travelers Life Insurance Company of Hartford, Connecticut. Theron Upson Lyman was born September 1869 in Alden, Iowa, his father C. N. Lyman was a long-time reverend of Onawa, it is said. Lyman played for Iowa College, in Grinnell, Iowa from 1888 to 1891, he was the coach of the team as well in addition to coaching Nebraska. One account reads "Iowa had an eleven and had a coach, wanted to play the upstarts from across the Missouri River... So, with a magnanimity equaled in the game's history, Iowa lent its coach, T. U. Lyman, to tutor the Nebraskans." Lyman was a prominent quarterback for the Wisconsin Badgers football team. He was captain every year. Parke H. Davis was coach in 1893. Lyman transferred to Wisconsin in order to defeat Minnesota, which he did in 1894. *Lyman was coach for preparing Nebraska for the game against Iowa only. Minnesota–Wisconsin football rivalry Theron Lyman at Find a Grave
The Sinope Gospels, designated by O or 023, ε 21 known as the Codex Sinopensis, is a fragment of a 6th-century illuminated Greek Gospel Book. Along with the Rossano Gospels, the Sinope Gospels has been dated, on the basis of the style of the miniatures, to the mid 6th-century; the Rossano Gospels, however are considered to be earlier. Like Rossanensis and the Vienna Genesis, the Sinope Gospels are written on purple dyed vellum. There are only 44 extant folios in the Sinope Gospels; these folios carry unframed miniatures at the bottom of the page which are similar in style to the miniatures in the Rossano Gospels. The folios measure 30 cm by 25 cm, it is written in one column per page, 15 lines per column, in silver gold. It is written in large uncial letters; the manuscript is lacunose. Contents Matthew 7:7-22, it contains five illuminated miniatures: the festival of Herod and death of John the Baptist five thousand fed four thousand fed the healing of a blind man from Jericho the cursing of the fig tree.
It was written in the 6th-century. The style of illustrations suggests Palestine as the place of its origin; the codex was purchased in 1899 by a French officer from an old Greek woman. Its text was published by Henri Omont in 1901. At least one authority has suggested this manuscript has an association with a church at Çiftlik, under archeological excavation in 1998. According to B. H. Streeter it is a tertiary witness of the Caesarean text-type; this opinion was supported by Bruce Metzger. Aland placed it in Category V, which means the Byzantine text-type.43 leaves of the codex now are located at the Bibliothèque Nationale of the Manuscrits occidentaux at Paris. List of New Testament uncials H. Omont, Notice sur un très ancien manuscrit grec de l'évangile de saint Matthieu... Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la bibliothèque nationale... vol. 36, pp. 599–676. H. S. Cronin, Codex Chrysopurpureus Sinopensis, JTS II, pp. 590–600. A. Munoz, Il codice purpureo di Rossano e il frammento sinopense C. R. Gregory, Textkritik des Neuen Testaments, vol.
3, pp. 1022–1023. Petra Sevrugian, Der Rossano-Codex und die Sinope-Fragmente: Miniaturen und Theologie Weitzmann, Kurt, ed. Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, no. 442, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ISBN 9780870991790 BnF Archives et manuscrits: Supplément grec 1286 image from Bibliothèque Nationale L'aventure des écritures website | 4,432 | 19,626 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.171875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | latest | en | 0.929096 |
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Post subject: helpPosted: Wed Jan 31, 2007 9:45 am
hi ineed some help to solve this question please:
three children have an amount of money between them. Angela has £5.00. Jason has one half of the total amount. Danny has £2.00 more than Angela.
which staemaent is true:
a) the children have £20.oo between them.
b) Jason has same amount as angela
c) Danny has more than Jason
d) Jason and Danny have £19.00 between them
e) all children have less than £7.00
i know it's very simple but cant work it out so please help me so that i can explain it otmey little one. thanks.
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Post subject: Posted: Wed Jan 31, 2007 10:20 am
Hi Angela has £5.00
Danny has £2.00 more than Angela so has £7.00
Jason has half the total so has £12.00 5 + 7
d) is the true one... ie 12 + 7
Steve
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Post subject: thanxPosted: Wed Jan 31, 2007 11:50 am
hi steve yeap answer is right it's D. unfortunately can't understand how come half the total is 12 imean we haven't been provided with the total as 24 and all we can calcilate is 5 for angela and 7 for danny. could you please explain this. thanks.
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Post subject: Re: thanxPosted: Wed Jan 31, 2007 12:23 pm
Joined: Thu Nov 02, 2006 3:07 pm
Posts: 1149
Location: Finchley - Barnet
Total =T
A(Angela)=5
D(Danny)=A+2=7
J(jason)=T/2
Hence: A+D+J=T
so 5+7+(T/2)=T
hence T/2=12, so T=24 and therefore J=12
INEX
Anonymous wrote:
hi steve yeap answer is right it's D. unfortunately can't understand how come half the total is 12 imean we haven't been provided with the total as 24 and all we can calcilate is 5 for angela and 7 for danny. could you please explain this. thanks.
_________________
sj355
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Post subject: thanxPosted: Wed Jan 31, 2007 12:27 pm
thanx
such a easy way to expalin. i just read it once and all clear.
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Jump to: Select a forum ------------------ FORUM RULES Forum Rules and FAQs 11 PLUS SUBJECTS VERBAL REASONING MATHS ENGLISH NON-VERBAL REASONING CEM 11 Plus GENERAL GENERAL 11 PLUS TOPICS 11 PLUS APPEALS 11 PLUS TUTORS INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS 11 PLUS CDs/SOFTWARE 11 PLUS TIPS PRIMARY SEN and the 11 PLUS EVERYTHING ELSE .... 11 PLUS REGIONS Berkshire Bexley and Bromley Birmingham, Walsall, Wolverhampton and Wrekin Buckinghamshire Devon Dorset Essex Essex - Redbridge Gloucestershire Hertfordshire (South West) Hertfordshire (Other and North London) Kent Lancashire & Cumbria Lincolnshire Medway Northern Ireland Surrey (Sutton, Kingston and Wandsworth) Trafford Warwickshire Wiltshire Wirral Yorkshire BEYOND 11 PLUS Beyond 11 Plus - General GCSEs 6th Form University | 1,007 | 3,295 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.09375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | latest | en | 0.956683 |
https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/106336/how-do-you-find-the-perimeter-of-a-set-of-odd-looking-squares-and-triangles | 1,660,933,092,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00422.warc.gz | 451,519,123 | 66,613 | # How do you find the perimeter of a set of odd looking squares and triangles?
The problem is as follows:
The alternatives given in my book are:
1. 76 cm
2. 80 cm
3. 92 cm
4. 100 cm
Upon the first inspection. I'm getting the idea that I have to make a system of equations.
Assuming that the edge of the squares is $$a$$ and the smallest edge of the triangle is $$b$$ and the diagonal of the right triangle is $$c$$.
I'm getting for each set: (for purposes of brevity I'm omitting the units but you get the idea)
$$A:$$
$$6a+2c+2b=80$$
$$B:$$
$$6a+2b=60$$
$$C:$$
$$5a+b+c=56$$
At this point it is possible to solve the system:
$$a=8$$
$$b=6$$
$$c=10$$
The for $$D:$$
It is kind of tricky because one square is shifted a little bit to right. But I understood it as it will make that the whole length in that side makes it equal to $$6$$ because the same amount which is shifted to the right is to the left when you add up these quantities they cancel and you end up with $$6$$.
Therefore:
$$8\times 8+10+(8-6)=76\,cm$$
To which appears in the first alternative. And I believe its right. But to me, this process was more mathematical in nature other than solving a puzzle with some intuition or something along those lines.
Therefore, does it exist a way to solve this more intuitively?. Perhaps faster?. Solving a system of three unknowns isn't that quick. For reference, this riddle was obtained from my book Reason and logic from the 2000s and it appears to be a reprinted version of the 70's book from Martin Gardner's Puzzle Carnival's with some modifications.
• Could you transcribe the image? Images are non-accessible and non-searchable, while text is more usable and screen-reader-friendly. Jan 6, 2021 at 0:39
• @bobble No, there is no way to transcribe the image. I understand wanting things to be accessible, but sometimes images are genuinely the best way to present something.
– Deusovi
Jan 6, 2021 at 0:41
• As for the question, your method seems to be the natural way to me. You can get $c$ pretty easily, because the perimeters in (A) and (B) only differ by adding 2c.
– Deusovi
Jan 6, 2021 at 0:42
• Maybe there is a way to exploit $80+56−60=76$. Jan 6, 2021 at 4:05
• @JaapScherphuis Use $a^2+b^2=c^2$, $6a+2c+2b=80$, $6a+2b=60$, $a, b, c > 0$ can calculate all $a$, $b$, $c$.
– tsh
Jan 6, 2021 at 7:43 | 696 | 2,341 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 16, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.21875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | longest | en | 0.942856 |
https://www.ademcetinkaya.com/2022/11/what-are-most-successful-trading_2.html | 1,686,141,980,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653764.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607111017-20230607141017-00313.warc.gz | 676,436,848 | 61,050 | A speculator on a Stock Market, aside from having money to spare, needs at least one other thing — a means of producing accurate and understandable predictions ahead of others in the Market, so that a tactical and price advantage can be gained. This work demonstrates that it is possible to predict one such Market to a high degree of accuracy. We evaluate FLOWTECH FLUIDPOWER PLC prediction models with Modular Neural Network (Social Media Sentiment Analysis) and Stepwise Regression1,2,3,4 and conclude that the LON:FLO stock is predictable in the short/long term. According to price forecasts for (n+8 weeks) period: The dominant strategy among neural network is to Hold LON:FLO stock.
Keywords: LON:FLO, FLOWTECH FLUIDPOWER PLC, stock forecast, machine learning based prediction, risk rating, buy-sell behaviour, stock analysis, target price analysis, options and futures.
## Key Points
1. What is Markov decision process in reinforcement learning?
2. What is prediction in deep learning?
3. Can machine learning predict?
## LON:FLO Target Price Prediction Modeling Methodology
Stock market prediction is the act of trying to determine the future value of a company stock or other financial instrument traded on an exchange. The successful prediction of a stock's future price could yield significant profit. This paper will showcase how to perform stock prediction using Machine Learning algorithms. We consider FLOWTECH FLUIDPOWER PLC Stock Decision Process with Stepwise Regression where A is the set of discrete actions of LON:FLO stock holders, F is the set of discrete states, P : S × F × S → R is the transition probability distribution, R : S × F → R is the reaction function, and γ ∈ [0, 1] is a move factor for expectation.1,2,3,4
F(Stepwise Regression)5,6,7= $\begin{array}{cccc}{p}_{a1}& {p}_{a2}& \dots & {p}_{1n}\\ & ⋮\\ {p}_{j1}& {p}_{j2}& \dots & {p}_{jn}\\ & ⋮\\ {p}_{k1}& {p}_{k2}& \dots & {p}_{kn}\\ & ⋮\\ {p}_{n1}& {p}_{n2}& \dots & {p}_{nn}\end{array}$ X R(Modular Neural Network (Social Media Sentiment Analysis)) X S(n):→ (n+8 weeks) $\stackrel{\to }{S}=\left({s}_{1},{s}_{2},{s}_{3}\right)$
n:Time series to forecast
p:Price signals of LON:FLO stock
j:Nash equilibria
k:Dominated move
a:Best response for target price
For further technical information as per how our model work we invite you to visit the article below:
How do AC Investment Research machine learning (predictive) algorithms actually work?
## LON:FLO Stock Forecast (Buy or Sell) for (n+8 weeks)
Sample Set: Neural Network
Stock/Index: LON:FLO FLOWTECH FLUIDPOWER PLC
Time series to forecast n: 03 Nov 2022 for (n+8 weeks)
According to price forecasts for (n+8 weeks) period: The dominant strategy among neural network is to Hold LON:FLO stock.
X axis: *Likelihood% (The higher the percentage value, the more likely the event will occur.)
Y axis: *Potential Impact% (The higher the percentage value, the more likely the price will deviate.)
Z axis (Yellow to Green): *Technical Analysis%
## Adjusted IFRS* Prediction Methods for FLOWTECH FLUIDPOWER PLC
1. When an entity first applies this Standard, it may choose as its accounting policy to continue to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39 instead of the requirements in Chapter 6 of this Standard. An entity shall apply that policy to all of its hedging relationships. An entity that chooses that policy shall also apply IFRIC 16 Hedges of a Net Investment in a Foreign Operation without the amendments that conform that Interpretation to the requirements in Chapter 6 of this Standard.
2. If an entity previously accounted for a derivative liability that is linked to, and must be settled by, delivery of an equity instrument that does not have a quoted price in an active market for an identical instrument (ie a Level 1 input) at cost in accordance with IAS 39, it shall measure that derivative liability at fair value at the date of initial application. Any difference between the previous carrying amount and the fair value shall be recognised in the opening retained earnings of the reporting period that includes the date of initial application.
3. If an entity has applied paragraph 7.2.6 then at the date of initial application the entity shall recognise any difference between the fair value of the entire hybrid contract at the date of initial application and the sum of the fair values of the components of the hybrid contract at the date of initial application in the opening retained earnings (or other component of equity, as appropriate) of the reporting period that includes the date of initial application.
4. In almost every lending transaction the creditor's instrument is ranked relative to the instruments of the debtor's other creditors. An instrument that is subordinated to other instruments may have contractual cash flows that are payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding if the debtor's non-payment is a breach of contract and the holder has a contractual right to unpaid amounts of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding even in the event of the debtor's bankruptcy. For example, a trade receivable that ranks its creditor as a general creditor would qualify as having payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. This is the case even if the debtor issued loans that are collateralised, which in the event of bankruptcy would give that loan holder priority over the claims of the general creditor in respect of the collateral but does not affect the contractual right of the general creditor to unpaid principal and other amounts due.
*International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a set of accounting rules for the financial statements of public companies that are intended to make them consistent, transparent, and easily comparable around the world.
## Conclusions
FLOWTECH FLUIDPOWER PLC assigned short-term Caa2 & long-term Ba2 forecasted stock rating. We evaluate the prediction models Modular Neural Network (Social Media Sentiment Analysis) with Stepwise Regression1,2,3,4 and conclude that the LON:FLO stock is predictable in the short/long term. According to price forecasts for (n+8 weeks) period: The dominant strategy among neural network is to Hold LON:FLO stock.
### Financial State Forecast for LON:FLO FLOWTECH FLUIDPOWER PLC Stock Options & Futures
Rating Short-Term Long-Term Senior
Outlook*Caa2Ba2
Operational Risk 4369
Market Risk3877
Technical Analysis3262
Fundamental Analysis4463
Risk Unsystematic3963
### Prediction Confidence Score
Trust metric by Neural Network: 89 out of 100 with 684 signals.
## References
1. Candès EJ, Recht B. 2009. Exact matrix completion via convex optimization. Found. Comput. Math. 9:717
2. Andrews, D. W. K. W. Ploberger (1994), "Optimal tests when a nuisance parameter is present only under the alternative," Econometrica, 62, 1383–1414.
3. Mikolov T, Yih W, Zweig G. 2013c. Linguistic regularities in continuous space word representations. In Pro- ceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 746–51. New York: Assoc. Comput. Linguist.
4. Armstrong, J. S. M. C. Grohman (1972), "A comparative study of methods for long-range market forecasting," Management Science, 19, 211–221.
5. uyer, S. Whiteson, B. Bakker, and N. A. Vlassis. Multiagent reinforcement learning for urban traffic control using coordination graphs. In Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, European Conference, ECML/PKDD 2008, Antwerp, Belgium, September 15-19, 2008, Proceedings, Part I, pages 656–671, 2008.
6. M. Colby, T. Duchow-Pressley, J. J. Chung, and K. Tumer. Local approximation of difference evaluation functions. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Singapore, May 2016
7. P. Milgrom and I. Segal. Envelope theorems for arbitrary choice sets. Econometrica, 70(2):583–601, 2002
Frequently Asked QuestionsQ: What is the prediction methodology for LON:FLO stock?
A: LON:FLO stock prediction methodology: We evaluate the prediction models Modular Neural Network (Social Media Sentiment Analysis) and Stepwise Regression
Q: Is LON:FLO stock a buy or sell?
A: The dominant strategy among neural network is to Hold LON:FLO Stock.
Q: Is FLOWTECH FLUIDPOWER PLC stock a good investment?
A: The consensus rating for FLOWTECH FLUIDPOWER PLC is Hold and assigned short-term Caa2 & long-term Ba2 forecasted stock rating.
Q: What is the consensus rating of LON:FLO stock?
A: The consensus rating for LON:FLO is Hold.
Q: What is the prediction period for LON:FLO stock?
A: The prediction period for LON:FLO is (n+8 weeks)
## People also ask
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2. / How To Calculate Cement Mill Critical Speed
# How To Calculate Cement Mill Critical Speed
## More Attentive and More Professional
### How To Calculate Mill Critcal Speed
How To Calculate Critical Speed Of Ball Mill The critical speed of the mill c is defined as the speed at which a single ball in equation 814 d is the diameter inside the mill liners and le is the rod and ball mills in mular al and bhappu r b editors mineral processing plant design.
### How To Calculate Mill Critcal Speed
Dec 09 2018 Mill Critical Speed Calculation Effect of Mill Speed on the Energy Input In this experiment the overall motion of the assembly of 62 balls of two different sizes was studied The mill was rotated at 50 62 75 and 90 of the critical speed Six lifter bars of rectangular cross section were used at equal spacing.
### How To Calculate Cement Mill Velocity
How To Calculate Cement Mill Critical Speed Stone Crusher How To Calculate Critical Speed Of Ball Mill The critical speed of the mill c is defined as the speed at which a single ball in equation 814 d is the diameter inside the mill liners and le is the rod and ball mills in mular al and bhappu r b editors mineral processing plant design.
### Critical Speed Of Cement Mill Formula
How to calculate cement mill critical speed how to calculate cement mill velocity Ore plant nbsp 0183 32 In order to calculate the approximate production of cement mill which works in new crusher 200 tph canada ball mill critical speed formulairon ore crusher gold ore The critical speed (rpm) is given by n C = 42 29 √ d where d is the.
### How To Calculate Critical Speed Of Ball Mill Indonesia
Critical Speed Of Ball Mill Formula Formula For Critical Speed Of Ball Mill The critical speed and critical speed of the ball mill the critical speed and critical speed of the ball mill are kept at 63 of the critical speed For the three configurations 1 2 and 4 shown in the figure the end face angle varies from 90 to 111 degrees The height of the lift rod is also shown.
### Calculate The Critical Speed Of A Rod Mill
Mill calculate the critical speed of the ball mill critical speed of ball mill Critical speed in rpm5419 divided by the square root of R when R is Ball Mill Operating Speed Mechanical Operations Solved Problems Sep 11 2014 In a ball mill of diameter 2000 mm.
### How To Calculate Critical Speed Of Ball Mill
1 Nature of the ore Critical speed of the mill The faster the mill is rotated the higher the of the mill and is given by formula √ N = 54 19 R N = Critical speed Critical Ball Mill Speed Calculator Excel sheet INFINITY FOR Critical Ball Mill Speed Calculator Excel sheet Critical Speed = 42 3 sqrt( diameter).
### How To Calculate Optimum Milling Speed From Critical Speed
Critical speed and optimum speed ball mill binq mining Jan 14 2013 How to Optimise the Speed of the Ball Mill FAQs For instance a 90cm diameter ball mill has a critical speed of 44 rpm you need now to determine the optimal speed which is about 70 75 of the critical speed.
### How To Calculate Cement Mill Separator Efficiency
We have How To Calculate Cement Mill Separator Efficiency Separation air at separator of cement mill qcm how to calculate the power for a tph cement mill ball mill air separator efficiency formula cement ball cyclonic separation wikipedia a cyclonic separation is a method of removing particulates from an air similar separators are used in 724 service online.
### Critical Speed Of Cement Mill Formula Escort
Calculate Critical Speed Ball Mill India The formula to calculate critical speed is given below n c 42305 sqtdd n c critical speed of the mill d mill diameter specified in meters d diameter of the ball in practice ball mills are driven at a critical speed of cement mill formula industry critical speed of cement mill formula.
### How Can I Calculate Ball Mill Critical Speed
How to calculate ball mill critical speed Calculating critical speed of ball mills how to calculate critical speed for a ball mill at what speed will the mill have to be run if the mm balls are replaced by mm balls all the other conditions remaining the same calculations the critical speed of ball mill is given by where r radius of ball mill r radius of ball for r mm and r mm n c rpm but the mill.
### How To Calculate Critical Speed Of A Ball Mill
Formula for critical speed of ball mill Axial transport in dry ball millsScienceDirect Ball mills are used for grinding of rocks cement clinker and lizenithne from 10 to one dimensional diffusion equation with the diffusion coefficient decreasing with the mill speed was 75 of the critical speed.
### How To Calculate Critical Speed Of A Ball Mill
Calculate critical speed of ball mill ugcnetnicin ball mill critical speed mineral processing 20181110 a ball mill critical speed actually ball rod ag or sag is the speed at which the centrifugal forces equal gravitational forces at the mill shells inside Email Get a Quote Critical Speed Of Ball Mill Calculation India.
### How To Calculate Critical Speed Of A Ball Mill
Critical speed of ball mill calculation india process how to calculate cement mill critical speed critical speed ball mill calculation clayart thread 'ball mill questions' rollers Your mechanical engineer friend should be able to calculate this 2 how fast do The right speed is critical to the success of a ball mill.
### Critical Speed Of Cement Making Plant Ball Mill Calculation
How to calculate critical speed of ball mill The critical speed of the mill and c is defined as the speed at which a single ball In equation 8 14 D is the diameter inside the mill liners and Le is the Rod and ballmills in Mular AL and Bhappu R B Editors Mineral Processing Plant Design cement plant ball mills critical speed formulae.
### How To Calculate The Ball Mill Speed Mining
The formula to calculate critical speed is given below n c 42305 sqtdd n c critical speed of the mill d mill diameter specified in meters d diameter of the ball in practice ball mills are driven at a speed of 5090 of the critical speed the factor being influenced by economic consideration derivation for the critical speed of ball mill a.
### How To Calculate Residence Time In A Ball Mill
Calculate ball mill residence time – The Q A wiki Primary Rod Mill followed by Secondary Ball Mill calculate ball mill residence time – The Q A wiki the hydraulic residence time t is given by t=V q where V is the volume950 – 1350 small diameter ball mills 4 Motor power at 35 ball charge hensive calculation know how.
### How To Calculate Mill Critcal Speed Ball Mill
How to calculate critical speed of a ball mill summary ball mills mine point where the mill becomes a centrifuge is called the critical speed and ball mills usually operate at 65 to 75 of the critical speed ball mills are generally used to grind material 14 inch and finer down to the particle size of 20 to 75 microns.
### Critical Speed Of Cement Mill
Critical Speed Ball Mill Calculation how to calculate cement mill critical speed attentions to cement ball mills critical speed ball mill wikipedia the free encyclopedia raw mills critical speed cement a ball mill is a type of the grinding works on the principle of critical speed and it is widely used in production lines for powders such as cement ball mill with full formula.
### Calculating Critical Speed In A Roller Mill
Formula for calculating ncritical in ball mill f critical speed in ball mill calculation 2020 06 17 A Ball Mill Critical Speed (actually ball rod AG or SAG) is the speed at which the centrifugal forces equal gravitational forces at the mill shell s inside surface and no balls will fall from its position onto the shell.
### Mill Calculate The Critical Speed Of The Ball Mill
How to calculate critical speed of ball mill Critical Speed Of Ball Mill Calculation Ecssr calculating critical speed in a ball mill calculate the critical speed of the ball mill 48 4562 Ratings The Gulin product line consisting of than 30 machines sets the standard for our industry We plan to help you meet your needs with our equipment with our distribution and product support system and.
### To Calculate Critical Speed Of Ball Mill Practical
How to calculate the critical speed of rotating drum to calculate critical speed of ball mill practical there is a critical rotation speed above formula for critical speed of a rotating mill factory that.
### To Calculate Critical Speed Of Ball Mill Practical
To calculate critical speed of ball mill practical Cement Kilns NOTE LoI is loss on ignition the mass lost when the material is heated to 950 C consisting of water held in clay minerals carbon dioxide evolved by carbonates Free Online Calculators for Engineers Electrical.
### Equation Formula Critical Speed Of The Ball Mill 2cmuc
Raw mills usually operate at 7274 critical speed and cement mills at 7476 32 Calculation of the Critical Mill Speed G weight of a grinding ball in kg w Angular velocity of the mill tube in radialsecond w 2314n60 Di inside mill diameter in meter effective mill diameter n Revolution per.
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Related News | 1,867 | 9,210 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.0625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | latest | en | 0.856128 |
www.simplify3d.com | 1,726,396,419,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700651622.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240915084859-20240915114859-00598.warc.gz | 912,089,954 | 22,439 | ## Tactile Math: Teaching Advanced Mathematics with 3D Printing
Emerging technologies are creating avenues for teachers to go beyond traditional teaching methods. Abby Brown, a math teacher at Torrey Pines High School in San Diego, wanted to find new ways to allow her students to interact with advanced math problems. Instead of merely writing the equations, which only allowed her students to connect with the problems theoretically, she uses 3D printing to incorporate visual and tactile learning in her lesson plans.
During her 23 years of teaching, Abby has continued to find ways to use visual imagery to help convey complex math concepts. When she learned about 3D printing in 2016, she recognized an opportunity to open her students’ eyes, figuratively and literally. As a skilled teacher, Abby knows that when she improves a student’s engagement, she will increase their desire to learn.
### Can You See The Saddle Point?
Though her school had 3D printers on campus, they were difficult to access and schedule. Riding high on enthusiasm for the new technology, she “bit the bullet” and purchased a printer for her home. She began experimenting with how to print 3D math equations into models that would act as visual aids. Having conquered some of the printing techniques at home, she printed a set of quadric surfaces for her multivariable calculus class. It was a breakthrough.
Abby describes her earliest prints and the students’ excitement about it:
“The lesson was coming up, and I thought it would be amazing if we could actually hold a quadric surface in our hands instead of just looking at it on the screen. I remember the day I printed it and carried it across campus to my classroom. Many of the kids did not even know we had 3D printers so they were very intrigued. As I walked across the campus holding this huge yellow model, everyone was asking; ‘What is that?’ ‘What is that?’”
The kids were so excited that she had to hide the 3D printed surface until she got to class and could take it out of the box and do “a big reveal.” She passed it around the class and it gave them a whole new tactile understanding of a saddle point.
### Solving Equations Using 3D Slicing Software As A Teaching Aid
It is at this point, however, that Abby discovered another key learning method. The students wanted to know how to do their own 3D prints, so she opened up Simplify3D Software to the preview mode, showing students how to create a print.
“When I looked at the model from the top view and started doing the 3D print preview, I asked the class, ‘What are we looking at? And they all saw it right away: It’s the contours we had been working on for the whole chapter. We’d been studying these, talking about contour maps and level curves. It just brought the whole chapter together! We could see the saddle point and how the contours were coming together. It created this real-world application that the students could visualize, and it solidified a lot of the things we had been discussing. So now, I include this exercise as part of that lesson.”
Abby continues to use 3D printing and Simplify3D as a way to teach advanced math concepts to her students and uses the printer for a variety of professional efforts, which includes helping colleagues to print models for their classes, too.
She now creates videos to help students understand how to 3D print on their own. She built a website dedicated to the 3D printing lessons she uses in her class, which other teachers can use as inspiration for their own classrooms. She also gives conference presentations about developing models for 3D printing. Abby Brown is the kind of teacher that inspires students to embrace learning by interacting with knowledge in fun and create ways.
Learn how Abby teaches advanced math concepts, such as Saddle Point, Quadric Surfaces, Calculus II & III concepts, and other math equations, using 3D software as a tool in the 3D printing section on her AbbyMath.com site. She includes an introductory lesson for setting up g-code using Simplify3D, along with another helpful page that lists different items one encounters with 3D printing, such as Rafts, Skirts & More. You can view her Introduction to 3D Printing Video on YouTube.
Read more amazing stories on our blog where we feature some amazing projects every month! Have you created an amazing project recently using Simplify3D? Share your story with us at stories@simplify3d.com. | 954 | 4,447 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.296875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | latest | en | 0.975529 |
https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/83224/can-a-pig-drink-from-2-buckets-at-once | 1,513,367,321,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948579564.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215192327-20171215214327-00245.warc.gz | 552,128,435 | 8,318 | # Can a pig drink from 2 buckets at once?
• Hi everyone!
I know it's not physically possible to drink from 2 buckets at once.
What I mean is, can you combine the water from two buckets together into a single bucket and get a pig to drink from that bucket (so the pig is effectively drinking from 2 buckets at once)?
(After drinking from this bucket, if the pig died within 15 mins, then you would assume one of the two buckets was poisoned.)
Any thoughts would be much appreciated. :)
• I think it's available. tackle buckets as n-dimension array, 2 pigs could find out poisonous one in 5^2, 3 pigs could find out poisonous one in 5^3, and so on.
Looks like your connection to LeetCode Discuss was lost, please wait while we try to reconnect. | 176 | 749 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.078125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | latest | en | 0.977428 |
https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/45144/my-24ms-c-solution-beats-100-using-topology-sort | 1,516,366,876,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887981.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119125144-20180119145144-00201.warc.gz | 672,853,624 | 8,883 | # My 24ms C++ solution beats 100% using Topology Sort
• ``````bool cmp(const pair<int,int> & a,const pair<int,int> & b)
{
return a.second < b.second;
}
class Solution {
public:
bool canFinish(int num, vector<pair<int, int>>& pre) {
if(!pre.size())
return true;
sort(pre.begin(),pre.end(),cmp);
vector<int> lim(num+1,-1);
vector<int> degree(num,0);
for(auto x:pre)
degree[x.first]++;
for(int i = 1,cnt = 0; i < pre.size(); i++)
if(pre[i-1].second!=pre[i].second)
lim[pre[i-1].second+1] = i;
lim[pre.back().second+1] = pre.size();
for(int i = 0,llast = 0; i <= num; i++)
if(lim[i] < 0)
lim[i] = llast;
else
llast = lim[i];
queue<int> que;
for(int i = 0; i < num; i++)
if(!degree[i])
que.push(i);
for(int j = 0; j < num; j++)
{
if(que.empty())
return false;
const int t = que.front();que.pop();
for(int i = lim[t]; i < lim[t+1]; i++)
{
degree[pre[i].first]--;
if(!degree[pre[i].first])
que.push(pre[i].first);
}
}
return true;
}
};``````
Looks like your connection to LeetCode Discuss was lost, please wait while we try to reconnect. | 345 | 1,035 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.75 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | latest | en | 0.158762 |
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/m/matrix+analysis+prama.html | 1,632,571,133,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057622.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925112158-20210925142158-00445.warc.gz | 650,290,244 | 273,719 | Sample records for matrix analysis prama
1. Matrix analysis
CERN Document Server
Bhatia, Rajendra
1997-01-01
A good part of matrix theory is functional analytic in spirit. This statement can be turned around. There are many problems in operator theory, where most of the complexities and subtleties are present in the finite-dimensional case. My purpose in writing this book is to present a systematic treatment of methods that are useful in the study of such problems. This book is intended for use as a text for upper division and gradu ate courses. Courses based on parts of the material have been given by me at the Indian Statistical Institute and at the University of Toronto (in collaboration with Chandler Davis). The book should also be useful as a reference for research workers in linear algebra, operator theory, mathe matical physics and numerical analysis. A possible subtitle of this book could be Matrix Inequalities. A reader who works through the book should expect to become proficient in the art of deriving such inequalities. Other authors have compared this art to that of cutting diamonds. One first has to...
2. Matrix analysis of electrical machinery
CERN Document Server
Hancock, N N
2013-01-01
Matrix Analysis of Electrical Machinery, Second Edition is a 14-chapter edition that covers the systematic analysis of electrical machinery performance. This edition discusses the principles of various mathematical operations and their application to electrical machinery performance calculations. The introductory chapters deal with the matrix representation of algebraic equations and their application to static electrical networks. The following chapters describe the fundamentals of different transformers and rotating machines and present torque analysis in terms of the currents based on the p
3. Matrix vector analysis
CERN Document Server
Eisenman, Richard L
2005-01-01
This outstanding text and reference applies matrix ideas to vector methods, using physical ideas to illustrate and motivate mathematical concepts but employing a mathematical continuity of development rather than a physical approach. The author, who taught at the U.S. Air Force Academy, dispenses with the artificial barrier between vectors and matrices--and more generally, between pure and applied mathematics.Motivated examples introduce each idea, with interpretations of physical, algebraic, and geometric contexts, in addition to generalizations to theorems that reflect the essential structur
4. Differential analysis of matrix convex functions II
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Frank; Tomiyama, Jun
2009-01-01
We continue the analysis in [F. Hansen, and J. Tomiyama, Differential analysis of matrix convex functions. Linear Algebra Appl., 420:102--116, 2007] of matrix convex functions of a fixed order defined in a real interval by differential methods as opposed to the characterization in terms of divided...
5. Google matrix analysis of directed networks
Science.gov (United States)
Ermann, Leonardo; Frahm, Klaus M.; Shepelyansky, Dima L.
2015-10-01
In the past decade modern societies have developed enormous communication and social networks. Their classification and information retrieval processing has become a formidable task for the society. Because of the rapid growth of the World Wide Web, and social and communication networks, new mathematical methods have been invented to characterize the properties of these networks in a more detailed and precise way. Various search engines extensively use such methods. It is highly important to develop new tools to classify and rank a massive amount of network information in a way that is adapted to internal network structures and characteristics. This review describes the Google matrix analysis of directed complex networks demonstrating its efficiency using various examples including the World Wide Web, Wikipedia, software architectures, world trade, social and citation networks, brain neural networks, DNA sequences, and Ulam networks. The analytical and numerical matrix methods used in this analysis originate from the fields of Markov chains, quantum chaos, and random matrix theory.
6. R-matrix analysis code (RAC)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Chen Zhenpeng; Qi Huiquan
1990-01-01
A comprehensive R-matrix analysis code has been developed. It is based on the multichannel and multilevel R-matrix theory and runs in VAX computer with FORTRAN-77. With this code many kinds of experimental data for one nuclear system can be fitted simultaneously. The comparisions between code RAC and code EDA of LANL are made. The data show both codes produced the same calculation results when one set of R-matrix parameters was used. The differential cross section of 10 B (n, α) 7 Li for E n = 0.4 MeV and the polarization of 16 O (n,n) 16 O for E n = 2.56 MeV are presented
7. Recurrence quantity analysis based on matrix eigenvalues
Science.gov (United States)
Yang, Pengbo; Shang, Pengjian
2018-06-01
Recurrence plots is a powerful tool for visualization and analysis of dynamical systems. Recurrence quantification analysis (RQA), based on point density and diagonal and vertical line structures in the recurrence plots, is considered to be alternative measures to quantify the complexity of dynamical systems. In this paper, we present a new measure based on recurrence matrix to quantify the dynamical properties of a given system. Matrix eigenvalues can reflect the basic characteristics of the complex systems, so we show the properties of the system by exploring the eigenvalues of the recurrence matrix. Considering that Shannon entropy has been defined as a complexity measure, we propose the definition of entropy of matrix eigenvalues (EOME) as a new RQA measure. We confirm that EOME can be used as a metric to quantify the behavior changes of the system. As a given dynamical system changes from a non-chaotic to a chaotic regime, the EOME will increase as well. The bigger EOME values imply higher complexity and lower predictability. We also study the effect of some factors on EOME,including data length, recurrence threshold, the embedding dimension, and additional noise. Finally, we demonstrate an application in physiology. The advantage of this measure lies in a high sensitivity and simple computation.
8. Some topics in matrix iterative analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Khandekar, D.C.; Menon, S.V.G.; Sahni, D.C.
1984-01-01
This report deals with the general theory of matrix iterative analysis. The contents of the report are presented in the form of lecture notes primarily because the report is an outcome of a series of lectures delivered in the Theoretical Reactor Physics Section of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay. The first six lectures are devoted to the mathematical preliminaries needed to fully understand the subject. The remaining lectures provide an introduction to various iteractive methods and their intercomparison. (author)
9. Applied linear algebra and matrix analysis
CERN Document Server
Shores, Thomas S
2018-01-01
In its second edition, this textbook offers a fresh approach to matrix and linear algebra. Its blend of theory, computational exercises, and analytical writing projects is designed to highlight the interplay between these aspects of an application. This approach places special emphasis on linear algebra as an experimental science that provides tools for solving concrete problems. The second edition’s revised text discusses applications of linear algebra like graph theory and network modeling methods used in Google’s PageRank algorithm. Other new materials include modeling examples of diffusive processes, linear programming, image processing, digital signal processing, and Fourier analysis. These topics are woven into the core material of Gaussian elimination and other matrix operations; eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and discrete dynamical systems; and the geometrical aspects of vector spaces. Intended for a one-semester undergraduate course without a strict calculus prerequisite, Applied Linear Algebra and M...
10. PRODUCT PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS - ARTHUR D. LITTLE MATRIX
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Curmei Catalin Valeriu
2011-07-01
Full Text Available In recent decades we have witnessed an unseen dynamism among companies, which is explained by their desire to engage in more activities that provide a high level of development and diversification. Thus, as companies are diversifying more and more, their managers confront a number of challenges arising from the management of resources for the product portfolio and the low level of resources with which companies can identify, at a time. Responding to these challenges, over time were developed a series of analytical product portfolio methods through which managers can balance the sources of cash flows from the multiple products and also can identify the place and role of products, in strategic terms, within the product portfolio. In order to identify these methods the authors of the present paper have conducted a desk research in order to analyze the strategic marketing and management literature of the last 2 decades. Widely were studied a series of methods that are presented in the marketing and management literature as the main instruments used within the product portfolio strategic planning process. Among these methods we focused on the Arthur D. Little matrix. Thus the present paper has the purpose to outline the characteristics and strategic implications of the ADL matrix within a company’s product portfolio. After conducting this analysis we have found that restricting the product portfolio analysis to the A.D.L. matrix is not a very wise decision. The A.D.L. matrix among with other marketing tools of product portfolio analysis have some advantages and disadvantages and is trying to provide, at a time, a specific diagnosis of a company’s product portfolio. Therefore, the recommendation for the Romanian managers consists in a combined use of a wide range of tools and techniques for product portfolio analysis. This leads to a better understanding of the whole mix of product markets, included in portfolio analysis, the strategic position
11. Perturbation analysis of nonlinear matrix population models
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hal Caswell
2008-03-01
Full Text Available Perturbation analysis examines the response of a model to changes in its parameters. It is commonly applied to population growth rates calculated from linear models, but there has been no general approach to the analysis of nonlinear models. Nonlinearities in demographic models may arise due to density-dependence, frequency-dependence (in 2-sex models, feedback through the environment or the economy, and recruitment subsidy due to immigration, or from the scaling inherent in calculations of proportional population structure. This paper uses matrix calculus to derive the sensitivity and elasticity of equilibria, cycles, ratios (e.g. dependency ratios, age averages and variances, temporal averages and variances, life expectancies, and population growth rates, for both age-classified and stage-classified models. Examples are presented, applying the results to both human and non-human populations.
12. Binding of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors to extracellular matrix: 3D-QSAR analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhang, Yufen; Lukacova, Viera; Bartus, Vladimir; Nie, Xiaoping; Sun, Guorong; Manivannan, Ethirajan; Ghorpade, Sandeep R; Jin, Xiaomin; Manyem, Shankar; Sibi, Mukund P; Cook, Gregory R; Balaz, Stefan
2008-10-01
Binding to the extracellular matrix, one of the most abundant human protein complexes, significantly affects drug disposition. Specifically, the interactions with extracellular matrix determine the free concentrations of small molecules acting in tissues, including signaling peptides, inhibitors of tissue remodeling enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, and other drug candidates. The nature of extracellular matrix binding was elucidated for 63 matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, for which the association constants to an extracellular matrix mimic were reported here. The data did not correlate with lipophilicity as a common determinant of structure-nonspecific, orientation-averaged binding. A hypothetical structure of the binding site of the solidified extracellular matrix surrogate was analyzed using the Comparative Molecular Field Analysis, which needed to be applied in our multi-mode variant. This fact indicates that the compounds bind to extracellular matrix in multiple modes, which cannot be considered as completely orientation-averaged and exhibit structural dependence. The novel comparative molecular field analysis models, exhibiting satisfactory descriptive and predictive abilities, are suitable for prediction of the extracellular matrix binding for the untested chemicals, which are within applicability domains. The results contribute to a better prediction of the pharmacokinetic parameters such as the distribution volume and the tissue-blood partition coefficients, in addition to a more imminent benefit for the development of more effective matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.
13. Response matrix method for large LMFBR analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
King, M.J.
1977-06-01
The feasibility of using response matrix techniques for computational models of large LMFBRs is examined. Since finite-difference methods based on diffusion theory have generally found a place in fast-reactor codes, a brief review of their general matrix foundation is given first in order to contrast it to the general strategy of response matrix methods. Then, in order to present the general method of response matrix technique, two illustrative examples are given. Matrix algorithms arising in the application to large LMFBRs are discussed, and the potential of the response matrix method is explored for a variety of computational problems. Principal properties of the matrices involved are derived with a view to application of numerical methods of solution. The Jacobi iterative method as applied to the current-balance eigenvalue problem is discussed
14. Digraph matrix analysis applications to systems interactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Alesso, H.P.; Altenbach, T.; Lappa, D.; Kimura, C.; Sacks, I.J.; Ashmore, B.C.; Fromme, D.; Smith, C.F.; Williams, W.
1984-01-01
Complex events such as Three Mile Island-2, Brown's Ferry-3 and Crystal River-3 have demonstrated that previously unidentified system interdependencies can be important to safety. A major aspect of these events was dependent faults (common cause/mode failures). The term systems interactions has been introduced by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to identify the concepts of spatial and functional coupling of systems which can lead to system interdependencies. Spatial coupling refers to dependencies resulting from a shared environmental condition; functional coupling refers to both dependencies resulting from components shared between safety and/or support systems, and to dependencies involving human actions. The NRC is currently developing guidelines to search for and evaluate adverse systems interactions at light water reactors. One approach utilizes graph theoretical methods and is called digraph matrix analysis (DMA). This methodology has been specifically tuned to the systems interaction problem. The objective of this paper is to present results from two DMA applications and to contrast them with the results from more traditional fault tree approaches
15. Quantitative image analysis for investigating cell-matrix interactions
Science.gov (United States)
Burkel, Brian; Notbohm, Jacob
2017-07-01
The extracellular matrix provides both chemical and physical cues that control cellular processes such as migration, division, differentiation, and cancer progression. Cells can mechanically alter the matrix by applying forces that result in matrix displacements, which in turn may localize to form dense bands along which cells may migrate. To quantify the displacements, we use confocal microscopy and fluorescent labeling to acquire high-contrast images of the fibrous material. Using a technique for quantitative image analysis called digital volume correlation, we then compute the matrix displacements. Our experimental technology offers a means to quantify matrix mechanics and cell-matrix interactions. We are now using these experimental tools to modulate mechanical properties of the matrix to study cell contraction and migration.
16. Google matrix analysis of DNA sequences.
Science.gov (United States)
Kandiah, Vivek; Shepelyansky, Dima L
2013-01-01
For DNA sequences of various species we construct the Google matrix [Formula: see text] of Markov transitions between nearby words composed of several letters. The statistical distribution of matrix elements of this matrix is shown to be described by a power law with the exponent being close to those of outgoing links in such scale-free networks as the World Wide Web (WWW). At the same time the sum of ingoing matrix elements is characterized by the exponent being significantly larger than those typical for WWW networks. This results in a slow algebraic decay of the PageRank probability determined by the distribution of ingoing elements. The spectrum of [Formula: see text] is characterized by a large gap leading to a rapid relaxation process on the DNA sequence networks. We introduce the PageRank proximity correlator between different species which determines their statistical similarity from the view point of Markov chains. The properties of other eigenstates of the Google matrix are also discussed. Our results establish scale-free features of DNA sequence networks showing their similarities and distinctions with the WWW and linguistic networks.
17. Google matrix analysis of DNA sequences.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Vivek Kandiah
Full Text Available For DNA sequences of various species we construct the Google matrix [Formula: see text] of Markov transitions between nearby words composed of several letters. The statistical distribution of matrix elements of this matrix is shown to be described by a power law with the exponent being close to those of outgoing links in such scale-free networks as the World Wide Web (WWW. At the same time the sum of ingoing matrix elements is characterized by the exponent being significantly larger than those typical for WWW networks. This results in a slow algebraic decay of the PageRank probability determined by the distribution of ingoing elements. The spectrum of [Formula: see text] is characterized by a large gap leading to a rapid relaxation process on the DNA sequence networks. We introduce the PageRank proximity correlator between different species which determines their statistical similarity from the view point of Markov chains. The properties of other eigenstates of the Google matrix are also discussed. Our results establish scale-free features of DNA sequence networks showing their similarities and distinctions with the WWW and linguistic networks.
18. Digraph Matrix Analysis: A new approach to systems interaction analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sacks, I.J.; Alesso, H.P.; Ashmore, B.C.
1985-01-01
The term Systems Interaction was introduced by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to identify interdependency of safety and support systems. Digraph Matrix Analysis was developed to allow the determination of these interdependencies. The main features of DMA are: the reliability model is traced directly from system schematics, all components of front line and support systems are included in a single integrated model, and the model is processed automatically with no heuristic culling applied. The recent application of DMA to the Indian Point-3 systems interaction analysis resulted in the discovery of several significant deeply hidden systems interactions
19. International Conference on Matrix Analysis and its Applications 2015
CERN Document Server
2017-01-01
This volume presents recent advances in the field of matrix analysis based on contributions at the MAT-TRIAD 2015 conference. Topics covered include interval linear algebra and computational complexity, Birkhoff polynomial basis, tensors, graphs, linear pencils, K-theory and statistic inference, showing the ubiquity of matrices in different mathematical areas. With a particular focus on matrix and operator theory, statistical models and computation, the International Conference on Matrix Analysis and its Applications 2015, held in Coimbra, Portugal, was the sixth in a series of conferences. Applied and Computational Matrix Analysis will appeal to graduate students and researchers in theoretical and applied mathematics, physics and engineering who are seeking an overview of recent problems and methods in matrix analysis.
20. Random matrix analysis of human EEG data
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Šeba, Petr
2003-01-01
Roč. 91, - (2003), s. 198104-1 - 198104-4 ISSN 0031-9007 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA202/02/0088 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z1010914 Keywords : random matrix theory * EEG signal Subject RIV: BE - Theoretical Physics Impact factor: 7.035, year: 2003
1. Differential analysis of matrix convex functions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Frank; Tomiyama, Jun
2007-01-01
We analyze matrix convex functions of a fixed order defined in a real interval by differential methods as opposed to the characterization in terms of divided differences given by Kraus [F. Kraus, Über konvekse Matrixfunktionen, Math. Z. 41 (1936) 18-42]. We obtain for each order conditions for ma...
2. System Matrix Analysis for Computed Tomography Imaging
Science.gov (United States)
Flores, Liubov; Vidal, Vicent; Verdú, Gumersindo
2015-01-01
In practical applications of computed tomography imaging (CT), it is often the case that the set of projection data is incomplete owing to the physical conditions of the data acquisition process. On the other hand, the high radiation dose imposed on patients is also undesired. These issues demand that high quality CT images can be reconstructed from limited projection data. For this reason, iterative methods of image reconstruction have become a topic of increased research interest. Several algorithms have been proposed for few-view CT. We consider that the accurate solution of the reconstruction problem also depends on the system matrix that simulates the scanning process. In this work, we analyze the application of the Siddon method to generate elements of the matrix and we present results based on real projection data. PMID:26575482
3. An Analysis on BCG Growth Sharing Matrix
OpenAIRE
2017-01-01
In the 21st century, sustainable improvement of business faces various challenges for the global economic competition. But, these challenges can be overcome by the efficient business strategies. The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) helps the business organizations to develop their efficiency for the successful operation of their business activities. To develop the efficiency of marketing decision making, the BCG Matrix plays an effective tool for strategic planning of product performance in indu...
4. Fundamentals of matrix analysis with applications
CERN Document Server
Saff, Edward Barry
2015-01-01
This book provides comprehensive coverage of matrix theory from a geometric and physical perspective, and the authors address the functionality of matrices and their ability to illustrate and aid in many practical applications. Readers are introduced to inverses and eigenvalues through physical examples such as rotations, reflections, and projections, and only then are computational details described and explored. MATLAB is utilized to aid in reader comprehension, and the authors are careful to address the issue of rank fragility so readers are not flummoxed when MATLAB displays conflict wit
5. Matrix-based introduction to multivariate data analysis
CERN Document Server
2016-01-01
This book enables readers who may not be familiar with matrices to understand a variety of multivariate analysis procedures in matrix forms. Another feature of the book is that it emphasizes what model underlies a procedure and what objective function is optimized for fitting the model to data. The author believes that the matrix-based learning of such models and objective functions is the fastest way to comprehend multivariate data analysis. The text is arranged so that readers can intuitively capture the purposes for which multivariate analysis procedures are utilized: plain explanations of the purposes with numerical examples precede mathematical descriptions in almost every chapter. This volume is appropriate for undergraduate students who already have studied introductory statistics. Graduate students and researchers who are not familiar with matrix-intensive formulations of multivariate data analysis will also find the book useful, as it is based on modern matrix formulations with a special emphasis on ...
6. Identifying Importance-Performance Matrix Analysis (IPMA) of ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Identifying Importance-Performance Matrix Analysis (IPMA) of intellectual capital and Islamic work ethics in Malaysian SMES. ... capital and Islamic work ethics significantly influenced business performance. ... AJOL African Journals Online.
7. Matrix precipitation: a general strategy to eliminate matrix interference for pharmaceutical toxic impurities analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Yang, Xiaojing; Xiong, Xuewu; Cao, Ji; Luan, Baolei; Liu, Yongjun; Liu, Guozhu; Zhang, Lei
2015-01-30
Matrix interference, which can lead to false positive/negative results, contamination of injector or separation column, incompatibility between sample solution and the selected analytical instrument, and response inhibition or even quenching, is commonly suffered for the analysis of trace level toxic impurities in drug substance. In this study, a simple matrix precipitation strategy is proposed to eliminate or minimize the above stated matrix interference problems. Generally, a sample of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is dissolved in an appropriate solvent to achieve the desired high concentration and then an anti-solvent is added to precipitate the matrix substance. As a result, the target analyte is extracted into the mixed solution with very less residual of APIs. This strategy has the characteristics of simple manipulation, high recovery and excellent anti-interference capability. It was found that the precipitation ratio (R, representing the ability to remove matrix substance) and the proportion of solvent (the one used to dissolve APIs) in final solution (P, affecting R and also affecting the method sensitivity) are two important factors of the precipitation process. The correlation between R and P was investigated by performing precipitation with various APIs in different solvent/anti-solvent systems. After a detailed mathematical reasoning process, P=20% was proved to be an effective and robust condition to perform the precipitation strategy. The precipitation method with P=20% can be used as a general strategy for toxic impurity analysis in APIs. Finally, several typical examples are described in this article, where the challenging matrix interference issues have been resolved successfully. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
8. Analysis of impurities in silver matrix by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hussain, R.; Ishaque, M.; Mohammad, D.
1999-01-01
A procedure for the analysis of aluminium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc mainly using flame lens atomic absorption spectrophotometry has been described. The results depict that the presence of silver does not introduce any significant interference, when standards are prepared in matching silver matrix solutions. The calibration curves obey the straight-line equations passing through the origin. Thus the separation of silver matrix from the analyte solutions is not necessary. The method has successfully been applied for the analysis of silver foils, wires, battery grade silver oxides and silver nitrate samples containing analyte elements in the concentration range 2 to 40 ppm. (author)
9. Economic evaluation and Applications of the Policy Analysis Matrix ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
By using benefit to costs index, internal rate of return, net present value and policy analysis matrix were calculated. The results show that intercropping was affordable than sole cropping. Sole cropping of these crops had no relative advantage, while mixed cropping had a relative advantage than sole cropping. Nominal ...
10. University Organization. A Matrix Analysis of the Academic Professions.
Science.gov (United States)
Bess, James L.
Using the latest research instruments, including questionnaires, interviews, factor analysis, and matrix construction, the present restraints on professorial effectiveness and the contributions of departmental and university structures to professorial malaise is examined for the purpose of improving ways that administrators can increase faculty…
11. Dynamics Analysis for Hydroturbine Regulating System Based on Matrix Model
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jiafu Wei
2017-01-01
Full Text Available The hydraulic turbine model is the key factor which affects the analysis precision of the hydraulic turbine governing system. This paper discusses the basic principle of the hydraulic turbine matrix model and gives two methods to realize. Using the characteristic matrix to describe unit flow and torque and their relationship with the opening and unit speed, it can accurately represent the nonlinear characteristics of the turbine, effectively improve the convergence of simulation process, and meet the needs of high precision real-time simulation of power system. Through the simulation of a number of power stations, it indicates that, by analyzing the dynamic process of the hydraulic turbine regulating with 5-order matrix model, the calculation results and field test data will have good consistency, and it can better meet the needs of power system dynamic simulation.
12. Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamics by Square Matrix Method
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Yu, Li Hua [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Energy and Photon Sciences Directorate. National Synchrotron Light Source II
2016-07-25
The nonlinear dynamics of a system with periodic structure can be analyzed using a square matrix. In this paper, we show that because the special property of the square matrix constructed for nonlinear dynamics, we can reduce the dimension of the matrix from the original large number for high order calculation to low dimension in the first step of the analysis. Then a stable Jordan decomposition is obtained with much lower dimension. The transformation to Jordan form provides an excellent action-angle approximation to the solution of the nonlinear dynamics, in good agreement with trajectories and tune obtained from tracking. And more importantly, the deviation from constancy of the new action-angle variable provides a measure of the stability of the phase space trajectories and their tunes. Thus the square matrix provides a novel method to optimize the nonlinear dynamic system. The method is illustrated by many examples of comparison between theory and numerical simulation. Finally, in particular, we show that the square matrix method can be used for optimization to reduce the nonlinearity of a system.
13. Mueller matrix polarimetry imaging for breast cancer analysis (Conference Presentation)
Science.gov (United States)
2017-02-01
Polarized light has many applications in biomedical imaging. The interaction of a biological sample with polarized light reveals information about its biological composition, both structural and functional. The most comprehensive type of polarimetry analysis is to measure the Mueller matrix, a polarization transfer function that completely describes how a sample interacts with polarized light. However, determination of the Mueller matrix requires tissue analysis under many different states of polarized light; a time consuming and measurement intensive process. Here we address this limitation with a new rapid polarimetry system, and use this polarimetry platform to investigate a variety of tissue changes associated with breast cancer. We have recently developed a rapid polarimetry imaging platform based on four photoelastic modulators (PEMs). The PEMs generate fast polarization modulations that allow the complete sample Mueller matrix to be imaged over a large field of view, with no moving parts. This polarimetry system is then demonstrated to be sensitive to a variety of tissue changes that are relevant to breast cancer. Specifically, we show that changes in depolarization can reveal tumor margins, and can differentiate between viable and necrotic breast cancer metastasized to the lymph nodes. Furthermore, the polarimetric property of linear retardance (related to birefringence) is dependent on collagen organization in the extracellular matrix. These findings indicate that our polarimetry platform may have future applications in fields such as breast cancer diagnosis, improving the speed and efficacy of intraoperative pathology, and providing prognostic information that may be beneficial for guiding treatment.
14. Musical structure analysis using similarity matrix and dynamic programming
Science.gov (United States)
Shiu, Yu; Jeong, Hong; Kuo, C.-C. Jay
2005-10-01
Automatic music segmentation and structure analysis from audio waveforms based on a three-level hierarchy is examined in this research, where the three-level hierarchy includes notes, measures and parts. The pitch class profile (PCP) feature is first extracted at the note level. Then, a similarity matrix is constructed at the measure level, where a dynamic time warping (DTW) technique is used to enhance the similarity computation by taking the temporal distortion of similar audio segments into account. By processing the similarity matrix, we can obtain a coarse-grain music segmentation result. Finally, dynamic programming is applied to the coarse-grain segments so that a song can be decomposed into several major parts such as intro, verse, chorus, bridge and outro. The performance of the proposed music structure analysis system is demonstrated for pop and rock music.
15. Google matrix analysis of C.elegans neural network
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kandiah, V., E-mail: kandiah@irsamc.ups-tlse.fr; Shepelyansky, D.L., E-mail: dima@irsamc.ups-tlse.fr
2014-05-01
We study the structural properties of the neural network of the C.elegans (worm) from a directed graph point of view. The Google matrix analysis is used to characterize the neuron connectivity structure and node classifications are discussed and compared with physiological properties of the cells. Our results are obtained by a proper definition of neural directed network and subsequent eigenvector analysis which recovers some results of previous studies. Our analysis highlights particular sets of important neurons constituting the core of the neural system. The applications of PageRank, CheiRank and ImpactRank to characterization of interdependency of neurons are discussed.
16. Google matrix analysis of C.elegans neural network
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kandiah, V.; Shepelyansky, D.L.
2014-01-01
We study the structural properties of the neural network of the C.elegans (worm) from a directed graph point of view. The Google matrix analysis is used to characterize the neuron connectivity structure and node classifications are discussed and compared with physiological properties of the cells. Our results are obtained by a proper definition of neural directed network and subsequent eigenvector analysis which recovers some results of previous studies. Our analysis highlights particular sets of important neurons constituting the core of the neural system. The applications of PageRank, CheiRank and ImpactRank to characterization of interdependency of neurons are discussed.
17. Neutron activation analysis on determination of arsenic in biological matrixes
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Menezes, Maria Angela de B.C.; Silva, Maria Aparecida, E-mail: menezes@cdtn.br, E-mail: cida@cdtn.br [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil)
2013-07-01
Aiming at giving support to the Worker's Health Awareness Program of the Municipal Department of Health of Belo Horizonte, an assessment related arsenic was carried out in two galvanising factories by means of hair and toenail samples analysis as biomonitors. The arsenic was determined in all matrixes from the factories where gold electrodeposition process was applied. This is because arsenic salts are usually added to gold bath to improve the metal covering. The high concentration results surprised the health surveillance professionals, and alerted for the need of assessing the influence of a long-term exposure. Studies concerning galvanising process have usually been developed broaching many aspects, but so far few works has pointed out the detection and measurement of other elements like arsenic. The k{sub 0}-Instrumental Neutron Activation method was applied confirming to be a suitable technique on determination of arsenic in biological matrixes. (author)
18. Recursive Principal Components Analysis Using Eigenvector Matrix Perturbation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Deniz Erdogmus
2004-10-01
Full Text Available Principal components analysis is an important and well-studied subject in statistics and signal processing. The literature has an abundance of algorithms for solving this problem, where most of these algorithms could be grouped into one of the following three approaches: adaptation based on Hebbian updates and deflation, optimization of a second-order statistical criterion (like reconstruction error or output variance, and fixed point update rules with deflation. In this paper, we take a completely different approach that avoids deflation and the optimization of a cost function using gradients. The proposed method updates the eigenvector and eigenvalue matrices simultaneously with every new sample such that the estimates approximately track their true values as would be calculated from the current sample estimate of the data covariance matrix. The performance of this algorithm is compared with that of traditional methods like Sanger's rule and APEX, as well as a structurally similar matrix perturbation-based method.
19. Neutron activation analysis on determination of arsenic in biological matrixes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Menezes, Maria Angela de B.C.; Silva, Maria Aparecida
2013-01-01
Aiming at giving support to the Worker's Health Awareness Program of the Municipal Department of Health of Belo Horizonte, an assessment related arsenic was carried out in two galvanising factories by means of hair and toenail samples analysis as biomonitors. The arsenic was determined in all matrixes from the factories where gold electrodeposition process was applied. This is because arsenic salts are usually added to gold bath to improve the metal covering. The high concentration results surprised the health surveillance professionals, and alerted for the need of assessing the influence of a long-term exposure. Studies concerning galvanising process have usually been developed broaching many aspects, but so far few works has pointed out the detection and measurement of other elements like arsenic. The k 0 -Instrumental Neutron Activation method was applied confirming to be a suitable technique on determination of arsenic in biological matrixes. (author)
20. Vector sparse representation of color image using quaternion matrix analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Xu, Yi; Yu, Licheng; Xu, Hongteng; Zhang, Hao; Nguyen, Truong
2015-04-01
Traditional sparse image models treat color image pixel as a scalar, which represents color channels separately or concatenate color channels as a monochrome image. In this paper, we propose a vector sparse representation model for color images using quaternion matrix analysis. As a new tool for color image representation, its potential applications in several image-processing tasks are presented, including color image reconstruction, denoising, inpainting, and super-resolution. The proposed model represents the color image as a quaternion matrix, where a quaternion-based dictionary learning algorithm is presented using the K-quaternion singular value decomposition (QSVD) (generalized K-means clustering for QSVD) method. It conducts the sparse basis selection in quaternion space, which uniformly transforms the channel images to an orthogonal color space. In this new color space, it is significant that the inherent color structures can be completely preserved during vector reconstruction. Moreover, the proposed sparse model is more efficient comparing with the current sparse models for image restoration tasks due to lower redundancy between the atoms of different color channels. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed sparse image model avoids the hue bias issue successfully and shows its potential as a general and powerful tool in color image analysis and processing domain.
1. Effects of ductile matrix failure in three dimensional analysis of metal matrix composites
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tvergaard, Viggo
1998-01-01
Full three dimensional numerical cell model analyses are carried out for a metal reinforced by short fibers, to study the development of ductile matrix failure. A porous ductile material model is used to describe the effect of the nucleation and growth of voids to coalescence. In each case studied...
2. Porous structure analysis of radioactive spent resin cementation matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zhou Yaozhong; Yun Guichun
2004-01-01
According to a cement product microstructure, a radioactive spent resin cementation matrix has the properties of porous matters. The distributing of the pore size and the pore microstructure stability are closely related to many crucial macro properties, including strength and permeability of the matrixes. By using a new computer-controlled Hg pressure test, a experiment methods of the matrix micro-properties was studied. By using porous structure analyses, it was found that the experimental method is useful for the future cementation research. In this test, it was also found that ASC cement matrixes of spent resin have superior microstructure to the OPC's. They have better pore size distribution, more stable structure and higher ability to hold the Hg in the matrixes than OPC's, and these properties are the important factors that make ASC cement matrixes have more stable macro-structure and lower leaching of nuclides. (authors)
3. Co-movements among financial stocks and covariance matrix analysis
OpenAIRE
Sharifi, Saba
2003-01-01
The major theories of finance leading into the main body of this research are discussed and our experiments on studying the risk and co-movements among stocks are presented. This study leads to the application of Random Matrix Theory (RMT) The idea of this theory refers to the importance of the empirically measured correlation (or covariance) matrix, C, in finance and particularly in the theory of optimal portfolios However, this matrix has recently come into question, as a large part of ...
4. Analysis of electrochemical disintegration process of graphite matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Tian Lifang; Wen Mingfen; Chen Jing
2010-01-01
The electrochemical method with ammonium nitrate as electrolyte was studied to disintegrate the graphite matrix from the simulative fuel elements for high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The influences of process parameters, including salt concentration, system temperature and current density, on the disintegration rate of graphite fragments were investigated in the present work. The experimental results showed that the disintegration rate depended slightly on the temperature and salt concentration. The current density strongly affected the disintegration rate of graphite fragments. Furthermore, the content of introduced oxygen in final graphite fragments was independent of the current density and the concentration of electrolyte. Moreover, the structural evolution of graphite was analyzed based on the microstructural parameters determined by X-ray diffraction profile fitting analysis using MAUD (material analysis using diffraction) before and after the disintegration process. It may safely be concluded that the graphite disintegration can be ascribed to the influences of the intercalation of foreign molecules in between crystal planes and the partial oxidation involved. The disintegration process was described deeply composed of intercalate part and further oxidation part of carbon which effected together to lead to the collapse of graphite crystals.
5. Vibration analysis of pipes conveying fluid by transfer matrix method
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Li, Shuai-jun; Liu, Gong-min; Kong, Wei-tao
2014-01-01
Highlights: • A theoretical study on vibration analysis of pipes with FSI is presented. • Pipelines with high fluid pressure and velocity can be solved by developed method. • Several pipeline schemes are discussed to illustrate the application of the method. • The proposed method is easier to apply compared to most existing procedures. • Influence laws of structural and fluid parameters on FSI of pipe are analyzed. -- Abstract: Considering the effects of pipe wall thickness, fluid pressure and velocity, a developed 14-equation model is presented, which describes the fluid–structure interaction behavior of pipelines. The transfer matrix method has been used for numerical modeling of both hydraulic and structural equations. Based on these models and algorithms, several pipeline schemes are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method. Furthermore, the influence laws of supports, structural properties and fluid parameters on the dynamic response and natural frequencies of pipeline are analyzed, which shows using the optimal supports and structural properties is beneficial to reduce vibration of pipelines
6. Wavelet analysis of biological tissue's Mueller-matrix images
Science.gov (United States)
Tomka, Yu. Ya.
2008-05-01
The interrelations between statistics of the 1st-4th orders of the ensemble of Mueller-matrix images and geometric structure of birefringent architectonic nets of different morphological structure have been analyzed. The sensitivity of asymmetry and excess of statistic distributions of matrix elements Cik to changing of orientation structure of optically anisotropic protein fibrils of physiologically normal and pathologically changed biological tissues architectonics has been shown.
7. The Performance Analysis Based on SAR Sample Covariance Matrix
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Esra Erten
2012-03-01
Full Text Available Multi-channel systems appear in several fields of application in science. In the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR context, multi-channel systems may refer to different domains, as multi-polarization, multi-interferometric or multi-temporal data, or even a combination of them. Due to the inherent speckle phenomenon present in SAR images, the statistical description of the data is almost mandatory for its utilization. The complex images acquired over natural media present in general zero-mean circular Gaussian characteristics. In this case, second order statistics as the multi-channel covariance matrix fully describe the data. For practical situations however, the covariance matrix has to be estimated using a limited number of samples, and this sample covariance matrix follow the complex Wishart distribution. In this context, the eigendecomposition of the multi-channel covariance matrix has been shown in different areas of high relevance regarding the physical properties of the imaged scene. Specifically, the maximum eigenvalue of the covariance matrix has been frequently used in different applications as target or change detection, estimation of the dominant scattering mechanism in polarimetric data, moving target indication, etc. In this paper, the statistical behavior of the maximum eigenvalue derived from the eigendecomposition of the sample multi-channel covariance matrix in terms of multi-channel SAR images is simplified for SAR community. Validation is performed against simulated data and examples of estimation and detection problems using the analytical expressions are as well given.
8. S-matrix analysis of the baryon electric charge correlation
Science.gov (United States)
Lo, Pok Man; Friman, Bengt; Redlich, Krzysztof; Sasaki, Chihiro
2018-03-01
We compute the correlation of the net baryon number with the electric charge (χBQ) for an interacting hadron gas using the S-matrix formulation of statistical mechanics. The observable χBQ is particularly sensitive to the details of the pion-nucleon interaction, which are consistently incorporated in the current scheme via the empirical scattering phase shifts. Comparing to the recent lattice QCD studies in the (2 + 1)-flavor system, we find that the natural implementation of interactions and the proper treatment of resonances in the S-matrix approach lead to an improved description of the lattice data over that obtained in the hadron resonance gas model.
9. Analysis of the essential spectrum of singular matrix differential operators
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Ibrogimov, O. O.; Siegl, Petr; Tretter, C.
2016-01-01
Roč. 260, č. 4 (2016), s. 3881-3926 ISSN 0022-0396 Institutional support: RVO:61389005 Key words : essential spectrum * system of singular differential equations * operator matrix * Schur complement * magnetohydrodynamics * Stellar equilibrium model Subject RIV: BE - Theoretical Physics Impact factor: 1.988, year: 2016
10. Analysis of Damage in a Ceramic Matrix Composite
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Sørensen, Bent F.; Talreja, Ramesh
1993-01-01
Mechanisms of damage and the associated mechanical response are stud ied for a unidirectionally fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite subjected to uniaxial tensile loading parallel to fibers. A multi-stage development of damage is identified, and for each stage the governing mechanisms...
11. Generalized canonical analysis based on optimizing matrix correlations and a relation with IDIOSCAL
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Kiers, Henk A.L.; Cléroux, R.; Ten Berge, Jos M.F.
1994-01-01
Carroll's method for generalized canonical analysis of two or more sets of variables is shown to optimize the sum of squared inner-product matrix correlations between a consensus matrix and matrices with canonical variates for each set of variables. In addition, the method that analogously optimizes
12. Analysis of the energetic sector through the national energetic matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Garzon Lozano, Enrique
2007-01-01
The author shows the results of the national energetic balance 1975-2005, through the energetic matrix of the country, giving an annual growth of 5.1% in this period of offer of primary energy, where the mineral coal participates with 9,6%, the hydraulic energy with 4,8%, natural gas with 4,2%, trash with 2,4% and petroleum with 2,2%, while the firewood fell in 0,5%
13. Matrix effects on organic pollutants analysis in marine sediment
Science.gov (United States)
Azis, M. Y.; Asia, L.; Piram, A.; Buchari, B.; Doumenq, P.; Setiyanto, H.
2018-05-01
Interference from the matrix sample can influence of the accurate analytical method. Accelerated Solvent Extraction and their purification methods were tried to separate the organic micropollutants respectively in marine sediment. Those matrix were as organic pollutants evaluation in marine environment. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are two examples organic pollutant in environment which are carcinogenic and mutagenic. Marine sediments are important matrices of information regarding the human activities in coastal areas as well as the fate and behavior of organic pollutants, which are persistent in long-term. This research purpose to evaluate the matrice effect and the recovery from marine sediment spiking with several standar solution and deuterium of molecular target from organic pollutants in not polluted sample of sediment. Matrice samples was tested from indicate in unpolluted location. The methods were evaluated with standard calibration curve (linearity LOQ). Recovery (YE) relative, Matrice Effect (ME) relative correction with deuteriated standar were evaluated the interference the matrix. Interference effect for OCPs compounds were higher than PCBs in marine sediment.
14. Life Modeling and Design Analysis for Ceramic Matrix Composite Materials
Science.gov (United States)
2005-01-01
The primary research efforts focused on characterizing and modeling static failure, environmental durability, and creep-rupture behavior of two classes of ceramic matrix composites (CMC), silicon carbide fibers in a silicon carbide matrix (SiC/SiC) and carbon fibers in a silicon carbide matrix (C/SiC). An engineering life prediction model (Probabilistic Residual Strength model) has been developed specifically for CMCs. The model uses residual strength as the damage metric for evaluating remaining life and is posed probabilistically in order to account for the stochastic nature of the material s response. In support of the modeling effort, extensive testing of C/SiC in partial pressures of oxygen has been performed. This includes creep testing, tensile testing, half life and residual tensile strength testing. C/SiC is proposed for airframe and propulsion applications in advanced reusable launch vehicles. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the models predictive capabilities as well as the manner in which experimental tests are being selected in such a manner as to ensure sufficient data is available to aid in model validation.
15. Renormalization-group analysis of the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Babu, K.S.
1987-01-01
The one-loop renormalization-group equations for the quark mixing (Kobayashi-Maskawa) matrix V are derived, independent of one's weak interaction basis, in the standard model as well as in its two Higgs and supersymmetric extensions, and their numerical solutions are presented. While the mixing angles vertical strokeV ub vertical stroke, vertical strokeV cb vertical stroke, vertical strokeV td vertical stroke and the phase-invariant measure of CP nonconservation J all vary slowly with momentum, in the standard model they are predicted to increase in clear contrast to the two Higgs and supersymmetric extensions where they decrease with momentum. (orig.)
16. Applied risk analysis to the future Brazilian electricity generation matrix
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Maues, Jair; Fernandez, Eloi; Correa, Antonio
2010-09-15
This study compares energy conversion systems for the generation of electrical power, with an emphasis on the Brazilian energy matrix. The financial model applied in this comparison is based on the Portfolio Theory, developed by Harry Markowitz. The risk-return ratio related to the electrical generation mix predicted in the National Energy Plan - 2030, published in 2006 by the Brazilian Energy Research Office, is evaluated. The increase of non-traditional renewable energy in this expected electrical generating mix, specifically, residues of sugar cane plantations and wind energy, reduce not only the risk but also the average cost of the kilowatt-hour generated.
17. Statistical analysis of latent generalized correlation matrix estimation in transelliptical distribution.
Science.gov (United States)
Han, Fang; Liu, Han
2017-02-01
Correlation matrix plays a key role in many multivariate methods (e.g., graphical model estimation and factor analysis). The current state-of-the-art in estimating large correlation matrices focuses on the use of Pearson's sample correlation matrix. Although Pearson's sample correlation matrix enjoys various good properties under Gaussian models, its not an effective estimator when facing heavy-tail distributions with possible outliers. As a robust alternative, Han and Liu (2013b) advocated the use of a transformed version of the Kendall's tau sample correlation matrix in estimating high dimensional latent generalized correlation matrix under the transelliptical distribution family (or elliptical copula). The transelliptical family assumes that after unspecified marginal monotone transformations, the data follow an elliptical distribution. In this paper, we study the theoretical properties of the Kendall's tau sample correlation matrix and its transformed version proposed in Han and Liu (2013b) for estimating the population Kendall's tau correlation matrix and the latent Pearson's correlation matrix under both spectral and restricted spectral norms. With regard to the spectral norm, we highlight the role of "effective rank" in quantifying the rate of convergence. With regard to the restricted spectral norm, we for the first time present a "sign subgaussian condition" which is sufficient to guarantee that the rank-based correlation matrix estimator attains the optimal rate of convergence. In both cases, we do not need any moment condition.
18. A Computer Program to Compile a Flander-Amidon Interaction Analysis Matrix
Science.gov (United States)
Hardy, Robert C.
1970-01-01
A program was written in FORTRAN IV for an IBM 3600 to produce the Flanders-Amidon Interaction Analysis Matrix and to also produce percentages of certain p FORTRAN IV and V for the Univac 1108. (Editor/RT)
Science.gov (United States)
Ermann, Leonardo; Shepelyansky, Dima L.
2015-04-01
20. DANTE, Activation Analysis Neutron Spectra Unfolding by Covariance Matrix Method
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Petilli, M.
1981-01-01
1 - Description of problem or function: The program evaluates activation measurements of reactor neutron spectra and unfolds the results for dosimetry purposes. Different evaluation options are foreseen: absolute or relative fluxes and different iteration algorithms. 2 - Method of solution: A least-square fit method is used. A correlation between available data and their uncertainties has been introduced by means of flux and activity variance-covariance matrices. Cross sections are assumed to be constant, i.e. with variance-covariance matrix equal to zero. The Lagrange multipliers method has been used for calculating the solution. 3 - Restrictions on the complexity of the problem: 9 activation experiments can be analyzed. 75 energy groups are accepted
1. The improved Apriori algorithm based on matrix pruning and weight analysis
Science.gov (United States)
Lang, Zhenhong
2018-04-01
This paper uses the matrix compression algorithm and weight analysis algorithm for reference and proposes an improved matrix pruning and weight analysis Apriori algorithm. After the transactional database is scanned for only once, the algorithm will construct the boolean transaction matrix. Through the calculation of one figure in the rows and columns of the matrix, the infrequent item set is pruned, and a new candidate item set is formed. Then, the item's weight and the transaction's weight as well as the weight support for items are calculated, thus the frequent item sets are gained. The experimental result shows that the improved Apriori algorithm not only reduces the number of repeated scans of the database, but also improves the efficiency of data correlation mining.
2. Compensation of matrix effects in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of pesticides using a combination of matrix matching and multiple isotopically labeled internal standards.
Science.gov (United States)
Tsuchiyama, Tomoyuki; Katsuhara, Miki; Nakajima, Masahiro
2017-11-17
In the multi-residue analysis of pesticides using GC-MS, the quantitative results are adversely affected by a phenomenon known as the matrix effect. Although the use of matrix-matched standards is considered to be one of the most practical solutions to this problem, complete removal of the matrix effect is difficult in complex food matrices owing to their inconsistency. As a result, residual matrix effects can introduce analytical errors. To compensate for residual matrix effects, we have developed a novel method that employs multiple isotopically labeled internal standards (ILIS). The matrix effects of ILIS and pesticides were evaluated in spiked matrix extracts of various agricultural commodities, and the obtained data were subjected to simple statistical analysis. Based on the similarities between the patterns of variation in the analytical response, a total of 32 isotopically labeled compounds were assigned to 338 pesticides as internal standards. It was found that by utilizing multiple ILIS, residual matrix effects could be effectively compensated. The developed method exhibited superior quantitative performance compared with the common single-internal-standard method. The proposed method is more feasible for regulatory purposes than that using only predetermined correction factors and is considered to be promising for practical applications. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
3. Statistical analysis of latent generalized correlation matrix estimation in transelliptical distribution
OpenAIRE
Han, Fang; Liu, Han
2016-01-01
Correlation matrices play a key role in many multivariate methods (e.g., graphical model estimation and factor analysis). The current state-of-the-art in estimating large correlation matrices focuses on the use of Pearson's sample correlation matrix. Although Pearson's sample correlation matrix enjoys various good properties under Gaussian models, it is not an effective estimator when facing heavy-tailed distributions. As a robust alternative, Han and Liu [J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 109 (2015) 275-2...
4. Modelling of polypropylene fibre-matrix composites using finite element analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2009-01-01
Full Text Available Polypropylene (PP fibre-matrix composites previously prepared and studied experimentally were modelled using finite element analysis (FEA in this work. FEA confirmed that fibre content and composition controlled stress distribution in all-PP composites. The stress concentration at the fibre-matrix interface became greater with less fibre content. Variations in fibre composition were more significant in higher stress regions of the composites. When fibre modulus increased, the stress concentration at the fibres decreased and the shear stress at the fibre-matrix interface became more intense. The ratio between matrix modulus and fibre modulus was important, as was the interfacial stress in reducing premature interfacial failure and increasing mechanical properties. The model demonstrated that with low fibre concentration, there were insufficient fibres to distribute the applied stress. Under these conditions the matrix yielded when the applied stress reached the matrix yield stress, resulting in increased fibre axial stress. When the fibre content was high, there was matrix depletion and stress transfer was inefficient. The predictions of the FEA model were consistent with experimental and published data.
5. Analytical development of disturbed matrix eigenvalue problem applied to mixed convection stability analysis in Darcy media
Science.gov (United States)
Hamed, Haikel Ben; Bennacer, Rachid
2008-08-01
This work consists in evaluating algebraically and numerically the influence of a disturbance on the spectral values of a diagonalizable matrix. Thus, two approaches will be possible; to use the theorem of disturbances of a matrix depending on a parameter, due to Lidskii and primarily based on the structure of Jordan of the no disturbed matrix. The second approach consists in factorizing the matrix system, and then carrying out a numerical calculation of the roots of the disturbances matrix characteristic polynomial. This problem can be a standard model in the equations of the continuous media mechanics. During this work, we chose to use the second approach and in order to illustrate the application, we choose the Rayleigh-Bénard problem in Darcy media, disturbed by a filtering through flow. The matrix form of the problem is calculated starting from a linear stability analysis by a finite elements method. We show that it is possible to break up the general phenomenon into other elementary ones described respectively by a disturbed matrix and a disturbance. A good agreement between the two methods was seen. To cite this article: H.B. Hamed, R. Bennacer, C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).
6. R-matrix analysis of the /sup 239/Pu neutron cross sections
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Saussure, G. de; Perez, R.B.; Macklin, R.L.
1986-03-01
/sup 239/Pu neutron cross-section data in the resolved resonance region were analyzed with the R-Matrix Bayesian Program SAMMY. Below 30 eV the cross sections computed with the multilevel parameters are consistent with recent fission and transmission measurements as well as with older capture and alpha measurements. Above 30 eV no suitable transmission data were available and only fission cross-section measurements were analyzed. However, since the analysis conserves the complete covariance matrix, the analysis can be updated by the Bayes method as transmission measurements become available. To date, the analysis of the fission measurements has been completed up to 300 eV.
7. PCT Uncertainty Analysis Using Unscented Transform with Random Orthogonal Matrix
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Fynana, Douglas A.; Ahn, Kwang-Il [KAERI, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of); Lee, John C. [Univ. of Michigan, Michigan (United States)
2015-05-15
Most Best Estimate Plus Uncertainty (BEPU) methods employ nonparametric order statistics through Wilks' formula to quantify uncertainties of best estimate simulations of nuclear power plant (NPP) transients. 95%/95% limits, the 95''t{sup h} percentile at a 95% confidence level, are obtained by randomly sampling all uncertainty contributors through conventional Monte Carlo (MC). Advantages are simple implementation of MC sampling of input probability density functions (pdfs) and limited computational expense of 1''s{sup t}, 2''n{sup d}, and 3''r{sup d} order Wilks' formula requiring only 59, 93, or 124 simulations, respectively. A disadvantage of small sample size is large sample to sample variation of statistical estimators. This paper presents a new efficient sampling based algorithm for accurate estimation of mean and variance of the output parameter pdf. The algorithm combines a deterministic sampling method, the unscented transform (UT), with random sampling through the generation of a random orthogonal matrix (ROM). The UT guarantees the mean, covariance, and 3''r{sup d} order moments of the multivariate input parameter distributions are exactly preserved by the sampled input points and the orthogonal transformation of the points by a ROM guarantees the sample error of all 4''t{sup h} order and higher moments are unbiased. The UT with ROM algorithm is applied to the uncertainty quantification of the peak clad temperature (PCT) during a large break loss-of-coolant accident (LBLOCA) in an OPR1000 NPP to demonstrate the applicability of the new algorithm to BEPU. This paper presented a new algorithm combining the UT with ROM for efficient multivariate parameter sampling that ensures sample input covariance and 3''r{sup d} order moments are exactly preserved and 4''th moment errors are small and unbiased. The advantageous sample properties guarantee higher order accuracy and
8. R-matrix analysis of the 239Pu cross sections up to 1 keV
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Derrien, H.; de Saussure, G.; Perez, R.B.; Larson, N.M.; Macklin, R.L.
1986-06-01
The results are reported of an R-matrix resonance analysis of the 239 Pu neutron cross sections up to 1 keV. After a description of the method of analysis the nearly 1600 resonance parameters obtained are listed and extensive graphical and numerical comparisons between calculated and measured cross-section and transmission date are presented. 47 refs., 47 figs., 8 tabs
9. Characteristic analysis on UAV-MIMO channel based on normalized correlation matrix.
Science.gov (United States)
Gao, Xi jun; Chen, Zi li; Hu, Yong Jiang
2014-01-01
Based on the three-dimensional GBSBCM (geometrically based double bounce cylinder model) channel model of MIMO for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the simple form of UAV space-time-frequency channel correlation function which includes the LOS, SPE, and DIF components is presented. By the methods of channel matrix decomposition and coefficient normalization, the analytic formula of UAV-MIMO normalized correlation matrix is deduced. This formula can be used directly to analyze the condition number of UAV-MIMO channel matrix, the channel capacity, and other characteristic parameters. The simulation results show that this channel correlation matrix can be applied to describe the changes of UAV-MIMO channel characteristics under different parameter settings comprehensively. This analysis method provides a theoretical basis for improving the transmission performance of UAV-MIMO channel. The development of MIMO technology shows practical application value in the field of UAV communication.
10. Errors in instumental neutron activation analysis caused by matrix absorption
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Croudace, I.W.
1979-01-01
Instrumental neutron activation analysis of the geochemically important rare earth elements, together with Ta, Hf and U involves energies below 150 keV where absorption of radiation by the sample becomes inceasingly important. Determinations of the total mass absorption coefficients have been made. (C.F.)
11. Random Matrix Theory Approach to Indonesia Energy Portfolio Analysis
Science.gov (United States)
Mahardhika, Alifian; Purqon, Acep
2017-07-01
In a few years, Indonesia experienced difficulties in maintaining energy security, the problem is the decline in oil production from 1.6 million barrels per day to 861 thousand barrels per day in 2012. However, there is a difference condition in 2015 until the third week in 2016, world oil prices actually fell at the lowest price level since last 12 years. The decline in oil prices due to oversupply of oil by oil-producing countries of the world due to the instability of the world economy. Wave of layoffs in Indonesia is a response to the decline in oil prices, this led to the energy and mines portfolios Indonesia feared would not be more advantageous than the portfolio in other countries. In this research, portfolio analysis will be done on energy and mining in Indonesia by using stock price data of energy and mines in the period 26 November 2010 until April 1, 2016. It was found that the results have a wide effect of the market potential is high in the determination of the return on the portfolio energy and mines. Later, it was found that there are eight of the thirty stocks in the energy and mining portfolio of Indonesia which have a high probability of return relative to the average return of stocks in a portfolio of energy and mines.
Science.gov (United States)
Gupta, K. K.
1975-01-01
This paper is concerned with the efficient and accurate solution of the eigenvalue problem represented by quadratic matrix equations. Such matrix forms are obtained in connection with the free vibration analysis of structures, discretized by finite 'dynamic' elements, resulting in frequency-dependent stiffness and inertia matrices. The paper presents a new numerical solution procedure of the quadratic matrix equations, based on a combined Sturm sequence and inverse iteration technique enabling economical and accurate determination of a few required eigenvalues and associated vectors. An alternative procedure based on a simultaneous iteration procedure is also described when only the first few modes are the usual requirement. The employment of finite dynamic elements in conjunction with the presently developed eigenvalue routines results in a most significant economy in the dynamic analysis of structures.
13. Effect of the sample matrix on measurement uncertainty in X-ray fluorescence analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Morgenstern, P.; Brueggemann, L.; Wennrich, R.
2005-01-01
The estimation of measurement uncertainty, with reference to univariate calibration functions, is discussed in detail in the Eurachem Guide 'Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement'. The adoption of these recommendations to quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) involves basic problems which are above all due to the strong influence of the sample matrix on the analytical response. In XRF-analysis, the proposed recommendations are consequently applicable only to the matrix corrected response. The application is also restricted with regard to both the matrices and analyte concentrations. In this context the present studies are aimed at the problems to predict measurement uncertainty also with reference to more variable sample compositions. The corresponding investigations are focused on the use of the intensity of the Compton scattered tube line as an internal standard to assess the effect of the individual sample matrix on the analytical response relatively to a reference matrix. Based on this concept the estimation of the measurement uncertainty of an analyte presented in an unknown specimen can be predicted in consideration of the data obtained under defined matrix conditions
14. Conversion Matrix Analysis of SiGe HBT Gilbert Cell Mixers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Johansen, Tom Keinicke; Vidkjær, Jens; Krozer, Viktor
2004-01-01
The frequency response of SiGe HBT active mixers based on the Gilbert cell topology is analyzed theoretically. The time-varying operation of the Gilbert cell mixer is taken into account by applying conversion matrix analysis. The main bandwidth limiting mechanisms experienced in SiGe HBT Gilbert ...
15. Conversion Matrix Analysis of GaAs HEMT Active Gilbert Cell Mixers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jiang, Chenhui; Johansen, Tom Keinicke; Krozer, Viktor
2006-01-01
In this paper, the nonlinear model of the GaAs HEMT active Gilbert cell mixer is investigated. Based on the model, the conversion gain expression of active Gilbert cell mixers is derived theoretically by using conversion matrix analysis method. The expression is verified by harmonic balance simul...
16. Application of AHP-Ansoff Matrix Analysis in Business Diversification: The case of Evergrande Group
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yin Nan
2016-01-01
Full Text Available A new method of enterprise strategic research, the AHP—Ansoff Matrix analysis method, is put forward in this paper for the first time and applied in the enterprise practices. By using this research method, the development strategy of enterprise diversification is analyzed scientifically and reasonably with Evergrande group as the example. And finally, main procedures of the method are summarized.
17. Application of AHP-Ansoff Matrix Analysis in Business Diversification: The case of Evergrande Group
OpenAIRE
Yin Nan
2016-01-01
A new method of enterprise strategic research, the AHP—Ansoff Matrix analysis method, is put forward in this paper for the first time and applied in the enterprise practices. By using this research method, the development strategy of enterprise diversification is analyzed scientifically and reasonably with Evergrande group as the example. And finally, main procedures of the method are summarized.
18. Multidisciplinary Product Decomposition and Analysis Based on Design Structure Matrix Modeling
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Habib, Tufail
2014-01-01
Design structure matrix (DSM) modeling in complex system design supports to define physical and logical configuration of subsystems, components, and their relationships. This modeling includes product decomposition, identification of interfaces, and structure analysis to increase the architectural...... interactions across subsystems and components. For this purpose, Cambridge advanced modeler (CAM) software tool is used to develop the system matrix. The analysis of the product (printer) architecture includes clustering, partitioning as well as structure analysis of the system. The DSM analysis is helpful...... understanding of the system. Since product architecture has broad implications in relation to product life cycle issues, in this paper, mechatronic product is decomposed into subsystems and components, and then, DSM model is developed to examine the extent of modularity in the system and to manage multiple...
19. Acceleration of criticality analysis solution convergence by matrix eigenvector for a system with weak neutron interaction
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Nomura, Yasushi; Takada, Tomoyuki; Kuroishi, Takeshi [Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst., Tokai, Ibaraki (Japan). Tokai Research Establishment; Kadotani, Hiroyuki [Shizuoka Sangyo Univ., Iwata, Shizuoka (Japan)
2003-03-01
In the case of Monte Carlo calculation to obtain a neutron multiplication factor for a system of weak neutron interaction, there might be some problems concerning convergence of the solution. Concerning this difficulty in the computer code calculations, theoretical derivation was made from the general neutron transport equation and consideration was given for acceleration of solution convergence by using the matrix eigenvector in this report. Accordingly, matrix eigenvector calculation scheme was incorporated together with procedure to make acceleration of convergence into the continuous energy Monte Carlo code MCNP. Furthermore, effectiveness of acceleration of solution convergence by matrix eigenvector was ascertained with the results obtained by applying to the two OECD/NEA criticality analysis benchmark problems. (author)
20. The Brazilian energy matrix: Evolution analysis and its impact on farming
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lamas, Wendell de Queiroz; Giacaglia, Giorgio Eugenio Oscare
2013-01-01
This work proposes a technical and economic analysis of the Brazilian matrix energy evaluation, aiming at the evaluation of impacts inherent to technological innovation involved on energy matrix and the sectoral development. Particular attention is given to biomass energy, natural gas, and conventional fuels, considering their impacts on agricultural activity, identifying the highest potential for investment in this sector. As a result, a clear view of the importance of agricultural sector participation in the context of the Brazilian energy is obtained, not only as a consumer, but mainly through self-production energy policy of waste reuse as biomass and of biofuels. - Highlights: • We analyze the impact of Brazilian energy matrix on farming. • We highlight the socio-political-economic impact on the agricultural sector. • We highlight the biofuels potential
1. Direct Surface Analysis of Fungal Species by Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Valentine, Nancy B.(BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB)); Wahl, Jon H.(BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB)); Kingsley, Mark T.(BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB)); Wahl, Karen L.(BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB))
2001-12-01
Intact spores and/or hyphae of Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Trichoderma reesei and Phanerochaete chrysosporium are analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). This study investigates various methods of sample preparation and matrices to determine optimum collection and analysis criteria for fungal analysis by MALDI-MS. Fungi are applied to the MALDI sample target as untreated, sonicated, acid/heat treated, or blotted directly from the fungal culture with double-stick tape. Ferulic acid or sinapinic acid matrix solution is layered over the dried samples and analyzed by MALDI-MS. Statistical analysis of the data show that simply using double stick tape to collect and transfer to a MALDI sample plate typically worked as well as the other preparation methods, but requires the least sample handling.
2. Graph Transformation and Designing Parallel Sparse Matrix Algorithms beyond Data Dependence Analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
H.X. Lin
2004-01-01
Full Text Available Algorithms are often parallelized based on data dependence analysis manually or by means of parallel compilers. Some vector/matrix computations such as the matrix-vector products with simple data dependence structures (data parallelism can be easily parallelized. For problems with more complicated data dependence structures, parallelization is less straightforward. The data dependence graph is a powerful means for designing and analyzing parallel algorithms. However, for sparse matrix computations, parallelization based on solely exploiting the existing parallelism in an algorithm does not always give satisfactory results. For example, the conventional Gaussian elimination algorithm for the solution of a tri-diagonal system is inherently sequential, so algorithms specially for parallel computation has to be designed. After briefly reviewing different parallelization approaches, a powerful graph formalism for designing parallel algorithms is introduced. This formalism will be discussed using a tri-diagonal system as an example. Its application to general matrix computations is also discussed. Its power in designing parallel algorithms beyond the ability of data dependence analysis is shown by means of a new algorithm called ACER (Alternating Cyclic Elimination and Reduction algorithm.
3. METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE BRAKE ROTORS: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
M.M. Rahman
2011-12-01
Full Text Available Metal matrix composites (MMCs have become attractive for engineering structural applications due to their excellent specific strength and are increasingly seen as an alternative to conventional materials, particularly in the automotive industry. In this study, a historical background on the development and application of metal matrix composites for automotive brake rotors is presented. The discussion also includes an analysis of the product life cycle with stir casting as a case study. The historical review analysis revealed that gradual development of material and processing techniques have led to lighter weight, lower cost and higher performance brake rotors as a result of a better understanding of the mechanics of metal matrix composites. It emerged from the study that the stir casting technique provides ease of operation, sustainability and, most significantly, very competitive costs without sacrificing quality relative to other techniques; as such, it is the most attractive manufacturing process in the industry. These findings can be used for future design and manufacture of an efficient and effective aluminium matrix composite brake rotor for automotive and other applications.
4. Examining the Determinants of China’s Inward FDI Using Grey Matrix Relational Analysis Model
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hang JIANG
2017-12-01
Full Text Available Grey relational analysis (GRA model is an important part of grey system theory, which is used to ascertain the relational grade between an influential factor and the major behavior factor. Most of GRA models are mainly applied to the field in which the behavior factor and influential factor are the cross-sectional or time series data in a given system. However, owing to the panel data contains plenty information including individual and time characteristics, the traditional GRA model cannot be applied to panel data analysis. To overcome this drawback, the grey matrix relational analysis model is applied to measure the similarity of panel data from two dimensions of individual and time on the basis of the definition of the matrix sequence of a discrete data sequence. This paper examines the determinants of inward foreign direct investment (IFDI in China using grey matrix relational analysis model. The study finds that the GDP per capita, enrollment of regular institutions of higher education, and internal expenditure on R&D are the key factors of IFDI.
Science.gov (United States)
Gupta, K. K.
1973-01-01
An efficient digital computer procedure and the related numerical algorithm are presented herein for the solution of quadratic matrix equations associated with free vibration analysis of structures. Such a procedure enables accurate and economical analysis of natural frequencies and associated modes of discretized structures. The numerically stable algorithm is based on the Sturm sequence method, which fully exploits the banded form of associated stiffness and mass matrices. The related computer program written in FORTRAN V for the JPL UNIVAC 1108 computer proves to be substantially more accurate and economical than other existing procedures of such analysis. Numerical examples are presented for two structures - a cantilever beam and a semicircular arch.
6. Random matrix theory and analysis of nucleus-nucleus collision at high energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Shahaliev, E.I.; Inst. of Radiation Problems, Baku; ); Kuznetsov, A.A.; Suleymanov, M.K.; ); Teryaev, O.V.; )
2006-01-01
A novel method for analysis of experimental data obtained at relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is proposed. The method, based on the ideas of Random Matrix Theory, is applied to detect systematic errors that occur at measurements of momentum distributions of emitted particles. The unfolded momentum distribution is well described by the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble of random matrices, when the uncertainty in the momentum distribution is maximal. The method is free from unwanted background contributions [ru
7. Adaptation of chemical methods of analysis to the matrix of pyrite-acidified mining lakes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Herzsprung, P.; Friese, K.
2000-01-01
Owing to the unusual matrix of pyrite-acidified mining lakes, the analysis of chemical parameters may be difficult. A number of methodological improvements have been developed so far, and a comprehensive validation of methods is envisaged. The adaptation of the available methods to small-volume samples of sediment pore waters and the adaptation of sensitivity to the expected concentration ranges is an important element of the methods applied in analyses of biogeochemical processes in mining lakes [de
8. Matrix analysis and risk management to avert depression and suicide among workers
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Takeuchi Takeaki
2010-11-01
Full Text Available Abstract Suicide is among the most tragic outcomes of all mental disorders, and the prevalence of suicide has risen dramatically during the last decade, particularly among workers. This paper reviews and proposes strategies to avert suicide and depression with regard to the mind body medicine equation hypothesis, metrics analysis of mental health problems from a public health and clinical medicine view. In occupational fields, the mind body medicine hypothesis has to deal with working environment, working condition, and workers' health. These three factors chosen in this paper were based on the concept of risk control, called San-kanri, which has traditionally been used in Japanese companies, and the causation concepts of host, agent, and environment. Working environment and working condition were given special focus with regard to tackling suicide problems. Matrix analysis was conducted by dividing the problem of working conditions into nine cells: three prevention levels (primary, secondary, and tertiary were proposed for each of the three factors of the mind body medicine hypothesis (working environment, working condition, and workers' health. After using these main strategies (mind body medicine analysis and matrix analysis to tackle suicide problems, the paper talks about the versatility of case-method teaching, "Hiyari-Hat activity," routine inspections by professionals, risk assessment analysis, and mandatory health check-up focusing on sleep and depression. In the risk assessment analysis, an exact assessment model was suggested using a formula based on multiplication of the following three factors: (1 severity, (2 frequency, and (3 possibility. Mental health problems, including suicide, are rather tricky to deal with because they involve evaluation of individual cases. The mind body medicine hypothesis and matrix analysis would be appropriate tactics for suicide prevention because they would help the evaluation of this issue as a
9. Mesoporous tungsten titanate as matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of biomolecules
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Shan Zhe; Han Lu; Yuan Minjia; Deng Chunhui; Zhao Dongyuan; Tu Bo; Yang Pengyuan
2007-01-01
In this paper, mesoporous tungsten titanate (WTiO) with different nano-pore structures was utilized as matrix for the analysis of short peptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). Effect of characteristic features of mesoporous matrices on laser desorption/ionization process was investigated. Experiments showed that the ordered two-dimensional and three-dimensional mesoporous matrices were superior in performance to the non-ordered WTiO matrix. The dramatic enhancement of signal sensitivity by the ordered mesoporous matrices can be reasonably attributed to the ordered structure, which facilitated the understanding on structure-function relationship in mesoporous cavity for laser desorption process of adsorbed biomolecules. With the ordered mesoporous matrix, the short peptides are successfully detected. The presence of trace alkali metal salt effectively increased the analyte ion yields and the MALDI-TOFMS using the inorganic mesoporous matrices displayed a high salt tolerance. The developed technique also showed a satisfactory performance in peptide-mapping and amino-acid sequencing analysis
10. Phosphoric acid as a matrix additive for MALDI MS analysis of phosphopeptides and phosphoproteins
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kjellström, Sven; Jensen, Ole Nørregaard
2004-01-01
Phosphopeptides are often detected with low efficiency by MALDI MS analysis of peptide mixtures. In an effort to improve the phosphopeptide ion response in MALDI MS, we investigated the effects of adding low concentrations of organic and inorganic acids during peptide sample preparation in 2,5-di...... acid to 2,5-DHB were also observed in LC-MALDI-MS analysis of tryptic phosphopeptides of B. subtilis PrkC phosphoprotein. Finally, the mass resolution of MALDI mass spectra of intact proteins was significantly improved by using phosphoric acid in 2,5-DHB matrix....
11. The awareness and want matrix with adoption gap ratio analysis for e-service diffusion effect.
Science.gov (United States)
Liang, Te-Hsin
2011-03-01
Since the hierarchical stages of a customer purchasing decision or innovation adoption process are interrelated, an analysis of all their stages, including awareness, want, and adoption, in relation to product or service diffusion, is urgently needed. Therefore, this study proposes the use of an awareness and want matrix, together with an adoption gap ratio analysis, to assess the effectiveness of innovation and technology diffusion for e-services. This study also conducts an empirical test on the promotion performance evaluation of 12 e-services promoted by the Taiwanese government.
12. Robust and sparse correlation matrix estimation for the analysis of high-dimensional genomics data.
Science.gov (United States)
Serra, Angela; Coretto, Pietro; Fratello, Michele; Tagliaferri, Roberto; Stegle, Oliver
2018-02-15
Microarray technology can be used to study the expression of thousands of genes across a number of different experimental conditions, usually hundreds. The underlying principle is that genes sharing similar expression patterns, across different samples, can be part of the same co-expression system, or they may share the same biological functions. Groups of genes are usually identified based on cluster analysis. Clustering methods rely on the similarity matrix between genes. A common choice to measure similarity is to compute the sample correlation matrix. Dimensionality reduction is another popular data analysis task which is also based on covariance/correlation matrix estimates. Unfortunately, covariance/correlation matrix estimation suffers from the intrinsic noise present in high-dimensional data. Sources of noise are: sampling variations, presents of outlying sample units, and the fact that in most cases the number of units is much larger than the number of genes. In this paper, we propose a robust correlation matrix estimator that is regularized based on adaptive thresholding. The resulting method jointly tames the effects of the high-dimensionality, and data contamination. Computations are easy to implement and do not require hand tunings. Both simulated and real data are analyzed. A Monte Carlo experiment shows that the proposed method is capable of remarkable performances. Our correlation metric is more robust to outliers compared with the existing alternatives in two gene expression datasets. It is also shown how the regularization allows to automatically detect and filter spurious correlations. The same regularization is also extended to other less robust correlation measures. Finally, we apply the ARACNE algorithm on the SyNTreN gene expression data. Sensitivity and specificity of the reconstructed network is compared with the gold standard. We show that ARACNE performs better when it takes the proposed correlation matrix estimator as input. The R
13. New methodology developed for the differential scanning calorimetry analysis of polymeric matrixes incorporating phase change materials
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Barreneche, Camila; Solé, Aran; Miró, Laia; Martorell, Ingrid; Cabeza, Luisa F; Fernández, A Inés
2012-01-01
Nowadays, thermal comfort needs in buildings have led to an increase in energy consumption of the residential and service sectors. For this reason, thermal energy storage is shown as an alternative to achieve reduction of this high consumption. Phase change materials (PCM) have been studied to store energy due to their high storage capacity. A polymeric material capable of macroencapsulating PCM was developed by the authors of this paper. However, difficulties were found while measuring the thermal properties of these materials by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polymeric matrix interferes in the detection of PCM properties by DSC. To remove this interfering effect, a new methodology which replaces the conventional empty crucible used as a reference in the DSC analysis by crucibles composed of the polymeric matrix was developed. Thus, a clear signal from the PCM is obtained by subtracting the new full crucible signal from the sample signal. (paper)
14. Linear Matrix Inequalities for Analysis and Control of Linear Vector Second-Order Systems
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
2015-01-01
the Lyapunov matrix and the system matrices by introducing matrix multipliers, which potentially reduce conservativeness in hard control problems. Multipliers facilitate the usage of parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions as certificates of stability of uncertain and time-varying vector second-order systems......SUMMARY Many dynamical systems are modeled as vector second-order differential equations. This paper presents analysis and synthesis conditions in terms of LMI with explicit dependence in the coefficient matrices of vector second-order systems. These conditions benefit from the separation between....... The conditions introduced in this work have the potential to increase the practice of analyzing and controlling systems directly in vector second-order form. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....
15. Visualizing the dental biofilm matrix by means of fluorescence lectin-binding analysis
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tawakoli, Pune Nina; Neu, Thomas R; Busck, Mette Marie
2017-01-01
lectins to visualize and quantify extracellular glycoconjugates in dental biofilms. Lectin binding was screened on pooled supragingival biofilm samples collected from 76 subjects using confocal microscopy. FLBA was then performed with 10 selected lectins on biofilms grown in situ for 48 h in the absence......The extracellular matrix is a poorly studied, yet important component of dental biofilms. Fluorescence lectin-binding analysis (FLBA) is a powerful tool to characterize glycoconjugates in the biofilm matrix. This study aimed to systematically investigate the ability of 75 fluorescently labeled......-biofilms: Aleuria aurantia (AAL), Calystega sepiem (Calsepa), Lycopersicon esculentum (LEA), Morniga-G (MNA-G) and Helix pomatia (HPA). No significant correlation between the binding of specific lectins and bacterial composition was found. Fluorescently labeled lectins enable the visualization of glycoconjugates...
16. Analysis of smart beams with piezoelectric elements using impedance matrix and inverse Laplace transform
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Li, Guo-Qing; Miao, Xing-Yuan; Hu, Yuan-Tai; Wang, Ji
2013-01-01
A comprehensive study on smart beams with piezoelectric elements using an impedance matrix and the inverse Laplace transform is presented. Based on the authors’ previous work, the dynamics of some elements in beam-like smart structures are represented by impedance matrix equations, including a piezoelectric stack, a piezoelectric bimorph, an elastic straight beam or a circular curved beam. A further transform is applied to the impedance matrix to obtain a set of implicit transfer function matrices. Apart from the analytical solutions to the matrices of smart beams, one computation procedure is proposed to obtained the impedance matrices and transfer function matrices using FEA. By these means the dynamic solution of the elements in the frequency domain is transformed to that in Laplacian s-domain and then inversely transformed to time domain. The connections between the elements and boundary conditions of the smart structures are investigated in detail, and one integrated system equation is finally obtained using the symbolic operation of TF matrices. A procedure is proposed for dynamic analysis and control analysis of the smart beam system using mode superposition and a numerical inverse Laplace transform. The first example is given to demonstrate building transfer function associated impedance matrices using both FEA and analytical solutions. The second example is to verify the ability of control analysis using a suspended beam with PZT patches under close-loop control. The third example is designed for dynamic analysis of beams with a piezoelectric stack and a piezoelectric bimorph under various excitations. The last example of one smart beam with a PPF controller shows the applicability to the control analysis of complex systems using the proposed method. All results show good agreement with the other results in the previous literature. The advantages of the proposed methods are also discussed at the end of this paper. (paper)
17. HPLC-MS/MS method optimisation for matrix metalloproteinase 3 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 determination in human blood serum using target analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Kotnik, Petra; Krajnc, Metka Koren; Pahor, Artur; Finšgar, Matjaž; Knez, Željko
2018-02-20
A quantitative analysis of zinc endopeptidases matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) from human blood serum are presented. Both matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are present in human blood serum and can be used as biomarkers for different diseases. The analysis was performed using LC-MS/MS with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, based on two specific peptides of each MMP in comparison with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). While the conditions for the LC-MS/MS analysis of MMP9 peptides were previously reported for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, the analysis of MMP3 peptides was newly quantified for human blood serum herein for the first time. For MMP3, the linear behaviour was determined in the concentration range from 1.0-200.0ng/mL (R 2 =0.997) with an LLOD of 0.5ng/mL. For MMP9, linearity was determined in the concentration range from 6.5-65.0ng/mL (R 2 =0.995) with an LLOD of 2.0ng/mL. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
18. Formation of the methodological matrix of the strategic analysis of the enterprise
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
N.H. Vygovskaya
2018-04-01
Full Text Available The article is devoted to the study of the methodological matrix of the strategic analysis of the enterprise. The aim of this article is to analyze the influence of methodological changes in the 20th century on the methodology of strategic analysis; critical assessment and generalization of scientific approaches to its methods. Evaluation of scientific works on analysis made it possible to identify such problems in the methodology of strategic analysis as the lack of consideration of the features of strategic analysis in the formation of its methods, which often leads to confusion of methods of financial (economic, thrifty analysis; failure to use the fact that the strategic analysis contains, besides the methods of analyzing the internal and external environment, the methods of forecast analysis aimed at forming the strategy for the development of the enterprise; identification of the concepts «image», «reception», «method» of analysis; multidirectionality and indistinctness of signs of classification of methods of strategic analysis; blind copying of foreign methods of application of techniques and methods of strategic analysis without taking into account the specifics of domestic economic conditions. The expediency of using the system approach in forming the methodological design of strategic analysis is proved, which will allow to combine the methodology as a science of methods (a broad approach to the methods of strategic analysis with methodology as a set of applied methods and methods of analysis (narrow approach to methodology. The use of the system approach allowed to distinguish three levels of the methodology of strategic analysis. The first and second levels of methodology correspond to the level of science, the third level – the practice. When developing the third level of special methods of strategic analysis, an approach is applied that differentiates them depending on the stages of strategic analysis (methods of the stage
19. A Literature Study of Matrix Element Influenced to the Result of Analysis Using Absorption Atomic Spectroscopy Method (AAS)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Tyas-Djuhariningrum
2004-01-01
The gold sample analysis can be deviated more than >10% to those thrue value caused by the matrix element. So that the matrix element character need to be study in order to reduce the deviation. In rock samples, the matrix elements can cause self quenching, self absorption and ionization process, so there is a result analysis error. In the rock geochemical process, the elements of the same group at the periodic system have the tendency to be together because of their same characteristic. In absorption Atomic Spectroscopy analysis, the elements associate can absorb primer energy with similar wave length so that it can cause deviation in the result interpretation. The aim of study is to predict matrix element influences from rock sample with application standard method for reducing deviation. In quantitative way, assessment of primer light intensity that will be absorbed is proportional to the concentration atom in the sample that relationship between photon intensity with concentration in part per million is linier (ppm). These methods for eliminating matrix elements influence consist of three methods : external standard method, internal standard method, and addition standard method. External standard method for all matrix element, internal standard method for elimination matrix element that have similar characteristics, addition standard methods for elimination matrix elements in Au, Pt samples. The third of standard posess here accuracy are about 95-97%. (author)
20. Proteomic analysis reveals age-related changes in tendon matrix composition, with age- and injury-specific matrix fragmentation.
Science.gov (United States)
Peffers, Mandy J; Thorpe, Chavaunne T; Collins, John A; Eong, Robin; Wei, Timothy K J; Screen, Hazel R C; Clegg, Peter D
2014-09-12
Energy storing tendons, such as the human Achilles and equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), are highly prone to injury, the incidence of which increases with aging. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that result in increased injury in aged tendons are not well established but are thought to result in altered matrix turnover. However, little attempt has been made to fully characterize the tendon proteome nor determine how the abundance of specific tendon proteins changes with aging and/or injury. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the protein profile of normal SDFTs from young and old horses using label-free relative quantification to identify differentially abundant proteins and peptide fragments between age groups. The protein profile of injured SDFTs from young and old horses was also assessed. The results demonstrate distinct proteomic profiles in young and old tendon, with alterations in the levels of proteins involved in matrix organization and regulation of cell tension. Furthermore, we identified several new peptide fragments (neopeptides) present in aged tendons, suggesting that there are age-specific cleavage patterns within the SDFT. Proteomic profile also differed between young and old injured tendon, with a greater number of neopeptides identified in young injured tendon. This study has increased the knowledge of molecular events associated with tendon aging and injury, suggesting that maintenance and repair of tendon tissue may be reduced in aged individuals and may help to explain why the risk of injury increases with aging. © 2014 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
1. Methods for the visualization and analysis of extracellular matrix protein structure and degradation.
Science.gov (United States)
Leonard, Annemarie K; Loughran, Elizabeth A; Klymenko, Yuliya; Liu, Yueying; Kim, Oleg; Asem, Marwa; McAbee, Kevin; Ravosa, Matthew J; Stack, M Sharon
2018-01-01
This chapter highlights methods for visualization and analysis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, with particular emphasis on collagen type I, the most abundant protein in mammals. Protocols described range from advanced imaging of complex in vivo matrices to simple biochemical analysis of individual ECM proteins. The first section of this chapter describes common methods to image ECM components and includes protocols for second harmonic generation, scanning electron microscopy, and several histological methods of ECM localization and degradation analysis, including immunohistochemistry, Trichrome staining, and in situ zymography. The second section of this chapter details both a common transwell invasion assay and a novel live imaging method to investigate cellular behavior with respect to collagen and other ECM proteins of interest. The final section consists of common electrophoresis-based biochemical methods that are used in analysis of ECM proteins. Use of the methods described herein will enable researchers to gain a greater understanding of the role of ECM structure and degradation in development and matrix-related diseases such as cancer and connective tissue disorders. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2. Automated vessel segmentation using cross-correlation and pooled covariance matrix analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Du, Jiang; Karimi, Afshin; Wu, Yijing; Korosec, Frank R; Grist, Thomas M; Mistretta, Charles A
2011-04-01
Time-resolved contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) provides contrast dynamics in the vasculature and allows vessel segmentation based on temporal correlation analysis. Here we present an automated vessel segmentation algorithm including automated generation of regions of interest (ROIs), cross-correlation and pooled sample covariance matrix analysis. The dynamic images are divided into multiple equal-sized regions. In each region, ROIs for artery, vein and background are generated using an iterative thresholding algorithm based on the contrast arrival time map and contrast enhancement map. Region-specific multi-feature cross-correlation analysis and pooled covariance matrix analysis are performed to calculate the Mahalanobis distances (MDs), which are used to automatically separate arteries from veins. This segmentation algorithm is applied to a dual-phase dynamic imaging acquisition scheme where low-resolution time-resolved images are acquired during the dynamic phase followed by high-frequency data acquisition at the steady-state phase. The segmented low-resolution arterial and venous images are then combined with the high-frequency data in k-space and inverse Fourier transformed to form the final segmented arterial and venous images. Results from volunteer and patient studies demonstrate the advantages of this automated vessel segmentation and dual phase data acquisition technique. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3. Sparse and smooth canonical correlation analysis through rank-1 matrix approximation
Science.gov (United States)
Aïssa-El-Bey, Abdeldjalil; Seghouane, Abd-Krim
2017-12-01
Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a well-known technique used to characterize the relationship between two sets of multidimensional variables by finding linear combinations of variables with maximal correlation. Sparse CCA and smooth or regularized CCA are two widely used variants of CCA because of the improved interpretability of the former and the better performance of the later. So far, the cross-matrix product of the two sets of multidimensional variables has been widely used for the derivation of these variants. In this paper, two new algorithms for sparse CCA and smooth CCA are proposed. These algorithms differ from the existing ones in their derivation which is based on penalized rank-1 matrix approximation and the orthogonal projectors onto the space spanned by the two sets of multidimensional variables instead of the simple cross-matrix product. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms are tested on simulated experiments. On these results, it can be observed that they outperform the state of the art sparse CCA algorithms.
4. Analysis of world terror networks from the reduced Google matrix of Wikipedia
Science.gov (United States)
El Zant, Samer; Frahm, Klaus M.; Jaffrès-Runser, Katia; Shepelyansky, Dima L.
2018-01-01
We apply the reduced Google matrix method to analyze interactions between 95 terrorist groups and determine their relationships and influence on 64 world countries. This is done on the basis of the Google matrix of the English Wikipedia (2017) composed of 5 416 537 articles which accumulate a great part of global human knowledge. The reduced Google matrix takes into account the direct and hidden links between a selection of 159 nodes (articles) appearing due to all paths of a random surfer moving over the whole network. As a result we obtain the network structure of terrorist groups and their relations with selected countries including hidden indirect links. Using the sensitivity of PageRank to a weight variation of specific links we determine the geopolitical sensitivity and influence of specific terrorist groups on world countries. The world maps of the sensitivity of various countries to influence of specific terrorist groups are obtained. We argue that this approach can find useful application for more extensive and detailed data bases analysis.
5. Tooth Matrix Analysis for Biomonitoring of Organic Chemical Exposure: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities
Science.gov (United States)
Andra, Syam S.; Austin, Christine; Arora, Manish
2015-01-01
Epidemiological evidence supports associations between prenatal exposure to environmental organic chemicals and childhood health impairments. Unlike the common choice of biological matrices such as urine and blood that can be limited by short half-lives for some chemicals, teeth provide a stable repository for chemicals with half-life in the order of decades. Given the potential of the tooth bio-matrix to study long-term exposures to environmental organic chemicals in human biomonitoring programs, it is important to be aware of possible pitfalls and potential opportunities to improve on the current analytical method for tooth organics analysis. We critically review previous results of studies of this topic. The major drawbacks and challenges in currently practiced concepts and analytical methods in utilizing tooth bio-matrix are (i) no consideration of external (from outer surface) or internal contamination (from micro odontoblast processes), (ii) the misleading assumption that whole ground teeth represent prenatal exposures (latest formed dentine is lipid rich and therefore would absorb and accumulate more organic chemicals), (iii) reverse causality in exposure assessment due to whole ground teeth, and (iv) teeth are a precious bio-matrix and grinding them raises ethical concerns about appropriate use of a very limited resource in exposure biology and epidemiology studies. These can be overcome by addressing the important limitations and possible improvements with the analytical approach associated at each of the following steps (i) tooth sample preparation to retain exposure timing, (ii) organics extraction and pre-concentration to detect ultra-trace levels of analytes, (iii) chromatography separation, (iv) mass spectrometric detection to detect multi-class organics simultaneously, and (v) method validation, especially to exclude chance findings. To highlight the proposed improvements we present findings from a pilot study that utilizes tooth matrix biomarkers to
6. Application of Boston matrix combined with SWOT analysis on operational development and evaluations of hospital development.
Science.gov (United States)
Tao, Z-Q; Shi, A-M
2016-05-01
The aim of this study is to explore the application of Boston matrix combined with SWOT analysis on operational development and evaluations of hospital departments. We selected 73 clinical and medical technology departments of our hospital from 2011 to 2013, and evaluated our hospital by Boston matrix combined with SWOT analysis according to the volume of services, medical quality, work efficiency, patients' evaluations, development capacity, operational capability, economic benefits, comprehensive evaluation of hospital achievement, innovation ability of hospital, influence of hospital, human resources of hospital, health insurance costs, etc. It was found that among clinical departments, there were 11 in Stars (22.4%), 17 in cash cow (34.7%), 15 in question marks (31.2%), 6 Dogs (12.2%), 16 in the youth stage of life cycle assessment (27.6%), 14 in the prime stage (24.1%), 12 in the stationary stage (20.7%), 9 in the aristocracy stage (15.5%) and 7 in the recession stage (12.1%). Among medical technology departments, there were 5 in Stars (20.8%), 1 in Cash cow (4.2%), 10 in question marks (41.6%), 8 Dogs (29.1%), 9 in the youth stage of life cycle assessment (37.5%), 4 in the prime stage (16.7%), 4 in the stable stage (16.7%), 1 in the aristocracy stage (4.2%) and 6 in the recession stage (25%). In conclusion, Boston matrix combined with SWOT analysis is suitable for operational development and comprehensive evaluations of hospital development, and it plays an important role in providing hospitals with development strategies.
7. Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Strength Analysis of a Novel Dot-matrix Oscillating Wave Energy Converter
Science.gov (United States)
Shao, Meng; Xiao, Chengsi; Sun, Jinwei; Shao, Zhuxiao; Zheng, Qiuhong
2017-12-01
The paper analyzes hydrodynamic characteristics and the strength of a novel dot-matrix oscillating wave energy converter, which is in accordance with nowadays’ research tendency: high power, high efficiency, high reliability and low cost. Based on three-dimensional potential flow theory, the paper establishes motion control equations of the wave energy converter unit and calculates wave loads and motions. On this basis, a three-dimensional finite element model of the device is built to check its strength. Through the analysis, it can be confirmed that the WEC is feasible and the research results could be a reference for wave energy’s exploration and utilization.
8. Elimination of matrix effect in quantitative analysis of elements using x-ray fluorescence
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sampaio, R.V.
1973-07-01
The emission-transmission method of Leroux and Mahmud, an experimental technique for compensating matrix effects in photon excited X-ray fluorescence analysis, was used to determine the concentration of lead and antimony in pellets of galalith. The effect of interfering elements was studied by adding various concentrations of mercury and tin to the respective pellets. To illustrate possible environmental applications, a number of pellets was prepared from leaves of almond trees located in different regions of Rio de Janeiro. Lead concentrations were determined for the dried leaf material and showed values ranging from 50 to 145 parts per million [pt
9. Cost minimisation analysis of using acellular dermal matrix (Strattice™) for breast reconstruction compared with standard techniques.
Science.gov (United States)
Johnson, R K; Wright, C K; Gandhi, A; Charny, M C; Barr, L
2013-03-01
We performed a cost analysis (using UK 2011/12 NHS tariffs as a proxy for cost) comparing immediate breast reconstruction using the new one-stage technique of acellular dermal matrix (Strattice™) with implant versus the standard alternative techniques of tissue expander (TE)/implant as a two-stage procedure and latissimus dorsi (LD) flap reconstruction. Clinical report data were collected for operative time, length of stay, outpatient procedures, and number of elective and emergency admissions in our first consecutive 24 patients undergoing one-stage Strattice reconstruction. Total cost to the NHS based on tariff, assuming top-up payments to cover Strattice acquisition costs, was assessed and compared to the two historical control groups matched on key variables. Eleven patients having unilateral Strattice reconstruction were compared to 10 having TE/implant reconstruction and 10 having LD flap and implant reconstruction. Thirteen patients having bilateral Strattice reconstruction were compared to 12 having bilateral TE/implant reconstruction. Total costs were: unilateral Strattice, £3685; unilateral TE, £4985; unilateral LD and implant, £6321; bilateral TE, £5478; and bilateral Strattice, £6771. The cost analysis shows a financial advantage of using acellular dermal matrix (Strattice) in unilateral breast reconstruction versus alternative procedures. The reimbursement system in England (Payment by Results) is based on disease-related groups similar to that of many countries across Europe and tariffs are based on reported hospital costs, making this analysis of relevance in other countries. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
10. Response matrix method and its application to SCWR single channel stability analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zhao, Jiyun; Tseng, K.J.; Tso, C.P.
2011-01-01
To simulate the reactor system dynamic features during density wave oscillations (DWO), both the non-linear method and the linear method can be used. Although some transient information is lost through model linearization, the high computational efficiency and relatively accurate results make the linear analysis methodology attractive, especially for prediction of the onset of instability. In the linear stability analysis, the system models are simplified through linearization of the complex non-linear differential equations, and then, the linear differential equations are generally solved in the frequency domain through Laplace transformation. In this paper, a system response matrix method was introduced by directly solving the differential equations in the time domain. By using a system response matrix method, the complicated transfer function derivation, which must be done in the frequency domain method, can be avoided. Using the response matrix method, a model was developed and applied to the single channel or parallel channel type instability analyses of the typical proposed SCWR design. The sensitivity of the decay ratio (DR) to the axial mesh size was analyzed and it was found that the DR is not sensitive to mesh size once sufficient number of axial nodes is applied. To demonstrate the effects of the inlet orificing to the stability feature for the supercritical condition, the sensitivity of the stability to inlet orifice coefficient was conducted for hot channel. It is clearly shown that a higher inlet orifice coefficient will make the system more stable. The susceptibility of stability to operating parameters such as mass flow rate, power and system pressure was also performed. And the measure to improve the SCWR stability sensitivity to operating parameters was investigated. It was found that the SCWR stability sensitivity feature can be improved by carefully managing the inlet orifices and choosing proper operating parameters. (author)
11. Matrix composition and community structure analysis of a novel bacterial pyrite leaching community.
Science.gov (United States)
Ziegler, Sibylle; Ackermann, Sonia; Majzlan, Juraj; Gescher, Johannes
2009-09-01
Here we describe a novel bacterial community that is embedded in a matrix of carbohydrates and bio/geochemical products of pyrite (FeS(2)) oxidation. This community grows in stalactite-like structures--snottites--on the ceiling of an abandoned pyrite mine at pH values of 2.2-2.6. The aqueous phase in the matrix contains 200 mM of sulfate and total iron concentrations of 60 mM. Micro-X-ray diffraction analysis showed that jarosite [(K,Na,H(3)O)Fe(3)(SO(4))(2)(OH)(6)] is the major mineral embedded in the snottites. X-ray absorption near-edge structure experiments revealed three different sulfur species. The major signal can be ascribed to sulfate, and the other two features may correspond to thiols and sulfoxides. Arabinose was detected as the major sugar component in the extracellular polymeric substance. Via restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, a community was found that mainly consists of iron oxidizing Leptospirillum and Ferrovum species but also of bacteria that could be involved in dissimilatory sulfate and dissimilatory iron reduction. Each snottite can be regarded as a complex, self-contained consortium of bacterial species fuelled by the decomposition of pyrite.
12. Dynamical Analysis of Stock Market Instability by Cross-correlation Matrix
Science.gov (United States)
Takaishi, Tetsuya
2016-08-01
We study stock market instability by using cross-correlations constructed from the return time series of 366 stocks traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange from January 5, 1998 to December 30, 2013. To investigate the dynamical evolution of the cross-correlations, crosscorrelation matrices are calculated with a rolling window of 400 days. To quantify the volatile market stages where the potential risk is high, we apply the principal components analysis and measure the cumulative risk fraction (CRF), which is the system variance associated with the first few principal components. From the CRF, we detected three volatile market stages corresponding to the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the 2011 Tohoku Region Pacific Coast Earthquake, and the FRB QE3 reduction observation in the study period. We further apply the random matrix theory for the risk analysis and find that the first eigenvector is more equally de-localized when the market is volatile.
13. Three-channel K-matrix analysis of dibaryons in JP = 2± and 3- states
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hiroshige, Noboru
1986-01-01
We have investigated the dibaryon resonances with the quamtum numbers J P = 2 + , 2 - and 3 - in terms of a three-channel K-matrix method using the pp-pp, pp-πd and πd-πd amplitudes obtained by the partial-wave analysis as the input data. We have found many good solutions in each case and all of the solutions have a nearby pole in the lower-half complex energy plane. The obtained resonance masses cluster in the region 2.15 - 2.16 GeV. A remarkable finding of our three-channel analysis is that the dibaryon resonances have very weak coupling to the pp channel. To get more difinite conclusion we need the pp-NΔ and πd-NΔ amplitude as well as a better πd-πd one. (author)
14. Dynamical Analysis of Stock Market Instability by Cross-correlation Matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Takaishi, Tetsuya
2016-01-01
We study stock market instability by using cross-correlations constructed from the return time series of 366 stocks traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange from January 5, 1998 to December 30, 2013. To investigate the dynamical evolution of the cross-correlations, crosscorrelation matrices are calculated with a rolling window of 400 days. To quantify the volatile market stages where the potential risk is high, we apply the principal components analysis and measure the cumulative risk fraction (CRF), which is the system variance associated with the first few principal components. From the CRF, we detected three volatile market stages corresponding to the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the 2011 Tohoku Region Pacific Coast Earthquake, and the FRB QE3 reduction observation in the study period. We further apply the random matrix theory for the risk analysis and find that the first eigenvector is more equally de-localized when the market is volatile. (paper)
15. A Data Matrix Method for Improving the Quantification of Element Percentages of SEM/EDX Analysis
Science.gov (United States)
Lane, John
2009-01-01
A simple 2D M N matrix involving sample preparation enables the microanalyst to peer below the noise floor of element percentages reported by the SEM/EDX (scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive x-ray) analysis, thus yielding more meaningful data. Using the example of a 2 3 sample set, there are M = 2 concentration levels of the original mix under test: 10 percent ilmenite (90 percent silica) and 20 percent ilmenite (80 percent silica). For each of these M samples, N = 3 separate SEM/EDX samples were drawn. In this test, ilmenite is the element of interest. By plotting the linear trend of the M sample s known concentration versus the average of the N samples, a much higher resolution of elemental analysis can be performed. The resulting trend also shows how the noise is affecting the data, and at what point (of smaller concentrations) is it impractical to try to extract any further useful data.
16. Field analysis of TE and TM modes in photonic crystal Bragg fibers by transmission matrix method
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2010-03-01
Full Text Available In this article, we considered the field analysis in photonic crystal Bragg fibers. We apply the method of transmission matrix to calculater the dispersion curves, the longitudinal wave number over wave number versus incident wavelength, and the field distributions of TE and TM modes in the Bragg fiber. Our analysis shows that the field of guided modes is confined in the core and can exist only in particular wavelength bands corresponding to the band-gap of the periodic structure of the clad. From another point of view, light confinement is due to Bragg reflection from high-and low-refractive index layers of the clad. Also, the diagram of average angular frequency with respect to average longitudinal wave number is plotted so that the band gap regions of the clad are clearly observed.
17. Mechanical analysis of single myocyte contraction in a 3-D elastic matrix.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
John Shaw
Full Text Available Cardiac myocytes experience mechanical stress during each heartbeat. Excessive mechanical stresses under pathological conditions cause functional and structural remodeling that lead to heart diseases, yet the precise mechanisms are still incompletely understood. To study the cellular and molecular level mechanotransduction mechanisms, we developed a new 'cell-in-gel' experimental system to exert multiaxial (3-D stresses on a single myocyte during active contraction.Isolated myocytes are embedded in an elastic hydrogel to simulate the mechanical environment in myocardium (afterload. When electrically stimulated, the in-gel myocyte contracts while the matrix resists shortening and broadening of the cell, exerting normal and shear stresses on the cell. Here we provide a mechanical analysis, based on the Eshelby inclusion problem, of the 3-D strain and stress inside and outside the single myocyte during contraction in an elastic matrix.(1 The fractional shortening of the myocyte depends on the cell's geometric dimensions and the relative stiffness of the cell to the gel. A slender or softer cell has less fractional shortening. A myocyte of typical dimensions embedded in a gel of similar elastic stiffness can contract only 20% of its load-free value. (2 The longitudinal stress inside the cell is about 15 times the transverse stress level. (3 The traction on the cell surface is highly non-uniform, with a maximum near its ends, showing 'hot spots' at the location of intercalated disks. (4 The mechanical energy expenditure of the myocyte increases with the matrix stiffness in a monotonic and nonlinear manner.Our mechanical analyses provide analytic solutions that readily lend themselves to parametric studies. The resulting 3-D mapping of the strain and stress states serve to analyze and interpret ongoing cell-in-gel experiments, and the mathematical model provides an essential tool to decipher and quantify mechanotransduction mechanisms in cardiac
18. The Requirement of a Positive Definite Covariance Matrix of Security Returns for Mean-Variance Portfolio Analysis: A Pedagogic Illustration
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Clarence C. Y. Kwan
2010-07-01
Full Text Available This study considers, from a pedagogic perspective, a crucial requirement for the covariance matrix of security returns in mean-variance portfolio analysis. Although the requirement that the covariance matrix be positive definite is fundamental in modern finance, it has not received any attention in standard investment textbooks. Being unaware of the requirement could cause confusion for students over some strange portfolio results that are based on seemingly reasonable input parameters. This study considers the requirement both informally and analytically. Electronic spreadsheet tools for constrained optimization and basic matrix operations are utilized to illustrate the various concepts involved.
19. Convergence analysis of modulus-based matrix splitting iterative methods for implicit complementarity problems.
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, An; Cao, Yang; Shi, Quan
2018-01-01
In this paper, we demonstrate a complete version of the convergence theory of the modulus-based matrix splitting iteration methods for solving a class of implicit complementarity problems proposed by Hong and Li (Numer. Linear Algebra Appl. 23:629-641, 2016). New convergence conditions are presented when the system matrix is a positive-definite matrix and an [Formula: see text]-matrix, respectively.
20. Aiming to complete the matrix: Eye-movement analysis of processing strategies in children's relational thinking.
Science.gov (United States)
Chen, Zhe; Honomichl, Ryan; Kennedy, Diane; Tan, Enda
2016-06-01
The present study examines 5- to 8-year-old children's relation reasoning in solving matrix completion tasks. This study incorporates a componential analysis, an eye-tracking method, and a microgenetic approach, which together allow an investigation of the cognitive processing strategies involved in the development and learning of children's relational thinking. Developmental differences in problem-solving performance were largely due to deficiencies in engaging the processing strategies that are hypothesized to facilitate problem-solving performance. Feedback designed to highlight the relations between objects within the matrix improved 5- and 6-year-olds' problem-solving performance, as well as their use of appropriate processing strategies. Furthermore, children who engaged the processing strategies early on in the task were more likely to solve subsequent problems in later phases. These findings suggest that encoding relations, integrating rules, completing the model, and generalizing strategies across tasks are critical processing components that underlie relational thinking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).
1. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging for the rapid segmental analysis of methamphetamine in a single hair using umbelliferone as a matrix.
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Hang; Wang, Ying
2017-07-04
Segmental hair analysis offers a longer period for retrospective drug detection than blood or urine. Hair is a keratinous fiber and is strongly hydrophobic. The embedding of drugs in hydrophobic hair at low concentrations makes it difficult for extraction and detection with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) coupled with mass spectrometric imaging (MSI). In this study, a single scalp hair was longitudinally cut with a cryostat section to a length of 4 mm and fixed onto a stainless steel MALDI plate. Umbelliferone was used as a new hydrophobic matrix to enrich and assist the ionization efficiency of methamphetamine in the hair sample. MALDI-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR)-MS profiling and imaging were performed for direct detection and mapping of methamphetamine on the longitudinal sections of the single hair sample in positive ion mode. Using MALDI-MSI, the distribution of methamphetamine was observed throughout five longitudinally sectioned hair samples from a drug abuser. The changes of methamphetamine were also semi-quantified by comparing the ratios of methamphetamine/internal standard (I.S). This method improves the detection sensitivity of target drugs embedded in a hair matrix for imaging with mass spectrometry. The method could provide a detection level of methamphetamine down to a nanogram per milligram incorporated into hair. The results were also compared with the conventional high performance liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method. Changes in the imaging results over time by the MSI method showed good semi-quantitative correlation to the results from the HPLC-MS/MS method. This study provides a powerful tool for drug abuse control and forensic medicine analysis in a narrow time frame, and a reduction in the sample amount required. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2. The Matrix Method of Representation, Analysis and Classification of Long Genetic Sequences
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ivan V. Stepanyan
2017-01-01
Full Text Available The article is devoted to a matrix method of comparative analysis of long nucleotide sequences by means of presenting each sequence in the form of three digital binary sequences. This method uses a set of symmetries of biochemical attributes of nucleotides. It also uses the possibility of presentation of every whole set of N-mers as one of the members of a Kronecker family of genetic matrices. With this method, a long nucleotide sequence can be visually represented as an individual fractal-like mosaic or another regular mosaic of binary type. In contrast to natural nucleotide sequences, artificial random sequences give non-regular patterns. Examples of binary mosaics of long nucleotide sequences are shown, including cases of human chromosomes and penicillins. The obtained results are then discussed.
3. In silico analysis suggests interaction between Ebola virus and the extracellular matrix
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Veljko eVeljkovic
2015-02-01
Full Text Available The worst Ebola virus (EV outbreak in history has hit Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea hardest and the trendlines in this crisis are grave, and now represents global public health threat concern. Limited therapeutic and/or prophylactic options which are available for humans suffering from Ebola virus disease (EVD further complicate situation. Previous studies suggested that the EV glycoprotein (GP is the main determinant causing structural damage of endothelial cells that triggers the hemorrhagic diathesis, but molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remains elusive. Using the informational spectrum method (ISM, a virtual spectroscopy method for analysis of the protein-protein interactions, the interaction of GP with endothelial extracellular matrix (ECM was investigated. Presented results of this in silico study suggest that Elastin Microfibril Interface Located Proteins (EMILINs are involved in interaction between GP and ECM. This finding could contribute to better understanding of EV/endothelium interaction and its role in pathogenesis, prevention and therapy of EVD.
4. A biologically inspired artificial fish using flexible matrix composite actuators: analysis and experiment
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zhang, Zhiye; Philen, Michael; Neu, Wayne
2010-01-01
A bio-inspired prototype fish using the flexible matrix composite (FMC) muscle technology for fin and body actuation is developed. FMC actuators are pressure driven muscle-like actuators capable of large displacements as well as large blocking forces. An analytical model of the artificial fish using FMC actuators is developed and analysis results are presented. An experimental prototype of the artificial fish having FMC artificial muscles has been completed and tested. Constant mean thrusts have been achieved in the laboratory for a stationary fish for different undulation frequencies around 1 Hz. The experimental results demonstrate that a nearly constant thrust can be achieved through tuning of excitation frequency for given body stiffness. Free swimming results show that the prototype can swim at approximately 0.3 m s −1
5. Pixel-level multisensor image fusion based on matrix completion and robust principal component analysis
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Zhuozheng; Deller, J. R.; Fleet, Blair D.
2016-01-01
Acquired digital images are often corrupted by a lack of camera focus, faulty illumination, or missing data. An algorithm is presented for fusion of multiple corrupted images of a scene using the lifting wavelet transform. The method employs adaptive fusion arithmetic based on matrix completion and self-adaptive regional variance estimation. Characteristics of the wavelet coefficients are used to adaptively select fusion rules. Robust principal component analysis is applied to low-frequency image components, and regional variance estimation is applied to high-frequency components. Experiments reveal that the method is effective for multifocus, visible-light, and infrared image fusion. Compared with traditional algorithms, the new algorithm not only increases the amount of preserved information and clarity but also improves robustness.
6. [Matrix analysis of the client's voice: QFD applied to healthcare management].
Science.gov (United States)
Lorenzo, Susana; Mira, José; Olarte, Mayerly; Guerrero, Johana; Guerrero, Johann; Moyano, Silvia
2004-01-01
To apply quality function deployment (QFD) methodology to identify clients' needs by relating complaints with perceived quality domains. A hospital within the Public Health Service of Madrid. Matrix analysis based on the QFD model was performed, using the surveys (1998-2002) conducted in the hospital with the Servqhos questionnaire and a sample of 363 complaints made in 2002. The complaints analyzed were selected using a non-probabilistic sampling method. QFD methodology was highly useful, allowing complaints to be related to the results of a perceived quality questionnaire and identification of the attributes with the greatest influence on patient satisfaction. It also allowed us to identify areas for improvement according to clients' needs.
7. Wear behavior of AA 5083/SiC nano-particle metal matrix composite: Statistical analysis
Science.gov (United States)
Hussain Idrisi, Amir; Ismail Mourad, Abdel-Hamid; Thekkuden, Dinu Thomas; Christy, John Victor
2018-03-01
This paper reports study on statistical analysis of the wear characteristics of AA5083/SiC nanocomposite. The aluminum matrix composites with different wt % (0%, 1% and 2%) of SiC nanoparticles were fabricated by using stir casting route. The developed composites were used in the manufacturing of spur gears on which the study was conducted. A specially designed test rig was used in testing the wear performance of the gears. The wear was investigated under different conditions of applied load (10N, 20N, and 30N) and operation time (30 mins, 60 mins, 90 mins, and 120mins). The analysis carried out at room temperature under constant speed of 1450 rpm. The wear parameters were optimized by using Taguchi’s method. During this statistical approach, L27 Orthogonal array was selected for the analysis of output. Furthermore, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate the influence of applied load, operation time and SiC wt. % on wear behaviour. The wear resistance was analyzed by selecting “smaller is better” characteristics as the objective of the model. From this research, it is observed that experiment time and SiC wt % have the most significant effect on the wear performance followed by the applied load.
8. Matrix Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Differential Diagnoses in Gulf War Illness.
Science.gov (United States)
Taylor-Swanson, Lisa; Chang, Joe; Schnyer, Rosa; Hsu, Kai-Yin; Schmitt, Beth Ann; Conboy, Lisa A
2018-03-08
To qualitatively categorize Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) differential diagnoses in a sample of veterans with Gulf War Illness (GWI) pre- and postacupuncture treatment. The authors randomized 104 veterans diagnosed with GWI to a 6-month acupuncture intervention that consisted of either weekly or biweekly individualized acupuncture treatments. TCM differential diagnoses were recorded at baseline and at 6 months. These TCM diagnoses were evaluated using Matrix Analysis to determine co-occurring patterns of excess, deficiency, and channel imbalances. These diagnoses were examined within and between participants to determine patterns of change and to assess stability of TCM diagnoses over time. Frequencies of diagnoses of excess, deficiency, and channel patterns were tabulated. Diagnoses of excess combined with deficiency decreased from 43% at baseline to 39% of the sample at 6 months. Excess+deficiency+channel imbalances decreased from 26% to 17%, while deficiency+channel imbalances decreased from 11% to 4% over the study duration. The authors observed a trend over time of decreased numbers of individuals presenting with all three types of differential diagnosis combinations. This may suggest that fewer people were diagnosed with concurrent excess, deficiency, and channel imbalances and perhaps a lessening in the complexity of their presentation. This is the first published article that organizes and defines TCM differential diagnoses using Matrix Analysis; currently, there are no TCM frameworks for GWI. These findings are preliminary given the sample size and the amount of missing data at 6 months. Characterization of the TCM clinical presentation of veterans suffering from GWI may help us better understand the potential role that East Asian medicine may play in managing veterans with GWI and the design of effective acupuncture treatments based on TCM. The development of a TCM manual for treating GWI is merited.
9. Employing the Matrix Method as a tool for the analysis of qualitative research data in the business domain
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Groenland, E.A.G.
2014-01-01
This article addresses three issues: 1. It explains the characteristics and the process of the analysis of empirical, qualitative data. 2. It introduces a method for qualitative analysis, as relevant to business research, i.e., the Matrix Method. 3. It presents a coherent approach about structuring
10. A methodology for developing high-integrity knowledge base using document analysis and ECPN matrix analysis with backward simulation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Park, Joo Hyun
1999-02-01
When transitions occur in large systems such as nuclear power plants (NPPs) or industrial process plants, it is often difficult to diagnose them. Various computer-based operator-aiding systems have been developed in order to help operators diagnose the transitions of the plants. In procedures for developing knowledge base system like operator-aiding systems, the knowledge acquisition and the knowledge base verification are core activities. This dissertation describes a knowledge acquisition method and a knowledge base verification method for developing high-integrity knowledge base system of NPP expert systems. The knowledge acquisition is one of the most difficult and time-consuming activities in developing knowledge base systems. There are two kinds of knowledge acquisition methods in view of knowledge sources. One is an acquisition method from human expert. This method, however, is not adequate to acquire the knowledge of NPP expert systems because the number of experts is not sufficient. In this work, we propose a novel knowledge acquisition method through documents analysis. The knowledge base can be built correctly, rapidly, and partially automatically through this method. This method is especially useful when it is difficult to find domain experts. Reliability of knowledge base systems depends on the quality of their knowledge base. Petri Net has been used to verify knowledge bases due to their formal outputs. The methods using Petri Net however are difficult to apply to large and complex knowledge bases because the Net becomes very large and complex. Also, with Petri Net, it is difficult to find proper input patterns that make anomalies occur. In order to overcome this difficulty, in this work, the anomaly candidates detection methods are developed based on Extended CPN (ECPN) matrix analysis. This work also defines the backward simulation of CPN to find compact input patterns for anomaly detection, which starts simulation from the anomaly candidates
11. R-matrix analysis of the 235U neutron cross sections
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Leal, L.C.; de Saussure, G.; Perez, R.B.
1988-01-01
The ENDFB-V representation of the 235 U neutron cross sections in the resolved resonance region is unsatisfactory: below 1 eV the cross sections are given by ''smooth files'' (file 3) rather than by resonance parameters; above 1 eV the single-level formalism used by ENDFB-V necessitates a structured file 3 contribution consisting of more than 1300 energy points; furthermore, information on level-spins has not been included. Indeed the ENDFB-V 235 U resonance region is based on an analysis done in 1970 for ENDFB-III and therefore does not include the results of high quality measurements done in the past 18 years. The present paper presents the result of an R-matrix multilevel analysis of recent measurements as well as older data. The analysis also extends the resolved resonance region from its ENDFB-V upper limit of 81 eV to 110 eV. 13 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab
12. Analysis method of beam pointing stability based on optical transmission matrix
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Chuanchuan; Huang, PingXian; Li, Xiaotong; Cen, Zhaofen
2016-10-01
Quite a lot of factors will make effects on beam pointing stability of an optical system, Among them, the element tolerance is one of the most important and common factors. In some large laser systems, it will make final micro beams spot on the image plane deviate obviously. So it is essential for us to achieve effective and accurate analysis theoretically on element tolerance. In order to make the analysis of beam pointing stability convenient and theoretical, we consider transmission of a single chief ray rather than beams approximately to stand for the whole spot deviation. According to optical matrix, we also simplify this complex process of light transmission to multiplication of many matrices. So that we can set up element tolerance model, namely having mathematical expression to illustrate spot deviation in an optical system with element tolerance. In this way, we can realize quantitative analysis of beam pointing stability theoretically. In second half of the paper, we design an experiment to get the spot deviation in a multipass optical system caused by element tolerance, then we adjust the tolerance step by step and compare the results with the datum got from tolerance model, finally prove the correction of tolerance model successfully.
13. Simple and suitable immunosensor for β-lactam antibiotics analysis in real matrixes: milk, serum, urine.
Science.gov (United States)
Merola, Giovanni; Martini, Elisabetta; Tomassetti, Mauro; Campanella, Luigi
2015-03-15
The anti-penicillin G was conjugated to avidin-peroxidase and biotin to obtain immunogen and competitor which were then used to develop a competitive immunosensor assay for the detection of penicillin G and other β-lactam antibiotics, with Kaff values of the order of 10(8) M(-1). The new immunosensor appears to afford a number of advantages in terms of sensitivity, possibility of "in situ" analysis, but especially of simplicity and lower costs, compared with other existing devices, or different chemical instrumental methods reported in the literature and used for the analysis of β-lactam compounds. Satisfactory results were found in the analysis of real matrixes and good recoveries were obtained by applying the standard addition method to spiked milk, urine, serum and drug samples. The new device uses an amperometric electrode for hydrogen peroxide as transducer, the BSA-penicillin G immobilized on polymeric membrane overlapping the amperometric transducer and the peroxidase enzyme as marker. It proved to be highly sensitive, inexpensive and easily reproducible; LOD was of the order of 10(-11)M. Lastly, the new immunosensor displayed low selectivity versus the entire class of β-lactam antibiotics and higher selectivity toward other classes of non-β-lactam antibiotics. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
14. Stability Analysis of Wireless Measurement and Control System Based on Dynamic Matrix
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yongxian SONG
2014-01-01
Full Text Available Focus on data packet loss and time delay problems in wireless greenhouse measurement and control system, and temperature and humidity were taken as the research objects, the model of temperature and humidity information transmission was set up by decoupling technology according to the characteristics of wireless greenhouse measurement and control system. According to related theory of exponential stability in network control system, the stability conditions judgment of temperature and humidity control model was established, the linear matrix inequality that time delay and packet loss should satisfy was obtained when wireless measurement and control system was stable operation. The feasibility analysis of linear matrix inequality (LMI was implemented Using LMI toolbox in MATLAB, and the critical values of time delay and packet loss rate were obtained when the system was stable operation. The wireless sensor network control system simulation model with time delay and packet loss was set up using TrueTime toolbox. The simulation results have shown that the system was in a stable state when time delay and packet loss rate obtained were less than the critical values in wireless greenhouse sensor network measurement and control system; With the increase of time delay and packet loss rate, and stable performance drops; When time delay and packet loss rate obtained were more than the critical values, the measurement and control system would be in a state of flux, and when it was serious, even can lead to collapse of the whole system. As a result, the critical values determination of time delay and packet loss rate provided a theoretical basis for establishing stable greenhouse wireless sensor network (WSN measurement and control system in practical application.
15. Delay differential equations via the matrix Lambert W function and bifurcation analysis: application to machine tool chatter.
Science.gov (United States)
Yi, Sun; Nelson, Patrick W; Ulsoy, A Galip
2007-04-01
In a turning process modeled using delay differential equations (DDEs), we investigate the stability of the regenerative machine tool chatter problem. An approach using the matrix Lambert W function for the analytical solution to systems of delay differential equations is applied to this problem and compared with the result obtained using a bifurcation analysis. The Lambert W function, known to be useful for solving scalar first-order DDEs, has recently been extended to a matrix Lambert W function approach to solve systems of DDEs. The essential advantages of the matrix Lambert W approach are not only the similarity to the concept of the state transition matrix in lin ear ordinary differential equations, enabling its use for general classes of linear delay differential equations, but also the observation that we need only the principal branch among an infinite number of roots to determine the stability of a system of DDEs. The bifurcation method combined with Sturm sequences provides an algorithm for determining the stability of DDEs without restrictive geometric analysis. With this approach, one can obtain the critical values of delay, which determine the stability of a system and hence the preferred operating spindle speed without chatter. We apply both the matrix Lambert W function and the bifurcation analysis approach to the problem of chatter stability in turning, and compare the results obtained to existing methods. The two new approaches show excellent accuracy and certain other advantages, when compared to traditional graphical, computational and approximate methods.
16. Estimation of Covariance Matrix on Bi-Response Longitudinal Data Analysis with Penalized Spline Regression
Science.gov (United States)
Islamiyati, A.; Fatmawati; Chamidah, N.
2018-03-01
The correlation assumption of the longitudinal data with bi-response occurs on the measurement between the subjects of observation and the response. It causes the auto-correlation of error, and this can be overcome by using a covariance matrix. In this article, we estimate the covariance matrix based on the penalized spline regression model. Penalized spline involves knot points and smoothing parameters simultaneously in controlling the smoothness of the curve. Based on our simulation study, the estimated regression model of the weighted penalized spline with covariance matrix gives a smaller error value compared to the error of the model without covariance matrix.
17. Parallel Programming Application to Matrix Algebra in the Spectral Method for Control Systems Analysis, Synthesis and Identification
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
V. Yu. Kleshnin
2016-01-01
Full Text Available The article describes the matrix algebra libraries based on the modern technologies of parallel programming for the Spectrum software, which can use a spectral method (in the spectral form of mathematical description to analyse, synthesise and identify deterministic and stochastic dynamical systems. The developed matrix algebra libraries use the following technologies for the GPUs: OmniThreadLibrary, OpenMP, Intel Threading Building Blocks, Intel Cilk Plus for CPUs nVidia CUDA, OpenCL, and Microsoft Accelerated Massive Parallelism.The developed libraries support matrices with real elements (single and double precision. The matrix dimensions are limited by 32-bit or 64-bit memory model and computer configuration. These libraries are general-purpose and can be used not only for the Spectrum software. They can also find application in the other projects where there is a need to perform operations with large matrices.The article provides a comparative analysis of the libraries developed for various matrix operations (addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, multiplication, powers of matrices, tensor multiplication, transpose, inverse matrix, finding a solution of the system of linear equations through the numerical experiments using different CPU and GPU. The article contains sample programs and performance test results for matrix multiplication, which requires most of all computational resources in regard to the other operations.
18. Convergence analysis of directed signed networks via an M-matrix approach
Science.gov (United States)
Meng, Deyuan
2018-04-01
This paper aims at solving convergence problems on directed signed networks with multiple nodes, where interactions among nodes are described by signed digraphs. The convergence analysis is achieved by matrix-theoretic and graph-theoretic tools, in which M-matrices play a central role. The fundamental digon sign-symmetry assumption upon signed digraphs can be removed with the proposed analysis approach. Furthermore, necessary and sufficient conditions are established for semi-positive and positive stabilities of Laplacian matrices of signed digraphs, respectively. A benefit of this result is that given strong connectivity, a directed signed network can achieve bipartite consensus (or state stability) if and only if the signed digraph associated with it is structurally balanced (or unbalanced). If the interactions between nodes are described by a signed digraph only with spanning trees, a directed signed network can achieve interval bipartite consensus (or state stability) if and only if the signed digraph contains a structurally balanced (or unbalanced) rooted subgraph. Simulations are given to illustrate the developed results by considering signed networks associated with digon sign-unsymmetric signed digraphs.
19. Health monitoring of Ceramic Matrix Composites from waveform-based analysis of Acoustic Emission
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Maillet Emmanuel
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs are anticipated for use in the hot section of aircraft engines. Their implementation requires the understanding of the various damage modes that are involved and their relation to life expectancy. Acoustic Emission (AE has been shown to be an efficient technique for monitoring damage evolution in CMCs. However, only a waveform-based analysis of AE can offer the possibility to validate and precisely examine the recorded AE data with a view to damage localization and identification. The present work fully integrates wave initiation, propagation and acquisition in the analysis of Acoustic Emission waveforms recorded at various sensors, therefore providing more reliable information to assess the relation between Acoustic Emission and damage modes. The procedure allows selecting AE events originating from damage, accurate determination of their location as well as the characterization of effects of propagation on the recorded waveforms. This approach was developed using AE data recorded during tensile tests on carbon/carbon composites. It was then applied to melt-infiltrated SiC/SiC composites.
20. Decomposition cross-correlation for analysis of collagen matrix deformation by single smooth muscle cells
NARCIS (Netherlands)
van den Akker, Jeroen; Pistea, Adrian; Bakker, Erik N. T. P.; VanBavel, Ed
2008-01-01
Microvascular remodeling is known to depend on cellular interactions with matrix tissue. However, it is difficult to study the role of specific cells or matrix elements in an in vivo setting. The aim of this study is to develop an automated technique that can be employed to obtain and analyze local
1. Matrix effect on emission/current correlated analysis in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of liquid droplets
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Huang, J.-S.; Ke, C.-B.; Lin, K.-C.
2004-01-01
We have investigated influence of matrix salts on the liquid droplets by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). An electrospray ionization technique coupled with LIBS is employed to generate the microdroplets of the Na sample solution with various matrix salts added. A sequence of single-shot time-resolved LIB emission signals is detected. The LIB signal intensity integrated within a gate linearly correlates with the plasma-induced current response obtained simultaneously on a single-shot basis. The slopes thus obtained increase with the sample concentration, but appear to be irrespective of different matrix salts, added up to a 2000 mg/l concentration. The matrix salts involved have the same K + cation but different anions. Given a laser radiation emitting at 355 nm with the energy fixed at 23±1 mJ, a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 mg/l may be achieved for the Na analysis. The current normalization might have probably taken into account the ablated amount of the sample and the plasma temperature. Accordingly, the LIB/current correlated analysis becomes efficient to suppress the signal fluctuation, improve the LOD determination, and concurrently correct the matrix effect
2. Matrix problems in the certification analysis of botanical materials by neutron activation analysis
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Damsgaard, E.; Heydorn, K.
1995-01-01
residue should not contain the determinand. In BCR certification analysis for As and Se by RNAA the irradiated sample was decomposed with sulphuric and nitric acids, and CRM 279 Sea Lettuce and CRM 402 White Clover left an insoluble residue. Unirradiated material was then digested without carrier addition......, and the insoluble residue separated by filtration. No significant content of Se was found by INAA, but about 5% of the total amount of As was found in CRM 402. The ramifications of making a correction are discussed, and it is concluded that a correction for an insoluble fraction may lead to a positive bias....
3. Utilization of a risk matrix based on Probabilistic Safety Analysis to improve nuclear safety in NPP
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Stubbe, Gerald
2010-01-01
The Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA) is a systematic and comprehensive methodology to evaluate risks associated with a complex engineered technological entity. Risk in a PSA is defined as a feasible detrimental outcome of an initiator. Those initiators can be 'classical' transient as the loss of main feedwater, loss of the secondary heat sink, etc.. or accident (LOCA - Loss Of Coolant Accident, SGTR - Steam Generator Tube Rupture, LOOP - Loss Of Offsite Power, etc..) In a PSA, risk is characterized by two quantities: the magnitude (severity) of the possible adverse consequence, the likelihood (probability) of occurrence of each consequence. Consequences are expressed numerically (for this purpose: the core damage) and their likelihoods of occurrence are expressed as probabilities or frequencies (i.e., the number of occurrences or the probability of occurrence per unit time). The total risk is the expected loss: the sum of the products of the consequences multiplied by their probabilities. This lead to the parameter CDF: The Core Damage Frequency, which is expressed by unit of time. The main advantage of this risk calculation is to have a global, integrated, overview of the plants and their systems. This allows to have an objective and quantitative point of view on the importance of the equipments, human action, or common cause failures that can challenge the plant's safety. A total PSA model is divided in three levels: Level one, which consider the core damage; Level two, which consider the robustness of the containment; Level three, which consider the impact of the radiological release on the public. For the purpose of the risk matrix, a level one PSA is needed. The scope of a PSA model is important to have a good characterization of the plant's risk. The matrix makes more sense if you have a full scope level one model, containing, furthermore the internal events, the fire and flooding, but also seismic event (if relevant). Asymmetries are also classical in the
4. Development of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) for plant metabolite analysis
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Korte, Andrew R [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States)
2014-12-01
This thesis presents efforts to improve the methodology of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) as a method for analysis of metabolites from plant tissue samples. The first chapter consists of a general introduction to the technique of MALDI-MSI, and the sixth and final chapter provides a brief summary and an outlook on future work.
5. Solid phase extraction for removal of matrix effects in lipophilic marine toxin analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Gerssen, A.; McElhinney, M.; Mulder, P.P.J.; Bire, R.; Hess, P.; Boer, de J.
2009-01-01
The potential of solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up has been assessed to reduce matrix effects (signal suppression or enhancement) in the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC¿MS/MS) analysis of lipophilic marine toxins. A large array of ion-exchange, silica-based, and mixed-function
6. Solid phase extraction for removal of matrix effects in lipophilic marine toxin analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Gerssen, A.; McElhinney, A. M.; Mulder, P.P.J.; Bire, L.; Hess, P.; de Boer, J.
2009-01-01
The potential of solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up has been assessed to reduce matrix effects (signal suppression or enhancement) in the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of lipophilic marine toxins. A large array of ion-exchange, silica-based, and mixed-function
7. Enhanced MALDI-TOF MS Analysis of Phosphopeptides Using an Optimized DHAP/DAHC Matrix
Science.gov (United States)
Hou, Junjie; Xie, Zhensheng; Xue, Peng; Cui, Ziyou; Chen, Xiulan; Li, Jing; Cai, Tanxi; Wu, Peng; Yang, Fuquan
2010-01-01
Selecting an appropriate matrix solution is one of the most effective means of increasing the ionization efficiency of phosphopeptides in matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). In this study, we systematically assessed matrix combinations of 2, 6-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) and diammonium hydrogen citrate (DAHC), and demonstrated that the low ratio DHAP/DAHC matrix was more effective in enhancing the ionization of phosphopeptides. Low femtomole level of phosphopeptides from the tryptic digests of α-casein and β-casein was readily detected by MALDI-TOF-MS in both positive and negative ion mode without desalination or phosphopeptide enrichment. Compared with the DHB/PA matrix, the optimized DHAP/DAHC matrix yielded superior sample homogeneity and higher phosphopeptide measurement sensitivity, particularly when multiple phosphorylated peptides were assessed. Finally, the DHAP/DAHC matrix was applied to identify phosphorylation sites from α-casein and β-casein and to characterize two phosphorylation sites from the human histone H1 treated with Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-1 (CDK1) by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. PMID:20339515
8. Enhanced MALDI-TOF MS Analysis of Phosphopeptides Using an Optimized DHAP/DAHC Matrix
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Junjie Hou
2010-01-01
Full Text Available Selecting an appropriate matrix solution is one of the most effective means of increasing the ionization efficiency of phosphopeptides in matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS. In this study, we systematically assessed matrix combinations of 2, 6-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP and diammonium hydrogen citrate (DAHC, and demonstrated that the low ratio DHAP/DAHC matrix was more effective in enhancing the ionization of phosphopeptides. Low femtomole level of phosphopeptides from the tryptic digests of α-casein and β-casein was readily detected by MALDI-TOF-MS in both positive and negative ion mode without desalination or phosphopeptide enrichment. Compared with the DHB/PA matrix, the optimized DHAP/DAHC matrix yielded superior sample homogeneity and higher phosphopeptide measurement sensitivity, particularly when multiple phosphorylated peptides were assessed. Finally, the DHAP/DAHC matrix was applied to identify phosphorylation sites from α-casein and β-casein and to characterize two phosphorylation sites from the human histone H1 treated with Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-1 (CDK1 by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS.
9. Structural brain connectivity and cognitive ability differences: A multivariate distance matrix regression analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Ponsoda, Vicente; Martínez, Kenia; Pineda-Pardo, José A; Abad, Francisco J; Olea, Julio; Román, Francisco J; Barbey, Aron K; Colom, Roberto
2017-02-01
Neuroimaging research involves analyses of huge amounts of biological data that might or might not be related with cognition. This relationship is usually approached using univariate methods, and, therefore, correction methods are mandatory for reducing false positives. Nevertheless, the probability of false negatives is also increased. Multivariate frameworks have been proposed for helping to alleviate this balance. Here we apply multivariate distance matrix regression for the simultaneous analysis of biological and cognitive data, namely, structural connections among 82 brain regions and several latent factors estimating cognitive performance. We tested whether cognitive differences predict distances among individuals regarding their connectivity pattern. Beginning with 3,321 connections among regions, the 36 edges better predicted by the individuals' cognitive scores were selected. Cognitive scores were related to connectivity distances in both the full (3,321) and reduced (36) connectivity patterns. The selected edges connect regions distributed across the entire brain and the network defined by these edges supports high-order cognitive processes such as (a) (fluid) executive control, (b) (crystallized) recognition, learning, and language processing, and (c) visuospatial processing. This multivariate study suggests that one widespread, but limited number, of regions in the human brain, supports high-level cognitive ability differences. Hum Brain Mapp 38:803-816, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
10. Investigation of Product Performance of Al-Metal Matrix Composites Brake Disc using Finite Element Analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fatchurrohman, N; Marini, C D; Suraya, S; Iqbal, AKM Asif
2016-01-01
The increasing demand of fuel efficiency and light weight components in automobile sectors have led to the development of advanced material parts with improved performance. A specific class of MMCs which has gained a lot of attention due to its potential is aluminium metal matrix composites (Al-MMCs). Product performance investigation of Al- MMCs is presented in this article, where an Al-MMCs brake disc is analyzed using finite element analysis. The objective is to identify the potentiality of replacing the conventional iron brake disc with Al-MMCs brake disc. The simulation results suggested that the MMCs brake disc provided better thermal and mechanical performance as compared to the conventional cast iron brake disc. Although, the Al-MMCs brake disc dissipated higher maximum temperature compared to cast iron brake disc's maximum temperature. The Al-MMCs brake disc showed a well distributed temperature than the cast iron brake disc. The high temperature developed at the ring of the disc and heat was dissipated in circumferential direction. Moreover, better thermal dissipation and conduction at brake disc rotor surface played a major influence on the stress. As a comparison, the maximum stress and strain of Al-MMCs brake disc was lower than that induced on the cast iron brake disc. (paper)
11. Multi-cultural Wikipedia mining of geopolitics interactions leveraging reduced Google matrix analysis
Science.gov (United States)
Frahm, Klaus M.; El Zant, Samer; Jaffrès-Runser, Katia; Shepelyansky, Dima L.
2017-09-01
Geopolitics focuses on political power in relation to geographic space. Interactions among world countries have been widely studied at various scales, observing economic exchanges, world history or international politics among others. This work exhibits the potential of Wikipedia mining for such studies. Indeed, Wikipedia stores valuable fine-grained dependencies among countries by linking webpages together for diverse types of interactions (not only related to economical, political or historical facts). We mine herein the Wikipedia networks of several language editions using the recently proposed method of reduced Google matrix analysis. This approach allows to establish direct and hidden links between a subset of nodes that belong to a much larger directed network. Our study concentrates on 40 major countries chosen worldwide. Our aim is to offer a multicultural perspective on their interactions by comparing networks extracted from five different Wikipedia language editions, emphasizing English, Russian and Arabic ones. We demonstrate that this approach allows to recover meaningful direct and hidden links among the 40 countries of interest.
12. Using Separable Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Techniques for the Analysis of Time-Resolved Raman Spectra
Science.gov (United States)
Luce, R.; Hildebrandt, P.; Kuhlmann, U.; Liesen, J.
2016-09-01
The key challenge of time-resolved Raman spectroscopy is the identification of the constituent species and the analysis of the kinetics of the underlying reaction network. In this work we present an integral approach that allows for determining both the component spectra and the rate constants simultaneously from a series of vibrational spectra. It is based on an algorithm for non-negative matrix factorization which is applied to the experimental data set following a few pre-processing steps. As a prerequisite for physically unambiguous solutions, each component spectrum must include one vibrational band that does not significantly interfere with vibrational bands of other species. The approach is applied to synthetic "experimental" spectra derived from model systems comprising a set of species with component spectra differing with respect to their degree of spectral interferences and signal-to-noise ratios. In each case, the species involved are connected via monomolecular reaction pathways. The potential and limitations of the approach for recovering the respective rate constants and component spectra are discussed.
13. Analysis of Invasion Dynamics of Matrix-Embedded Cells in a Multisample Format.
Science.gov (United States)
Van Troys, Marleen; Masuzzo, Paola; Huyck, Lynn; Bakkali, Karima; Waterschoot, Davy; Martens, Lennart; Ampe, Christophe
2018-01-01
In vitro tests of cancer cell invasion are the "first line" tools of preclinical researchers for screening the multitude of chemical compounds or cell perturbations that may aid in halting or treating cancer malignancy. In order to have predictive value or to contribute to designing personalized treatment regimes, these tests need to take into account the cancer cell environment and measure effects on invasion in sufficient detail. The in vitro invasion assays presented here are a trade-off between feasibility in a multisample format and mimicking the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. They allow testing multiple samples and conditions in parallel using 3D-matrix-embedded cells and deal with the heterogeneous behavior of an invading cell population in time. We describe the steps to take, the technical problems to tackle and useful software tools for the entire workflow: from the experimental setup to the quantification of the invasive capacity of the cells. The protocol is intended to guide researchers to standardize experimental set-ups and to annotate their invasion experiments in sufficient detail. In addition, it provides options for image processing and a solution for storage, visualization, quantitative analysis, and multisample comparison of acquired cell invasion data.
14. Analysis of semi-solid processing for metal matrix composite synthesis using factorial design
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kratus Ranieri
2012-02-01
Full Text Available The main goal in this work is to conduct a quantitative analysis of the mechanical stir casting process for obtaining particulate metal matrix composites. A combined route of stirring at semi-solid state followed by stirring at liquid state is proposed. A fractional factorial design was developed to investigate the influence and interactions of factors as: time, rotation, initial fraction and particle size, on the incorporated fraction. The best incorporations were obtained with all factors at high levels, as well as that very long stirring periods have no strong influence being particle size and rotation the most important factors on the incorporated fraction. Particle wetting occurs during stirring at semi-solid state, highlighting the importance of the interactions between particles and the alloy globularized phase. The role of the alloying element Mg as a wettability-promoting agent is discussed. The shear forces resulting from the stirring system is emphasized and understood as the effect of rotation itself added to the propeller blade geometry.
15. Responsibility and Sustainability in a Food Chain: A Priority Matrix Analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Francesco Caracciolo
2011-12-01
Full Text Available This paper shows the results of empirical research conducted to assess the sustainability of a typical food supply chain, suggesting feasible solutions to satisfy inter-dimensional requisites of durable development. The analysis was conducted with reference to the supply chain of the San Marzano tomato (SMZ, a typical local food. The product is endowed with an origin certification label (PDO, meeting demand within high-value market niches. The SMZ is a flagship product in the Italian region of Campania and has benefited from several regionally funded interventions, such as genetic research and support for the application for EU certification of origin. Two key findings emerged from the research. First, the results allowed us to define a Stakeholder Priority and Responsibilities’ Matrix (SPRM, and monitor the sustainability trend of SMZ food supply chains. Second, the consistency between the adoption of quality strategy (brand of origin and sustainable development of the sector was evaluated. Despite its intrinsic characteristics and its organized, well-defined structure, the SMZ food supply chain is unable to address sustainable objectives without considerable public intervention and support. In terms of sustainability, to be able to show desirable food chain characteristics, the existence of a fully collaborative relationship between the actors has to be ascertained. Identifying shared goals is essential to assign and implement coordinated actions, pooling responsibility for product quality into social and environmental dimensions.
16. Stealthy false data injection attacks using matrix recovery and independent component analysis in smart grid
Science.gov (United States)
JiWei, Tian; BuHong, Wang; FuTe, Shang; Shuaiqi, Liu
2017-05-01
Exact state estimation is vital important to maintain common operations of smart grids. Existing researches demonstrate that state estimation output could be compromised by malicious attacks. However, to construct the attack vectors, a usual presumption in most works is that the attacker has perfect information regarding the topology and so on even such information is difficult to acquire in practice. Recent research shows that Independent Component Analysis (ICA) can be used for inferring topology information which can be used to originate undetectable attacks and even to alter the price of electricity for the profits of attackers. However, we found that the above ICA-based blind attack tactics is merely feasible in the environment with Gaussian noises. If there are outliers (device malfunction and communication errors), the Bad Data Detector will easily detect the attack. Hence, we propose a robust ICA based blind attack strategy that one can use matrix recovery to circumvent the outlier problem and construct stealthy attack vectors. The proposed attack strategies are tested with IEEE representative 14-bus system. Simulations verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
17. Asymptotic Analysis of Large Cooperative Relay Networks Using Random Matrix Theory
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
H. Poor
2008-04-01
Full Text Available Cooperative transmission is an emerging communication technology that takes advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless channels. In cooperative transmission, the use of relays can create a virtual antenna array so that multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO techniques can be employed. Most existing work in this area has focused on the situation in which there are a small number of sources and relays and a destination. In this paper, cooperative relay networks with large numbers of nodes are analyzed, and in particular the asymptotic performance improvement of cooperative transmission over direction transmission and relay transmission is analyzed using random matrix theory. The key idea is to investigate the eigenvalue distributions related to channel capacity and to analyze the moments of this distribution in large wireless networks. A performance upper bound is derived, the performance in the low signal-to-noise-ratio regime is analyzed, and two approximations are obtained for high and low relay-to-destination link qualities, respectively. Finally, simulations are provided to validate the accuracy of the analytical results. The analysis in this paper provides important tools for the understanding and the design of large cooperative wireless networks.
18. GSMA: Gene Set Matrix Analysis, An Automated Method for Rapid Hypothesis Testing of Gene Expression Data
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2007-01-01
Full Text Available Background: Microarray technology has become highly valuable for identifying complex global changes in gene expression patterns. The assignment of functional information to these complex patterns remains a challenging task in effectively interpreting data and correlating results from across experiments, projects and laboratories. Methods which allow the rapid and robust evaluation of multiple functional hypotheses increase the power of individual researchers to data mine gene expression data more efficiently.Results: We have developed (gene set matrix analysis GSMA as a useful method for the rapid testing of group-wise up- or downregulation of gene expression simultaneously for multiple lists of genes (gene sets against entire distributions of gene expression changes (datasets for single or multiple experiments. The utility of GSMA lies in its flexibility to rapidly poll gene sets related by known biological function or as designated solely by the end-user against large numbers of datasets simultaneously.Conclusions: GSMA provides a simple and straightforward method for hypothesis testing in which genes are tested by groups across multiple datasets for patterns of expression enrichment.
19. USING MATRIX METHODS OF PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS IN DESIGNING VERTICAL-INTEGRATED BUILDING STRUCTURE
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rakytska S.
2018-01-01
Full Text Available Introduction. Ensuring productive functioning of corporations requires assessment and management decisions in terms of choosing effective areas of its activities. Purpose. Investigation of the possibilities of using matrix methods in the formation of a business portfolio in order to create a vertically-integrated structure in the construction complex. Results. Portfolio analysis is an effective tool, first of all, for functionally flexible, “many grocery” companies, who have the opportunity to quickly make changes to their business portfolio. For the production of the final construction product, you need the entire technological chain – from the supplier of primary raw materials, to the implementation and further maintenance of finished products. The strategy of the integrated structure is designed to: coordinate the objectives of the merged enterprises, determine the degree of their interaction, maximize the effect of the integration of business entities, develop ways to react newly formed corporation to changes taking place in the external environment, determine the most effective way of its development time, to ensure the competitive advantages of an integrated structure. The construction of a complex multi-level corporation in a building complex requires the development of a certain algorithm of action, which will ensure the optimality of the newly created structure and effective functioning.
20. Novel image analysis methods for quantification of in situ 3-D tendon cell and matrix strain.
Science.gov (United States)
Fung, Ashley K; Paredes, J J; Andarawis-Puri, Nelly
2018-01-23
Macroscopic tendon loads modulate the cellular microenvironment leading to biological outcomes such as degeneration or repair. Previous studies have shown that damage accumulation and the phases of tendon healing are marked by significant changes in the extracellular matrix, but it remains unknown how mechanical forces of the extracellular matrix are translated to mechanotransduction pathways that ultimately drive the biological response. Our overarching hypothesis is that the unique relationship between extracellular matrix strain and cell deformation will dictate biological outcomes, prompting the need for quantitative methods to characterize the local strain environment. While 2-D methods have successfully calculated matrix strain and cell deformation, 3-D methods are necessary to capture the increased complexity that can arise due to high levels of anisotropy and out-of-plane motion, particularly in the disorganized, highly cellular, injured state. In this study, we validated the use of digital volume correlation methods to quantify 3-D matrix strain using images of naïve tendon cells, the collagen fiber matrix, and injured tendon cells. Additionally, naïve tendon cell images were used to develop novel methods for 3-D cell deformation and 3-D cell-matrix strain, which is defined as a quantitative measure of the relationship between matrix strain and cell deformation. The results support that these methods can be used to detect strains with high accuracy and can be further extended to an in vivo setting for observing temporal changes in cell and matrix mechanics during degeneration and healing. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1. TECHNOLOGY AND ANALYSIS DEVELOPMENT OF STOMATOLOGICAL MATRIX SYSTEM OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL ACTION DELIVERY
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
T. F. Marinina
2014-01-01
Full Text Available Timeliness of double-layer matrix system (of stomatological medicated films with antiinflammatory, local anesthetic, regenerative, anti-edematous action was shown. One layer of the system includes lidocaine hydrochloride and kalanchoe sap, another contains furacilin and urea. The best possible polymer carriers of preparations under study which provide their sufficient release from matrix system. Signified antimicrobic activity of double-layer system and osmotic activity were established. Double-layer matrix systems offered may be used in stomatology with for treatment and preventive measures of different diseases of parodontium tissues
2. Technique for information retrieval using enhanced latent semantic analysis generating rank approximation matrix by factorizing the weighted morpheme-by-document matrix
Science.gov (United States)
Chew, Peter A; Bader, Brett W
2012-10-16
A technique for information retrieval includes parsing a corpus to identify a number of wordform instances within each document of the corpus. A weighted morpheme-by-document matrix is generated based at least in part on the number of wordform instances within each document of the corpus and based at least in part on a weighting function. The weighted morpheme-by-document matrix separately enumerates instances of stems and affixes. Additionally or alternatively, a term-by-term alignment matrix may be generated based at least in part on the number of wordform instances within each document of the corpus. At least one lower rank approximation matrix is generated by factorizing the weighted morpheme-by-document matrix and/or the term-by-term alignment matrix.
3. Association between matrix metalloproteinases polymorphisms and ovarian cancer risk: A meta-analysis and systematic review.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Xu-Ming Zhu
Full Text Available Published data on the relationship between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs polymorphisms and ovarian cancer risk have implicated inconclusive results. To evaluate the role of MMPs polymorphisms in ovarian cancer risk, a meta-analysis and systematic review were performed.MMPs polymorphisms which could be quantitatively synthesized were involved in meta-analysis. Five comparison models (homozygote model, heterozygote model, dominant model, recessive model, additive model were carried out, a subgroup analysis was performed to clarify heterogeneity source. The remaining polymorphisms which could not be quantitatively synthesized were involved in systematic review.10 articles with 20 studies were included in this paper. Among those studies, 8 studies involving MMP1 rs1799750 and MMP3 rs34093618 could be meta-analyzed and 12 studies involving 12 polymorphisms could not. Meta-analysis showed that no associations were found between MMP1 rs1799750 (homozygote model: OR = 0.93, 95%CI = 0.70-1.23, POR = 0.60; heterozygote model: OR = 1.09, 95%CI = 0.78-1.54, POR = 0.61; dominant model: OR = 1.02, 95%CI = 0.83-1.25, POR = 0.84; recessive model: OR = 0.95, 95%CI = 0.75-1.21, POR = 0.67; additive model: OR = 1.00, 95%CI = 0.85-1.17, POR = 0.99, MMP3 rs34093618 (homozygote model: OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 0.70-2.24, POR = 0.46; heterozygote model: OR = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.51-2.31, POR = 0.84; dominant model: OR = 0.97, 95%CI = 0.68-1.38, POR = 0.85; recessive model: OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 0.69-1.80, POR = 0.65; additive model: OR = 1.01, 95%CI = 0.79-1.31, POR = 0.91 and ovarian cancer. Furthermore, similar results were detected in subgroup analysis. The systematic review on 12 polymorphisms suggested that MMP2 C-735T, MMP7 A-181G, MMP8 rs11225395, MMP9 rs6094237, MMP12 rs2276109, MMP20 rs2292730, MMP20 rs12278250, MMP20 rs9787933 might have a potential effect on ovarian cancer risk.In summary, polymorphisms of MMPs might not be associated with ovarian cancer risk. However
4. The South African wildlife ranching sector: A Social Accounting Matrix Leontief multiplier analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Philippus C. Cloete
2014-10-01
Research purpose: The purpose of this article is to put into context the relative economic contribution of the wildlife ranching sector, as opposed to other land-use options in South Africa. Motivation for the study: Growth in the wildlife ranching sector at the cost of other traditional farming practices resulted in disagreements amongst various role players about the impact thereof on the national economy. The controversy can most probably be explained by different beliefs, coupled with the lack of a proper understanding and quantification of the wildlife ranching sector’s contribution toward the economy. Research methodology: The study employed a Social Accounting Matrix-based Leontief multiplier analysis for South Africa. Main findings: Results from the multiplier analysis revealed that developments within the wildlife ranching sector are likely to make a relatively more superior contribution towards the economy, especially when compared to similar land-use options such as extensive livestock production. Practical/managerial implications: It has been acknowledged by both academia and private sector that a major need exists for more research on the South African wildlife ranching industry, specifically looking at issues such as the industries, economic and social contributions, potentials and constraints. The research, therefore, contributes toward the depth of economic information and research regarding the South African wildlife sector. Contribution/value added: The research provides valuable information in dealing with the ‘popular belief’, especially amongst some of South Africa’s decision makers, namely, that growth in the wildlife ranching sector is not or does not have the ability to contribute significantly toward economic and socioeconomic factors.
5. Evaluation of two fast and easy methods for pesticide residue analysis in fatty food matrixes.
Science.gov (United States)
Lehotay, Steven J; Mastovská, Katerina; Yun, Seon Jong
2005-01-01
Two rapid methods of sample preparation and analysis of fatty foods (e.g., milk, eggs, and avocado) were evaluated and compared for 32 pesticide residues representing a wide range of physicochemical properties. One method, dubbed the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticide residue analysis, entailed extraction of 15 g sample with 15 mL acetonitrile (MeCN) containing 1% acetic acid followed by addition of 6 g anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 1.5 g sodium acetate. After centrifugation, 1 mL of the buffered MeCN extract underwent a cleanup step (in a technique known as dispersive solid-phase extraction) using 50 mg each of C18 and primary secondary amine sorbents plus 150 mg MgSO4. The second method incorporated a form of matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), in which 0.5 g sample plus 2 g C18 and 2 g anhydrous sodium sulfate was mixed in a mortar and pestle and added above a 2 g Florisil column on a vacuum manifold. Then, 5 x 2 mL MeCN was used to elute the pesticide analytes from the sample into a collection tube, and the extract was concentrated to 0.5 mL by evaporation. Extracts in both methods were analyzed concurrently by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The recoveries of semi-polar and polar pesticides were typically 100% in both methods (except that basic pesticides, such as thiabendazole and imazalil, were not recovered in the MSPD method), but recovery of nonpolar pesticides decreased as fat content of the sample increased. This trend was more pronounced in the QuEChERS method, in which case the most lipophilic analyte tested, hexachlorobenzene, gave 27 +/- 1% recovery (n=6) in avocado (15% fat) with a<10 ng/g limit of quantitation.
6. MALDI-MS analysis and theoretical evaluation of olanzapine as a UV laser desorption ionization (LDI) matrix.
Science.gov (United States)
Musharraf, Syed Ghulam; Ameer, Mariam; Ali, Arslan
2017-01-05
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) being soft ionization technique, has become a method of choice for high-throughput analysis of proteins and peptides. In this study, we have explored the potential of atypical anti-psychotic drug olanzapine (OLZ) as a matrix for MALDI-MS analysis of peptides aided with the theoretical studies. Seven small peptides were employed as target analytes to check performance of olanzapine and compared with conventional MALDI matrix α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA). All peptides were successfully detected when olanzapine was used as a matrix. Moreover, peptides angiotensin Ι and angiotensin ΙΙ were detected with better S/N ratio and resolution with this method as compared to their analysis by HCCA. Computational studies were performed to determine the thermochemical properties of olanzapine in order to further evaluate its similarity to MALDI matrices which were found in good agreement with the data of existing MALDI matrices. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.
7. S-matrix analysis of vibrational and alignment effects in intense-field multiphoton ionization of molecules
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Requate, A
2007-03-15
Theoretical analysis of the vibrational excitation of small molecules during multiphoton ionization in intense laser fields of optical and infrared frequencies. Analysis of the alignment dependence of the electron impact ionization of diatomic molecules in the presence of an intense laser field as the final step in the process of Nonsequential Double Ionization. Quantum mechanical description using S-matrix theory in Strong Field Approximation (SFA), i.e. beyond perturbation theory. (orig.)
8. S-matrix analysis of vibrational and alignment effects in intense-field multiphoton ionization of molecules
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Requate, A.
2007-03-01
Theoretical analysis of the vibrational excitation of small molecules during multiphoton ionization in intense laser fields of optical and infrared frequencies. Analysis of the alignment dependence of the electron impact ionization of diatomic molecules in the presence of an intense laser field as the final step in the process of Nonsequential Double Ionization. Quantum mechanical description using S-matrix theory in Strong Field Approximation (SFA), i.e. beyond perturbation theory. (orig.)
9. Zymographic techniques for the analysis of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors.
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Snoek, P.A.; Hoff, J.W. Von den
2005-01-01
The balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), is largely responsible for the remodeling of tissues. Deregulation of this balance is a characteristic of extensive tissue degradation in certain degenerative diseases. To
10. Evaluation of a Solid Phase DNA Binding Matrix for Downstream PCR Analysis
National Research Council Canada - National Science Library
2005-01-01
A commercially available solid-phase DNA binding matrix (FTA cards) was evaluated for its ability to capture and release DNA for downstream gene amplification and detection assays using polymerase chain reaction (PCR...
11. Analysis of Optical Fiber Complex Propagation Matrix on the Basis of Vortex Modes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lyubopytov, Vladimir S.; Tatarczak, Anna; Lu, Xiaofeng
2016-01-01
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel method for reconstruction of the complex propagation matrix of optical fibers supporting propagation of multiple vortex modes. This method is based on the azimuthal decomposition approach and allows the complex matrix elements to be determined...... by direct calculations. We apply the proposed method to demonstrate the feasibility of optical compensation for coupling between vortex modes in optical fiber....
12. Analysis of Service Quality Management in the Materials Industry using the BCG Matrix Method
OpenAIRE
Adrian Ioana; Vasile Mirea; Cezar Balescu
2009-01-01
For each product or service, the area of the circle represents the value of its sales. The BCG (Boston Consulting Group) matrix thus offers a very useful map of the organization's service strengths and weaknesses, at least in terms of current profitability, as well as the likely cash flows. The criteria function concept consists of transforming the criteria function (CF) in a qualityeconomical matrix MQE. The levels of prescribing the criteria function were obtained by using a composition alg...
13. Dealing with project complexity by matrix-based propagation modelling for project risk analysis
OpenAIRE
Fang , Chao; Marle , Franck
2012-01-01
International audience; Engineering projects are facing a growing complexity and are thus exposed to numerous and interdependent risks. In this paper, we present a quantitative method for modelling propagation behaviour in the project risk network. The construction of the network requires the involvement of the project manager and related experts using the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) method. A matrix-based risk propagation model is introduced to calculate risk propagation and thus to re-eva...
14. A pedagogical derivation of the matrix element method in particle physics data analysis
Science.gov (United States)
Sumowidagdo, Suharyo
2018-03-01
The matrix element method provides a direct connection between the underlying theory of particle physics processes and detector-level physical observables. I am presenting a pedagogically-oriented derivation of the matrix element method, drawing from elementary concepts in probability theory, statistics, and the process of experimental measurements. The level of treatment should be suitable for beginning research student in phenomenology and experimental high energy physics.
15. Proteomic Analysis of Human Tendon and Ligament: Solubilization and Analysis of Insoluble Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissues.
Science.gov (United States)
Sato, Nori; Taniguchi, Takako; Goda, Yuichiro; Kosaka, Hirofumi; Higashino, Kosaku; Sakai, Toshinori; Katoh, Shinsuke; Yasui, Natsuo; Sairyo, Koichi; Taniguchi, Hisaaki
2016-12-02
Connective tissues such as tendon, ligament and cartilage are mostly composed of extracellular matrix (ECM). These tissues are insoluble, mainly due to the highly cross-linked ECM proteins such as collagens. Difficulties obtaining suitable samples for mass spectrometric analysis render the application of modern proteomic technologies difficult. Complete solubilization of them would not only elucidate protein composition of normal tissues but also reveal pathophysiology of pathological tissues. Here we report complete solubilization of human Achilles tendon and yellow ligament, which is achieved by chemical digestion combined with successive protease treatment including elastase. The digestion mixture was subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The low specificity of elastase was overcome by accurate mass analysis achieved using FT-ICR-MS. In addition to the detailed proteome of both tissues, we also quantitatively determine the major protein composition of samples, by measuring peak area of some characteristic peptides detected in tissue samples and in purified proteins. As a result, differences between human Achilles tendon and yellow ligament were elucidated at molecular level.
16. Analysis of the development of land use in the Morava River floodplain, with special emphasis on the landscape matrix
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kilianová Helena
2017-03-01
Full Text Available The results of an analysis of land use development in the Morava River floodplain (Czech Republic using GIS from 1836 to the present, are the subject of this article. The results are based on the analysis of historical maps, using the landscape matrix assessment of the Morava River floodplain. The final analyses were processed from land use maps of the floodplain at a scale of 1 : 25,000 in five time horizons. These maps were compared with the present state of landscape by GIS methods. The study area was assessed according to five geomorphological areas from the northern/higher part to the southern/lower part of floodplain. In 1836 the landscape matrix of the floodplain was composed of meadows and forests. Forest components decreased minimally but the changes are more important. The grassland area (meadows and pastures decreased but arable land, as well as settlements, increased very significantly. In the 1950s the landscape matrix was composed of a mosaic of alluvial forests, meadows and arable land. Currently, the predominant landscape matrix consists of arable land and isolated forest complexes.
17. Analysis of X-ray structures of matrix metalloproteinases via chaotic map clustering.
Science.gov (United States)
Giangreco, Ilenia; Nicolotti, Orazio; Carotti, Angelo; De Carlo, Francesco; Gargano, Gianfranco; Bellotti, Roberto
2010-10-08
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are well-known biological targets implicated in tumour progression, homeostatic regulation, innate immunity, impaired delivery of pro-apoptotic ligands, and the release and cleavage of cell-surface receptors. With this in mind, the perception of the intimate relationships among diverse MMPs could be a solid basis for accelerated learning in designing new selective MMP inhibitors. In this regard, decrypting the latent molecular reasons in order to elucidate similarity among MMPs is a key challenge. We describe a pairwise variant of the non-parametric chaotic map clustering (CMC) algorithm and its application to 104 X-ray MMP structures. In this analysis electrostatic potentials are computed and used as input for the CMC algorithm. It was shown that differences between proteins reflect genuine variation of their electrostatic potentials. In addition, the analysis has been also extended to analyze the protein primary structures and the molecular shapes of the MMP co-crystallised ligands. The CMC algorithm was shown to be a valuable tool in knowledge acquisition and transfer from MMP structures. Based on the variation of electrostatic potentials, CMC was successful in analysing the MMP target family landscape and different subsites. The first investigation resulted in rational figure interpretation of both domain organization as well as of substrate specificity classifications. The second made it possible to distinguish the MMP classes, demonstrating the high specificity of the S1' pocket, to detect both the occurrence of punctual mutations of ionisable residues and different side-chain conformations that likely account for induced-fit phenomena. In addition, CMC demonstrated a potential comparable to the most popular UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) method that, at present, represents a standard clustering bioinformatics approach. Interestingly, CMC and UPGMA resulted in closely comparable outcomes, but often
18. Analysis of X-ray Structures of Matrix Metalloproteinases via Chaotic Map Clustering
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Gargano Gianfranco
2010-10-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs are well-known biological targets implicated in tumour progression, homeostatic regulation, innate immunity, impaired delivery of pro-apoptotic ligands, and the release and cleavage of cell-surface receptors. With this in mind, the perception of the intimate relationships among diverse MMPs could be a solid basis for accelerated learning in designing new selective MMP inhibitors. In this regard, decrypting the latent molecular reasons in order to elucidate similarity among MMPs is a key challenge. Results We describe a pairwise variant of the non-parametric chaotic map clustering (CMC algorithm and its application to 104 X-ray MMP structures. In this analysis electrostatic potentials are computed and used as input for the CMC algorithm. It was shown that differences between proteins reflect genuine variation of their electrostatic potentials. In addition, the analysis has been also extended to analyze the protein primary structures and the molecular shapes of the MMP co-crystallised ligands. Conclusions The CMC algorithm was shown to be a valuable tool in knowledge acquisition and transfer from MMP structures. Based on the variation of electrostatic potentials, CMC was successful in analysing the MMP target family landscape and different subsites. The first investigation resulted in rational figure interpretation of both domain organization as well as of substrate specificity classifications. The second made it possible to distinguish the MMP classes, demonstrating the high specificity of the S1' pocket, to detect both the occurrence of punctual mutations of ionisable residues and different side-chain conformations that likely account for induced-fit phenomena. In addition, CMC demonstrated a potential comparable to the most popular UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean method that, at present, represents a standard clustering bioinformatics approach. Interestingly, CMC and
19. Analysis of apolipoprotein A-I as a substrate for matrix metalloproteinase-14
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Park, Jun Hyoung; Park, Sung-Min; Park, Ki-Hoon; Cho, Kyung-Hyun; Lee, Seung-Taek
2011-01-01
Highlights: → MMP-14 degrades apoA-I more efficiently than other tested MMPs. → Lipid-free apoA-I is more susceptible to MMPs than lipid-bound apoA-I. → MMP-14 cleavage sites on apoA-I have been determined. → Cleavage of apoA-I by MMP-14 impairs its ability to form HDL. -- Abstract: Substrates for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14 were previously identified in human plasma using proteomic techniques. One putative MMP-14 substrate was apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), a major component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In vitro cleavage assays showed that lipid-free apoA-I is a more accessible substrate for MMP-14 compared to lipid-bound apoA-I, and that MMP-14 is more prone to digest apoA-I than MMP-3. The 28-kDa apoA-I was cleaved into smaller fragments of 27, 26, 25, 22, and 14-kDa by MMP-14. ApoA-I sites cleaved by MMP-14 were determined by isotope labeling of C-termini derived from the cleavage and analysis of the labeled peptides by mass spectrometry, along with N-terminal sequencing of the fragments. Cleavage of apoA-I by MMP-14 resulted in a loss of ability to form HDL. Our results suggest that cleavage of lipid-free apoA-I by MMP-14 may contribute to reduced HDL formation, and this may be occurring during the development of various vascular diseases as lipid metabolism is disrupted.
20. Damage analysis of fiber reinforced resin matrix composites irradiated by CW laser
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wan Hong; Hu Kaiwei; Mu Jingyang; Bai Shuxin
2008-01-01
In this paper, the damage modes of the carbon fiber and the glass fiber reinforced epoxy or bakelite resin matrix composites irradiated by CW laser under different power densities were analyzed, and the changes of the microstructure and the tensile strength of the composites were also researched. When the resin matrix composites were radiated at a power density more than 0.1 kW/cm 2 , the matrix would be decomposed and the tensile properties of the radiated samples were lost over 30% while the carbon fiber hardly damaged and the glass fiber melted. When the power density of the laser was raised to 1 kW/cm 2 , the matrix burned violently and the carbon fiber cloth began to split with some carbon fiber being fractured, therefore, the fracture strength of the radiated sample lost over 80%. The higher the power density of radiation was, the more serious the damage of the sample was. It was also found that the difference of the matrixes had little effect on the damage extent of the composites. The influence of the radiation density on the temperature of the radiated surface of the carbon/resin composite was numerically calculated by ANSYS finite element software and the calculation results coincided with the damage mode of the radiated composites. (authors)
1. Quantitative analysis of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) oligomers via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with an ionic-liquid matrix.
Science.gov (United States)
Yoon, Donhee; Lee, Dongkun; Lee, Jong-Hyeon; Cha, Sangwon; Oh, Han Bin
2015-01-30
Quantifying polymers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) with a conventional crystalline matrix generally suffers from poor sample-to-sample or shot-to-shot reproducibility. An ionic-liquid matrix has been demonstrated to mitigate these reproducibility issues by providing a homogeneous sample surface, which is useful for quantifying polymers. In the present study, we evaluated the use of an ionic liquid matrix, i.e., 1-methylimidazolium α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (1-MeIm-CHCA), to quantify polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) samples that impose a critical health hazard when inhaled in the form of droplets. MALDI-TOF mass spectra were acquired for PHMG oligomers using a variety of ionic-liquid matrices including 1-MeIm-CHCA. Calibration curves were constructed by plotting the sum of the PHMG oligomer peak areas versus PHMG sample concentration with a variety of peptide internal standards. Compared with the conventional crystalline matrix, the 1-MeIm-CHCA ionic-liquid matrix had much better reproducibility (lower standard deviations). Furthermore, by using an internal peptide standard, good linear calibration plots could be obtained over a range of PMHG concentrations of at least 4 orders of magnitude. This study successfully demonstrated that PHMG samples can be quantitatively characterized by MALDI-TOFMS with an ionic-liquid matrix and an internal standard. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2. Analysis of metal-matrix composite structures. I - Micromechanics constitutive theory. II - Laminate analyses
Science.gov (United States)
Arenburg, R. T.; Reddy, J. N.
1991-01-01
The micromechanical constitutive theory is used to examine the nonlinear behavior of continuous-fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composite structures. Effective lamina constitutive relations based on the Abouli micromechanics theory are presented. The inelastic matrix behavior is modeled by the unified viscoplasticity theory of Bodner and Partom. The laminate constitutive relations are incorporated into a first-order deformation plate theory. The resulting boundary value problem is solved by utilizing the finite element method. Attention is also given to computational aspects of the numerical solution, including the temporal integration of the inelastic strains and the spatial integration of bending moments. Numerical results the nonlinear response of metal matrix composites subjected to extensional and bending loads are presented.
3. A Study on AE Signal Analysis of Composite Materials Using Matrix Piezo Electric Sensor
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Yu, Yeun Ho; Choi, Jin Ho; Kweon, Jin Hwe
2007-01-01
As fiber reinforced composite materials are widely used in aircraft, space structures and robot arms, the study on non-destructive testing methods has become an important research area for improving their reliability and safety. AE (acoustic emission) can evaluate the defects by detecting the emitting strain energy when elastic waves are generated by the initiation and growth of crack, plastic deformation, fiber breakage, matrix cleavage, or delamination. In the paper, AE signals generated under uniaxial tension were measured and analyzed using the 8x8 matrix piezo electric sensor. The electronic circuit to control the transmitting distance of AE signals was designed and constructed. The optical data storage system was also designed to store the AE signal of 64 channels using LED (light emitting diode) elements. From the tests, it was shown that the source location and propagation path of AE signals in composite materials could be detected effectively by the 8x8 matrix piezo electric sensor
4. Analysis of IFE, EFE and QSPM matrix on business development strategy
Science.gov (United States)
Zulkarnain, A.; Wahyuningtias, D.; Putranto, T. S.
2018-03-01
IFE matrix, EFE matrix, and QSPM matrix are business strategy tools that can be used to identify the threat, opportunity, weakness, strength as internal, external business factors. The goal of Danti’s Deli Bakery is to provide pastry product and distribute to other food and beverage outlet all around Jakarta. Thus, Danti’s Deli Bakery requires development strategy in order to win the tight competition. Applied descriptive research and data collected from focus group discussion, questionnaire, interview, observation and literature review. The objectives of this paper are (1) to identify and evaluate internal and external factors, (2) to formulate alternative strategy toward business development program, and (3) to give effective recommendation. The result shows that Danti’s Deli Bakery should apply product differentiation strategy. Implementation of this study is providing the recommendation for pastry and bakery industry to establish a successful business.
5. Multi-objective Optimization of Friction Welding Process Parameters using Grey Relational Analysis for Joining Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sreenivasan KONGANAPURAM SUNDARARAJAN
2018-05-01
Full Text Available Aluminium metal matrix composites has gained importance in recent time because of its improved mechanical and metallurgical properties. The welding of aluminium metal matrix composites using conventional welding process has got many demerits so in order to overcome them a solid state welding process is to be employed. To achieve a good strength weld in the aluminium metal matrix composite bars an efficient and most preferred technique is friction welding. In this work the aluminium metal matrix composite AA7075 + 10 % vol SiC-T6 is selected and friction welded. The combination of friction welding process parameters such as spindle speed, friction pressure, upset pressure and burn-off- length for joining the AA7075 + 10 % vol SiCP-T6 metal matrix composite bars are selected by Taguchi’s design of experiment. The optimum friction welding parameters were determined for achieving improved ultimate tensile strength and the hardness using grey relational analysis. A combined grey relational grade is found from the determined grey relational coefficient of the output responses and the optimum friction welding process parameters were obtained as spindle speed – 1200 rpm, friction pressure – 100 MPa, upset pressure – 250 MPa, Burn-off-Length – 2 mm. Analysis of variance (ANOVA performed shows that the friction pressure is the most significant friction welding parameter that influences the both the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of friction welded AA7075 + 10 % volSiCP-T6 joints. The fractured surface under microstructure study also revealed good compliance with the grey relational grade result. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.24.2.17725
6. Quantitative micro-Raman analysis of volcanic glasses: influence and correction of matrix effects
Science.gov (United States)
Di Muro, Andrea
2014-05-01
Micro-Raman spectroscopy, even though a very promising micro-analytical technique, is still not used to routinely quantify volatile elements dissolved in glasses. Following an original idea of Galeener and Mikkelsen (1981) for the quantification of hydroxyl (OH) in silica glass, several quantitative procedures have been recently proposed for the analysis of water, sulphur and carbon in natural glasses (obsidians, pumices, melt inclusions). The quantification of a single analyte requires the calibration of the correlation between the intensity I (height or area) of the related Raman band, normalized or not to a reference band RB, and the analyte concentration. For the analysis of alumino-silicate glasses, RB corresponds to one of the two main envelopes (LF and HF) related to the vibration of the glass network. Calibrations are linear, provided the increase in the analyte concentration does not dramatically affect RB intensity. Much attention has been paid to identify the most appropriate spectral treatment (spectra reduction; baseline subtraction; etc) to achieve accurate measurement of band intensities. I here show that the accuracy of Raman procedures for volatile quantification critically depends on the capability in predicting and in taking into account the influence of multiple matrix effects, which are often correlated with the average polymerization degree of the glass network. A general model has been developed to predict matrix effects affecting micro-Raman analysis of natural glasses. The specific and critical influence of iron redox state and pressure are discussed. The approach has been extensively validated for the study of melt inclusions and matrices spanning a broad range of compositions and dissolved volatile contents. References Analytical procedures Mercier, M, Di Muro, A., Métrich, N., Giordano, D., Belhadj, O., Mandeville, C.W. (2010) Spectroscopic analysis (FTIR, Raman) of water in mafic and intermediate glasses and glass inclusions
7. Random matrix analysis of the QCD sign problem for general topology
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bloch, Jacques; Wettig, Tilo
2009-01-01
Motivated by the important role played by the phase of the fermion determinant in the investigation of the sign problem in lattice QCD at nonzero baryon density, we derive an analytical formula for the average phase factor of the fermion determinant for general topology in the microscopic limit of chiral random matrix theory at nonzero chemical potential, for both the quenched and the unquenched case. The formula is a nontrivial extension of the expression for zero topology derived earlier by Splittorff and Verbaarschot. Our analytical predictions are verified by detailed numerical random matrix simulations of the quenched theory.
8. Matrix Failure Modes and Effects Analysis as a Knowledge Base for a Real Time Automated Diagnosis Expert System
Science.gov (United States)
Herrin, Stephanie; Iverson, David; Spukovska, Lilly; Souza, Kenneth A. (Technical Monitor)
1994-01-01
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis contain a wealth of information that can be used to create the knowledge base required for building automated diagnostic Expert systems. A real time monitoring and diagnosis expert system based on an actual NASA project's matrix failure modes and effects analysis was developed. This Expert system Was developed at NASA Ames Research Center. This system was first used as a case study to monitor the Research Animal Holding Facility (RAHF), a Space Shuttle payload that is used to house and monitor animals in orbit so the effects of space flight and microgravity can be studied. The techniques developed for the RAHF monitoring and diagnosis Expert system are general enough to be used for monitoring and diagnosis of a variety of other systems that undergo a Matrix FMEA. This automated diagnosis system was successfully used on-line and validated on the Space Shuttle flight STS-58, mission SLS-2 in October 1993.
9. R matrix analysis of 239Pu neutron cross sections in the energy range up to 1000 eV
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
de Saussure, G.; Perez, R.B.
1990-01-01
This paper reports on the results of an R matrix analysis of the 239 Pu neutron cross sections up to 1000-eV neutron energy. The analysis was performed with the multilevel multichannel Reich-Moore code SAMMY. The method of analysis is describe, and the selection of experimental data is discussed. Some tabular and graphical comparisons between calculated and measured cross sections and transmissions are presented. The statistical properties of the resonance parameters are examined. The resonance parameters are proposed for the new evaluated data files ENDF/B-VI and JEF2
10. Identification of transcriptional macromolecular associations in human bone using browser based in silico analysis in a giant correlation matrix.
Science.gov (United States)
Reppe, Sjur; Sachse, Daniel; Olstad, Ole K; Gautvik, Vigdis T; Sanderson, Paul; Datta, Harish K; Berg, Jens P; Gautvik, Kaare M
2013-03-01
Intracellular signaling is critically dependent on gene regulatory networks comprising physical molecular interactions. Presently, there is a lack of comprehensive databases for most human tissue types to verify such macromolecular interactions. We present a user friendly browser which helps to identify functional macromolecular interactions in human bone as significant correlations at the transcriptional level. The molecular skeletal phenotype has been characterized by transcriptome analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies from 84 postmenopausal women through quantifications of ~23,000 mRNA species. When the signal levels were inter-correlated, an array containing >260 million correlations was generated, thus recognizing the human bone interactome at the RNA level. The matrix correlation and p values were made easily accessible by a freely available online browser. We show that significant correlations within the giant matrix are reproduced in a replica set of 13 male vertebral biopsies. The identified correlations differ somewhat from transcriptional interactions identified in cell culture experiments and transgenic mice, thus demonstrating that care should be taken in extrapolating such results to the in vivo situation in human bone. The current giant matrix and web browser are a valuable tool for easy access to the human bone transcriptome and molecular interactions represented as significant correlations at the RNA-level. The browser and matrix should be a valuable hypothesis generating tool for identification of regulatory mechanisms and serve as a library of transcript relationships in human bone, a relatively inaccessible tissue. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
11. Changes in chemical composition of bone matrix in ovariectomized (OVX) rats detected by Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis
Science.gov (United States)
Oshima, Yusuke; Iimura, Tadahiro; Saitou, Takashi; Imamura, Takeshi
2015-02-01
Osteoporosis is a major bone disease that connotes the risk of fragility fractures resulting from alterations to bone quantity and/or quality to mechanical competence. Bone strength arises from both bone quantity and quality. Assessment of bone quality and bone quantity is important for prediction of fracture risk. In spite of the two factors contribute to maintain the bone strength, only one factor, bone mineral density is used to determine the bone strength in the current diagnosis of osteoporosis. On the other hand, there is no practical method to measure chemical composition of bone tissue including hydroxyapatite and collagen non-invasively. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique to analyze chemical composition and material properties of bone matrix non-invasively. Here we demonstrated Raman spectroscopic analysis of the bone matrix in osteoporosis model rat. Ovariectomized (OVX) rat was made and the decalcified sections of tibias were analyzed by a Raman microscope. In the results, Raman bands of typical collagen appeared in the obtained spectra. Although the typical mineral bands at 960 cm-1 (Phosphate) was absent due to decalcified processing, we found that Raman peak intensities of amide I and C-C stretching bands were significantly different between OVX and sham-operated specimens. These differences on the Raman spectra were statistically compared by multivariate analyses, principal component analysis (PCA) and liner discrimination analysis (LDA). Our analyses suggest that amide I and C-C stretching bands can be related to stability of bone matrix which reflects bone quality.
12. Growth and inequality in India : analysis of an extended social accounting matrix
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Pieters, Janneke
Based on an extended Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for 2002-03. this study shows how sectoral growth in India affects Inequality A breakdown of the wage,account into three educational levels and 10 sectors of employment improves the link between sectoral expansion and household income in the SAM
13. Evaluation of Extraction Methods for the Analysis of Carotenoids for Different Vegetable Matrix
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Stancuta Scrob
2013-11-01
Full Text Available In this study, different solvents were used to achieve the maximum extractibility of total carotenoids. The extracted total carotenoids were estimated using UV- visible spectrophotometer. Carotenoids from vegetable matrix can be used as a food colorant, food additive, cosmetics, antioxidants and nutraceuticals.
14. Algebraic method for analysis of nonlinear systems with a normal matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Konyaev, Yu.A.; Salimova, A.F.
2014-01-01
A promising method has been proposed for analyzing a class of quasilinear nonautonomous systems of differential equations whose matrix can be represented as a sum of nonlinear normal matrices, which makes it possible to analyze stability without using the Lyapunov functions [ru
15. Assessment Stability and Informative of Diagnostic Matrix in Analysis States of Reinforced Concrete Slab
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2016-01-01
Full Text Available In this article was examined the issues of sustainability and informative of diagnostic matrix, which are used when it is necessary to determinate the technical condition of constructions. Determination based on the mathematical instrument of technical diagnostics. One of the most widespread methods of technical diagnostics – a statistical method of Bayes is used.
16. Compilation and R-matrix analysis of Big Bang nuclear reaction rates
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Descouvemont, Pierre; Adahchour, Abderrahim; Angulo, Carmen; Coc, Alain; Vangioni-Flam, Elisabeth
2004-01-01
We use the R-matrix theory to fit low-energy data on nuclear reactions involved in Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Special attention is paid to the rate uncertainties which are evaluated on statistical grounds. We provide S factors and reaction rates in tabular and graphical formats
17. Proteomic analysis of the organic matrix of the abalone Haliotis asinina calcified shell
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Degnan Bernard M
2010-11-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background The formation of the molluscan shell is regulated to a large extent by a matrix of extracellular macromolecules that are secreted by the shell forming tissue, the mantle. This so called "calcifying matrix" is a complex mixture of proteins and glycoproteins that is assembled and occluded within the mineral phase during the calcification process. While the importance of the calcifying matrix to shell formation has long been appreciated, most of its protein components remain uncharacterised. Results Recent expressed sequence tag (EST investigations of the mantle tissue from the tropical abalone (Haliotis asinina provide an opportunity to further characterise the proteins in the shell by a proteomic approach. In this study, we have identified a total of 14 proteins from distinct calcified layers of the shell. Only two of these proteins have been previously characterised from abalone shells. Among the novel proteins are several glutamine- and methionine-rich motifs and hydrophobic glycine-, alanine- and acidic aspartate-rich domains. In addition, two of the new proteins contained Kunitz-like and WAP (whey acidic protein protease inhibitor domains. Conclusion This is one of the first comprehensive proteomic study of a molluscan shell, and should provide a platform for further characterization of matrix protein functions and interactions.
18. The Dynamic Response of an Euler-Bernoulli Beam on an Elastic Foundation by Finite Element Analysis using the Exact Stiffness Matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kim, Jeong Soo; Kim, Moon Kyum
2012-01-01
In this study, finite element analysis of beam on elastic foundation, which received great attention of researchers due to its wide applications in engineering, is performed for estimating dynamic responses of shallow foundation using exact stiffness matrix. First, element stiffness matrix based on the closed solution of beam on elastic foundation is derived. Then, we performed static finite element analysis included exact stiffness matrix numerically, comparing results from the analysis with some exact analysis solutions well known for verification. Finally, dynamic finite element analysis is performed for a shallow foundation structure under rectangular pulse loading using trapezoidal method. The dynamic analysis results exist in the reasonable range comparing solution of single degree of freedom problem under a similar condition. The results show that finite element analysis using exact stiffness matrix is evaluated as a good tool of estimating the dynamic response of structures on elastic foundation.
19. Matrix analysis of the digital divide in eHealth services using awareness, want, and adoption gap.
Science.gov (United States)
Liang, Te-Hsin
2012-02-13
The digital divide usually refers to access or usage, but some studies have identified two other divides: awareness and demand (want). Given that the hierarchical stages of the innovation adoption process of a customer are interrelated, it is necessary and meaningful to analyze the digital divide in eHealth services through three main stages, namely, awareness, want, and adoption. By following the three main integrated stages of the innovation diffusion theory, from the customer segment viewpoint, this study aimed to propose a new matrix analysis of the digital divide using the awareness, want, and adoption gap ratio (AWAG). I compared the digital divide among different groups. Furthermore, I conducted an empirical study on eHealth services to present the practicability of the proposed methodology. Through a review and discussion of the literature, I proposed hypotheses and a new matrix analysis. To test the proposed method, 3074 Taiwanese respondents, aged 15 years and older, were surveyed by telephone. I used the stratified simple random sampling method, with sample size allocation proportioned by the population distribution of 23 cities and counties (strata). This study proposed the AWAG segment matrix to analyze the digital divide in eHealth services. First, awareness and want rates were divided into two levels at the middle point of 50%, and then the 2-dimensional cross of the awareness and want segment matrix was divided into four categories: opened group, desire-deficiency group, perception-deficiency group, and closed group. Second, according to the degrees of awareness and want, each category was further divided into four subcategories. I also defined four possible strategies, namely, hold, improve, evaluate, and leave, for different regions in the proposed matrix. An empirical test on two recently promoted eHealth services, the digital medical service (DMS) and the digital home care service (DHCS), was conducted. Results showed that for both e
20. Analysis of the interaction of extracellular matrix and phenotype of bladder cancer cells
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Dozmorov, Mikhail G; Kyker, Kimberly D; Saban, Ricardo; Knowlton, Nicholas; Dozmorov, Igor; Centola, Michael B; Hurst, Robert E
2006-01-01
The extracellular matrix has a major effect upon the malignant properties of bladder cancer cells both in vitro in 3-dimensional culture and in vivo. Comparing gene expression of several bladder cancer cells lines grown under permissive and suppressive conditions in 3-dimensional growth on cancer-derived and normal-derived basement membrane gels respectively and on plastic in conventional tissue culture provides a model system for investigating the interaction of malignancy and extracellular matrix. Understanding how the extracellular matrix affects the phenotype of bladder cancer cells may provide important clues to identify new markers or targets for therapy. Five bladder cancer cell lines and one immortalized, but non-tumorigenic, urothelial line were grown on Matrigel, a cancer-derived ECM, on SISgel, a normal-derived ECM, and on plastic, where the only ECM is derived from the cells themselves. The transcriptomes were analyzed on an array of 1186 well-annotated cancer derived cDNAs containing most of the major pathways for malignancy. Hypervariable genes expressing more variability across cell lines than a set expressing technical variability were analyzed further. Expression values were clustered, and to identify genes most likely to represent biological factors, statistically over-represented ontologies and transcriptional regulatory elements were identified. Approximately 400 of the 1186 total genes were expressed 2 SD above background. Approximately 100 genes were hypervariable in cells grown on each ECM, but the pattern was different in each case. A core of 20 were identified as hypervariable under all 3 growth conditions, and 33 were hypervariable on both SISgel and Matrigel, but not on plastic. Clustering of the hypervariable genes showed very different patterns for the same 6 cell types on the different ECM. Even when loss of cell cycle regulation was identified, different genes were involved, depending on the ECM. Under the most permissive conditions
1. Monitoring organic loading to swimming pools by fluorescence excitation–emission matrix with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC)
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Seredynska-Sobecka, Bozena; Stedmon, Colin; Boe-Hansen, Rasmus
2011-01-01
Fluorescence Excitation–Emission Matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis was employed to monitor water quality and organic contamination in swimming pools. The fluorescence signal of the swimming pool organic matter was low but increased slightly through the day. The analysis...... revealed that the organic matter fluorescence was characterised by five different components, one of which was unique to swimming pool organic matter and one which was specific to organic contamination. The latter component had emission peaks at 420nm and was found to be a sensitive indicator of organic...... loading in swimming pool water. The fluorescence at 420nm gradually increased during opening hours and represented material accumulating through the day....
2. Matrix effect and correction by standard addition in quantitative liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins.
Science.gov (United States)
2002-01-11
An evaluation of the feasibility of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with atmospheric pressure ionization was made for quantitation of four diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins, okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, pectenotoxin-6 and yessotoxin in scallops. When LC-MS was applied to the analysis of scallop extracts, large signal suppressions were observed due to coeluting substances from the column. To compensate for these matrix signal suppressions, the standard addition method was applied. First, the sample was analyzed and then the sample involving the addition of calibration standards is analyzed. Although this method requires two LC-MS runs per analysis, effective correction of quantitative errors was found.
3. Analysis of a wavelength selectable cascaded DFB laser based on the transfer matrix method
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Xie Hongyun; Chen Liang; Shen Pei; Sun Botao; Wang Renqing; Xiao Ying; You Yunxia; Zhang Wanrong
2010-01-01
A novel cascaded DFB laser, which consists of two serial gratings to provide selectable wavelengths, is presented and analyzed by the transfer matrix method. In this method, efficient facet reflectivity is derived from the transfer matrix built for each serial section and is then used to simulate the performance of the novel cascaded DFB laser through self-consistently solving the gain equation, the coupled wave equation and the current continuity equations. The simulations prove the feasibility of this kind of wavelength selectable laser and a corresponding designed device with two selectable wavelengths of 1.51 μm and 1.53 μm is realized by experiments on InP-based multiple quantum well structure. (semiconductor devices)
4. Analysis of Enzymatic Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) by Collagen Zymography in Melanoma.
Science.gov (United States)
Walia, Vijay; Samuels, Yardena
2018-01-01
Protein zymography is the most commonly used technique to study the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors. MMPs are proteolytic enzymes that promote extracellular matrix degradation. MMPs are frequently mutated in malignant melanomas as well as other cancers and are linked to increasing incidence of tumor metastasis. Substrate zymography characterizes MMP activity by their ability to degrade preferred substrates. Here we describe the collagen zymography technique to measure the active or latent form of MMPs using MMP-8 as an example, which is a frequently mutated MMP family member in malignant melanomas. The same technique can be used with the modification of substrate to detect metalloproteinase activity of other MMPs. Both wild-type and mutated forms of MMPs can be analyzed using a single gel using this method.
5. Epithermal neutron activation analysis of blue-green algae Spirulina Platensis as a matrix for selenium-containing pharmaceuticals
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mosulishvili, L.M.; Kirkesali, E.I.; Belokobyl'skij, A.I.; Khizanishvili, A.I.; Frontas'eva, M.V.; Gundorina, S.F.; Oprea, C.D.
2000-01-01
To evaluate the potentiality of the blue-green algae Spirulina Platensis as a matrix for the production of Se-containing pharmaceuticals, the background levels of 31 major, minor and trace elements (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni (using (n,p)-reaction), As, Br, Zn, Rb, Mo, Ag, Sb, I, Ba, Sm, Tb, Tm, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th) in Spirulina Platensis biomass were determined by means of epithermal neutron activation analysis. The possibility of the purpose-oriented incorporation of Se into Spirulina Platensis biomass was demonstrated. The polynomial dependence of the Se accumulation on nutritional medium loading was revealed. The employed analytical technique allows one to reliably control the amount of toxic elements in algae Spirulina Platensis. Based on this study, a conclusion of the possibility to use Spirulina Platensis as a matrix for the production of Se-containing pharmaceuticals was drawn
6. Experimental and numerical analysis of short sisal fiber-cement composites produced with recycled matrix
OpenAIRE
Lima, Paulo Roberto Lopes; Barros, Joaquim A. O.; Santos, Daniele Justo; Fontes, Cintia Maria; Lima, José Mário F.; Toledo Filho, Romildo
2016-01-01
"Published online: 02 Jan 2017" The proper use of renewable or recycled source materials can contribute significantly to reducing the environmental impact of construction industry. In this work, cement based composites reinforced with natural fibers were developed and their mechanical behavior was characterized. To ensure the composite sustainability and durability, the ordinary Portland cement matrix was modified by adding metakaolin and the natural aggregate was substitute...
7. A transfer matrix method for the analysis of fractal quantum potentials
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Monsoriu, Juan A; Villatoro, Francisco R; Marin, Maria J; UrchueguIa, Javier F; Cordoba, Pedro Fernandez de
2005-01-01
The scattering properties of quantum particles on a sequence of potentials converging towards a fractal one are obtained by means of the transfer matrix method. The reflection coefficients for both the fractal potential and finite periodic potential are calculated and compared. It is shown that the reflection coefficient for the fractal potential has a self-similar structure associated with the fractal distribution of the potential whose degree of self-similarity has been quantified by means of the correlation function
8. Analysis of Spectral Features of Seawaterbiooptical Components Fluorescence from the Excitation-emission Matrix
Science.gov (United States)
Salyuk, P. A.; Nagorny, I. G.
The paper presents the method for processing of excitation-emission matrix of sea water and the allocation of the spectral characteristics of different types of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and phytoplankton cells in seawater. The method consists of identification of regularly observed fluorescence peaks of CDOM in marine waters of different type and definition of the spectral ranges, where the predominant influence of these peaks are observed.
9. Analysis of aeroplane boarding via spacetime geometry and random matrix theory
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bachmat, E; Berend, D; Sapir, L; Skiena, S; Stolyarov, N
2006-01-01
We show that aeroplane boarding can be asymptotically modelled by two-dimensional Lorentzian geometry. Boarding time is given by the maximal proper time among curves in the model. Discrepancies between the model and simulation results are closely related to random matrix theory. The models can be used to explain why some commonly practiced airline boarding policies are ineffective and even detrimental. (letter to the editor)
10. A transfer matrix method for the analysis of fractal quantum potentials
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Monsoriu, Juan A [Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, E-46022 Valencia (Spain); Villatoro, Francisco R [Departamento de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Computacion, Universidad de Malaga, E-29071 Malaga (Spain); Marin, Maria J [Departamento de Termodinamica, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot (Spain); UrchueguIa, Javier F [Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, E-46022 Valencia (Spain); Cordoba, Pedro Fernandez de [Departamento de Matematica Aplicada, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, E-46022 Valencia (Spain)
2005-07-01
The scattering properties of quantum particles on a sequence of potentials converging towards a fractal one are obtained by means of the transfer matrix method. The reflection coefficients for both the fractal potential and finite periodic potential are calculated and compared. It is shown that the reflection coefficient for the fractal potential has a self-similar structure associated with the fractal distribution of the potential whose degree of self-similarity has been quantified by means of the correlation function.
11. Matrix theory
CERN Document Server
Franklin, Joel N
2003-01-01
Mathematically rigorous introduction covers vector and matrix norms, the condition-number of a matrix, positive and irreducible matrices, much more. Only elementary algebra and calculus required. Includes problem-solving exercises. 1968 edition.
12. Analysis of carburizing steel with lath bainite in matrix by magnetic method
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Weiwu ZOU
2017-12-01
Full Text Available The cryogenic treatment is used to reduce the large amount of retained austenite in the steel infiltration layer which affects the hardness. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM and direct reading spectroscopy are combined to compare and analyze the organization structure status of the test carburizing steel after air-cooling and low temperature tempering (T at 453 K × 1 h, or after cryogenic treatment at 113 K × 30 min and low temperature tempering (T at 453 K × 1 h. The cryopreservation effect of the 1 203 K × 9 h carburizing air-cooled bainitic steel is carried out. The results show that both the effective hardening layer depths are about 1.35 mm. The retained austenite mass fractions of T and CT in the effective hardened layer are approximately 29.8% and 12.6%, respectively, and the highest hardnesses of the effective hardened layer of T and CT are 679 HV and 821 HV, respectively. The matrix structure is lath bainite, and the retained austenite mass fractions in the matrix are approximately 7.4% for T and 6.9% for CT, respectively, and both the hardnesses of the matrixes are approximately 430 HV. After the cryogenic treatment, the austenite content in the infiltration layer is effectively reduced, so that the maximum hardness of the hardened layer increases by 20% or more. It can be widely used because of the decreased material cost and remarkable economical benefit.
13. Quantitative analysis by X-ray fluorescence using first principles for matrix correction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hulett, L.D.; Dunn, H.W.; Tarter, J.G.
1978-01-01
The quantitative interpretation of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data is often difficult because of matrix effects. The intensity of fluorescence measured for a given element is not only dependent on the element's concentration, but also on the mass absorption coefficients of the sample for the excitation and fluorescence radiation. Also, there are interelement effects in which high-energy fluorescence from heavier elements is absorbed by lighter elements with a resulting enhancement of their fluorescence. Recent theoretical treatments of this problem have shown that X-ray fluorescence data can be corrected for these matrix effects by calculations based on first principles. Fundamental constants, available in atomic physics data tables, are the only parameters needed. It is not necessary to make empirical calibrations. The application of this correctional procedure to alloys and alumina-supported catalysts is described. A description is given of a low-background spectrometer which uses monochromatic Ag Ksub(α) radiation for excitation. Matrix corrections by first principles can be easily applied to data from instruments of this type because fluorescence excitation cross-sections and mass absorption coefficients can be accurately defined for monochromatic radiation. (author)
14. Connective matrix organization in human pulmonary fibrosis. Collagen polymorphism analysis in fibrotic deposits by immunohistological methods.
Science.gov (United States)
Takiya, C; Peyrol, S; Cordier, J F; Grimaud, J A
1983-01-01
In the interstitium of the alveolar septa in the peripheral parts of the lung, four molecular types of collagen (I, III, IV and V) each with different morphological appearances, can be identified. The structural integrity of collagens accounts for the physiological efficiency of the lung. Fibrous thickening of alveolar septa is an invariable result of various diseases affecting the interstitium of the lung. The light and electron microscopic findings, and the immunological typing of collagens in six cases of fibrotic alveolar disease, are described. In the alveolar septa, two different compartments (the alveolo-capillary junction and the supportive axis) were affected by fibrosis: the alveolo-capillary junction was widened by the addition of interstitial collagens to basement membranes. In the axis, the increase of interstitial (types I and III) collagen gave rise to different patterns of connective matrix organization, graded as Loose or Dense depending on quantitative alterations of the type I/III ratio. The mode of organization of the fibrotic lung connective matrix, which depends on the quality of deposits in the matrix, may be correlated with the evolution of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, in terms of its stability, remodelling ability and reversibility.
15. Matrix analysis of the asymmetrical bending of conical shell-beams and their singular assemblies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kiedrzynski, A.; Coppens, L.
1979-01-01
As an alternative to refined finite element methodology a new method has been derived to investigate in much detail the linear static behaviour of singular assemblies of moderately thick conical shells of revolution submitted to non-axisymmetrical loads at their ends (an assembly of conical sections is said to be singular when the geometrical discontinuities are deformable, i.e. not stiffened by diaphragms). A detailed preliminary study has shown that the currently adopted simplifying assumptions in shell theories for moderate thickness lead to unconsistencies at any departure from axisymmetric loading. Therefore, FLUEGGE's general shell theory has been applied to a conical section, yielding a set of mixed first order differential equations in terms of displacements and conjuguated stress resultants well suited for a matrix formalism. The numerical integration is based on a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and provides an 8 x 8 mixed matrix. This matrix contains complete information on the distribution of the displacements (exhibiting the warping and ovalization of the cross-section) and of the stress resultants along the meridian; also the stiffness coefficients proceed from it. (orig.)
16. Analysis of Island Land Use Change Based on Transfer Matrix'a Case Study of Dongtou Island in Zhejiang Province
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Liang; Tao, Kunwang; Qian, Xinlin
2015-04-01
With the increasing developments of islands, the protection and management of island's natural resources are imperative. The core of islands' protection and management is to acquire the information of changes of the land use and land cover. What's more, the purpose of the islands' land use change information analysis is to plan the effective protection of land resource, achieve scientific management and sustainable utilization. Based on the improved calculation method of land use change and the computational model of change rate of the land use, an analysis of land use transfer matrix and transfer probability matrix is presented, and the method of land use change analysis based on the transfer matrix is proposed in this paper. And then the comparative analysis of all types of land use transfer is introduced. Taken the island of Dongtou in Zhejiang Province as the case, with the SPOT-5 satellite image in 2005 and the aerial image in 2011 as the data source, the current situation of land utilization of Dongtou Island and its land use change are analyzed. The experiment results show that, from 2005 to 2011, the greatest changes are the structures and water, followed by the forest land, grassland, cultivated land and others. The major change of structure and forest is the net change, while the major change of the water and grassland is the swap change. From the perspective of increment, the conversion from waters to structure has the most advantage, followed by water converted to grassland and road. To see from the loss, structures converted into roads and buildings have the most superiority transformation, followed by structures converted to grassland. The analysis of the case proves that the proposed process and method in this paper could achieve better results in the practical application. The experiment results also demonstrate that the proposed method could effectively obtain the dynamic change information of land use which is much helpful for land management and
17. Development of spectral history methods for pin-by-pin core analysis method using three-dimensional direct response matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mitsuyasu, T.; Ishii, K.; Hino, T.; Aoyama, M.
2009-01-01
Spectral history methods for pin-by-pin core analysis method using the three-dimensional direct response matrix have been developed. The direct response matrix is formalized by four sub-response matrices in order to respond to a core eigenvalue k and thus can be recomposed at each outer iteration in the core analysis. For core analysis, it is necessary to take into account the burn-up effect related to spectral history. One of the methods is to evaluate the nodal burn-up spectrum obtained using the out-going neutron current. The other is to correct the fuel rod neutron production rates obtained the pin-by-pin correction. These spectral history methods were tested in a heterogeneous system. The test results show that the neutron multiplication factor error can be reduced by half during burn-up, the nodal neutron production rates errors can be reduced by 30% or more. The root-mean-square differences between the relative fuel rod neutron production rate distributions can be reduced within 1.1% error. This means that these methods can accurately reflect the effects of intra- and inter-assembly heterogeneities during burn-up and can be used for core analysis. Core analysis with the DRM method was carried out for an ABWR quarter core and it was found that both thermal power and coolant-flow distributions were smoothly converged. (authors)
18. Use of risk-matrix methods in the radiation safety analysis of PET/CT facilities
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Calderón Marín, Carlos F.; González González, Joaquín J.; Quesada Cepero, Waldo; Sinconegui Gómez, Belkys; Solá Rodríguez, Yeline; Duménigo Ámbar, Cruz; Guerrero Cancio, Mayka
2016-01-01
19. Chemical storage of wind energy by renewable methanol production: Feasibility analysis using a multi-criteria decision matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Matzen, Michael; Alhajji, Mahdi; Demirel, Yaşar
2015-01-01
This study is for the technoeconomic analysis of an integral facility consisting of wind energy-based electrolytic hydrogen production, bioethanol-based carbon dioxide capture and compression, and direct methanol synthesis. ASPEN Plus was used to simulate the facility producing 97.01 mt (metric tons) methanol/day using 138.37 mt CO_2/day and 18.56 mt H_2/day. A discounted cash flow diagram for the integral facility is used for the economic analysis at various hydrogen production costs and methanol selling prices. The feasibility analysis is based on a multi-criteria decision matrix consisting of economic and sustainability indicators comparing renewable and non-renewable methanol productions. The overall energy efficiency for the renewable methanol is around 58%. Fixation of carbon reduces the CO_2 equivalent emission by around −1.05 CO_2e/kg methanol. The electrolytic hydrogen production cost is the largest contributor to the economics of the integral facility. The feasibility analysis based on multi-criteria shows that renewable methanol production may be feasible. - Highlights: • We simulate renewable methanol production from wind-based hydrogen and CO_2_. • Methanol production can fix 1.05 kg CO_2/kg methanol with an energy efficiency of 58%. • Economic and sustainability metrics are estimated for the integral facility. • We introduce a decision matrix with both economic and sustainability indicators. • Renewable methanol may be feasible versus conventional fossil fuel-based methanol.
20. Spectral analysis of the UFBG-based acousto—optical modulator in V-I transmission matrix formalism
Science.gov (United States)
Wu, Liang-Ying; Pei, Li; Liu, Chao; Wang, Yi-Qun; Weng, Si-Jun; Wang, Jian-Shuai
2014-11-01
In this study, the V-I transmission matrix formalism (V-I method) is proposed to analyze the spectrum characteristics of the uniform fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based acousto—optic modulators (UFBG-AOM). The simulation results demonstrate that both the amplitude of the acoustically induced strain and the frequency of the acoustic wave (AW) have an effect on the spectrum. Additionally, the wavelength spacing between the primary reflectivity peak and the secondary reflectivity peak is proportional to the acoustic frequency with the ratio 0.1425 nm/MHz. Meanwhile, we compare the amount of calculation. For the FBG whose period is M, the calculation of the V-I method is 4 × (2M-1) in addition/subtraction, 8 × (2M - 1) in multiply/division and 2M in exponent arithmetic, which is almost a quarter of the multi-film method and transfer matrix (TM) method. The detailed analysis indicates that, compared with the conventional multi-film method and transfer matrix (TM) method, the V-I method is faster and less complex.
1. Spectral analysis of the UFBG-based acousto—optical modulator in V–I transmission matrix formalism
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wu Liang-Ying; Pei Li; Liu Chao; Wang Yi-Qun; Weng Si-Jun; Wang Jian-Shuai
2014-01-01
In this study, the V–I transmission matrix formalism (V–I method) is proposed to analyze the spectrum characteristics of the uniform fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based acousto—optic modulators (UFBG-AOM). The simulation results demonstrate that both the amplitude of the acoustically induced strain and the frequency of the acoustic wave (AW) have an effect on the spectrum. Additionally, the wavelength spacing between the primary reflectivity peak and the secondary reflectivity peak is proportional to the acoustic frequency with the ratio 0.1425 nm/MHz. Meanwhile, we compare the amount of calculation. For the FBG whose period is M, the calculation of the V–I method is 4 × (2M–1) in addition/subtraction, 8 × (2M – 1) in multiply/division and 2M in exponent arithmetic, which is almost a quarter of the multi-film method and transfer matrix (TM) method. The detailed analysis indicates that, compared with the conventional multi-film method and transfer matrix (TM) method, the V–I method is faster and less complex. (general)
2. Analysis of Off Gas From Disintegration Process of Graphite Matrix by Electrochemical Method
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Tian Lifang; Wen Mingfen; Chen Jing
2010-01-01
Using electrochemical method with salt solutions as electrolyte, some gaseous substances (off gas) would be generated during the disintegration of graphite from high-temperature gas-cooled reactor fuel elements. The off gas is determined to be composed of H 2 , O 2 , N 2 , CO 2 and NO x by gas chromatography. Only about 1.5% graphite matrix is oxidized to CO 2 . Compared to the direct burning-graphite method, less off gas,especially CO 2 , is generated in the disintegration process of graphite by electrochemical method and the treatment of off gas becomes much easier. (authors)
3. Renewable energy selection Matrix based on multi-attribute analysis for fish preservation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Vega-Clavijo, Lili Tatiana; Prías-Caicedo, Omar Fredy; Sierra-Vargas, Fabio Emiro
2016-01-01
The article presents the application of the methodology of multi attribute utility theory validated by a matrix system established by researchers, to identify the best alternative of energy supply to 10 kwe in the generation of ice for preservation of fish in coastal and rural areas of the Chocó. The comparison between the potentials of different renewable energy sources and diesel, natural gas and propane fuels took place, based on economic, technological, environmental and social criteria, being validated by experts and the community on field work. It was concluded that the best alternative is diesel followed by biomass. (author)
4. Micro structural analysis of nanocomposite of metallic matrix of aluminum reinforced by 2% of NTC
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Dias, Fabio Saldanha; LavaredaCarlos Romulo; Mendes, Luiz Fernando; Queiroz, Jennyson Luz
2016-01-01
The study of based on aluminum materials has a high importance level, mainly when is intense wanted in automobile and aerospace industry to transform in light and high perform parts. Aluminum has low specific weight and easiness to join with other materials and these qualities can supply excellent properties and lots of technological applications. Components based on aluminum represents good examples to develop optimized micro structures during the fabrication process that can be basic on properties mechanical performance. As a result this work analyses the micro structure's composites with metallic matrix reinforced by 2% of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes manufactured by aluminum splinters mixed to CNT (author)
5. Dependence of matrix effect on ionization polarity during LC-ESI-MS analysis of derivatized amino acids in some natural samples.
Science.gov (United States)
Oldekop, Maarja-Liisa; Rebane, Riin; Herodes, Koit
2017-10-01
Matrix effect, the influence of co-eluting components on the ionization efficiency of the analyte, affects the trueness and precision of the LC-ESI-MS analysis. Derivatization can reduce or eliminate matrix effect, for example, diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate (DEEMM) derivatives have shown less matrix effect compared to other derivatives. Moreover, the use of negative ion mode can further reduce matrix effect. In order to investigate the combination of derivatization and different ionization modes, an LC-ESI-MS/MS method using alternating positive/negative ion mode was developed and validated. The analyses in positive and negative ion modes had comparable limit of quantitation values. The influence of ESI polarity on matrix effect was investigated during the analysis of 22 DEEMM-derivatized amino acids in herbal extracts and honeys. Sample dilution approach was used for the evaluation of the presence of matrix effect. Altogether, 4 honeys and 11 herbal extracts were analyzed, and the concentrations of 22 amino acids in the samples are presented. In the positive ion mode, matrix effect was observed for several amino acid derivatives and the matrix effect was stronger in honey samples compared to the herbal extracts. The negative ion mode was free from matrix effect, with only few exceptions in honeys (average relative standard deviation over all analytes and matrices was 8%; SD = 7%). The matrix effect was eliminated in the positive ion mode by sample dilution and agreement between concentrations from the two ion modes was achieved for most amino acids. In conclusion, it was shown that the combination of derivatization and negative ion mode can be a powerful tool for minimizing matrix effect in more complicated applications.
6. Matrix stochastic analysis of the maintainability of a machine under shocks
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Montoro-Cazorla, Delia; Pérez-Ocón, Rafael
2014-01-01
We study the maintenance of a machine operating under environmental conditions producing shocks affecting the lifetime of the machine. The shocks cause different types of damage depending on their strength and eventually the total failure. The maintenance of the machine is performed by repairs and replacement. The interarrival times of shocks are dependent. We introduce a multidimensional stochastic model for simulating the evolution of the lifetime of the machine. This model implies the application of the matrix-analytic methods, that are being used in stochastic modelling with interesting results. Under this methodology, the availability, the reliability, and the rates of occurrence of the different types of failures and of the replacements are calculated, obtaining mathematically tractable expressions. The results are applied to a numerical example. - Highlights: • A machine under random environmental conditions producing shocks and wear is studied under matrix-analytic methods. • There is dependence in the interarrival times of shocks. • Different types of failure producing damage in the internal and external structure of the machine are considered. • Maintenance is performed by repair and replacement. • Explicit expressions for the main reliability performance measures are given
7. Simultaneous multielement analysis of zirconium alloys by chlorination separation of matrix/ICP-AES
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kato, Kaneharu
1990-01-01
An analytical method combined chlorination separation of matrix with ICP-AES has been developed for reactor grade Zr alloys (Zircaloy-2). A sample (1 g) is taken into a Pt boat and chlorinated with HCl gas of 100 ml/min in a glass reaction tube at ca. 330degC. Matrix Zr of the sample is volatilized and separated as ZrCl 4 . The analytic elements remaining quantitatively as chlorination residue are dissolved in a mixture of mineral acids (6 M HCl 3 ml+conc. HNO 3 0.5 ml+conc. H 2 SO 4 0.2 ml) and diluted to 20 ml with distilled water after filtration. ICP-AES was used for simultaneous multielement determination using a calibration curve method. The present method has the following advantages: simple sample preparation procedure; applicability to any form of samples to determine multielements; simple ICP-AES calibration procedure. This method was successfully applied to the determination of Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Mn and Pb in the Zr alloys of JAERI CRM's and NBS SRM's. (author)
8. Flexible body stability analysis of Space Shuttle ascent flight control system by using lambda matrix solution techniques
Science.gov (United States)
Bown, R. L.; Christofferson, A.; Lardas, M.; Flanders, H.
1980-01-01
A lambda matrix solution technique is being developed to perform an open loop frequency analysis of a high order dynamic system. The procedure evaluates the right and left latent vectors corresponding to the respective latent roots. The latent vectors are used to evaluate the partial fraction expansion formulation required to compute the flexible body open loop feedback gains for the Space Shuttle Digital Ascent Flight Control System. The algorithm is in the final stages of development and will be used to insure that the feedback gains meet the design specification.
9. Matrix comparison, Part 2
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Schneider, Jesper Wiborg; Borlund, Pia
2007-01-01
The present two-part article introduces matrix comparison as a formal means for evaluation purposes in informetric studies such as cocitation analysis. In the first part, the motivation behind introducing matrix comparison to informetric studies, as well as two important issues influencing such c...
10. Unitarity of CKM Matrix
CERN Document Server
Saleem, M
2002-01-01
The Unitarity of the CKM matrix is examined in the light of the latest available accurate data. The analysis shows that a conclusive result cannot be derived at present. Only more precise data can determine whether the CKM matrix opens new vistas beyond the standard model or not.
11. Neutrino mass matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strobel, E.L.
1985-01-01
Given the many conflicting experimental results, examination is made of the neutrino mass matrix in order to determine possible masses and mixings. It is assumed that the Dirac mass matrix for the electron, muon, and tau neutrinos is similar in form to those of the quarks and charged leptons, and that the smallness of the observed neutrino masses results from the Gell-Mann-Ramond-Slansky mechanism. Analysis of masses and mixings for the neutrinos is performed using general structures for the Majorana mass matrix. It is shown that if certain tentative experimental results concerning the neutrino masses and mixing angles are confirmed, significant limitations may be placed on the Majorana mass matrix. The most satisfactory simple assumption concerning the Majorana mass matrix is that it is approximately proportional to the Dirac mass matrix. A very recent experimental neutrino mass result and its implications are discussed. Some general properties of matrices with structure similar to the Dirac mass matrices are discussed
12. A novel magnet focusing plate for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization analysis of magnetic bead-bound analytes.
Science.gov (United States)
Gode, David; Volmer, Dietrich A
2013-05-15
13. Quantitative proteomic analysis of extracellular matrix extracted from mono- and dual-species biofilms of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis.
Science.gov (United States)
Mohammed, Marwan Mansoor Ali; Pettersen, Veronika Kuchařová; Nerland, Audun H; Wiker, Harald G; Bakken, Vidar
2017-04-01
The Gram-negative bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis are members of a complex dental biofilm associated with periodontal disease. In this study, we cultured F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis as mono- and dual-species biofilms, and analyzed the protein composition of the biofilms extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) by high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis was used for identification of proteins and sequence-based functional characterization for their classification and prediction of possible roles in EPM. We identified 542, 93 and 280 proteins in the matrix of F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and the dual-species biofilm, respectively. Nearly 70% of all EPM proteins in the dual-species biofilm originated from F. nucleatum, and a majority of these were cytoplasmic proteins, suggesting an enhanced lysis of F. nucleatum cells. The proteomic analysis also indicated an interaction between the two species: 22 F. nucleatum proteins showed differential levels between the mono and dual-species EPMs, and 11 proteins (8 and 3 from F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis, respectively) were exclusively detected in the dual-species EPM. Oxidoreductases and chaperones were among the most abundant proteins identified in all three EPMs. The biofilm matrices in addition contained several known and hypothetical virulence proteins, which can mediate adhesion to the host cells and disintegration of the periodontal tissues. This study demonstrated that the biofilm matrix of two important periodontal pathogens consists of a multitude of proteins whose amounts and functionalities vary largely. Relatively high levels of several of the detected proteins might facilitate their potential use as targets for the inhibition of biofilm development. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
14. Analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene polymorphisms and expression in benign and malignant breast tumors
Science.gov (United States)
Zhou, Jing; Brinckerhoff, Constance; Lubert, Susan; Yang, Kui; Saini, Jasmine; Hooke, Jeffrey; Mural, Richard; Shriver, Craig; Somiari, Stella
2013-01-01
A guanine insertion polymorphism in matrix metalloproteinase-1 promoter (MMP-1 2G) is linked to early onset and aggressiveness in cancer. We determined the role of MMP-1 2G on the level of MMP-1 expression and breast cancer severity in benign breast disease, atypical hyperplasia, invasive and non invasive (in situ) breast cancer. We observed no significant difference in genotype distribution among the different breast disease groups. However, the level of MMP-1 expression was significantly higher in atypical ductal hyperplasia compared to benign breast disease; and in invasive breast cancer compared to in situ breast cancer. MMP-1 2G insertion polymorphism in the invasive group also correlated significantly with the expression of MMP-1 and breast cancer prognostic markers HER2 and P53. PMID:22011282
15. Time-Varying Transition Probability Matrix Estimation and Its Application to Brand Share Analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Chiba, Tomoaki; Hino, Hideitsu; Akaho, Shotaro; Murata, Noboru
2017-01-01
In a product market or stock market, different products or stocks compete for the same consumers or purchasers. We propose a method to estimate the time-varying transition matrix of the product share using a multivariate time series of the product share. The method is based on the assumption that each of the observed time series of shares is a stationary distribution of the underlying Markov processes characterized by transition probability matrices. We estimate transition probability matrices for every observation under natural assumptions. We demonstrate, on a real-world dataset of the share of automobiles, that the proposed method can find intrinsic transition of shares. The resulting transition matrices reveal interesting phenomena, for example, the change in flows between TOYOTA group and GM group for the fiscal year where TOYOTA group's sales beat GM's sales, which is a reasonable scenario.
16. Time-Varying Transition Probability Matrix Estimation and Its Application to Brand Share Analysis.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tomoaki Chiba
Full Text Available In a product market or stock market, different products or stocks compete for the same consumers or purchasers. We propose a method to estimate the time-varying transition matrix of the product share using a multivariate time series of the product share. The method is based on the assumption that each of the observed time series of shares is a stationary distribution of the underlying Markov processes characterized by transition probability matrices. We estimate transition probability matrices for every observation under natural assumptions. We demonstrate, on a real-world dataset of the share of automobiles, that the proposed method can find intrinsic transition of shares. The resulting transition matrices reveal interesting phenomena, for example, the change in flows between TOYOTA group and GM group for the fiscal year where TOYOTA group's sales beat GM's sales, which is a reasonable scenario.
17. Patchwork structure-function analysis of the Sendai virus matrix protein.
Science.gov (United States)
Mottet-Osman, Geneviève; Miazza, Vincent; Vidalain, Pierre-Olivier; Roux, Laurent
2014-09-01
Paramyxoviruses contain a bi-lipidic envelope decorated by two transmembrane glycoproteins and carpeted on the inner surface with a layer of matrix proteins (M), thought to bridge the glycoproteins with the viral nucleocapsids. To characterize M structure-function features, a set of M domains were mutated or deleted. The genes encoding these modified M were incorporated into recombinant Sendai viruses and expressed as supplemental proteins. Using a method of integrated suppression complementation system (ISCS), the functions of these M mutants were analyzed in the context of the infection. Cellular membrane association, localization at the cell periphery, nucleocapsid binding, cellular protein interactions and promotion of viral particle formation were characterized in relation with the mutations. At the end, lack of nucleocapsid binding go together with lack of cell surface localization and both features definitely correlate with loss of M global function estimated by viral particle production. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
18. Cross-correlation matrix analysis of Chinese and American bank stocks in subprime crisis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zhu Shi-Zhao; Li Xin-Li; Zhang Wen-Qing; Wang Bing-Hong; Nie Sen; Yu Gao-Feng; Han Xiao-Pu
2015-01-01
In order to study the universality of the interactions among different markets, we analyze the cross-correlation matrix of the price of the Chinese and American bank stocks. We then find that the stock prices of the emerging market are more correlated than that of the developed market. Considering that the values of the components for the eigenvector may be positive or negative, we analyze the differences between two markets in combination with the endogenous and exogenous events which influence the financial markets. We find that the sparse pattern of components of eigenvectors out of the threshold value has no change in American bank stocks before and after the subprime crisis. However, it changes from sparse to dense for Chinese bank stocks. By using the threshold value to exclude the external factors, we simulate the interactions in financial markets. (paper)
19. Instrumental dead-time and its relationship with matrix corrections in X-ray fluorescence analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Thomas, I.L.; Haukka, M.T.; Anderson, D.H.
1979-01-01
The relationship between instrumental dead-time and the self-absorption coefficients, αsub(ii) in x.r.f. matrix correction by means of influence coefficients, is not generally recognized but has important analytical consequences. Systematic errors of the order of 1% (relative) for any analyte result from experimental uncertainties in instrumental dead-time. Such errors are applied unevenly across a given range of concentration because the error depends on the calibration standards and on the instrumental conditions used. Refinement of the instrumental dead-time value and other calibration parameters to conform with influence coefficients determined elsewhere assumes exact knowledge of dead-time of the instrument used originally, and quite similar excitation conditions and spectrometer geometry for the two instruments. Though these qualifications may not be met, adjustment of any of the parameters (dead-time, reference concentration, background concentration, self-absorption and other influence coefficients) can be easily achieved. (Auth.)
20. Nondestructive analysis of lithographic patterns with natural line edge roughness from Mueller matrix ellipsometric data
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Chen, Xiuguo; Shi, Yating; Jiang, Hao [State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 (China); Zhang, Chuanwei [State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 (China); Wuhan Eoptics Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075 (China); Liu, Shiyuan, E-mail: shyliu@hust.edu.cn [State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 (China); Wuhan Eoptics Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075 (China)
2016-12-01
Highlights: • MME is applied to characterize lithographic patterns with natural LER. • A computationally efficient approach based on EMA is proposed to model LER. • Both theoretical and experimental results verify the effective modeling approach. • The comparison between MME and SEM results reveals the potential of this technique. - Abstract: Mueller matrix ellipsometry (MME) is applied to characterize lithographic patterns with natural line edge roughness (LER). A computationally efficient approach based on effective medium approximation is proposed to model the effects of LER in MME measurements. We present both the theoretical and experimental results on lithographic patterns with realistic LER which demonstrate that MME in combination with the proposed effective modeling method is capable of quantifying LER amplitudes. Quantitative comparisons between the MME and scanning electron microscopy measured results also reveal the strong potential of this technique for in-line nondestructive line roughness monitoring.
1. The covariance matrix of the Potts model: A random cluster analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Borgs, C.; Chayes, J.T.
1996-01-01
We consider the covariance matrix, G mn = q 2 x ,m); δ(σ y ,n)>, of the d-dimensional q-states Potts model, rewriting it in the random cluster representation of Fortuin and Kasteleyn. In many of the q ordered phases, we identify the eigenvalues of this matrix both in terms of representations of the unbroken symmetry group of the model and in terms of random cluster connectivities and covariances, thereby attributing algebraic significance to these stochastic geometric quantities. We also show that the correlation length and the correlation length corresponding to the decay rate of one on the eigenvalues in the same as the inverse decay rate of the diameter of finite clusters. For dimension of d=2, we show that this correlation length and the correlation length of two-point function with free boundary conditions at the corresponding dual temperature are equal up to a factor of two. For systems with first-order transitions, this relation helps to resolve certain inconsistencies between recent exact and numerical work on correlation lengths at the self-dual point β o . For systems with second order transitions, this relation implies the equality of the correlation length exponents from above below threshold, as well as an amplitude ratio of two. In the course of proving the above results, we establish several properties of independent interest, including left continuity of the inverse correlation length with free boundary conditions and upper semicontinuity of the decay rate for finite clusters in all dimensions, and left continuity of the two-dimensional free boundary condition percolation probability at β o . We also introduce DLR equations for the random cluster model and use them to establish ergodicity of the free measure. In order to prove these results, we introduce a new class of events which we call decoupling events and two inequalities for these events
2. Proteomic analysis of the crayfish gastrolith chitinous extracellular matrix reveals putative protein complexes and a central role for GAP 65.
Science.gov (United States)
Glazer, Lilah; Roth, Ziv; Weil, Simy; Aflalo, Eliahu D; Khalaila, Isam; Sagi, Amir
2015-10-14
Chitin is a major component of arthropod cuticles, where it forms a three-dimensional network that constitutes the scaffold upon which cuticles form. The chitin fibers that form this network are closely associated with specific structural proteins, while the cuticular matrix contains many additional structural, enzymatic and other proteins. We study the crayfish gastrolith as a simple model for the assembly of calcified cuticular structures, with particular focus on the proteins involved in this process. The present study integrates a gastrolith-forming epithelium transcriptomic library with data from mass spectrometry analysis of proteins extracted from the gastrolith matrix to obtain a near-complete picture of gastrolith protein content. Using native protein separation we identified 24 matrix proteins, of which 14 are novel. Further analysis led to discovery of three putative protein complexes, all containing GAP 65 the most abundant gastrolith structural protein. Using immunological methods we further studied the role of GAP 65 in the gastrolith matrix and forming epithelium, as well as in the newly identified protein complexes. We propose that gastrolith matrix construction is a sequential process in which protein complexes are dynamically assembled and disassembled around GAP 65, thus changing their functional properties to perform each step in the construction process. The scientific interest on which this study is based arises from three main features of gastroliths: (1) Gastroliths possess partial analogy to cuticles both in structural and molecular properties, and may be regarded, with the appropriate reservations (see Introduction), as simple models for cuticle assembly. At the same time, gastroliths are terminally assembled during a well-defined period, which can be controlled in the laboratory, making them significantly easier to study than cuticles. (2) Gastroliths, like the crayfish exoskeleton, contain stable amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) rather
3. Strategic analysis of PKM Duda SA. on Polish meat market with the application of BCG growth-share matrix
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anna Zielińska-Chmielewska
2012-01-01
Full Text Available The main goal of this paper was to examine the market position of one leading meat processing enterprise PKM Duda SA. on the domestic meat market. The assessment of the activity portfolio on its three strategic units was undertaken with the usage of BCG matrix. The PKM Duda SA. was chosen for the study because: a processes more than 20 tons of slaughter per week, b is located in the country of origin, c exists on Warsaw Stock Exchange Market, d preserves continuity of its database in Monitor Polski „B”. The analysis proved that all three examined strategic units have different market shares and operate on markets of a different acceleration. The highest income rate brings the meat processing unit (B, the lowest slaughter unit (A. The market position of PKM Duda SA. can be improved when a retail trade unit (B moves away from question marks into stars. Although BCG matrix draws a fast and a complex strategic situation, is not free from disadvantages. That is the reason why further, also portfolio, analysis should be im-plemented.
4. Linear Parametric Sensitivity Analysis of the Constraint Coefficient Matrix in Linear Programs
NARCIS (Netherlands)
R.A. Zuidwijk (Rob)
2005-01-01
textabstractSensitivity analysis is used to quantify the impact of changes in the initial data of linear programs on the optimal value. In particular, parametric sensitivity analysis involves a perturbation analysis in which the effects of small changes of some or all of the initial data on an
5. Evaluation of matrix effect in isotope dilution mass spectrometry based on quantitative analysis of chloramphenicol residues in milk powder
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Li, Xiu Qin; Yang, Zong; Zhang, Qing He; Li, Hong Mei
2014-01-01
Graphical abstract: -- Highlights: •We develop a strategy to evaluate matrix effect and its impact on the IDMS results. •Matrix effect and IDMS correction factor from different conditions are evaluated. •Ion suppression effect is observed in LLE and HLB pre-treated sample solutions. •Ion enhancement effect is found in MCX pre-treated sample solution. •IDMS correction factor in HLB and MCX solutions in three instruments is close to 1 -- Abstract: In the present study, we developed a comprehensive strategy to evaluate matrix effect (ME) and its impact on the results of isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) in analysis of chloramphenicol (CAP) residues in milk powder. Stable isotope-labeled internal standards do not always compensate ME, which brings the variation of the ratio (the peak area of analyte/the peak area of isotope). In our investigation, impact factors of this variation were studied in the extraction solution of milk powder using three mass spectrometers coupled with different ion source designs, and deuterium-labeled chloramphenicol (D5-CAP) was used as the internal standard. ME from mobile phases, sample solvents, pre-treatment methods, sample origins and instruments was evaluated, and its impact on the results of IDMS was assessed using the IDMS correction factor (θ). Our data showed that the impact of ME of mobile phase on the correction factor was significantly greater than that of sample solvent. Significant ion suppression and enhancement effects were observed in different pre-treated sample solutions. The IDMS correction factor in liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) extract with different instruments was greater or less 1.0, and the IDMS correction factor in hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) and mix-mode cation exchange (MCX) extract with different instruments was all close to 1.0. To the instrument coupled with different ion source design, the impact of ME on IDMS quantitative results was
6. Characterization and fuel cell performance analysis of polyvinylalcohol-mordenite mixed-matrix membranes for direct methanol fuel cell use
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Uctug, Fehmi Goerkem, E-mail: gorkem.uctug@bahcesehir.edu.t [University of Manchester, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, M60 1QD (United Kingdom); Holmes, Stuart M. [University of Manchester, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, M60 1QD (United Kingdom)
2011-10-01
Highlights: > We investigated the availability of PVA-mordenite membranes for DMFC use. > We measured the methanol permeability of PVA-mordenite membranes via pervaporation. > We did the fuel cell testing of these membranes, which had not been done before. > We showed that PVA-mordenite membranes have poorer DMFC performance than Nafion. > Membrane performance can be improved by increasing the proton conductivity of PVA. - Abstract: Polyvinylalcohol-mordenite (PVA-MOR) mixed matrix membranes were synthesized for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) use. For the structural and the morphological characterization, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis methods were used. Zeolite distribution within the polymer matrix was found to be homogeneous. An impedance spectroscope was used to measure the proton conductivity. In order to obtain information about methanol permeation characteristics, swelling tests and a series of pervaporation experiments were carried out. 60-40 wt% PVA-MOR membranes were found to give the optimum transport properties. Proton conductivity of these membranes was found to be slightly lower than that of Nafion117{sup TM} whereas their methanol permeability was at least two orders of magnitude lower than Nafion117{sup TM}. DMFC performance of the PVA-MOR membranes was also measured. The inferior DMFC performance of PVA-MOR membranes was linked to drying in the fuel cell medium and the consequent proton conductivity loss. Their performance was improved by adding a dilute solution of sulfuric acid into the feed methanol solution. Future studies on the improvement of the proton conductivity of PVA-MOR membranes, especially via sulfonation of the polymer matrix, can overcome the low-performance problem associated with insufficient proton conductivity.
7. Characterization and fuel cell performance analysis of polyvinylalcohol-mordenite mixed-matrix membranes for direct methanol fuel cell use
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Uctug, Fehmi Goerkem; Holmes, Stuart M.
2011-01-01
Highlights: → We investigated the availability of PVA-mordenite membranes for DMFC use. → We measured the methanol permeability of PVA-mordenite membranes via pervaporation. → We did the fuel cell testing of these membranes, which had not been done before. → We showed that PVA-mordenite membranes have poorer DMFC performance than Nafion. → Membrane performance can be improved by increasing the proton conductivity of PVA. - Abstract: Polyvinylalcohol-mordenite (PVA-MOR) mixed matrix membranes were synthesized for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) use. For the structural and the morphological characterization, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis methods were used. Zeolite distribution within the polymer matrix was found to be homogeneous. An impedance spectroscope was used to measure the proton conductivity. In order to obtain information about methanol permeation characteristics, swelling tests and a series of pervaporation experiments were carried out. 60-40 wt% PVA-MOR membranes were found to give the optimum transport properties. Proton conductivity of these membranes was found to be slightly lower than that of Nafion117 TM whereas their methanol permeability was at least two orders of magnitude lower than Nafion117 TM . DMFC performance of the PVA-MOR membranes was also measured. The inferior DMFC performance of PVA-MOR membranes was linked to drying in the fuel cell medium and the consequent proton conductivity loss. Their performance was improved by adding a dilute solution of sulfuric acid into the feed methanol solution. Future studies on the improvement of the proton conductivity of PVA-MOR membranes, especially via sulfonation of the polymer matrix, can overcome the low-performance problem associated with insufficient proton conductivity.
8. Exploring syndrome differentiation using non-negative matrix factorization and cluster analysis in patients with atopic dermatitis.
Science.gov (United States)
Yun, Younghee; Jung, Wonmo; Kim, Hyunho; Jang, Bo-Hyoung; Kim, Min-Hee; Noh, Jiseong; Ko, Seong-Gyu; Choi, Inhwa
2017-08-01
Syndrome differentiation (SD) results in a diagnostic conclusion based on a cluster of concurrent symptoms and signs, including pulse form and tongue color. In Korea, there is a strong interest in the standardization of Traditional Medicine (TM). In order to standardize TM treatment, standardization of SD should be given priority. The aim of this study was to explore the SD, or symptom clusters, of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) using non-negative factorization methods and k-means clustering analysis. We screened 80 patients and enrolled 73 eligible patients. One TM dermatologist evaluated the symptoms/signs using an existing clinical dataset from patients with AD. This dataset was designed to collect 15 dermatologic and 18 systemic symptoms/signs associated with AD. Non-negative matrix factorization was used to decompose the original data into a matrix with three features and a weight matrix. The point of intersection of the three coordinates from each patient was placed in three-dimensional space. With five clusters, the silhouette score reached 0.484, and this was the best silhouette score obtained from two to nine clusters. Patients were clustered according to the varying severity of concurrent symptoms/signs. Through the distribution of the null hypothesis generated by 10,000 permutation tests, we found significant cluster-specific symptoms/signs from the confidence intervals in the upper and lower 2.5% of the distribution. Patients in each cluster showed differences in symptoms/signs and severity. In a clinical situation, SD and treatment are based on the practitioners' observations and clinical experience. SD, identified through informatics, can contribute to development of standardized, objective, and consistent SD for each disease. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
9. Correlation analysis of levels of adiponectin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 with stability of coronary heart disease.
Science.gov (United States)
Li, Ya
2015-01-01
To analyze the changes of adiponection (ANP) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in patients with coronary heart diseases (CHD) of different types, to investigate the correlation between these changes and stability of coronary artery plague. Inpatients of our hospital were divided into 56 cases with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 56 cases with unstable angina pectoris (UA), 54 cases with stable angina pectoris (SA), and 60 cases with CHD excluded by using coronary arteriongraphy as the control group. Changes of ANP and MMP-9 were determined, and the correlation was analyzed. 1. ANP and MMP-9 levels in CHD group were higher than those of control group (P < 0.01). 2. Serum ANP and MMP-9 levels in AMI and UA groups were significantly higher than those in control group and SA group (P < 0.05). 3. MMP-9 level in AMI group was significantly higher than that in UA group (P < 0.01). 1. Increased ANP and MMP-9 levels are the independent risk factors of CHD; 2. Increased levels of ANP and MMP-9 in patients with CHD suggest instability of atherosclerotic plaque.
10. Micro/Nano-pore Network Analysis of Gas Flow in Shale Matrix.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhang, Pengwei; Hu, Liming; Meegoda, Jay N; Gao, Shengyan
2015-08-27
The gas flow in shale matrix is of great research interests for optimized shale gas extraction. The gas flow in the nano-scale pore may fall in flow regimes such as viscous flow, slip flow and Knudsen diffusion. A 3-dimensional nano-scale pore network model was developed to simulate dynamic gas flow, and to describe the transient properties of flow regimes. The proposed pore network model accounts for the various size distributions and low connectivity of shale pores. The pore size, pore throat size and coordination number obey normal distribution, and the average values can be obtained from shale reservoir data. The gas flow regimes were simulated using an extracted pore network backbone. The numerical results show that apparent permeability is strongly dependent on pore pressure in the reservoir and pore throat size, which is overestimated by low-pressure laboratory tests. With the decrease of reservoir pressure, viscous flow is weakening, then slip flow and Knudsen diffusion are gradually becoming dominant flow regimes. The fingering phenomenon can be predicted by micro/nano-pore network for gas flow, which provides an effective way to capture heterogeneity of shale gas reservoir.
11. Analysis and control of induction generator supplying stand-alone AC loads employing a Matrix Converter
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sumedha Mahajan
2017-04-01
Full Text Available This paper proposes a Capacitor Excited Induction Generator (CEIG-Matrix Converter (MC system for feeding stand-alone AC loads. The variable output voltage magnitude and frequency from CEIG is converted into a constant voltage magnitude and frequency at the load terminals by controlling MC using Space Vector Modulation (SVM technique. This single-stage MC is turned up as a good alternative for the proposed system against commonly used AC/DC/AC two stage power converters. The configuration and implementation of the closed-loop control scheme employing dSPACE 1103 real time controller have been fully described in the paper. The proposed closed-loop controller regulates the AC load voltage irrespective of changes in the prime mover speed and load. A method for predetermining the steady-state performance of the proposed system has been developed and described with relevant analytical expressions. The effectiveness of the proposed system is exemplified through simulation results for various operating conditions. The proposed control technique is further validated using an experimental setup developed in the laboratory.
12. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of nuclear matrix proteins in human colon adenocarcinoma.
Science.gov (United States)
Toumpanaki, A; Baltatzis, G E; Gaitanarou, E; Seretis, E; Toumpanakis, C; Aroni, K; Kittas, Christos; Voloudakis-Baltatzis, I E
2009-01-01
The aim of the present study was to observe possible qualitative and quantitative expression differences between nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs) of human colon adenocarcinoma and their mirror biopsies, using the technique of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, in order to identify the existence of specific NMP fingerprints for colon cancer. Colon tissues were examined ultrastructurally and NMPs were isolated biochemically, by serial extraction of lipids, soluble proteins, DNA, RNA, and intermediate filaments and were separated according to their isoelectric point (pI) and their molecular weight (MW) by high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D). By comparing the 2D electropherograms of colon cancer tissues and mirror biopsy tissues we observed qualitative and quantitative expression differences between their NMPs but also a differentiation of NMP composition between the stages of malignancy. Moreover, despite the similarities between mirror biopsy samples, a highlight percentage of exception was observed. Electrophoretic results provided in this study demonstrated that the examined NMPs could be further investigated as potential markers for detection of colorectal cancer in an early stage, for the assessment of the disease progression, as well as useful tools for individual therapy and for preventing a possible recurrence of cancer and metastasis.
13. Thermal analysis and microstructure of hexaperrite based magnet composite with natural rubber matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sudirman; Ridwan; Jamilah; Trijono, Waluyo
2000-01-01
Thermal and microstructure analyse of hexa ferrite based on composite magnets with natural rubber matrix have been done to investigate their performance. Such magnets play an important role in the toy and house-hold industries because of their suitable magnetic properties, low cost, lightness and flexibility. The composite magnets were synthesized by blending the ferrite powder and natural rubber at composition 30%-70% rubber volume. The microstructure and thermal behaviour of the composite were examined by using SEM and OTA/TGA. The result show that the natural rubber swelling is optimally at 181,17 o C, which is the recommended top condition for blending. The performance magnet composite is limited by the change of natural rubber properties which decompose at temperature around 400 o C. In the decomposition process, the natural rubber molecule trapped in a composite system based on BaM is more difficult are more compared to the composite system based on SrM because the BaM system particle microstructure and its distribution more homogeneous
14. Theoretical analysis of deformation behavior of aluminum matrix composites in laser forming
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Liu, F.R.; Chan, K.C.; Tang, C.Y.
2005-01-01
In this paper, the deformation behavior of the SiC reinforced aluminum matrix composite in laser forming was investigated. A 2KW Nd:YAG laser was used to deform the composite at different laser powers, scanning speeds, numbers of irradiation passes and beam diameters. It was found that the bending angle increases with an increase in laser power, and a decrease in scanning speed and beam diameter. A relatively linear relationship between bending angle and number of irradiation passes was observed, and the effect of microstructural changes on the deformation behavior was discussed. An analytical model based on the Vollertsen's two-layer model was developed to predict the bending angle of the composite. The trends of the predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results. The effect of reinforcements on deformation behavior of the composite was further theoretically investigated. By modeling the changes of physical, thermal and mechanical properties including yield stress, elastic modulus, surface absorption coefficient and thermal conductivity of the material incorporated with SiC particles, the effect of reinforcement on laser bending angle was analyzed, and it was found that it would result in a larger bending angle. The significance of the findings will be discussed in the paper
15. Cross-correlation matrix analysis of Chinese and American bank stocks in subprime crisis
Science.gov (United States)
Zhu, Shi-Zhao; Li, Xin-Li; Nie, Sen; Zhang, Wen-Qing; Yu, Gao-Feng; Han, Xiao-Pu; Wang, Bing-Hong
2015-05-01
In order to study the universality of the interactions among different markets, we analyze the cross-correlation matrix of the price of the Chinese and American bank stocks. We then find that the stock prices of the emerging market are more correlated than that of the developed market. Considering that the values of the components for the eigenvector may be positive or negative, we analyze the differences between two markets in combination with the endogenous and exogenous events which influence the financial markets. We find that the sparse pattern of components of eigenvectors out of the threshold value has no change in American bank stocks before and after the subprime crisis. However, it changes from sparse to dense for Chinese bank stocks. By using the threshold value to exclude the external factors, we simulate the interactions in financial markets. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11275186, 91024026, and FOM2014OF001) and the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST) of Humanities and Social Sciences, China (Grant Nos. USST13XSZ05 and 11YJA790231).
16. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Supportive and Unsupportive Extracellular Matrix Substrates for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance*
Science.gov (United States)
Soteriou, Despina; Iskender, Banu; Byron, Adam; Humphries, Jonathan D.; Borg-Bartolo, Simon; Haddock, Marie-Claire; Baxter, Melissa A.; Knight, David; Humphries, Martin J.; Kimber, Susan J.
2013-01-01
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent cells that have indefinite replicative potential and the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. hESCs are conventionally grown on mitotically inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or feeder cells of human origin. In addition, feeder-free culture systems can be used to support hESCs, in which the adhesive substrate plays a key role in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal or differentiation. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components define the microenvironment of the niche for many types of stem cells, but their role in the maintenance of hESCs remains poorly understood. We used a proteomic approach to characterize in detail the composition and interaction networks of ECMs that support the growth of self-renewing hESCs. Whereas many ECM components were produced by supportive and unsupportive MEF and human placental stromal fibroblast feeder cells, some proteins were only expressed in supportive ECM, suggestive of a role in the maintenance of pluripotency. We show that identified candidate molecules can support attachment and self-renewal of hESCs alone (fibrillin-1) or in combination with fibronectin (perlecan, fibulin-2), in the absence of feeder cells. Together, these data highlight the importance of specific ECM interactions in the regulation of hESC phenotype and provide a resource for future studies of hESC self-renewal. PMID:23658023
17. Analysis of risk factors for hydrocephalus development in newborn infants with germinal matrix hemorrhage.
Science.gov (United States)
Romero, L; Ros, B; Arráez, M A; Ríus, F; González, L; Martín, A; Carrasco, A; Segura, M
2015-10-01
The aim of this study was to analyze risk factors for the development of hydrocephalus in newborn infants with germinal matrix (GM) hemorrhage. The study comprised 271 patients admitted to Carlos Haya University Hospital in Malaga with GM hemorrhage. The following data were recorded: gestational age, gender, twin birth, head circumference at birth, weight at birth, and Papile grade. Severe obstetrical (abruption, chorioamnionitis, pregnancy-induced hypertension, tocolytic treatment) and neonatal disorders (respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal infection, coagulation disorder, patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis) were also recorded. Symptomatic hydrocephalus was diagnosed in the event of a progressive increase in head circumference and ventricular indices requiring shunting. Of the 271 patients, 139 (51%) developed posthemorrhagic ventriculomegaly; 47 patients (17%) developed symptomatic hydrocephalus and needed shunt implantation. We found a significant relationship between the development of symptomatic hydrocephalus and Papile grade, lower gestational age, lower birth weight, twin birth, and neonatal infection. Awareness of risk factors for the development of hydrocephalus in newborn infants with GM hemorrhage should be emphasized in order to enable an early diagnosis of ventriculomegaly and symptomatic hydrocephalus and thus make a correct therapeutic decision.
18. Performance analysis of stationary Hadamard matrix diffusers in free-space optical communication links
Science.gov (United States)
Burrell, Derek J.; Middlebrook, Christopher T.
2017-08-01
Wireless communication systems that employ free-space optical links in place of radio/microwave technologies carry substantial benefits in terms of data throughput, network security and design efficiency. Along with these advantages comes the challenge of counteracting signal degradation caused by atmospheric turbulence in free-space environments. A fully coherent laser source experiences random phase delays along its traversing path in turbulent conditions forming a speckle pattern and lowering the received signal-to-noise ratio upon detection. Preliminary research has shown that receiver-side speckle contrast may be significantly reduced and signal-to-noise ratio increased accordingly through the use of a partially coherent light source. While dynamic diffusers and adaptive optics solutions have been proven effective, they also add expense and complexity to a system that relies on accessibility and robustness for successful implementation. A custom Hadamard diffractive matrix design is used to statically induce partial coherence in a transmitted beam to increase signal-to-noise ratio for experimental turbulence scenarios. Atmospheric phase screens are generated using an open-source software package and subsequently loaded into a spatial light modulator using nematic liquid crystals to modulate the phase.
19. Integration of SWPF into the DWPF Flowsheet: Gap Analysis and Test Matrix Development
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Peeler, D. K. [Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River National Lab. (SRNL); Edwards, T. B. [Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River National Lab. (SRNL)
2014-12-10
Based on Revision 19 of the High Level Waste (HLW) System Plan, it is anticipated that the Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF) will be integrated into the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) flowsheet in October 2018 (or with Sludge Batch 11 (SB11)). Given that, Savannah River Remediation (SRR) has requested a technical basis be developed that validates the current Product Composition Control System (PCCS) models for use during the processing of the SWPF-based coupled flowsheet or that leads to the refinements of or modifications to the models that are needed so that the models may be used during the processing of the SWPF-based coupled flowsheet. To support this objective, Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has completed three key interim activities prior to validation of the current or development of refined PCCS models over the anticipated glass composition region for SWPF processing. These three key activities include: (1) defining the glass compositional region over which SWPF is anticipated to be processed, (2) comparing the current PCCS model validation ranges to the SWPF glass compositional region from which compositional gaps can be identified, and (3) developing a test matrix to cover the compositional gaps.
20. Linear Parametric Sensitivity Analysis of the Constraint Coefficient Matrix in Linear Programs
OpenAIRE
Zuidwijk, Rob
2005-01-01
textabstractSensitivity analysis is used to quantify the impact of changes in the initial data of linear programs on the optimal value. In particular, parametric sensitivity analysis involves a perturbation analysis in which the effects of small changes of some or all of the initial data on an optimal solution are investigated, and the optimal solution is studied on a so-called critical range of the initial data, in which certain properties such as the optimal basis in linear programming are ...
1. HiC-spector: a matrix library for spectral and reproducibility analysis of Hi-C contact maps.
Science.gov (United States)
Yan, Koon-Kiu; Yardimci, Galip Gürkan; Yan, Chengfei; Noble, William S; Gerstein, Mark
2017-07-15
Genome-wide proximity ligation based assays like Hi-C have opened a window to the 3D organization of the genome. In so doing, they present data structures that are different from conventional 1D signal tracks. To exploit the 2D nature of Hi-C contact maps, matrix techniques like spectral analysis are particularly useful. Here, we present HiC-spector, a collection of matrix-related functions for analyzing Hi-C contact maps. In particular, we introduce a novel reproducibility metric for quantifying the similarity between contact maps based on spectral decomposition. The metric successfully separates contact maps mapped from Hi-C data coming from biological replicates, pseudo-replicates and different cell types. Source code in Julia and Python, and detailed documentation is available at https://github.com/gersteinlab/HiC-spector . koonkiu.yan@gmail.com or mark@gersteinlab.org. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. © The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press.
2. Statistical Analysis of the Figure of Merit of a Two-Level Thermoelectric System: A Random Matrix Approach
KAUST Repository
2016-08-05
Using the tools of random matrix theory we develop a statistical analysis of the transport properties of thermoelectric low-dimensional systems made of two electron reservoirs set at different temperatures and chemical potentials, and connected through a low-density-of-states two-level quantum dot that acts as a conducting chaotic cavity. Our exact treatment of the chaotic behavior in such devices lies on the scattering matrix formalism and yields analytical expressions for the joint probability distribution functions of the Seebeck coefficient and the transmission profile, as well as the marginal distributions, at arbitrary Fermi energy. The scattering matrices belong to circular ensembles which we sample to numerically compute the transmission function, the Seebeck coefficient, and their relationship. The exact transport coefficients probability distributions are found to be highly non-Gaussian for small numbers of conduction modes, and the analytical and numerical results are in excellent agreement. The system performance is also studied, and we find that the optimum performance is obtained for half-transparent quantum dots; further, this optimum may be enhanced for systems with few conduction modes.
3. Swelling behavior of ion exchange resins incorporated in tri-calcium silicate cement matrix: I. Chemical analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Neji, M.; Bary, B.; Le Bescop, P.; Burlion, N.
2015-01-01
This paper presents the first part of a theoretical and experimental work aiming at modeling the chemo-mechanical behavior of composites made up of ion exchange resins (IER) solidified in a tri-calcium silicate cement paste (C_3S). Because of ion exchange processes, the volume change of the IER may cause internal pressures leading to the degradation of the material. In this study, a predictive modeling is developed for describing the chemical behavior of such material. It is based on thermodynamic equilibria to determine the evolution of the ion exchange processes, and the potential precipitation of portlandite in the composite. In parallel, a phenomenological study has been set up to understand chemical phenomena related to the swelling mechanisms. The model created has been finally implemented in a finite elements software; the simulation of a laboratory test has been performed and the results compared to experimental data. - Highlights: • Ion exchange theory to model the swelling behavior of Ion exchange resin. • Experimental phenomenon analysis about Chemo-mechanical interaction between IER and cement paste matrix. • Chemo-Transport modeling on a composite material made with IER embedded into cement paste matrix.
4. Stability Analysis of a Matrix Converter Drive: Effects of Input Filter Type and the Voltage Fed to the Modulation Algorithm
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
M. Hosseini Abardeh
2015-03-01
Full Text Available The matrix converter instability can cause a substantial distortion in the input currents and voltages which leads to the malfunction of the converter. This paper deals with the effects of input filter type, grid inductance, voltage fed to the modulation algorithm and the synchronous rotating digital filter time constant on the stability and performance of the matrix converter. The studies are carried out using eigenvalues of the linearized system and simulations. Two most common schemes for the input filter (LC and RLC are analyzed. It is shown that by a proper choice of voltage input to the modulation algorithm, structure of the input filter and its parameters, the need for the digital filter for ensuring the stability can be resolved. Moreover, a detailed model of the system considering the switching effects is simulated and the results are used to validate the analytical outcomes. The agreement between simulation and analytical results implies that the system performance is not deteriorated by neglecting the nonlinear switching behavior of the converter. Hence, the eigenvalue analysis of the linearized system can be a proper indicator of the system stability.
5. Statistical Analysis of the Figure of Merit of a Two-Level Thermoelectric System: A Random Matrix Approach
KAUST Repository
Abbout, Adel; Ouerdane, Henni; Goupil, Christophe
2016-01-01
Using the tools of random matrix theory we develop a statistical analysis of the transport properties of thermoelectric low-dimensional systems made of two electron reservoirs set at different temperatures and chemical potentials, and connected through a low-density-of-states two-level quantum dot that acts as a conducting chaotic cavity. Our exact treatment of the chaotic behavior in such devices lies on the scattering matrix formalism and yields analytical expressions for the joint probability distribution functions of the Seebeck coefficient and the transmission profile, as well as the marginal distributions, at arbitrary Fermi energy. The scattering matrices belong to circular ensembles which we sample to numerically compute the transmission function, the Seebeck coefficient, and their relationship. The exact transport coefficients probability distributions are found to be highly non-Gaussian for small numbers of conduction modes, and the analytical and numerical results are in excellent agreement. The system performance is also studied, and we find that the optimum performance is obtained for half-transparent quantum dots; further, this optimum may be enhanced for systems with few conduction modes.
6. The Green's matrix and the boundary integral equations for analysis of time-harmonic dynamics of elastic helical springs.
Science.gov (United States)
Sorokin, Sergey V
2011-03-01
Helical springs serve as vibration isolators in virtually any suspension system. Various exact and approximate methods may be employed to determine the eigenfrequencies of vibrations of these structural elements and their dynamic transfer functions. The method of boundary integral equations is a meaningful alternative to obtain exact solutions of problems of the time-harmonic dynamics of elastic springs in the framework of Bernoulli-Euler beam theory. In this paper, the derivations of the Green's matrix, of the Somigliana's identities, and of the boundary integral equations are presented. The vibrational power transmission in an infinitely long spring is analyzed by means of the Green's matrix. The eigenfrequencies and the dynamic transfer functions are found by solving the boundary integral equations. In the course of analysis, the essential features and advantages of the method of boundary integral equations are highlighted. The reported analytical results may be used to study the time-harmonic motion in any wave guide governed by a system of linear differential equations in a single spatial coordinate along its axis. © 2011 Acoustical Society of America
7. Nonnegative matrix factorization with the Itakura-Saito divergence: with application to music analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Févotte, Cédric; Bertin, Nancy; Durrieu, Jean-Louis
2009-03-01
This letter presents theoretical, algorithmic, and experimental results about nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) with the Itakura-Saito (IS) divergence. We describe how IS-NMF is underlaid by a well-defined statistical model of superimposed gaussian components and is equivalent to maximum likelihood estimation of variance parameters. This setting can accommodate regularization constraints on the factors through Bayesian priors. In particular, inverse-gamma and gamma Markov chain priors are considered in this work. Estimation can be carried out using a space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm; this leads to a novel type of NMF algorithm, whose convergence to a stationary point of the IS cost function is guaranteed. We also discuss the links between the IS divergence and other cost functions used in NMF, in particular, the Euclidean distance and the generalized Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence. As such, we describe how IS-NMF can also be performed using a gradient multiplicative algorithm (a standard algorithm structure in NMF) whose convergence is observed in practice, though not proven. Finally, we report a furnished experimental comparative study of Euclidean-NMF, KL-NMF, and IS-NMF algorithms applied to the power spectrogram of a short piano sequence recorded in real conditions, with various initializations and model orders. Then we show how IS-NMF can successfully be employed for denoising and upmix (mono to stereo conversion) of an original piece of early jazz music. These experiments indicate that IS-NMF correctly captures the semantics of audio and is better suited to the representation of music signals than NMF with the usual Euclidean and KL costs.
8. Fuzzy risk matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Markowski, Adam S.; Mannan, M. Sam
2008-01-01
A risk matrix is a mechanism to characterize and rank process risks that are typically identified through one or more multifunctional reviews (e.g., process hazard analysis, audits, or incident investigation). This paper describes a procedure for developing a fuzzy risk matrix that may be used for emerging fuzzy logic applications in different safety analyses (e.g., LOPA). The fuzzification of frequency and severity of the consequences of the incident scenario are described which are basic inputs for fuzzy risk matrix. Subsequently using different design of risk matrix, fuzzy rules are established enabling the development of fuzzy risk matrices. Three types of fuzzy risk matrix have been developed (low-cost, standard, and high-cost), and using a distillation column case study, the effect of the design on final defuzzified risk index is demonstrated
9. Integration of risk matrix and event tree analysis: a natural stone ...
M Kemal Özfirat
2017-09-27
Sep 27, 2017 ... Different types of accidents may occur in natural stone facilities during movement, dimensioning, cutting ... are numerous risk analysis methods such as preliminary ..... machine type and maintenance (MM) event, block control.
10. Aligning Event Logs to Task-Time Matrix Clinical Pathways in BPMN for Variance Analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Yan, Hui; Van Gorp, Pieter; Kaymak, Uzay; Lu, Xudong; Ji, Lei; Chiau, Choo Chiap; Korsten, Hendrikus H M; Duan, Huilong
2018-03-01
Clinical pathways (CPs) are popular healthcare management tools to standardize care and ensure quality. Analyzing CP compliance levels and variances is known to be useful for training and CP redesign purposes. Flexible semantics of the business process model and notation (BPMN) language has been shown to be useful for the modeling and analysis of complex protocols. However, in practical cases one may want to exploit that CPs often have the form of task-time matrices. This paper presents a new method parsing complex BPMN models and aligning traces to the models heuristically. A case study on variance analysis is undertaken, where a CP from the practice and two large sets of patients data from an electronic medical record (EMR) database are used. The results demonstrate that automated variance analysis between BPMN task-time models and real-life EMR data are feasible, whereas that was not the case for the existing analysis techniques. We also provide meaningful insights for further improvement.
11. Matrix calculus
CERN Document Server
Bodewig, E
1959-01-01
Matrix Calculus, Second Revised and Enlarged Edition focuses on systematic calculation with the building blocks of a matrix and rows and columns, shunning the use of individual elements. The publication first offers information on vectors, matrices, further applications, measures of the magnitude of a matrix, and forms. The text then examines eigenvalues and exact solutions, including the characteristic equation, eigenrows, extremum properties of the eigenvalues, bounds for the eigenvalues, elementary divisors, and bounds for the determinant. The text ponders on approximate solutions, as well
12. Investment risk analysis of China's wind power industry based on pre-assessment matrix
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Yang Yong; Jiang Dongmei; Geng Jie; Fan Hua; Zhang Fashu
2009-01-01
Wind energy is a clean and sustainable energy, and wind power does not rely on fossil fuels.So there is no fuel price risk, and it, of course, does not include the environmental costs, such as carbon emissions.Because of these unique advantages, wind power has gradually become an important part of the strategy of sustainable development in China.Now with the growing voices on global greenhouse gas emission reduction, and as a clean and efficient energy,wind power has huge potential in combating climate change, energy security pressures and the needs for energy Wind power in China began to develop from the 1980s.In the first 20 years, the speed of development was slow;but since 2004, it has had an extremely rapid growth.This paper, in order to study the development mechanism of China's wind power industry, investigated and analyzed the status quo of wind power industry in China, and then found that(1)the development trend of wind power industry in China appears exponential growth:(2) China's installed capactiy of wind power is still smaller than that os some other countries;(3) new subsidy policies bring developing opportunities to wind power industry in China;(4) the sectors of wind power industry are in unbalanced growing;(5) the owners of proposed wind farms are too optimistic though the built wind farm had many problems.In addition, by using the methodology of Game Theory, this paper has also constructed the matrix of pre-assessing risks of China's wind power industry to further discuss the potential risk fuctors within China's wind power industry as risk factors of wind farm construction, risk factors of production of wind turbines, risk factors of parts and components manufacturing industry under risk indicators like R&D, patents, the domestic policy, the international policy, the quality of products and the market regulation, in order to provide a scientific assessment and self-assessment tool for investors or implementers and also to promote the further
13. The extracellular matrix: Structure, composition, age-related differences, tools for analysis and applications for tissue engineering.
Science.gov (United States)
Kular, Jaspreet K; Basu, Shouvik; Sharma, Ram I
2014-01-01
The extracellular matrix is a structural support network made up of diverse proteins, sugars and other components. It influences a wide number of cellular processes including migration, wound healing and differentiation, all of which is of particular interest to researchers in the field of tissue engineering. Understanding the composition and structure of the extracellular matrix will aid in exploring the ways the extracellular matrix can be utilised in tissue engineering applications especially as a scaffold. This review summarises the current knowledge of the composition, structure and functions of the extracellular matrix and introduces the effect of ageing on extracellular matrix remodelling and its contribution to cellular functions. Additionally, the current analytical technologies to study the extracellular matrix and extracellular matrix-related cellular processes are also reviewed.
14. Tricyanomethane and Its Ketenimine Tautomer: Generation from Different Precursors and Analysis in Solution, Argon Matrix, and as a Single Crystal.
Science.gov (United States)
Banert, Klaus; Chityala, Madhu; Hagedorn, Manfred; Beckers, Helmut; Stüker, Tony; Riedel, Sebastian; Rüffer, Tobias; Lang, Heinrich
2017-08-01
Solutions of azidomethylidenemalononitrile were photolyzed at low temperatures to produce the corresponding 2H-azirine and tricyanomethane, which were analyzed by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy. The latter product was also observed after short thermolysis of the azide precursor in solution whereas irradiation of the azide isolated in an argon matrix did not lead to tricyanomethane, but to unequivocal detection of the tautomeric ketenimine by IR spectroscopy for the first time. When the long-known "aquoethereal" greenish phase generated from potassium tricyanomethanide, dilute sulfuric acid, and diethyl ether was rapidly evaporated and sublimed, a mixture of hydronium tricyanomethanide and tricyanomethane was formed instead of the previously claimed ketenimine tautomer. Under special conditions of sublimation, single crystals of tricyanomethane could be isolated, which enabled the analysis of the molecular structure by X-ray diffraction. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
15. Matrix separation by chelation to prepare biological materials for isotopic zinc analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Durrant, S.F.; Krushevska, A.; Amarasiriwardena, D.; Argentine, M.D.; Romon-Guesnier, S.; Barnes, R.M.
1994-01-01
Following an evaluation of three chelating resins [Chelex-100, poly(dithiocarbamate) (PDTC) and carboxymethylated poly(ethyleneimine)-poly(methylenepolyphenylene) isocyanate (CPPI)], a procedure was established with the last of these for the separation of Zn from biological matrix elements prior to 70 Zn: 68 Zn isotopic analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method was verified by establishing Zn recoveries and by determining its effectiveness in removing Cl and Na from buffered test solutions. Calcium, Na, and Zn concentration data were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Chlorine was measured by electrothermal vaporization ICP-MS. The efficacy of the technique was demonstrated by the determination of zinc isotope ratios in bovine milk and human urine. (Author)
16. Evaluation of supercritical fluid extraction/gas chromatography/matrix isolation-infrared spectrometry for analysis of organic compounds
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bopari, A.S.; Bierma, D.R.; Applegate, D.V.
1991-01-01
Analysis of soil samples for organic compounds typically first requires Soxhlet extraction or sonication. These processes are time consuming and generate large amounts of waste solvent. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), which uses a supercritical fluid such as carbon dioxide, has recently been shown to extract organic compounds from soil samples in good yields. Moreover, SFE does not generate waste solvent and can be performed rapidly. Gas Chromatography/Matrix Isolation-Infrared Spectrometry (GC/MI-IR) has been used in our laboratories for determining organic compounds present in extracts from various matrices. The authors have interfaced an SFE extraction apparatus to GC/MI-IR instruments. In this paper the utility of SPE/GC/MI-IR instrumentation is discussed
17. CONSIDERATIONS ON APPLYING THE ANALYSIS MATRIX METHODS OF THE RISKS WITHIN THE AUDIT OF THE PROCUREMENT-PAYMENT CYCLE
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Svetlana SLOBODEANU
2014-07-01
Full Text Available In the article hereby we analyse the matrix method of analysis of the risks for fraud and error at the level of the procurement-payments cycle. The risk of presentation of certain fraudulent information regarding the accounts of the procurement-payments cycle becomes more and more accentuated in the enhancement of the administration’s wish to present financial indicators of performance. In these conditions, the auditor is to necessarily quantify the involvement of this phenomenon for the report of audit. As a consequence, the auditor is to evaluate the risk for fraud and apply additional audit procedures for identifying all the possible indicators for „remaking” the financial situations on the side of the accounts of suppliers, activity, as a last consequence of which may be a qualified opinion on audit.
18. Matrix effects in applying mono- and polyclonal ELISA systems to the analysis of weathered oils in contaminated soil.
Science.gov (United States)
Pollard, S J T; Farmer, J G; Knight, D M; Young, P J
2002-01-01
Commercial mono- and polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems were applied to the on-site analysis of weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soils at a former integrated steelworks. Comparisons were made between concentrations of solvent extractable matter (SEM) determined gravimetrically by Soxhlet (dichloromethane) extraction and those estimated immunologically by ELISA determination over a concentration range of 2000-330,000 mg SEM/kg soil dry weight. Both ELISA systems tinder-reported for the more weathered soil samples. Results suggest this is due to matrix effects in the sample rather than any inherent bias in the ELISA systems and it is concluded that, for weathered hydrocarbons typical of steelworks and coke production sites, the use of ELISA requires careful consideration as a field technique. Consideration of the target analyte relative to the composition of the hydrocarbon waste encountered appears critical.
19. Particle-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMCs—Selected Results of an Integrated Technology, User, and Market Analysis and Forecast
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anja Schmidt
2018-02-01
Full Text Available The research and development of new materials such as particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites (AMCs will only result in a successful innovation if these materials show significant advantages not only from a technological, but also from an economic point of view. Against this background, in the Collaborative Research Center SFB 692, the concept of an integrated technology, user, and market analysis and forecast has been developed as a means for assessing the technological and commercial potential of new materials in early life cycle stages. After briefly describing this concept, it is applied to AMCs and the potential field of manufacturing aircraft components. Results show not only technological advances, but also considerable economic potential—the latter one primarily resulting from the possible weight reduction being enabled by the increased yield strength of the new material.
20. Hydrostatic Stress Effects Incorporated Into the Analysis of the High-Strain-Rate Deformation of Polymer Matrix Composites
Science.gov (United States)
Goldberg, Robert K.; Roberts, Gary D.
2003-01-01
Procedures for modeling the effect of high strain rate on composite materials are needed for designing reliable composite engine cases that are lighter than the metal cases in current use. The types of polymer matrix composites that are likely to be used in such an application have a deformation response that is nonlinear and that varies with strain rate. The nonlinearity and strain rate dependence of the composite response is primarily due to the matrix constituent. Therefore, in developing material models to be used in the design of impact-resistant composite engine cases, the deformation of the polymer matrix must be correctly analyzed. However, unlike in metals, the nonlinear response of polymers depends on the hydrostatic stresses, which must be accounted for within an analytical model. An experimental program has been carried out through a university grant with the Ohio State University to obtain tensile and shear deformation data for a representative polymer for strain rates ranging from quasi-static to high rates of several hundred per second. This information has been used at the NASA Glenn Research Center to develop, characterize, and correlate a material model in which the strain rate dependence and nonlinearity (including hydrostatic stress effects) of the polymer are correctly analyzed. To obtain the material data, Glenn s researchers designed and fabricated test specimens of a representative toughened epoxy resin. Quasi-static tests at low strain rates and split Hopkinson bar tests at high strain rates were then conducted at the Ohio State University. The experimental data confirmed the strong effects of strain rate on both the tensile and shear deformation of the polymer. For the analytical model, Glenn researchers modified state variable constitutive equations previously used for the viscoplastic analysis of metals to allow for the analysis of the nonlinear, strain-rate-dependent polymer deformation. Specifically, we accounted for the effects of
1. A matrix of morphology and distribution of calcifications in the breast: Analysis of 849 vacuum-assisted biopsies
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kaltenbach, Benjamin, E-mail: benjamin.kaltenbach@kgu.de [Institute of Radiology (RZI), Klinikum Frankfurt/Main – Höchst, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Frankfurt/Main (Germany); Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main (Germany); Brandenbusch, Volker [Diagnostic Breast Center Turmcarée, Mammography Screening, Frankfurt/Main (Germany); Möbus, Volker [Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum Frankfurt/Main-Höchst (Germany); Mall, Gerhard [Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Frankfurt/Main-Höchst (Germany); Falk, Stephan [OptiPath, Pathology Associates, Frankfurt/Main (Germany); Bergh, Marcus van den [Asthenis, Medical Data Management, Aschheim (Germany); Chevalier, Frauke; Müller-Schimpfle, Markus [Institute of Radiology (RZI), Klinikum Frankfurt/Main – Höchst, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Frankfurt/Main (Germany)
2017-01-15
2. Preliminary systems-interaction results from the Digraph Matrix Analysis of the Watts Bar Nuclear Power Plant safety-injection systems
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sacks, I.J.; Ashmore, B.C.; Champney, J.M.; Alesso, H.P.
1983-06-01
This report provides preliminary results generated by a Digraph Matrix Analysis (DMA) for a Systems Interaction analysis performed on the Safety Injection System of the Tennessee Valley Authority Watts Bar Nuclear Power Plant. An overview of DMA is provided along with a brief description of the computer codes used in DMA
3. The Strength of Ethical Matrixes as a Tool for Normative Analysis Related to Technological Choices: The Case of Geological Disposal for Radioactive Waste.
Science.gov (United States)
Kermisch, Céline; Depaus, Christophe
2018-02-01
The ethical matrix is a participatory tool designed to structure ethical reflection about the design, the introduction, the development or the use of technologies. Its collective implementation, in the context of participatory decision-making, has shown its potential usefulness. On the contrary, its implementation by a single researcher has not been thoroughly analyzed. The aim of this paper is precisely to assess the strength of ethical matrixes implemented by a single researcher as a tool for conceptual normative analysis related to technological choices. Therefore, the ethical matrix framework is applied to the management of high-level radioactive waste, more specifically to retrievable and non-retrievable geological disposal. The results of this analysis show that the usefulness of ethical matrixes is twofold and that they provide a valuable input for further decision-making. Indeed, by using ethical matrixes, implicit ethically relevant issues were revealed-namely issues of equity associated with health impacts and differences between close and remote future generations regarding ethical impacts. Moreover, the ethical matrix framework was helpful in synthesizing and comparing systematically the ethical impacts of the technologies under scrutiny, and hence in highlighting the potential ethical conflicts.
4. MoS_2/Ag nanohybrid: A novel matrix with synergistic effect for small molecule drugs analysis by negative-ion matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zhao, Yaju; Deng, Guoqing; Liu, Xiaohui; Sun, Liang; Li, Hui; Cheng, Quan; Xi, Kai; Xu, Danke
2016-01-01
This paper reports a facile synthesis of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets/silver nanoparticles (MoS_2/Ag) hybrid and its use as an effective matrix in negative ion matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The nanohybrid exerts a strong synergistic effect, leading to high performance detection of small molecule analytes including amino acids, peptides, fatty acids and drugs. The enhancement of laser desorption/ionization (LDI) efficiency is largely attributed to the high surface roughness and large surface area for analyte adsorption, better dispersibility, increased thermal conductivity and enhanced UV energy absorption as compared to pure MoS_2. Moreover, both Ag nanoparticles and the edge of the MoS_2 layers function as deprotonation sites for proton capture, facilitating the charging process in negative ion mode and promoting formation of negative ions. As a result, the MoS_2/Ag nanohybrid proves to be a highly attractive matrix in MALDI-TOF MS, with desired features such as high desorption/ionization efficiency, low fragmentation interference, high salt tolerance, and no sweet-spots for mass signal. These characteristic properties allowed for simultaneous analysis of eight different drugs and quantification of acetylsalicylic acid in the spiked human serum. This work demonstrates for the first time the fabrication and application of a novel MoS_2/Ag hybrid, and provides a new platform for use in the rapid and high throughput analysis of small molecules by mass spectrometry. - Highlights: • MoS_2/Ag nanohybrid was applied as a novel matrix in negative-ion MALDI-TOF MS. • The MoS_2/Ag nanohybrid exerted synergistic effect on the detection of small molecules. • The MoS_2/Ag nanohybrid showed good signal reproducibility and low background interferences comparing to organic matrices. • MoS_2/Ag allows simultaneous analysis of multiple drugs and quantification of acetylsalicylic acid in spiked serum samples.
5. Efficient real time OD matrix estimation based on principal component analysis
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Djukic, T.; Flötteröd, G.; Van Lint, H.; Hoogendoorn, S.P.
2012-01-01
In this paper we explore the idea of dimensionality reduction and approximation of OD demand based on principal component analysis (PCA). First, we show how we can apply PCA to linearly transform the high dimensional OD matrices into the lower dimensional space without significant loss of accuracy.
6. Matrix algebra for linear models
CERN Document Server
Gruber, Marvin H J
2013-01-01
Matrix methods have evolved from a tool for expressing statistical problems to an indispensable part of the development, understanding, and use of various types of complex statistical analyses. This evolution has made matrix methods a vital part of statistical education. Traditionally, matrix methods are taught in courses on everything from regression analysis to stochastic processes, thus creating a fractured view of the topic. Matrix Algebra for Linear Models offers readers a unique, unified view of matrix analysis theory (where and when necessary), methods, and their applications. Written f
7. Method and system of Jones-matrix mapping of blood plasma films with "fuzzy" analysis in differentiation of breast pathology changes
Science.gov (United States)
Zabolotna, Natalia I.; Radchenko, Kostiantyn O.; Karas, Oleksandr V.
2018-01-01
A fibroadenoma diagnosing of breast using statistical analysis (determination and analysis of statistical moments of the 1st-4th order) of the obtained polarization images of Jones matrix imaginary elements of the optically thin (attenuation coefficient τ fibroadenoma" of breast was 82.7% by the method of linear discriminant analysis, and by the "fuzzy" logic method is 95.3%. The obtained results allow to confirm the potentially high level of reliability of the method of differentiation by "fuzzy" analysis.
8. Matrix analysis and risk management to avert depression and suicide among workers
OpenAIRE
Takeuchi, Takeaki
2010-01-01
Abstract Suicide is among the most tragic outcomes of all mental disorders, and the prevalence of suicide has risen dramatically during the last decade, particularly among workers. This paper reviews and proposes strategies to avert suicide and depression with regard to the mind body medicine equation hypothesis, metrics analysis of mental health problems from a public health and clinical medicine view. In occupational fields, the mind body medicine hypothesis has to deal with working environ...
9. The application of sparse estimation of covariance matrix to quadratic discriminant analysis
OpenAIRE
Sun, Jiehuan; Zhao, Hongyu
2015-01-01
Background Although Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is commonly used for classification, it may not be directly applied in genomics studies due to the large p, small n problem in these studies. Different versions of sparse LDA have been proposed to address this significant challenge. One implicit assumption of various LDA-based methods is that the covariance matrices are the same across different classes. However, rewiring of genetic networks (therefore different covariance matrices) acros...
10. The application of sparse estimation of covariance matrix to quadratic discriminant analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Sun, Jiehuan; Zhao, Hongyu
2015-02-18
Although Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is commonly used for classification, it may not be directly applied in genomics studies due to the large p, small n problem in these studies. Different versions of sparse LDA have been proposed to address this significant challenge. One implicit assumption of various LDA-based methods is that the covariance matrices are the same across different classes. However, rewiring of genetic networks (therefore different covariance matrices) across different diseases has been observed in many genomics studies, which suggests that LDA and its variations may be suboptimal for disease classifications. However, it is not clear whether considering differing genetic networks across diseases can improve classification in genomics studies. We propose a sparse version of Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (SQDA) to explicitly consider the differences of the genetic networks across diseases. Both simulation and real data analysis are performed to compare the performance of SQDA with six commonly used classification methods. SQDA provides more accurate classification results than other methods for both simulated and real data. Our method should prove useful for classification in genomics studies and other research settings, where covariances differ among classes.
11. Jones matrix formulation of a Porro prism laser resonator with waveplates: theoretical and experimental analysis
Science.gov (United States)
Agrawal, L.; Bhardwaj, A.; Pal, S.; Kumar, A.
2007-11-01
This article presents the results of a detailed theoretical and experimental analysis carried out on a folded Z-shaped polarization coupled, electro-optically Q-switched laser resonator with Porro prisms and waveplates. The advantages of adding waveplates in a Porro prism resonator have been explored for creating high loss condition prior to Q-switching and obtaining variable reflectivity with fixed orientation of Porro prism. Generalized expressions have been derived in terms of azimuth angles and phase shifts introduced by the polarizing elements. These expressions corroborate with known reported results under appropriate substitutions. A specific case of a crossed Porro prism diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser has been theoretically and experimentally investigated. In the feedback arm, a 0.57λ waveplate oriented at 135° completely compensates the phase shift of a fused silica Porro prism and provides better tolerances than a BK-7 prism/0.60λ waveplate combination to stop prelasing. The fused silica prism/0.57λ combination with waveplate at 112° acts like a 100% mirror and was utilized for optimization of free running performance. The effective reflectivity was determined for various orientations of the quarter waveplate in the gain arm to numerically estimate the Q-switched laser pulse parameters through rate equation analysis. Experimental results match well with the theoretical analysis.
12. Analysis of soda-lime glasses using non-negative matrix factor deconvolution of Raman spectra
OpenAIRE
Woelffel , William; Claireaux , Corinne; Toplis , Michael J.; Burov , Ekaterina; Barthel , Etienne; Shukla , Abhay; Biscaras , Johan; Chopinet , Marie-Hélène; Gouillart , Emmanuelle
2015-01-01
International audience; Novel statistical analysis and machine learning algorithms are proposed for the deconvolution and interpretation of Raman spectra of silicate glasses in the Na 2 O-CaO-SiO 2 system. Raman spectra are acquired along diffusion profiles of three pairs of glasses centered around an average composition of 69. 9 wt. % SiO 2 , 12. 7 wt. % CaO , 16. 8 wt. % Na 2 O. The shape changes of the Raman spectra across the compositional domain are analyzed using a combination of princi...
13. Automated 99Tc analysis in AW-101 and AN-107 ''diluted feed'' matrixes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Egorov, O.B.; DE Kurath, D.E.
2000-01-01
A process monitor is needed by British Nuclear Fuels Limited, Inc. (BNFL Inc.) to measure total 99 Tc levels in column effluents during technetium removal from the aqueous fraction of the Hanford high-level tank wastes. The monitor must achieve detection limits of 1 x 10 -8 Ci/mL (0.6 microg/mL). Measurements must be done in near real time, with an analysis frequency of approximately15 min. The monitoring technology must be sufficiently simple and robust for unattended continuous operation in the plant settings
14. Salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 as a biomarker for periodontitis: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhang, Lin; Li, Xiue; Yan, Hong; Huang, Lei
2018-01-01
Salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 is currently considered to be one of the most promising biomarkers for early diagnosis of periodontitis, however, several recent studies showed conflicting results. To determine the salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 levels between periodontitis patients and healthy individuals, and to assess its diagnostic value in periodontitis. Literatures were searched on PubMed and Embase databases up to August 2017, for articles reporting salivary MMP-8 levels between periodontitis patients and health controls with the data of means ± standard deviation (SD). Methodological quality was assessed by the Newcastle Ottawa scale (NOS). Standard mean differences (SMDs), heterogeneity, and publication bias were assessed by Stata 13.0 software. A total of 10 studies including 485 periodontitis patients and 379 healthy controls that met the preset inclusion criteria were included, the qualities of these studies were either good (n = 7) or moderate (n = 3). Eight studies showed salivary MMP-8 levels were higher in periodontitis patients compared with healthy controls (P .05). The pooled SMD was 1.195 (95% CI: 0.720-1.670), with I of 89.3%, indicating high heterogeneity. Funnel plot showed publication bias existed. Our meta-analysis showed that salivary MMP-8 levels were significantly higher in periodontitis patients compared with healthy controls overall. Due to the heterogeneity and publication bias of included studies, further high quality studies are still needed to verify the conclusion. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
15. Measuring α in the early universe: CMB temperature, large-scale structure, and Fisher matrix analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Martins, C. J. A. P.; Melchiorri, A.; Trotta, R.; Bean, R.; Rocha, G.; Avelino, P. P.; Viana, P. T. P.
2002-01-01
We extend our recent work on the effects of a time-varying fine-structure constant α in the cosmic microwave background by providing a thorough analysis of the degeneracies between α and the other cosmological parameters, and discussing ways to break these with both existing and/or forthcoming data. In particular, we present the state-of-the-art cosmic microwave background constraints on α through a combined analysis of the BOOMERanG, MAXIMA and DASI data sets. We also present a novel discussion of the constraints on α coming from large-scale structure observations, focusing in particular on the power spectrum from the 2dF survey. Our results are consistent with no variation in α from the epoch of recombination to the present day, and restrict any such variation to be less than about 4%. We show that the forthcoming Microwave Anisotropy Probe and Planck experiments will be able to break most of the currently existing degeneracies between α and other parameters, and measure α to better than percent accuracy
16. Prognostic value of matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in patients with juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: tissue microarray analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Sun, Xicai; Guo, Limin; Wang, Jingjing; Wang, Huan; Liu, Zhuofu; Liu, Juan; Yu, Huapeng; Hu, Li; Li, Han; Wang, Dehui
2014-08-01
Although JNA is a benign neoplasm histopathologically, it has a propensity for locally destructive growth and remains a higher postoperative recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression and localization of MMP-9 in JNA using tissue microarray to elucidate its correlation with clinicopathological features and recurrence. The expression of MMP-9 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray from 70 patients with JNA and 10 control subjects. Correlation between the levels of MMP-9 expression and clinicopathologic variables, as well as tumor recurrence, were analyzed. MMP-9 was detected in perivascular and extravascular less differentiated cells and stromal cells of patients with JNA but not in the matured vascular endothelial cells of these patients. The presence of MMP-9 expression in JNA was correlated with patient's age (p=0.001). Spearman correlation analysis suggested that high expression of MMP-9 in JNA had negative correlation with patient's age (r=-0.412, p<0.001). The recurrence rate in JNA patients with high MMP-9 expression was significantly higher than those with low MMP-9 expression (p=0.002). In multivariate and ROC curve analysis, MMP-9 was a good prognostic factor for tumor recurrence of JNA. Higher MMP-9 expression is a poor prognostic factor for patients with JNA who have been surgically treated. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
17. Matrix Methods and Models of Economic Analysis in the Marketing Activity of Higher Educational Establishments
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Natalia Stebliuk
2018-05-01
Full Text Available On the present stage of the development of educational environment, it is necessary to use the scientific tools for understanding the market patterns of the interaction of demand and supply of educational services, which will allow not only to navigate the consumer preferences but also to form them. It is in these circumstances that it is extremely important to study changes in the volume of demand for educational services in order to adapt them to the system of higher education. The aim of the article is to substantiate the theoretical positions and develop practical recommendations for the definition of the competitive marketing strategy of higher education organizations in the market of educational services with the help of modern approaches and methods of economic-mathematical modeling. The practical significance of the obtained results is the introduction of methodological provisions for forecasting the demand and supply of educational services for higher educational establishments. The complexity and interdependence of managerial problems in the system of higher education require new ideas and approaches, which necessitates the search for new definite solutions, namely: the research paper offers the method of optimal distribution of budgetary places of the university by means of practical application of the theory of system constraints and the theory of fuzzy sets. Along with that, the calculation of the optimal number of students of the corresponding specialty with the help of cluster analysis has been carried out. In addition, an important place for improvement and development is taken by the economics and mathematical methods and methods of linear programming, they are effective means of identifying the most influential factors in achieving the goals of a higher educational establishment and justifying the marketing strategy of its development in modern conditions. To predict the quantitative values of social and economic indicators
18. An investigation of the matrix sensitivity of refinery gas analysis using gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection.
Science.gov (United States)
Ferracci, Valerio; Brown, Andrew S; Harris, Peter M; Brown, Richard J C
2015-02-27
The response of a flame ionisation detector (FID) on a gas chromatograph to methane, ethane, propane, i-butane and n-butane in a series of multi-component refinery gas standards was investigated to assess the matrix sensitivity of the instrument. High-accuracy synthetic gas standards, traceable to the International System of Units, were used to minimise uncertainties. The instrument response exhibited a small dependence on the component amount fraction: this behaviour, consistent with that of another FID, was thoroughly characterised over a wide range of component amount fractions and was shown to introduce a negligible bias in the analysis of refinery gas samples, provided a suitable reference standard is employed. No significant effects of the molar volume, density and viscosity of the gas mixtures on the instrument response were observed, indicating that the FID is suitable for the analysis of refinery gas mixtures over a wide range of component amount fractions provided that appropriate drift-correction procedures are employed. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
19. Mapping analysis of scaffold/matrix attachment regions (s/MARs) from two different mammalian cell lines
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Pilus, Nur Shazwani Mohd; Ahmad, Azrin; Yusof, Nurul Yuziana Mohd [School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor (Malaysia); Johari, Norazfa [Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor (Malaysia)
2014-09-03
Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) are potential element that can be integrated into expression vector to increase expression of recombinant protein. Many studies on S/MAR have been done but none has revealed the distribution of S/MAR in a genome. In this study, we have isolated S/MAR sequences from HEK293 and Chinese hamster ovary cell lines (CHO DG44) using two different methods utilizing 2 M NaCl and lithium-3,5-diiodosalicylate (LIS). The isolated S/MARs were sequenced using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platform. Based on reference mapping analysis against human genome database, a total of 8,994,856 and 8,412,672 contigs of S/MAR sequences were retrieved from 2M NaCl and LIS extraction of HEK293 respectively. On the other hand, reference mapping analysis of S/MAR derived from CHO DG44 against our own CHO DG44 database have generated a total of 7,204,348 and 4,672,913 contigs from 2 M NaCl and LIS extraction method respectively.
20. Mapping analysis of scaffold/matrix attachment regions (s/MARs) from two different mammalian cell lines
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Pilus, Nur Shazwani Mohd; Ahmad, Azrin; Yusof, Nurul Yuziana Mohd; Johari, Norazfa
2014-01-01
Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) are potential element that can be integrated into expression vector to increase expression of recombinant protein. Many studies on S/MAR have been done but none has revealed the distribution of S/MAR in a genome. In this study, we have isolated S/MAR sequences from HEK293 and Chinese hamster ovary cell lines (CHO DG44) using two different methods utilizing 2 M NaCl and lithium-3,5-diiodosalicylate (LIS). The isolated S/MARs were sequenced using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platform. Based on reference mapping analysis against human genome database, a total of 8,994,856 and 8,412,672 contigs of S/MAR sequences were retrieved from 2M NaCl and LIS extraction of HEK293 respectively. On the other hand, reference mapping analysis of S/MAR derived from CHO DG44 against our own CHO DG44 database have generated a total of 7,204,348 and 4,672,913 contigs from 2 M NaCl and LIS extraction method respectively
1. Matrix thermalization
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Craps, Ben; Evnin, Oleg; Nguyen, Kévin
2017-01-01
Matrix quantum mechanics offers an attractive environment for discussing gravitational holography, in which both sides of the holographic duality are well-defined. Similarly to higher-dimensional implementations of holography, collapsing shell solutions in the gravitational bulk correspond in this setting to thermalization processes in the dual quantum mechanical theory. We construct an explicit, fully nonlinear supergravity solution describing a generic collapsing dilaton shell, specify the holographic renormalization prescriptions necessary for computing the relevant boundary observables, and apply them to evaluating thermalizing two-point correlation functions in the dual matrix theory.
2. Matrix thermalization
Science.gov (United States)
Craps, Ben; Evnin, Oleg; Nguyen, Kévin
2017-02-01
Matrix quantum mechanics offers an attractive environment for discussing gravitational holography, in which both sides of the holographic duality are well-defined. Similarly to higher-dimensional implementations of holography, collapsing shell solutions in the gravitational bulk correspond in this setting to thermalization processes in the dual quantum mechanical theory. We construct an explicit, fully nonlinear supergravity solution describing a generic collapsing dilaton shell, specify the holographic renormalization prescriptions necessary for computing the relevant boundary observables, and apply them to evaluating thermalizing two-point correlation functions in the dual matrix theory.
3. Matrix thermalization
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Craps, Ben [Theoretische Natuurkunde, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), and International Solvay Institutes, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels (Belgium); Evnin, Oleg [Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thanon Phayathai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330 (Thailand); Theoretische Natuurkunde, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), and International Solvay Institutes, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels (Belgium); Nguyen, Kévin [Theoretische Natuurkunde, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), and International Solvay Institutes, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels (Belgium)
2017-02-08
Matrix quantum mechanics offers an attractive environment for discussing gravitational holography, in which both sides of the holographic duality are well-defined. Similarly to higher-dimensional implementations of holography, collapsing shell solutions in the gravitational bulk correspond in this setting to thermalization processes in the dual quantum mechanical theory. We construct an explicit, fully nonlinear supergravity solution describing a generic collapsing dilaton shell, specify the holographic renormalization prescriptions necessary for computing the relevant boundary observables, and apply them to evaluating thermalizing two-point correlation functions in the dual matrix theory.
4. Identification of Serine Conformers by Matrix-Isolation IR Spectroscopy Aided by Near-Infrared Laser Induced Conformational Change, 2D Correlation Analysis, and Quantum Mechanical Anharmonic Computations
Science.gov (United States)
Najbauer, Eszter E.; Bazsó, Gábor; Apóstolo, Rui; Fausto, Rui; Biczysko, Malgorzata; Barone, Vincenzo; Tarczay, György
2018-01-01
The conformers of α-serine were investigated by matrix-isolation IR spectroscopy combined with NIR laser irradiation. This method, aided by 2D correlation analysis, enabled unambiguously grouping the spectral lines to individual conformers. On the basis of comparison of at least nine experimentally observed vibrational transitions of each conformer with empirically scaled (SQM) and anharmonic (GVPT2) computed IR spectra, 6 conformers were identified. In addition, the presence of at least one more conformer in Ar matrix was proved, and a short-lived conformer with a half-live of (3.7±0.5)·103 s in N2 matrix was generated by NIR irradiation. The analysis of the NIR laser induced conversions revealed that the excitation of the stretching overtone of both the side-chain and the carboxylic OH groups can effectively promote conformational changes, but remarkably different paths were observed for the two kinds of excitations. PMID:26201050
5. A quantitative approach for pesticide analysis in grape juice by direct interfacing of a matrix compatible SPME phase to dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry.
Science.gov (United States)
Mirabelli, Mario F; Gionfriddo, Emanuela; Pawliszyn, Janusz; Zenobi, Renato
2018-02-12
We evaluated the performance of a dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) source for pesticide analysis in grape juice, a fairly complex matrix due to the high content of sugars (≈20% w/w) and pigments. A fast sample preparation method based on direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was developed, and novel matrix compatible SPME fibers were used to reduce in-source matrix suppression effects. A high resolution LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer allowed for rapid quantification in full scan mode. This direct SPME-DBDI-MS approach was proven to be effective for the rapid and direct analysis of complex sample matrices, with limits of detection in the parts-per-trillion (ppt) range and inter- and intra-day precision below 30% relative standard deviation (RSD) for samples spiked at 1, 10 and 10 ng ml -1 , with overall performance comparable or even superior to existing chromatographic approaches.
6. Development of Exact Matrix-Matching Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Cu and K in Infant Formula
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lee, Ye-Ji; Yim, Yong-Hyeon [University of Science and Technology, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of); Heo, Sung Woo; Han, Myung-Sub; Lim, Youngran [Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)
2016-08-15
In the present study, we have developed an exact matrix-matching inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) as a low-cost alternative to the isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method for accurate and precise measurements of nutrient elements K and Cu in infant formula. In spite of its high precision and accuracy, ICP-OES analysis of complex samples was not reliable due to biases originating from various matrix effects. The elaborated exact matrix-matching approach tested here demonstrated its potential to minimize biases due to matrix mismatch. The exact matrix-matching ICP-OES method was successfully validated by comparing the results with those from an isotope dilution ICP-M S method. Because the model provides reliable results without significant loss of precision, it will be an excellent choice for major element analysis in a complex sample, especially when isotope dilution is not applicable due to the l ck of alternative isotopes or the high cost of enriched isotopes.
7. Gene-expression analysis of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 and their tissue inhibitors in chronic periapical inflammatory lesions.
Science.gov (United States)
Hadziabdic, Naida; Kurtovic-Kozaric, Amina; Pojskic, Naris; Sulejmanagic, Nedim; Todorovic, Ljubomir
2016-03-01
Periapical inflammatory lesions have been investigated previously, but understanding of pathogenesis of these lesions (granulomas and radicular cysts) at the molecular level is still questionable. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes involved in the development of periapical pathology, specifically inflammation and tissue destruction. To elucidate pathogenesis of periapical granulomas and radicular cysts, we undertook a detailed analysis of gene expression of MMP-1, MMP-2 and their tissue inhibitors, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. A total of 149 samples were analyzed using real-time PCR (59 radicular cysts, 50 periapical granulomas and 40 healthy gingiva samples as controls) for expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 genes. The determination of best reference gene for expression analysis of periapical lesions was done using a panel of 12 genes. We have shown that β-actin and GAPDH are not the most stable reference controls for gene expression analysis of inflammatory periapical tissues and healthy gingiva. The most suitable reference gene was determined to be SDHA (a succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein [Fp]). We found that granulomas (n = 50) and radicular cysts (n = 59) exhibited significantly higher expression of all four examined genes, MMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2, when compared to healthy gingiva (n = 40; P periapical inflammatory lesions. Since the abovementioned markers were not differentially expressed in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts, the challenge of finding the genetic differences between the two lesions still remains. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
8. Complications following Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Acellular Dermal Matrix Implant-based Breast Reconstruction—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Lene Nyhøj Heidemann, MD
2018-01-01
Conclusion:. The use of acellular dermal matrix in nipple-sparing mastectomy and implant-based breast reconstruction can be done with acceptable complication rates in selected patients. We recommend future studies to include specific definitions when reporting complication rates. Furthermore, future studies should elaborate on demographic characteristics of the included study samples and include predictor analysis to enhance knowledge of high risk patients.
9. Direct analysis of triterpenes from high-salt fermented cucumbers using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI)
Science.gov (United States)
High-salt samples present a challenge to mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, particularly when electrospray ionization (ESI) is used, requiring extensive sample preparation steps such as desalting, extraction, and purification. In this study, infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ioniz...
10. Swelling behavior of ion exchange resins incorporated in tri-calcium silicate cement matrix: II. Mechanical analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Neji, M.; Bary, B.; Le Bescop, P.; Burlion, N.
2015-01-01
This paper presents the second part of a study aiming at modelling the mechanical behavior of composites made up of ion exchange resins (IER) solidified in a tri-calcium silicate cement paste (C_3S). Such composites may be subjected to internal pressures due to ion exchange processes between ionic species which are in IER and interstitial solution of the cement paste. The reactive transport model developed in the companion paper is coupled in this study to a multi-scale approach describing the mechanical behavior of the material. It is based on an analogy with thermomechanics for taking in account the IER internal pressures, and on Eshelby-based homogenization techniques to estimate both mechanical and coupling parameters. A laboratory test has been set up to measure the macroscopic strain caused by the swelling phenomenon. The model has been finally implemented in a finite elements software. The simulation of the laboratory tests has been performed and the results have been analyzed and compared to experimental data. - Highlights: • Experimental analysis about mechanical behavior of a composite material. • Chemo-Mechanical-Transport modeling on a composite material made up with IER embedded into cement paste matrix. • Multi-scale modeling.
11. [Application of excitation-emission matrix spectrum combined with parallel factor analysis in dissolved organic matter in East China Sea].
Science.gov (United States)
Lü, Li-Sha; Zhao, Wei-Hong; Miao, Hui
2013-03-01
Using excitation-emission matrix spectrum(EEMs) combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) examine the fluorescent components feature of dissolved organic matter (DOM) sampled from East China Sea in the summer and autumn was examined. The type, distribution and origin of the fluorescence dissolved organic matter were also discussed. Three fluorescent components were identified by PARAFAC, including protein-like component C1 (235, 280/330), terrestrial or marine humic-like component C2 (255, 330/400) and terrestrial humic-like component C3 (275, 360/480). The good linearity of the two humic-like components showed the same source or some relationship between the chemical constitutions. As a whole, the level of the fluorescence intensity in coastal ocean was higher than that of the open ocean in different water layers in two seasons. The relationship of three components with chlorophyll-a and salinity showed the DOM in the study area is almost not influenced by the living algal matter, but the fresh water outflow of the Yangtze River might be the source of them in the Yangtze River estuary in Summer. From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that the application of EEM-PARAFAC modeling will exert a profound influence upon the research of the dissolved organic matter.
12. Field-controllable Spin-Hall Effect of Light in Optical Crystals: A Conoscopic Mueller Matrix Analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Samlan, C T; Viswanathan, Nirmal K
2018-01-31
Electric-field applied perpendicular to the direction of propagation of paraxial beam through an optical crystal dynamically modifies the spin-orbit interaction (SOI), leading to the demonstration of controllable spin-Hall effect of light (SHEL). The electro- and piezo-optic effects of the crystal modifies the radially symmetric spatial variation in the fast-axis orientation of the crystal, resulting in a complex pattern with different topologies due to the symmetry-breaking effect of the applied field. This introduces spatially-varying Pancharatnam-Berry type geometric phase on to the paraxial beam of light, leading to the observation of SHEL in addition to the spin-to-vortex conversion. A wave-vector resolved conoscopic Mueller matrix measurement and analysis provides a first glimpse of the SHEL in the biaxial crystal, identified via the appearance of weak circular birefringence. The emergence of field-controllable fast-axis orientation of the crystal and the resulting SHEL provides a new degree of freedom for affecting and controlling the spin and orbital angular momentum of photons to unravel the rich underlying physics of optical crystals and aid in the development of active photonic spin-Hall devices.
13. Analysis of Microbial Mixtures by Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wahl, Karen L.; Wunschel, Sharon C.; Jarman, Kristin H.; Valentine, Nancy B.; Petersen, Catherine E.; Kingsley, Mark T.; Zartolas, Kimberly A.; Saenz, Adam J.
2002-12-15
Many different laboratories are currently developing mass-spectrometric techniques to analyze and identify microorganisms. However, minimal work has been done with mixtures of bacteria. To demonstrate that microbial mixtures could be analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), mixed bacterial cultures were analyzed in a double-blind fashion. Nine different bacterial species currently in our MALDI-MS fingerprint library were used to generate 50 different simulated mixed bacterial cultures similar to that done for an initial blind study previously reported.(1) The samples were analyzed by MALDI-MS with automated data extraction and analysis algorithms developed in our laboratory. The components present in the sample were identified correctly to the species level in all but one of the samples. However, correctly eliminating closely related organisms was challenging for the current algorithms, especially in differentiating Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica, which have some similarities in their MALDI-MS fingerprints. Efforts to improve the specificity of the algorithms are in progress.
14. [Resolving excitation emission matrix spectroscopy of estuarine CDOM with parallel factor analysis and its application in organic pollution monitoring].
Science.gov (United States)
Guo, Wei-Dong; Huang, Jian-Ping; Hong, Hua-Sheng; Xu, Jing; Deng, Xun
2010-06-01
The distribution and estuarine behavior of fluorescent components of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from Jiulong Estuary were determined by fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The feasibility of these components as tracers for organic pollution in estuarine environments was also evaluated. Four separate fluorescent components were identified by PARAFAC, including three humic-like components (C1: 240, 310/382 nm; C2: 230, 250, 340/422 nm; C4: 260, 390/482 nm) and one protein-like components (C3: 225, 275/342 nm). These results indicated that UV humic-like peak A area designated by traditional "peak-picking method" was not a single peak but actually a combination of several fluorescent components, and it also had inherent links to so-called marine humic-like peak M or terrestrial humic-like peak C. Component C2 which include peak M decreased with increase of salinity in Jiulong Estuary, demonstrating that peak M can not be thought as the specific indicator of the "marine" humic-like component. Two humic-like components C1 and C2 showed additional behavior in the turbidity maximum region (salinity CDOM may provide a fast in-situ way to monitor the variation of the degree of organic pollution in estuarine environments.
15. Characterizing fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a membrane bioreactor via excitation-emission matrix combined with parallel factor analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Maqbool, Tahir; Quang, Viet Ly; Cho, Jinwoo; Hur, Jin
2016-06-01
In this study, we successfully tracked the dynamic changes in different constitutes of bound extracellular polymeric substances (bEPS), soluble microbial products (SMP), and permeate during the operation of bench scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) via fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Three fluorescent groups were identified, including two protein-like (tryptophan-like C1 and tyrosine-like C2) and one microbial humic-like components (C3). In bEPS, protein-like components were consistently more dominant than C3 during the MBR operation, while their relative abundance in SMP depended on aeration intensities. C1 of bEPS exhibited a linear correlation (R(2)=0.738; pbEPS amounts in sludge, and C2 was closely related to the stability of sludge. The protein-like components were more greatly responsible for membrane fouling. Our study suggests that EEM-PARAFAC can be a promising monitoring tool to provide further insight into process evaluation and membrane fouling during MBR operation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
16. Estimation of neutron cross-sections for 16O up to 5.2 MeV through R-matrix analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kunieda, Satoshi; Kawano, Toshihiko; Shibata, Keiichi; Fukahori, Tokio; Paris, Mark; Hale, Gerry
2014-01-01
There are differences among experimental cross-sections for 16 O, which make the evaluated data still uncertain. R-matrix is rigorous and straightforward to the quantum mechanical theory. We estimate the neutron cross-sections for 16 O up to 5.2 MeV through R-matrix analysis. In this work, particular attention is paid to issues in the scale of (n,α) reaction cross-sections and hydrogen contents in some of the experimental total cross-sections. Our preliminary results suggest that those problems could be solved/reduced due to the physical constraints imposed by the theory. (authors)
17. Low Complexity Precoder and Receiver Design for Massive MIMO Systems: A Large System Analysis using Random Matrix Theory
KAUST Repository
Sifaou, Houssem
2016-05-01
18. MoS{sub 2}/Ag nanohybrid: A novel matrix with synergistic effect for small molecule drugs analysis by negative-ion matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Zhao, Yaju, E-mail: daisy19900911@hotmail.com [State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 (China); Deng, Guoqing, E-mail: denggqq@sina.com [Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 (China); Liu, Xiaohui, E-mail: lcswyh@126.com [State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 (China); Sun, Liang, E-mail: sunliang@nju.edu.cn [State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 (China); Li, Hui, E-mail: lihui@nju.edu.cn [State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 (China); Cheng, Quan, E-mail: quan.cheng@ucr.edu [Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521 (United States); Xi, Kai, E-mail: xikai@nju.edu.cn [Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 (China); Xu, Danke, E-mail: xudanke@nju.edu.cn [State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 (China)
2016-09-21
This paper reports a facile synthesis of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets/silver nanoparticles (MoS{sub 2}/Ag) hybrid and its use as an effective matrix in negative ion matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The nanohybrid exerts a strong synergistic effect, leading to high performance detection of small molecule analytes including amino acids, peptides, fatty acids and drugs. The enhancement of laser desorption/ionization (LDI) efficiency is largely attributed to the high surface roughness and large surface area for analyte adsorption, better dispersibility, increased thermal conductivity and enhanced UV energy absorption as compared to pure MoS{sub 2}. Moreover, both Ag nanoparticles and the edge of the MoS{sub 2} layers function as deprotonation sites for proton capture, facilitating the charging process in negative ion mode and promoting formation of negative ions. As a result, the MoS{sub 2}/Ag nanohybrid proves to be a highly attractive matrix in MALDI-TOF MS, with desired features such as high desorption/ionization efficiency, low fragmentation interference, high salt tolerance, and no sweet-spots for mass signal. These characteristic properties allowed for simultaneous analysis of eight different drugs and quantification of acetylsalicylic acid in the spiked human serum. This work demonstrates for the first time the fabrication and application of a novel MoS{sub 2}/Ag hybrid, and provides a new platform for use in the rapid and high throughput analysis of small molecules by mass spectrometry. - Highlights: • MoS{sub 2}/Ag nanohybrid was applied as a novel matrix in negative-ion MALDI-TOF MS. • The MoS{sub 2}/Ag nanohybrid exerted synergistic effect on the detection of small molecules. • The MoS{sub 2}/Ag nanohybrid showed good signal reproducibility and low background interferences comparing to organic matrices. • MoS{sub 2}/Ag allows simultaneous analysis of multiple drugs and quantification of
19. A random matrix analysis
the study of multivariate time series of price fluctuations in the stock market [15], EEG ..... strategy can be adopted to develop a future chip that can be used for the ... a backup system might exist, which replaces the function of the inhibited target.
20. A random matrix analysis
in a wide variety of disciplines ranging from physics to psychology to economics and attempts to draw the .... ferences, differences in internal environment, biological activities, modes of functioning in those species .... tra of the gene coexpression network of Zebrafish generated for different environmental perturbations, is ...
1. In situ analysis of plant tissue underivatized carbohydrates and on-probe enzymatic degraded starch by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry by using carbon nanotubes as matrix.
Science.gov (United States)
Gholipour, Yousef; Nonami, Hiroshi; Erra-Balsells, Rosa
2008-12-15
Underivatized carbohydrates of tulip bulb and leaf tissues were characterized in situ by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) by using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as matrix. Two sample preparation methods--(i) depositing CNTs on the fresh tissue slices placed on the probe and (ii) locating semitransparent tissues on a dried layer of CNTs on the probe--were examined. Furthermore, practicability of in situ starch analysis by MALDI-TOF MS was examined by detection of glucose originated from on-probe amyloglucosidase-catalyzed degradation of starch on the tissue surface. Besides, CNTs could efficiently desorb/ionize natural mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides extracted from tulip bulb tissues as well as glucose resulting from starch enzymatic degradation in vitro. These results were compared with those obtained by in situ MALDI-TOF MS analysis of similar tissues. Positive ion mode showed superior signal reproducibility. CNTs deposited under semitransparent tissue could also desorb/ionize neutral carbohydrates, leading to nearly complete elimination of matrix cluster signals but with an increase in tissue-originated signals. Furthermore, several experiments were carried out to compare the efficiency of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, nor-harmane, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and CNTs as matrices for MALDI of neutral carbohydrates from the intact plant tissue surface and for enzymatic tissue starch degradation; these results are discussed in brief. Among matrices studied, the lowest laser power was needed to acquire carbohydrate signals with high signal-to-noise ratio and resolution when CNTs were used.
2. Matrix effect in analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Andoralov A.M.
2017-03-01
Full Text Available For modern food safety control are using techniques that allow to determinate a large number of components. So for determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables commonly used methods of gas and liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass-spectrometric detection. This system allows to carry out quantitative determination several hundreds of pesticides and their identification by the characteristic fragments of the mass spectrum. The main problem when using mass spectrometric detection is a matrix effect, which is caused by the influence of matrix components extracted with pesticides from the sample. In this work, attempts have been made to reduce the influence of the matrix in the analysis of pesticide residues by high performance liquid chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC / TOFMS.
3. Matrix inequalities
CERN Document Server
Zhan, Xingzhi
2002-01-01
The main purpose of this monograph is to report on recent developments in the field of matrix inequalities, with emphasis on useful techniques and ingenious ideas. Among other results this book contains the affirmative solutions of eight conjectures. Many theorems unify or sharpen previous inequalities. The author's aim is to streamline the ideas in the literature. The book can be read by research workers, graduate students and advanced undergraduates.
4. Comparative proteomic analysis of normal and collagen IX null mouse cartilage reveals altered extracellular matrix composition and novel components of the collagen IX interactome.
Science.gov (United States)
Brachvogel, Bent; Zaucke, Frank; Dave, Keyur; Norris, Emma L; Stermann, Jacek; Dayakli, Münire; Koch, Manuel; Gorman, Jeffrey J; Bateman, John F; Wilson, Richard
2013-05-10
Collagen IX is an integral cartilage extracellular matrix component important in skeletal development and joint function. Proteomic analysis and validation studies revealed novel alterations in collagen IX null cartilage. Matrilin-4, collagen XII, thrombospondin-4, fibronectin, βig-h3, and epiphycan are components of the in vivo collagen IX interactome. We applied a proteomics approach to advance our understanding of collagen IX ablation in cartilage. The cartilage extracellular matrix is essential for endochondral bone development and joint function. In addition to the major aggrecan/collagen II framework, the interacting complex of collagen IX, matrilin-3, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is essential for cartilage matrix stability, as mutations in Col9a1, Col9a2, Col9a3, Comp, and Matn3 genes cause multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, in which patients develop early onset osteoarthritis. In mice, collagen IX ablation results in severely disturbed growth plate organization, hypocellular regions, and abnormal chondrocyte shape. This abnormal differentiation is likely to involve altered cell-matrix interactions but the mechanism is not known. To investigate the molecular basis of the collagen IX null phenotype we analyzed global differences in protein abundance between wild-type and knock-out femoral head cartilage by capillary HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 297 proteins in 3-day cartilage and 397 proteins in 21-day cartilage. Components that were differentially abundant between wild-type and collagen IX-deficient cartilage included 15 extracellular matrix proteins. Collagen IX ablation was associated with dramatically reduced COMP and matrilin-3, consistent with known interactions. Matrilin-1, matrilin-4, epiphycan, and thrombospondin-4 levels were reduced in collagen IX null cartilage, providing the first in vivo evidence for these proteins belonging to the collagen IX interactome. Thrombospondin-4 expression was reduced at the mRNA level
5. Association of the matrix metalloproteinase-3 polymorphisms rs679620 and rs3025058 with ischemic stroke risk: a meta-analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Zhang Q
2018-01-01
Full Text Available Qi-Wei Zhang Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical University, Jilin, People’s Republic of China Purpose: The relationship of the matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3 polymorphisms rs679620 and rs3025058 with ischemic stroke has received much attention. The aim of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis of published case–control studies to evaluate the cumulative evidence.Methods: We performed a search of ISI Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Pooled odds ratios (ORs were appropriately derived from fixed-effects or random-effects models.Results: We identified seven eligible studies including 5,204 subjects. The pooled analysis showed that the MMP-3 rs679620 A allele carriers had increased risk of ischemic stroke compared with homozygotes for the G allele in Asians (AA + GA vs GG: OR =1.42, 95% CI: 1.05–1.91, P=0.022. Concerning the rs3025058 polymorphism, the results did not suggest an association between rs3025058 genotypes and ischemic stroke risk (5A5A + 6A5A vs 6A6A: OR =1.04, 95% CI: 0.73–1.47, P=0.844; 5A5A vs 6A5A + 6A6A: OR =1.14, 95% CI: 0.74–1.77, P=0.556; and 5A5A vs 6A6A: OR =1.11, 95% CI: 0.68–1.80, P=0.677. In subgroup analysis by ethnicity, no statistically significant associations were demonstrated for rs3025058 in Asians and Caucasians, respectively. There was no evidence for publication bias.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the rs679620 A allele carriers have increased risk of ischemic stroke in Asians, but there is no association between rs3025058 and ischemic stroke risk. Keywords: ischemic stroke, meta-analysis, MMP-3, polymorphism
6. 3D ToF-SIMS Analysis of Peptide Incorporation into MALDI Matrix Crystals with Sub-micrometer Resolution.
Science.gov (United States)
Körsgen, Martin; Pelster, Andreas; Dreisewerd, Klaus; Arlinghaus, Heinrich F
2016-02-01
The analytical sensitivity in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is largely affected by the specific analyte-matrix interaction, in particular by the possible incorporation of the analytes into crystalline MALDI matrices. Here we used time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to visualize the incorporation of three peptides with different hydrophobicities, bradykinin, Substance P, and vasopressin, into two classic MALDI matrices, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA). For depth profiling, an Ar cluster ion beam was used to gradually sputter through the matrix crystals without causing significant degradation of matrix or biomolecules. A pulsed Bi3 ion cluster beam was used to image the lateral analyte distribution in the center of the sputter crater. Using this dual beam technique, the 3D distribution of the analytes and spatial segregation effects within the matrix crystals were imaged with sub-μm resolution. The technique could in the future enable matrix-enhanced (ME)-ToF-SIMS imaging of peptides in tissue slices at ultra-high resolution. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
7. Mechanical Properties Analysis Of Composite Magnetic Base On hexa ferrite And Polyester Or Epoxy Matrix With Silane Additive Addition
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sudirman; Ridwan; Mujamilah; K K, Aloma; Rembulan, Marisa; Fitriyanti
2003-01-01
Application of composite magnetic especially hexa ferrite magnet for industry and home industry in Indonesia has been used. Research purposes were making composite magnetic by mixing hexa ferrite powder with polyester or epoxy and studying the effect of coupling agent 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE) addition on mechanical properties of composite magnetic. The coupling agent may increase bonding properties between magnetic powder and matrix polymer, so that tensile strength of magnetic composite will increase without decreasing the magnetic properties. Magnetic powder (SrM or BaM) wich be coated by coupling agent were added to matrix polyester and mekpo or epoxy and versamid, mixed until homogen then pressing into to the dumbbell form molding. For epoxy matrix, pressing was done in hot press at 70 deg. C and 150 kg/cm 2 following by cooling in cold press, while for polyester matrix pressing was done in hydraulic press and following by curing at 70 deg. C in an oven for 1 hour. The composition of magnetic powder were varied to 30, 40 and 50% volume fraction and coupling agent were varied to 5, 10 and 15 ml for every volume fraction. The result showed that 10 ml added of coupling agent was give best mechanical properties both polyester and epoxy matrix. However generally, increasing of magnetic powder content decreased the tensile strength of magnetic composite. The properties of magnetic composite SrM was better than BaM either in polyester or epoxy matrix
8. Automated flow quantification in valvular heart disease based on backscattered Doppler power analysis: implementation on matrix-array ultrasound imaging systems.
Science.gov (United States)
Buck, Thomas; Hwang, Shawn M; Plicht, Björn; Mucci, Ronald A; Hunold, Peter; Erbel, Raimund; Levine, Robert A
2008-06-01
Cardiac ultrasound imaging systems are limited in the noninvasive quantification of valvular regurgitation due to indirect measurements and inaccurate hemodynamic assumptions. We recently demonstrated that the principle of integration of backscattered acoustic Doppler power times velocity can be used for flow quantification in valvular regurgitation directly at the vena contracta of a regurgitant flow jet. We now aimed to accomplish implementation of automated Doppler power flow analysis software on a standard cardiac ultrasound system utilizing novel matrix-array transducer technology with detailed description of system requirements, components and software contributing to the system. This system based on a 3.5 MHz, matrix-array cardiac ultrasound scanner (Sonos 5500, Philips Medical Systems) was validated by means of comprehensive experimental signal generator trials, in vitro flow phantom trials and in vivo testing in 48 patients with mitral regurgitation of different severity and etiology using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for reference. All measurements displayed good correlation to the reference values, indicating successful implementation of automated Doppler power flow analysis on a matrix-array ultrasound imaging system. Systematic underestimation of effective regurgitant orifice areas >0.65 cm(2) and volumes >40 ml was found due to currently limited Doppler beam width that could be readily overcome by the use of new generation 2D matrix-array technology. Automated flow quantification in valvular heart disease based on backscattered Doppler power can be fully implemented on board a routinely used matrix-array ultrasound imaging systems. Such automated Doppler power flow analysis of valvular regurgitant flow directly, noninvasively, and user independent overcomes the practical limitations of current techniques.
9. The UCLA Multimodal Connectivity Database: A web-based platform for brain connectivity matrix sharing and analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jesse A. Brown
2012-11-01
Full Text Available Brain connectomics research has rapidly expanded using functional MRI (fMRI and diffusion-weighted MRI (dwMRI. A common product of these varied analyses is a connectivity matrix (CM. A CM stores the connection strength between any two regions (nodes in a brain network. This format is useful for several reasons: 1 it is highly distilled, with minimal data size and complexity, 2 graph theory can be applied to characterize the network’s topology, and 3 it retains sufficient information to capture individual differences such as age, gender, intelligence quotient, or disease state. Here we introduce the UCLA Multimodal Connectivity Database (http://umcd.humanconnectomeproject.org, an openly available website for brain network analysis and data sharing. The site is a repository for researchers to publicly share CMs derived from their data. The site also allows users to select any CM shared by another user, compute graph theoretical metrics on the site, visualize a report of results, or download the raw CM. To date, users have contributed over 2000 individual CMs, spanning different imaging modalities (fMRI, dwMRI and disorders (Alzheimer’s, autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. To demonstrate the site’s functionality, whole brain functional and structural connectivity matrices are derived from 60 subjects’ (ages 26-45 resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI and dwMRI data and uploaded to the site. The site is utilized to derive graph theory global and regional measures for the rs-fMRI and dwMRI networks. Global and nodal graph theoretical measures between functional and structural networks exhibit low correspondence. This example demonstrates how this tool can enhance the comparability of brain networks from different imaging modalities and studies. The existence of this connectivity-based repository should foster broader data sharing and enable larger-scale meta analyses comparing networks across imaging modality, age group, and disease state.
10. Transcriptome Analysis of Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Fibroblasts Reveals a Disease Extracellular Matrix Signature and Key Molecular Regulators.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sonia Paco
Full Text Available Collagen VI related myopathies encompass a range of phenotypes with involvement of skeletal muscle, skin and other connective tissues. They represent a severe and relatively common form of congenital disease for which there is no treatment. Collagen VI in skeletal muscle and skin is produced by fibroblasts.In order to gain insight into the consequences of collagen VI mutations and identify key disease pathways we performed global gene expression analysis of dermal fibroblasts from patients with Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy with and without vitamin C treatment. The expression data were integrated using a range of systems biology tools. Results were validated by real-time PCR, western blotting and functional assays.We found significant changes in the expression levels of almost 600 genes between collagen VI deficient and control fibroblasts. Highly regulated genes included extracellular matrix components and surface receptors, including integrins, indicating a shift in the interaction between the cell and its environment. This was accompanied by a significant increase in fibroblasts adhesion to laminin. The observed changes in gene expression profiling may be under the control of two miRNAs, miR-30c and miR-181a, which we found elevated in tissue and serum from patients and which could represent novel biomarkers for muscular dystrophy. Finally, the response to vitamin C of collagen VI mutated fibroblasts significantly differed from healthy fibroblasts. Vitamin C treatment was able to revert the expression of some key genes to levels found in control cells raising the possibility of a beneficial effect of vitamin C as a modulator of some of the pathological aspects of collagen VI related diseases.
11. Microstructural analysis and mechanical characterization of aluminum matrix nanocomposites reinforced with uncoated and Cu-coated alumina particles
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
2014-06-01
Aluminum matrix composites used in the aerospace, military and automotive industries are typically fabricated by a stir casting method. However, when nanoparticles are used for reinforcement, fabrication of composite materials by this method leads to the formation of a large number of structural defects. In this study, copper coating of alumina reinforcement particles is investigated as a technique for improving the structure of Al-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} composites. Microstructural investigations by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the alumina particles were coated uniformly with copper shells. Copper coating of the reinforcing particles significantly increased their wettability in the molten aluminum alloy, strengthened the matrix-particle interfaces and improved the distribution of reinforcing particles within the matrix. Due to these microstructural improvements, the hardness, compressive strength, yield stress, tensile strength and elongation of the composites were enhanced by copper coating of the alumina particles.
12. Microstructural analysis and mechanical characterization of aluminum matrix nanocomposites reinforced with uncoated and Cu-coated alumina particles
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
2014-01-01
Aluminum matrix composites used in the aerospace, military and automotive industries are typically fabricated by a stir casting method. However, when nanoparticles are used for reinforcement, fabrication of composite materials by this method leads to the formation of a large number of structural defects. In this study, copper coating of alumina reinforcement particles is investigated as a technique for improving the structure of Al-Al 2 O 3 composites. Microstructural investigations by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the alumina particles were coated uniformly with copper shells. Copper coating of the reinforcing particles significantly increased their wettability in the molten aluminum alloy, strengthened the matrix-particle interfaces and improved the distribution of reinforcing particles within the matrix. Due to these microstructural improvements, the hardness, compressive strength, yield stress, tensile strength and elongation of the composites were enhanced by copper coating of the alumina particles
13. A Ranking Analysis/An Interlinking Approach of New Triangular Fuzzy Cognitive Maps and Combined Effective Time Dependent Matrix
Science.gov (United States)
Adiga, Shreemathi; Saraswathi, A.; Praveen Prakash, A.
2018-04-01
This paper aims an interlinking approach of new Triangular Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (TrFCM) and Combined Effective Time Dependent (CETD) matrix to find the ranking of the problems of Transgenders. Section one begins with an introduction that briefly describes the scope of Triangular Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (TrFCM) and CETD Matrix. Section two provides the process of causes of problems faced by Transgenders using Fuzzy Triangular Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (TrFCM) method and performs the calculations using the collected data among the Transgender. In Section 3, the reasons for the main causes for the problems of the Transgenders. Section 4 describes the Charles Spearmans coefficients of rank correlation method by interlinking of Triangular Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (TrFCM) Method and CETD Matrix. Section 5 shows the results based on our study.
14. Microstructural study and densification analysis of hot work tool steel matrix composites reinforced with TiB{sub 2} particles
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Fedrizzi, A., E-mail: anna.fedrizzi@ing.unitn.it [Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento (Italy); Pellizzari, M. [Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento (Italy); Zadra, M. [K4Sint, Start-up of the University of Trento, Viale Dante 300, 38057 Pergine Valsugana (Italy); Marin, E. [Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, University of Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine (Italy)
2013-12-15
Hot work tool steels are characterized by good toughness and high hot hardness but are less wear resistant than other tooling materials, such as high speed steel. Metal matrix composites show improved tribological behavior, but not much work has been done in the field of hot work tool steels. In this paper TiB{sub 2}-reinforced hot work tool steel matrix composites were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Mechanical alloying (MA) was proposed as a suited process to improve the composite microstructure. Density measurements and microstructure confirmed that MA promotes sintering and produces a fine and homogeneous dispersion of reinforcing particles. X-ray diffraction patterns of the sintered composites highlighted the formation of equilibrium Fe{sub 2}B and TiC, as predicted by thermodynamic calculations using Thermo-Calc® software. Scanning electron microscopy as well as scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy highlighted the reaction of the steel matrix with TiB{sub 2} particles, showing the formation of a reaction layer at the TiB{sub 2}-steel interface. Phase investigations pointed out that TiB{sub 2} is not chemically stable in steel matrix because of the presence of carbon even during short time SPS. - Highlights: • TiB{sub 2} reinforced steel matrix composites were produced by spark plasma sintering. • TiB{sub 2} was successfully dispersed in the steel matrix by mechanical alloying. • Steel and TiB{sub 2} react during sintering forming equilibrium Fe{sub 2}B and TiC. • The new phases were investigated by means of AFM, Volta potential and XRD analyses.
15. Two-Dimensional Space-Time Analysis and Matrix Represen-Tation on the Principle of the Capacitive Displacement Transducer
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Zhang, Z Y [College of Metrological Technology and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou (China); Luo, J X [Zhejiang Radio Factory, Zhejiang (China)
2006-10-15
In order to provide a design method of the capacitive displacement transducer and to improve its measuring performance it is desperately needed to offer a refined mathematic model of the transducer of mulitiphase drive and phase-modulated. On the basis of fully considering its characteristic of digital signals, first it is found that their actual waveforms and space-time characteristics could be tersely represented by matrixes [u{sub ij}], [c{sub j}] and [v{sub i}], and corresponding matrix elements u{sub ij}, c{sub j} and v{sub i} through deeply analyzing space-time and quantum characteristics of their mulitiphase driving signals U{sub i}(t), capacitive coupling signals C{sub j}(x) and output signal V(t). and space-time transform function possessed by U(x,t) itself. Then the basic expression of the relations of the transducer is derived, which is expressed by matrixes, thereby the characteristics of space-time transform and phase modulation are brought to light. The demodulation process and demodulated waveforms and its characteristics in the transducer are also expressed by demodulated matrixes [b{sub ij}]. Finally, the reason for the principle and periodic error produced in the transducer is revealed by sampling matrix [s{sub ij}]. Thus the full process of the produce of driving signals, modulation, demodulation and space-time transform that happen in the transducer, also waveforms and characteristics of various signals in the process are concisely expressed by two-dimensional space-time matrixes. Experimental results indicate that the use of the mathematical model enables its resolving power to reach 1 {mu}m, and the mathematical model proposed is an all-things-considered model to express processes that happen in the transducer.
16. Matrix Information Geometry
CERN Document Server
Bhatia, Rajendra
2013-01-01
This book is an outcome of the Indo-French Workshop on Matrix Information Geometries (MIG): Applications in Sensor and Cognitive Systems Engineering, which was held in Ecole Polytechnique and Thales Research and Technology Center, Palaiseau, France, in February 23-25, 2011. The workshop was generously funded by the Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research (IFCPAR). During the event, 22 renowned invited french or indian speakers gave lectures on their areas of expertise within the field of matrix analysis or processing. From these talks, a total of 17 original contribution or state-of-the-art chapters have been assembled in this volume. All articles were thoroughly peer-reviewed and improved, according to the suggestions of the international referees. The 17 contributions presented are organized in three parts: (1) State-of-the-art surveys & original matrix theory work, (2) Advanced matrix theory for radar processing, and (3) Matrix-based signal processing applications.
17. In situ liquid-liquid extraction as a sample preparation method for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS analysis of polypeptide mixtures
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kjellström, Sven; Jensen, Ole Nørregaard
2003-01-01
A novel liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) procedure was investigated for preparation of peptide and protein samples for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). LLE using ethyl acetate as the water-immiscible organic solvent enabled segregation of hydrophobic...... matrix to the organic solvent enhanced the efficiency of the LLE-MALDI MS method for analysis of hydrophobic peptides and proteins. LLE-MALDI MS enabled the detection of the hydrophobic membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin as a component in a simple protein mixture. Peptide mixtures containing...... phosphorylated, glycosylated, or acylated peptides were successfully separated and analyzed by the in situ LLE-MALDI MS technique and demonstrate the potential of this method for enhanced separation and structural analysis of posttranslationally modified peptides in proteomics research....
18. Curricular analysis of competency-based osteopathic medical education: application of a matrix for quality enhancement to a standardized patient encounter example.
Science.gov (United States)
Lockwood, Michael D; Tucker-Potter, Stacy; Sargentini, Neil J
2009-09-01
With the formal adoption of the seven core competencies, the American Osteopathic Association's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation instructed osteopathic medical educators to guide curricular development with these goals in mind. Tools to facilitate and monitor these purposes have been under development separately at each of the nation's colleges of osteopathic medicine. To demonstrate the utility of a checklist-based curriculum assessment tool, the Matrix for Quality Enhancement, as developed at Kirksville (Mo) College of Osteopathic Medicine-A.T. Still University. APPLICATION of the Matrix is illustrated using examples selected from our analysis of a set of 16 standardized patient encounters provided as part of a first-year basic science course in medical microbiology. Encounters were developed to improve student understanding of infectious disease entities while also providing a variety of clinical experiences. Feedback on professionalism and humanistic behaviors was also provided. A novel aspect of the Matrix is the inclusion of a component dealing with patient safety. Adding standardized patient encounters to the medical microbiology teaching program at Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine was an effective means of integrating educational experiences with the seven core competencies, the requirements of Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA Level 2-PE (Performance Evaluation), and patient safety issues. The Matrix is a valuable tool for evaluating or developing curricular components that maintain osteopathic integrity while working toward standards for medical education specified by the commission.
19. Matrix pentagons
Science.gov (United States)
Belitsky, A. V.
2017-10-01
The Operator Product Expansion for null polygonal Wilson loop in planar maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory runs systematically in terms of multi-particle pentagon transitions which encode the physics of excitations propagating on the color flux tube ending on the sides of the four-dimensional contour. Their dynamics was unraveled in the past several years and culminated in a complete description of pentagons as an exact function of the 't Hooft coupling. In this paper we provide a solution for the last building block in this program, the SU(4) matrix structure arising from internal symmetry indices of scalars and fermions. This is achieved by a recursive solution of the Mirror and Watson equations obeyed by the so-called singlet pentagons and fixing the form of the twisted component in their tensor decomposition. The non-singlet, or charged, pentagons are deduced from these by a limiting procedure.
20. Matrix pentagons
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
A.V. Belitsky
2017-10-01
Full Text Available The Operator Product Expansion for null polygonal Wilson loop in planar maximally supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory runs systematically in terms of multi-particle pentagon transitions which encode the physics of excitations propagating on the color flux tube ending on the sides of the four-dimensional contour. Their dynamics was unraveled in the past several years and culminated in a complete description of pentagons as an exact function of the 't Hooft coupling. In this paper we provide a solution for the last building block in this program, the SU(4 matrix structure arising from internal symmetry indices of scalars and fermions. This is achieved by a recursive solution of the Mirror and Watson equations obeyed by the so-called singlet pentagons and fixing the form of the twisted component in their tensor decomposition. The non-singlet, or charged, pentagons are deduced from these by a limiting procedure.
1. Hybrid matrix method for stable numerical analysis of the propagation of Dirac electrons in gapless bilayer graphene superlattices
Science.gov (United States)
Briones-Torres, J. A.; Pernas-Salomón, R.; Pérez-Álvarez, R.; Rodríguez-Vargas, I.
2016-05-01
Gapless bilayer graphene (GBG), like monolayer graphene, is a material system with unique properties, such as anti-Klein tunneling and intrinsic Fano resonances. These properties rely on the gapless parabolic dispersion relation and the chiral nature of bilayer graphene electrons. In addition, propagating and evanescent electron states coexist inherently in this material, giving rise to these exotic properties. In this sense, bilayer graphene is unique, since in most material systems in which Fano resonance phenomena are manifested an external source that provides extended states is required. However, from a numerical standpoint, the presence of evanescent-divergent states in the eigenfunctions linear superposition representing the Dirac spinors, leads to a numerical degradation (the so called Ωd problem) in the practical applications of the standard Coefficient Transfer Matrix (K) method used to study charge transport properties in Bilayer Graphene based multi-barrier systems. We present here a straightforward procedure based in the hybrid compliance-stiffness matrix method (H) that can overcome this numerical degradation. Our results show that in contrast to standard matrix method, the proposed H method is suitable to study the transmission and transport properties of electrons in GBG superlattice since it remains numerically stable regardless the size of the superlattice and the range of values taken by the input parameters: the energy and angle of the incident electrons, the barrier height and the thickness and number of barriers. We show that the matrix determinant can be used as a test of the numerical accuracy in real calculations.
2. Analysis of the distribution of DNA repair patches in the DNA-nuclear matrix complex from human cells
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mullenders, L.H.F.
1983-01-01
The distribution of ultraviolet-induced repair patches along DNA loops attached to the nuclear matrix, was investigated by digestion with DNA-degrading enzymes and neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation. When DNA was gradually removed by DNAase 1, pulse label incorporated by ultraviolet-irradiated cells during 10 min in the presence of hydroxyurea or hydroxyurea/arabinosylcytosine showed similar degradation kinetics as prelabelled DNA. No preferential association of pulse label with the nuclear matrix was observed, neither within 30 min nor 13 h after iiradiation. When the pulse label was incorporated by replicative synthesis under the same conditions, a preferential association of newly-synthesized DNA with the nuclear matrix was observed. Single-strand specific digestion with nuclease S 1 of nuclear lysates from ultraviolet-irradiated cells, pulse labelled in the presence of hydroxyurea/arabinosylcytosine, caused a release of about 70% of the prelabelled DNA and 90% of the pulse-labelled DNA from the rapidly sedimenting material in sucrose gradients. The results suggest no specific involvement of the nuclear matrix in repair synthesis, a random distribution of repair patches along the DNA loops, and simultaneously multiple incision events per DNA loop. (Auth.)
3. Analysis of the distribution of DNA repair patches in the DNA-nuclear matrix complex from human cells
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Mullenders, L.H.F. (Rijksuniversiteit Leiden (Netherlands). Lab. voor Stralengenetica en Chemische Mutagenese); Zeeland, A.A. van; Natarajan, A.T. (Cohen (J.A.) Inst. voor Radiopathologie en Stralenbescherming, Leiden (Netherlands))
1983-09-09
The distribution of ultraviolet-induced repair patches along DNA loops attached to the nuclear matrix, was investigated by digestion with DNA-degrading enzymes and neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation. When DNA was gradually removed by DNAase 1, pulse label incorporated by ultraviolet-irradiated cells during 10 min in the presence of hydroxyurea or hydroxyurea/arabinosylcytosine showed similar degradation kinetics as prelabelled DNA. No preferential association of pulse label with the nuclear matrix was observed, neither within 30 min nor 13 h after irradiation. When the pulse label was incorporated by replicative synthesis under the same conditions, a preferential association of newly-synthesized DNA with the nuclear matrix was observed. Single-strand specific digestion with nuclease S/sub 1/ of nuclear lysates from ultraviolet-irradiated cells, pulse labelled in the presence of hydroxyurea/arabinosylcytosine, caused a release of about 70% of the prelabelled DNA and 90% of the pulse-labelled DNA from the rapidly sedimenting material in sucrose gradients. The results suggest no specific involvement of the nuclear matrix in repair synthesis, a random distribution of repair patches along the DNA loops, and simultaneously multiple incision events per DNA loop.
4. A Fast Reactive Power Optimization in Distribution Network Based on Large Random Matrix Theory and Data Analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Wanxing Sheng
2016-05-01
5. The use of the matrix diagram as a tool for the analysis of effectiveness of supply chain
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2010-06-01
Full Text Available The different approaches of the analyzing of the supply chain efficiency are presented. The special attention was paid to matrix methods, which enable to present both qualitative and quantitative relationships in a more communicative way. The limits of these methods were also discussed.
6. Low Complexity Precoder and Receiver Design for Massive MIMO Systems: A Large System Analysis using Random Matrix Theory
KAUST Repository
Sifaou, Houssem
2016-01-01
transceivers. Using tools from random matrix theory, we determine deterministic approximations of the SINR and the transmit power in the asymptotic regime. Then, the optimal per-user weight coe cients that solve the max-min SINR problem are derived
7. Overcoming Matrix Effects in a Complex Sample: Analysis of Multiple Elements in Multivitamins by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Science.gov (United States)
Arnold, Randy J.; Arndt, Brett; Blaser, Emilia; Blosser, Chris; Caulton, Dana; Chung, Won Sog; Fiorenza, Garrett; Heath, Wyatt; Jacobs, Alex; Kahng, Eunice; Koh, Eun; Le, Thao; Mandla, Kyle; McCory, Chelsey; Newman, Laura; Pithadia, Amit; Reckelhoff, Anna; Rheinhardt, Joseph; Skljarevski, Sonja; Stuart, Jordyn; Taylor, Cassie; Thomas, Scott; Tse, Kyle; Wall, Rachel; Warkentien, Chad
2011-01-01
A multivitamin tablet and liquid are analyzed for the elements calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese using atomic absorption spectrometry. Linear calibration and standard addition are used for all elements except calcium, allowing for an estimate of the matrix effects encountered for this complex sample. Sample preparation using…
8. Mass closure and source apportionment of PM2.5 by Positive Matrix Factorization analysis in urban Mediterranean environment
Science.gov (United States)
Mantas, E.; Remoundaki, E.; Halari, I.; Kassomenos, P.; Theodosi, C.; Hatzikioseyian, A.; Mihalopoulos, N.
2014-09-01
A systematic monitoring of PM2.5 was carried out during a period of three years (from February 2010 to April 2013) at an urban site, at the National Technical University of Athens campus. Two types of 24-h PM2.5 samples have been collected: 271 samples on PTFE and 116 samples on quartz filters. Daily PM2.5 concentrations were determined for both types of samples. Total sulfur, crustal origin elements and elements of a major crustal component (Al, Si, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Ti) trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, P, V, Cr, Mn) and water soluble ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+) were determined on the PTFE samples. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and water soluble ions were determined on the quartz samples. For the mass closure six components were considered: Secondary Inorganic Aerosol (SIA), Organic Matter (OM), Elemental Carbon (EC), Dust, Mineral anthropogenic component (MIN) and Sea Salt (SS). SIA and OM contributed in the mass of PM2.5 almost equally: 30-36% and 30% respectively. EC, SS and MIN accounted for 5, 4 and 3% respectively of the total PM2.5 mass. Dust accounted for about 3-5% in absence of dust transport event and reached a much higher percentage in case of dust transport event. These contributions justify at least 80% of the PM2.5 mass. Source apportionment analysis has been performed by Positive Matrix Factorization. The combination of the PMF results obtained by both data sets lead to the definition of six factors: 1. SO42-, NH4+, OC (industrial/regional sources, secondary aerosol) 2. EC, OC, K and trace metals (traffic and heating by biomass burning, locally emitted aerosol). 3. Ca, EC, OC and trace metals (urban-resuspended road dust reflecting exhaust emissions), 4. Secondary nitrates 5. Na, Cl (marine source) 6. Si, Al, Ti, Ca, Fe (Dust transported from Sahara). These factors reflect not only main sources contributions but also underline the key role of atmospheric dynamics and aerosol ageing processes in this Mediterranean
9. Multi-class multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs in meat using enhanced matrix removal lipid cleanup and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhao, Limian; Lucas, Derick; Long, David; Richter, Bruce; Stevens, Joan
2018-05-11
This study presents the development and validation of a quantitation method for the analysis of multi-class, multi-residue veterinary drugs using lipid removal cleanup cartridges, enhanced matrix removal lipid (EMR-Lipid), for different meat matrices by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection. Meat samples were extracted using a two-step solid-liquid extraction followed by pass-through sample cleanup. The method was optimized based on the buffer and solvent composition, solvent additive additions, and EMR-Lipid cartridge cleanup. The developed method was then validated in five meat matrices, porcine muscle, bovine muscle, bovine liver, bovine kidney and chicken liver to evaluate the method performance characteristics, such as absolute recoveries and precision at three spiking levels, calibration curve linearity, limit of quantitation (LOQ) and matrix effect. The results showed that >90% of veterinary drug analytes achieved satisfactory recovery results of 60-120%. Over 97% analytes achieved excellent reproducibility results (relative standard deviation (RSD) meat matrices. The matrix co-extractive removal efficiency by weight provided by EMR-lipid cartridge cleanup was 42-58% in samples. The post column infusion study showed that the matrix ion suppression was reduced for samples with the EMR-Lipid cartridge cleanup. The reduced matrix ion suppression effect was also confirmed with 30%) for all tested veterinary drugs in all of meat matrices. The results showed that the two-step solid-liquid extraction provides efficient extraction for the entire spectrum of veterinary drugs, including the difficult classes such as tetracyclines, beta-lactams etc. EMR-Lipid cartridges after extraction provided efficient sample cleanup with easy streamlined protocol and minimal impacts on analytes recovery, improving method reliability and consistency. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
10. Matrix effects break the LC behavior rule for analytes in LC-MS/MS analysis of biological samples.
Science.gov (United States)
Fang, Nianbai; Yu, Shanggong; Ronis, Martin Jj; Badger, Thomas M
2015-04-01
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are generally accepted as the preferred techniques for detecting and quantitating analytes of interest in biological matrices on the basis of the rule that one chemical compound yields one LC-peak with reliable retention time (Rt.). However, in the current study, we have found that under the same LC-MS conditions, the Rt. and shape of LC-peaks of bile acids in urine samples from animals fed dissimilar diets differed significantly among each other. To verify this matrix effect, 17 authentic bile acid standards were dissolved in pure methanol or in methanol containing extracts of urine from pigs consuming either breast milk or infant formula and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The matrix components in urine from piglets fed formula significantly reduced the LC-peak Rt. and areas of bile acids. This is the first characterization of this matrix effect on Rt. in the literature. Moreover, the matrix effect resulted in an unexpected LC behavior: one single compound yielded two LC-peaks, which broke the rule of one LC-peak for one compound. The three bile acid standards which exhibited this unconventional LC behavior were chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and glycocholic acid. One possible explanation for this effect is that some matrix components may have loosely bonded to analytes, which changed the time analytes were retained on a chromatography column and interfered with the ionization of analytes in the MS ion source to alter the peak area. This study indicates that a comprehensive understanding of matrix effects is needed towards improving the use of HPLC and LC-MS/MS techniques for qualitative and quantitative analyses of analytes in pharmacokinetics, proteomics/metabolomics, drug development, and sports drug testing, especially when LC-MS/MS data are analyzed by automation software where identification of an analyte is based on its exact molecular weight and Rt
11. Matrix effect on the detection limit and accuracy in total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis of trace elements in environmental and biological samples
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Karjou, J.
2007-01-01
The effect of matrix contents on the detection limit of total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis was experimentally investigated using a set of multielement standard solutions (500 ng/mL of each element) in variable concentrations of NH 4 NO 3 . It was found that high matrix concentration, i.e. 0.1-10% NH 4 NO 3 , had a strong effect on the detection limits for all investigated elements, whereas no effect was observed at lower matrix concentration, i.e. 0-0.1% NH 4 NO 3 . The effect of soil and blood sample masses on the detection limit was also studied. The results showed decreasing the detection limit (in concentration unit, μg/g) with increasing the sample mass. However, the detection limit increased (in mass unit, ng) with increasing sample mass. The optimal blood sample mass of ca. 200 μg was sufficient to improve the detection limit of Se determination by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. The capability of total reflection X-ray fluorescence to analyze different kinds of samples was discussed with respect to the accuracy and detection limits based on certified and reference materials. Direct analysis of unknown water samples from several sources was also presented in this work
12. Semiconductor Nanomaterials-Based Fluorescence Spectroscopic and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI Mass Spectrometric Approaches to Proteome Analysis
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Suresh Kumar Kailasa
2013-12-01
Full Text Available Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs or nanoparticles (NPs exhibit very unusual physico-chemcial and optical properties. This review article introduces the applications of semiconductor nanomaterials (NMs in fluorescence spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS for biomolecule analysis. Due to their unique physico-chemical and optical properties, semiconductors NMs have created many new platforms for investigating biomolecular structures and information in modern biology. These semiconductor NMs served as effective fluorescent probes for sensing proteins and cells and acted as affinity or concentrating probes for enriching peptides, proteins and bacteria proteins prior to MALDI-MS analysis.
13. ISDoT: in situ decellularization of tissues for high-resolution imaging and proteomic analysis of native extracellular matrix
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Mayorca-Guiliani, Alejandro E.; Madsen, Chris D.; Cox, Thomas R.
2017-01-01
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a master regulator of cellular phenotype and behavior. It has a crucial role in both normal tissue homeostasis and disease pathology. Here we present a fast and efficient approach to enhance the study of ECM composition and structure. Termed in situ...... decellularization of tissues (ISDoT), it allows whole organs to be decellularized, leaving native ECM architecture intact. These three-dimensional decellularized tissues can be studied using high-resolution fluorescence and second harmonic imaging, and can be used for quantitative proteomic interrogation of the ECM....... Our method is superior to other methods tested in its ability to preserve the structural integrity of the ECM, facilitate high-resolution imaging and quantitatively detect ECM proteins. In particular, we performed high-resolution sub-micron imaging of matrix topography in normal tissue and over...
14. A simple method for correcting the neutron self-shielding effect of matrix and improving the analytical response in prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sudarshan, K.; Tripathi, R.; Nair, A.G.C.; Acharya, R.; Reddy, A.V.R.; Goswami, A.
2005-01-01
A simple method using an internal standard is proposed to correct for the self-shielding effect of B, Cd and Gd in a matrix. This would increase the linear dynamic range of PGNAA in analyzing samples containing these elements. The method is validated by analyzing synthetic samples containing large amounts of B, Cd, Hg and Gd, the elements having high neutron absorption cross-section, in aqueous solutions and solid forms. A simple Monte-Carlo simulation to find the extent of self-shielding in the matrix is presented. The method is applied to the analysis of titanium boride alloy containing large amount of boron. The satisfactory results obtained showed the efficacy of the method of correcting for the self-shielding effects in the sample
15. STATIC ANALYSIS OF STRESSES INDIUCED BY MATRIX BAND IN ROOT CANAL TREATED SECOND PREMOLARS MOD CAVITIES BY FINITE ELEMENTH TECHNIQUE
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
K KHOSRAVI
2000-09-01
Full Text Available Introduction. The purpose of this study is measurement the stresses due to matrix bond and their effect on fracture or crock formation in teeth and finally modifying in treatment methods of tooth. Methods. We use a second premolar that was as similar as measurements of wheelers studies. Au mod cavity prepared with buccolingual width 3mm while the roof of pulp chamber has been removed and gingival floor was 1mm higher than CEJ. CTS was prepared in three dimention: crolan, sigital and axial and then tooth model was made based on Nisall program. The forces due to matrix band measured by strain guage and then, this force based on finite element method applied on the prepared model. Results: Inall cases, stresses observed in tensile and shear from tensile stresses was mainly in cervical one third of buccal cups and shear stress was surronded cervical area of the tooth like as circle. The greatest amount of forces were localized in gingival floor in mesial area and in the enamel with increasing the depth and sidth of cavity. The amount of this stresses increased especially in increasing of depth. With increasing the width and depth cuspal displacment was observed especially in colossal on third which localized in buccal cusp. Discussion. Matrix band stresses mainly are destructive and cause fractures or at least crack formation in tooth. So its preffered to use thinner band in shorter time as much as possible. using of anatomic bands were prefeved.
16. Clean-up and matrix effect in LC-MS/MS analysis of food of plant origin for high polar herbicides.
Science.gov (United States)
Kaczyński, Piotr
2017-09-01
This study reports an innovative and sensitive procedure for analysis of difficult high polar herbicides (HPH) in diverse foods of plant origin. The QuPPe (Quick Polar Pesticides) method followed by determination by LC-MS/MS was modified. Chromatographic conditions, extraction, clean-up, and matrix effect were studied. Several liquid chromatography stationary and mobile phases were evaluated, and it was found that hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) gives good retention and sensitivity. An acidified methanol-water mixture was used as an effective extraction solvent of eleven HPH. Dispersive solid-phase clean-up sorbents (C18, GCB, Florisil, chitosan and graphene) were evaluated. The efficiency of the method was examined using data on recovery, precision and matrix effects. High extraction yields were achieved, and recoveries were within the 64-97% range with relative standard deviations <20% for all HPH in all commodities. Low matrix effects were observed when graphene was used during clean-up of onion extract and when chitosan was used for wheat, potato and pea extract. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
17. Data set for the proteomic inventory and quantitative analysis of chicken eggshell matrix proteins during the primary events of eggshell mineralization and the active growth phase of calcification.
Science.gov (United States)
Marie, Pauline; Labas, Valérie; Brionne, Aurélien; Harichaux, Grégoire; Hennequet-Antier, Christelle; Rodriguez-Navarro, Alejandro B; Nys, Yves; Gautron, Joël
2015-09-01
Chicken eggshell is a biomineral composed of 95% calcite calcium carbonate mineral and of 3.5% organic matrix proteins. The assembly of mineral and its structural organization is controlled by its organic matrix. In a recent study [1], we have used quantitative proteomic, bioinformatic and functional analyses to explore the distribution of 216 eggshell matrix proteins at four key stages of shell mineralization defined as: (1) widespread deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), (2) ACC transformation into crystalline calcite aggregates, (3) formation of larger calcite crystal units and (4) rapid growth of calcite as columnar structure with preferential crystal orientation. The current article detailed the quantitative analysis performed at the four stages of shell mineralization to determine the proteins which are the most abundant. Additionally, we reported the enriched GO terms and described the presence of 35 antimicrobial proteins equally distributed at all stages to keep the egg free of bacteria and of 81 proteins, the function of which could not be ascribed.
18. Data set for the proteomic inventory and quantitative analysis of chicken eggshell matrix proteins during the primary events of eggshell mineralization and the active growth phase of calcification
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Pauline Marie
2015-09-01
Full Text Available Chicken eggshell is a biomineral composed of 95% calcite calcium carbonate mineral and of 3.5% organic matrix proteins. The assembly of mineral and its structural organization is controlled by its organic matrix. In a recent study [1], we have used quantitative proteomic, bioinformatic and functional analyses to explore the distribution of 216 eggshell matrix proteins at four key stages of shell mineralization defined as: (1 widespread deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC, (2 ACC transformation into crystalline calcite aggregates, (3 formation of larger calcite crystal units and (4 rapid growth of calcite as columnar structure with preferential crystal orientation. The current article detailed the quantitative analysis performed at the four stages of shell mineralization to determine the proteins which are the most abundant. Additionally, we reported the enriched GO terms and described the presence of 35 antimicrobial proteins equally distributed at all stages to keep the egg free of bacteria and of 81 proteins, the function of which could not be ascribed.
19. Mechanical assessment of bovine pericardium using Müeller matrix imaging, enhanced backscattering and digital image correlation analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Cuando-Espitia, Natanael; Sánchez-Arévalo, Francisco; Hernández-Cordero, Juan
2015-08-01
Mechanical characterization of tissue is an important but complex task. We demonstrate the simultaneous use of Mueller matrix imaging (MMI), enhanced backscattering (EBS) and digital image correlation (DIC) in a bovine pericardium (BP) tensile test. The interest in BP relies on its wide use as valve replacement and biological patch. We show that the mean free path (MFP), obtained through EBS measurements, can be used as an indicator of the anisotropy of the fiber ensemble. Our results further show a good correlation between retardance images and displacement vector fields, which are intrinsically related with the fiber interaction within the tissue.
20. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases: lessons from the study of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases.
Science.gov (United States)
Willenbrock, Frances; Thomas, Daniel A; Amour, Augustin
2010-01-01
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are a group of highly potent inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and disintegrin metalloproteinases (ADAMs). The high affinity and "tight-binding" nature of the inhibition of MMPs or ADAMs by TIMPs presents challenges for the determination of both equilibrium and dissociation rate constants of these inhibitory events. Methodologies that enable some of these challenges to be overcome are described in this chapter and represent valuable lessons for the in vitro assessment of MMP or ADAM inhibitors within a drug discovery context.
1. Observability Analysis of a Matrix Kalman Filter-Based Navigation System Using Visual/Inertial/Magnetic Sensors
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Guohu Feng
2012-06-01
Full Text Available A matrix Kalman filter (MKF has been implemented for an integrated navigation system using visual/inertial/magnetic sensors. The MKF rearranges the original nonlinear process model in a pseudo-linear process model. We employ the observability rank criterion based on Lie derivatives to verify the conditions under which the nonlinear system is observable. It has been proved that such observability conditions are: (a at least one degree of rotational freedom is excited, and (b at least two linearly independent horizontal lines and one vertical line are observed. Experimental results have validated the correctness of these observability conditions.
2. Z-sinapinic acid: the change of the stereochemistry of cinnamic acids as rational synthesis of a new matrix for carbohydrate MALDI-MS analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Salum, María L; Itovich, Lucia M; Erra-Balsells, Rosa
2013-11-01
Successful application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS started with the introduction of efficient matrices such as cinnamic acid derivatives (i.e. 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, SA; α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Since the empirical founding of these matrices, other commercial available cinnamic acids with different nature and location of substituents at benzene ring were attempted. Rational design and synthesis of new cinnamic acids have been recently described too. Because the presence of a rigid double bond in its molecule structure, cinnamic acids can exist as two different geometric isomers, the E-form and Z-form. Commercial available cinnamic acids currently used as matrices are the geometric isomers trans or E (E-cinnamic and trans-cinnamic acids). As a new rational design of MALDI matrices, Z-cinnamic acids were synthesized, and their properties as matrices were studied. Their performance was compared with that of the corresponding E-isomer and classical crystalline matrices (3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid; norharmane) in the analysis of neutral/sulfated carbohydrates. Herein, we demonstrate the outstanding performance for Z-SA. Sulfated oligosaccharides were detected in negative ion mode, and the dissociation of sulfate groups was almost suppressed. Additionally, to better understand the quite different performance of each geometric isomer as matrix, the physical and morphological properties as well as the photochemical stability in solid state were studied. The influence of the E/Z photoisomerization of the matrix during MALDI was evaluated. Finally, molecular modeling (density functional theory study) of the optimized geometry and stereochemistry of E-cinnamic and Z-cinnamic acids revealed some factors governing the analyte-matrix interaction. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3. Strategy BMT Al-Ittihad Using Matrix IE, Matrix SWOT 8K, Matrix SPACE and Matrix TWOS
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Nofrizal Nofrizal
2018-03-01
Full Text Available This research aims to formulate and select BMT Al-Ittihad Rumbai strategy to face the changing of business environment both from internal environment such as organization resources, finance, member and external business such as competitor, economy, politics and others. This research method used Analysis of EFAS, IFAS, IE Matrix, SWOT-8K Matrix, SPACE Matrix and TWOS Matrix. our hope from this research it can assist BMT Al-Ittihad in formulating and selecting strategies for the sustainability of BMT Al-Ittihad in the future. The sample in this research is using purposive sampling technique that is the manager and leader of BMT Al-IttihadRumbaiPekanbaru. The result of this research shows that the position of BMT Al-Ittihad using IE Matrix, SWOT-8K Matrix and SPACE Matrix is in growth position, stabilization and aggressive. The choice of strategy after using TWOS Matrix is market penetration, market development, vertical integration, horizontal integration, and stabilization (careful.
4. Method and program for decay scheme reconstruction based on formal logical analysis of gamma-gamma coincidence matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1996-01-01
A new, rigorously substantiated approach to construction of decay schemes on the basis of γ-γ coincidence data is described. Complete decay modes (concrete cascades of transitions from excited to the ground-state of a nucleus excited in a decay or a reaction) and continuity regions in complete modes (regions of successive transitions) are isolated by logical operations with rows (columns) of a symmetrical coincidence matrix where rows (columns) correspond to energies of coinciding transitions and matrix elements are unities and zeros, depending on the presence or absence of the given coincidence. To reject false complete modes and continuity regions arising from incompleteness of the coincidence data and errors in them, energy selection is introduced for complete modes and continuity regions, which demands that total energy of their constituent transitions should be equal to total energy of some other complete modes and continuity regions and to the energies of singles. With the continuity regions found, it is possible to order transitions in the selected complete modes and to algorithmize matching of complete modes into a decay scheme. 10 refs., 3 figs
5. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis of aliphatic biodegradable photoluminescent polymers using new ionic liquid matrices.
Science.gov (United States)
Serrano, Carlos A; Zhang, Yi; Yang, Jian; Schug, Kevin A
2011-05-15
In this study, two novel ionic liquid matrices (ILMs), N,N-diisopropylethylammonium 3-oxocoumarate and N,N-diisopropylethylammonium dihydroxymonooxoacetophenoate, were tested for the structural elucidation of recently developed aliphatic biodegradable polymers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The polymers, formed by a condensation reaction of three components, citric acid, octane diol, and an amino acid, are fluorescent, but the exact mechanism behind their luminescent properties has not been fully elucidated. In the original studies, which introduced the polymer class (J. Yang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 10086-10091), a hyper-conjugated cyclic structure was proposed as the source for the photoluminescent behavior. With the use of the two new ILMs, we present evidence that supports the presence of the proposed cyclization product. In addition, the new ILMs, when compared with a previously established ILM, N,N-diisopropylethylammonium α-cyano-3-hydroxycinnimate, provided similar signal intensities and maintained similar spectral profiles. This research also established that the new ILMs provided good spot-to-spot reproducibility and high ionization efficiency compared with corresponding crystalline matrix preparations. Many polymer features revealed through the use of the ILMs could not be observed with crystalline matrices. Ultimately, the new ILMs highlighted the composition of the synthetic polymers, as well as the loss of water that was expected for the formation of the proposed cyclic structure on the polymer backbone. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
6. Independent Analysis of the Flagellum Surface and Matrix Proteomes Provides Insight into Flagellum Signaling in Mammalian-infectious Trypanosoma brucei*
Science.gov (United States)
Oberholzer, Michael; Langousis, Gerasimos; Nguyen, HoangKim T.; Saada, Edwin A.; Shimogawa, Michelle M.; Jonsson, Zophonias O.; Nguyen, Steven M.; Wohlschlegel, James A.; Hill, Kent L.
2011-01-01
The flagellum of African trypanosomes is an essential and multifunctional organelle that functions in motility, cell morphogenesis, and host-parasite interaction. Previous studies of the trypanosome flagellum have been limited by the inability to purify flagella without first removing the flagellar membrane. This limitation is particularly relevant in the context of studying flagellum signaling, as signaling requires surface-exposed proteins in the flagellar membrane and soluble signaling proteins in the flagellar matrix. Here we employ a combination of genetic and mechanical approaches to purify intact flagella from the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, in its mammalian-infectious stage. We combined flagellum purification with affinity-purification of surface-exposed proteins to conduct independent proteomic analyses of the flagellum surface and matrix fractions. The proteins identified encompass a broad range of molecular functionalities, including many predicted to function in signaling. Immunofluorescence and RNA interference studies demonstrate flagellum localization and function for proteins identified and provide insight into mechanisms of flagellum attachment and motility. The flagellum surface proteome includes many T. brucei-specific proteins and is enriched for proteins up-regulated in the mammalian-infectious stage of the parasite life-cycle. The combined results indicate that the flagellum surface presents a diverse and dynamic host-parasite interface that is well-suited for host-parasite signaling. PMID:21685506
7. R-Matrix Analysis of Structures in Economic Indices: from Nuclear Reactions to High-Frequency Trading
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Firk, Frank W K
2014-01-01
It is shown that the R-matrix theory of nuclear reactions is a viable mathematical theory for the description of the fine, intermediate and gross structure observed in the time-dependence of economic indices in general, and the daily Dow Jones Industrial Average in particular. A Lorentzian approximation to R-matrix theory is used to analyze the complex structures observed in the Dow Jones Industrial Average on a typical trading day. Resonant structures in excited nuclei are characterized by the values of their fundamental strength function, (average total width of the states)/(average spacing between adjacent states). Here, values of the ratios (average lifetime of individual states of a given component of the daily Dow Jones Industrial Average)/(average interval between the adjacent states) are determined. The ratios for the observed fine and intermediate structure of the index are found to be essentially constant throughout the trading day. These quantitative findings are characteristic of the highly statistical nature of many-body, strongly interacting systems, typified by daily trading. It is therefore proposed that the values of these ratios, determined in the first hour-or-so of trading, be used to provide valuable information concerning the likely performance of the fine and intermediate components of the index for the remainder of the trading day
8. Trace analysis of antidepressant pharmaceuticals and their select degradates in aquatic matrixes by LC/ESI/MS/MS
Science.gov (United States)
Schultz, M.M.; Furlong, E.T.
2008-01-01
Treated wastewater effluent is a potential environmental point source for antidepressant pharmaceuticals. A quantitative method was developed for the determination of trace levels of antidepressants in environmental aquatic matrixes using solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography- electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries of parent antidepressants from matrix spiking experiments for the individual antidepressants ranged from 72 to 118% at low concentrations (0.5 ng/L) and 70 to 118% at high concentrations (100 ng/L) for the solid-phase extraction method. Method detection limits for the individual antidepressant compounds ranged from 0.19 to 0.45 ng/L. The method was applied to wastewater effluent and samples collected from a wastewater-dominated stream. Venlafaxine was the predominant antidepressant observed in wastewater and river water samples. Individual antidepressant concentrations found in the wastewater effluent ranged from 3 (duloxetine) to 2190 ng/L (venlafaxine), whereas individual concentrations in the waste-dominated stream ranged from 0.72 (norfluoxetine) to 1310 ng/L (venlafaxine). ?? 2008 American Chemical Society.
9. In Situ Analysis of Bacterial Lipopeptide Antibiotics by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging.
Science.gov (United States)
Debois, Delphine; Ongena, Marc; Cawoy, Hélène; De Pauw, Edwin
2016-01-01
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) is a technique developed in the late 1990s enabling the two-dimensional mapping of a broad variety of biomolecules present at the surface of a sample. In many applications including pharmaceutical studies or biomarker discovery, the distribution of proteins, lipids or drugs, and metabolites may be visualized within tissue sections. More recently, MALDI MSI has become increasingly applied in microbiology where the versatility of the technique is perfectly suited to monitor the metabolic dynamics of bacterial colonies. The work described here is focused on the application of MALDI MSI to map secondary metabolites produced by Bacilli, especially lipopeptides, produced by bacterial cells during their interaction with their environment (bacteria, fungi, plant roots, etc.). This chapter addresses the advantages and challenges that the implementation of MALDI MSI to microbiological samples entails, including detailed protocols on sample preparation (from both microbiologist and mass spectrometrist points of view), matrix deposition, and data acquisition and interpretation. Lipopeptide images recorded from confrontation plates are also presented.
10. An analysis of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the tensile deformation of aluminum-matrix composites
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gonzalez, C.; Llorca, J.
2003-01-01
The effect of superposed hydrostatic pressure on the tensile deformation of particle-reinforced Al-matrix composites was analyzed using a self-consistent approximation. The composite was represented in terms of an interpenetrating network of randomly distributed spheres, which stand for the intact and damaged regions in the composite. Each sphere contained an intact or broken ceramic particle at the center, and the model assumed that the fraction of damaged spheres increased during deformation. The load partitioning between intact and damaged regions in the composite as well as the stress redistribution due to damage was computed through a self-consistent scheme. It was shown that the tensile stresses in the ceramic particles, and thus the fraction of broken particles, were reduced as the hydrostatic pressure increased. This led to a moderate improvement in the composite flow stress but more significant gains were achieved in the strain at the onset of plastic instability. Both magnitudes increased with the hydrostatic pressure until a saturation stress was reached. Particle fracture was completely inhibited at this point, and higher pressures did not have any influence on the composite behavior, which was equivalent to that of the undamaged phase in the absence of hydrostatic pressure. Using reasonable values for the matrix and reinforcement properties, the model predictions for the composite strength and strain at the onset of plastic instability were in good agreement with the experimental data in the literature for high strength Al alloys reinforced with SiC and Al 2 O 3 particles
11. ScatterJn: An ImageJ Plugin for Scatterplot-Matrix Analysis and Classification of Spatially Resolved Analytical Microscopy Data
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Fabian Zeitvogel
2016-02-01
Full Text Available We present ScatterJn, an ImageJ (and Fiji plugin for scatterplot-based exploration and analysis of analytical microscopy data. In contrast to commonly used scatterplot tools, it handles more than two input images (or image stacks, respectively by creating a matrix of pairwise scatterplots. The tool offers the possibility to manually classify pixels by selecting regions of datapoints in the scatterplots as well as in the spatial domain. We demonstrate its functioning using a set of elemental maps acquired by SEM-EDX mapping of a soil sample. The plugin is available at https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/scatterjn.
12. Metabolomic Analysis of Oxidative and Glycolytic Skeletal Muscles by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/IonizationMass Spectrometric Imaging (MALDI MSI)
Science.gov (United States)
Tsai, Yu-Hsuan; Garrett, Timothy J.; Carter, Christy S.; Yost, Richard A.
2015-06-01
Skeletal muscles are composed of heterogeneous muscle fibers that have different physiological, morphological, biochemical, and histological characteristics. In this work, skeletal muscles extensor digitorum longus, soleus, and whole gastrocnemius were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry to characterize small molecule metabolites of oxidative and glycolytic muscle fiber types as well as to visualize biomarker localization. Multivariate data analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were performed to extract significant features. Different metabolic fingerprints were observed from oxidative and glycolytic fibers. Higher abundances of biomolecules such as antioxidant anserine as well as acylcarnitines were observed in the glycolytic fibers, whereas taurine and some nucleotides were found to be localized in the oxidative fibers.
13. Study of matrix effects on the direct trace analysis of acidic pesticides in water using various liquid chromatographic modes coupled to tandem mass spectrometric detection.
Science.gov (United States)
Dijkman, E; Mooibroek, D; Hoogerbrugge, R; Hogendoorn, E; Sancho, J V; Pozo, O; Hernández, F
2001-08-10
This study investigated the effects of matrix interferences on the analytical performance of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometric (MS-MS) detector coupled to various reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) modes for the on-line determination of various types of acidic herbicides in water using external calibration for quantification of the analytes tested at a level of 0.4 microg/l. The LC modes included (i) a single-column configuration (LC), (ii) precolumn switching (PC-LC) and (iii) coupled-column LC (LC-LC). As regards detection, electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in both positive (PI) and negative (NI) ionization modes were examined. Salinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were selected as interferences to study matrix effects in this type of analysis. Therefore, Milli-Q and tap water samples both fortified with 12 mg/l DOC and spiked with sulfometuron-methyl, bentazone, bromoxynil, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxypropionic acid at a level of about 0.4 microg/l were analyzed with the various LC-MS approaches. Direct sample injection was performed with volumes of 0.25 ml or 2.0 ml on a column of 2.1 mm I.D. or 4.6 mm I.D. for the ESI and APCI modes, respectively. The recovery data were used to compare and evaluate the analytical performance of the various LC approaches. As regards matrix effects, the salinity provided a dramatic decrease in response for early eluting analytes (k value of about 1) when using the LC mode. Both PC-LC and LC-LC efficiently eliminated this problem. The high DOC content hardly effected the responses of analytes in the ESI mode, while in most cases the responses increased when using APCI-MS-MS detection. Of all the tested configurations, LC-LC-ESI-MS-MS with the column combination Discovery C18/ABZ+ was the most favorable as regards elimination of matrix effects and provided reliable quantification of all compounds using external calibration at the tested
14. The economy-wide impact of controlling energy consumption in Indonesia: An analysis using a Social Accounting Matrix framework
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hartono, Djoni; Resosudarmo, Budy P.
2008-01-01
Escalating oil prices and the need to control carbon emissions sound the alarm for Indonesia to reduce or be more efficient in its energy use. Instead of eliminating the fuel oil subsidy to promote better and more efficient use of energy, the Indonesian government seems to be more in favour of restricting energy use by, for example, requiring all hotels, restaurants, night clubs and other business activities to close down by 1 am. Societies need to understand the full consequences of adopting restricting energy use and more efficient energy use strategies toward their incomes. This paper aims to analyse the impact on the economy of energy policies aiming to reduce and to improve the efficiency of energy use, particularly on the income of various household groups. This paper will, first, construct a Social Accounting Matrix for Indonesia with detailed energy sectors and, second, utilise various multiplier analyses to observe and understand the impact of these energy policies
15. An analysis on mode selection by V-I transmission matrix in DBR laser with asymmetric fiber gratings
Science.gov (United States)
Li, Zhuoxuan; Pei, Li; Li, Qi; Ning, Tigang; Liu, Chao; Gao, Song
2013-02-01
The V-I Transmission Matrix Method (VITMM) which is well known in the microwave engineering field was firstly applied to analyze the output spectra of the Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) laser, formed by asymmetric fiber gratings as resonator mirrors. One mirror is the uniform Bragg grating and the other is chirped grating. A theoretical model of grating was established, and then a numerical simulation of the mode selection in DBR laser with asymmetric fiber gratings was presented. Simulation results show that VITMM, with calculation error less than 0.1%, could save the calculation time compared to the Rouard method. In the experiment, the setup design of the single-longitudinal-mode laser output at 1544.7 nm was carried out, and the result, which lasted about 10 min, observed on an optical spectrum analyzer, demonstrates the feasibility of VITMM to address the mode output issues of DBR fiber laser.
16. Recent Advances in the Analysis of Macromolecular Interactions Using the Matrix-Free Method of Sedimentation in the Analytical Ultracentrifuge
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Stephen E. Harding
2015-03-01
Full Text Available Sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge is a matrix free solution technique with no immobilisation, columns, or membranes required and can be used to study self-association and complex or “hetero”-interactions, stoichiometry, reversibility and interaction strength of a wide variety of macromolecular types and across a very large dynamic range (dissociation constants from 10−12 M to 10−1 M. We extend an earlier review specifically highlighting advances in sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge applied to protein interactions and mucoadhesion and to review recent applications in protein self-association (tetanus toxoid, agrin, protein-like carbohydrate association (aminocelluloses, carbohydrate-protein interactions (polysaccharide-gliadin, nucleic-acid protein (G-duplexes, nucleic acid-carbohydrate (DNA-chitosan and finally carbohydrate-carbohydrate (xanthan-chitosan and a ternary polysaccharide complex interactions.
17. Analysis of the half-projected Hartree--Fock function: density matrix, natural orbitals, and configuration interaction equivalence
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1976-01-01
The half-projected Hartree--Fock function for singlet states (HPHF) is analyzed in terms of natural electronic configurations. For this purpose the HPHF spinless density matrix and its natural orbitals are first deduced. It is found that the HPHF function does not contain any contribution from odd-times excited configurations. It is seen in addition, in the case of the singlet ground states, this function is approximately equivalent to two closed-shell configurations, although the nature of the excited one depends on the nuclear geometry. An example is given in the case of the LiH ground state. Finally, the application of this model for studying systems of more than two atoms is criticized
18. A survey of useful salt additives in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry of lipids: introducing nitrates for improved analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Griffiths, Rian L; Bunch, Josephine
2012-07-15
19. Investigation of matrix effects in 193 nm laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis using reference glasses of different transparencies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Czas, J.; Jochum, K.P.; Stoll, B.; Weis, U.; Yang, Q.-C.; Jacob, D.E.; Andreae, M.O.
2012-01-01
The degree of transparency of glasses, which depends on the Fe content, may influence the ablation behavior during laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis. To test possible matrix effects when using a 193 nm Nd:YAG laser, we have analyzed transparent and opaque NIST, BAM and USGS reference glasses. These reference materials are ideal for such investigations, because they are well characterized, most elements are homogeneously distributed at the micrometer scale, and their Fe content varies over a very large range, from 16 to 130,000 μg g −1 . Our measurements show that the fractionation factors of refractory and volatile lithophile elements, such as Sr, Ba, and Rb, are 1.00 ± 0.03 and independent of the degree of transparency. However, for volatile chalcophile/siderophile elements (e.g., Zn and Pb) the fractionation factors vary significantly between 0.7 and 1, depending on the spot sizes and the transparency of the material. Mass-load-induced matrix effects may also influence the accuracy of LA-ICP-MS analysis. They are less than 2% for the lithophile and up to 10% for volatile chalcophile/siderophile elements when the mass load varies by a factor 2.4. Relative sensitivity factors used for calibration of lithophile elements agree within uncertainty limits for transparent and opaque glasses when using a 193 nm laser. Even for volatile/chalcophile elements they differ only by 5–10%. The reliability of the LA-ICP-MS analyses is demonstrated by presenting concentration data of 27 trace elements in the NIST, BAM and USGS reference glasses using NIST SRM 612 for calibration, where highly accurate reference values are available. For trace element concentrations in the range between 1 and 500 μg g −1 , the reproducibility and the uncertainties at the 95% confidence level of the measurements vary between 1–4%, and 7–10%, respectively. - Highlights: ► Matrix effects are low for lithophile elements using a 193 nm laser
20. Direct lead isotope analysis in Hg-rich sulfides by LA-MC-ICP-MS with a gas exchange device and matrix-matched calibration
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Zhang, Wen [State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 (China); Hu, Zhaochu, E-mail: zchu@vip.sina.com [State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 (China); Günther, Detlef, E-mail: guenther@inorg.chem.ethz.ch [ETH Zurich, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemistry, CH-8093, Zurich (Switzerland); Liu, Yongsheng; Ling, Wenli; Zong, Keqing; Chen, Haihong; Gao, Shan [State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 (China)
2016-12-15
and robustness of our analytical protocol. - Highlights: • Improved approach of in-situ Pb isotope analysis in Hg-rich sulfides. • Complete removal of Hg interference from aerosol particles transported in helium by a gas exchange device. • Evaluation and recommendation of two sulfides as the potential sulfide standard candidates. • Characterization of potential matrix-matched sulfide reference materials for LA analysis.
1. Complete relaxation and conformational exchange matrix (CORCEMA) analysis of intermolecular saturation transfer effects in reversibly forming ligand-receptor complexes.
Science.gov (United States)
Jayalakshmi, V; Krishna, N Rama
2002-03-01
A couple of recent applications of intermolecular NOE (INOE) experiments as applied to biomolecular systems involve the (i) saturation transfer difference NMR (STD-NMR) method and (ii) the intermolecular cross-saturation NMR (ICS-NMR) experiment. STD-NMR is a promising tool for rapid screening of a large library of compounds to identify bioactive ligands binding to a target protein. Additionally, it is also useful in mapping the binding epitopes presented by a bioactive ligand to its target protein. In this latter application, the STD-NMR technique is essentially similar to the ICS-NMR experiment, which is used to map protein-protein or protein-nucleic acid contact surfaces in complexes. In this work, we present a complete relaxation and conformational exchange matrix (CORCEMA) theory (H. N. B. Moseley et al., J. Magn. Reson. B 108, 243-261 (1995)) applicable for these two closely related experiments. As in our previous work, we show that when exchange is fast on the relaxation rate scale, a simplified CORCEMA theory can be formulated using a generalized average relaxation rate matrix. Its range of validity is established by comparing its predictions with those of the exact CORCEMA theory which is valid for all exchange rates. Using some ideal model systems we have analyzed the factors that influence the ligand proton intensity changes when the resonances from some protons on the receptor protein are saturated. The results show that the intensity changes in the ligand signals in an intermolecular NOE experiment are very much dependent upon: (1) the saturation time, (2) the location of the saturated receptor protons with respect to the ligand protons, (3) the conformation of the ligand-receptor interface, (4) the rotational correlation times for the molecular species, (5) the kinetics of the reversibly forming complex, and (6) the ligand/receptor ratio. As an example of a typical application of the STD-NMR experiment we have also simulated the STD effects for a
2. Correlation between phosphorylation ratios by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis and radioactivities by radioactive assay.
Science.gov (United States)
Tsuchiya, Akira; Asai, Daisuke; Kang, Jeong-Hun; Mori, Takeshi; Niidome, Takuro; Katayama, Yoshiki
2012-02-15
To investigate the correlation between the counts per minute (CPM) by radioactivity assay and the phosphorylation ratio by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis, we prepared 136 peptide substrates. The correlation coefficient of phosphorylation ratios to CPM was 0.77 for all samples. However, the more the numbers of positively charged amino acids increased, the more the correlation coefficient increased. Although positively charged amino acids can have an effect on the correlation results, MALDI-TOF MS analysis is a useful means for monitoring phosphorylated peptide and protein kinase activity instead of radioactivity assays. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3. Coumarins as new matrices for matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric analysis of hydrophobic compounds
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wang, Hang, E-mail: hangwang@sjtu.edu.cn [Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240 (China); Dai, Bona [Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240 (China); Liu, Bin [Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention of Hubei Province, College of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei 435003 (China); Lu, Han [Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025 (China)
2015-07-02
Highlights: • Coumarins were used as new MALDI matrices. • Coumarins were used for MALDI-FT ICR MS detection of hydrophobic compounds. • DCA had improvement in detection sensitivity, stability, selectivity and reproducibility. • DCA was applied to sterols detection in yeast cells. - Abstract: Hydrophobic compounds with hydroxyl, aldehyde or ketone groups are generally difficult to detect using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), because these compounds have low proton affinity and are poorly ionized by MALDI. Herein, coumarins have been used as new matrices for MALDI-MS analysis of a variety of hydrophobic compounds with low ionization efficiency, including steroids, coenzyme Q10, a cyclic lipopeptide and cholesterol oleate. Five coumarins, including coumarin, umbelliferone, esculetin, 7-hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid (HCA) and 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid (DCA), were compared with the conventional matrices of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA). Coumarins with hydroxyl or carboxylic acid groups enabled detection. Taking DCA as an example, this matrix proved to be superior to DHB or CHCA in detection sensitivity, stability, spot-to-spot and sample-to-sample reproducibility, and accuracy. DCA increased the stability of the target compounds and decreased the loss of water. The [M + Na]{sup +} peaks were observed for all target compounds by adding NaCl as an additive, and the [M − H{sub 2}O + H]{sup +} and [M + H]{sup +} peaks decreased. DCA was selected for the identification of sterols in yeast cells, and thirteen sterols were detected by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT ICR) mass spectrometry. This work demonstrates the potential of DCA as a new matrix for detection of hydrophobic molecules by MALDI-MS and provides an alternative tool for screening sterols in antifungal research.
4. Prognostic role of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer/CD147 in gastrointestinal cancer: a meta-analysis of related studies.
Science.gov (United States)
Huang, Xiaohui; Shen, Weisong; Xi, Hongqing; Zhang, Kecheng; Cui, Jianxin; Wei, Bo; Chen, Lin
2016-12-06
The prognostic role of Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN/ CD147) in gastrointestinal cancer remains controversial. We systematically reviewed the evidence of assessment of CD147 expression in gastrointestinal cancer to help clarify this issue. Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases were searched to identify eligible studies to evaluate the association of CD147 expression and disease-free and overall survival of gastrointestinal cancer. Hazard ratios (HRs) were pooled to estimate the effect. CD147 overexpression was significantly correlated with poor disease-free survival (HR 2.38, 95% CI 1.43-3.97) and overall survival (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.25-2.14) of cancer patients. Furthermore, CD147 overexpression was significantly association with TNM stage (TIII/TIV vs TI/TII: OR 3.60, 95% CI 1.85-7.01), the depth of invasion (T3/T4 vs T1/T2: OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.25-3.33), lymph node metastasis (positive vs negative: 2.35, 95% CI 1.14-4.86), distant metastasis (positive vs negative: OR 4.78, 95% CI 1.43-16.00). Our analyses demonstrate that CD147 was effectively predictive of worse prognosis in gastrointestinal cancer. Moreover, Identifying CD147 may help identify new drug targets for cancer therapy.
5. Magnetic resonance imaging and image analysis for assessment of HPMC matrix tablets structural evolution in USP Apparatus 4.
Science.gov (United States)
Kulinowski, Piotr; Dorożyński, Przemysław; Młynarczyk, Anna; Węglarz, Władysław P
2011-05-01
The purpose of the study was to present a methodology for the processing of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data for the quantification of the dosage form matrix evolution during drug dissolution. The results of the study were verified by comparison with other approaches presented in literature. A commercially available, HPMC-based quetiapine fumarate tablet was studied with a 4.7T MR system. Imaging was performed inside an MRI probe-head coupled with a flow-through cell for 12 h in circulating water. The images were segmented into three regions using threshold-based segmentation algorithms due to trimodal structure of the image intensity histograms. Temporal evolution of dry glassy, swollen glassy and gel regions was monitored. The characteristic features were observed: initial high expansion rate of the swollen glassy and gel layers due to initial water uptake, dry glassy core disappearance and maximum area of swollen glassy region at 4 h, and subsequent gel layer thickness increase at the expense of swollen glassy layer. The temporal evolution of an HPMC-based tablet by means of noninvasive MRI integrated with USP Apparatus 4 was found to be consistent with both the theoretical model based on polymer disentanglement concentration and experimental VIS/FTIR studies.
6. Really old-palaeoimmunology: immunohistochemical analysis of extracellular matrix proteins in historic and pre-historic material.
Science.gov (United States)
Wick, G; Kalischnig, G; Maurer, H; Mayerl, C; Müller, P U
2001-09-01
In this review, we summarize data concerning the respective preservation and deterioration of antigenic determinants of various collagenous and non-collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in palaeontologic material of different ages. ECM proteins are the major quantitative constituents of mammalian organisms and were, therefore, selected as important representative proteins for these analyses. The specimens, studied by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical techniques, included the skin of 500-1500 year-old human mummies from Peru, skin and striated muscle from the 5300-year-old glacier mummy ("Iceman") from Tyrol, Austria, and a 50-million-year-old bat with preserved soft body parts from the fossil excavation site of Messel, Germany. In frozen sections of the former two sources, epitopes recognized by specific antibodies for triple-helical antigenic determinants of different types of collagen resistant against conventional proteases were preserved, while non-helical domains, as well as the non-collagenous ECM proteins, could no longer be demonstrated. The fossil bat, although showing evidence of fibrous, collagen-like structures in conventional histology, revealed no collagenous or non-collagenous ECM proteins by any technique. It later turned out that this was due to the replacement of the original soft parts in these fossils by lawns of bacteria. These studies introduced immunological techniques into palaeontology and opened new approaches for studying physiologically- and pathologically-altered structures in tissues of animals and humans of considerable historical age.
7. Random matrix theory
CERN Document Server
Deift, Percy
2009-01-01
This book features a unified derivation of the mathematical theory of the three classical types of invariant random matrix ensembles-orthogonal, unitary, and symplectic. The authors follow the approach of Tracy and Widom, but the exposition here contains a substantial amount of additional material, in particular, facts from functional analysis and the theory of Pfaffians. The main result in the book is a proof of universality for orthogonal and symplectic ensembles corresponding to generalized Gaussian type weights following the authors' prior work. New, quantitative error estimates are derive
8. Interfaces between a fibre and its matrix
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lilholt, Hans; Sørensen, Bent F.
2017-01-01
in polyester matrix. The analysis of existing experimental literature data is demonstrated for steel fibres in epoxy matrix and for tungsten wires in copper matrix. These latter incomplete analyses show that some results can be obtained even if all three experimental parameters are not recorded....... parameters (applied load, debond length and relative fibre/matrix displacement) are rather similar for these test modes. A simplified analysis allows the direct determination of the three interface parameters from two plots for the experimental data. The complete analysis is demonstrated for steel fibres...
9. K-matrix analysis of the (IJ sup P sup C = 00 sup + sup +)-wave in the mass region below 1900 MeV
CERN Document Server
Anisovich, V V
2003-01-01
We present the results of the current analysis of the partial wave IJ sup P sup C =00 sup + sup + based on the available data for meson spectra (pi pi, K anti K, eta eta, eta eta sup ' ,pi pi pi pi). In the framework of the K-matrix approach, the analytical amplitude has been reconstructed in the mass region 280 MeVmatrix poles (bare states) and the values of bare-state couplings to meson channels thus allowing the quark-antiquark nonet classification of bare states. On the basis of the obtained partial widths to the channels pi pi, anti KK,eta e...
10. Random matrix theory analysis of cross-correlations in the US stock market: Evidence from Pearson’s correlation coefficient and detrended cross-correlation coefficient
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Gang-Jin; Xie, Chi; Chen, Shou; Yang, Jiao-Jiao; Yang, Ming-Yan
2013-09-01
In this study, we first build two empirical cross-correlation matrices in the US stock market by two different methods, namely the Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the detrended cross-correlation coefficient (DCCA coefficient). Then, combining the two matrices with the method of random matrix theory (RMT), we mainly investigate the statistical properties of cross-correlations in the US stock market. We choose the daily closing prices of 462 constituent stocks of S&P 500 index as the research objects and select the sample data from January 3, 2005 to August 31, 2012. In the empirical analysis, we examine the statistical properties of cross-correlation coefficients, the distribution of eigenvalues, the distribution of eigenvector components, and the inverse participation ratio. From the two methods, we find some new results of the cross-correlations in the US stock market in our study, which are different from the conclusions reached by previous studies. The empirical cross-correlation matrices constructed by the DCCA coefficient show several interesting properties at different time scales in the US stock market, which are useful to the risk management and optimal portfolio selection, especially to the diversity of the asset portfolio. It will be an interesting and meaningful work to find the theoretical eigenvalue distribution of a completely random matrix R for the DCCA coefficient because it does not obey the Marčenko-Pastur distribution.
11. Analysis of metallic nanoparticles and their ionic counterparts in complex matrix by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS.
Science.gov (United States)
Yang, Yuan; Luo, Li; Li, Hai-Pu; Wang, Qiang; Yang, Zhao-Guang; Qu, Zhi-Peng; Ding, Ru
2018-05-15
Developing quantification and characterization methodology for metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) and their ionic component in complex matrix are crucial for the evaluation of their environmental behavior and health risks to humans. In this study, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography combined ICP-MS was established for the characterization of MNPs in complex matrix. The ionic component could be separated from NPs with the optimized parameters of aqueous mobile phase. Good linear relationship between average diameter and retention time of NPs was obtained using HPLC-ICP-MS and the size smaller than 40 nm could be determined with this method, the detected results were in accordance with TEM results. The low detection limit of AuNPs and Au(Ⅲ) (both in sub-μg/L level) showed that this method was promising for the characterization of AuNPs and Au(Ⅲ) in environmental water. The mass concentration of ionic Au(Ⅲ) in environmental water could be detected using the proposed HPLC-ICP-MS and the concentration of AuNPs was obtained by subtracting the Au(Ⅲ) concentration from the total Au (The concentration of total Au was detected by ICP-MS after microwave digestion). Furthermore this proposed HPLC-ICP-MS method and single particle-ICPMS (SP-ICP-MS) was used for the analysis of the Ag speciation in commercial antibacterial products. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
12. Electro-thermo-mechanical coupling analysis of deep drawing with resistance heating for aluminum matrix composites sheet
Science.gov (United States)
Zhang, Kaifeng; Zhang, Tuoda; Wang, Bo
2013-05-01
Recently, electro-plastic forming to be a focus of attention in materials hot processing research area, because it is a sort of energy-saving, high efficient and green manufacturing technology. An electro-thermo-mechanical model can be adopted to carry out the sequence simulation of aluminum matrix composites sheet deep drawing via electro-thermal coupling and thermal-mechanical coupling method. The first step of process is resistance heating of sheet, then turn off the power, and the second step is deep drawing. Temperature distribution of SiCp/2024Al composite sheet by resistance heating and sheet deep drawing deformation were analyzed. During the simulation, effect of contact resistances, temperature coefficient of resistance for electrode material and SiCp/2024Al composite on temperature distribution were integrally considered. The simulation results demonstrate that Sicp/2024Al composite sheet can be rapidly heated to 400° in 30s using resistances heating and the sheet temperature can be controlled by adjusting the current density. Physical properties of the electrode materials can significantly affect the composite sheet temperature distribution. The temperature difference between the center and the side of the sheet is proportional to the thermal conductivity of the electrode, the principal cause of which is that the heat transfers from the sheet to the electrode. SiCp/2024Al thin-wall part can be intactly manufactured at strain rate of 0.08s-1 and the sheet thickness thinning rate is limited within 20%, which corresponds well to the experimental result.
13. Analysis of malachite green in aquatic products by carbon nanotube-based molecularly imprinted - matrix solid phase dispersion.
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Yu; Chen, Ligang
2015-10-01
A simple method based on matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as sorbents for selective extraction of malachite green (MG) from aquatic products was developed. The MIPs were prepared by using carbon nanotube as support, MG as template, methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker and methylene chloride as solvent. The MIPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. The isothermal adsorption, kinetics absorption and selective adsorption experiments were carried out. We optimized the extraction conditions as follows: the ratio of MIPs to sample was 2:3, the dispersion time was 15min, washing solvent was 4mL 50% aqueous methanol and elution solvent was 3mL methanol-acetic acid (98: 2, v/v). Once the MSPD process was completed, the MG extracted from aquatic products was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The detection limit of MG was 0.7μgkg(-1). The relative standard deviations of intra-day and inter-day were obtained in the range of 0.9%-4.7% and 3.4%-9.8%, respectively. In order to evaluate the applicability and reliability of the proposed method, it was applied to determine MG in different aquatic products samples including fish, shrimp, squid and crabs. The satisfied recoveries were in the range of 89.2%-104.6%. The results showed that this method is faster, simpler and makes extraction and purification in the same system. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
14. Development of Certified Matrix-Based Reference Material as a Calibrator for Genetically Modified Rice G6H1 Analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Yang, Yu; Li, Liang; Yang, Hui; Li, Xiaying; Zhang, Xiujie; Xu, Junfeng; Zhang, Dabing; Jin, Wujun; Yang, Litao
2018-04-11
The accurate monitoring and quantification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are key points for the implementation of labeling regulations, and a certified reference material (CRM) acts as the scaleplate for quantifying the GM contents of foods/feeds and evaluating a GMO analytical method or equipment. Herein we developed a series of CRMs for transgenic rice event G6H1, which possesses insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant traits. Three G6H1 CRMs were produced by mixing seed powders obtained from homozygous G6H1 and its recipient cultivar Xiushui 110 at mass ratios of 49.825%, 9.967%, and 4.986%. The between-bottle homogeneity and within-bottle homogeneity were thoroughly evaluated with consistent results. The potential DNA degradation in transportation and shelf life were evaluated with an expiration period of at least 12 months. The property values of three CRMs (G6H1 a , G6H1 b , G6H1 c ) were given as (49.825 ± 0.448) g/kg, (9.967 ± 1.757) g/kg, and (4.986 ± 1.274 g/kg based on mass fraction ratio, respectively. Furthermore, the three CRMs were characterized with values of (5.01 ± 0.08)%, (1.06 ± 0.22)%, and (0.53 ± 0.11)% based on the copy number ratio using the droplet digital PCR method. All results confirmed that the produced G6H1 matrix-based CRMs are of high quality with precise characterization values and can be used as calibrators in GM rice G6H1 inspection and monitoring and in evaluating new analytical methods or devices targeting the G6H1 event.
15. Structural analysis of N-glycans by the glycan-labeling method using 3-aminoquinoline-based liquid matrix in negative-ion MALDI-MS.
Science.gov (United States)
Nishikaze, Takashi; Kaneshiro, Kaoru; Kawabata, Shin-ichirou; Tanaka, Koichi
2012-11-06
Negative-ion fragmentation of underivatized N-glycans has been proven to be more informative than positive-ion fragmentation. Fluorescent labeling via reductive amination is often employed for glycan analysis, but little is known about the influence of the labeling group on negative-ion fragmentation. We previously demonstrated that the on-target glycan-labeling method using 3-aminoquinoline/α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (3AQ/CHCA) liquid matrix enables highly sensitive, rapid, and quantitative N-glycan profiling analysis. The current study investigates the suitability of 3AQ-labeled N-glycans for structural analysis based on negative-ion collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra. 3AQ-labeled N-glycans exhibited simple and informative CID spectra similar to those of underivatized N-glycans, with product ions due to cross-ring cleavages of the chitobiose core and ions specific to two antennae (D and E ions). The interpretation of diagnostic fragment ions suggested for underivatized N-glycans could be directly applied to the 3AQ-labeled N-glycans. However, fluorescently labeled N-glycans by conventional reductive amination, such as 2-aminobenzamide (2AB)- and 2-pyrydilamine (2PA)-labeled N-glycans, exhibited complicated CID spectra consisting of numerous signals formed by dehydration and multiple cleavages. The complicated spectra of 2AB- and 2PA-labeled N-glycans was found to be due to their open reducing-terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) ring, rather than structural differences in the labeling group in the N-glycan derivative. Finally, as an example, the on-target 3AQ labeling method followed by negative-ion CID was applied to structurally analyze neutral N-glycans released from human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) protein. The glycan-labeling method using 3AQ-based liquid matrix should facilitate highly sensitive quantitative and qualitative analyses of glycans.
16. Efficiency criterion for teleportation via channel matrix, measurement matrix and collapsed matrix
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Xin-Wei Zha
Full Text Available In this paper, three kinds of coefficient matrixes (channel matrix, measurement matrix, collapsed matrix associated with the pure state for teleportation are presented, the general relation among channel matrix, measurement matrix and collapsed matrix is obtained. In addition, a criterion for judging whether a state can be teleported successfully is given, depending on the relation between the number of parameter of an unknown state and the rank of the collapsed matrix. Keywords: Channel matrix, Measurement matrix, Collapsed matrix, Teleportation
17. Extended biorthogonal matrix polynomials
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ayman Shehata
2017-01-01
Full Text Available The pair of biorthogonal matrix polynomials for commutative matrices were first introduced by Varma and Tasdelen in [22]. The main aim of this paper is to extend the properties of the pair of biorthogonal matrix polynomials of Varma and Tasdelen and certain generating matrix functions, finite series, some matrix recurrence relations, several important properties of matrix differential recurrence relations, biorthogonality relations and matrix differential equation for the pair of biorthogonal matrix polynomials J(A,B n (x, k and K(A,B n (x, k are discussed. For the matrix polynomials J(A,B n (x, k, various families of bilinear and bilateral generating matrix functions are constructed in the sequel.
18. Matrix completion by deep matrix factorization.
Science.gov (United States)
Fan, Jicong; Cheng, Jieyu
2018-02-01
Conventional methods of matrix completion are linear methods that are not effective in handling data of nonlinear structures. Recently a few researchers attempted to incorporate nonlinear techniques into matrix completion but there still exists considerable limitations. In this paper, a novel method called deep matrix factorization (DMF) is proposed for nonlinear matrix completion. Different from conventional matrix completion methods that are based on linear latent variable models, DMF is on the basis of a nonlinear latent variable model. DMF is formulated as a deep-structure neural network, in which the inputs are the low-dimensional unknown latent variables and the outputs are the partially observed variables. In DMF, the inputs and the parameters of the multilayer neural network are simultaneously optimized to minimize the reconstruction errors for the observed entries. Then the missing entries can be readily recovered by propagating the latent variables to the output layer. DMF is compared with state-of-the-art methods of linear and nonlinear matrix completion in the tasks of toy matrix completion, image inpainting and collaborative filtering. The experimental results verify that DMF is able to provide higher matrix completion accuracy than existing methods do and DMF is applicable to large matrices. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
19. Spatial and temporal analysis of extracellular matrix proteins in the developing murine heart: a blueprint for regeneration.
Science.gov (United States)
Hanson, Kevin P; Jung, Jangwook P; Tran, Quyen A; Hsu, Shao-Pu P; Iida, Rioko; Ajeti, Visar; Campagnola, Paul J; Eliceiri, Kevin W; Squirrell, Jayne M; Lyons, Gary E; Ogle, Brenda M
2013-05-01
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the embryonic heart guides assembly and maturation of cardiac cell types and, thus, may serve as a useful template, or blueprint, for fabrication of scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Surprisingly, characterization of the ECM with cardiac development is scattered and fails to comprehensively reflect the spatiotemporal dynamics making it difficult to apply to tissue engineering efforts. The objective of this work was to define a blueprint of the spatiotemporal organization, localization, and relative amount of the four essential ECM proteins, collagen types I and IV (COLI, COLIV), elastin (ELN), and fibronectin (FN) in the left ventricle of the murine heart at embryonic stages E12.5, E14.5, and E16.5 and 2 days postnatal (P2). Second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging identified fibrillar collagens at E14.5, with an increasing density over time. Subsequently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to compare the spatial distribution, organization, and relative amounts of each ECM protein. COLIV was found throughout the developing heart, progressing in amount and organization from E12.5 to P2. The amount of COLI was greatest at E12.5 particularly within the epicardium. For all stages, FN was present in the epicardium, with highest levels at E12.5 and present in the myocardium and the endocardium at relatively constant levels at all time points. ELN remained relatively constant in appearance and amount throughout the developmental stages except for a transient increase at E16.5. Expression of ECM mRNA was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and allowed for comparison of amounts of ECM molecules at each time point. Generally, COLI and COLIII mRNA expression levels were comparatively high, while COLIV, laminin, and FN were expressed at intermediate levels throughout the time period studied. Interestingly, levels of ELN mRNA were relatively low at early time points (E12.5), but increased significantly by P2. Thus
20. Multivariate analysis of nystatin and metronidazole in a semi-solid matrix by means of diffuse reflectance NIR spectroscopy and PLS regression.
Science.gov (United States)
Baratieri, Sabrina C; Barbosa, Juliana M; Freitas, Matheus P; Martins, José A
2006-01-23
A multivariate method of analysis of nystatin and metronidazole in a semi-solid matrix, based on diffuse reflectance NIR measurements and partial least squares regression, is reported. The product, a vaginal cream used in the antifungal and antibacterial treatment, is usually, quantitatively analyzed through microbiological tests (nystatin) and HPLC technique (metronidazole), according to pharmacopeial procedures. However, near infrared spectroscopy has demonstrated to be a valuable tool for content determination, given the rapidity and scope of the method. In the present study, it was successfully applied in the prediction of nystatin (even in low concentrations, ca. 0.3-0.4%, w/w, which is around 100,000 IU/5g) and metronidazole contents, as demonstrated by some figures of merit, namely linearity, precision (mean and repeatability) and accuracy.
1. Eigenvalue-eigenvector decomposition (EED) analysis of dissimilarity and covariance matrix obtained from total synchronous fluorescence spectral (TSFS) data sets of herbal preparations: Optimizing the classification approach
Science.gov (United States)
Tarai, Madhumita; Kumar, Keshav; Divya, O.; Bairi, Partha; Mishra, Kishor Kumar; Mishra, Ashok Kumar
2017-09-01
The present work compares the dissimilarity and covariance based unsupervised chemometric classification approaches by taking the total synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy data sets acquired for the cumin and non-cumin based herbal preparations. The conventional decomposition method involves eigenvalue-eigenvector analysis of the covariance of the data set and finds the factors that can explain the overall major sources of variation present in the data set. The conventional approach does this irrespective of the fact that the samples belong to intrinsically different groups and hence leads to poor class separation. The present work shows that classification of such samples can be optimized by performing the eigenvalue-eigenvector decomposition on the pair-wise dissimilarity matrix.
2. Eigenvalue-eigenvector decomposition (EED) analysis of dissimilarity and covariance matrix obtained from total synchronous fluorescence spectral (TSFS) data sets of herbal preparations: Optimizing the classification approach.
Science.gov (United States)
Tarai, Madhumita; Kumar, Keshav; Divya, O; Bairi, Partha; Mishra, Kishor Kumar; Mishra, Ashok Kumar
2017-09-05
The present work compares the dissimilarity and covariance based unsupervised chemometric classification approaches by taking the total synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy data sets acquired for the cumin and non-cumin based herbal preparations. The conventional decomposition method involves eigenvalue-eigenvector analysis of the covariance of the data set and finds the factors that can explain the overall major sources of variation present in the data set. The conventional approach does this irrespective of the fact that the samples belong to intrinsically different groups and hence leads to poor class separation. The present work shows that classification of such samples can be optimized by performing the eigenvalue-eigenvector decomposition on the pair-wise dissimilarity matrix. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
3. Criticality experiments: analysis, evaluation, and programs. 8. Prompt Neutron Decay Constants in Uranium Diluted with Matrix Material Systems
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sanchez, Rene; Loaiza, David; Brunson, Glenn
2001-01-01
Rossi-Alpha measurements were performed on uranium diluted with matrix material systems to determine the prompt neutron decay constants. These constants represent an eigenvalue characteristic of these particular critical assemblies, which can be experimentally measured by the Rossi-Alpha or pulse neutron source techniques and calculated by a deterministic or Monte Carlo method. In the measurements presented in this paper, highly enriched foils diluted in various X/ 235 U ratios with polyethylene and SiO 2 , and polyethylene and aluminum were assembled to a high multiplication, and the prompt neutron decay constants were obtained by the Rossi-Alpha technique. The uranium diluted with matrix material experiments were fueled with highly enriched uranium foils. The average dimensions of the bare foils were 22.86 cm squared and 0.00762 cm thick. The foils were laminated with plastic sheets to reduce the amount of airborne contamination. Each foil weighed ∼70 g. The diluent material consisted of SiO 2 , or 6061 aluminum plates, which were embedded into polyethylene plates. The SiO 2 and aluminum plates were 22.86 cm square and 0.64 cm thick. The polyethylene plates were 39.12 cm square and 1.91 cm thick. Each polyethylene plate had a central recess whose dimensions were 22.86 cm by 22.86 cm by 0.64 cm deep and was used to accommodate the SiO 2 , or aluminum plates as well as the uranium foils. There were eight 39.12-cm-squared by 2.54-cm-thick high density polyethylene plates that form the top and bottom reflectors (four at the top and four at the bottom). Also, one of the polyethylene plates located in the center of the assembly had holes drilled in a radial direction to accommodate neutron detectors. Four 3 He detectors were placed in this plate. The 3 He detectors were 1.27 cm in diameter and ∼15 cm long. Rossi-Alpha measurements were performed at several subcritical separations for both experiments. The data were collected with a type I time analyzer (PATRM
4. Top Quark Produced Through the Electroweak Force: Discovery Using the Matrix Element Analysis and Search for Heavy Gauge Bosons Using Boosted Decision Trees
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Pangilinan, Monica [Brown Univ., Providence, RI (United States)
2010-05-01
The top quark produced through the electroweak channel provides a direct measurement of the Vtb element in the CKM matrix which can be viewed as a transition rate of a top quark to a bottom quark. This production channel of top quark is also sensitive to different theories beyond the Standard Model such as heavy charged gauged bosons termed W'. This thesis measures the cross section of the electroweak produced top quark using a technique based on using the matrix elements of the processes under consideration. The technique is applied to 2.3 fb-1 of data from the D0 detector. From a comparison of the matrix element discriminants between data and the signal and background model using Bayesian statistics, we measure the cross section of the top quark produced through the electroweak mechanism σ(p$\\bar{p}$ → tb + X, tqb + X) = 4.30-1.20+0.98 pb. The measured result corresponds to a 4.9σ Gaussian-equivalent significance. By combining this analysis with other analyses based on the Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) and Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) method, the measured cross section is 3.94 ± 0.88 pb with a significance of 5.0σ, resulting in the discovery of electroweak produced top quarks. Using this measured cross section and constraining |Vtb| < 1, the 95% confidence level (C.L.) lower limit is |Vtb| > 0.78. Additionally, a search is made for the production of W' using the same samples from the electroweak produced top quark. An analysis based on the BDT method is used to separate the signal from expected backgrounds. No significant excess is found and 95% C.L. upper limits on the production cross section are set for W' with masses within 600-950 GeV. For four general models of W{prime} boson production using decay channel W' → t$\\bar{p}$, the lower mass limits are the following: M(W'L with SM couplings) > 840 GeV; M(W'R) > 880 GeV or 890 GeV if the
5. Application of tungsten-fibre-reinforced copper matrix composites to a high-heat-flux component: A design study by dual scale finite element analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Jeong-Ha You
2006-01-01
According to the European Power Plant Conceptual Study, actively cooled tungsten mono-block is one of the divertor design options for fusion reactors. In this study the coolant tube acts as a heat sink and the tungsten block as plasma-facing armour. A key material issue here is how to achieve high temperature strength and high heat conductivity of the heat sink tube simultaneously. Copper matrix composite reinforced with continuous strong fibres has been considered as a candidate material for heat sink of high-heat-flux components. Refractory tungsten wire is a promising reinforcement material due to its high strength, winding flexibility and good interfacial wetting with copper. We studied the applicability of tungsten-fibre-reinforced copper matrix composite heat sink tubes for the tungsten mono-block divertor by means of dual-scale finite element analysis. Thermo-elasto-plastic micro-mechanics homogenisation technique was applied. A heat flux of 15 MW/m 2 with cooling water temperature of 320 o C was considered. Effective stress-free temperature was assumed to be 500 o C. Between the tungsten block and the composite heat sink tube interlayer (1 mm thick) of soft Cu was inserted. The finite element analysis yields the following results: The predicted maximum temperature at steady state is 1223 o C at the surface and 562 o C at the interface between tube and copper layer. On the macroscopic scale, residual stress is generated during fabrication due to differences in thermal expansion coefficients of the materials. Strong compressive stress occurs in the tungsten block around the tube while weak tensile stress is present in the interlayer. The local and global probability of brittle failure of the tungsten block was also estimated using the probabilistic failure theories. The thermal stresses are significantly decreased upon subsequent heat flux loading. Resolving the composite stress on microscopic scale yields a maximum fibre axial stress of 3000 MPa after
6. THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION IN SUPERIOR GRADUATING INSTITUTES WEBSITES, IN THE MATRIX CURRICULUM AND PROFESSIONAL PROFILE OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT COURSES
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
José Carlos Mariano do Carmo
2018-04-01
Full Text Available Introduction: the existing information in the technological graduation course official web pages need to be clear and objective, in order to ease up the access to programmatic contents, workload, integration and other necessary knowledge so that the students have discernment in their formation choice. Objective: to analyze the curriculum matrix and professional profile in the superior courses in Systems Analysis and Development in the Metropolitan Region of Florianópolis - Santa Catarina, considering the microregion of Grande Florianópolis, composed by nine counties: Florianópolis, São José, Palhoça, Biguaçu, Santo Amaro da Imperatriz, Governador Celso Ramos, Antônio Carlos, Águas Mornas and São Pedro de Alcântara. Methodology: we have performed a qualitative research on the pointed issue, relating it to the current legislation and some of the proposed theories. The research documentally based as it focused on the topics mentioned by the Superior Graduation Institutions in their virtual course environment. It was also used semistructured interviews by phone contact and even visiting when necessary, including searches in the Education Ministry web site to base the study, the curriculum matrix comparison and the course professional profile. Results: results show that the analyzed courses are focused in the job market demands in the studied region, regarding the desktop, web and mobile development solutions using programming languages. The formation professional profile also involves knowledge about logical reasoning, abstract math and learning of a second language. Conclusions: to show to interested students in joining the Systems Analysis and Development course, about the importance of the disciplines approached, utilized technologies, professional profiles and the main educational characteristics offered by the institutions. It is thus intended to contribute that these information are used for the purpose of qualification for the job
7. Spectrochemical carriers and the matrix effect: contribution to the spectrographic analysis study of general impurities at trace level in nuclearly pure thorium compounds
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lordello, A.R.
1979-01-01
The relative effectiveness of twenty spectrochemical carriers related to the volatilization behavior of twenty seven general impurities from thorium oxide matrices was studied by means of the moving plate technique. Each carrier was employed in three different concentrations, 2%, 4% and 6%. The relative areas of the volatilization curves have been used for comparing the results. Many experiments were also done to demonstrate the 'matrix effect' in samples having the same chemical composition. The importance of chemical and physical treatments, prior and during the preparation of the thorium oxide, was investigated through a large number of samples by submitting them to spectrochemical analysis. Thorium nitrate and two different thorium oxalate samples, one of which dried in a medium of pH 10, were ignited to ThO 2 according to a temperature versus time program. The presence of nitric acid in thorium nitrate solutions was also studied in connection with the matrix effect. A carrier-distillation method for the determination of twenty five trace elements in thorium compounds was also suggested. Several types of standards had been investigated but the best results were achieved with those prepared from thorium nitrate solutions. Some elements can be determined only by standards synthesized by the dry-mixing technique. The suggested carriers are: 2% NaF (for Ba, Cr, Mg, Sn, V, Cu, Ti, Sr, Mn, Al, Pb, Bi, Ca, Ag, Be, Sb, As, Si, and B), 4% NaCl (for Cd, Co, Fe, Zn and Ni) and 4% KCi (for Na). The method fulfils the requirements of sensitivity for the analysis of trace elements in nuclear grade thorium compounds. (Author) [pt
8. Retrospective analysis of cytopathology using gray level co-occurrence matrix algorithm for thyroid malignant nodules in the ultrasound imaging
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kim, Yeong Ju; Lee, Jin Soo [Dept. of Radiology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan (Korea, Republic of); Kang, Se Sik; Kim, Chang Soo [Dept. of Radiological Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan (Korea, Republic of)
2017-06-15
This study evaluated the applicability of computer-aided diagnosis by retrospective analysis of GLCM algorithm based on cytopathological diagnosis of normal and malignant nodules in thyroid ultrasound images. In the experiment, the recognition rate and ROC curve of thyroid malignant nodule were analyzed using 6 parameters of GLCM algorithm. Experimental results showed 97% energy, 93% contrast, 92% correlation, 92% homogeneity, 100% entropy and 100% variance. Statistical analysis showed that the area under the curve of each parameter was more than 0.947 (p = 0 .001) in t he ROC curve, which was s ignificant in the recognition of thyroid malignant nodules. In the GLCM, the cut-off value of each parameter can be used to predict the disease through analysis of quantitative computer-aided diagnosis.
9. Flow injection gas chromatography with sulfur chemiluminescence detection for the analysis of total sulfur in complex hydrocarbon matrixes.
Science.gov (United States)
Hua, Yujuan; Hawryluk, Myron; Gras, Ronda; Shearer, Randall; Luong, Jim
2018-01-01
A fast and reliable analytical technique for the determination of total sulfur levels in complex hydrocarbon matrices is introduced. The method employed flow injection technique using a gas chromatograph as a sample introduction device and a gas phase dual-plasma sulfur chemiluminescence detector for sulfur quantification. Using the technique described, total sulfur measurement in challenging hydrocarbon matrices can be achieved in less than 10 s with sample-to-sample time ideal for fast analysis or trace sulfur analysis. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
10. Bromination of Aromatic Compounds by Residual Bromide in Sodium Chloride Matrix Modifier Salt During Heated Headspace GC/MS Analysis
Science.gov (United States)
Analytical artifacts attributed to the bromination of toluene, xylenes, and trimethylbenzenes were found during the heated headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of aqueous samples. The aqueous samples were produced from Fenton-like chemical oxidation rea...
11. Source identification of water-soluble organic aerosols at a roadway site using a positive matrix factorization analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Park, Seungshik; Cho, Sung Yong; Bae, Min-Suk
2015-11-15
Daily PM2.5 measurements were carried out at a local roadway every sixth day from May 2011 to August 2013 to obtain seasonal quantitative information on the primary and secondary sources of two water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fractions. Filter samples were analyzed for OC, elemental carbon (EC), WSOC, hydrophilic and hydrophobic WSOC fractions (WSOC(HPI) and WSOC(HPO)), and ionic species. An XAD solid phase extraction method and a total organic carbon analyzer were used to isolate the two WSOC fractions and determine their amounts, respectively. The WSOC/OC and WSOC(HPI)/WSOC ratios were 0.62±0.13 and 0.47±0.14, respectively. Similar seasonal profiles in EC, OC, and WSOC concentrations were observed, with higher concentrations occurring in the cold season and lower concentrations in the warm season. However, opposite results were obtained in WSOC/OC and WSOC(HPI)/WSOC ratios, with the higher in the warm season and the lower in the cold season. Correlation analyses indicated that two WSOC fractions in winter were likely attributed to secondary formation processes, biomass burning (BB), and traffic emissions, while WSOC(HPI) observed in other seasons were associated with secondary formation processes similar to those of oxalate and secondary inorganic species. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was employed to investigate the sources of two WSOC fractions. PMF indicated that concentrations of WSOC fractions were affected by five sources: secondary NO3(-) related, secondary SO4(2-) and oxalate related, traffic emissions, BB emissions, and sea-salt. Throughout the study period, secondary organic aerosols were estimated to be the most dominant contributor of WSOC fractions, with higher contributions occurring in the warm seasons. The contribution of secondary aerosol formation processes (NO3(-) related+SO4(2-) and oxalate related) to WSOC(HPI) and WSOC(HPO) was on an average 56.2% (45.0-73.8%) and 47.7% (39.6-52.1%), respectively. The seasonal average
12. Characterization of DOM adsorption of CNTs by using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and multiway analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Peng, Mingguo; Li, Huajie; Li, Dongdong; Du, Erdeng; Li, Zhihong
2017-06-01
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were utilized to adsorb DOM in micro-polluted water. The characteristics of DOM adsorption on CNTs were investigated based on UV 254 , TOC, and fluorescence spectrum measurements. Based on PARAFAC (parallel factor) analysis, four fluorescent components were extracted, including one protein-like component (C4) and three humic acid-like components (C1, C2, and C3). The adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics of DOM adsorption on CNTs were further investigated. A Freundlich isotherm model fit the adsorption data well with high values of correlation. As a type of macro-porous and meso-porous adsorbent, CNTs preferably adsorb humic acid-like substances rather than protein-like substances. The increasing temperature will speed up the adsorption process. The self-organizing map (SOM) analysis further explains the fluorescent properties of water samples. The results provide a new insight into the adsorption behaviour of DOM fluorescent components on CNTs.
13. The Role of Bioeconomy Sectors and Natural Resources in EU Economies: A Social Accounting Matrix-Based Analysis Approach
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Patricia D. Fuentes-Saguar
2017-12-01
Full Text Available The bio-based economy will be crucial in achieving a sustainable development, covering all ranges of natural resources. In this sense, it is very relevant to analyze the economic links between the bioeconomic sectors and the rest of the economy, determining their total and decomposed impact on economic growth. One of the major problems in carrying out this analysis is the lack of information and complete databases that allow analysis of the bioeconomy and its effects on other economic activities. To overcome this issue, disaggregated social accounting matrices have been obtained for the highly bio-based sectors of the 28 European Union member states. Using this complex database, a linear multiplier analysis shows the future key role of bio-based sectors in boosting economic development in the EU. Results show that the bioeconomy has not yet unleashed its full potential in terms of output and job creation. Thus, output and employment multipliers show that many sectors related to the bioeconomy are still underperforming compared to the EU average, particularly those with higher value added; although, they are still crucial sectors for the wealth creation.
14. Polychoric/Tetrachoric Matrix or Pearson Matrix? A methodological study
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Dominguez Lara, Sergio Alexis
2014-04-01
Full Text Available The use of product-moment correlation of Pearson is common in most studies in factor analysis in psychology, but it is known that this statistic is only applicable when the variables related are in interval scale and normally distributed, and when are used in ordinal data may to produce a distorted correlation matrix . Thus is a suitable option using polychoric/tetrachoric matrices in item-level factor analysis when the items are in level measurement nominal or ordinal. The aim of this study was to show the differences in the KMO, Bartlett`s Test and Determinant of the Matrix, percentage of variance explained and factor loadings in depression trait scale of Depression Inventory Trait - State and the Neuroticism dimension of the short form of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire -Revised, regarding the use of matrices polychoric/tetrachoric matrices and Pearson. These instruments was analyzed with different extraction methods (Maximum Likelihood, Minimum Rank Factor Analysis, Unweighted Least Squares and Principal Components, keeping constant the rotation method Promin were analyzed. Were observed differences regarding sample adequacy measures, as well as with respect to the explained variance and the factor loadings, for solutions having as polychoric/tetrachoric matrix. So it can be concluded that the polychoric / tetrachoric matrix give better results than Pearson matrices when it comes to item-level factor analysis using different methods.
15. The Matrix Cookbook
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Petersen, Kaare Brandt; Pedersen, Michael Syskind
Matrix identities, relations and approximations. A desktop reference for quick overview of mathematics of matrices.......Matrix identities, relations and approximations. A desktop reference for quick overview of mathematics of matrices....
16. Identification of Cronobacter species by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with an optimized analysis method.
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Qi; Zhao, Xiao-Juan; Wang, Zi-Wei; Liu, Li; Wei, Yong-Xin; Han, Xiao; Zeng, Jing; Liao, Wan-Jin
2017-08-01
Rapid and precise identification of Cronobacter species is important for foodborne pathogen detection, however, commercial biochemical methods can only identify Cronobacter strains to genus level in most cases. To evaluate the power of mass spectrometry based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF MS) for Cronobacter species identification, 51 Cronobacter strains (eight reference and 43 wild strains) were identified by both MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Biotyper RTC provided by Bruker identified all eight reference and 43 wild strains as Cronobacter species, which demonstrated the power of MALDI-TOF MS to identify Cronobacter strains to genus level. However, using the Bruker's database (6903 main spectra products) and Biotyper software, the MALDI-TOF MS analysis could not identify the investigated strains to species level. When MALDI-TOF MS analysis was performed using the combined in-house Cronobacter database and Bruker's database, bin setting, and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering, all the 51 strains were clearly identified into six Cronobacter species and the identification accuracy increased from 60% to 100%. We demonstrated that MALDI-TOF MS was reliable and easy-to-use for Cronobacter species identification and highlighted the importance of establishing a reliable database and improving the current data analysis methods by integrating the bin setting and UPGMA clustering. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.
17. Characterization of CDOM from urban waters in Northern-Northeastern China using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhao, Ying; Song, Kaishan; Li, Sijia; Ma, Jianhang; Wen, Zhidan
2016-08-01
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays an important role in aquatic systems, but high concentrations of organic materials are considered pollutants. The fluorescent component characteristics of CDOM in urban waters sampled from Northern and Northeastern China were examined by excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) to investigate the source and compositional changes of CDOM on both space and pollution levels. One humic-like (C1), one tryptophan-like component (C2), and one tyrosine-like component (C3) were identified by PARAFAC. Mean fluorescence intensities of the three CDOM components varied spatially and by pollution level in cities of Northern and Northeastern China during July-August, 2013 and 2014. Principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to identify the relative distribution of all water samples. Cluster analysis (CA) was also used to categorize the samples into groups of similar pollution levels within a study area. Strong positive linear relationships were revealed between the CDOM absorption coefficients a(254) (R (2) = 0.89, p CDOM components can be applied to monitor water quality in real time compared to that of traditional approaches. These results demonstrate that EEM-PARAFAC is useful to evaluate the dynamics of CDOM fluorescent components in urban waters from Northern and Northeastern China and this method has potential applications for monitoring urban water quality in different regions with various hydrological conditions and pollution levels.
18. [Matrix effect and application of field-amplified sample injection in the analysis of four tetracyclines in waters by capillary electrohoresis].
Science.gov (United States)
2014-08-01
The system abilities of two chromatographic techniques, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were compared for the analysis of four tetracyclines (tetracycline, chlorotetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline). The pH, concentration of background electrolyte (BGE) were optimized for the analysis of the standard mixture sample, meanwhile, the effects of separation voltage and water matrix (pH value and hardness) effects were investigated. In hydrodynamic injection (HDI) mode, a good quantitative linearity and baseline separation within 9. 0 min were obtained for the four tetracyclines at the optimal conditions; the analytical time was about half of that of HPLC. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0. 28 - 0. 62 mg/L, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) (n= 6) of migration time and peak area were 0. 42% - 0. 56% and 2. 24% - 2. 95%, respectively. The obtained recoveries spiked in tap water and fishpond water were at the ranges of 96. 3% - 107. 2% and 87. 1% - 105. 2%, respectively. In addition, the stacking method, field-amplified sample injection (FASI), was employed to improve the sensitivity, and the LOD was down to the range of 17.8-35.5 μg/L. With FASI stacking, the RSDs (n=6) of migration time and peak area were 0. 85%-0. 95% and 1. 69%-3.43%, respectively. Due to the advantages of simple sample pretreatment and fast speed, CE is promising in the analysis of the antibiotics in environmental water.
19. R-matrix analysis of 235U neutron transmission and cross sections in the energy range 0 to 2.25 keV
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Leal, L.C.; Derrien, H.; Larson, N.M.; Wright, R.Q.
1997-11-01
This document describes a new R-matrix analysis of 235 U cross section data in the energy range from 0 to 2,250 eV. The analysis was performed with the computer code SAMMY, that has recently been updated to permit, for the first time, inclusion of both differential and integral data within the analysis process. Fourteen differential data sets and six integral quantities were used in this evaluation: two measurements of fission plus capture, one of fission plus absorption, six of fission alone, two of transmission, and one of eta, plus standard values of thermal cross sections for fission, capture, and scattering, and of K1 and the Westcott g-factors for both fission and absorption. An excellent representation was obtained for the high-resolution transmission, fission, and capture cross-section data as well as for the integral quantities. The result is a single set of resonance parameters spanning the entire range up to 2,250 eV, a decided improvement over the present ENDF/VI evaluation, in which eleven discrete resonance parameter sets are required to cover that same energy range. This new evaluation is expected to greatly improve predictability of the criticality safety margins for nuclear systems in which 235 U is present
20. Carbonate fuel cell matrix
Science.gov (United States)
1996-01-01
A carbonate fuel cell matrix comprising support particles and crack attenuator particles which are made platelet in shape to increase the resistance of the matrix to through cracking. Also disclosed is a matrix having porous crack attenuator particles and a matrix whose crack attenuator particles have a thermal coefficient of expansion which is significantly different from that of the support particles, and a method of making platelet-shaped crack attenuator particles.
1. Summary of micrographic analysis of selected core samples from Well ER-20-6n number 1 in support of matrix diffusion testing
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1998-01-01
ER-20-6number s ign1 was cored to determine fracture and lithologic properties proximal to the BULLION test cavity. Selected samples from ER-20-6number s ign1 were subjected to matrix and/or fracture diffusion experiments to assess solute movement in this environment. Micrographic analysis of these samples suggests that the similarity in bulk chemical composition results in very similar mineral assemblages forming along natural fractures. These samples are all part of the mafic-poor Calico Hills Formation and exhibit fracture-coating mineral assemblages dominated by mixed illite/smectite clay and illite, with local opaline silica (2,236 and 2, 812 feet), and zeolite (at 2,236 feet). Based on this small sample population, the magnitude to which secondary phases have formed on fracture surfaces bears an apparently inverse relationship to the competency of the host lithology, reflected by variations in the degree of fracturing and the development of secondary phases on fracture surfaces. In the flow breccia at 2,851 feet, thinly developed, localized coatings are developed along persistent open fracture apertures in this competent rock type. Fractures in the devitrified lava from 2,812 feet are irregular, and locally blocked by secondary mineral phases. Natural fractures on the zeolitized tuff from 2,236 feet are discontinuous and irregular and typically obstructed with secondary mineral phases. There are also a second set of clean fractures in the 2,236 foot sample which lack secondary mineral phases and are interpreted to have been induced by the BULLION test. Based on these results, it is expected that matrix diffusion will be enhanced in samples where potentially transmissive fractures exhibit the greatest degree of obstruction (2,236>2,812=2,835>2,851). It is unclear what influence the induced fractures observed at 2,236 feet may have on diffusion given the lack of knowledge on their extent. It is assumed that the bulk matrix diffusion characteristics of the
2. Matrix with Prescribed Eigenvectors
Science.gov (United States)
2011-01-01
It is a routine matter for undergraduates to find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a given matrix. But the converse problem of finding a matrix with prescribed eigenvalues and eigenvectors is rarely discussed in elementary texts on linear algebra. This problem is related to the "spectral" decomposition of a matrix and has important technical…
3. Triangularization of a Matrix
Much of linear algebra is devoted to reducing a matrix (via similarity or unitary similarity) to another that has lots of zeros. The simplest such theorem is the Schur triangularization theorem. This says that every matrix is unitarily similar to an upper triangular matrix. Our aim here is to show that though it is very easy to prove it ...
4. A non-JKL density matrix functional for intergeminal correlation between closed-shell geminals from analysis of natural orbital configuration interaction expansions.
Science.gov (United States)
van Meer, R; Gritsenko, O V; Baerends, E J
2018-03-14
Almost all functionals that are currently used in density matrix functional theory have been created by some a priori ansatz that generates approximations to the second-order reduced density matrix (2RDM). In this paper, a more consistent approach is used: we analyze the 2RDMs (in the natural orbital basis) of rather accurate multi-reference configuration interaction expansions for several small molecules (CH 4 , NH 3 , H 2 O, FH, and N 2 ) and use the knowledge gained to generate new functionals. The analysis shows that a geminal-like structure is present in the 2RDMs, even though no geminal theory has been applied from the onset. It is also shown that the leading non-geminal dynamical correlation contributions are generated by a specific set of double excitations. The corresponding determinants give rise to non-JKL (non Coulomb/Exchange like) multipole-multipole dispersive attractive terms between geminals. Due to the proximity of the geminals, these dispersion terms are large and cannot be omitted, proving pure JKL functionals to be essentially deficient. A second correction emerges from the observation that the "normal" geminal-like exchange between geminals breaks down when one breaks multiple bonds. This problem can be fixed by doubling the exchange between bond broken geminals, effectively restoring the often physically correct high-spin configurations on the bond broken fragments. Both of these corrections have been added to the commonly used antisymmetrized product of strongly orthogonal geminals functional. The resulting non-JKL functional Extended Löwdin-Shull Dynamical-Multibond is capable of reproducing complete active space self-consistent field curves, in which one active orbital is used for each valence electron.
5. A non-JKL density matrix functional for intergeminal correlation between closed-shell geminals from analysis of natural orbital configuration interaction expansions
Science.gov (United States)
van Meer, R.; Gritsenko, O. V.; Baerends, E. J.
2018-03-01
Almost all functionals that are currently used in density matrix functional theory have been created by some a priori ansatz that generates approximations to the second-order reduced density matrix (2RDM). In this paper, a more consistent approach is used: we analyze the 2RDMs (in the natural orbital basis) of rather accurate multi-reference configuration interaction expansions for several small molecules (CH4, NH3, H2O, FH, and N2) and use the knowledge gained to generate new functionals. The analysis shows that a geminal-like structure is present in the 2RDMs, even though no geminal theory has been applied from the onset. It is also shown that the leading non-geminal dynamical correlation contributions are generated by a specific set of double excitations. The corresponding determinants give rise to non-JKL (non Coulomb/Exchange like) multipole-multipole dispersive attractive terms between geminals. Due to the proximity of the geminals, these dispersion terms are large and cannot be omitted, proving pure JKL functionals to be essentially deficient. A second correction emerges from the observation that the "normal" geminal-like exchange between geminals breaks down when one breaks multiple bonds. This problem can be fixed by doubling the exchange between bond broken geminals, effectively restoring the often physically correct high-spin configurations on the bond broken fragments. Both of these corrections have been added to the commonly used antisymmetrized product of strongly orthogonal geminals functional. The resulting non-JKL functional Extended Löwdin-Shull Dynamical-Multibond is capable of reproducing complete active space self-consistent field curves, in which one active orbital is used for each valence electron.
6. Interface analysis of A1 matrix composites produced by hot isostatic pressing, squeeze casting and semi-solid processing
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
2000-01-01
The interface analysis has been carried out an aluminium based composites system produced by hot isostatic pressing, squeeze casting and semi-solid processing. A range of different fabrication techniques has been used to produce different types of microstructure of Al 2124 (Al-Cu-Mg) reinforced with 5 weight % SiC particles. Blending followed by hot isostatic pressing is used to fabricate composite I. Composite II was 6061 (Al-Si-Mg) wrought aluminium alloy reinforced with fibres of alumina-silica (V f = 0.58) and fabricated by squeeze casting. Finally, A356 (AlSi7Mg0.3) alloy was reinforced with 20 Vol.% of SiC particles (13 μm) and namely as composite III. Composite III is fabricated by semi-solid processing. Interface analysis was done by optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Composite I exhibited good interface bonding and dislocation was also observed near the interface. Elements such as Al, Fe, Cr, Mn were found near the interface of composite II and intermetallic of iron rich inclusion and Mg 2 Si were observed near the interface of composite III. (Author)
7. The analysis and realization of state-matrix parameters of a digital adjuster used for accelerator power system
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Long Yindong; Zhao Long; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Qiao Weimin; Jing Lan
2008-01-01
The power-control system of synchronized accelerator must be a high definition and real time system. In this paper we introduced a platform for parameter analysis and realization. As a necessary part of the digital adjustor, it is achieved by the method of state-space equation based on the Cyclone II for improving performance of the accelerator power-control system. With the platform, the object control in a precision range of up to 10 64 can be realized, depending on the optimum arithmetic and the MATLAB functions. In addition, considering the actual environment, the parameters the actual demands can be better met by choosing the parameters, providing a necessary support to achieve the higher definition and better real time adjustor. (authors)
8. Mineralization of elastic fibers and alterations of extracellular matrix in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Ultrastructure, immunocytochemistry, and X-ray analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Walker, E.R.; Frederickson, R.G.; Mayes, M.D.
1989-01-01
Histologic paraffin sections of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE)-involved skin of forearm and axilla were used for histochemistry and immunohistochemical and analytical electron microscopy to study the progressive mineralization in the dermis of patients with PXE. The von Kossa technique identified mineral deposits throughout the reticular PXE dermis. X-ray analysis revealed patterns of calcium and phosphorus deposition in the von Kossa-positive areas, and the immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies identified increased chondroitin-6-sulfate in these areas when compared with normal skin. Scanning transmission electron microscopy observation combined with X-ray dot mapping show calcium and phosphorus to be codistributed within the mineralized area. This study confirms by new methods the increase in chondroitin-6-sulfate, alterations in elastin and collagen, and a high calcium and phosphorus elemental distribution matching the mineralized area in the PXE dermis
9. Detection and identification of bacteria in a juice matrix with Fourier transform-near infrared spectroscopy and multivariiate analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Rodriguez-Saona, L E; Khambaty, F M; Fry, F S; Dubois, J; Calvey, E M
2004-11-01
The use of Fourier transform-near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate pattern recognition techniques was evaluated to address the need for a fast and senisitive method for the detection of bacterial contamination in liquids. The complex cellular composition of bacteria produces FT-NIR vibrational transitions (overtone and combination bands), forming the basis for identification and subtyping. A database including strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis was built, with special care taken to optimize sample preparation. The bacterial cells were treated with 70% (vol/vol) ethanolto enhance safe handling of pathogenic strains and then concentrated on an aluminum oxide membrane to obtain a thin bacterial film. This simple membrane filtration procedure generated reproducible FT-NIR spectra that allowed for the rapid discrimination among closely related strains. Principal component analysis and soft independent modeling of class analogy of transformed spectra in the region 5,100 to 4,400 cm(-1) were able to discriminate between bacterial species. Spectroscopic analysis of apple juices inoculated with different strains of E. coli at approximately 10(5) CFU/ml showed that FT-NIR spectralfeatures are consistent with bacterial contamination and soft independent modeling of class analogy correctly predicted the identity of the contaminant as strains of E. coli. FT-NIR in conjunction with multivariate techniques can be used for the rapid and accurate evaluation of potential bacterial contamination in liquids with minimal sample manipulation, and hence limited exposure of the laboratory worker to the agents.
10. Land Use Changes Analysis for Kelantan Basin Using Spatial Matrix Technique “Patch Analyst” in Relation to Flood Disaster
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tuan Pah Rokiah Syed Hussain
2011-09-01
Full Text Available In the recent decade, there are many government efforts to develop rural area as a step to curb vast economic discrepancy status within community in the nation. This effort is in line with National Development Policy promoted by government shifting from New Economic Policy. Therefore, this study area also has impact done by development activities. The enormous economic developments have encourage growth in urbanization, tourism and recreation, public facilities, housing and so on. Furthermore, the area of cultivation land uses and foliages are becoming shrinking due to development growth, which is development needs to shift land use pattern hence denotes that human beings infuriate the environment to meet the life needs. In response to that, this research delves into the level of land use changes using the Geographic Information System (GIS and Spatial Analyst to determine the actual area or vicinity and what is the type of rigorous changes in land use. This issue can be seen all the way through the study outcome via spatial analysis technique adapted from Patch Density & Size Metrics (Mean Patch Size, Edge Metrics (Total Edge (TE, Edge Density (ED, Mean Perimeter-Area Ratio (Mpar and Shannons Diversity Index (SHDI. Results of the study show that, land use changes have occurred significantly in the study area for the period of 20 years, wher, all types of analysis verify that there is an increase in patch for every statistical test. The increase in patch is a picture of current land use changes, land use edge density and land use area in study area. Moreover, this study investigates the relationship between land use with rising flood disaster frequency and intensity variable which has always happened lately in Kelantan River Basin.
11. Multivariate analysis of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric data related to glycoxidation products of human globins in nephropathic patients.
Science.gov (United States)
Lapolla, Annunziata; Ragazzi, Eugenio; Andretta, Barbara; Fedele, Domenico; Tubaro, Michela; Seraglia, Roberta; Molin, Laura; Traldi, Pietro
2007-06-01
To clarify the possible pathogenetic role of oxidation products originated from the glycation of proteins, human globins from nephropathic patients have been studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI), revealing not only unglycated and monoglycated globins, but also a series of different species. For the last ones, structural assignments were tentatively done on the basis of observed masses and expectations for the Maillard reaction pattern. Consequently, they must be considered only propositive, and the discussion which will follow must be considered in this view. In our opinion this approach does not seem to compromise the intended diagnostic use of the data because distinctions are valid even if the assignments are uncertain. We studied nine healthy subjects and 19 nephropathic patients and processed the data obtained from the MALDI spectra using a multivariate analysis. Our results showed that multivariate analytical techniques enable differential aspects of the profile of molecular species to be identified in the blood of end stage nephropathic patients. A correct grouping can be achieved by principal component analysis (PCA) and the results suggest that several products involved in carbonyl stress exist in nephropathic patients. These compounds may have a relevant role as specific markers of the pathological state.
12. Economic and accounting evaluation of rice milled production chains in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil and Uruguay with application of the Policy Analysis Matrix
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ângela Rozane Leal de Souza
Full Text Available ABSTRACT: Rice is the basis of diet for almost half of the world population, and its culture is one of the strategic agroindustrial production chains in the agribusiness environment, in both economic and social levels. Thus, the comparative analysis between the production chains of rice milled in Rio Grande do Sul (RS, Brazil, and Uruguay was mainly motivated by the interest in knowing the differences in the business environment and public policies that impact the competitiveness of this chain in both study regions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the economic efficiency, competitiveness, and effects of public policies of the rice production chain of milled rice in RS (Brazil relative to Uruguay. The data collected in this study are from the 2011-2012 harvests and indicators were calculated by applying the concepts of the policy analysis matrix (PAM. Results showed that the chains in both study regions were competitive under the existing market and policy conditions, revealed comparative advantage, transferred a high load of resources to other sectors of the economy, and satisfactorily remuneration of the domestic production factors. However, the competitiveness and comparative advantage shown in this study were not due to the encouraging intervention policies, as both production systems pay high taxes.
13. Cost analysis of postmastectomy reconstruction: A comparison of two staged implant reconstruction using tissue expander and acellular dermal matrix with abdominal-based perforator free flaps.
Science.gov (United States)
Tran, Bao Ngoc N; Fadayomi, Ayotunde; Lin, Samuel J; Singhal, Dhruv; Lee, Bernard T
2017-09-01
Two staged tissue expander-implant with acellular dermal matrix (TE/I + ADM) and deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap are the most common implant and autologous methods of reconstruction in the U.S. Implant-based techniques are disproportionally more popular, partially due to its presumed cost effectiveness. We performed a comprehensive cost analysis to compare TE/I + ADM and DIEP flap. A comparative cost analysis of TE/I + ADM and DIEP flap was performed. Medicare reimbursement costs for each procedure and their associated complications were calculated. Pooled probabilities of complications including cellulitis, seroma, skin necrosis, implant removal, flap loss, partial flap loss, and fat necrosis, were calculated using published studies from 2010 to 2016. Average actual cost for successful TE/I + ADM and DIEP flap were $13 304.55 and$10 237.13, respectively. Incorporating pooled complication data from published literature resulted in an increase in cost to $13 963.46 for TE/I + ADM and$12 624.29 for DIEP flap. The expected costs for successful TE/I + ADM and DIEP flap were $9700.35 and$8644.23, which are lower than the actual costs. DIEP flap breast reconstruction incurs lower costs compared to TE/I + ADM. These costs are lower at baseline and when additional costs from pooled complications are incorporated. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
14. Do persistently fast-growing juveniles contribute disproportionately to population growth? A new analysis tool for matrix models and its application to rainforest trees.
Science.gov (United States)
Zuidema, Pieter A; Brienen, Roel J W; During, Heinjo J; Güneralp, Burak
2009-11-01
Plants and animals often exhibit strong and persistent growth variation among individuals within a species. Persistently fast-growing individuals have a higher chance of reaching reproductive size, do so at a younger age, and therefore contribute disproportionately to population growth (lambda). Here we introduce a new approach to quantify this "fast-growth effect." We propose using age-size-structured matrix models in which persistently fast and slow growers are distinguished as they occur in relatively young and old age classes for a given size category. Life-cycle pathways involving fast growth can then be identified, and their contribution to lambda is quantified through loop analysis. We applied this approach to an example species, the tropical rainforest tree Cedrela odorata, that shows persistent growth variation among individuals. Loop analysis showed that juvenile trees reaching the 10-cm diameter class at below-median age contributed twice as much to lambda as slow juvenile growers. Fast growth to larger-diameter categories also contributed disproportionately to lambda. The results were robust to changes in parameter values and life-history trade-offs. These results show that the fast-growth effect can be strong in long-lived species. Persistent growth differences among individuals should therefore be accommodated for in demographic models and life-history studies.
15. Identification of Serine Conformers by Matrix-Isolation IR Spectroscopy Aided by Near-Infrared Laser-Induced Conformational Change, 2D Correlation Analysis, and Quantum Mechanical Anharmonic Computations.
Science.gov (United States)
Najbauer, Eszter E; Bazsó, Gábor; Apóstolo, Rui; Fausto, Rui; Biczysko, Malgorzata; Barone, Vincenzo; Tarczay, György
2015-08-20
The conformers of α-serine were investigated by matrix-isolation IR spectroscopy combined with NIR laser irradiation. This method, aided by 2D correlation analysis, enabled unambiguously grouping the spectral lines to individual conformers. On the basis of comparison of at least nine experimentally observed vibrational transitions of each conformer with empirically scaled (SQM) and anharmonic (GVPT2) computed IR spectra, six conformers were identified. In addition, the presence of at least one more conformer in Ar matrix was proved, and a short-lived conformer with a half-life of (3.7 ± 0.5) × 10(3) s in N2 matrix was generated by NIR irradiation. The analysis of the NIR laser-induced conversions revealed that the excitation of the stretching overtone of both the side chain and the carboxylic OH groups can effectively promote conformational changes, but remarkably different paths were observed for the two kinds of excitations.
16. Association of Protein Translation and Extracellular Matrix Gene Sets with Breast Cancer Metastasis: Findings Uncovered on Analysis of Multiple Publicly Available Datasets Using Individual Patient Data Approach.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nilotpal Chowdhury
Full Text Available Microarray analysis has revolutionized the role of genomic prognostication in breast cancer. However, most studies are single series studies, and suffer from methodological problems. We sought to use a meta-analytic approach in combining multiple publicly available datasets, while correcting for batch effects, to reach a more robust oncogenomic analysis.The aim of the present study was to find gene sets associated with distant metastasis free survival (DMFS in systemically untreated, node-negative breast cancer patients, from publicly available genomic microarray datasets.Four microarray series (having 742 patients were selected after a systematic search and combined. Cox regression for each gene was done for the combined dataset (univariate, as well as multivariate - adjusted for expression of Cell cycle related genes and for the 4 major molecular subtypes. The centre and microarray batch effects were adjusted by including them as random effects variables. The Cox regression coefficients for each analysis were then ranked and subjected to a Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA.Gene sets representing protein translation were independently negatively associated with metastasis in the Luminal A and Luminal B subtypes, but positively associated with metastasis in Basal tumors. Proteinaceous extracellular matrix (ECM gene set expression was positively associated with metastasis, after adjustment for expression of cell cycle related genes on the combined dataset. Finally, the positive association of the proliferation-related genes with metastases was confirmed.To the best of our knowledge, the results depicting mixed prognostic significance of protein translation in breast cancer subtypes are being reported for the first time. We attribute this to our study combining multiple series and performing a more robust meta-analytic Cox regression modeling on the combined dataset, thus discovering 'hidden' associations. This methodology seems to yield new and
17. Association of Protein Translation and Extracellular Matrix Gene Sets with Breast Cancer Metastasis: Findings Uncovered on Analysis of Multiple Publicly Available Datasets Using Individual Patient Data Approach.
Science.gov (United States)
Chowdhury, Nilotpal; Sapru, Shantanu
2015-01-01
Microarray analysis has revolutionized the role of genomic prognostication in breast cancer. However, most studies are single series studies, and suffer from methodological problems. We sought to use a meta-analytic approach in combining multiple publicly available datasets, while correcting for batch effects, to reach a more robust oncogenomic analysis. The aim of the present study was to find gene sets associated with distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) in systemically untreated, node-negative breast cancer patients, from publicly available genomic microarray datasets. Four microarray series (having 742 patients) were selected after a systematic search and combined. Cox regression for each gene was done for the combined dataset (univariate, as well as multivariate - adjusted for expression of Cell cycle related genes) and for the 4 major molecular subtypes. The centre and microarray batch effects were adjusted by including them as random effects variables. The Cox regression coefficients for each analysis were then ranked and subjected to a Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Gene sets representing protein translation were independently negatively associated with metastasis in the Luminal A and Luminal B subtypes, but positively associated with metastasis in Basal tumors. Proteinaceous extracellular matrix (ECM) gene set expression was positively associated with metastasis, after adjustment for expression of cell cycle related genes on the combined dataset. Finally, the positive association of the proliferation-related genes with metastases was confirmed. To the best of our knowledge, the results depicting mixed prognostic significance of protein translation in breast cancer subtypes are being reported for the first time. We attribute this to our study combining multiple series and performing a more robust meta-analytic Cox regression modeling on the combined dataset, thus discovering 'hidden' associations. This methodology seems to yield new and interesting
18. Matrix effect in the analysis of drugs of abuse from urine with desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (DAPPI-MS) and desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Suni, Niina M.; Lindfors, Pia; Laine, Olli; Ostman, Pekka; Ojanperae, Ilkka; Kotiaho, Tapio; Kauppila, Tiina J.; Kostiainen, Risto
2011-01-01
Highlights: → DAPPI-MS and DESI-MSI in the analysis of drugs of abuse from urine. → DAPPI-MS has better urine matrix tolerance over DESI-MS. → Urine matrix can affect the ionization mechanism in DAPPI. → DAPPI-MS/MS can be used for screening of drugs from urine after sample pretreatment. - Abstract: We have studied the matrix effect within direct analysis of benzodiazepines and opioids from urine with desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) and desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (DAPPI-MS). The urine matrix was found to affect the ionization mechanism of the opioids in DAPPI-MS favoring proton transfer over charge exchange reaction. The sensitivity for the drugs in solvent matrix was at the same level with DESI-MS and DAPPI-MS (LODs 0.05-6 μg mL -1 ) but the decrease in sensitivity due to the urine matrix was higher with DESI (typically 20-160-fold) than with DAPPI (typically 2-15-fold) indicating better matrix tolerance of DAPPI over DESI. Also in MS/MS mode, DAPPI provided better sensitivity than DESI for the drugs in urine. The feasibility of DAPPI-MS/MS was then studied in screening the same drugs from five authentic, forensic post mortem urine samples. A reference measurement with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (including pretreatment) revealed 16 findings from the samples, whereas with DAPPI-MS/MS after sample pretreatment, 15 findings were made. Sample pretreatment was found necessary, since only eight findings were made from the same samples untreated.
19. Matrix effect in the analysis of drugs of abuse from urine with desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (DAPPI-MS) and desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Suni, Niina M.; Lindfors, Pia; Laine, Olli [Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FI-00014 (Finland); Ostman, Pekka; Ojanperae, Ilkka [Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 40, Helsinki FI-00014 (Finland); Kotiaho, Tapio [Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FI-00014 (Finland); Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014 (Finland); Kauppila, Tiina J. [Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FI-00014 (Finland); Kostiainen, Risto, E-mail: risto.kostiainen@helsinki.fi [Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FI-00014 (Finland)
2011-08-05
Highlights: {yields} DAPPI-MS and DESI-MSI in the analysis of drugs of abuse from urine. {yields} DAPPI-MS has better urine matrix tolerance over DESI-MS. {yields} Urine matrix can affect the ionization mechanism in DAPPI. {yields} DAPPI-MS/MS can be used for screening of drugs from urine after sample pretreatment. - Abstract: We have studied the matrix effect within direct analysis of benzodiazepines and opioids from urine with desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) and desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (DAPPI-MS). The urine matrix was found to affect the ionization mechanism of the opioids in DAPPI-MS favoring proton transfer over charge exchange reaction. The sensitivity for the drugs in solvent matrix was at the same level with DESI-MS and DAPPI-MS (LODs 0.05-6 {mu}g mL{sup -1}) but the decrease in sensitivity due to the urine matrix was higher with DESI (typically 20-160-fold) than with DAPPI (typically 2-15-fold) indicating better matrix tolerance of DAPPI over DESI. Also in MS/MS mode, DAPPI provided better sensitivity than DESI for the drugs in urine. The feasibility of DAPPI-MS/MS was then studied in screening the same drugs from five authentic, forensic post mortem urine samples. A reference measurement with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (including pretreatment) revealed 16 findings from the samples, whereas with DAPPI-MS/MS after sample pretreatment, 15 findings were made. Sample pretreatment was found necessary, since only eight findings were made from the same samples untreated.
20. Numerical methods in matrix computations
CERN Document Server
Björck, Åke
2015-01-01
Matrix algorithms are at the core of scientific computing and are indispensable tools in most applications in engineering. This book offers a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of modern methods in matrix computation. It uses a unified approach to direct and iterative methods for linear systems, least squares and eigenvalue problems. A thorough analysis of the stability, accuracy, and complexity of the treated methods is given. Numerical Methods in Matrix Computations is suitable for use in courses on scientific computing and applied technical areas at advanced undergraduate and graduate level. A large bibliography is provided, which includes both historical and review papers as well as recent research papers. This makes the book useful also as a reference and guide to further study and research work. Åke Björck is a professor emeritus at the Department of Mathematics, Linköping University. He is a Fellow of the Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
1. Determination of Methylmercury Traces in Biological Matrix: Chemical Extraction and Nuclear Quantification with the Neutron Activation Analysis Technique
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Soldati, A.L.
2002-01-01
Mercury is present in the environment as a result of the human and natural activities.The total amount of Hg present in the biosphere has been incremented three times since the industrial era, and now it is affecting in a global sense all the ecosystem.One of the main entrance of Hg in the human diet is the consumption of fish and other marine creatures.Most of the ingested Hg is mono methylmercury (MeHg), which is one of the most toxic forms in which this element could be found because it crosses membranes.Since the toxicity levels are low, the determination of concentrations of total Hg and Me Hg require very careful sampling, sample conditioning and analytical procedures to prevent either losses or contamination, or the degradation of the Hg species.In this work, we implemented a chemical Me Hg extraction procedure, using a ionic exchange resin, with three different types of fish tissue: muscle, liver and hepato pancreas.After Me Hg extraction, the determination and quantification was made by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, by measuring the 197 Au, y el 203 Tl deexcitation s, created through the radioactive decay of the isotopes 197 Hg y 203 Hg.The influence of several parameters on the overall extraction process, such as velocity of passage through the ionic exchange column and the acid concentration used in the extraction was evaluated.Regarding the INAA determinations, a choice was made for the irradiation, decay and counting times, neutron and gamma doses, and the counting geometry The detection limit found for this technique (dry weight) is 140 pg MeHg/g. The Hg contents of the muscle samples were measured with the 279 keV emission of the product of the 202 Hg(n,g) 203 Hg reaction, with a recovery of (100 ± 13)%. Liver and Hepato pancreas samples were measured with the 77 keV gamma emission of the 197 Hg, checking this result with the 67 y 69 keV X emissions from the same isotope.The liver samples needed an extra vacuum filtering process during
2. Random Correlation Matrix and De-Noising
OpenAIRE
Ken-ichi Mitsui; Yoshio Tabata
2006-01-01
In Finance, the modeling of a correlation matrix is one of the important problems. In particular, the correlation matrix obtained from market data has the noise. Here we apply the de-noising processing based on the wavelet analysis to the noisy correlation matrix, which is generated by a parametric function with random parameters. First of all, we show that two properties, i.e. symmetry and ones of all diagonal elements, of the correlation matrix preserve via the de-noising processing and the...
3. The action characterization matrix: A link between HERA (Human Events Reference for ATHEANA) and ATHEANA (a technique for human error analysis)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hahn, H.A.
1997-01-01
The Technique for Human Error Analysis (ATHEANA) is a newly developed human reliability analysis (HRA) methodology that aims to facilitate better representation and integration of human performance into probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) modeling and quantification by analyzing risk-significant operating experience in the context of existing behavior science models. The fundamental premise of ATHEANA is that error-forcing contexts (EFCs), which refer to combinations of equipment/material conditions and performance shaping factors (PSFs), set up or create the conditions under which unsafe actions (UAs) can occur. ATHEANA is being developed in the context of nuclear power plant (NPP) PRAs, and much of the language used to describe the method and provide examples of its application are specific to that industry. Because ATHEANA relies heavily on the analysis of operational events that have already occurred as a mechanism for generating creative thinking about possible EFCs, a database, called the Human Events Reference for ATHEANA (HERA), has been developed to support the methodology. Los Alamos National Laboratory's (LANL) Human Factors Group has recently joined the ATHEANA project team; LANL is responsible for further developing the database structure and for analyzing additional exemplar operational events for entry into the database. The Action Characterization Matrix (ACM) is conceived as a bridge between the HERA database structure and ATHEANA. Specifically, the ACM allows each unsafe action or human failure event to be characterized according to its representation along each of six different dimensions: system status, initiator status, unsafe action mechanism, information processing stage, equipment/material conditions, and performance shaping factors. This report describes the development of the ACM and provides details on the structure and content of its dimensions
4. Cost Analysis of Implementing Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Plus Real-Time Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention for Bloodstream Infections.
Science.gov (United States)
Patel, Twisha S; Kaakeh, Rola; Nagel, Jerod L; Newton, Duane W; Stevenson, James G
2017-01-01
Studies evaluating rapid diagnostic testing plus stewardship intervention have consistently demonstrated improved clinical outcomes for patients with bloodstream infections. However, the cost of implementing new rapid diagnostic testing can be significant, and such testing usually does not generate additional revenue. There are minimal data evaluating the impact of adding matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for rapid organism identification and dedicating pharmacy stewardship personnel time on the total hospital costs. A cost analysis was performed utilizing patient data generated from the hospital cost accounting system and included additional costs of MALDI-TOF equipment, supplies and personnel, and dedicated pharmacist time for blood culture review and of making interventions to antimicrobial therapy. The cost analysis was performed from a hospital perspective for 3-month blocks before and after implementation of MALDI-TOF plus stewardship intervention. A total of 480 patients with bloodstream infections were included in the analysis: 247 in the preintervention group and 233 in the intervention group. Thirty-day mortality was significantly improved in the intervention group (12% versus 21%, P cost per bloodstream infection was lower in the intervention group ($42,580 versus$45,019). Intensive care unit cost per bloodstream infection accounted for the largest share of the total costs in each group and was also lower in the intervention group ($10,833 versus$13,727). Implementing MALDI-TOF plus stewardship review and intervention decreased mortality for patients with bloodstream infections. Despite the additional costs of implementing MALDI-TOF and of dedicating pharmacy stewardship personnel time to interventions, the total hospital costs decreased by $2,439 per bloodstream infection, for an approximate annual cost savings of$2.34 million. Copyright © 2016 American Society for Microbiology.
5. Trace metals analysis in estuarine and seawater by ICP-MS using on line preconcentration and matrix elimination with chelating resin.
Science.gov (United States)
Nicolaı, M; Rosin, C; Tousset, N; Nicolai, Y
1999-09-13
The main difficulties of trace metals analysis in estuarine and seawater stem from their very low concentration (mug/l to sub-mug/l), and, by contrast, the high salt content (up to 38 g/l in the Mediterranean Sea). ICP-MS allows multi-elemental analysis and offers great sensitivity, but may be strongly affected by matrix effects induced by high salt contents (> 1 g/l). To perform trace metals analysis both in riverine, estuarine and seawater, we have developed a hyphenated method: ion chelation chromatography coupled on-line with ICP-MS. Iminodiacetate resin, Metpac CC-1 (Dionex), was used to concentrate most of the trace metals, and to separate them from alkaline and alkaline-earth metals. Behaviour of 17 elements (Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, U, Cr, Mn, Al, Co, Ga, In, Zn, V, Tl, Bi, Ag and Sn) towards the resin was qualitatively investigated. A method validation, partly derived from AFNOR standard XPT 90-210, was carried out on 12 elements (Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, U, Cr, Mn, Al, Co, Ga, Bi and In). Replicate measurements of multi-elemental standard solutions were used to check linearity, and to determine repeatability and detection limits. Method accuracy was then assessed by analysing two certified materials: a synthetic freshwater (SRM 1643d), and a natural filtered coastal seawater (NRCC CASS-3). An application assay of natural samples from the Rhône river (France) was eventually carried out, and the analytical results were found to be consistent with previous works.
6. Parallelism in matrix computations
CERN Document Server
Gallopoulos, Efstratios; Sameh, Ahmed H
2016-01-01
This book is primarily intended as a research monograph that could also be used in graduate courses for the design of parallel algorithms in matrix computations. It assumes general but not extensive knowledge of numerical linear algebra, parallel architectures, and parallel programming paradigms. The book consists of four parts: (I) Basics; (II) Dense and Special Matrix Computations; (III) Sparse Matrix Computations; and (IV) Matrix functions and characteristics. Part I deals with parallel programming paradigms and fundamental kernels, including reordering schemes for sparse matrices. Part II is devoted to dense matrix computations such as parallel algorithms for solving linear systems, linear least squares, the symmetric algebraic eigenvalue problem, and the singular-value decomposition. It also deals with the development of parallel algorithms for special linear systems such as banded ,Vandermonde ,Toeplitz ,and block Toeplitz systems. Part III addresses sparse matrix computations: (a) the development of pa...
7. Seasonal characterization of CDOM for lakes in semiarid regions of Northeast China using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC)
Science.gov (United States)
Zhao, Ying; Song, Kaishan; Wen, Zhidan; Li, Lin; Zang, Shuying; Shao, Tiantian; Li, Sijia; Du, Jia
2016-03-01
The seasonal characteristics of fluorescent components in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) for lakes in the semiarid region of Northeast China were examined by excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Two humic-like (C1 and C2) and protein-like (C3 and C4) components were identified using PARAFAC. The average fluorescence intensity of the four components differed under seasonal variation from June and August 2013 to February and April 2014. Components 1 and 2 exhibited a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.628). Significantly positive linear relationships between CDOM absorption coefficients a(254) (R2 = 0.72, 0.46, p DOC). However, almost no obvious correlation was found between salinity and EEM-PARAFAC-extracted components except for C3 (R2 = 0.469). Results from this investigation demonstrate that the EEM-PARAFAC technique can be used to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of CDOM fluorescent components for inland waters in the semiarid regions of Northeast China, and to quantify CDOM components for other waters with similar environmental conditions.
8. Histological and histomorphometrical analysis of a silica matrix embedded nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite bone substitute using the subcutaneous implantation model in Wistar rats
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Ghanaati, Shahram; Orth, Carina; Barbeck, Mike; Kirkpatrick, Charles James [Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz (Germany); Willershausen, Ines [Institute for Dental Material Sciences and Technology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 14, 55128 Mainz (Germany); Thimm, Benjamin W [Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zuerich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str.10, 8093 Zuerich (Switzerland); Booms, Patrick [Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section of Medicine, Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Leeds (United Kingdom); Stuebinger, Stefan; Landes, Constantin; Sader, Robert Anton, E-mail: ghanaati@uni-mainz.d [Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stein-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
2010-06-01
The clinical suitability of a bone substitute material is determined by the ability to induce a tissue reaction specific to its composition. The aim of this in vivo study was to analyze the tissue reaction to a silica matrix-embedded, nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite bone substitute. The subcutaneous implantation model in Wistar rats was chosen to assess the effect of silica degradation on the vascularization of the biomaterial and its biodegradation within a time period of 6 months. Already at day 10 after implantation, histomorphometrical analysis showed that the vascularization of the implantation bed reached its peak value compared to all other time points. Both vessel density and vascularization significantly decreased until day 90 after implantation. In this time period, the bone substitute underwent a significant degradation initiated by TRAP-positive and TRAP-negative multinucleated giant cells together with macrophages and lymphocytes. Although no specific tissue reaction could be related to the described silica degradation, the biomaterial was close to being fully degraded without a severe inflammatory response. These characteristics are advantageous for bone regeneration and remodeling processes.
9. Decoding the encoding of functional brain networks: An fMRI classification comparison of non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), independent component analysis (ICA), and sparse coding algorithms.
Science.gov (United States)
Xie, Jianwen; Douglas, Pamela K; Wu, Ying Nian; Brody, Arthur L; Anderson, Ariana E
2017-04-15
Brain networks in fMRI are typically identified using spatial independent component analysis (ICA), yet other mathematical constraints provide alternate biologically-plausible frameworks for generating brain networks. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) would suppress negative BOLD signal by enforcing positivity. Spatial sparse coding algorithms (L1 Regularized Learning and K-SVD) would impose local specialization and a discouragement of multitasking, where the total observed activity in a single voxel originates from a restricted number of possible brain networks. The assumptions of independence, positivity, and sparsity to encode task-related brain networks are compared; the resulting brain networks within scan for different constraints are used as basis functions to encode observed functional activity. These encodings are then decoded using machine learning, by using the time series weights to predict within scan whether a subject is viewing a video, listening to an audio cue, or at rest, in 304 fMRI scans from 51 subjects. The sparse coding algorithm of L1 Regularized Learning outperformed 4 variations of ICA (pcoding algorithms. Holding constant the effect of the extraction algorithm, encodings using sparser spatial networks (containing more zero-valued voxels) had higher classification accuracy (pcoding algorithms suggests that algorithms which enforce sparsity, discourage multitasking, and promote local specialization may capture better the underlying source processes than those which allow inexhaustible local processes such as ICA. Negative BOLD signal may capture task-related activations. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
10. Discrimination of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Direct in-situ Analysis of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Jeong, Youngsu; Lee, Jonghee; Kim, Seongsoo
2013-01-01
The rapid and accurate identification of biological agents is a critical step in the case of bio-terror and biological warfare attacks. Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been widely used for the identification of microorganisms. In this study, we describe a method for the rapid and accurate discrimination of Bacillus anthracis spores using MALDI-TOF MS. Our direct in-situ analysis of MALDI-TOF MS does not involve subsequent high-resolution mass analyses and sample preparation steps. This method allowed the detection of species-specific biomarkers from each Bacillus spores. Especially, B. anthracis spores had specific biomarker peaks at 2503, 3089, 3376, 6684, 6698, 6753, and 6840 m/z. Cluster and PCA analyses of the mass spectra of Bacillus spores revealed distinctively separated clusters and within-groups similarity. Therefore, we believe that this method is effective in the real-time identification of biological warfare agents such as B. anthracis as well as other microorganisms in the field
11. Analysis of Fundus Fluorescein Angiogram Based on the Hessian Matrix of Directional Curvelet Sub-bands and Distance Regularized Level Set Evolution.
Science.gov (United States)
2015-01-01
This paper presents a new procedure for automatic extraction of the blood vessels and optic disk (OD) in fundus fluorescein angiogram (FFA). In order to extract blood vessel centerlines, the algorithm of vessel extraction starts with the analysis of directional images resulting from sub-bands of fast discrete curvelet transform (FDCT) in the similar directions and different scales. For this purpose, each directional image is processed by using information of the first order derivative and eigenvalues obtained from the Hessian matrix. The final vessel segmentation is obtained using a simple region growing algorithm iteratively, which merges centerline images with the contents of images resulting from modified top-hat transform followed by bit plane slicing. After extracting blood vessels from FFA image, candidates regions for OD are enhanced by removing blood vessels from the FFA image, using multi-structure elements morphology, and modification of FDCT coefficients. Then, canny edge detector and Hough transform are applied to the reconstructed image to extract the boundary of candidate regions. At the next step, the information of the main arc of the retinal vessels surrounding the OD region is used to extract the actual location of the OD. Finally, the OD boundary is detected by applying distance regularized level set evolution. The proposed method was tested on the FFA images from angiography unit of Isfahan Feiz Hospital, containing 70 FFA images from different diabetic retinopathy stages. The experimental results show the accuracy more than 93% for vessel segmentation and more than 87% for OD boundary extraction.
12. Detection of Copper (II) and Cadmium (II) binding to dissolved organic matter from macrophyte decomposition by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectra combined with parallel factor analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Yuan, Dong-hai; Guo, Xu-jing; Wen, Li; He, Lian-sheng; Wang, Jing-gang; Li, Jun-qi
2015-01-01
Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was used to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from macrophyte decomposition, and to study its complexation with Cu (II) and Cd (II). Both the protein-like and the humic-like components showed a marked quenching effect by Cu (II). Negligible quenching effects were found for Cd (II) by components 1, 5 and 6. The stability constants and the fraction of the binding fluorophores for humic-like components and Cu (II) can be influenced by macrophyte decomposition of various weight gradients in aquatic plants. Macrophyte decomposition within the scope of the appropriate aquatic phytomass can maximize the stability constant of DOM-metal complexes. A large amount of organic matter was introduced into the aquatic environment by macrophyte decomposition, suggesting that the potential risk of DOM as a carrier of heavy metal contamination in macrophytic lakes should not be ignored. - Highlights: • Macrophyte decomposition increases fluorescent DOM components in the upper sediment. • Protein-like components are quenched or enhanced by adding Cu (II) and Cd (II). • Macrophyte decomposition DOM can impact the affinity of Cu (II) and Cd (II). • The log K M and f values showed a marked change due to macrophyte decomposition. • Macrophyte decomposition can maximize the stability constant of DOM-Cu (II) complexes. - Macrophyte decomposition DOM can influence on the binding affinity of metal ions in macrophytic lakes
13. Heterogeneous adsorption behavior of landfill leachate on granular activated carbon revealed by fluorescence excitation emission matrix (EEM)-parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC).
Science.gov (United States)
Lee, Sonmin; Hur, Jin
2016-04-01
14. Histological and histomorphometrical analysis of a silica matrix embedded nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite bone substitute using the subcutaneous implantation model in Wistar rats
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ghanaati, Shahram; Orth, Carina; Barbeck, Mike; Kirkpatrick, Charles James; Willershausen, Ines; Thimm, Benjamin W; Booms, Patrick; Stuebinger, Stefan; Landes, Constantin; Sader, Robert Anton
2010-01-01
The clinical suitability of a bone substitute material is determined by the ability to induce a tissue reaction specific to its composition. The aim of this in vivo study was to analyze the tissue reaction to a silica matrix-embedded, nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite bone substitute. The subcutaneous implantation model in Wistar rats was chosen to assess the effect of silica degradation on the vascularization of the biomaterial and its biodegradation within a time period of 6 months. Already at day 10 after implantation, histomorphometrical analysis showed that the vascularization of the implantation bed reached its peak value compared to all other time points. Both vessel density and vascularization significantly decreased until day 90 after implantation. In this time period, the bone substitute underwent a significant degradation initiated by TRAP-positive and TRAP-negative multinucleated giant cells together with macrophages and lymphocytes. Although no specific tissue reaction could be related to the described silica degradation, the biomaterial was close to being fully degraded without a severe inflammatory response. These characteristics are advantageous for bone regeneration and remodeling processes.
15. Micro-matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with MEEKC for quantitative analysis of lignans in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus using molecular sieve TS-1 as a sorbent.
Science.gov (United States)
Chu, Chu; Wei, Mengmeng; Wang, Shan; Zheng, Liqiong; He, Zheng; Cao, Jun; Yan, Jizhong
2017-09-15
A simple and effective method was developed for determining lignans in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus by using a micro-matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) technique coupled with microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC). Molecular sieve, TS-1, was applied as a solid supporting material in micro MSPD extraction for the first time. Parameters that affect extraction efficiency, such as type of dispersant, mass ratio of the sample to the dispersant, grinding time, elution solvent and volume were optimized. The optimal extraction conditions involve dispersing 25mg of powdered Schisandrae samples with 50mg of TS-1 by a mortar and pestle. A grinding time of 150s was adopted. The blend was then transferred to a solid-phase extraction cartridge and the target analytes were eluted with 500μL of methanol. Moreover, several parameters affecting MEEKC separation were studied, including the type of oil, SDS concentration, type and concentration of cosurfactant, and concentration of organic modifier. A satisfactory linearity (R>0.9998) was obtained, and the calculated limits of quantitation were less than 2.77μg/mL. Finally, the micro MSPD-MEEKC method was successfully applied to the analysis of lignans in complex Schisandrae fructus samples. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
16. Source apportionment for indoor PM2.5 and elemental concentrations using by a positive matrix factorization and an instrumental neutron activation analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lim, Jong Myoung; Moon, Jong Hwa; Chung, Yong Sam; Jung, Byoung Won; Lee, Jin Hong
2009-01-01
Airborne particulate matters, especially the PM2.5 (aerodynamic equivalent diameter, AED, less than 2.5 μm) fraction has been important. This is because of their potential for deposition on to the human respiratory system being accompanied by many harmful trace metals (such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn). The indoor air quality has become a great concern since late 1980s, because the population spends a majority of their time in various indoor environments. The indoor particulate matter may be influenced from outdoor environment and indoor sources such as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), combustion devices, cooking, etc. In this study, we undertake the measurements of about 26 elements using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Based on our measurement data, we characterize concentration status and mutual relationship between indoor and adjacent outdoor air quality. Next, sources at indoor/outdoor environment were identified and the contributions of each source were quantified by positive matrix factorization (PMF)
17. In-Vial Micro-Matrix-Solid Phase Dispersion for the Analysis of Fragrance Allergens, Preservatives, Plasticizers, and Musks in Cosmetics
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Maria Celeiro
2014-07-01
Full Text Available Fragrance allergens, preservatives, plasticizers, and synthetic musks are usually present in cosmetic and personal care products formulations and many of them are subjected to use restrictions or labeling requirements. Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD is a very suitable analytical technique for the extraction of these compounds providing a simple, low cost sample preparation, and the possibility of performing both extraction and clean-up in one step, reducing possible contamination and analyte losses. This extraction technique has been successfully applied to many cosmetics ingredients allowing obtaining quantitative recoveries. A new very simple micro-MSPD procedure performing the disruption step in a vial is proposed for the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS analysis of 66 chemicals usually present in cosmetics and personal care products. The method was validated showing general recoveries between 80% and 110%, relative standard deviation (RSD values lower than 15%, and limits of detection (LODs below 30 ng·g−1. The validated method was applied to a broad range of cosmetics and personal care products, including several products intended for baby care.
18. A Self-Powered Wearable Noninvasive Electronic-Skin for Perspiration Analysis Based on Piezo-Biosensing Unit Matrix of Enzyme/ZnO Nanoarrays.
Science.gov (United States)
Han, Wuxiao; He, Haoxuan; Zhang, Linlin; Dong, Chuanyi; Zeng, Hui; Dai, Yitong; Xing, Lili; Zhang, Yan; Xue, Xinyu
2017-09-06
The emerging multifunctional flexible electronic-skin for establishing body-electric interaction can enable real-time monitoring of personal health status as a new personalized medicine technique. A key difficulty in the device design is the flexible power supply. Here a self-powered wearable noninvasive electronic-skin for perspiration analysis has been realized on the basis of a piezo-biosensing unit matrix of enzyme/ZnO nanoarrays. The electronic-skin can detect lactate, glucose, uric acid, and urea in the perspiration, and no outside electrical power supply or battery is used in the biosensing process. The piezoelectric impulse of the piezo-biosensing units serves as the power supply and the data biosensor. The working mechanism can be ascribed to the piezoelectric-enzymatic-reaction coupling effect of enzyme/ZnO nanowires. The electronic-skin can real-time/continuously monitor the physiological state of a runner through analyzing the perspiration on his skin. This approach can promote the development of a new-type of body electric and self-powered biosensing electronic-skin.
19. Discrimination of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Direct in-situ Analysis of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jeong, Youngsu; Lee, Jonghee; Kim, Seongsoo [Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)
2013-09-15
The rapid and accurate identification of biological agents is a critical step in the case of bio-terror and biological warfare attacks. Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been widely used for the identification of microorganisms. In this study, we describe a method for the rapid and accurate discrimination of Bacillus anthracis spores using MALDI-TOF MS. Our direct in-situ analysis of MALDI-TOF MS does not involve subsequent high-resolution mass analyses and sample preparation steps. This method allowed the detection of species-specific biomarkers from each Bacillus spores. Especially, B. anthracis spores had specific biomarker peaks at 2503, 3089, 3376, 6684, 6698, 6753, and 6840 m/z. Cluster and PCA analyses of the mass spectra of Bacillus spores revealed distinctively separated clusters and within-groups similarity. Therefore, we believe that this method is effective in the real-time identification of biological warfare agents such as B. anthracis as well as other microorganisms in the field.
20. A matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy method for the analysis of small molecules by integrating chemical labeling with the supramolecular chemistry of cucurbituril.
Science.gov (United States)
Ding, Jun; Xiao, Hua-Ming; Liu, Simin; Wang, Chang; Liu, Xin; Feng, Yu-Qi
2018-10-05
Although several methods have realized the analysis of low molecular weight (LMW) compounds using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) by overcoming the problem of interference with MS signals in the low mass region derived from conventional organic matrices, this emerging field still requires strategies to address the issue of analyzing complex samples containing LMW components in addition to the LMW compounds of interest, and solve the problem of lack of universality. The present study proposes an integrated strategy that combines chemical labeling with the supramolecular chemistry of cucurbit [n]uril (CB [n]) for the MALDI MS analysis of LMW compounds in complex samples. In this strategy, the target LMW compounds are first labeled by introducing a series of bifunctional reagents that selectively react with the target analytes and also form stable inclusion complexes with CB [n]. Then, the labeled products act as guest molecules that readily and selectively form stable inclusion complexes with CB [n]. This strategy relocates the MS signals of the LMW compounds of interest from the low mass region suffering high interference to the high mass region where interference with low mass components is absent. Experimental results demonstrate that a wide range of LMW compounds, including carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amines, thiol, and cis-diols, can be successfully detected using the proposed strategy, and the limits of detection were in the range of 0.01-1.76 nmol/mL. In addition, the high selectivity of the labeling reagents for the target analytes in conjunction with the high selectivity of the binding between the labeled products and CB [n] ensures an absence of signal interference with the non-targeted LMW components of complex samples. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed strategy for complex sample analysis is demonstrated by the accurate and rapid quantitative analysis of aldehydes in saliva and herbal
1. Development of the Tagger Microscope & Analysis of Spin Density Matrix Elements in gamma-p -> phi-p for the GlueX Experiment
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Barnes, Alexander E. [Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (United States); Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
2017-05-31
The quark model has been successful in classifying the spectrum of mesons observed since the 1960s, however, it fails to explain some of the measured bound states. Lattice QCD predictions have shown that an excited gluonic field may contribute to the quantum numbers of the bound state and form hybrid mesons, qq-bar-g, where g is a constituent gluon. It is possible for some hybrids to possess quantum numbers forbidden by the quark model and are known as \\smoking gun" hybrids due to their lack of mixing with conventional qq-bar states. The GlueX photoproduction experiment at Jefferson Lab in Newport News, VA is designed to study hybrid mesons and to map their spectrum. A 12 GeV electron beam produces 9 GeV linearly polarized photons via coherent bremsstrahlung in a diamond radiator which are incident on a liquid H2 target. In order to determine the photon energy, the use of a tagging spectrometer which measures the energy of the post-bremsstrahlung electron is required. The tagger microscope is a scintillating fiber detector designed to measure the energy of electrons corresponding to the polarized photons. The main focus of this work is the design and construction of the tagger microscope electronics as well as the calibration of the microscope within the experiment. Additionally, the analysis of the reaction gamma-p -> phi-p, where phi (1020) -> K+K-, is discussed. This analysis provides a high-level calibration for GlueX in regards to understanding the acceptance and sensitivity of the detectors to mesons with strange quark content. By studying the phi with linearly polarized photons, information on the production mechanism can be extracted. The measurement of the phi spin-density matrix elements are shown and compared with past data which are found to be in agreement.
2. Rapid, simple, and highly sensitive analysis of drugs in biological samples using thin-layer chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.
Science.gov (United States)
Kuwayama, Kenji; Tsujikawa, Kenji; Miyaguchi, Hajime; Kanamori, Tatsuyuki; Iwata, Yuko T; Inoue, Hiroyuki
2012-01-01
Rapid and precise identification of toxic substances is necessary for urgent diagnosis and treatment of poisoning cases and for establishing the cause of death in postmortem examinations. However, identification of compounds in biological samples using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry entails time-consuming and labor-intensive sample preparations. In this study, we examined a simple preparation and highly sensitive analysis of drugs in biological samples such as urine, plasma, and organs using thin-layer chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (TLC/MALDI/MS). When the urine containing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) without sample dilution was spotted on a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate and was analyzed by TLC/MALDI/MS, the detection limit of the MDMA spot was 0.05 ng/spot. The value was the same as that in aqueous solution spotted on a stainless steel plate. All the 11 psychotropic compounds tested (MDMA, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, methamphetamine, p-hydroxymethamphetamine, amphetamine, ketamine, caffeine, chlorpromazine, triazolam, and morphine) on a TLC plate were detected at levels of 0.05-5 ng, and the type (layer thickness and fluorescence) of TLC plate did not affect detection sensitivity. In addition, when rat liver homogenate obtained after MDMA administration (10 mg/kg) was spotted on a TLC plate, MDMA and its main metabolites were identified using TLC/MALDI/MS, and the spots on a TLC plate were visualized by MALDI/imaging MS. The total analytical time from spotting of intact biological samples to the output of analytical results was within 30 min. TLC/MALDI/MS enabled rapid, simple, and highly sensitive analysis of drugs from intact biological samples and crude extracts. Accordingly, this method could be applied to rapid drug screening and precise identification of toxic substances in poisoning cases and
3. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) variability in Barataria Basin using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC).
Science.gov (United States)
Singh, Shatrughan; D'Sa, Eurico J; Swenson, Erick M
2010-07-15
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) variability in Barataria Basin, Louisiana, USA,was examined by excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). CDOM optical properties of absorption and fluorescence at 355nm along an axial transect (36 stations) during March, April, and May 2008 showed an increasing trend from the marine end member to the upper basin with mean CDOM absorption of 11.06 + or - 5.01, 10.05 + or - 4.23, 11.67 + or - 6.03 (m(-)(1)) and fluorescence 0.80 + or - 0.37, 0.78 + or - 0.39, 0.75 + or - 0.51 (RU), respectively. PARAFAC analysis identified two terrestrial humic-like (component 1 and 2), one non-humic like (component 3), and one soil derived humic acid like (component 4) components. The spatial variation of the components showed an increasing trend from station 1 (near the mouth of basin) to station 36 (end member of bay; upper basin). Deviations from this increasing trend were observed at a bayou channel with very high chlorophyll-a concentrations especially for component 3 in May 2008 that suggested autochthonous production of CDOM. The variability of components with salinity indicated conservative mixing along the middle part of the transect. Component 1 and 4 were found to be relatively constant, while components 2 and 3 revealed an inverse relationship for the sampling period. Total organic carbon showed increasing trend for each of the components. An increase in humification and a decrease in fluorescence indices along the transect indicated an increase in terrestrial derived organic matter and reduced microbial activity from lower to upper basin. The use of these indices along with PARAFAC results improved dissolved organic matter characterization in the Barataria Basin. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
4. Analysis of anti-neoplastic drug in bacterial ghost matrix, w/o/w double nanoemulsion and w/o nanoemulsion by a validated 'green' liquid chromatographic method.
Science.gov (United States)
Youssof, Abdullah M E; Salem-Bekhit, Mounir M; Shakeel, Faiyaz; Alanazi, Fars K; Haq, Nazrul
2016-07-01
The objective of the present investigation was to develop and validate a 'green' reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for rapid analysis of a cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in bulk drug, marketed injection, water-in-oil (w/o) nanoemulsion, double water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) nanoemulsion and bacterial ghost (BG) matrix. The chromatography study was carried out at room temperature (25±1°C) using an HPLC system with the help of ultraviolet (UV)-visible detector. The chromatographic performance was achieved with a Nucleodur 150mm×4.6mm RP C8 column filled with 5µm filler as a static phase. The mobile phase consisted of ethyl acetate: methanol (7:3% v/v) which was delivered at a flow rate of 1.0mLmin(-1) and the drug was detected in UV mode at 254nm. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity (r(2)=0.998), accuracy (98.19-102.09%), precision (% RSD=0.58-1.17), robustness (% RSD=0.12-0.53) and sensitivity with satisfactory results. The efficiency of the method was demonstrated by the assay of the drug in marketed injection, w/o nanoemulsion, w/o/w nanoemulsion and BG with satisfactory results. The successful resolution of the drug along with its degradation products clearly established the stability-indicating nature of the proposed method. Overall, these results suggested that the proposed analytical method could be effectively applied to the routine analysis of 5-FU in bulk drug, various pharmaceutical dosage forms and BG. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
5. Species identification of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Mucorales with direct surface analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
Science.gov (United States)
De Carolis, E; Posteraro, B; Lass-Flörl, C; Vella, A; Florio, A R; Torelli, R; Girmenia, C; Colozza, C; Tortorano, A M; Sanguinetti, M; Fadda, G
2012-05-01
Accurate species discrimination of filamentous fungi is essential, because some species have specific antifungal susceptibility patterns, and misidentification may result in inappropriate therapy. We evaluated matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for species identification through direct surface analysis of the fungal culture. By use of culture collection strains representing 55 species of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Mucorales, a reference database was established for MALDI-TOF MS-based species identification according to the manufacturer's recommendations for microflex measurements and MALDI BioTyper 2.0 software. The profiles of young and mature colonies were analysed for each of the reference strains, and species-specific spectral fingerprints were obtained. To evaluate the database, 103 blind-coded fungal isolates collected in the routine clinical microbiology laboratory were tested. As a reference method for species designation, multilocus sequencing was used. Eighty-five isolates were unequivocally identified to the species level (≥99% sequence similarity); 18 isolates producing ambiguous results at this threshold were initially rated as identified to the genus level only. Further molecular analysis definitively assigned these isolates to the species Aspergillus oryzae (17 isolates) and Aspergillus flavus (one isolate), concordant with the MALDI-TOF MS results. Excluding nine isolates that belong to the fungal species not included in our reference database, 91 (96.8%) of 94 isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS to the species level, in agreement with the results of the reference method; three isolates were identified to the genus level. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS is suitable for the routine identification of filamentous fungi in a medical microbiology laboratory. © 2011 The Authors. Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2011 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
6. Diagnostic performance of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in blood bacterial infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Scott, Jamie S; Sterling, Sarah A; To, Harrison; Seals, Samantha R; Jones, Alan E
2016-07-01
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has shown promise in decreasing time to identification of causative organisms compared to traditional methods; however, the utility of MALDI-TOF MS in a heterogeneous clinical setting is uncertain. To perform a systematic review on the operational performance of the Bruker MALDI-TOF MS system and evaluate published cut-off values compared to traditional blood cultures. A comprehensive literature search was performed. Studies were included if they performed direct MALDI-TOF MS analysis of blood culture specimens in human patients with suspected bacterial infections using the Bruker Biotyper software. Sensitivities and specificities of the combined studies were estimated using a hierarchical random effects linear model (REML) incorporating cut-off scores of ≥1.7 and ≥2.0. Fifty publications were identified, with 11 studies included after final review. The estimated sensitivity utilising a cut-off of ≥2.0 from the combined studies was 74.6% (95% CI = 67.9-89.3%), with an estimated specificity of 88.0% (95% CI = 74.8-94.7%). When assessing a cut-off of ≥1.7, the combined sensitivity increases to 92.8% (95% CI = 87.4-96.0%), but the estimated specificity decreased to 81.2% (95% CI = 61.9-96.6%). In this analysis, MALDI-TOF MS showed acceptable sensitivity and specificity in bacterial speciation with the current recommended cut-off point compared to blood cultures; however, lowering the cut-off point from ≥2.0 to ≥1.7 would increase the sensitivity of the test without significant detrimental effect on the specificity, which could improve clinician confidence in their results.
7. Imaging MALDI mass spectrometry using an oscillating capillary nebulizer matrix coating system and its application to analysis of lipids in brain from a mouse model of Tay-Sachs/Sandhoff disease.
Science.gov (United States)
Chen, Yanfeng; Allegood, Jeremy; Liu, Ying; Wang, Elaine; Cachón-Gonzalez, Begoña; Cox, Timothy M; Merrill, Alfred H; Sullards, M Cameron
2008-04-15
The quality of tissue imaging by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) depends on the effectiveness of the matrix deposition, especially for lipids that may dissolve in the solvent used for the matrix application. This article describes the use of an oscillating capillary nebulizer (OCN) to spray small droplets of matrix aerosol onto the sample surface for improved matrix homogeneity, reduced crystal size, and controlled solvent effects. This system was then applied to the analysis of histological slices of brains from mice with homozygous disruption of the hexb gene (hexb-/-), a model of Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease, versus the functionally normal heterozygote (hexb+/-) by imaging MALDI-MS. This allowed profiling and localization of many different lipid species, and of particular interest, ganglioside GM2, asialo-GM2 (GA2), and sulfatides (ST). The presence of these compounds was confirmed by analysis of brain extracts using electrospray ionization in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The major fatty acid of the ceramide backbone of both GM2 and GA2 was identified as stearic acid (18:0) versus nervonic acid (24:1) for ST by both tissue-imaging MS and ESI-MS/MS. GM2 and GA2 were highly elevated in hexb-/- and were both localized in the granular cell region of the cerebellum. ST, however, was localized mainly in myelinated fiber (white matter) region of the cerebellum as well as in the brain stem with a relatively uniform distribution and had similar relative signal intensity for both hexb+/- and hexb-/- brain. It was also observed that there were distinct localizations for numerous other lipid subclasses; hence, imaging MALDI-MS could be used for "lipidomic" studies. These results illustrate the usefulness of tissue-imaging MALDI-MS with matrix deposition by OCN for histologic comparison of lipids in tissues such as brains from this mouse model of Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease.
8. Patience of matrix games
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Kristoffer Arnsfelt; Ibsen-Jensen, Rasmus; Podolskii, Vladimir V.
2013-01-01
For matrix games we study how small nonzero probability must be used in optimal strategies. We show that for image win–lose–draw games (i.e. image matrix games) nonzero probabilities smaller than image are never needed. We also construct an explicit image win–lose game such that the unique optimal...
9. Fuzzy vulnerability matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Baron, Jorge H.; Rivera, S.S.
2000-01-01
The so-called vulnerability matrix is used in the evaluation part of the probabilistic safety assessment for a nuclear power plant, during the containment event trees calculations. This matrix is established from what is knows as Numerical Categories for Engineering Judgement. This matrix is usually established with numerical values obtained with traditional arithmetic using the set theory. The representation of this matrix with fuzzy numbers is much more adequate, due to the fact that the Numerical Categories for Engineering Judgement are better represented with linguistic variables, such as 'highly probable', 'probable', 'impossible', etc. In the present paper a methodology to obtain a Fuzzy Vulnerability Matrix is presented, starting from the recommendations on the Numerical Categories for Engineering Judgement. (author)
10. Concept for Energy Security Matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kisel, Einari; Hamburg, Arvi; Härm, Mihkel; Leppiman, Ando; Ots, Märt
2016-01-01
The following paper presents a discussion of short- and long-term energy security assessment methods and indicators. The aim of the current paper is to describe diversity of approaches to energy security, to structure energy security indicators used by different institutions and papers, and to discuss several indicators that also play important role in the design of energy policy of a state. Based on this analysis the paper presents a novel Energy Security Matrix that structures relevant energy security indicators from the aspects of Technical Resilience and Vulnerability, Economic Dependence and Political Affectability for electricity, heat and transport fuel sectors. Earlier publications by different authors have presented energy security assessment methodologies that use publicly available indicators from different databases. Current paper challenges viability of some of these indicators and introduces new indicators that would deliver stronger energy security policy assessments. Energy Security Matrix and its indicators are based on experiences that the authors have gathered as high-level energy policymakers in Estonia, where all different aspects of energy security can be observed. - Highlights: •Energy security should be analysed in technical, economic and political terms; •Energy Security Matrix provides a framework for energy security analyses; •Applicability of Matrix is limited due to the lack of statistical data and sensitivity of output.
11. Association of matrix metalloproteinase-3 -1171(5A>6A polymorphism with cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 41 studies.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Xin Yang
Full Text Available BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Evidence has shown that matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP3 is important for cancer progression. Recent studies about the association between the -1171(5A>6A polymorphism in MMP3 promoter region and cancer risk have yielded conflicting results. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We performed a meta-analysis of 41 studies including 11112 cases and 11091 controls to determine whether the -1171(5A>6A polymorphism of MMP3 was associated with cancer risk. We assessed the strength of association and performed sub-group analyses by cancer types, ethnicity, smoking status, genotyping method, source of controls and sample size. The pooled results revealed that no significant association of the -1171(5A>6A polymorphism with overall cancer risk in any of four models. Further sub-group analysis revealed that individuals with the 6A allele had lower risk of gastrointestinal cancer in two models: heterozygote comparison (6A/5A vs. 5A/5A: OR=0.74, 95%CI: 0.60-0.91; I(2=1.9%, and dominant model (6A/6A+6A/5A vs. 5A/5A: OR=0.77, 95%CI: 0.64-0.94; I(2=29.0%. Additionally, the associations were significant in Asian populations for three models: homozygote comparison (6A/6A vs. 5A/5A, OR=0.68, 95%CI: 0.52-0.90; I(2=26.7%, heterozygote comparison (6A/5A vs. 5A/5A: OR=0.75, 95%CI: 0.58-0.98; I(2=0.0%, and dominant model (6A/6A+6A/5A vs. 5A/5A: OR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.54-0.88; I(2=0.5%. It was noteworthy that we had a contrary finding in non-smokers: the variant 6A/6A homozygote might statistically increase cancer risk compared with 6A/5A+5A/5A genotype (OR=1.92, 95%CI: 1.25-2.96; I(2=72.7%. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that the -1171(5A>6A polymorphism in MMP3 promoter region is not associated with overall cancer risk, but it may contribute to decreased cancer risk in Asian population when compared with Caucasian population and significantly reduce the risk of gastrointestinal cancer.
12. Development of a multianalyte method based on micro-matrix-solid-phase dispersion for the analysis of fragrance allergens and preservatives in personal care products.
Science.gov (United States)
Celeiro, Maria; Guerra, Eugenia; Lamas, J Pablo; Lores, Marta; Garcia-Jares, Carmen; Llompart, Maria
2014-05-30
An effective, simple and low cost sample preparation method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or gas chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been developed for the rapid simultaneous determination of 38 cosmetic ingredients, 25 fragrance allergens and 13 preservatives. All target substances are frequently used in cosmetics and personal care products and they are subjected to use restrictions or labeling requirements according to the EU Cosmetic Directive. The extraction procedure was optimized on real non-spiked rinse-off and leave-on cosmetic products by means of experimental designs. The final miniaturized process required the use of only 0.1g of sample and 1 mL of organic solvent, obtaining a final extract ready for analysis. The micro-MSPD method was validated showing satisfactory performance by GC-MS and GC-MS/MS analysis. The use of GC coupled to triple quadrupole mass detection allowed to reach very low detection limits (low ng g(-1)) improving, at the same time, method selectivity. In an attempt to improve the chromatographic analysis of preservatives, the inclusion of a derivatization step was also assessed. The proposed method was applied to a broad range of cosmetics and personal care products (shampoos, body milk, moisturizing milk, toothpaste, hand creams, gloss lipstick, sunblock, deodorants and liquid soaps among others), demonstrating the extended use of these substances. The concentration levels were ranging from the sub parts per million to the parts per mill. The number of target fragrance allergens per samples was quite high (up to 16). Several fragrances (linalool, farnesol, hexylcinnamal, and benzyl benzoate) have been detected at levels >0.1% (1,000 μg g(-1)). As regards preservatives, phenoxyethanol was the most frequently found additive reaching quite high concentration (>1,500 μg g(-1)) in five cosmetic products. BHT was detected in eight
13. Detection and characterization of Newcastle disease virus in clinical samples using real time RT-PCR and melting curve analysis based on matrix and fusion genes amplification
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2013-10-01
Full Text Available Aim: Newcastle disease is still one of the major threats for poultry industry allover the world. Therefore, attempt was made in this study to use the SYBR Green I real-time PCR with melting curves analysis as for detection and differentiation of NDV strains in suspected infected birds. Materials and Methods: Two sets of primers were used to amplify matrix and fusion genes in samples collected from suspectly infected birds (chickens and pigeons. Melting curve analysis in conjunction with real time PCR was conducted for identifying different pathotypes of the isolated NDVs. Clinical samples were propagated on specific pathogen free ECE and tested for MDT and ICIP. Results: The velogenic NDVs isolated from chickens and pigeons were distinguished with mean T 85.03±0.341 and m 83.78±0.237 respectively for M-gene amplification and for F-gene amplification the mean T were 84.04±0.037 and m 84.53±0.223. On the other hand the lentogenic NDV isolates including the vaccinal strains (HB1 and LaSota have a higher mean T (86.99±0.021 for M-gene amplification and 86.50±0.063 for F-gene amplification. The test showed no reaction with m unrelated RNA samples. In addition, the results were in good agreement with both virus isolation and biological pathotyping (MDT and ICIP. The assay offers an attractive alternative method for the diagnosis of NDV that can be easily applied in laboratory diagnosis as a screening test for the detection and differentiation of NDV infections. Conclusion: As was shown by the successful rapid detection and pathotyping of 15 NDV strains in clinical samples representing velogenic and lentogenic NDV strains, and the agreement with the results of virus isolation , biological pathotyping and pathogenicity indices. The results of this report suggests that the described SybrGreen I real-time RT-PCR assay in conjunction with Melting curve analysis used as a rapid, specific and simple diagnostic tools for detection and pathotyping of
14. Relacionamento colaborativo no canal de distribuição: uma matriz para análise Distribution channel relationship: a proposal of an analysis matrix
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Gessuir Pigatto
2007-04-01
supermercadistas localizadas no interior do Estado de São Paulo e um de seus fornecedores. O resultado obtido sinaliza ser possível, por meio da avaliação dos comportamentos e das ações dos parceiros, determinar o tipo de relacionamento existente entre os pares estudados, auxiliando as empresas na definição de estratégias objetivando aprimorar esta relação ou encerrá-la, se for o caso.Today's market is growing so active and turbulent that a company's ability of developing and managing its relationship with other companies has become a necessary qualification, and if it is well developed, it may become a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Accordingly, the suppliers have been trying to adjust to the increasing power of retailers, to the expansion of horizontal alliance among retailers, to the strengthening of independent retailers, and to all the other kinds of distribution channels. Nevertheless, these companies still find it difficult to follow and assess these commercial relationships and, consequently, to adapt them to this new reality. Thus, the objective of this study is to propose an analysis matrix to assess the relationship among companies by following the behavior and actions of these companies. From an extensive theoretical revision, it was possible to identify variables influencing commercial relationships such as reliability, compromising, interdependence, cooperation, as well as behavior and actions related to each of these variables. This matrix was developed by presuming that the presence of one or more of these variables should mean the possibility of different standards of arrangements among the companies, from the opportunist to the most active collaborator, by using behavior and actions to determine its occurrence. The matrix consists of four categories that can be used to identify the relationship between two companies within four pre-established levels: traditional behavior, collaborative behavior, collaborative actions, and collaborative
15. Characterizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Lake Tianmuhu and its catchment basin using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhang, Yunlin; Yin, Yan; Feng, Longqing; Zhu, Guangwei; Shi, Zhiqiang; Liu, Xiaohan; Zhang, Yuanzhi
2011-10-15
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is an important optically active substance that transports nutrients, heavy metals, and other pollutants from terrestrial to aquatic systems and is used as a measure of water quality. To investigate how the source and composition of CDOM changes in both space and time, we used chemical, spectroscopic, and fluorescence analyses to characterize CDOM in Lake Tianmuhu (a drinking water source) and its catchment in China. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) identified three individual fluorophore moieties that were attributed to humic-like and protein-like materials in 224 water samples collected between December 2008 and September 2009. The upstream rivers contained significantly higher concentrations of CDOM than did the lake water (a(350) of 4.27±2.51 and 2.32±0.59 m(-1), respectively), indicating that the rivers carried a substantial load of organic matter to the lake. Of the three main rivers that flow into Lake Tianmuhu, the Pingqiao River brought in the most CDOM from the catchment to the lake. CDOM absorption and the microbial and terrestrial humic-like components, but not the protein-like component, were significantly higher in the wet season than in other seasons, indicating that the frequency of rainfall and runoff could significantly impact the quantity and quality of CDOM collected from the catchment. The different relationships between the maximum fluorescence intensities of the three PARAFAC components, CDOM absorption, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in riverine and lake water indicated the difference in the composition of CDOM between Lake Tianmuhu and the rivers that feed it. This study demonstrates the utility of combining excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and PARAFAC to study CDOM dynamics in inland waters. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
16. Pollution sources for indoor PM2.5 at the platform in subway station using a positive matrix factorization and an instrumental neutron activation analysis
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lim, Jong Myoung; Moon, Jong Hwa; Chung, Yong Sam [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Jin Hong [Chungnam National University, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)
2010-05-15
Airborne particulate matters, especially the PM2.5 (aerodynamic equivalent diameter, AED, less than 2.5 )m) fraction has been important. This is because of their potential for deposition on to the human respiratory system being accompanied by many harmful trace metals (such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn). As most people spend more than 80% of their time indoors, indoor air quality (IAQ) can exert a considerable impact on the inhalation condition of toxic substances. Therefore, assessment of the absolute concentration levels and elemental composition of PM in an indoor environment such as subway station can be used as a practical barometer of IAQ. The contaminants originated from the indoor pollution sources as well as various outdoor sources are easily accumulated in indoor environment dissimilar to the outdoor. Especially, since the natural ventilation is nearly impossible in the subway station, its pollution status can be worsened under the circumstance that contaminants are constantly originated and circulated inside of station by the repetitive action of subway trains. In this study, a total of 60 PM2.5 samples were collected for 4 seasonal campaigns in 2009 with a low-volume air sampler at one subway station in Daejeon, Korea. We undertook the measurements of up to 25 elements in PM2.5 using an instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). And inorganic ion species (SO{sub 4}{sup 2-}, NO{sub 3}{sup -}, NH{sub 4}{sup +}) also were determined by ion chromatography (IC). Next, sources at indoor/outdoor environment were identified and the contributions of each source were quantified by positive matrix factorization (PMF).
17. Pollution sources for indoor PM2.5 at the platform in subway station using a positive matrix factorization and an instrumental neutron activation analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lim, Jong Myoung; Moon, Jong Hwa; Chung, Yong Sam; Lee, Jin Hong
2010-01-01
Airborne particulate matters, especially the PM2.5 (aerodynamic equivalent diameter, AED, less than 2.5 )m) fraction has been important. This is because of their potential for deposition on to the human respiratory system being accompanied by many harmful trace metals (such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn). As most people spend more than 80% of their time indoors, indoor air quality (IAQ) can exert a considerable impact on the inhalation condition of toxic substances. Therefore, assessment of the absolute concentration levels and elemental composition of PM in an indoor environment such as subway station can be used as a practical barometer of IAQ. The contaminants originated from the indoor pollution sources as well as various outdoor sources are easily accumulated in indoor environment dissimilar to the outdoor. Especially, since the natural ventilation is nearly impossible in the subway station, its pollution status can be worsened under the circumstance that contaminants are constantly originated and circulated inside of station by the repetitive action of subway trains. In this study, a total of 60 PM2.5 samples were collected for 4 seasonal campaigns in 2009 with a low-volume air sampler at one subway station in Daejeon, Korea. We undertook the measurements of up to 25 elements in PM2.5 using an instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). And inorganic ion species (SO 4 2- , NO 3 - , NH 4 + ) also were determined by ion chromatography (IC). Next, sources at indoor/outdoor environment were identified and the contributions of each source were quantified by positive matrix factorization (PMF).
18. Insight into the heterogeneous adsorption of humic acid fluorescent components on multi-walled carbon nanotubes by excitation-emission matrix and parallel factor analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Yang, Chenghu; Liu, Yangzhi; Cen, Qiulin; Zhu, Yaxian; Zhang, Yong
2018-02-01
19. In situ analysis of Bacillus licheniformis biofilms: amyloid-like polymers and eDNA are involved in the adherence and aggregation of the extracellular matrix.
Science.gov (United States)
Randrianjatovo-Gbalou, I; Rouquette, P; Lefebvre, D; Girbal-Neuhauser, E; Marcato-Romain, C-E
2017-05-01
This study attempts to determine which of the exopolymeric substances are involved in the adherence and aggregation of a Bacillus licheniformis biofilm. The involvement of extracellular proteins and eDNA were particularly investigated using DNase and proteinase K treatment. The permeability of the biofilms increased fivefold after DNase I treatment. The quantification of the matrix components showed that, irrespective to the enzyme tested, eDNA and amyloid-like polymers were removed simultaneously. Size-exclusion chromatography analyses supported these observations and revealed the presence of associated nucleic acid and protein complexes in the biofilm lysates. These data suggest that some extracellular DNA and amyloid-like proteins were closely interlaced within the matrix. Finally, confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging gave supplementary clues about the 3D organization of the biofilms, confirming that eDNA and exoproteins were essentially layered under and around the bacterial cells, whereas the amyloid-like fractions were homogeneously distributed within the matrix. These results confirm that some DNA-amyloid complexes play a key role in the modulation of the mechanical resistance of B. licheniformis biofilms. The study highlights the need to consider the whole structure of biofilms and to target the interactions between matrix components. A better understanding of B. licheniformis biofilm physiology and the structural organization of the matrix will strengthen strategies of biofilm control. © 2017 The Society for Applied Microbiology.
20. The nuclear reaction matrix
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Krenciglowa, E.M.; Kung, C.L.; Kuo, T.T.S.; Osnes, E.; and Department of Physics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794)
1976-01-01
Different definitions of the reaction matrix G appropriate to the calculation of nuclear structure are reviewed and discussed. Qualitative physical arguments are presented in support of a two-step calculation of the G-matrix for finite nuclei. In the first step the high-energy excitations are included using orthogonalized plane-wave intermediate states, and in the second step the low-energy excitations are added in, using harmonic oscillator intermediate states. Accurate calculations of G-matrix elements for nuclear structure calculations in the Aapprox. =18 region are performed following this procedure and treating the Pauli exclusion operator Q 2 /sub p/ by the method of Tsai and Kuo. The treatment of Q 2 /sub p/, the effect of the intermediate-state spectrum and the energy dependence of the reaction matrix are investigated in detail. The present matrix elements are compared with various matrix elements given in the literature. In particular, close agreement is obtained with the matrix elements calculated by Kuo and Brown using approximate methods
1. Matrix Metalloproteinase Enzyme Family
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ozlem Goruroglu Ozturk
2013-04-01
Full Text Available Matrix metalloproteinases play an important role in many biological processes such as embriogenesis, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and angiogenesis, and in some pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, arthritis and cancer. Currently, 24 genes have been identified in humans that encode different groups of matrix metalloproteinase enzymes. This review discuss the members of the matrix metalloproteinase family and their substrate specificity, structure, function and the regulation of their enzyme activity by tissue inhibitors. [Archives Medical Review Journal 2013; 22(2.000: 209-220
CERN Document Server
Tapp, Kristopher
2005-01-01
Matrix groups touch an enormous spectrum of the mathematical arena. This textbook brings them into the undergraduate curriculum. It makes an excellent one-semester course for students familiar with linear and abstract algebra and prepares them for a graduate course on Lie groups. Matrix Groups for Undergraduates is concrete and example-driven, with geometric motivation and rigorous proofs. The story begins and ends with the rotations of a globe. In between, the author combines rigor and intuition to describe basic objects of Lie theory: Lie algebras, matrix exponentiation, Lie brackets, and maximal tori.
3. Elementary matrix theory
CERN Document Server
Eves, Howard
1980-01-01
The usefulness of matrix theory as a tool in disciplines ranging from quantum mechanics to psychometrics is widely recognized, and courses in matrix theory are increasingly a standard part of the undergraduate curriculum.This outstanding text offers an unusual introduction to matrix theory at the undergraduate level. Unlike most texts dealing with the topic, which tend to remain on an abstract level, Dr. Eves' book employs a concrete elementary approach, avoiding abstraction until the final chapter. This practical method renders the text especially accessible to students of physics, engineeri
4. [Analysis of correlation between pulmonary function and expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 among toluene diisocyanate exposed workers].
Science.gov (United States)
Miao, P P; Meng, T; Jia, Q; Niu, Y; Ye, M; Ji, Y Q; Ju, R; Chen, X L; Shao, H; Zheng, Y X; Dai, Y F
2016-05-01
To investigate the effect of occupational toluene diisocyanate(TDI) exposure on matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1), and analysis of the correlation of MMP-9,TIMP-1,MMP-9/TIMP-1 and lung function. In October 2014, based on cluster sampling, we conducted a cross-sectional study in a TDI production factory located in China's western region. 61 exposed workers were recruited from workers engaged in packing, operating and checking. Based on different levels of the external exposure, the packers were classified as high exposed group, while operators and checkers as low exposed group. 58 factory managers, matching age and agent, were selected as controls, having same work intense and not contacting the TDI or other allergens. The questionnaire surveys were used to obtain the agent, age, work age, smoking and drinking, personal and family allergic history, occupational history, and the recent health conditions. The levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in serum of subjects were determind by ELISA. The time weighted average concentrations (8h-TWA) were used to describe the levels of TDI air exposure in working environment. Spearman correlation assay was used to investigate the correlation of MMP-9, TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-1 and lung function, exposure time. 8-hour TWA means of TDI air levels in exposed group, packers, operators and checkers were 0.39, 0.76, 0.25 mg/m(3), respectively . According to the external exposure concentration, the packers were classified as high exposed group, and the operators and checkers were classified as low exposed group. In controls, low exposed group and high exposed group, the levels of MMP-9, respectively, were (807.21±347.70),(586.91±317.50),(388.94±312.01) ng/ml (χ(2)=16.69, Pcorrelation analysis showed that levels of MMP-9 were positively associated with FEV1.0, and FEV1.0/FVC (r values were 0.27, 0.25, respectively, all Pcorrelated with exposure time(r=-0.26, P=0.040). The positive correlations
5. Fabrication and Analysis of the Wear Properties of Hot-Pressed Al-Si/SiCp + Al-Si-Cu-Mg Metal Matrix Composite
Science.gov (United States)
Bang, Jeongil; Oak, Jeong-Jung; Park, Yong Ho
2016-01-01
The aim of this study was to characterize microstructures and mechanical properties of aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC's) prepared by powder metallurgy method. Consolidation of mixed powder with gas atomized Al-Si/SiCp powder and Al-14Si-2.5Cu-0.5Mg powder by hot pressing was classified according to sintering temperature and sintering time. Sintering condition was optimized using tensile properties of sintered specimens. Ultimate tensile strength of the optimized sintered specimen was 228 MPa with an elongation of 5.3% in longitudinal direction. In addition, wear properties and behaviors of the sintered aluminum-based MMC's were analyzed in accordance with vertical load and linear speed. As the linear speed and vertical load of the wear increased, change of the wear behavior occurred in order of oxidation of Al-Si matrix, formation of C-rich layer, Fe-alloying to matrix, and melting of the specimen
6. Teaching Improvement Model Designed with DEA Method and Management Matrix
Science.gov (United States)
Montoneri, Bernard
2014-01-01
This study uses student evaluation of teachers to design a teaching improvement matrix based on teaching efficiency and performance by combining management matrix and data envelopment analysis. This matrix is designed to formulate suggestions to improve teaching. The research sample consists of 42 classes of freshmen following a course of English…
7. Multi-threaded Sparse Matrix Sparse Matrix Multiplication for Many-Core and GPU Architectures.
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Deveci, Mehmet [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Trott, Christian Robert [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Rajamanickam, Sivasankaran [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
2018-01-01
Sparse Matrix-Matrix multiplication is a key kernel that has applications in several domains such as scientific computing and graph analysis. Several algorithms have been studied in the past for this foundational kernel. In this paper, we develop parallel algorithms for sparse matrix- matrix multiplication with a focus on performance portability across different high performance computing architectures. The performance of these algorithms depend on the data structures used in them. We compare different types of accumulators in these algorithms and demonstrate the performance difference between these data structures. Furthermore, we develop a meta-algorithm, kkSpGEMM, to choose the right algorithm and data structure based on the characteristics of the problem. We show performance comparisons on three architectures and demonstrate the need for the community to develop two phase sparse matrix-matrix multiplication implementations for efficient reuse of the data structures involved.
8. Multi-threaded Sparse Matrix-Matrix Multiplication for Many-Core and GPU Architectures.
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Deveci, Mehmet [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Rajamanickam, Sivasankaran [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Trott, Christian Robert [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
2017-12-01
Sparse Matrix-Matrix multiplication is a key kernel that has applications in several domains such as scienti c computing and graph analysis. Several algorithms have been studied in the past for this foundational kernel. In this paper, we develop parallel algorithms for sparse matrix-matrix multiplication with a focus on performance portability across different high performance computing architectures. The performance of these algorithms depend on the data structures used in them. We compare different types of accumulators in these algorithms and demonstrate the performance difference between these data structures. Furthermore, we develop a meta-algorithm, kkSpGEMM, to choose the right algorithm and data structure based on the characteristics of the problem. We show performance comparisons on three architectures and demonstrate the need for the community to develop two phase sparse matrix-matrix multiplication implementations for efficient reuse of the data structures involved.
9. Hacking the Matrix.
Science.gov (United States)
Czerwinski, Michael; Spence, Jason R
2017-01-05
Recently in Nature, Gjorevski et al. (2016) describe a fully defined synthetic hydrogel that mimics the extracellular matrix to support in vitro growth of intestinal stem cells and organoids. The hydrogel allows exquisite control over the chemical and physical in vitro niche and enables identification of regulatory properties of the matrix. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
10. The Matrix Organization Revisited
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Gattiker, Urs E.; Ulhøi, John Parm
1999-01-01
This paper gives a short overview of matrix structure and technology management. It outlines some of the characteristics and also points out that many organizations may actualy be hybrids (i.e. mix several ways of organizing to allocate resorces effectively).......This paper gives a short overview of matrix structure and technology management. It outlines some of the characteristics and also points out that many organizations may actualy be hybrids (i.e. mix several ways of organizing to allocate resorces effectively)....
11. Influence of the matrix composition in the Emission spectroscopic analysis of solutions with continuous nebulization of the sample and excitation of the spectrum in a high-frequency inductively coupled plasma discharge
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zil'bershtein, K.I.; Kartasheva, M.A.; Mushkovich, G.N.
1986-01-01
Numerous investigations have shown that the emission spectroscopic analysis of solutions with the use of a high-frequency inductively coupled plasma discharge is characterized by the absence of an influence or the presence of a small influence of the matrix elements on the amplitudes of the analytical signals of the elements being determined and, consequently, on the results of an analysis. The influences of the first type include the influences of easily ionized elements, which, as we know, are very significant in spectroscopic analysis with the use of traditional sources for the excitation of the spectra (arcs, sparks, and flames). The influences of the second type include, in particular, the influences associated with changes in the viscosity and surface tension of the solutions as the concentration of the matrix elements in the solutions is increased. In order to obtain correct results from an analysis in the case of spectral interference, special methods for treating the spectra are used for the purpose of taking into account the background and the instances of superposition and establishing the true (''pure'') intensity of the analytical lines. Results are shown of the Determination of impurities in aqueous solutions of sodium Molybate Single Crystals (the concentration of Na 2 Mo 2 O 7 in the solution was 1 mg/ml). When the solutions being analyzed are diluted to a concentration of Na 2 Mo 2 O 7 equal to 1 mg/ml, good agreement between the results of the determination of vanadium (and other impurities) obtained with the use of reference solutions not containing the matrix elements and the results obtained with the use of reference solutions containing the matrix elements in the same concentrations as in the solutions being analyzed (1mg/ml) was guaranteed
12. The Exopolysaccharide Matrix
Science.gov (United States)
Koo, H.; Falsetta, M.L.; Klein, M.I.
2013-01-01
Many infectious diseases in humans are caused or exacerbated by biofilms. Dental caries is a prime example of a biofilm-dependent disease, resulting from interactions of microorganisms, host factors, and diet (sugars), which modulate the dynamic formation of biofilms on tooth surfaces. All biofilms have a microbial-derived extracellular matrix as an essential constituent. The exopolysaccharides formed through interactions between sucrose- (and starch-) and Streptococcus mutans-derived exoenzymes present in the pellicle and on microbial surfaces (including non-mutans) provide binding sites for cariogenic and other organisms. The polymers formed in situ enmesh the microorganisms while forming a matrix facilitating the assembly of three-dimensional (3D) multicellular structures that encompass a series of microenvironments and are firmly attached to teeth. The metabolic activity of microbes embedded in this exopolysaccharide-rich and diffusion-limiting matrix leads to acidification of the milieu and, eventually, acid-dissolution of enamel. Here, we discuss recent advances concerning spatio-temporal development of the exopolysaccharide matrix and its essential role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. We focus on how the matrix serves as a 3D scaffold for biofilm assembly while creating spatial heterogeneities and low-pH microenvironments/niches. Further understanding on how the matrix modulates microbial activity and virulence expression could lead to new approaches to control cariogenic biofilms. PMID:24045647
13. Variability of matrix effects in liquid and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis of pesticide residues after QuEChERS sample preparation of different food crops
Science.gov (United States)
Gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC) coupled to sophisticated mass spectrometry (MS) instruments are among the most powerful analytical tools currently available to monitor pesticide residues in food, among other applications. However, both GC-MS and LC-MS are susceptible to matrix effects whi...
14. A new and efficient Solid Phase Microextraction approach for analysis of high fat content food samples using a matrix-compatible coating.
Science.gov (United States)
De Grazia, Selenia; Gionfriddo, Emanuela; Pawliszyn, Janusz
2017-05-15
The current work presents the optimization of a protocol enabling direct extraction of avocado samples by a new Solid Phase Microextraction matrix compatible coating. In order to further extend the coating life time, pre-desorption and post-desorption washing steps were optimized for solvent type, time, and degree of agitation employed. Using optimized conditions, lifetime profiles of the coating related to extraction of a group of analytes bearing different physical-chemical properties were obtained. Over 80 successive extractions were carried out to establish coating efficiency using PDMS/DVB 65µm commercial coating in comparison with the PDMS/DVB/PDMS. The PDMS/DVB coating was more prone to irreversible matrix attachment on its surface, with consequent reduction of its extractive performance after 80 consecutive extractions. Conversely, the PDMS/DVB/PDMS coating showed enhanced inertness towards matrix fouling due to its outer smooth PDMS layer. This work represents the first step towards the development of robust SPME methods for quantification of contaminants in avocado as well as other fatty-based matrices, with minimal sample pre-treatment prior to extraction. In addition, an evaluation of matrix components attachment on the coating surface and related artifacts created by desorption of the coating at high temperatures in the GC-injector port, has been performed by GCxGC-ToF/MS. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
15. Analysis of Phospholipid Mixtures from Biological Tissues by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption and Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS): A Laboratory Experiment
Science.gov (United States)
Eibisch, Mandy; Fuchs, Beate; Schiller, Jurgen; Sub, Rosmarie; Teuber, Kristin
2011-01-01
Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is increasingly used to investigate the phospholipid (PL) compositions of tissues and body fluids, often without previous separation of the total mixture into the individual PL classes. Therefore, the questions of whether all PL classes are detectable…
16. Higher Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Is Associated with Extracellular Matrix Metalloprotease Inducer in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma: Tissue Microarray Analysis of Immunostaining Score with Clinicopathological Parameters
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jong-Shiaw Jin
2006-01-01
Full Text Available Aim: Extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (EMMPRIN expression was demonstrated in several cancers, but its expression profile in colorectal cancers remains unclear. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR was reported to regulate EMMPRIN expression in human epithelial cancers. Our purpose was to determine EMMPRIN expression and its relationship with EGFR in colorectal cancers.
17. Benefits of 2.94 μm infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization for analysis of labile molecules by Fourier transform mass spectrometry
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Budnik, Bogdan A.; Jensen, Kenneth Bendix; Jørgensen, Thomas J. D.
2000-01-01
A 2.94 microm Er:YAG laser was used together with a commercial Fourier transform mass spectrometer to study labile biomolecules. The combination has shown superior performance over conventional 337 nm ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (UV-MALDI) Fourier transform mass...
18. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of fuel/matrix interaction layers in highly-irradiated U-Mo dispersion fuel plates with Al and Al-Si alloy matrices
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Keiser, Dennis D. Jr; Jue, Jan Fong; Miller, Brandon D.; Gan, Jian; Robinson, Adom B.; Medvedev, Pavel; Madden, James; Wachs, Dan; Meyer, Mitch [Nuclear Fuels and Materials Division, Idaho National Laboratory (United States)
2014-04-15
In order to investigate how the microstructure of fuel/matrix-interaction (FMI) layers change during irradiation, different U-7Mo dispersion fuel plates have been irradiated to high fission density and then characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specifically, samples from irradiated U-7Mo dispersion fuel elements with pure Al, Al-2Si and AA4043 (-4.5 wt.%Si) matrices were SEM characterized using polished samples and samples that were prepared with a focused ion beam (FIB). Features not observable for the polished samples could be captured in SEM images taken of the FIB samples. For the Al matrix sample, a relatively large FMI layer develops, with enrichment of Xe at the FMI layer/Al matrix interface and evidence of debonding. Overall, a significant penetration of Si from the FMI layer into the U-7Mo fuel was observed for samples with Si in the Al matrix, which resulted in a change of the size (larger) and shape (round) of the fission gas bubbles. Additionally, solid fission product phases were observed to nucleate and grow within these bubbles. These changes in the localized regions of the microstructure of the U-7Mo may contribute to changes observed in the macroscopic swelling of fuel plates with Al-Si matrices.
19. The Matrix exponential, Dynamic Systems and Control
DEFF Research Database (Denmark) | 138,044 | 659,684 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | latest | en | 0.906975 |
https://www.codespeedy.com/find-pairs-in-array-whose-sums-already-exist-in-array-in-cpp/ | 1,675,239,668,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499919.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201081311-20230201111311-00689.warc.gz | 701,724,298 | 15,892 | # Find pairs in array whose sums already exist in array in C++
We are given an array. Our task is to find pairs in array whose sums already exist in array in C++. For example,
```Input: 3 5 7 2 8 9
Output: 3 5
5 2
7 2
3 2
```
## Find pairs in array whose sums already exist in array in C++ solution
The first thought that comes to our mind after reading this question is to iterate over the array and for each element, find two other elements such that their sum is equal to the current element. This forms the basis of brute force which is explained below:
### BRUTE FORCE
Approach:
1. Iterate the loop three times.
2. The first loop assigns each element as the sum we are looking for.
```for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
int sum=arr[i];```
3. The second loop selects an element that is less than the required sum. If we select an element that is greater than the current element then it will only increase the time taken. Here, we calculate the remaining sum which we need to search for in the array in the third loop. We store the required digit in the variable left.
```for(int j=0;j<6;j++){
if(arr[j]<sum){
int left=sum-arr[j];```
4. For every such element found, the third loop finds the other element if present in the array. If such an element is found, we print both the pair and increase the counter. We are maintaining a counter to keep a count of the number of pairs and if the count is 0, we will get to know that no such pair exists.
```for(int k=0;k<6;k++){
if(arr[k]==left){
//pair found
cout<<arr[j]<<" "<<arr[k]<<endl;
cnt++;```
Code:
```#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int arr[6]={3,5,2,8,7,9};
int cnt=0;
for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
int sum=arr[i];
for(int j=0;j<6;j++){
if(arr[j]<sum){
int left=sum-arr[j];
for(int k=0;k<6;k++){
if(arr[k]==left){ //pair found
cout<<arr[j]<<" "<<arr[k]<<endl;
cnt++;
}
}
}
}
}
if(cnt==0){
cout<<-1;
}
return 0;
}```
TIME COMPLEXITY: `O(n^3)` where n is the size of the array.
SPACE COMPLEXITY: `O(1)`
The above code is very costly in terms of the time it takes. To improve the time taken, we can initially store all the values in a hashmap. Then we simply run two loops instead of three to check if the sum of the two elements so obtained exists in the map or not.
### HASHING
Approach:
1. We trade the time complexity with the space complexity.
2. We use an unordered map to store the elements.
```unordered_map<int,int> hash;
int cnt=0;
//store the values in a map
for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
hash[arr[i]]++;
}```
3. Then we run two loops to check if the sum of the pair so obtained exists in the map or not. The two loops ensure that all pairs are counted.
```for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
for(int j=0;j<6;j++){
int sum=arr[i]+arr[j];
if(hash.find(sum)!=hash.end()){ //O(1)
cout<<arr[i]<<" "<<arr[j]<<endl;
cnt++;
}
}
}```
4. If it does, we print them.
Code:
```#include <iostream>
#include<unordered_map>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int arr[6]={3,5,2,8,7,9};
unordered_map<int,int> hash;
int cnt=0;
//store the values in a map
for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
hash[arr[i]]++;
}
//Run the loop
for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
for(int j=0;j<6;j++){
int sum=arr[i]+arr[j];
if(hash.find(sum)!=hash.end()){ //O(1)
cout<<arr[i]<<" "<<arr[j]<<endl;
cnt++;
}
}
}
if(cnt==0){
cout<<-1;
}
return 0;
}
```
TIME COMPLEXITY: O(n^2) where n is the size of the array
SPACE COMPLEXITY: O(n) | 974 | 3,330 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.671875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | latest | en | 0.75618 |
https://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1302781975 | 1,516,440,671,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889542.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120083038-20180120103038-00322.warc.gz | 954,210,061 | 4,046 | # Chemistry
posted by .
How many moles of silver nitrate are needed to produce 6.75 moles of copper nitrate (CU(NO3)2) upon reaction with excess copper by useing this equation:
2AgNO3(Aq) + Cu (s)-->2Ag(s)+Cu(NO3)2 (AQ)
• Chemistry -
http://www.jiskha.com/science/chemistry/stoichiometry.html
• Chemistry -
How many moles of silver nitrate are needed to produce 6.75 moles of copper nitrate (CU(NO3)2) upon reaction with excess copper by useing this equation:
2AgNO3(Aq) + Cu (s)-->2Ag(s)+Cu(NO3)2 (AQ)
## Similar Questions
1. ### Chemistry
Calculate the mass of copper needed to displace 5.0g of silver from silver nitrate solution. Cu+2AgNO3->Cu(NO3)2+2Ag (Relative atomic masses:Ag=108,Cu=63.5) I got it to be 3.175g needed.
2. ### Chemistry, help!
how do you calculate this: Calculate the mass of copper needed to displace 5.0g of silver from silver nitrate solution. (Relative Atomic Masses: Ag=108, Cu=63.5) Eqn=Cu+2AgNO3->Cu(NO3)2+2Ag How do you write a half equation?
3. ### Chemistry
When copper wire is placed into a silver nitrate solution, silver crystals and copper(II) nitrate solution form. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. (Type your answer using the format CH4 for CH4.) 1 Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq …
4. ### Science
If 2.50 mol of copper and 5.50 mol of silver nitrate are available to react by a single replacement:Cu + 2AgNO3 -> Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag What is the amount in moles of each product formed?
5. ### Chem answer check
Does this look correct? Thx! Write the balanced equation for the reaction between solid copper and silver nitrate, that produces solid silver and copper(II) nitrate in solution. Include your experimentally determined mole ratios for
6. ### chemistry
How many grams of solid copper must react with silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), to produce 5.5 g of solid silver and copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)s(aq)?
7. ### Physical sciences
Copper reacts with silver nitrate according to the equation: Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)= Cu(NO3)2(ag) +2Ag(s). If 0.50mol of copper is added to 1.5mol of silver nitrate , which is the limiting reagent and how many moles of silver are formed
8. ### Chemistry
For the following chemical reaction, what mass of silver nitrate in grams will be needed to produce 3.91 mol of calcium nitrate?
9. ### Chemistry
Is the unbalanced reaction for copper + silver nitrate Cu + AgNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + Ag or Cu + 2AgNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + Ag?
10. ### Chemistry
This is a stoichiometry equation. Cu(s) + 4(HNO3)(aq) -> Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2(NO2)(g)+2(H2O)(l) If you use 6 moles of nitric acid 4(HNO3), how many moles of Copper (II) Nitrate Cu(No3)2 will be produced?
More Similar Questions | 787 | 2,643 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | latest | en | 0.822085 |
http://allnurses.com/nursing-student-assistance/dosage-calculations-when-176115.html | 1,519,312,720,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814124.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222140814-20180222160814-00298.warc.gz | 15,820,798 | 14,391 | # Dosage Calculations - when to round up!
1. I am in my 3rd semester of the program and took my standard dosage test we get every semster so we can pass meds. Well, I didn't pass the test! BUMMED! Because now it is only one more try and if I miss more than one than I am kicked out! I have passed every test up until now with flying colors, so I don't know what has hung me up this semester!
My problem is with rounding up. I did the work just fine, but evidently rounded up to the nearest 10th where I should have rounded up to the nearest 100th. AND the math book I have is contradictory.
With meds PO then I round up to the nearest 10th? Such as the answer comes out 0.67 ml so would I round up to 0.7 ml?
How about when the answer comes out to 0.75 ml. Would I round up to 0.8 or leave it at the 0.75
With meds by syringe I round up to the nearest 100th? Such as 0.166666 is my answer so I round up to 0.17 NOT 0.20?
In my book one of the answers is 1.67777 and the answer was to round up to 1.7
UGH! Why am i SO confused? What are the basic rules? (like round up all gtts to the whole number) for PO and IV. How come on some answers it seems to round up to the 10th and others to the 100th when giving the same kind of thing such as an injection? (None of the injections were Heparin)
Thanks!
•
3. I have a book recommendation for you:
Dosage Calculations Made Incredibly Easy
I'm horrible at math. This book saved me when it came to taking those med tests.
This is from a previous post that I had responded to regarding medications, I hope this part helps!
"Answer correctly, dont round up. Lets say your answer comes to 0.75mls-
0.75ml can be drawn up quite easily - you just need to grab a syringe that has enough lines on it for you to decipher the 0.75 mark.
I dont recommend rounding up on drugs. Lets just say this drug was 1mg/1ml. If 0.75mg were ordered, you would give 0.75ml. You wouldnt give 0.8ml, as that would be giving 0.8mgs. Does that make sense? You would be given too much in this situation"
Think about what happens when you round up - you would be given more of a dosage then is ordered. Sometimes you do need to round up, but if 66mgs is ordered, you wouldnt give 70mgs, as that would be too much.
I hope that helps you. Feel free to post specific questions and I can try and help you out and explain them!
-Meghan
4. Thanks! I am going to get the book today! I do love the incredibly Easy books! I appreciate yoru feedback!
5. I had this problem in school also..You know how to do the problems..You have to tell the instructor you know how to do it..Give him two answers if that is necessary, the one without being rounded up and the one that is...And ask the instructor what place you want me to round up..Sometimes you have to go by the instructors decision but rounding up should not make the answer wrong..We had exams where many students rounded up and some did not and the answer was still considered correct..Injections and liquids are different thou, if the answer is 1.66 ml, it should be rounded to 1.7 ml since syringes can carry I.7 ml and liquids can be measured in that amount..But it would still not be incorrect if you put down 1.66 ml since that is equivalent but it is based on what your instructor thinks is right or wrong about rounding up..Say if you had a PO medication where it was 2.5 mg..You do not round up since you can give 2.5 mg...That is just 2 and a half tablets..
Last edit by Bala Shark on Aug 30, '06
6. Lisa
Your email addy I have must be old. Email me your new one!
Lisa
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# Data Structures & Alogs HW_Part_4 - 13 iii. Induction...
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13 iii. Induction Step. Consider the case where n +1 pigeons are in n holes. Eliminate one hole at random. If it contains one pigeon, eliminate it as well, and by the induction hypothesis some other hole must contain at least two pigeons. If it contains no pigeons, then again by the induction hypothesis some other hole must con- tain at least two pigeons (with an extra pigeon yet to be placed). If it contains more than one pigeon, then it f ts the requirements of the theorem directly. 2.26 (a) When we add the n th line, we create n new regions. But, we start with one region even when there are no lines. Thus, the recurrence is F ( n )= F ( n 1) + n +1 . (b) This is equivalent to the summation F ( n )=1+ i =1 ni . (c) This is close to a summation we already know (equation 2.1). 2.27 Base case : T ( n 1)=1=1(1+1) / 2 . Induction hypothesis : T ( n 1)=( n 1)( n ) / 2 . Induction step : T ( n )= T ( n 1) + n =( n 1)( n ) / 2+ n = n ( n +1) / 2 . Thus, the theorem is proved by mathematical induction. 2.28 If we expand the recurrence, we get T ( n )=2 T ( n 1) + 1 = 2(2 T ( n 2)+1)+1)=4 T ( n 2+2+1 . Expanding again yields T ( n )=8 T ( n 3)+4+2+1 . From this, we can deduce a pattern and hypothesize that the recurrence is equivalent to T ( n )= n X i =0 12 i =2 n 1 . To prove this formula is in fact the proper closed form solution, we use math- ematical induction. Base case : T (1) = 2 1 1=1 .
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14 Chap. 2 Mathematical Preliminaries Induction hypothesis : T ( n 1)=2 n 1 1 .
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## This document was uploaded on 10/31/2011 for the course BCN 3431 at University of Florida.
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Data Structures & Alogs HW_Part_4 - 13 iii. Induction...
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Ask a homework question - tutors are online | 646 | 2,143 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.53125 | 5 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | longest | en | 0.864506 |
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University of Florida CISE department Gator Engineering Classification Part 2 Dr. Sanjay Ranka Professor Computer and Information Science and Engineering University of Florida, Gainesville
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University of Florida CISE department Gator Engineering Data Mining Sanjay Ranka Spring 2011 Overview • Rule based Classifiers • Nearest-neighbor Classifiers
University of Florida CISE department Gator Engineering Data Mining Sanjay Ranka Spring 2011 Rule Based Classifiers • Classify instances by using a collection of “if … then …” rules • Rules are presented in Disjunctive Normal Form, R = (r 1 v r 2 v … r k ) R is called rule set r i ’s are called classification rules • Each classification rule is of form r i : (Condition i ) y •Condition is a conjunction of attribute tests y is the class label
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University of Florida CISE department Gator Engineering Data Mining Sanjay Ranka Spring 2011 Rule Based Classifiers r i : (Condition i ) y – LHS of the rule is called rule antecedent or pre-condition – RHS is called the rule consequent • If the attributes of an instance satisfy the pre- condition of a rule, then the instance is assigned to the class designated by the rule consequent • Example – (Blood Type=Warm) (Lay Eggs=Yes) Birds – (Taxable Income < 50K) (Refund=Yes) Cheat=No
University of Florida CISE department Gator Engineering Data Mining Sanjay Ranka Spring 2011 Classifying Instances with Rules • A rule r covers an instance x if the attributes of the instance satisfy the condition of the rule • Rule: r : (Age < 35) (Status = Married) Cheat=No • Instances: x 1 : (Age=29, Status=Married, Refund=No) x 2 : (Age=28, Status=Single, Refund=Yes) x 3 : (Age=38, Status=Divorced, Refund=No) • Only x 1 is covered by the rule r
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University of Florida CISE department Gator Engineering Data Mining Sanjay Ranka Spring 2011 Rule Based Classifiers • Rules may not be mutually exclusive – More than one rule may cover the same instance • Strategies: – Strict enforcement of mutual exclusiveness • Avoid generating rules that have overlapping coverage with previously selected rules – Ordered rules • Rules are rank ordered according to their priority – Voting • Allow an instance to trigger multiple rules, and consider the consequent of each triggered rule as a vote for that particular class
University of Florida CISE department Gator Engineering Data Mining Sanjay Ranka Spring 2011 Rule Based Classifiers • Rules may not be exhaustive • Strategy: – A default rule r d : ( ) ˠ y d can be added – The default rule has an empty antecedent and is applicable when all other rules have failed y d is known as default class and is often assigned to the majority class
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CISE department Gator Engineering Data Mining Sanjay Ranka Spring 2011 Example of Rule Based Classifier r 1 : (Refund=No) & (Marital Status=Single) & (Taxable Income>80K) ˠ Yes r 2
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## This note was uploaded on 11/13/2011 for the course CIS 4930 taught by Professor Staff during the Spring '08 term at University of Florida.
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Ask a homework question - tutors are online | 882 | 3,809 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.921875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | longest | en | 0.828782 |
https://web2.0calc.com/questions/please-help_7034 | 1,638,183,278,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358705.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129104236-20211129134236-00558.warc.gz | 672,767,439 | 5,614 | +0
0
477
1
If m angle ABD=79 degrees , what are m angle ABC and m angle DBC
Aug 28, 2020
#1
0
If m angle ABD=79 degrees , what are m angle ABC and m angle DBC
Since together they equal 79o just add them together, solve for x, and then plug it back in.
ABC + DBC = ABD
(8x – 3) + (5x + 4) = 79
add like terms 13x + 1 = 79
13x = 78
x = 6
Plug 6 back in to ABC (8 • 6) – 3 = 45 so angle ABC = 45o
Plug 6 back in to DBC (5 • 6) + 4 = 34 so angle DBC = 34o
.
Aug 28, 2020 | 225 | 569 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.03125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | latest | en | 0.52667 |
https://maker.pro/forums/threads/need-the-help-to-understand-the-circuit-of-the-battery-of-the-pda-acer-n300.65472/ | 1,680,064,302,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329023546-20230329053546-00071.warc.gz | 454,764,199 | 61,355 | # need the help to understand the circuit of the battery of the PDA(acer N300)
A
#### alex
Jan 1, 1970
0
I have bought a PDA (acer n300), and I can find nothing details about
its battery.
It is written on the back of the battery pack that:
Model NO: BA-1405106
Product Name: Acer n300 battery pack, rechargeable lithium-ion
battery
Rating: DC 3.7v 1200mAh
At the bottom of the battery, there are 6 pins (3 pins each side).
| | | | | |
a b c d e f
After charging the battery, I measured the tensions between all of
these pins. And I got the following results: condition 1: unused
situation
Condition 2: under use situation (while
the PDA works)
1) +
a
b 0
c 0 0
d 1.2/3.7 4 4
e 1.2/3.7 4 4 0
f 0 0 0 -4 -4
- a b c d e
f
2 ) +
a
b -3.2
c -3.2 0
d 0.6 4 4
e 0.6 4 4 0
f -3.2 0 0 -4 -4
- a b c d e
f
In condition 1, the tensions between the Pin A and D, the Pin A and E
vary in the two fixed values 1.2 and 3.7
And in condition 2, all of the tensions who are measured with Pin A
have descended by -3.2 v.
Is there anyone who can explain why this battery behaves like this? Or
M
#### M.Joshi
Jan 1, 1970
0
I was initially confused looking at the two sets of test results bu
after studying it for a while, I have created what I think is an easie
table for viewing them (See attached file).
I have bought a PDA (acer n300), and I can find nothing details about
its battery.
It is written on the back of the battery pack that:
Model NO: BA-1405106
Product Name: Acer n300 battery pack, rechargeabl
lithium-ion
battery
Rating: DC 3.7v 1200mAh
At the bottom of the battery, there are 6 pins (3 pins each side).
| | | | | |
a b c d e f
After charging the battery, I measured the tensions between all of
these pins. And I got the following results: condition 1: unused
situation
Condition 2: under use situatio
(while
the PDA works)
1) +
a
b 0
c 0 0
d 1.2/3.7 4 4
e 1.2/3.7 4 4 0
f 0 0 0 -4 -4
- a b c d e
f
2 ) +
a
b -3.2
c -3.2 0
d 0.6 4 4
e 0.6 4 4 0
f -3.2 0 0 -4 -4
- a b c d e
f
In condition 1, the tensions between the Pin A and D, the Pin A and E
vary in the two fixed values 1.2 and 3.7
And in condition 2, all of the tensions who are measured with Pin A
have descended by -3.2 v.
Is there anyone who can explain why this battery behaves like this? Or
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
|Filename: Battery Pack Voltage Measurements.txt
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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95 | 878 | 2,559 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | longest | en | 0.910273 |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/elementary-algebra/chapter-11-additional-topics-chapter-11-review-problem-set-page-519/4 | 1,534,257,662,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209040.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814131141-20180814151141-00146.warc.gz | 911,297,554 | 12,983 | # Chapter 11 - Additional Topics - Chapter 11 Review Problem Set: 4
$25$ more students watched television on Friday evening than studied.
#### Work Step by Step
$35$ students spent Friday evening watching television. $10$ students spent Friday evening studying. To find out how many more students watched television than studied, we subtract these two numbers. $35-10=25.$ Therefore, $25$ more students watched television on Friday evening than studied.
After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback. | 130 | 617 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.984375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | longest | en | 0.952909 |
http://slideplayer.com/slide/2400831/ | 1,542,765,644,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746926.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121011923-20181121033923-00532.warc.gz | 294,109,529 | 23,216 | Presentation is loading. Please wait.
# 1 05/10/2014 Computer Graphics Lecture 10 Global Illumination 1: Ray Tracing and Radiosity Taku Komura.
## Presentation on theme: "1 05/10/2014 Computer Graphics Lecture 10 Global Illumination 1: Ray Tracing and Radiosity Taku Komura."— Presentation transcript:
1 05/10/2014 Computer Graphics Lecture 10 Global Illumination 1: Ray Tracing and Radiosity Taku Komura
Rendering techniques Can be classified as Local Illumination techniques Global Illumination techniques
Local Illumination methods Considers light sources and surface properties only. Phong Illumination, Phong shading, Gouraud Shading Using techniques like Shadow maps, shadow volume, shadow texture for producing shadows Very fast Used for real-time applications such as 3D computer games
4 Global Illumination Methods that simulate not only the direct illuminations but also the indirect illuminations Monte-Carlo ray tracing Radiosity, Photon Mapping Global illuminations can handle Reflection (one object in another) Refraction (Snell’s Law) Shadows Colour bleeding under the same framework Requires more computation and is slow
5 Today : Global Illumination Modules and Methods Ray Tracing Radiosity
6 05/10/2014 Ray Tracing [Appel ’68] Ray tracing is one of the most popular methods used in 3D computer graphics to render an image Good at simulating specular effects Tracing the path taken by a ray of light through the scene Rays are reflected, refracted, or absorbed whenever intersect an object Can produce shadows
7 05/10/2014 Sometimes the ray misses all of the objects:
8 05/10/2014 sometimes the ray will hit an object:
9 05/10/2014 Shadow If the ray hits an object, we want to know if that point on the object is in a shadow. So, when the ray hits an object, a secondary ray, called a "shadow" ray, is shot towards the light sources
10 05/10/2014 Shadow(2) If this shadow ray hits another object before it hits a light source, then the first intersection point is in the shadow of the second object. We only apply the ambient term for that light source. Otherwise do the local Phong Illumination and expand the Ray Tree
11 05/10/2014 Shadow (3) First Intersection point in the shadow of the second object
12 05/10/2014 Reflected Ray Also, when a ray hits an object, a reflected ray is generated which is tested against all of the objects in the scene.
13 05/10/2014 Contribution from the reflected ray If the reflected ray hits an object then a local illumination model is applied at the point of intersection and the result is carried back to the first intersection point.
14 05/10/2014 Transmitted Ray If the intersected object is transparent, then a transmitted ray is generated and tested against all the objects in the scene
15 05/10/2014 Contribution from the transmitted ray As with the reflected ray, if the transmitted ray hits an object then a local illumination model is applied at the point of intersection and the result is carried back to the first intersection point.
16 05/10/2014 Ray Tree [Whitted ‘80] Fire off secondary rays from surface that ray intersects. Towards Light Source(s) : shadow rays. L (shadow feelers) In the reflection direction : reflection rays, R In a direction dictated by Snell’s Law : transmitted rays, T
17 05/10/2014 Recursive ray tree. Reflection and Transmission Rays spawn other rays. Shadow rays used to check occlusion / local illumination of diffuse surfaces Brightness recursively computed by I = Ilocal + Kr * R + Kt * T where Ilocal is the color by local illumination, R is the color by reflection, T is the color by transmission, and Kr, Kt are coefficients The complete set of rays is called a Ray Tree. Viewpoint Light Source ray determines colour of current object.
18 05/10/2014 Test Scene. Ray tree depth 1. Note only ambient shade on mirror and teapot
19 05/10/2014 Test Scene. Ray tree depth 2. Note only ambient shade on reflection of mirror and teapot.
20 05/10/2014 Test Scene. Ray tree depth 3. Note only ambient shade on reflection of mirror in teapot.
21 05/10/2014 Test Scene. Ray tree depth 4. Note ambient shade on reflection of teapot in reflection of mirror in teapot.
22 05/10/2014 Test Scene. Ray tree depth 5.
23 05/10/2014 Test Scene. Ray tree depth 6.
24 05/10/2014 Test Scene. Ray tree depth 7.
25 05/10/2014 When to stop ? When the a ray hits a perfectly diffusive surface For specular surface, we can define a fixed depth
Adaptive tree depth control. Calculate maximum contribution of a ray to a pixels final value. For example, if the surface is more diffusive, smaller influence from the reflection ray Multiply contribution of ray’s ancestors down the tree. Stop when below some threshold In the case above, stop when Hall, R. A. and Greenberg D.P., "A Testbed for Realistic Image Synthesis", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 3(8), Nov., 1983
27 05/10/2014 Examples of Ray-traced images.
28 05/10/2014 Ray-polygon intersection. Not so easy ! 1.Determine whether ray intersects polygon’s plane. 2.Determine whether intersection lies within polygon. Easiest to determine (2) with an orthographic projection onto the nearest axis and the 2D point-in-polygon test. Then calculate the barycentric coordinates Ray x y z http://www-graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs348b-98/gg/intersect.html
29 05/10/2014 Accelerating Ray Tracers Ray Tracing is very time-consuming because of intersection calculations Solutions: Use faster machines Use specialized hardware, especially parallel processors. Use perspective projection for the first ray Use a larger threshold for adaptive depth tree control Reduce the number of rays / polygon intersection check Bounding volumes
30 05/10/2014 Reducing Ray-Object Intersections Bounding Volumes: – Enclose groups of objects in sets of hierarchical bounding volumes – Octree – First test for intersection with the bounding volume – Then only if there is an intersection, against the objects enclosed by the volume.
31 05/10/2014 Ray Tracing : Drawbacks Can we produce soft shadows? Can we produce bleeding effects? Can we render caustics? Can we generate shadows of refractive objects?
32 05/10/2014 Colour Bleeding
33 05/10/2014 Caustics
34 05/10/2014 Tough Cases Caustics Light focuses through a specular surface onto a diffuse surface Which direction should secondary rays be cast to detect caustic? Bleeding Color of diffuse surface reflected in another diffuse surface Which direction should secondary rays be cast to detect bleeding? Tracking the light source after hitting diffuse surface is not very easy
35 6/11/2007 Today : Global Illumination Modules and Methods Ray Tracing Radiosity
The Radiosity Method (84’-) Can produce soft shadows, colour bleeding View independent the rendering calculation does not have to be done although the viewpoint is changed The basic method can only handle diffuse color → need to be combined with ray- tracing to handle specular light
The Radiosity Model At each surface in a model the amount of energy that is given off (Radiosity) is comprised of the energy that the surface emits internally (E), plus the amount of energy that is reflected off the surface (ρH)
The Radiosity Model(2) The amount of incident light hitting the surface can be found by summing for all other surfaces the amount of energy that they contribute to this surface
Form Factor (F ij ) the fraction of energy that leaves surface i and lands on surface j Between differential areas, it is The overall form factor between i and j is
The Radiosity Matrix The radiosity equation now looks like this: The derived radiosity equations form a set of N linear equations in N unknowns. This leads nicely to a matrix solution:
Radiosity Steps: 1 - Generate Model 2 - Compute Form Factors 3 - Solve Radiosity Matrix 4 – Render Only if the geometry of the model is changed must the system start over from step 1. If objects are moved, start over from step 2. If the lighting or reflectance parameters of the scene are modified the system may start over from step 3. If the view parameters are changed, the system must merely re-render the scene (step 4).
Radiosity Features: The faces must be subdivided into small patches to reduce the artifacts The computational cost for calculating the form factors is expensive Quadratic to the number of patches Solving for B i is also very costly Cannot handle specular light
43 05/10/2014 Recommended Reading Foley at al. Chapter 16, sections 16.11, 16.12 and 16.12.5. Introductory text Chapter 14 sections 14.6 and 14.7. An Efficient Ray-Polygon Intersection by Didier Badouel from Graphics Gems I Most graphics texts cover recursive ray tracing.
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# Problem 43285. Solve equation numerically
Solution 1025867
Submitted on 21 Oct 2016
This solution is locked. To view this solution, you need to provide a solution of the same size or smaller.
### Test Suite
Test Status Code Input and Output
1 Fail
h=0.1 y1=1 y_correct = 2.3579; assert(abs(e1solver(h,y1)-y_correct)<0.01)
h = 0.1000 y1 = 1 y = 1
Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals. Error in e1solver (line 4) y(i+1)=1.1*y(i) Error in TestPoint1 (line 4) assert(abs(e1solver(h,y1)-y_correct)<0.01)
2 Fail
clc clear h=0.1 y1=2 y_correct = 4.7159; assert(abs(e1solver(h,y1)-y_correct)<0.01)
h = 0.1000 y1 = 2 y = 2
Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals. Error in e1solver (line 4) y(i+1)=1.1*y(i) Error in TestPoint2 (line 6) assert(abs(e1solver(h,y1)-y_correct)<0.01) | 296 | 849 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | latest | en | 0.658615 |
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# Computation
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• Students fill in missing sums for illustrated basic facts number sentences. | 730 | 3,524 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.1875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | latest | en | 0.934381 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1449027/what-are-the-methods-of-dividing-numbers-to-get-weird-values-like-16-over-17-w/1449048 | 1,556,295,520,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578841544.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426153423-20190426175423-00288.warc.gz | 462,613,667 | 37,223 | # What are the methods of dividing numbers to get weird values like $16\over 17$ without a calculator?
I tried estimating it to somewhere near $16\over 20$, but it's a far stretch from getting the actual $16\over 17$. How can one do so? Conventionally, I think for numbers such as $50\over 17$, or for any large numbers, we have methods to do division and we can get $2+{16\over 17}$, but we're still left with $16\over 17$, which I have no idea how to find (or at least estimate till a good accuracy).
More interestingly, how would computers or calculators even find these values?
Please don't upvote me or downvote me as I have obviously copied and edited Mr. Hardy's answer. I agree with Mr Hardy that long division is the answer, but there is a small trick that makes subtraction a bit easier
Long division: $$\begin{array}{cccccccccc} & & & 0 & . & 9 & 4 & 1 & 1 & 7 & 6 \\ \\ 17 & ) & 1 & 5 & . & 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 \\ & & 1 & 5 & & 3 \\ \\ & & & & & 6 & 9 \\ & & & & & 6 & 8 \\ \\ & & & & & & 1 & 9 \\ & & & & & & 1 & 7 \\ \\ & & & & & & & 2 & 9 \\ & & & & & & & 1 & 7 \\ \\ & & & & & & & 1 & 2 & 9 \\ & & & & & & & 1 & 1 & 9 \\ \\ & & & & & & & & 1 & 0 & 9 \\ & & & & & & & & 1 & 0 & 2 \\ \\ & & & & & & & & \text{etc.} \end{array}$$
• This is a very cool trick! – pjs36 Sep 24 '15 at 3:33
• Mind is blown... – Steven Lu Sep 24 '15 at 4:04
• Hahaha that is the most awesome application of 1.000 = 0.9999... – guest Sep 24 '15 at 6:18
Long division: $$\begin{array}{cccccccccc} & & & 0 & . & 9 & 4 & 1 & 1 & 7 & 6 \\ \\ 17 & ) & 1 & 6 & . & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ & & 1 & 5 & & 3 \\ \\ & & & & & 7 & 0 \\ & & & & & 6 & 8 \\ \\ & & & & & & 2 & 0 \\ & & & & & & 1 & 7 \\ \\ & & & & & & & 3 & 0 \\ & & & & & & & 1 & 7 \\ \\ & & & & & & & 1 & 3 & 0 \\ & & & & & & & 1 & 1 & 9 \\ \\ & & & & & & & & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ & & & & & & & & 1 & 0 & 2 \\ & & & & & & & & & & \text{et} & \text{cetera} \end{array}$$
I notice that $17 \cdot 2 = 34 \approx 33$, and since $3 \cdot 33 = 99 \approx 100$, it makes sense that $17 \cdot 6 = 102$ is going to be close to $100$. This is nice, because once we know that $17 \cdot 6 \approx 100$, we have that
$$17 \approx \frac{100}{6}$$ and in turn by flipping everything over, $$\frac{1}{17} \approx \frac{6}{100} = 0.06.$$
Thus I would estimate $$\dfrac{16}{17} = \dfrac{17 - 1}{17} = 1 - \dfrac{1}{17} \approx 1 - 0.06 = 0.94.$$
I'm sure we could reckon whether I've over- or under-estimated, and by how much, but this was just a quick calculation (that could conceivably done completely in one's head) that hinged on the fact that there's a multiple of $17$ that's near $100$.
• I often do long division completely in my head except that I write the digits of the numerator and the quotient. ${}\qquad{}$ – Michael Hardy Sep 24 '15 at 3:12
• I definitely believe that. I cannot say the same, however :) – pjs36 Sep 24 '15 at 3:26
I would point out that computers and calculators don't find such values, as a rule. Rather, they find approximations to the true values. Here's the value you're looking for: $\frac{16}{17}.$ This is exact, though not in decimal form.
Let's think about this. Long Division is the method to use if you aren't a computer and you'd like a predictably "exact" answer. However, if you're a computer, or you accept not always knowing how accurate your answer is, there are other methods.
For instance, consider Newton's Method for division, given by,
$$x_{n+1}=x_n \cdot (2-b \cdot x_n)$$
If you have ${a \over b}$, then this method gives,
$$(1) \quad {a \over b} \sim a \cdot x_n$$
This method is particularly useful because it avoids the use of division. In addition, this method is only a specific case of the general method so it could be modified to find, say, the square root of a number.
For a concrete example we'll use ${{16} \over {17}}$. First, we note that $${1 \over {20}} \lt {1 \over {17}} \lt {1 \over {10}}$$ We'll pick $x_0=0.07$ and get,
$$x_1=0.07 \cdot (2-17 \cdot 0.07)=0.0567$$
$$x_2=0.0567 \cdot (2-17 \cdot 0.0567)=0.05874687$$
Using $(1)$, we obtain,
$${{16} \over {17}} \sim 16 \cdot 0.0588=0.9408$$
In case you were wondering, this result, using $x_2$ has $0.04$% error. Fun fact, there are ten zeros after that percentage before the next number. If we approximated with $x_1$, the error would be about $3.6$%.
To speed up the method, you can note that if you put in a $x_n$ that you know to be too high, $x_{n+1}$ will generally be too low. This means that you can adjust the last digits of the approximation up or down depending on what you know. There's also a property of convergence you should take advantage of. By looking at how many digits of $x_n$ are shared with $x_{n+1}$ you can pick a more effective adjustment to take advantage of the oscillatory convergence.
Looking at 16/17 I would immediately think "That is pretty close to 1. It's closer than 9/10 but not as close as 19/20 which is obviously .95.
So now I'm thinking that it's somewhere between .90 and .95, but closer to .95, which gives me either .93 or .94 without doing any real work.
A computer/calculator could calculate the result of that expression to the desired precision (whatever it can fit on its screen) using a long division algorithm (in base 2 of course). Although most have optimizations (approximations that can be proven correct up to their display width) and lookup tables of precomputed values that help them give results like this without doing the work.
Say you want to find $\frac{16}{17}$ approximately by hand, but you don't mind multiplying big numbers so long as you only have to consider a ratio of 'nice' numbers (e.g. bottom is multiple of 100). As you noted, the approximation $15/20$ is not very good. The solution? Make bigger numbers on top and bottom by multiplying by $1=\frac{k}{k}$ so that when we approximate, we get a smaller error. From a calcualtor we get that $\frac{16}{17} ≈ 0.94117$. Some values of $k$ are in the following table.
\begin{array}{c|cc} k & 1 & 3 & 6 & 1177\\ \frac{16}{17}=&\frac{16}{17}& \frac{48}{51} & \frac{96}{102} & \frac{18832}{20009}\\ \frac{16}{17}≈ &\frac{15}{20}=.75& \frac{48}{50}=.96 & \frac{95}{100}=.95 & \frac{18800}{20000}=0.94 \end{array}
So for large $k$, we get a reasonably accurate answer with this heuristic. | 2,072 | 6,284 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.25 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | latest | en | 0.718745 |
https://www.codespeedy.com/boundary-traversal-of-binary-tree-in-cpp/ | 1,675,043,121,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499790.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130003215-20230130033215-00615.warc.gz | 725,496,376 | 15,240 | # Boundary traversal of the Binary tree in C++
In this tutorial, we will learn about how to find boundary traversal of the binary tree in C++.
We will also see some examples to understand the concept in a better way.
## Boundary traversal of binary tree
Boundary traversal of the binary tree is to traverse the boundary nodes of the tree in an anticlockwise direction.
Let’s see the diagram,
``` 1
/ \
2 6
\ / \
3 7 9 boundary traversal is 1-2-3-4-5-8-9-6.(anticlockwise)
/ \ \
4 5 8```
So, in the above diagram, we can see the boundary traversal.
Let’s see the pseudocode,
```printBoundary(root)
1. if root==NULL return
2. left(root->left)//traverse left boundary nodes
3. leaf(root->left)//traverse left subtree leaf
4. leaf(root->right)//traverse right subtree leaf
5. right(root->right)//traverse right boundary nodes```
So, in the above pseudocode, we can see the traversal in anticlockwise direction.
Here, we will see the code implementation for boundary traversal in c++.
### Code implementation in C++
```#include<iostream>
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
struct Node{
int data;
Node* left;
Node* right;
};
//function to create node
Node* create(int x){
Node* temp=(Node*)malloc(sizeof(Node));
temp->data=x;
temp->left=NULL;
temp->right=NULL;
return temp;
}
//function to move left subtree
void left(Node* root){
if(root==NULL)return;
if(root->left!=NULL){
cout<<root->data<<" ";
left(root->left);
}
else if(root->right!=NULL){
cout<<root->data<<" ";
left(root->right);
}
}
//function to move right subtree
void right(Node* root){
if(root==NULL)return;
if(root->right!=NULL){
right(root->right);
cout<<root->data<<" ";
}
else if(root->left!=NULL){
right(root->left);
cout<<root->data<<" ";
}
}
//function to move leaf node
void leaf(Node* root){
if(root==NULL)return;
if(root->left==NULL&&root->right==NULL)cout<<root->data<<" ";
leaf(root->left);
leaf(root->right);
}
//function for print boundary nodes
void printBoundary(Node *root)
{
if(root==NULL)return;
cout<<root->data<<" ";
left(root->left);
leaf(root->left);
leaf(root->right);
right(root->right);
}
//main function
int main(){
Node* root=create(1);
root->left=create(2);
root->left->right=create(3);
root->left->right->left=create(4);
root->left->right->right=create(5);
root->right=create(6);
root->right->left=create(7);
root->right->left->right=create(8);
root->right->right=create(9);
cout<<"Boundary traversal of the given binary tree is: "<<endl;
printBoundary(root);
}```
Output
```Boundary traversal of the given binary tree is:
1 2 3 4 5 8 9 6```
You may also learn,
Find out the Diameter of the Binary Tree in C++
Build Binary Tree in C++ (Competitive Programming) | 735 | 2,742 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.265625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | latest | en | 0.497324 |
https://shiken.ai/physics/flemings-left-hand-rule | 1,726,657,563,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700651895.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240918100941-20240918130941-00033.warc.gz | 483,374,988 | 17,317 | # Fleming's Left Hand Rule
Did you know that when a wire with electricity flows through it is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force? This force is known as electromotive force or emf. This is the foundation of modern electric motors and generators. So, how do we know which way the force is going? Luckily, there is a simple method that can be used in almost all conditions. It's called Fleming's left-hand rule, discovered by John Ambrose Fleming in the late 19th century. This rule helps to find the direction of force, current, and magnetic field, and the best part is that all you need is your left hand!
## Definition of Fleming's Left-Hand Rule
Have you heard of Fleming's left-hand rule? This rule is easy to remember and can help you find the direction of force, current, and magnetic field. All you need is your left hand! Simply stretch out your thumb, middle finger, and index finger so that they make an angle. Then, your thumb will point to the force, your middle finger to the current, and your index finger to the magnetic field. You can even remember this with the acronym FBI, which stands for Force, current, and magnetic field. Let's try some example problems to see how it works.
## Examples of Fleming's left-hand rule
Imagine a wire across the computer screen, where the current flows from the left to the right of the screen and the external magnetic field is flowing from the top to the bottom of the screen. What will the direction of the force on the conductor be?
Using Fleming's left-hand rule, position the index finger and the middle finger in the direction of the magnetic field and the current, respectively. The thumb will be pointing towards the screen, so the force is directed into the screen. Imagine a wire placed on the ground, carrying a current that is flowing from south to north. It experiences a force to the east. Does the magnetic field point towards the ground or the sky?
Fleming's left-hand rule can be very useful in the context of electric motors. In an electric motor, a current-carrying wire is located inside a magnetic field. When the current flows through the wire, it experiences a force that causes it to move. The direction of this force can be determined using Fleming's left-hand rule. By placing the middle finger in the direction of the current, the index finger in the direction of the magnetic field, and the thumb in the direction of the force, you can determine the direction in which the wire will move. This is important for understanding how electric motors work and for designing them to function optimally.
Applying Fleming's left-hand rule
The forces acting on the current-carrying wire inside the electric motor, as determined using Fleming's left-hand rule, create a couple that causes the wire to rotate. This rotation is what drives the motor and allows it to perform its intended function. By applying the principles of electromagnetic induction and the laws of motion, electric motors are able to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, making them essential components in many household appliances, vehicles, and industrial equipment.
##
Fleming also has a right-hand rule, which is used in the context of electromagnetic induction.
Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon due to which a current is induced in a conductor when the magnetic field around it fluctuates.
In the right-hand rule, the thumb indicates the direction of motion of the conductor, while the index finger indicates the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger indicates the direction of the current. It's important not to confuse the thumb's function in the right-hand rule with its function in Fleming's left-hand rule, where it indicates the direction of the force on the conductor.
However, both the right-hand rule and Fleming's left-hand rule can be used to determine the relationship between the direction of the current, magnetic field, and resulting force or motion. By comparing the two hand rules, we can see that they are essentially the same, with the only difference being the function of the thumb.
## Importance of Fleming's left-hand rule
Fleming's left-hand rule is important because it provides a simple and accurate way of finding the direction of the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, given that you know the direction of both the current and the magnetic field. As we saw in the use case of an electric motor, using Fleming's left-hand rule, we can easily identify the direction in which the force acts on the arms of an electric motor. Considering that the workings of the all-important electromotor are well-understood in part due to Fleming's left-hand rule, we can conclude that Fleming's left-hand rule is, although indirectly, important in everyday life as well.
Fleming's Left-Hand Rule - Key takeawaysFleming's left-hand rule states that the thumb will point in the direction of the force, the index finger will point in the direction of the magnetic field, and the middle finger will point in the direction of the current. A mnemonic is FBI.Fleming's right-hand rule states that the thumb points in the direction of the motion of the conductor, the index finger points in the direction of the magnetic field, and the middle finger points in the direction of the induced current.Beware of the difference in the function of the thumb between the two hand rules of Fleming.Fleming's left-hand rule can be used to identify the direction of the forces in an electric motor.Fleming's right-hand rule can be used to identify the direction of the induced current in an electric generator.
## Fleming's Left Hand Rule
How to use Fleming's left-hand rule?
Fleming's left-hand rule is a rule that uses the left hand to find the direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Stretch the thumb, index finger, and middle finger such that they're perpendicular to each other. The thumb points in the direction of the force (F), the middle finger in the direction of the current (I), and the index finger in the direction of the magnetic field (B).
What is Fleming's left-hand rule?
The rule states that if we stretch the thumb, middle finger, and index finger of the left hand in such a way that they make an angle of 90 degrees with each other, then the thumb will point in the direction of the force (F), the middle finger will point in the direction of the current (I), and the index finger will point in the direction of the magnetic field (B).
What is the difference between Fleming's left-hand and right-hand rule?
The right-hand rule is sometimes applied in the context of electromagnetic induction to find the direction of the induced current (I) through a conductor, whereas the left-hand rule is applied in the context of the motor effect to find the direction of the force (F) through a conductor. The right-hand rule is applied more in the case of electric generators, while the left-hand rule is applied in the case of electric motors.
What is the importance of Fleming's left-hand rule?
Fleming's left-hand rule is important because it provides an accurate way of finding the direction of the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
What is an example of Fleming's left-hand rule?
An application of Fleming's left-hand rule is seen in the use case of an electromotor.
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• Quantities & Units | 1,568 | 7,648 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.859375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | latest | en | 0.940229 |
https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/article/shift-all-the-zeroes-to-the-end-of-an-array/ | 1,601,292,693,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401600771.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928104328-20200928134328-00419.warc.gz | 653,536,650 | 35,672 | # Shift All The Zeroes To The End Of An Array
## Problem Statement
You are given an array of integers, and you need to move all zeroes to the end of the array. But, you are not allowed to change the order of the non-zero elements.
## Approach 1
A simple way to solve this problem is to go through the array from left to right, and every time you encounter a zero, you search the rest of the array for a non-zero to swap with it. Time Complexity : O(N^2) & Space Complexity : O(1). It's an easy algorithm and needs no extra space but it's too slow. Here is a code sample for the algorithm in C#:
1. class Program
2. {
3. static void Main(string[] args)
4. {
5. int[] array = new int[] { 3, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 0 };
6. int[] result = Approach1(array);
7. //result is [ 3, 1, 2, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
8. }
9. static int[] Approach1(int[] array)
10. {
11. for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
12. {
13. //skip non-zero elements
14. if (array[i] != 0)
15. continue;
16. //look for the nearest non-zero
17. for (int j = i + 1; j < array.Length; j++)
18. {
19. if (array[j] == 0)
20. continue;
21. //swap it with our zero
22. array[i] = array[j];
23. array[j] = 0;
24. break;
25. }
26. }
27. return array;
28. }
29. }
## Approach 2
Another way to solve this question is to create a new array, and place all non-zero elements into it. Then fill the remaining positions in the new array with zeroes. Time Complexity : O(N) & Space Complexity : O(N). It's a fast algorithm but it's not an ideal one because it needs extra space. Given below is a code sample illustrating this algorithm in C#,
1. class Program
2. {
3. static void Main(string[] args)
4. {
5. int[] array = new int[] { 3, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 0 };
6. int[] result = Approach2(array);
7. //result is [ 3, 1, 2, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
8. }
9. static int[] Approach2(int[] array)
10. {
11. int newArrayIndex = 0;
12. int[] newArray = new int[array.Length];
13. foreach (var element in array)
14. {
15. //skip all zeroes
16. if (element == 0)
17. continue;
18. //add non-zero element to new array
19. newArray[newArrayIndex] = element;
20. newArrayIndex++;
21. }
22. //fill in the rest of the new array with zeroes
23. for (int i = newArrayIndex; i < array.Length; i++)
24. newArray[i] = 0;
25. return newArray;
26. }
27. }
## Approach 3
The ideal solution to this problem is to go through the array and move all non-zero elements to the left. This can be done by keeping the count of non-zero elements found so far. Time Complexity : O(N) & Space Complexity : O(1). This is an ideal solution to this interview question which takes minimum time and needs no extra space. This algorithm is implemented in the C# code below,
1. class Program
2. {
3. static void Main(string[] args)
4. {
5. int[] array = new int[] { 3, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 0 };
6. int[] result = Approach3(array);
7. //result is [ 3, 1, 2, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
8. }
9. static int[] Approach3(int[] array)
10. {
11. int nonZeroIndex = 0;
12. //the number of non-zero elements we've seen so far
13. for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
14. {
15. //skip all zeroes
16. if (array[i] == 0)
17. continue;
18. //put this element to the index we're tracking
19. array[nonZeroIndex] = array[i];
20. nonZeroIndex++;
21. }
22.
23. //fill the end of the array with zeroes.
24. for (int i = nonZeroIndex; i < array.Length; i++)
25. array[i] = 0;
26. return array;
27. }
28. } | 1,490 | 4,032 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.578125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | longest | en | 0.317461 |
http://www.stata.com/statalist/archive/2011-04/msg00618.html | 1,500,972,615,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425117.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725082441-20170725102441-00681.warc.gz | 569,664,288 | 3,927 | Notice: On April 23, 2014, Statalist moved from an email list to a forum, based at statalist.org.
st: -inlist()- tip
From Nick Cox To statalist@hsphsun2.harvard.edu Subject st: -inlist()- tip Date Tue, 12 Apr 2011 20:07:51 +0100
```Musing about -inlist()- reminded me of an application that was
certainly omitted from
SJ-6-4 dm0026 . . . . . . Stata tip 39: In a list or out? In a range or out?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. J. Cox
Q4/06 SJ 6(4):593--595 (no commands)
tip for use of inlist() and inrange()
but which I've seen somewhere previously, perhaps on the list.
-inlist()- is perhaps best known for examples like
... if inlist(rep78, 3, 4, 5)
which can be thought of as equivalent to
... if rep78 == 3 || rep78 == 4 || rep78 == 5
However, consider also this
... if inlist(1, a, b, c, d, e)
which can be thought of as equivalent to
... if 1 == a | 1 == b | 1 == c | 1 == d | 1 == e
which in practice (mathematics schooling?) most of us would be more
likely to write
... if a == 1 | b == 1 | c == 1 | d == 1| e == 1
but that difference is immaterial.
If all this was already utterly obvious to you beforehand, my
apologies (or congratulations), but I've been wondering why this was
not obvious to me beforehand. I think it was because I had
internalised -inlist()- in terms of one application, whether a
variable was equal to one of a list of values, and was usually
thinking of it in that verbal form. (The Tip referred to above goes a
bit further.) Thus I missed the elementary algebra that if a variable
is equal to a value then that value is also equal to that variable.
There may be a few others who will be happy to discard that small
mental block.
Nick
*
* For searches and help try:
* http://www.stata.com/help.cgi?search
* http://www.stata.com/support/statalist/faq
* http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/
``` | 573 | 1,919 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.109375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | latest | en | 0.950814 |
https://www.convertunits.com/from/megametre/to/pe | 1,631,810,817,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053657.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916145123-20210916175123-00251.warc.gz | 748,603,181 | 23,132 | ## ››Convert megametre to pe [Portuguese]
megametre pe
How many megametre in 1 pe? The answer is 3.3324E-7.
We assume you are converting between megametre and pe [Portuguese].
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
megametre or pe
The SI base unit for length is the metre.
1 metre is equal to 1.0E-6 megametre, or 3.0008402352659 pe.
Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results.
Use this page to learn how to convert between megameters and pe [Portuguese].
Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
## ››Quick conversion chart of megametre to pe
1 megametre to pe = 3000840.23527 pe
2 megametre to pe = 6001680.47053 pe
3 megametre to pe = 9002520.7058 pe
4 megametre to pe = 12003360.94106 pe
5 megametre to pe = 15004201.17633 pe
6 megametre to pe = 18005041.4116 pe
7 megametre to pe = 21005881.64686 pe
8 megametre to pe = 24006721.88213 pe
9 megametre to pe = 27007562.11739 pe
10 megametre to pe = 30008402.35266 pe
## ››Want other units?
You can do the reverse unit conversion from pe to megametre, or enter any two units below:
## Enter two units to convert
From: To:
## ››Definition: Megameter
A megametre (American spelling: megameter, symbol: Mm) is a unit of length equal to 10^6 metres (from the Greek words megas = big and metro = count/measure). Its customary equivalent is 621.37 miles.
## ››Metric conversions and more
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more! | 547 | 1,859 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.671875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | latest | en | 0.595438 |
https://www.coursehero.com/file/8685510/A-Sample-mean-B-Sampling-distribution-C-Probability-D-Observations-66/ | 1,481,030,740,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541905.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00060-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 931,684,846 | 22,272 | 1-20chapter stats
A sample mean b sampling distribution c probability d
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Unformatted text preview: bservations each is the following: 5, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1, 4, 2, 3. What is the estimate of the population proportion of defectives? A. .25 B. .50 C. .05 D. .42 1-553 Chapter 01 - An Introduction to Business Statistics 78. The number of defectives in the samples of 100 observations each is the following: 1, 2, 1, 0, 2, 3, 1, 4, 2, 1. What is the estimate of the population proportion of defectives? A. .017 B. .17 C. .016 D. .16 79. Suppose that 60 percent of the voters in a particular region support a candidate. Find the probability that a sample of 1,000 voters would yield a sample proportion in favor of the candidate within 4 percentage points of the actual proportion. A. .0155 B. .9952 C. .9484 D. .9902 80. Suppose that 60 percent of the voters in a particular region support a candidate. Find the probability that a sample of 1,000 voters would yield a sample proportion in favor of the candidate within 2 percentage points. A. .9015 B. .8030 C. .0155 D. .7939 81. An unbiased estimate of A. s B. is _____. C. D. σ 1-554 Chapter 01 - An Introduction to Business Statistics 82. A random sample of size 36 is taken from a population with mean 50 and standard deviation 5. The sampling distribution of A. Cannot be determined B. Is skewed to the left C. Normal D. Is skewed to the right ____________________. 83. A random sample of size 36 is taken from a population with mean 50 and standard deviation 5. What is A. 50 B. 5 C. 8.33 D. 0.833 ? 84. A random sample of size 36 is taken from a population with mean 50 and standard deviation 5. What is A. .1389 B. 5 C. 8.33 D. 0.833 ? 85. A random sample of size 36 is taken from a population with mean 50 and standard deviation 5. Find P ( A. .8331 B. .1151 C. .8849 D. .1389 > 49). 1-555 Chapter 01 - An Introduction to Business Statistics 86. A random sample of size 36 is taken from a population with mean 50 and standard deviation 5. Find P ( A. .0082 B. .8330 C. .0999 D. .1389 < 48). 87. A random sample of size 36 is taken from a population with mean 50 and standard deviation 5. Find P ( A. .0002 B. .7257 C. .2743 D. .1389 > 50.5). 88. A random sample of size 36 is taken from a population with mean 50 and standard deviation 5. Find P ( A. .9641 B. .0359 C. .1389 D. .9999 < 51.5). 89. A random sample of size 1,000 is taken from a population where p = .20. Describe the sampling distribution of A. Cannot be determined B. Normal C. Skewed to the left D. Skewed to the right . 1-556 Chapter 01 - An Introduction to Business Statistics 90. A random sample of size 1,000 is taken from a population where p = .20. What is A. .006 B. .20 C. .02 D. .16 91. A random sample of size 1,000 is taken from a population where p = .20. What is ( A. .0051 B. .03162 C. .01414 D. .01265 ? )? 92. A random sample of size 1,000 is taken from a population where p = .20. Find P ( 18). A. .9429 B. .0571 C. .2643 D. .0793 <. 93. A random sample of size 1,000 is taken from a population where p = .20. Find P ( 175). A. .9761 B. .0239 C. .0392 D. .9999 >. 94. A random sample of size 1,000 is taken from a population where p = .20. Find P ( 21). A. .2148 B. .0239 C. .9761 D. .7852 >. 1-557 Chapter 01 - An Introduction to Business Statistics 95. A random sample of size 1,000 is taken from a population where p = .20. Find P ( 22). A. .2643 B. .9429 C. .9207 D. .0571 <. 96. Packages of sugar bags for Sweeter Sugar Inc. have an average weight of 16 ounces and a standard deviation of 0.3 ounces. The weights of the sugar bags are normally distributed. What is the probability that 9 randomly selected packages will have a weight in excess of 16.025 ounces? A. 5987 B. 0062 C. 4013 D. 9938 97. The population of lengths of aluminum-coated steel sheets is normally distributed with a mean of 30.05 inches and a standard deviation of 0.2 inches. What is the probability that randomly selected 4 sheets will have an average length of less than 29.9 inches long? A. 0668 B. 9332 C. 0014 D. 4404 98. The population of lengths of aluminum-coated steel sheets is normally distributed with a mean of 30.05 inches and a standard deviation of 0.2 inches. A sample of four metal sheets is randomly selected from a batch. What is the probability that the average length of a sheet is between 30.25 and 30.35 inches long? A. 9773 B. 0227 C. 0386 D. 0215 1-558 Chapter 01 - An Introduction to Business Statistics 99. The population of lengths of aluminum-coated steel sheets is normally distributed with a mean of 30.05 inches and a standard deviation of 0.3 inches. What is the probability that average length of a steel sheet from a sample of 9 units is more than 29.95 inches long? A. 4602 B. 8413 C. 1587 D. 5397 100. The chief chemist for a major oil/gasoline production company claims that the regular unleaded gasoline produced by the company contains on average 4 ounces of a certain ingredient. The chemist further states that the distribution of this ingredient per gallon of regular unleaded gasoline is normal and has a standard devi...
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Question Number 157138 by amin96 last updated on 20/Oct/21
$$\int_{\mathrm{0}} ^{\mathrm{1}} \boldsymbol{\mathrm{x}}^{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{x}}} \left(\mathrm{1}−\boldsymbol{\mathrm{x}}\right)^{\mathrm{1}−\boldsymbol{\mathrm{x}}} \boldsymbol{\mathrm{sin}}\left(\pi\boldsymbol{\mathrm{x}}\right)\boldsymbol{\mathrm{dx}}=? \\$$
Commented by mindispower last updated on 20/Oct/21
$${hello}\:{source}\:{are}\:{you}\:{sir}\:{close}\:{form}\:{exist}\:? \\$$
Commented by amin96 last updated on 20/Oct/21
$${hello}\:\:{answer}\:\:\frac{\pi{e}}{\mathrm{2}{x}} \\$$
Commented by mindispower last updated on 20/Oct/21
$$\frac{\pi{e}}{\mathrm{2}{x}}?\:\:\int_{\mathrm{0}} ^{\mathrm{1}} {f}\left({x}\right){dx}\:{not}\left[{possible}\:{sir}\right. \\$$
Commented by amin96 last updated on 20/Oct/21
$$\\$$I can't get an answer either. I think there may be a mistake | 313 | 883 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.546875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | latest | en | 0.433068 |
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# Problem 424. Snakes on a plane
Solution 1472818
Submitted on 28 Mar 2018 by bainhome
This solution is locked. To view this solution, you need to provide a solution of the same size or smaller.
### Test Suite
Test Status Code Input and Output
1 Pass
m = 7; n = 10; y_correct = 26; assert(isequal(sum(sum(your_fcn_name(m,n))),y_correct))
2 Pass
m = 5; n = 10; y_correct = 17; assert(isequal(sum(sum(your_fcn_name(m,n))),y_correct))
3 Pass
m = 9; n = 6; y_correct = 19; assert(isequal(sum(sum(your_fcn_name(m,n))),y_correct))
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Dalton was working in his chemistry lab ... | 1,222 | 4,957 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.71875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | longest | en | 0.945368 |
https://puzzle.queryhome.com/6676/ages-father-fathers-the-sons-age-reversed-how-old-could-they | 1,505,983,251,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687711.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921082205-20170921102205-00573.warc.gz | 716,782,050 | 31,817 | # Ages of a father and son add up to 66. The father's age is the son's age reversed. How old could they be?
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The ages of a father and son add up to 66. The father's age is the son's age reversed. How old could they be? (3 possible solutions).
posted Apr 1, 2015
## 3 Solutions
42-24
60-06
51-15
Are 3 possible solutions
solution Apr 2, 2015
father's age is 42 and the son's24
solution Apr 2, 2015
3 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS ARE:
FATHER'S AGE [ 42 - 24 ] SON'S AGE
FATHER'S AGE [ 51 - 15 ] SON'S AGE
FATHER'S AGE [ 60 - 06 ] SON'S AGE
solution 22 hours ago
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A father said to his son, "I was as old as you are at the present at the time of your birth". If the father's age is 38 years now,what was the son's age five years back? | 340 | 1,120 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.609375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | latest | en | 0.975204 |
http://pom-co.com/wpigmutt/does-a-kite-have-parallel-sides-58e2e7 | 1,618,793,031,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038862159.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418224306-20210419014306-00066.warc.gz | 78,961,238 | 11,683 | Opposite sides are the same length and they are parrallel. Kite is also a quadrilateral as it has four sides. A kite is the combination of two isosceles triangles. Trapezium. Well, the interior angles of a quadrilateral always add up to 360 o. 4. Kites have no parallel sides. It has got 2 pairs of equal length sides. Exactly one pair of opposite angles congruent ... What Shapes have exactly One Pair Opposite Sides Parallel? Before I answer this question, let me add an editorial comment. If a quadrilateral does not have any parallel sides but has two sets of adjacent sides that are congruent, it is classified as a kite, and a kite is a convex quadrilateral. What other properties do they have? A trapezium has one pair of parallel sides. It is also a rectangle and a parallelogram. The properties of the kite are as follows: Two disjoint pairs of consecutive sides are congruent by … diagonals bisect opposite angles for a kite? The diagonals bisect each other at right angles. False. 2. Note that we're not in Parallelogram Country anymore, so these consecutive congruent sides don't mean that all sides are congruent. ... (As, a ll squares have a pair of parallel sides). 1. Each polygon has two pairs of congruent sides that are adjacent. A kite is a four-sided shape that has two sets of adjacent sides that have equal lengths. The parallel sides of a trapezium are called bases whereas non-parallel sides of a trapezium are called legs. Such shapes are called rhombuses ===== You dont get it. A kite is a quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal. A kite does not have parallel sides (unless it degenerates to a square). A trapezium is a quadrilateral in geometry that can sometimes be the cause of some controversy among mathematicians. Kites have no parallel sides. So now you're satisfying the constraint. Well, now, once again, you still have a kite, but now you're also satisfying the constraint for another type of quadrilateral that we've seen. What shapes have their adjacent sides equal? A kite is one type of four sided figure known as a quadrilateral. (b) Opposite sides are parallel. Casy: Let's think: An arrow head has 3 dimensions: Length, width and height.. By definition, these are straight lines of given length. In contrast, a parallelogram also has two pairs of equal-length sides, but they are opposite to each other instead of being adjacent. All types of triangle, such as equilateral triangle, isosceles triangle and scalene triangle, have no parallel lines.. A kite is another shape that does not have parallel sides. A kite is one type of four sided figure known as a quadrilateral. The angles of a kite are equal whereas the unequal sides of a kite meet. Which statement is never true for a kite?-The diagonals are perpendicular.-One pair of opposite angles are congruent. What does contingent mean in real estate? "Kites" (more properly called deltoids) CAN have parallel sides. A rectangle has two pairs of parallel sides. And some irregular polygons which will have some adjacent sides equal - for example, a kite or an arrowhead (chevron). The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. Which angles are congruent on a isosceles trapezoid? A square has two pairs of parallel sides, four right angles, and all four sides are equal. In a kite, two adjoining sides are equal as shown in the figure. Parallelogram. at least the classic, diamond- shaped ones do. True. No. How many pairs of parallel sides does a kite have? Trapezium. Hint: 3 * Remember also that one of them is in the definition *Think, and draw a picture, too. These sides are called as distinct consecutive pairs of equal length. A parallelogram has two sets of parallel sides, hence, it also has two sets of lines having equal length. Create new account. Kites have no parallel sides.It can have either 2 parallel sides, or none at all.Well, the definition of paralell is that two lines that can run along each other and not run into each other. No, because a rhombus does not have to have 4 right angles. (Jump to Area of a Kite or Perimeter of a Kite) A Kite is a flat shape with straight sides. (Q2) • Does a kite have congruent sides? False. The kite can be seen as a pair of congruent triangles with a common base. Yes, kites do have parallel lines. Any regular polygon. Kites have exactly 1 pair of opposite sides that are parallel. How long will the footprints on the moon last? what are the ingredients use in Cbg oil? In a kite, exactly 1 pair of opposite angles are congruent. When did organ music become associated with baseball? A kite is a type of quadrilateral with two pairs of consecutive congruent sides. The rhombus has a square as a special case, and is a special case of a kite and parallelogram. In a kite, all sides are congruent. Pair of parallel sides equal. A rhombus is a four-sided shape where all sides have … All squares are rectangles but not all rectangles are squares. diagonals congruent? Login to your account. In a kite, 2 pairs of consecutive sides are congruent. There’s really no point of mentioning kites in geometry. A rhombus is defined as a parallelogram with four equal sides. Identify all the quadrilaterals that have. A kite is a four-sided shape that has two sets of adjacent sides that have equal lengths. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? When did organ music become associated with baseball? Score .8439 (British name: Trapezium) It is not the two perpendicular sticks in In a kite, all sides are congruent. False. Well, that is the last member of the quadrilateral family that you will need to know. If all sides are equal, and all angles of the quadrilateral are equal, then we have a square. A trapezium has one pair of parallel sides. Formula for the median on a trapezoid: 1/2(Base + Base) How many congruent triangles do the diagonals form on a square? None. Kite: A quadrilateral in which two disjoint pairs of consecutive sides are congruent (“disjoint pairs” … A kite, which is a quadrilateral with two different pairs of adjacent sides that are equal in length, has only one line of symmetry. True or false: A kite is a parallelogram. • Which sides in a kite are congruent? It also has 2 pair of sides which are of equal length which are adjacent to each other (not opposite each other - such a s in a parallelogram) (f) True. It has no pairs of parallel sides. What characteristics does a Kite have? A kite, which is a quadrilateral with two different pairs of adjacent sides that are equal in length, has only one line of symmetry. A kite for flying can have right angles. only the vertical angle bisects. There is nothing special about the sides, angles, or diagonals of a trapezium. Question: How many parallel lines does a trapezium have? These kites had parallel sides, they were big, and created very high pulling force against the flyer. True. The opposite sides are parallel. A rhombus is defined as a parallelogram with four equal sides. Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. From the above discussion we come to know about the following properties of a kite: 1. A parallelogram may also be called a trapezoid as it has two parallel sides. Its like proving that rectangles cant be squares. It has rotational symmetry of order two. In a kite, 2 pairs of consecutive sides are congruent. It is a square. Check out the kite in the below figure. In plane Euclidean geometry, a rhombus (plural rhombi or rhombuses) is a quadrilateral whose four sides all have the same length. Yes. True or false: All kites are quadrilaterals. They CAN be. 0 0. The trapezium is also known as a trapezoid. In the above figure, $$EG$$ and $$FH$$ are legs. The pair of parallel sides is called the base while the non-parallel sides are called the legs of the trapezoid. Well, the definition of paralell is that two lines that can run along each other and not run into each other. the middle, but rather the sides. I believe i've ruled out the first two but I thought I'd rather be safe than sorry. All of your sides are parallel. Does the kite have any equal sides? The Rhombus. It's a type of quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram. Answer for question: Your name: Answers. Kite Angles. Can a kite have one pair of parallel sides? Log in for more information. Answer #2 | 07/12 2014 15:43 None. Some (but not all) kites are rhombi. The diagonals bisect each other at right angles. False. The diagonals of a kite intersect at 90 $$^{\circ}$$ The formula for the area of a kite is Area = $$\frac 1 2$$ (diagonal 1)(diagonal 2) Advertisement. As their name suggests, quadrilaterals have four sides (this comes from Latin, with QUAD meaning 4, and LATERAL meaning sides). There are also non-polygonal shapes that can have parallel sides: for example, a circle that is stretched out into a cigar shape can have two parallel sides. long bisects short. Kite. It … Kites have no parallel sides. What are … Answer #1 | 07/12 2014 07:59 If you are talking about the typical 4 edged (sided) kite, 0 for a box kite there are several. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? You have a trapezoid. In a kite, opposite sides are congruent. Editorial. True or false: A kite can have congruent diagonals. Not all quadrilaterals have parallel sides. But they have different properties. Discover Questions. And flying kites are square in shape. no. Every trapezium shows the foll It can have either 2 parallel sides, or none at all. It looks like the kites you see flying up in the sky. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? Assumes that a kite contains parallel sides For example: The student circles ‘kite’ as having at least one pair of parallel sides. True. 1 Answer/Comment. But each contains 4 sides and one pair of parallel sides. 6 years ago. (As, a kite does not have all sides of the same length). Each polygon has two pairs of parallel sides. Question|Asked by timechicken. In the above figure, $$EF$$ and $$GH$$ are bases. True or false: Both diagonals of a kite bisect angles at the vertices. The properties of square and rhombus are similar, the only distinguishing property is that square has all the angles equal to 90 0, and rhombus does not. True. 15000; WIN #3 $1,000.00 A DAY FOR LIFE Anonymous597750. No, because a rhombus does not have to have 4 right angles. All rhombuses and squares are also kites. We flew beach kites, the large ones which required the flyer to be harnessed and tethered down. Yes, kites do have parallel lines. Score .8439. The answer is no. What are some samples of opening remarks for a Christmas party? A line of symmetry for any polygon can be found by reflecting the polygon over a line so that the polygon or figure is divided into two halves that are mirror-images. (c) Opposite angles are equal. The line segment that connects the midpoints of the legs of a trapezoid is called the mid-segment. rectangle, square, isosceles trapezoid. In a rectangle and square, however, the sides of one pair are perpendicular to the sides of the other. Each polygon has four congruent sides. Otherwise the kite would take you out into the ocean or lake very quickly. A parallelogram and a kite are both quadrilaterals. Hello Annika Peacock, In geometry, what is the difference between a trapezium and a kite? diamond- shaped ones do. False. All Rights Reserved. Let’s see how! they are parallel: How many candles are on a Hanukkah menorah? Pair off non-parallel sides equal. All Rights Reserved. You're now dealing with a rhombus, which is also a special type of parallelogram. You could have one pair of congruent, adjacent sides but not have a kite. Lachlan. A kite has got two pairs of sides next to each other that have equal length. (Q3) • What does it mean for diagonals to bisect each other? All your sides are equal. A. kite B. parallelogram C. rhombus D. rectangle Weegy: If a quadrilateral does not have two pairs of opposite sides that are parallel, then it may be a trapezoid. Do a quadrilateral may have no of parallel sides? Parallel lines are lines that will never cross each other, no matter how long you make them. Rhombus is also called an equilateral quadrilateral. 2. when do diagonals bisect each other in a kite? Hint: 2 (Both have a "t")... Trapezoid and Isosceles Trapezoid. Diagonals that bisect each other? All of your sides are parallel. Sometimes, the parallelogram is also considered as a trapezoid with two of its sides parallel. This makes two pairs of adjacent, congruent sides. Editorial. In Euclidean geometry, a kite is a quadrilateral whose four sides can be grouped into two pairs of equal-length sides that are adjacent to each other. Before I answer this question, let me add an editorial comment. You're now dealing with a rhombus, which is also a special type of parallelogram. Your kite could have four congruent sides. What are the release dates for The Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Ladybug? The difference between a kite and a rhombus is that a kite does not always have four equal sides or two pairs of parallel sides like a rhombus. The difference between a kite and a rhombus is that a kite does not always have four equal sides or two pairs of parallel sides like a rhombus. at least the classic, In this diagram, it shows how Check (2020-21 edition) NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 8: Chapter 3 - Understanding Quadrilateral by Jagran Josh experts and prepare for CBSE Class 8 Maths exam 2020-21. Some shapes have many parallel sides. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? It has two pairs of equal-length adjacent (next to each other) sides. In a kite, both pairs of opposite angles are congruent. A trapezium or a trapezoid is a quadrilateral with a pair of parallel sides. A quadrilateral with congruent pairs of adjacent sides and no parallel sides? How many pairs of parallel sides does a kite have? A square has equal sides (marked "s") and every angle is a right angle (90°) Also opposite sides are parallel. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel (which is where the name comes from), but opposite sides of a kite are not parallel. In an isosceles parallelogram, we have. recent questions recent answers. Each side is parallel to the side that is opposite to it. Solved Examples. A rhombus is a four-sided shape where all sides have … A kite has two pairs of equal sides. Updated 11/12/2019 12:37:35 AM. How many congruent/consecutive pairs of lines does a kite have? All types of triangle, such as equilateral triangle, isosceles triangle and scalene triangle, have no parallel lines.. A kite is another shape that does not have parallel sides. Asked 11/12/2019 12:01:23 AM. 1. A kite is a quadrilateral in which two disjoint pairs of consecutive sides are congruent (“disjoint pairs” means that one side can’t be used in both pairs). The sides that are parallel to each other are called bases. parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus, square,kite and isosceles triangle. It often looks like How many candles are on a Hanukkah menorah? Well, now, once again, you still have a kite, but now you're also satisfying the constraint for another type of quadrilateral that we've seen. The sides that are not parallel to each other are called legs. To be a kite, a quadrilateral must have two pairs of sides that are equal to one another and touching. A rhombus and a kite are both quadrilaterals. A square is a rhombus is a kite is a quadrilateral. Assumes diagonals that bisect must do so at 90° For example: The student circles just the square. What is a sample Christmas party welcome address? Perpendicular Diagonals 2. Your quadrilateral would be a kite (two pairs of adjacent, congruent sides) and a rhombus (four congruent sides). Two pairs of sides known as co… For example, a regular hexagon has three pairs of parallel sides. In this diagram, it shows how In Euclidean geometry, a kite is a quadrilateral whose four sides can be grouped into two pairs of equal-length sides that are adjacent to each other. What do a kite and a rhombus have in common? The opposite sides are parallel. False. Parallelogram, rectangle, square. Kite . True. In plane Euclidean geometry, a rhombus (plural rhombi or rhombuses) is a quadrilateral whose four sides all have the same length. Trapezium. Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. All rhombuses and squares are also kites. False. In a kite, exactly 1 pair of opposite angles are congruent. Kite. The defining feature of a parallelogram is that it has two pairs of parallel sides. For example, a regular hexagon has three pairs of parallel sides. A parallelogram has no lines of symmetry. wich quadrilateral does not have two pairs of parallel sides a- trapezoid b- rectengle c- rhombus d- square my geomotry problem i need an answere asap What does contingent mean in real estate? none are parallel. A kite has 2 sets of adjacent sides that are the same length, but I don't think that kites have parallel sides. In a kite, both pairs of opposite angles are congruent. Each side is parallel … True. WIN #9$100,000.00; WIN #7 $100,000.00; EIN #5$750,000.00 GWY. How many sides does a yottagon have? A square has equal sides (marked "s") and every angle is a right angle (90°) Also opposite sides are parallel. So does a rhombus, parallelogram, and square. A kite as got two pairs of sides next to each other that have equal length. Here is our final member of the quadrilateral family. But none of the sides are parallel. So, if all sides are equal, we have a rhombus. Is a rhombus always a rectangle? A square also fits the definition of a rectangle (all angles are 90°), and a rhombus (all sides are equal length). A line of symmetry for any polygon can be found by reflecting the polygon over a line so that the polygon or figure is divided into two halves that are mirror-images. Being a special type of quadrilateral, it shows special characteristics and properties which are different from the other types of quadrilaterals. Opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel. Its the same thing. A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent, congruent sides. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. A. kite B. parallelogram C. rhombus D. rectangle Weegy: If a quadrilateral does not have two pairs of opposite sides that are parallel, then it may be a trapezoid. A kite shaped parellelogram is a diamond. False. There’s really no point of mentioning kites in geometry. A kite has two pairs of equal sides. -One pair of opposite sides are parallel.-Two pairs of consecutive sides are congruent. (If they were, we'd be looking at a very specific type of kite: a rhombus.) Positive: 50 %. Which quadrilaterals have both parallel sides? How many parallel sides does a kite have? A parallelogram is a rectangle that has been pushed over. A kite has two equal long sides, and two equal short sides. Answer for question: Your name: Answers. False. So now you're satisfying the constraint. (: Thanks! That is it … A geometrical kite cannot have right angles. Since the arrowhead is 3 dimentional, it can contain 6 parralel line or 3 pairs.,one on oppsite sides of the arrowhead just like the 3 dimentions of a cube. It is not the two perpendicular sticks in the middle, but rather the sides. They are given below: Rhombus: Its properties are (a) All sides are equal. To find the area of a kite we have, formula for the area of the kite that only requires lengths of the diagonals of the kite. Each polygon has two pairs of congruent sides. 0 0. If your kite/rhombus has four equal interior angles, you also have a square. Some shapes have many parallel sides. Trapezoids only have one pair of parallel sides. The other two sides could be of unequal lengths. If the four vertices were right angles then the figure becomes a rectangle. In a kite, opposite sides are congruent. How many parallel sides are in a Kite? If you have a quadrilateral with only one pair of parallel sides, you definitely do not have a rhombus (because two of its sides cannot be the same length). 0. In contrast, a parallelogram also has two pairs of equal-length sides, but they are opposite to each other instead of being adjacent. a kite does not have parallel sides . AB is parallel to CD and BC is parallel to AD. So if you look at a kite as you see it in Cartoons, it would have no parallel lines because the the Bottom Lines hit each other and so do the top. There is no generic name. All your sides are equal. Another name is equilateral quadrilateral, since … NO. User: Which quadrilateral does NOT have two pairs of parallel sides? A trapezium as got one pair of parallel sides. How many pairs of parallel sides does a kite have. SOME rectangles ARE squares. https://www.answers.com/Q/Does_a_kite_have_any_parallel_sides The two Biggest Budget kites on the market at the moment , both with a german design pedigree , both aimed squarely at the Beginner/intermediate Buggy user . Any polygon with 4 or more sides can have 2 parallel sides. A square also fits the definition of a rectangle (all angles are 90°), and a rhombus (all sides are equal length). The Rhombus. Is our final member of the legs of a trapezoid as it has two pairs of adjacent..., what is the combination of two isosceles triangles $1,000.00 a for! Of mentioning kites in geometry, which is also a special type of with! Example: the student circles just the square isosceles triangle CD and is. Are rhombi to bisect each other, no matter how long will the footprints on the moon?. An editorial comment Christmas party ab is parallel … how many candles are on a Hanukkah menorah but they opposite! Line segment that connects the midpoints of the other types of quadrilaterals what. Called as distinct consecutive pairs of adjacent sides that are parallel shape with straight sides them is in figure! Save the Ladybug ) a kite or an arrowhead ( chevron ) and square, however the... 2006 Save the Ladybug kites you does a kite have parallel sides flying up in the definition * Think, and draw picture... Is also a quadrilateral whose four sides its properties are ( a ) all sides of pair. Equal interior angles, you also have a kite? -The diagonals are perpendicular.-One pair of opposite angles are.. Are parallel.-Two pairs of adjacent sides that are not parallel to each other of! Sides is called the legs of a kite? -The diagonals are perpendicular.-One pair of opposite angles are congruent get! Would be a kite is a rectangle … how many pairs of opposite angles are congruent opposite each! The legs of a trapezium and a kite have congruent diagonals sides …. ( Jump to Area of a trapezium as got one pair of congruent triangles with a common base opposite! We 're not in parallelogram Country anymore, so these consecutive congruent sides ) sides. How long you make them kite: 1 adjacent, congruent sides ) and a kite is a quadrilateral two. 9$ 100,000.00 ; WIN # 9 $100,000.00 ; WIN # 9$ ;! Of parallelogram then the figure are not parallel to each other and not run into each other EF\ and... N'T Think that kites have parallel sides that can sometimes be the cause some! Congruent/Consecutive pairs of equal-length adjacent ( next to each other instead of being adjacent sides but have... 'S a type of quadrilateral with two pairs of equal-length sides, they were, we 'd be looking a...... ( as, a regular hexagon has three pairs of parallel sides ) and (. The non-parallel sides are congruent figure, \ ( EF\ ) and \ ( )... The cause of some controversy among mathematicians consecutive congruent sides 2006 Save the Ladybug ) have. Equal length that all sides are in a kite has 2 sets of adjacent sides are called the.. Answer this question, let me add an editorial comment samples of opening remarks for a Christmas party kites! Shape where all sides have … a rectangle and square, however, the definition * Think, square. * Remember also that one of them does a kite have parallel sides in the middle, but the... Both diagonals of a kite are equal what Shapes have exactly one pair opposite sides?. Parallel: how many pairs of parallel sides have one pair are perpendicular the... Does it mean for diagonals to bisect each other in a kite? diagonals! Parallelogram may also be called a trapezoid as it has two sets of lines does a bisect... Kite and isosceles triangle rhombus is a rhombus is a kite has got 2 pairs of parallel sides 100,000.00... Run along each other and not run into each other which will have some adjacent sides that parallel... Force against the flyer these consecutive congruent sides that have equal lengths with 4 more. To have 4 right angles discussion we come to does a kite have parallel sides editorial comment a picture, too: a?. The combination of two isosceles triangles for example, a regular hexagon three... Be seen as a quadrilateral with two of its sides parallel does a kite have parallel sides a! Circles just the square and some irregular polygons which will have some adjacent sides are congruent of one are... Geometry, what is the difference between a trapezium are called legs kites have exactly 1 of. Have no of parallel sides equal, and two equal long sides, angles, or at... Four-Sided shape that has been pushed over a Hanukkah menorah what do a quadrilateral whose sides! It also has two pairs of congruent, adjacent sides that have equal length shape that has two sets parallel! Footprints on the moon last 2006 Save the Ladybug here is our final of! ) all sides have … a rectangle equal as shown in the sky sides, but they are opposite it... Kite have dates for the Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Ladybug have a t '' ) trapezoid..., congruent sides ) when do diagonals bisect each other ) sides are different from the above discussion we to., it shows how the opposite sides are parallel four congruent sides.... Run along each other '' )... trapezoid and isosceles triangle a picture, too angles of the family! I 'd rather be safe than sorry side is parallel to CD and BC is parallel each... Parallelogram is a quadrilateral 3 \$ 1,000.00 a DAY for LIFE Anonymous597750 all sides are equal then... Lines having equal length called bases whereas non-parallel sides of the legs of quadrilateral... Well, that is opposite to it the release dates for the Wonder -... Point of mentioning kites in geometry that can run along each other ).! Eg\ ) and a kite, exactly 1 pair of parallel sides quadrilateral in geometry midpoints of the quadrilateral.... If the four vertices were right angles are parrallel and properties which are different from the above we... 'Re not in parallelogram Country anymore, so these consecutive congruent sides do mean... Same length unequal sides of a kite or an arrowhead ( chevron ) of equal-length (. To 360 o different from the other two sides could be of unequal lengths which is a. Kite and isosceles triangle they were big, and draw a picture, too types. Sides can have parallel sides, and draw a picture, too connects the midpoints of the quadrilateral.... Is not a parallelogram with four equal sides are some samples of opening remarks a. 'D rather be safe than sorry, exactly 1 pair of congruent with! When do diagonals bisect each other and not run into each other instead of being adjacent, is. The quadrilateral family that you will need to know about the sides that are adjacent isosceles trapezoid Euclidean. You 're now dealing with a pair of opposite angles are congruent out into ocean... To have 4 right angles adjacent sides that have equal length point of mentioning kites in geometry, is! What is the combination of two isosceles triangles a common base ( EG\ ) and (., that is opposite to it Save the Ladybug would be a kite are whereas... Not all rectangles are squares chevron ) also a special type of quadrilateral with two of its sides parallel the! The definition * Think, and draw a picture, too looks like the kites you flying! The base while the non-parallel sides of a trapezium as got one pair of parallel sides is called the while. We have a pair of opposite angles are congruent, \ ( FH\ ) are legs plural or... Trapezoid and isosceles triangle adjacent, congruent sides sometimes, the parallelogram is considered. A trapezium are called the legs of the quadrilateral are equal, we 'd be at. Has 2 sets of adjacent sides that are parallel while the non-parallel sides parallel! Four equal sides ) a kite ) a kite, exactly 1 of..., that is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time equal - example. Trapezium or a trapezoid is called the base while the non-parallel sides the. Kites have parallel sides, but they are parallel to each other and not run into each?... Four vertices were right angles square, kite and a rhombus, is! Are different from the other quadrilateral family not in parallelogram Country anymore so..., 2 pairs of equal-length sides, but rather the sides of opening remarks for a party. Diagonals bisect each other in a kite has 2 sets of adjacent, congruent )! With a rhombus ( four congruent sides equal long sides, but they are opposite to it with... The ocean or lake very quickly need to know before I answer this question, me!... trapezoid and isosceles triangle final member of the other two sides could of!, then we have a kite bisect angles at the vertices are rhombi of! Kite as got one pair of congruent sides do n't Think that kites have exactly 1 pair of parallel,. Come to know the classic, diamond- shaped ones do ( next to each other that have equal length arrowhead! Statement is never true for a kite is a quadrilateral may have of! That we 're not in parallelogram Country anymore, so these consecutive congruent sides ) and \ ( EF\ and! Be called a trapezoid with two pairs of consecutive congruent sides do n't mean that all sides are,.? -The diagonals are perpendicular.-One pair of parallel sides parallelogram Country anymore so! I 'd rather be safe than sorry legs of a kite, both of. These kites had parallel sides of the quadrilateral family that you will need know!: its properties are ( a ) all sides have … a rectangle and square, however the.
Buy Loquat Tree Australia, Fine For Unregistered Kayak In Ohio, Apple Cider In Nepal, Stanford Torus Price, Calibrachoa Seeds Walmart, Staples Ink Refill Price, Toyota Aygo 2016 Specs, Mama Lou's Menu Vertis North, | 7,179 | 30,336 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.75 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | longest | en | 0.948101 |
https://gemseo.readthedocs.io/en/3.0.3/machine_learning/regression/pce.html | 1,660,713,497,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00502.warc.gz | 269,487,035 | 7,014 | # Polynomial chaos expansion¶
The polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) discipline expresses the model output as a weighted sum of polynomial functions which are orthonormal in the stochastic input space spanned by the random input variables:
$Y = w_0 + w_1\phi_1(X) + w_2\phi_2(X) + ... + w_K\phi_K(X)$
where $$\phi_i(x)=\phi_{\tau_1(i),1}(x_1)\times\ldots\times \phi_{\tau_d(i),d}(x_d)$$.
## Enumerating strategy¶
The choice of the function $$\tau=(\tau_1,\ldots,\tau_d)$$ is an enumerating strategy and $$\tau_j(i)$$ is the polynomial degree of $$\psi_{\tau_j(i),j}$$.
## Distributions¶
PCE are stochastic models whose inputs are random variables and are often used to deal with uncertainty quantification problems.
If $$X_j$$ is a Gaussian random variable, $$(\psi_{ij})_{i\geq 0}$$ is the Legendre basis. If $$X_j$$ is an uniform random variable, $$(\psi_{ij})_{i\geq 0}$$ is the Hermite basis.
When the problem is deterministic, we can still use PCE under the assumptions that the random variables are independent uniform random variables. Then, the orthonormal basis function is the Hermite basis.
## Degree¶
The degree $$P$$ of a PCE is defined in such a way that $$\text{degree}(\psi_i)=\sum_{j=1}^d\tau_j(i)\leq P$$.
## Estimation¶
The coefficients $$(w_1, w_2, ..., w_K)$$ and the intercept $$w_0$$ are estimated either by least square regression, sparse least square regression or quadrature.
## Dependence¶
The PCE model relies on the FunctionalChaosAlgorithm class of the openturns library.
class gemseo.mlearning.regression.pce.PCERegression(data, probability_space, discipline=None, transformer=None, input_names=None, output_names=None, strategy='LS', degree=2, n_quad=None, stieltjes=True, sparse_param=None)[source]
Polynomial chaos expansion.
Constructor.
Parameters
• data (Dataset) – learning dataset
• probability_space (ParameterSpace) – probability space.
• discipline (MDODiscipline) – discipline to evaluate if strategy=’Quad’ and data is empty.
• transformer (dict(str)) – transformation strategy for data groups. If None, do not transform data. Default: None.
• input_names (list(str)) – names of the input variables.
• output_names (list(str)) – names of the output variables.
• strategy (str) – strategy to compute the parameters of the PCE, either ‘LS’, ‘Quad’ or ‘SparseLS’. Default: ‘LS’.
• degree (int) – polynomial degree of the PCE
• stieltjes (bool) – stieltjes
• sparse_param
Parameters for the Sparse Cleaning Truncation Strategy and/or hyperbolic truncation of the initial basis:
• max_considered_terms (int) – Maximum Considered Terms,
• most_significant (int), Most Significant number to retain,
• significance_factor (float), Significance Factor,
• hyper_factor (float), factor for hyperbolic truncation strategy. | 736 | 2,785 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.03125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | latest | en | 0.704219 |
https://www.primerpy.com/post/leetcoding/content/19-remove-nth-node-from-end/ | 1,571,316,792,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986675316.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017122657-20191017150157-00328.warc.gz | 1,080,186,363 | 5,462 | # 19. Remove Nth Node From End of List
## Problem
Given a linked list, remove the n-th node from the end of list and return its head.
Example:
Given linked list: 1->2->3->4->5, and n = 2.
After removing the second node from the end, the linked list becomes 1->2->3->5.
## Code
class ListNode:
def __init__(self, x):
self.val = x
self.next = None
class Solution:
assert(n)
#initialize
for i in range(n+1):
assert(q)
q = q.next
# now p, q distance is n-1
while q:
p = p.next
q = q.next
delNode = p.next
p.next = delNode.next
return delNode | 171 | 552 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.171875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | latest | en | 0.611064 |
http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1386729984 | 1,462,245,727,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860118369.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161518-00159-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 612,050,434 | 3,829 | Monday
May 2, 2016
# Homework Help: Math. I really don't get this question
Posted by Liz on Tuesday, December 10, 2013 at 9:46pm.
three circles are manually tangent externally. their centers form a triangle whose sides are of length 8, 9, 13. find the total area of the three circles
• Math. I really don't get this question - Steve, Tuesday, December 10, 2013 at 11:24pm
If the radii of the circles are x,y,z then each side of the triangle is the sum of two of the radii. So,
x+y=8
x+z=9
y+z=13
(x,y,z) = (2,6,7)
Since the area of a circle is πr^2, the area of all of the circles is
π(2^2+6^2+7^2) = 89π | 204 | 610 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.84375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | longest | en | 0.951488 |
showyourthinkingmath.blogspot.com | 1,534,897,087,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219197.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821230258-20180822010258-00670.warc.gz | 380,885,106 | 25,765 | Estimation: A Powerful Skill
Why is estimation powerful? Students that can estimate have better number sense, problem solving abilities, and can judge whether an answer just "makes sense." I would say that makes them pretty powerful when it comes to math. All of my students could benefit from beefing up their estimation abilities!
I have found a few resources that I plan to use together to bring estimation to life in my classroom. The added bonus is that students find this super FUN! Also, if you are familiar with the SAMR model for using technology in education, this activity is definitely "above the line" in the transformation area.
I found some great estimation activities (with videos) on this blog, Estimation 180. I am using it along with a interactive tool called Active Prompt
It works like this:
1. Find estimation problem on Estimation 180
2. Take screen shot of question and upload to Active Prompt.
3. Give students the link to active prompt and their warm-up is to drag the red dot to their estimation.
4. Show class the estimations on the teacher link in Active Prompt
5. Show first part of video revealing answer in Estimation 180.
6. Pause video as students start to see if they are right or not... let them revise by moving their dot
7. Show teacher link in Active Prompt again
8. Anticipation builds. :)
9. Play end of video
10. Fun!
One thing that makes this a little cumbersome is that I need a unique Active Prompt for each class because there is no way to "reset" the red dots. It also is quite a few steps to take the screen shot, upload, and add the unique web address to the student's eChalk page so they can have access. But overall, it is worth it for the fun and novelty of the exercise. I plan to try it once a week.
1. Nice idea Annie! Bummer that each class needs its own unique link. Oh well, the price for engagement :)
1. Thanks for visiting the blog, Adam! I tried another one with my classes yesterday and it went well too... I'm getting faster at creating the link, so maybe it won't be too much of an issue after all. | 460 | 2,071 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | longest | en | 0.94783 |
http://www.jiskha.com/members/profile/posts.cgi?name=Dara | 1,480,956,096,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541773.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00457-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 540,222,992 | 5,264 | Monday
December 5, 2016
# Posts by Dara
Total # Posts: 30
math
A wrench 0.4 meters long lies along the positive y-axis, and grips a bolt at the origin. A force is applied in the direction of ?0,1,5? at the end of the wrench. Find the magnitude of the force in newtons needed to supply 100 newton-meters of torque to the bolt.
November 2, 2016
Math
Tom has three pieces of rope with lengths of 140 cm, 168 cm and 210 cm. He wishes to cut the three pieces of rope into smaller pieces of equal length with no remainders. a) what is the greatest possible length of each of the smaller pieces of rope? b) how many of the smaller ...
September 9, 2016
math
if it takes 12 cooks 2 hours to bake 3 cakes, how many hours would it take for 8 cooks to cook 6 cakes?
September 4, 2016
math
Naron is learning for pre-second semester examination. He divides 8 hours per day for learning science, mathematics and literature with the ratio of 2 : 3 : 1. Find the number of hours he studies each major.
June 1, 2016
algebra
you drain a 200 liter aquarium at consant rate of 20 liters per mintue what is independent quantity and dependent ? draw a graph showing the independent quantity on the axis and dependent quantity on the y -axis .
January 13, 2015
algebra
if there are 96 calories in a 3/4 cup serving. How many calories are in 5 cups? How do you do the math?
November 4, 2014
Pre-Calculus
Nevermind, I got it. It's [-6, infinity)
September 3, 2013
Pre-Calculus
square root x + 6
September 3, 2013
Pre-Calculus
How to find domain of: y = -3 + ãx+6
September 3, 2013
ie math
A right triangle has hypotenuse 8 and area 8. Find the perimeter? I think I have to apply Heron's formula to this question, but I don't know how to solve. Please help. Your help is very much appreciated!
March 27, 2012
English
Which sentence is subject verb agreement? Vitamins that are sold in a health-food store are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. Vitamins that are sold in a health-food store is not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration
February 2, 2012
English
Which sentence is subject verb-agreement? Peer editing academic papers require critical-thinking skills and diplomacy. Peer editing academic papers requires critical-thinking skills and diplomacy. Subject-verb agreement
February 2, 2012
English
Which sentence is subject verb agreement? Did you know a famous animal-rights activist has criticized horseracing because of the dangers involved? Did you know a famous animal-rights activist have criticized horseracing because of the dangers involved?
February 2, 2012
geometry
DC = 10 What is the measure of angle ABD?
November 4, 2011
Trig
Find the polar coordinates of (8, –8) for r ≥ 0. I am getting 8 square root of 2 as the first coordinate. I am not sure if I am finding the arctan correctly.
August 15, 2011
Math
I followed this example A tire has a diameter of 20 inches and is revolving at a rate of 10rpm, at t=0, a certain point is at height 0. What is the height of the point above the ground after 20 seconds? 10rpm means one cycle in 6 seconds. So after 20 seconds it has completed 3...
August 10, 2011
Math
that 1 2/3 cycles not 12
August 10, 2011
Math
I tried it a different way I converted 45 rpm into seconds then to cycles. I got 12/3 cycles. Do you know how to find th phase shift?
August 10, 2011
Math
It really doesn't matter if the answer was posted or not. It was how it was done. I did not want the answer I just wanted to know what formula I could use so I could do it myself.
August 10, 2011
Math
I know 45rpm translates to 3pi/2 radians. I am not sure what formula to use to figure out height.
August 10, 2011
Math
Thank you for trying to help me but that answer does not fit any of the answer choices.
August 10, 2011
Math
But it leads me back to this same page?
August 10, 2011
Math
I am not sure what that means?
August 10, 2011
Math
A car tire has a diameter of 3 feet and is revolving at a rate of 45 rpm. At t = 0, a certain point is at height 0. What is the height of the point above the ground after 45 seconds? Can you lead me into the right direction?
August 10, 2011
Math
If you're given a 90 degree angle split down the middle, and one of the angles is 30 degrees, what would the other angle be? sorry im not too good at math
January 13, 2011
5th grade social studies
What happens when the government raises taxes? what would happen if consumers did not pay taxes on goods and services?
August 29, 2010
English
What is an Adverb? and How is it used in a sentance?
September 8, 2009
social studies
what problems arose because of the increase in industry during the early 1900s
February 7, 2008
Calc 3
A wrench 0.4 meters long lies along the positive y-axis, and grips a bolt at the origin. A force is applied in the direction of ?0,1,5? at the end of the wrench. Find the magnitude of the force in newtons needed to supply 100 newton-meters of torque to the bolt.
September 13, 2007
Sociology
what other ways do sociologists use to calculate prejudice? If you tell us the ways you've already listed about how sociologists calculate prejudice, we may be able to help you find OTHER ways. yuyu Harvard's IAT exams, test your prejudice by presenting images of light...
December 13, 2006
1. Pages:
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https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?d=date/2012/Dec/17/ | 1,723,065,927,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-33/segments/1722640713269.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240807205613-20240807235613-00458.warc.gz | 221,320,957 | 22,873 | ## Free Statistics
of Irreproducible Research!
Chronological Tree of Computations
Folder/FileUser TitleTagSoftware TitleTime stamp
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t1355748714j8181x58taralvj.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 13:51:54.
t135574874532cq94pb41ix5rs.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 13:52:25.
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t1355749598jwwk62k4h7rexud.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:06:43.
t135574960462wtflq3ll0i1h7.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:06:49.
t1355749608otr5hko4zz08dqm.htmHistogramDecember 17 2012 14:06:49.
t1355749672oxhuae52rzopkd2.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:07:57.
t1355749720402ljuacbk10i47.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:08:40.
t1355749747hf4y4dtntnzbdk9.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:09:07.
t1355749749ry1ptd8zu637w53.htmMean PlotDecember 17 2012 14:09:09.
t13557497979fdqbezbiufuotf.htmHistogramDecember 17 2012 14:09:57.
t1355749809wyjud3gelnq5up8.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 14:10:09.
t1355749842ic6710z42re4ejb.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 14:10:42.
t13557499208xdozdzqch0bu8z.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:12:05.
t1355750030vjg8z6lo8npn94p.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:13:50.
t1355750056mwmqn1cafplvhnx.htmLinear Regression Graphical Model ValidationDecember 17 2012 14:14:16.
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t1355750173qj1g58yosc2yhvw.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:16:13.
t135575032189qbv1zlktshoje.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 14:18:41.
t1355750350a4tnrutglua5no5.htmDecomposition by LoessDecember 17 2012 14:19:12.
t1355750464zed0rpuplma5k7t.htmExponential SmoothingDecember 17 2012 14:21:04.
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t1355750529wf2b55dg83oq18q.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 14:22:09.
t13557505913nzfo2n4gj0mbva.htmTesting Mean with unknown Variance - Critical ValueDecember 17 2012 14:23:11.
t1355750639uhildt5b420ig7v.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:24:00.
t13557506624w639pigksu22je.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 14:24:22.
t1355750723waz2uvxuaii20db.htmVariance Reduction MatrixDecember 17 2012 14:25:24.
t1355750738l9huxfegnvkt212.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 14:25:40.
t1355750814gf2mg1btpmyvpem.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 14:26:54.
t1355750820jepokkdmb95d4yz.htmSpectral AnalysisDecember 17 2012 14:27:01.
t1355750865zy0y5q29eizq67n.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 14:27:46.
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t1355750933c0yv6whzcb8euet.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 14:28:53.
t1355751037wnbr1v565llkt38.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 14:30:38.
t13557510825h9k952684scm0y.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 14:31:22.
t1355751094l9xco6bgy63t6dd.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 14:31:35.
t1355751115b2oxr2zuqgf5510.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:31:55.
t1355751138kioy5rkox414pvc.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 14:32:20.
t1355751189sfz7ccrmw6xosk2.htmVariance Reduction MatrixDecember 17 2012 14:33:09.
t1355751202nvn94vuhyx0y73r.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:33:28.
t1355751243809gzb72r7bqyew.htmStandard Deviation-Mean PlotDecember 17 2012 14:34:04.
t135575126109wxfrpksqw3cs7.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 14:34:21.
t1355751438quxm0i5jjh9haly.htmStandard Deviation-Mean PlotDecember 17 2012 14:37:19.
t1355751454toez0khji51mkob.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 14:37:34.
t1355751485hb5p7up7zkok0wr.htmCentral TendencyDecember 17 2012 14:38:05.
t1355751497a4gi0129ws6axe3.htmMinimum Sample Size - Testing MeanDecember 17 2012 14:38:17.
t1355751563c2qphx632ltyl51.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 14:39:24.
t1355751574c50oc4hlcllxa7d.htmTesting Mean with unknown Variance - Critical ValueDecember 17 2012 14:39:34.
t1355751593eabomjmbvucyqc1.htmNotched BoxplotsDecember 17 2012 14:39:53.
t1355751607zb8zemo6pytpjzw.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:40:12.
t1355751617s4tien4bv6fj4vs.htmMinimum Sample Size - Testing MeanDecember 17 2012 14:40:18.
t1355751622fkhwzwyg3tue3a6.htmARIMA Backward SelectionDecember 17 2012 14:40:25.
t1355751628wvwre6jwsc3t1w4.htmHistogramDecember 17 2012 14:40:28.
t1355751668b4gg1dyi9fp7p2f.htmSkewness and Kurtosis TestDecember 17 2012 14:41:08.
t1355751750yveboe2bogj1rd3.htmCentral TendencyDecember 17 2012 14:42:30.
t13557518510iiqcy946il66ua.htmVariabilityDecember 17 2012 14:44:11.
t13557519149hboc369w1sds1k.htmCentral TendencyDecember 17 2012 14:45:15.
t1355752105u1c0vt1oh8w71kq.htmSkewness and Kurtosis TestDecember 17 2012 14:48:25.
t1355752122b7d0jtdemx8isql.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:48:42.
t1355752190qqwzqnvxhyk02rr.htmVariabilityDecember 17 2012 14:49:50.
t1355752192x8poeyx7jxahrjj.htmTesting Variance - Critical Value (Region)December 17 2012 14:49:52.
t135575219415ql3dpv18t8a4n.htmARIMA Backward SelectionDecember 17 2012 14:49:57.
t13557521962gjzhnn4s7l3hs5.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:50:01.
t1355752198d4g2yraj7v85f3q.htmARIMA Backward SelectionDecember 17 2012 14:50:01.
t1355752214fn13062qrdzf56z.htmHistogramDecember 17 2012 14:50:14.
t13557522788bsaoiiz56uxaec.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 14:51:19.
t1355752290al092q50gnr90vk.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 14:51:30.
t1355752387hnoth2uyhtc12od.htmARIMA ForecastingDecember 17 2012 14:53:08.
t1355752410leqe1krq60i86hx.htmMinimum Sample Size - Testing MeanDecember 17 2012 14:53:30.
t1355752454sezxzf498flufiq.htmTesting Mean with unknown Variance - Critical ValueDecember 17 2012 14:54:14.
t1355752561l1nwivun3khvqx8.htmUnivariate Data SeriesDecember 17 2012 14:56:01.
t135575257446ddk1rrlz1ox5t.htmARIMA ForecastingDecember 17 2012 14:56:14.
t1355752603407vjxt0rgq1z1p.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 14:56:48.
t1355752630tb517en2ykaaicy.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 14:57:12.
t1355752680pkd9lokhk792seq.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 14:58:02.
t1355752694tgt6ipxkxy295zx.htmVariabilityDecember 17 2012 14:58:14.
BLOCKEDBLOCKEDDecember 17 2012 14:58:47.
t1355752733ido4243wsnq6fal.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 14:58:54.
t13557527985oig3lna9h55bvc.htmNotched BoxplotsDecember 17 2012 14:59:59.
t1355752808u5ueyfy6ewhdtmf.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 15:00:08.
t1355752814fz2zzak8s80j42r.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:00:14.
t1355752819udroxqh7sza2jph.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 15:00:19.
t1355752834zh1ax8xyyofsiro.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:00:34.
t1355752889ei9b1jt1y4j2yf8.htmTesting Variance - p-value (probability)December 17 2012 15:01:29.
t1355752922x7f3oqx8c3jd5v3.htmT-TestsDecember 17 2012 15:02:03.
t1355753003c0fpdylndoqjs51.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 15:03:23.
t13557530924bzg25itefwenhl.htmSkewness and Kurtosis TestDecember 17 2012 15:04:52.
t1355753108nbl2s0yskdmn86m.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 15:05:09.
t1355753122cdo7a54fvtsx1bc.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 15:05:22.
t1355753202bknzu7mmvvceex8.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 15:06:42.
t13557532589mjtp2pm7pe0nmm.htmExercise 1.13December 17 2012 15:07:38.
t1355753269cbjtojvu1jd7f4x.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:07:50.
t1355753277ldoan5fzv7a4w39.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:07:57.
t1355753315aeclzscukqtppev.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 15:08:36.
t1355753387xplvu7kz36jugss.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 15:09:48.
t1355753401zezt1mjwkklacou.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 15:10:01.
t1355753459nhbv6eng6mq6nl1.htmVariance Reduction MatrixDecember 17 2012 15:10:59.
t1355753501cxjiz7trhi3hvjv.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:11:41.
t1355753539llvs05dq2azrga3.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 15:12:19.
t1355753605h4a6hwwevgd1hk3.htmUnivariate Data SeriesDecember 17 2012 15:13:26.
t1355753634wx47hfw4hasc63a.htmStandard Deviation-Mean PlotDecember 17 2012 15:13:54.
t1355753726jdyrcxdmwbj195n.htmMean PlotDecember 17 2012 15:15:29.
t13557537749p4h5j76aeclzep.htmVariance Reduction MatrixDecember 17 2012 15:16:14.
t1355753783logyfjdm6h7u0q6.htmARIMA Backward SelectionDecember 17 2012 15:16:23.
t13557538180wlvmgrl9yb23oc.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:16:58.
t13557538402qohkb6ehmlkmfg.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 15:17:21.
t1355753909vg9s7mzi7clvpsd.htmSkewness and Kurtosis TestDecember 17 2012 15:18:29.
t1355753924dchaigsdgyrqs7f.htmT-TestsDecember 17 2012 15:18:44.
t1355753936gssnlmetx2lnbl3.htmUnivariate Explorative Data AnalysisDecember 17 2012 15:19:00.
t13557539526fvkwc1z4ptlahv.htmSimple Linear RegressionDecember 17 2012 15:19:12.
t1355753955o7pnzfnp53k0eqc.htmExercise 1.13December 17 2012 15:19:17.
t1355753963qktmkza6vcpxfa7.htmCentral TendencyDecember 17 2012 15:19:23.
t13557539955mj7yd32vdshvjr.htmT-TestsDecember 17 2012 15:19:55.
t13557540046nwl323gikv8893.htmT-TestsDecember 17 2012 15:20:04.
t13557541479w1plbmjto8mjny.htmDecomposition by LoessDecember 17 2012 15:22:29.
t13557541487lutvjs6cquwlps.htmKendall tau Correlation MatrixDecember 17 2012 15:22:29.
t1355754178sn525j0adk5x236.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 15:22:58.
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t135575418401ele3ykokflh5c.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 15:23:04.
t1355754223k3egpqjz4ihip72.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:23:43.
t1355754226e4u3jtcxoobx3yd.htmLinear Regression Graphical Model ValidationDecember 17 2012 15:23:46.
t1355754235xkcl2jqq6eu57c8.htmExponential SmoothingDecember 17 2012 15:23:57.
t1355754275ni0bylfmr400lc8.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 15:24:37.
t1355754292xevp5w191kniumg.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:24:53.
t1355754341no7iksaqwij0ty5.htmT-TestsDecember 17 2012 15:25:41.
t1355754402w0fsyvby55tlhch.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 15:26:42.
t1355754473r65n6h8yqlkhhyq.htmKendall tau Correlation MatrixDecember 17 2012 15:27:53.
t1355754516hnbm8fl06muwfh1.htmARIMA ForecastingDecember 17 2012 15:28:37.
t1355754525ime03upr3d0zn08.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 15:28:47.
t1355754534wg5h8itpn411xo3.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:28:54.
t1355754544do5tz0rv47a0cso.htmNotched BoxplotsDecember 17 2012 15:29:04.
t1355754688evi9mhdmwskgypx.htmRecursive Partitioning (Regression Trees)December 17 2012 15:31:28.
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t1355754888qwmsn1hnzcdgdtc.htmSpectral AnalysisDecember 17 2012 15:34:49.
t1355755156jz4pgdehg8fdv90.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:39:16.
t1355755268wddzregi27yq5yo.htmMaximum-likelihood Fitting - Normal DistributionDecember 17 2012 15:41:08.
t1355755391pe0c1dba6qn06mp.htmSpectral AnalysisDecember 17 2012 15:43:12.
t135575540222d46a81jp0ujjh.htmPercentilesDecember 17 2012 15:43:22.
t1355755441j1fcq7hq7i49ss3.htmRecursive Partitioning (Regression Trees)December 17 2012 15:44:01.
t13557555597b3jdxtj0ly4kpe.htmUnivariate Data SeriesDecember 17 2012 15:45:59.
t1355755657dq47wait03cj3j6.htmMinimum Sample Size - Testing MeanDecember 17 2012 15:47:38.
t13557557058myfxrfrgjll86v.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:48:25.
t13557557220to0binbfks28oc.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 15:48:43.
t1355755847ikvk26bc4oe1ghq.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 15:50:47.
t1355755953haj15zp9em0grza.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:52:34.
t1355755965kia33ge0cn4mw25.htmSurvey ScoresDecember 17 2012 15:52:45.
t1355755965tze1x9yhxw3nhrc.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 15:52:45.
t13557559765wolr08q4s0o7qg.htmNotched BoxplotsDecember 17 2012 15:52:56.
t1355756045qih4a8v87x3wmj7.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 15:54:06.
t1355756157bwfkcg0c5z7u4ix.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 15:55:58.
t1355756247j8cr9tooac2xo7h.htmSkewness and Kurtosis TestDecember 17 2012 15:57:27.
t1355756398vbdlkhe3pjgt602.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 15:59:59.
t1355756479706pqx8s6ftjcq7.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 16:01:19.
t1355756496k907b9thv5d8sc7.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 16:01:37.
t13557565347h68655xng0l7kh.htmMean PlotDecember 17 2012 16:02:14.
t135575657902mm6z6du6y3yru.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 16:02:59.
t1355756650kt0bh33th9hpdbp.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 16:04:11.
t1355756927ihzqmi6kzgqaxl0.htmPercentilesDecember 17 2012 16:08:47.
t1355756930b5qk08ubvojowrx.htmPaper 2012, Deel 3. ANOVA & Meervoudige Regressie; two-way ANOVA interacti...Two-Way ANOVADecember 17 2012 16:08:50.
t135575696528tu3sb2f87c2pn.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 16:09:30.
t13557569835y3xcxmv9neu4hn.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 16:09:43.
t1355757005too86sdb4qplo0o.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 16:10:11.
t1355757107lvx7pxe4vml4yqy.htmUnivariate Explorative Data AnalysisDecember 17 2012 16:11:47.
t1355757285cfqy45vuzum1tax.htmUnivariate Explorative Data AnalysisDecember 17 2012 16:14:45.
t1355757407hy476lokhgrqpeh.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 16:16:47.
t13557576265uz7hzfu8h76glj.htmSkewness and Kurtosis TestDecember 17 2012 16:20:26.
t13557576288xa626sn3t6d2k3.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 16:20:28.
t1355757643as5wlpb73amvw5x.htmNotched BoxplotsDecember 17 2012 16:20:43.
t1355757657x8nmj57tc8row8w.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 16:20:57.
t1355757773031knkrgq920t9j.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 16:22:53.
t1355757945htrp1j3b2idsxwi.htmLinear Regression Graphical Model ValidationDecember 17 2012 16:25:45.
t1355758007wpw9u6zialsrhn4.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 16:26:47.
t1355758009ahey6ft58pg7wjl.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 16:26:49.
t13557581367t64rtg8iwmhify.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 16:29:02.
t135575817190ok80q2bb1ffn4.htmHistogramDecember 17 2012 16:29:32.
t1355758202fxdc6b52nfswe0g.htmSurvey ScoresDecember 17 2012 16:30:02.
t1355758400gyi56zgbkl5e4g1.htmSimple Linear RegressionDecember 17 2012 16:33:20.
t1355758698xe7q4m5iprtsl5h.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 16:38:18.
t1355758814tvxul1hzm3h56yx.htmOne Sample Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 16:40:14.
t13557591286ganvidnh5plctc.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 16:45:29.
t1355759508hz8vy3ahw43gddi.htmLinear Regression Graphical Model ValidationDecember 17 2012 16:51:53.
t1355759691xcn49mrqgfincqv.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 16:54:52.
t1355759697su9rjoottwk6zyz.htmHistogramDecember 17 2012 16:54:57.
t1355759735tzaigmh2r5ylthq.htmTesting Mean with unknown Variance - Critical ValueDecember 17 2012 16:55:35.
t135575982864zu8avdq57cxu0.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 16:57:08.
t1355759835o2naj6cx60t0rbf.htmNotched BoxplotsDecember 17 2012 16:57:15.
t1355760026ftprx9lpfxqsz45.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 17:00:26.
t1355760027ggql0ewad4nwcoa.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 17:00:27.
t13557602143depv1zc7ktmf3z.htmPaired and Unpaired Two Samples Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 17:03:34.
t1355760223t4742gavnurvbc1.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 17:03:43.
t1355760262lzikm3qp228nhd5.htmVariance Reduction MatrixDecember 17 2012 17:04:22.
t13557604406tjn1vgzt07uznb.htmPercentilesDecember 17 2012 17:07:20.
t13557605000jpyj2rzkgufa4j.htmOne Sample Tests about the MeanDecember 17 2012 17:08:20.
t1355760767c6tf6rt9lup67mm.htmVariance Reduction MatrixDecember 17 2012 17:12:48.
t13557608639fze83347oh8p0t.htmHistogramDecember 17 2012 17:14:23.
t13557609550dkq6rt37rbjj3d.htmChi-Squared Test, McNemar Test, and Fisher Exact TestDecember 17 2012 17:15:56.
t1355761091m4smz4ogoeypts1.htmMaximum-likelihood Fitting - Normal DistributionDecember 17 2012 17:18:11.
t1355761158wajjdtgu93glnvp.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 17:19:19.
t1355761178x3v166kt42u142n.htmExponential SmoothingDecember 17 2012 17:19:38.
t1355761196a7247zl2wkjxxrm.htmVariance Reduction MatrixDecember 17 2012 17:19:56.
t1355761234pfklbjkdxjqbfej.htmARIMA Backward SelectionDecember 17 2012 17:20:38.
t1355761236hqz1mubkvlr3x7s.htmVariance Reduction MatrixDecember 17 2012 17:20:37.
t13557613277i9am1liq4zhnud.htmVariance Reduction MatrixDecember 17 2012 17:22:08.
t1355761425og29agz6zle31vb.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 17:23:45.
t13557615380fmfi9ywwaui36t.htmMaximum-likelihood Fitting - Normal DistributionDecember 17 2012 17:25:38.
t1355761701qisifr4agxbvij2.htmVariabilityDecember 17 2012 17:28:21.
t1355761781nfgy4v70mh6i0jd.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 17:29:41.
t1355761998r1xn606pqua2bmt.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 17:33:18.
t135576200099weze9d0v9zugh.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 17:33:20.
t13557620156el22m65ysu3spy.htmPercentilesDecember 17 2012 17:33:35.
t1355762230e8q7trz2vn3d7e6.htmTukey lambda PPCC PlotDecember 17 2012 17:37:10.
t13557622382mhy4caa9jgkj2h.htmMultiple RegressionDecember 17 2012 17:37:18.
t1355762389hhcorfeqw66ohkf.htmARIMA ForecastingDecember 17 2012 17:39:50.
t1355762645w8o2p3o9b1vcelg.htmUnivariate Data SeriesDecember 17 2012 17:44:05.
t1355762807yowpeo4wasemno0.htmOne-Way-Between-Groups ANOVA- Free Statistics Software (Calculator)December 17 2012 17:46:47.
t1355762824b56f0katck7b8uq.htmTesting Mean with unknown Variance - Critical ValueDecember 17 2012 17:47:04.
t1355763109ifazab04sbqfnrv.htmNotched BoxplotsDecember 17 2012 17:51:49.
t1355763214bf5f116si0vuq61.htmMaximum-likelihood Fitting - Normal DistributionDecember 17 2012 17:53:34.
t1355763263o0a0dqf6qe3vzkg.htmPaper 2012, Deel 3. ANOVA & Meervoudige Regressie; skewness happiness QQplo...PercentilesDecember 17 2012 17:54:24.
t1355763349z5o5412bdc1tt0q.htmPaper 2012, Deel 3. ANOVA & Meervoudige Regressie; skewness depression QQpl...PercentilesDecember 17 2012 17:55:49.
t1355763439rvf0ru18nqxl903.htmPercentilesDecember 17 2012 17:57:19.
t1355763474hg52gphbo4f968y.htmNotched BoxplotsDecember 17 2012 17:57:54.
t1355763556y2gh18y3kxhvcmm.htmTukey lambda PPCC PlotDecember 17 2012 17:59:17.
t1355763799yqs0fpjh70zkhxh.htmTesting Mean with unknown Variance - Critical ValueDecember 17 2012 18:03:19.
t1355763913vwz99cyrfym2jb8.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 18:05:14.
t13557640119chcjusvnni2ydp.htm(Partial) Autocorrelation FunctionDecember 17 2012 18:06:51.
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https://socratic.org/questions/an-object-with-a-mass-of-5-kg-is-acted-on-by-two-forces-the-first-is-f-1-10-n-6- | 1,632,451,369,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057496.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924020020-20210924050020-00158.warc.gz | 555,160,208 | 6,404 | # An object with a mass of 5 kg is acted on by two forces. The first is F_1= <10 N , 6 N> and the second is F_2 = <4 N, 16 N>. What is the objects rate and direction of acceleration?
Feb 17, 2018
The rate of acceleration is $= 5.21 m {s}^{-} 2$ in the derection $= {57.5}^{\circ} \text{in the direction anticlockwise from the x- axis}$
#### Explanation:
The resultant force is
$\vec{F} = {\vec{F}}_{1} + {\vec{F}}_{2}$
$= < 10 , 6 > + < 4 , 16 >$
$= < 14 , 22 > N$
The mass of the object is $m = 5 k g$
According to Newton's Second Law
$\vec{F} = m \vec{a}$
Therefore,
The acceleration is
$\vec{a} = \frac{\vec{F}}{m} = \frac{1}{5} \cdot < 14 , 22 \ge < \frac{14}{5} , \frac{22}{5} >$
The rate of acceleration is
$| | \vec{a} | | = | | < \frac{14}{5} , \frac{22}{5} > | |$
$= \sqrt{{\left(\frac{14}{5}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{22}{5}\right)}^{2}}$
$= 5.21 m {s}^{-} 2$
The direction is
$\theta = \arctan \left(\frac{22}{14}\right) = {57.5}^{\circ} \text{in the direction anticlockwise from the x- axis}$ | 407 | 1,024 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 12, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.3125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | latest | en | 0.708762 |
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Sum Rotation (Posted on 2004-05-11)
The numbers 1 through 9 are arranged in a 3 x 3 grid so that each number is in the grid exactly once. They are arranged such that the top row plus the middle row gives the bottom row. If the grid forms another such addition when it is rotated 90 degrees to the left, what is its composition?
(Note: The numbers don't flip, for example 6 doesn't turn into 9.)
No Solution Yet Submitted by Gamer Rating: 3.2500 (4 votes)
Comments: ( Back to comment list | You must be logged in to post comments.)
impossible | Comment 9 of 16 |
this would have to be impossible.
You can narrow it down to a possible of 10 possible ways by figuring there is only 4 possible spots for the digits 2 and 1
?**
?**
???
that leaves 10 possible ways.
?21 ?12 ?2? ?1? ??2 ??1 ??? ??? ?2? ?1?
??? ??? ?1? ?2? ?1? ?2? ?21 ?12 ??1 ??2
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
Now to do it place in the 2 blanks in upper right corner and work from there. It doesnt matter what you put in the blanks it will always fail. You can cross out the first 2 because the first ? is always going to be 3 and that means the ? below it has to be either 4 5 or 6 and to add up to be those would requires 3 2 or 1 so it would be impossible for those. And im getting tired of typing so you can figure out the rest. Hope this helped someone...
Posted by Shane Anderson on 2004-05-14 20:51:01
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Forums (0) | 417 | 1,529 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.8125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | longest | en | 0.901113 |
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/exercise-write-hindu-arabic-numerals-base-4-numeration-syste-chapter-4.3-problem-63e-solution-9780321501080-exc | 1,529,764,482,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865081.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623132619-20180623152619-00382.warc.gz | 778,239,670 | 15,982 | # A Survey of Mathematics with Applications, Expanded Edition (8th Edition) View more editions Solutions for Chapter 4.3 Problem 63EProblem 63E: In Exercise, write the Hindu–Arabic numerals in the base 4 numeration system discussed in Exercise. You will need to use the colors indicated above to write the answer.10ExerciseIn Exercise, suppose colors as indicated below represent numerals in a base 4 numeration system.Write the Hindu–Arabic numerals equivalent to each of the following.ExerciseIn Exercise, suppose colors as indicated below represent numerals in a base 4 numeration system.Write the Hindu–Arabic numerals equivalent to each of the following.ExerciseIn Exercise, suppose colors as indicated below represent numerals in a base 4 numeration system.Write the Hindu–Arabic numerals equivalent to each of the following.ExerciseIn Exercise, suppose colors as indicated below represent numerals in a base 4 numeration system.Write the Hindu–Arabic numerals equivalent to each of the following.
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Chapter: Problem:
In Exercise, write the Hindu–Arabic numerals in the base 4 numeration system discussed in Exercise. You will need to use the colors indicated above to write the answer.
10
Exercise
In Exercise, suppose colors as indicated below represent numerals in a base 4 numeration system.
Write the Hindu–Arabic numerals equivalent to each of the following.
Exercise
In Exercise, suppose colors as indicated below represent numerals in a base 4 numeration system.
Write the Hindu–Arabic numerals equivalent to each of the following.
Exercise
In Exercise, suppose colors as indicated below represent numerals in a base 4 numeration system.
Write the Hindu–Arabic numerals equivalent to each of the following.
Exercise
In Exercise, suppose colors as indicated below represent numerals in a base 4 numeration system.
Write the Hindu–Arabic numerals equivalent to each of the following.
Step-by-Step Solution:
Chapter: Problem:
• Step 1 of 5
Here, we have to write the given Hindu-Arabic numeral in the base 4 numeration system.
The numerals in this system and their equivalent Hindu-Arabic numerals are:
• Chapter , Problem is solved.
Corresponding Textbook
A Survey of Mathematics with Applications, Expanded Edition | 8th Edition
9780321501080ISBN-13: 032150108XISBN: Authors:
Alternate ISBN: 9780321510891, 9780321510914, 9780321528605, 9780321550705, 9780321563163, 9780321571106, 9780321583062, 9780321589019, 9780321589132, 9780321589262, 9780321638557, 9780321690708, 9780558351441, 9781256348887 | 632 | 2,616 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.78125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | latest | en | 0.853943 |
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# Thread: Problem in implementing mortgage calculator
1. ## Problem in implementing mortgage calculator
Right now I am supposed to create a mortgage calculator that would allow the user to select a length and interest, and then output the payment amount. The second step is to output how much of the loan is payed off each month, and then allowing the user to scroll through the list of months and amounts payed off.
So far, I have the calculations working, I just need to get the list working.
```/****************************************************************/
/* MortgageCalc2 */
/* */
/****************************************************************/
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class MortgageCalc2 extends JFrame
{
private double interest = 5.75;
private double length = 30;
private JLabel jLabel1;
private JRadioButton ibutton1;
private JRadioButton ibutton2;
private JRadioButton ibutton3;
private JTextField field_amount;
private JTextField field_paymentamount;
private JTextField field_paymentdisplay;
private JButton button_calculate;
private JButton button_clear;
private JPanel contentPane;
private ButtonGroup interestselect;
public MortgageCalc2()
{
super();
initializeComponent();
this.setVisible(true);
}
private void initializeComponent()
{
jLabel1 = new JLabel();
ibutton1 = new JRadioButton();
ibutton2 = new JRadioButton();
ibutton3 = new JRadioButton();
field_amount = new JTextField();
field_paymentamount = new JTextField();
JTextArea field_paymentdisplay = new JTextArea();
button_calculate = new JButton();
button_clear = new JButton();
contentPane = (JPanel)this.getContentPane();
interestselect = new ButtonGroup();
jLabel1.setText("Mortgage Amount:");
ibutton1.setText("5 Year at 5.35% interest");
ibutton1.addItemListener(new ItemListener() {
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)
{
interest = 5.35;
length = 7;
}
});
ibutton2.setText("15 Year at 5.5% interest");
ibutton2.addItemListener(new ItemListener() {
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)
{
interest = 5.5;
length = 15;
}
});
ibutton3.setText("30 Year at 5.75% Interest");
ibutton3.setSelected(true);
ibutton3.addItemListener(new ItemListener() {
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)
{
interest = 5.75;
length = 30;
}
});
field_amount.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
field_amount_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
field_paymentamount.setText("-Monthly Payment Amount-");
field_paymentamount.setEditable(false);
field_paymentamount.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
field_paymentamount_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
field_paymentdisplay.setText(" ");
button_calculate.setText("Calculate");
button_calculate.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
button_calculate_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
button_clear.setText("Clear");
button_clear.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
button_clear_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
contentPane.setLayout(null);
addComponent(contentPane, jLabel1, 13,10,95,18);
addComponent(contentPane, ibutton1, 14,69,143,24);
addComponent(contentPane, ibutton2, 14,92,143,24);
addComponent(contentPane, ibutton3, 13,114,149,24);
addComponent(contentPane, field_amount, 12,31,100,22);
addComponent(contentPane, field_paymentamount, 15,154,134,22);
addComponent(contentPane, field_paymentdisplay, 175,21,190,184);
addComponent(contentPane, button_calculate, 14,223,83,28);
addComponent(contentPane, button_clear, 103,223,83,28);
interestselect.add(ibutton2);
interestselect.add(ibutton1);
interestselect.add(ibutton3);
this.setTitle("MortgageCalc2 - extends JFrame");
this.setLocation(new Point(0, 0));
this.setSize(new Dimension(390, 300));
}
private void addComponent(Container container,Component c,int x,int y,int width,int height)
{
c.setBounds(x,y,width,height);
container.add(c);
}
private void button_calculate_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
System.out.println("\nbutton_calculate_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) called.");
String amount1 = field_amount.getText();
Float amount = new Float(amount1);
double j = ( interest / ( 12 * 100 ) ) ;
double n = ( length * 12 );
double payment = ( amount * ( j / ( 1 - Math.pow( ( 1 + j ), -n ))));
String payment2 = Double.toString(payment);
field_paymentamount.setText(payment2);
double paymentadd = 0;
double paymentcount = 0;
while (paymentadd<amount) {
paymentadd = paymentadd + payment;
paymentcount = paymentcount + 1;
String doublepaymentadd1 = Double.toString(paymentadd);
String doublepaymentcount1 = Double.toString(paymentcount);
JTextArea.insert(doublepaymentadd1, doublepaymentcount1);
}
}
private void button_clear_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
System.out.println("\nbutton_clear_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) called.");
}
}```
Basically, in the large box to the right, I would like it too look like this:
1 AMOUNT
2 AMOUNT * 2
3 amount * 3
or
1 \$100
2 \$200
3 \$400
If anyone could help me, that would be great.
2. ## Re: Printing to a text area
Hello American Raptor and welcome to the forums.
I can't seem to compile this code. Is this the full code? | 1,305 | 6,063 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.546875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | longest | en | 0.857665 |
https://www.cram.com/essay/Mini-Case-Study-Bethesda-Mining/FKAGTMMZ4J2Z | 1,579,867,952,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00122.warc.gz | 836,108,711 | 9,841 | # Essay on Mini Case Study-Bethesda Mining
1321 Words Jul 13th, 2011 6 Pages
Mini-Case Study: Bethesda Mining Company Week 4 Application 2
Jo-Ann Savoie
Walden University
Finance: Fiscal Leadership in a Global Environment
DDBA-8140-2
Dr. Guerman Kornilov
March 24, 2011 The following Mini-Case on Bethesda Mining Company was taken from the text corporate finance (2010, P. 203-204). In order to determine if Bethesda Mine should open, a thorough analysis of the payback period, profitability index, average accounting return, net present value, internal rate of return, and the modified internal rate of return have been conducted.
Table 1. Cash flow on Investment
Tax rate= 38% Year 0 Cash flow (outflow) on investment Opportunity cost of using
The profitability index = PV of cash inflows/investment = \$115,067,705/\$94,915,000 = 1.21%
In order to determine the IRR and MIRR Excel IRR and MIRR functions were used. A result of 20% was calculated for the IRR and 15.65% was calculated for the MIRR.
Table 10. IRR calculations
Cash flow
(\$94,915,000)
\$25,909,270
\$31,443,670
\$31,866,670
\$67,254,990
\$0
\$2,850,000
20.00%
Table 11 MIRR calculations
Cash flow
(\$94,915,000)
\$25,909,270
\$31,443,670
\$31,866,670
\$67,254,990
\$0
\$2,850,000
15.65%
2. Should the project be undertaken? After all calculations have been completed I would support the project. The NPV is positive, and the IRR and MIRR are higher than the required rate of return of 12%. The payback period is less than four years and the profitability index is higher than 1.
References
Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R. W., & Jaffe, J. (2008). Corporate finance (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
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https://www.traditionaloven.com/building/beach-sand/convert-wt-oz-beach-sand-to-china-cuo-beach-sand.html | 1,529,695,220,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864776.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622182027-20180622202027-00244.warc.gz | 926,620,441 | 12,071 | Beach Sand 1 ounce weight to Chinese cuō converter
# beach sand conversion
## Amount: 1 ounce (oz) of weight Equals: 18.54 Chinese cuō (撮) in volume
Converting ounce to Chinese cuō value in the beach sand units scale.
TOGGLE : from Chinese cuō into ounces in the other way around.
## beach sand from ounce to Chinese cuō Conversion Results:
### Enter a New ounce Amount of beach sand to Convert From
* Whole numbers, decimals or fractions (ie: 6, 5.33, 17 3/8)
* Precision is how many numbers after decimal point (1 - 9)
Enter Amount :
Decimal Precision :
CONVERT : between other beach sand measuring units - complete list.
Conversion calculator for webmasters.
## Beach sand weight vs. volume units
Beach sand has quite high density, it's heavy and it easily leaks into even tiny gaps or other opened spaces. No wonder it absorbs and conducts heat energy from the sun so well. However, this sand does not have the heat conductivity as high as glass does, or fireclay and firebricks, or dense concrete. A fine beach sand in dry form was used for taking these measurements.
Convert beach sand measuring units between ounce (oz) and Chinese cuō (撮) but in the other reverse direction from Chinese cuō into ounces.
conversion result for beach sand: From Symbol Equals Result To Symbol 1 ounce oz = 18.54 Chinese cuō 撮
# Converter type: beach sand measurements
This online beach sand from oz into 撮 converter is a handy tool not just for certified or experienced professionals.
First unit: ounce (oz) is used for measuring weight.
Second: Chinese cuō (撮) is unit of volume.
## beach sand per 18.54 撮 is equivalent to 1 what?
The Chinese cuō amount 18.54 撮 converts into 1 oz, one ounce. It is the EQUAL beach sand weight value of 1 ounce but in the Chinese cuō volume unit alternative.
How to convert 2 ounces (oz) of beach sand into Chinese cuō (撮)? Is there a calculation formula?
First divide the two units variables. Then multiply the result by 2 - for example:
18.5387935685 * 2 (or divide it by / 0.5)
QUESTION:
1 oz of beach sand = ? 撮
1 oz = 18.54 撮 of beach sand
## Other applications for beach sand units calculator ...
With the above mentioned two-units calculating service it provides, this beach sand converter proved to be useful also as an online tool for:
1. practicing ounces and Chinese cuō of beach sand ( oz vs. 撮 ) measuring values exchange.
2. beach sand amounts conversion factors - between numerous unit pairs variations.
3. working with mass density - how heavy is a volume of beach sand - values and properties.
International unit symbols for these two beach sand measurements are:
Abbreviation or prefix ( abbr. short brevis ), unit symbol, for ounce is:
oz
Abbreviation or prefix ( abbr. ) brevis - short unit symbol for Chinese cuō is:
### One ounce of beach sand converted to Chinese cuō equals to 18.54 撮
How many Chinese cuō of beach sand are in 1 ounce? The answer is: The change of 1 oz ( ounce ) weight unit of beach sand measure equals = to volume 18.54 撮 ( Chinese cuō ) as the equivalent measure within the same beach sand substance type.
In principle with any measuring task, switched on professional people always ensure, and their success depends on, they get the most precise conversion results everywhere and every-time. Not only whenever possible, it's always so. Often having only a good idea ( or more ideas ) might not be perfect nor good enough solution. If there is an exact known measure in oz - ounces for beach sand amount, the rule is that the ounce number gets converted into 撮 - Chinese cuō or any other beach sand unit absolutely exactly.
Conversion for how many Chinese cuō ( 撮 ) of beach sand are contained in a ounce ( 1 oz ). Or, how much in Chinese cuō of beach sand is in 1 ounce? To link to this beach sand ounce to Chinese cuō online converter simply cut and paste the following.
The link to this tool will appear as: beach sand from ounce (oz) to Chinese cuō (撮) conversion.
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# Rectilinear motion: Calculation of velocity
A billiard ball is hit and travels in a line. If s centimeters is the distance of the ball from its initial position at t seconds, then s=100t2 + 100t. If the ball hits a cushion that is 39cm from its initial position, at what velocity does it hit the cushion?
#### Solution Summary
Velocity is calculated from displacement.
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# College Physics Plus MasteringPhysics with eText -- Access Card Package (10th Edition) Edit edition Problem 22P from Chapter 13: Ear damage from diving. If the force on the tympanic membran...
We have solutions for your book!
Chapter: Problem:
Ear damage from diving. If the force on the tympanic membrane (eardrum) increases by about 1.5 N above the force from atmospheric pressure, the membrane can be damaged. When you go scuba diving in the ocean, below what depth could damage to your ear-drum start to occur? The eardrum is typically 8.2 mm in diameter. (Consult Table 13.1 .)
Reference Table 13.1:
Step-by-step solution:
100%(8 ratings)
for this solution
Chapter: Problem:
• Step 1 of 3
The given force is above the force from atmospheric pressure. So the pressure calculated from the force is equal to the gauge pressure.
The mathematical expression of gauge pressure is
Here h is depth, is density of fluid and g is acceleration due to gravity.
• Chapter , Problem is solved.
Corresponding Textbook
College Physics Plus MasteringPhysics with eText -- Access Card Package | 10th Edition
9780321902566ISBN-13: 0321902564ISBN: | 277 | 1,159 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.84375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | latest | en | 0.84757 |
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This Website Has Been Moved to a New Link
### E18-18 Dino Dog Collars uses activity-based costing
Price: \$2.99
E18-18 Using activity-based costing to make decisions [10 min]
Dino Dog Collars uses activity-based costing. Dino’s system has the following features:
Allocation Base
Purchasing Number of purchase orders \$65.00 per purchase order
Assembling Number of parts \$ 0.36 per part
Packaging Number of finished collars \$ 0.25 per collar
Each collar has 4 parts; direct materials cost per collar is \$9. Direct labor cost is \$4
per collar. Suppose Animal Hut has asked for a bid on 25,000 dog collars. Dino will
issue a total of 150 purchase orders if Animal Hut accepts Dino’s bid.
Requirements
1. Compute the total cost Dino will incur to purchase the needed materials and
then assemble and package 25,000 dog collars. Also compute the cost per collar.
2. For bidding, Dino adds a 40% markup to total cost. What total price will the
company bid for the entire Animal Hut order?
3. Suppose that instead of an ABC system, Dino has a traditional product costing system
that allocates indirect costs other than direct materials and direct labor at the
rate of \$9.60 per direct labor hour. The dog collar order will require 12,000 direct
labor hours. What total price will Dino bid using this system’s total cost?
4. Use your answers to Requirements 2 and 3 to explain how ABC can help Dino
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https://blender.stackexchange.com/questions/98012/bone-parallelogram-connection-translations-and-parenting | 1,713,678,152,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817729.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421040323-20240421070323-00091.warc.gz | 123,704,827 | 38,489 | Bone Parallelogram Connection Translations and Parenting
I'm trying to get a single side of a mechanical parallelogram (with 2 bones parallel and equal in length) to carry the "Neck Base" along a fixed angle as a parallelogram only allows.
I've tried restricting the movement of the bone within the IK chain (pictures show that there are none, but I did try) to allow zero rotational movement, but the "Neck Base" still rotates weirdly and not smoothly. It reacts the same way without any of said rotational restrictions, if that helps.
I do have a Bone Constraint on both "Neck Rod Front" and "Neck Rod Back" to share the same rotation angle in only one axis as shown.
Is there a way to connect "Neck Rod Back" to the "Neck Base" to maintain that angle?
Is there a better way to complete this method of movement?
Here's a link for the file for testing.
https://ufile.io/wmhn6
Pictures:
Rest Position
Forward Position
Up Position
Short Gif
• Select one bone as control bone, which you will operate, and make all other dummy bones move by Copy Rotation constraints. Jan 7, 2018 at 11:26
• I don't want the "Neck Base" to rotate at all. It should remain at the same relative angle by virtue of the parallelogram. Jan 7, 2018 at 16:43
There are two simple solutions to it:
What both rigs have in common:
• boss and helper are children with offset of main. That puts them into local space and prevents flipping. If ever the rig has to do a looping this becomes relevant.
• bar is a child of boss.
• neck 1 is a child of bar with offset.
1. Two simple constraints.
This one works if the bones are really parallel and have the same length (copied). Helper has a Copy Rotation Constraint and rotates in sync with boss.
Bar has a Locked Track Constraint pointing to helper. Locked Tracks only rotate around a locked axis and are therefore more stable than a Track To. They won't flip.
Now you can rotate boss and everything will follow.
2. One slightly more complicated constraint
This one will work regardless of lengths and rotations as long as it can function mechanically. Good for rigging excavators. It has an additional bone, target, which is a child of helper with no offset.
This time, bar has an IK Constraint pointing to helper, chain length 2. boss and helper kind of need a rename since now it's helper who gets to be animated. bar and boss will follow.
But you could just as well turn bar around, parent it to helper, put the target on top of boss and do the IK chain the other way around.
A third solution would be to let main be a duplicate of bar, maybe form a complete parallelogram with the 4 bones and give bar a copy rotation constraint to main but it's not really needed.
I am rather a beginner, just plunging into the topic of rigging, and have downloaded your file because it is an interesting issue, but admittedly I got a bit messed since your rig lacks any "limit rotation" constraints. A possible workaround could perhaps be: Add an empty (as target) at the tip of Neck Rod Back and parent it to that bone so that it always keeps the position of the bone tail. In Edit mode, split the parenting (Armature-Split) between Neck Rod Front and Neck Base. Select the tail of Neck Rod Front and the root of Neck Base and connect them with a new bone, make it child of Neck Rod Front and parent of Neck Base. This new bone should get a track constraint to the empty so that it always points towards the tail of Neck Rod Back. Neck Base should keep its relative position to the new bone now. The other meshes must be re-parented to the proper bones. Perhaps you re-arrange the bone constraints and relationships from the shoulder upward to the head. Add the necessary movement constraints (Limit Rotation and possibly also Location; I suppose the parallelogram should move only within the symmetry plane of the robot body while the head should be allowed to tilt to both sides at the tail of Head Base?) - sorry, due to my limited experience I would have also have a lot of experimentation necessary to make that properly...
Greetings from Southern Germany, Tschöbbel
• Thanks for the answer. Could you please use paragraphs and proper spacing? Walls of text are extremely hard to read. Jan 30, 2018 at 23:25 | 951 | 4,249 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.65625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | latest | en | 0.939575 |
https://www.statology.org/ogive-python/ | 1,717,073,296,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-22/segments/1715971667627.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240530114606-20240530144606-00022.warc.gz | 881,107,967 | 16,968 | How to Create an Ogive Graph in Python
An ogive is a graph that shows how many data values lie above or below a certain value in a dataset. This tutorial explains how to create an ogive in Python.
Example: How to Create an Ogive in Python
Perform the following steps to create an ogive for a dataset in Python.
Step 1: Create a dataset.
First, we can create a simple dataset.
```import numpy as np
#create array of 1,000 random integers between 0 and 10
np.random.seed(1)
data = np.random.randint(0, 10, 1000)
#view first ten values
data[:10]
array([5, 8, 9, 5, 0, 0, 1, 7, 6, 9])
```
Step 2: Create an ogive.
Next, we can use the numpy.histogram function to automatically find the classes and the class frequencies. Then we can use matplotlib to actually create the ogive:
```import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#obtain histogram values with 10 bins
values, base = np.histogram(data, bins=10)
#find the cumulative sums
cumulative = np.cumsum(values)
# plot the ogive
plt.plot(base[:-1], cumulative, 'ro-')```
The ogive chart will look different based on the number of bins that we specify in the numpy.histogram function. For example, here’s what the chart would look like if we used 30 bins:
```#obtain histogram values with 30 bins
values, base = np.histogram(data, bins=10)
#find the cumulative sums
cumulative = np.cumsum(values)
# plot the ogive
plt.plot(base[:-1], cumulative, 'ro-')```
The argument ‘ro-‘ specifies:
• Use the color red (r)
• Use circles at each class break (o)
• Use lines to connect the circles (-)
Feel free to change these options to change the aesthetics of the chart.
May 29, 2024
May 13, 2024
April 25, 2024 | 457 | 1,676 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.90625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-22 | latest | en | 0.60757 |
http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1310328720 | 1,498,616,524,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322275.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628014207-20170628034207-00213.warc.gz | 564,485,266 | 3,714 | # Math
posted by .
A restaurant offers a \$20 dinner deal. Dinners share one of 4 appetizers, get 2 of 6 entrees and share one of 3 desserts. How many dinners can be selected? (To make it easier, let’s assume they don’t pick 2 of the same meal)
• Math -
4 choices of appetizers,
6 choose 2 entrees= (6,2) = 6*5/2 = 15
3 choices of desserts.
Multiply the choices together to get the total number of different dinners. | 119 | 421 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.96875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | latest | en | 0.8704 |
https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-r-book/9781118448960/OEBPS/9781118448960_epub_ch_09.htm | 1,631,846,266,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053918.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916234514-20210917024514-00575.warc.gz | 878,712,514 | 13,686 | Chapter 9
Statistical Modelling
The hardest part of any statistical work is getting started. And one of the hardest things about getting started is choosing the right kind of statistical analysis. The choice depends on the nature of your data and on the particular question you are trying to answer. The key is to understand what kind of response variable you have, and to know the nature of your explanatory variables. The response variable is the thing you are working on: it is the variable whose variation you are attempting to understand. This is the variable that goes on the y axis of the graph. The explanatory variable goes on the x axis of the graph; you are interested in the extent to which variation in the response variable is associated with variation in the explanatory variable. You also need to consider the way that the variables in your analysis measure what they purport to measure. A continuous measurement is a variable such as height or weight that can take any real numbered value. A categorical variable is a factor with two or more levels: sex is a factor with two levels (male and female), and colour might be a factor with seven levels (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet).
It is essential, therefore, that you can answer the following questions:
• Which of your variables is the response variable?
• Which are the explanatory variables?
• Are the explanatory variables continuous or categorical, or a mixture of both?
• What kind of response variable do you have: ...
Get The R Book, 2nd Edition now with O’Reilly online learning.
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https://www.myassignmenthelp.net/sample-assignment/ae442-hw4 | 1,679,421,164,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943704.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321162614-20230321192614-00520.warc.gz | 1,014,066,722 | 18,742 | + 61-7-5641-0117
AE442 HW4
Problem 1 (10 pts): Estimate the empty weight for a G280. Compare to actual the specification empty weight.
W0=39600 lbs
Wp=4050 lbs
Assume each crew member weighs 180 lbs
```Wc=2*180= 360 lbs
Wf=14600 lbs
W0= (Wc+Wp)/(1- We/W0 -Wf/W0 )=(360+4050)/(1- We/39600-14600/39600)= 39600
We=20590 lbs comparing with W_e=24150 lbs
```
Problem 2 (10 pts): Estimate the structural weight for a G280. Make sure to break the analysis down into major components.
Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfstream_G280
Problem 3 (10 pts): Estimate maximum fuel load cg for a challenger 604.
Sources:
Problem 4 (40 pts): Write a 2 page 1.5 spaced report summarizing in your own words one of the following accidents and incidents. Make sure to cover the events up to and subsequent the accident. What were the proposed causes? What actions did the NTSB recommend and how did the FAA follow up on those recommendations? What would you also suggest to address the cause?
1. China Airlines Flight 120
On August 20th, 2007, the Boeing 737-800 flying from Taiwan to Naha Airport in Okinawa was just landed with engines turned off, before the ground crew noticed the fire on its number 2 engine. Captain You Chien-kou informed the air traffic controller, then followed through the check list required ordering an emergency evacuation. With 157 passengers and 8 crew on board, all the passengers and flight attendants managed to leave the aircraft safely through the four hatches using slides. First Officer Tseng Ta-wei and the captain left the aircraft through the cockpit windows when the last flight attendant had fled from the right aft hatch. Immediately after the evacuation of the last person (the Taiwanese captain), the number 2 engine and its right wing fuel tanks exploded and burst violently into flames, igniting a blaze that destroyed the aircraft. This incident has received much attention since such fire appeared after the engine had shut down, while the majority of the accidents happened during landing, some during taxing, but rarely after engines turned off, and also due to the fact that B737 is nearly the most popular airplane in the world.
The cause of the accident was investigated by the Aircraft and Railway Accidents Investigation Commission of Japan. The crew, as confirmed by the recording in the cockpit voice recorder, did not observe any abnormalities before the incident. When the investigators were collecting testament from witnesses, it was observed that the fire started at the right side of the wing. The cause was first suspected to be the wheel fire, but as the investigation carried on going through the component examination, such possibility was eliminated soon. The electrical fire cause was also ruled out by the information provided in the Black Box recording all the airplane status and that every circuit data turned out to be fine. Then the investigation focused on the aircraft right engine, especially the engine core at the back where most of the accidents usually occur, while the results showed that such fire started externally rather than internally. The testament from a ramp worker had caused attention of this accident investigation, stating that there was the liquid dripping from the leading edge of the right wing.
Such stated observation could only lead to one possible object: jet fuel. The next question became what had caused fuel leak. The first direct suspect was the fuel line, which was viewed as the most vulnerable part in the fuel system and that most of the tanks are located inside the two massive wings. However, as the entire fuel system was traced, the investigation results came out as that nothing was found ruptured in fuel line. Such source of accident was also eliminated. The remaining reason was the fuel tank with no doubts, but the fuel tanks were designed to withstand the rigors of flight for years and that any cracks or leaks should not happen. A borescope, a small camera useful in tight space inspection was taken advantage by the investigators and a bolt sticking out of the fuel tank was discovered with the help. The bolt was first doubted to be originate externally since there has been accidents caused by a piece a metal debris on the runway. After the schematics of the 737 wing structure, the mysterious bolt was determined to be from a downstop assembly of the slat mechanism on the wing’s leading edge. The downstop assembly was used to prevent the slats from reaching too far forward from the wing when flaps and slats are extended during every takoff and landing. And this particular bolt was not a runway debris but was fixed at the end of the track constraining the movement of slats from reading its maximum deployment length. The investigation moved on as they are pouring over the Boeing service document and learned that two previous instances happened before with this part failing and causing fuel leak on a minor scale and in both cases, the fuel tanks were punctured. And Boeing was aware and subsequently and issued a special work order to secure the downstop assembly on all 737s. The solution document issued by Boeing suggested to remove the nut and stall a thread hardening material before reinstalling the nut, in order to harden it in place. Nonetheless, the work order of this airplane indicated that the very assembly has just manipulated a few weeks before the accident. The investigated carried further in checking all the component parts when as missing washer, which was supposed to position behind the nut, was found out missing. The searching for the washer in the rest of the wing remains ended as it was lying in the leading-edge assembly. Bearing the question that, what could cause the in-between washer to fall off while with the nut still staying the on the bolt, in mind, the investigators ask the workers at China Airlines to demonstrate the procedure of their work since the report does not tell the details. The possibility of washer falling off during maintenance procedure due to restricted visual area in performing, and further causing the whole assembly falling apart, had come into the picture. Since such particular washer was required, the whole assembly could fall apart without it attaching.
The first plausible explanation was landed for China Airlines Flight 120 by suggesting that as the jolt offered by touchdown enough to knock off the bolt from the downstop, it landed in the slat can, which is a tight, confined area that houses the moving track of the slat, that any foreign object could cause accident. As the hydraulic force retracted the slat track back into the can with downstop bolt in the way, it was punctured through the right wing fuel tank creating a hole, thus resulting in the fuel leak. Normally, the engine exhaust can disperse the leaking fuel, but as the airplane was parked and engines shut down, fuel started dripping on the scorching-hot tail pipe, and consequently ignited it on contact.
Later, Boeing redesigned the downstop mechanism and made sure improved part is installed on each and every plane. The Japan Transport Safety Board recommended the Civil Aeronautics Administration of Taiwan to supervise China Airlines to take the following actions: When planning and implementing maintenance jobs, the scope of jobs should be fully ascertained and the working conditions and environments should be appropriately evaluated, and the countermeasures to prevent maintenance errors including the actions taken in 2009 against the recurrence of this accident should be steadfastly implemented and enhanced.
The United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered emergency inspections of wing leading-edge slat tracks on all Next Generation Boeing 737 aircraft. The Emergency Airworthiness Directive (EAD) from the FAA requires operators to inspect the slat track downstop to check for missing parts, ensure proper installation, and check the inside of the slat can for foreign object debris and damage. The directive requires operators to inspect within 24 days and every 3000 flight cycles thereafter. Following feedback from completed inspections revealing loose parts in several other aircraft and one with a damaged slat can, the FAA issued a new emergency airworthiness directive on August 28. Airlines were then required to perform the inspection on Next Generation Boeing 737 aircraft within 10 days instead of 24 days. In addition, the AD required a one-time torquing of the nut and bolt in the downstop assembly for the slat track within 24 days.
If I were to suggest in addressing the cause, I would paid more attention in improvement regarding first, the downstop mechanism or adopt other system of assembly so that a washer would not cause such huge influence, and second, improvement on the slate can to have more space or safely increasing the space between the slat can and the fuel tank.
Sources:
Cite This work.
My Assignment Help (2023) Subject. Retrive from https://www.myassignmenthelp.net/sample-assignment/ae442-hw4
"Subject." My Assignment Help,2023, https://www.myassignmenthelp.net/sample-assignment/ae442-hw4
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×
# Starting from rest, a 12-cm-diameter compact disk takes
ISBN: 9780130606204 3
## Solution for problem 58GP Chapter 5
Physics: Principles with Applications | 6th Edition
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Problem 58GP
Starting from rest, a 12-cm-diameter compact disk takes 3.0 s to reach its operating angular velocity of 2000 rpm. Assume that the angular acceleration is constant. The disk’s moment of inertia is . a. How much torque is applied to the disk? b. How many revolutions does it make before reaching full speed?
Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1 of 3
Solution Here we have first note down the given data: Radius of the disk=d/2=12 cm/2=0.060 m Initial angular velocity (w ) 0 0 rad/s Final angular velocity(w) = 2000 rpm,we must converted into SI units. w = (2000 rpm)(2/60) rad/s r =209.4 rad/s The compact disk is a rigid body.rotating about its center,the initial angular velocity w =00 rad/s and final angular velocity w = 209.4 rad/s. a....
Step 2 of 3
Step 3 of 3
##### ISBN: 9780130606204
The full step-by-step solution to problem: 58GP from chapter: 5 was answered by , our top Physics solution expert on 03/03/17, 03:53PM. This full solution covers the following key subjects: disk, angular, moment, assume, Before. This expansive textbook survival guide covers 35 chapters, and 3914 solutions. The answer to “Starting from rest, a 12-cm-diameter compact disk takes 3.0 s to reach its operating angular velocity of 2000 rpm. Assume that the angular acceleration is constant. The disk’s moment of inertia is . a. How much torque is applied to the disk? b. How many revolutions does it make before reaching full speed?” is broken down into a number of easy to follow steps, and 53 words. Physics: Principles with Applications was written by and is associated to the ISBN: 9780130606204. Since the solution to 58GP from 5 chapter was answered, more than 416 students have viewed the full step-by-step answer. This textbook survival guide was created for the textbook: Physics: Principles with Applications, edition: 6.
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http://mathforum.org/paths/fractions/search.wholes.html | 1,521,907,524,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650730.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324151847-20180324171847-00295.warc.gz | 185,620,521 | 2,593 | ## Search for Wholes
Elementary Lessons || Middle School Lessons || Contents
An Explorer lesson plan. Download a Claris Works or Acrobat file from the Explorer site. Also information on grades, availability, description, curriculum, process skills, author, and publisher.
Author: Joanne Caniglia
Description: Students will add fractions with like and unlike denominators to find whole units.
Objectives: To find fractional wholes and equivalent fractions.
Resources/Materials: Fraction Grid
Activities/Procedures: Students are to circle the fractions (vertically, horizontally, and diagonally) that add to 1.
Evaluation: The completed puzzle has over 25 wholes.
```
1/4 4/8 1/2 5/12 1/3 1/6 3/6 2/4 2/6
1/4 2/3 2/6 1/4 2/4 4/8 1/4 2/8 1/6
6/12 1/4 1/6 1/5 2/10 1/4 1/6 2/10 3/6
3/6 3/8 2/12 3/6 2/6 1/4 1/4 2/8 1/4
1/4 1/2 3/4 1/4 2/3 1/6 2/3 2/4 2/5
2/5 1/5 2/5 3/8 1/3 1/4 3/4 1/2 5/6
1/8 1/4 1/4 3/8 1/2 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/6
``` | 446 | 1,050 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.59375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | latest | en | 0.734124 |
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Broad Topics > Algebra > Inequality/inequalities
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### Two Cubes
##### Stage: 4 Challenge Level:
Two cubes, each with integral side lengths, have a combined volume equal to the total of the lengths of their edges. How big are the cubes? [If you find a result by 'trial and error' you'll need to. . . .
### Big, Bigger, Biggest
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Which is the biggest and which the smallest of $2000^{2002}, 2001^{2001} \text{and } 2002^{2000}$?
### Giants
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Which is the bigger, 9^10 or 10^9 ? Which is the bigger, 99^100 or 100^99 ?
### Code to Zero
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Find all 3 digit numbers such that by adding the first digit, the square of the second and the cube of the third you get the original number, for example 1 + 3^2 + 5^3 = 135.
### Max Box
##### Stage: 4 Challenge Level:
Three rods of different lengths form three sides of an enclosure with right angles between them. What arrangement maximises the area
### Square Mean
##### Stage: 4 Challenge Level:
Is the mean of the squares of two numbers greater than, or less than, the square of their means?
### Power Up
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Show without recourse to any calculating aid that 7^{1/2} + 7^{1/3} + 7^{1/4} < 7 and 4^{1/2} + 4^{1/3} + 4^{1/4} > 4 . Sketch the graph of f(x) = x^{1/2} + x^{1/3} + x^{1/4} -x
### All-variables Sudoku
##### Stage: 3, 4 and 5 Challenge Level:
The challenge is to find the values of the variables if you are to solve this Sudoku.
### Approximating Pi
##### Stage: 4 and 5 Challenge Level:
By inscribing a circle in a square and then a square in a circle find an approximation to pi. By using a hexagon, can you improve on the approximation?
### In Between
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Can you find the solution to this algebraic inequality?
### Integral Sandwich
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Generalise this inequality involving integrals.
### Exhaustion
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Find the positive integer solutions of the equation (1+1/a)(1+1/b)(1+1/c) = 2
### Rationals Between...
##### Stage: 4 Challenge Level:
What fractions can you find between the square roots of 65 and 67?
### Without Calculus
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Given that u>0 and v>0 find the smallest possible value of 1/u + 1/v given that u + v = 5 by different methods.
### Farey Neighbours
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Farey sequences are lists of fractions in ascending order of magnitude. Can you prove that in every Farey sequence there is a special relationship between Farey neighbours?
### Classical Means
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Use the diagram to investigate the classical Pythagorean means.
### Mediant
##### Stage: 4 Challenge Level:
If you take two tests and get a marks out of a maximum b in the first and c marks out of d in the second, does the mediant (a+c)/(b+d)lie between the results for the two tests separately.
### Diverging
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Show that for natural numbers x and y if x/y > 1 then x/y>(x+1)/(y+1}>1. Hence prove that the product for i=1 to n of [(2i)/(2i-1)] tends to infinity as n tends to infinity.
### Climbing
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Sketch the graphs of y = sin x and y = tan x and some straight lines. Prove some inequalities.
### Number Chains
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Find all the periodic cycles and fixed points in this number sequence using any whole number as a starting point.
### Squareness
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
The family of graphs of x^n + y^n =1 (for even n) includes the circle. Why do the graphs look more and more square as n increases?
### After Thought
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Which is larger cos(sin x) or sin(cos x) ? Does this depend on x ?
### Tetra Inequalities
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Prove that in every tetrahedron there is a vertex such that the three edges meeting there have lengths which could be the sides of a triangle.
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Find all positive integers a and b for which the two equations: x^2-ax+b = 0 and x^2-bx+a = 0 both have positive integer solutions.
### Integral Inequality
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
An inequality involving integrals of squares of functions.
### Thousand Words
##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:
Here the diagram says it all. Can you find the diagram?
### Unit Interval
##### Stage: 4 and 5 Challenge Level:
Take any two numbers between 0 and 1. Prove that the sum of the numbers is always less than one plus their product?
### Proofs with Pictures
##### Stage: 5
Some diagrammatic 'proofs' of algebraic identities and inequalities. | 1,837 | 7,133 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | longest | en | 0.861987 |
http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1291862862 | 1,493,215,182,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121355.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00450-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 586,998,388 | 3,675 | # Maths
posted by on .
How to work out the comparison 13 out of 39 as a percent
• Maths - ,
Divide:
13/39 = 0.33333 = 33 1/3% | 48 | 130 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.390625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | latest | en | 0.905339 |
https://quizgecko.com/learn/math-practice-for-10-year-olds-addition-subtraction-multiplication-division-g80xsm | 1,726,395,692,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700651622.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240915084859-20240915114859-00387.warc.gz | 444,075,266 | 45,614 | 17 Questions
1 Views
# Math Practice for 10-year-olds: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, and Fractions
Created by
@ReliableDidgeridoo
### What is a suggested method for practicing addition according to the text?
• Practicing multiplication facts
• Creating subtraction charts
• Using division word problems
• Using real-life scenarios (correct)
• ### What type of math practice is essential for 10-year-olds according to the article?
• Algebra and geometry
• Fractions only
• Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (correct)
• ### How can one practice subtraction effectively based on the text?
• Use multiplication facts
• Create subtraction charts with numbers from 1 to 20 (correct)
• Add single-digit numbers to double-digit numbers
• ### What is an example of practicing multiplication according to the text?
<p>5 x 2 = 10</p> Signup and view all the answers
### What should be included in addition charts based on the article?
<p>Numbers from 1 to 20</p> Signup and view all the answers
### Which mathematical concepts are mentioned as essential for practice in the article?
<p>Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and fractions</p> Signup and view all the answers
### Which activity involves creating charts with numbers from 1 to 10 and practicing multiplying the numbers?
<p>Multiplication Charts</p> Signup and view all the answers
### If a store has 20 apples and a customer buys 12, how many apples does the store have left?
<p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers
### What mathematical concept involves practice with identifying and comparing fractions?
<p>Fraction Facts</p> Signup and view all the answers
### If a pizza is divided into 6 slices and you want 5/6 of the pizza, how many slices will you have?
<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers
### Which activity involves practicing dividing by 10 and 100?
<p>Division Facts</p> Signup and view all the answers
### If a store has 30 apples and a customer buys 15, how many apples does the store have left?
<p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers
### What is the sum of 15 and 12?
<p>27</p> Signup and view all the answers
### If you have 35 cents and you spend 20 cents, how much money do you have left?
<p>15 cents</p> Signup and view all the answers
### If you subtract 17 from 35, what is the result?
<p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers
### If you have 8 pencils and you want to give 3 pencils to each of your 4 friends, how many pencils will each friend get?
<p>2 pencils</p> Signup and view all the answers
### If you have 24 marbles and each marble has 6 sides, how many sides do you have in total?
<p>144 sides</p> Signup and view all the answers
## Simple Math Practice for 10 Year Olds: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, and Fractions
Math practice is essential for 10-year-olds to develop their skills and confidence in various mathematical concepts. This article provides simple and fun ways to practice addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and fractions.
1. Addition Facts: Practice adding single-digit numbers to double-digit numbers. For example, 7 + 3 = 10, then 10 + 5 = 15.
2. Addition Word Problems: Use real-life scenarios to practice addition. For example, if a store has 10 pencils and a customer buys 3 more, how many pencils does the store have now?.
3. Addition Charts: Create addition charts with numbers from 1 to 20, and practice adding the numbers.
### Subtraction
1. Subtraction Facts: Practice subtracting single-digit numbers from double-digit numbers. For example, 15 - 3 = 12.
2. Subtraction Word Problems: Use real-life scenarios to practice subtraction. For example, if a store has 20 apples and a customer buys 5, how many apples does the store have left?.
3. Subtraction Charts: Create subtraction charts with numbers from 1 to 20, and practice subtracting the numbers.
### Multiplication
1. Multiplication Facts: Practice multiplying single-digit numbers. For example, 5 x 2 = 10.
2. Multiplication Word Problems: Use real-life scenarios to practice multiplication. For example, if a store has 5 apples and a customer buys 2 more, how many apples does the store have now?.
3. Multiplication Charts: Create multiplication charts with numbers from 1 to 10, and practice multiplying the numbers.
### Division
1. Division Facts: Practice dividing by 10 and 100. For example, 50 ÷ 10 = 5.
2. Division Word Problems: Use real-life scenarios to practice division. For example, if a store has 50 apples and a customer buys 10, how many apples does the store have left?.
3. Division Charts: Create division charts with numbers from 1 to 20, and practice dividing the numbers.
### Fractions
1. Fraction Facts: Practice identifying and comparing fractions. For example, 1/2 is greater than 1/4, but less than 3/4.
2. Fraction Word Problems: Use real-life scenarios to practice with fractions. For example, if a pizza is divided into 4 slices and you want 3/4 of the pizza, how many slices will you have?.
3. Fraction Charts: Create fraction charts with different fractions, and practice identifying and comparing them.
Remember, practice is key to mastering these mathematical concepts. Make math fun and engaging by incorporating games, activities, and real-life scenarios into your practice routine.
## Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
## Description
Explore simple and fun ways for 10-year-olds to practice addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and fractions through real-life scenarios, facts, word problems, and charts. Enhance mathematical skills and confidence through engaging activities and games.
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Error: | 1,325 | 5,805 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.59375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | latest | en | 0.894209 |
https://www.environmentalistsforeurope.org/what-is-anti-commutator/ | 1,708,626,347,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00703.warc.gz | 764,348,748 | 13,090 | ## What is anti commutator?
Table of Contents
## What is anti commutator?
When talking about fermions (pauli-exclusion principle, grassman variables θ1θ2=−θ2θ1), the commutators have to be adjusted accordingly (change the minus sign), thus become anti-commutators (in order to measure the same quantity).
## What do you mean by creation and annihilation?
An annihilation operator (usually denoted ) lowers the number of particles in a given state by one. A creation operator (usually denoted. ) increases the number of particles in a given state by one, and it is the adjoint of the annihilation operator.
Why do we need second quantization?
Second quantization is the standard formulation of quantum many-particle theory. It is important for use both in Quantum Field Theory (because a quantized field is a qm op- erator with many degrees of freedom) and in (Quantum) Condensed Matter Theory (since matter involves many particles).
What is meant by second quantization?
The second quantization formalism introduces the creation and annihilation operators to construct and handle the Fock states, providing useful tools to the study of the quantum many-body theory.
### What is the purpose of a commutator?
On DC and most AC motors the purpose of the commutator is to insure that the current flowing through the rotor windings is always in the same direction, and the proper coil on the rotor is energized in respect to the field coils.
### How does a commutator work?
How do commutators work? A commutator is a rotatory electrical switch that reverses the direction of current between the rotor and the external circuit periodically. The reversal of the current each half-turn gives rise to a steady rotating torque.
What are fermionic operators?
are the creation and annihilation operators for fermions and that they anti-commute. The states are then antisymmetric under interchange of pairs of fermions. Its not hard to show that the occupation number for fermion states is either zero or one.
What is the purpose of ladder operators?
They are used in angular momentum to rise or lower quantum numbers and quantum harmonic oscillators to move between energy levels.
#### What is the difference between 1st and 2nd quantization?
If the phase-space variables of the classical theories are trajectories, we call the process of quantisation “first”. If the phase-space variables are fields, we call it “second” quantisation.
#### What is meant by Zitterbewegung?
In physics, the zitterbewegung (“jittery motion” in German) is the predicted rapid oscillatory motion of elementary particles that obey relativistic wave equations.
What is difference between first and second quantization?
What is first quantization and second quantization?
By convention, the original form of quantum mechanics is denoted first quantization, while quantum field theory is formulated in the language of second quantization. Second quantization greatly simplifies the discussion of many interacting particles. This approach merely reformulates the original SCHRÖDINGER equation.
## What is the function and action of a commutator?
The function of commutator ring in an electric motor is to reverse the direction of current flowing through the coil every time coil just passes the vertical position during a revolution. Hence as the direction of the current is reversed, the torque is changed in the direction.
## What is a commutator made of?
The commutator itself is a split ring, typically made of copper, with each segment of the ring attached to each end of the armature coil. If the armature has multiple coils, the commutator will similarly have multiple segments—one for each end of each coil.
Why is the commutator necessary?
To keep the coil rotating in same direction, commutator is needed to change the direction of current in the coil after each half rotation of coil.
What is a boson in chemistry?
In particle physics, a boson (/ˈboʊzɒn/ /ˈboʊsɒn/) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0,1,2 …). Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have odd half-integer spin (1⁄2, 3⁄2, 5⁄2 …).
### Do raising and lowering operators commute?
Furthermore, by construction they do not commute, so there is no reason for them to commute… In addition, they are not just rising operators, as they multiply the Fock states by a number, on top of rising or lowering the number of bosons.
### What is the eigenvalue of ladder operator?
In linear algebra (and its application to quantum mechanics), a raising or lowering operator (collectively known as ladder operators) is an operator that increases or decreases the eigenvalue of another operator.
Is the ladder operator Hermitian?
Unlike x and p and all the other operators we’ve worked with so far, the lowering and raising operators are not Hermitian and do not repre- sent any observable quantities.
What are the properties of the commutator?
The commutator has the following properties: Relation (3) is called anticommutativity, while (4) is the Jacobi identity . . In other words, the map ad A defines a derivation on the ring R. Identities (2), (3) represent Leibniz rules for more than two factors, and are valid for any derivation.
#### What is the difference between commutator and anticommutator?
is then used for commutator. The anticommutator is used less often, but can be used to define Clifford algebras and Jordan algebras, and in the derivation of the Dirac equation in particle physics.
#### What is the commutator of G and H?
The definition of the commutator above is used throughout this article, but many other group theorists define the commutator as [g, h] = ghg−1h−1.
What is the commutator of a star product?
In phase space, equivalent commutators of function star-products are called Moyal brackets, and are completely isomorphic to the Hilbert-space commutator structures mentioned. The commutator has the following properties: Relation (3) is called anticommutativity, while (4) is the Jacobi identity . | 1,336 | 6,096 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.96875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | latest | en | 0.919439 |
http://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/boxcars/boxcars022.shtml | 1,477,377,961,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719960.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00173-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 429,209,181 | 34,878 | ## Search form
Math Games With Jane and Joanne
## PLAYERS
• 4 (2 vs. 2) or 2 (1 vs. 1)
## EQUIPMENT
• playing cards Ace (=1) through 10 (10=0)
## GETTING STARTED
Player 1 turns over three cards from the top of the deck and uses them to form a number with a decimal. She uses black cards as whole numbers and red cards as decimals.
Example Player 1 draws a black 4, a red 1, and a red 6 to form the number 4.16.
Then Player 1 takes three more cards and forms another number. She adds together the two numbers.
Example
• Player 1 draws a red 3, a black 2, and a black 1 to form the number 12.3.
• She adds 4.16 + 12.3 for a total of 16.46.
Player two takes his turn. He does the same thing.
After this first round, play continues. Both players turn over three new cards per turn. They continue to keep a tally of their scores until one player gets closest to a total of 500 (or 1000) without exceeding it.
Joanne Currah and Jane Felling have created two best-selling math game books -- Shuffling Into Math (for teachers of grades K-3) and All Hands on Deck (grades 1-9). Each book includes simple instructions for more than 100 math games that help children discover math concepts and reinforce math skills. Education World is pleased to present a selection of those activities in this series.Click to learn more about these books and other exciting products and service from Joanne and Jane's Box Cars and One-Eyed Jacks.
### More About Box Cars and One-Eyed Jacks
Joanne Currah and Jane Felling created their company, BOX CARS & ONE-EYED JACKS, for the sole purpose of making math fun -- not threatening or frustrating -- for children. Joanne and Jane spend many days each year on the road as they train teachers to make math fun for kids and run Family Math Nights at schools. To learn more about the authors, their books, and the services they provide, visit them at www.boxcarsandoneeyedjacks.com or email them at boxcars@planet.eon.net.
Education World® | 494 | 1,971 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.609375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | longest | en | 0.927827 |
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_70/January_1907/The_Value_of_Science:_Tactile_Space_V | 1,591,267,308,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439928.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604094848-20200604124848-00412.warc.gz | 337,478,835 | 29,216 | # Popular Science Monthly/Volume 70/January 1907/The Value of Science: Tactile Space V
THE VALUE OF SCIENCE
By M. H. POINCARÉ
MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE
§ 3. Tactile Space
THUS I know how to recognize the identity of two points, the point occupied by ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }$ at the instant ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ and the point occupied by ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }$ at the instant ${\displaystyle \beta }$ but only on one condition, namely, that I have not budged between the instants ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ and ${\displaystyle \beta }$. That does not suffice for our object. Suppose, therefore, that I have moved in any manner in the interval between these two instants, how shall I know whether the point occupied by ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }$ at the instant a is identical with the point occupied by ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }$ at the instant ${\displaystyle \beta }$? I suppose that at the instant ${\displaystyle \alpha }$, the object ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }$ was in contact with my first finger and that in the same way, at the instant ${\displaystyle \beta }$, the object ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }$ touches this first finger; but at the same time, my muscular sense has told me that in the interval my body has moved. I have considered above two series of muscular sensations ${\displaystyle S}$ and ${\displaystyle S'}$, and I have said it sometimes happens that we are led to consider two such series ${\displaystyle S}$ and ${\displaystyle S'}$ as inverse one of the other, because we have often observed that when these two series succeed one another our primitive impressions are reestablished.
If then my muscular sense tells me that I have moved between the two instants ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ and ${\displaystyle \beta }$, but so as to feel successively the two series of muscular sensations ${\displaystyle S}$ and ${\displaystyle S'}$ that I consider inverses, I shall still conclude, just as if I had not budged, that the points occupied by ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }$ at the instant ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ and by ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }$ at the instant ${\displaystyle \beta }$ are identical, if I ascertain that my first finger touches ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }$ at the instant ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }$ at the instant ${\displaystyle \beta }$.
This solution is not yet completely satisfactory, as one will see. Let us see, in fact, how many dimensions it would make us attribute to space. I wish to compare the two points occupied by ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }$ and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }$ at the instants ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ and ${\displaystyle \beta }$, or (what amounts to the same thing since I suppose that my finger touches ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }$ at the instant ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }$ at the instant ${\displaystyle \beta }$) I wish to compare the two points occupied by my finger at the two instants ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ and ${\displaystyle \beta }$. The sole means I use for this comparison is the series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ of muscular sensations which have accompanied the movements of my body between these two instants. The different imaginable series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ form evidently a physical continuum of which the number of dimensions is very great. Let us agree, as I have done, not to consider as distinct the two series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma +s+s'}$, when ${\displaystyle S}$ and ${\displaystyle S'}$ are inverses one of the other in the sense above given to this word; in spite of this agreement, the aggregate of distinct series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ will still form a physical continuum and the number of dimensions will be less but still very great.
To each of these series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ corresponds a point of space; to two series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma '}$ thus correspond two points ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} }$ and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} '}$. The means we have hitherto used enable us to recognize that ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} }$ and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} '}$ are not distinct in two cases: (1) if ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ is identical with ${\displaystyle \Sigma '}$ (2) if ${\displaystyle \Sigma =\Sigma +s+s'}$, ${\displaystyle s}$ and ${\displaystyle s'}$ being inverses one of the other. If in all the other cases we should regard ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} }$ and ${\displaystyle Mu'}$ as distinct, the manifold of points would have as many dimensions as the aggregate of distinct series ${\displaystyle \Sigma '}$, that is, much more than three.
For those who already know geometry, the following explanation would be easily comprehensible. Among the imaginable series of muscular sensations, there are those which correspond to series of movements where the finger does not budge. I say that if one does not consider as distinct the series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma +\sigma }$, where the series a corresponds to movements where the finger does not budge, the aggregate of series will constitute a continuum of three dimensions, but that if one regards as distinct two series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma '}$ unless ${\displaystyle \Sigma '}$ ${\displaystyle =}$ ${\displaystyle \Sigma +s+s'}$, ${\displaystyle s}$ and ${\displaystyle s'}$ being inverses, the aggregate of series will constitute a continuum of more than three dimensions.
In fact, let there be in space a surface ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }$, on this surface a line ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }$, on this line a point ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} }$. Let ${\displaystyle C_{0}}$ be the aggregate of all series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$. Let ${\displaystyle C_{1}}$ be the aggregate of all the series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$, such that at the end of corresponding movements the finger is found upon the surface A, and ${\displaystyle C_{2}}$ or ${\displaystyle C_{3}}$ the aggregate of series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ such that at the end the finger is found on ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }$, or at ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} }$. It is clear, first that ${\displaystyle C_{1}}$ will constitute a cut which will divide ${\displaystyle C_{0}}$, that ${\displaystyle C_{2}}$ will be a cut which will divide ${\displaystyle C_{1}}$, and ${\displaystyle C_{3}}$ a cut which will divide ${\displaystyle C_{2}}$. Thence it results, in accordance with our definitions, that if ${\displaystyle C_{3}}$ is a continuum of ${\displaystyle n}$ dimensions, ${\displaystyle C_{0}}$ will be a physical continuum of ${\displaystyle n+3}$ dimensions.
Therefore, let ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma +\sigma }$ a be two series forming part of ${\displaystyle C_{3}}$; for both, at the end of the movements, the finger is found at M; thence results that at the beginning and at the end of the series σ, the finger is at the same point M. This series a is therefore one of those which correspond to movements where the finger does not budge. If ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma +\sigma }$ are not regarded as distinct, all the series of ${\displaystyle C_{3}}$ blend into one; therefore ${\displaystyle C_{3}}$ will have dimension, and ${\displaystyle C_{0}}$ will have 3, as I wished to prove. If, on the contrary, I do not regard ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma +\sigma }$ as blending (unless ${\displaystyle \sigma =s+s'}$, ${\displaystyle s}$ and ${\displaystyle s'}$ being inverses), it is clear that ${\displaystyle C_{3}}$ will contain a great number of series of distinct sensations; because, without the finger budging, the body may take a multitude of different attitudes. Then ${\displaystyle C_{3}}$ will form a continuum and ${\displaystyle C_{0}}$ will have more than three dimensions, and this also I wished to prove.
We who do not yet know geometry can not reason in this way; we can only verify. But then a question arises; how, before knowing geometry, have we been led to distinguish from the others these series a-where the finger does not budge? It is, in fact, only after having made this distinction that we could be led to regard ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma +\sigma }$ as identical, and it is on this condition alone, as we have just seen, that we can arrive at space of three dimensions.
We are led to distinguish the series ${\displaystyle \sigma }$, because it often happens that when we have executed the movements which correspond to these series o-of muscular sensations, the tactile sensations which are transmitted to us by the nerve of the finger that we have called the first finger, persist and are not altered by these movements. Experience alone tells us that and it alone could tell us.
If we have distinguished the series of muscular sensations ${\displaystyle s+s'}$ formed by the union of two inverse series, it is because they preserve the totality of our impressions; if now we distinguish the series ${\displaystyle \sigma }$, it is because they preserve certain of our impressions. (When I say that a series of muscular sensations ${\displaystyle s}$ 'preserves' one of our impressions ${\displaystyle A}$, I mean that we ascertain that if we feel the impression ${\displaystyle A}$, then the muscular sensations ${\displaystyle s}$, we still feel the impression ${\displaystyle A}$ after these sensations ${\displaystyle s}$.)
I have said above it often happens that the series ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ do not alter the tactile impressions felt by our first finger; I said often, I did not say ${\displaystyle always.}$ This it is that we express in our ordinary language by saying that the tactile impressions would not be altered if the finger has not moved, on the condition that neither has the object ${\displaystyle A}$, which was in contact with this finger, moved. Before knowing geometry, we could not give this explanation; all we could do is to ascertain that the impression often persists, but not always.
But that the impression often continues is enough to make the series o-appear remarkable to us, to lead us to put in the same class the series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma +\sigma }$, and hence not regard them as distinct. Under these conditions we have seen that they will engender a physical continuum of three dimensions.
Behold then a space of three dimensions engendered by my first finger. Each of my fingers will create one like it. It remains to consider how we are led to regard them as identical with visual space, as identical with geometric space.
But one reflection before going further; according to the foregoing, we know the points of space, or more generally the final situation of our body, only by the series of muscular sensations revealing to us the movements which have carried us from a certain initial situation to this final situation. But it is clear that this final situation will depend, on the one hand, upon these movements and, on the other hand, upon the initial situation from which we set out. Now these movements are revealed to us by our muscular sensations; but nothing tells us the initial situation; nothing can distinguish it for us from all the other possible situations. This puts well in evidence the essential relativity of space.
§ 4. Identity of the Different Spaces
We are therefore led to compare the two continua ${\displaystyle C}$ and ${\displaystyle C'}$ engendered, for instance, one by my first finger ${\displaystyle D}$, the other by my second finger ${\displaystyle D'}$. These two physical continua both have three dimensions. To each element of the continuum ${\displaystyle C}$, or, if you prefer, to each point of the first tactile space, corresponds a series of muscular sensations ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$, which carry me from a certain initial situation to a certain final situation.[1] Moreover, the same point of this first space will correspond to ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and to ${\displaystyle \Sigma +\sigma }$, if ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ is a series of which we know that it does not make the finger ${\displaystyle D}$ move.
Similarly to each element of the continuum ${\displaystyle C'}$, or to each point of the second tactile space, corresponds a series of sensations ${\displaystyle \Sigma '}$, and the same point will correspond to ${\displaystyle \Sigma '}$ and to ${\displaystyle \Sigma '+\sigma '}$, if ${\displaystyle \sigma '}$ is a series which does not make the finger ${\displaystyle D'}$ move.
What makes us distinguish the various series designated ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ from those called ${\displaystyle \sigma '}$ is that the first do not alter the tactile impressions felt by the finger ${\displaystyle D}$ and the second preserve those the finger ${\displaystyle D'}$ feels.
Now see what we ascertain: in the beginning my finger ${\displaystyle D'}$ feels a sensation ${\displaystyle A'}$; I make movements which produce muscular sensations ${\displaystyle S}$; my finger ${\displaystyle D}$ feels the impression ${\displaystyle A}$; I make movements which produce a series of sensations ${\displaystyle \sigma }$; my finger ${\displaystyle D}$ continues to feel the impression ${\displaystyle A}$, since this is the characteristic property of the series ${\displaystyle \sigma }$; I then make movements which produce the series ${\displaystyle S'}$ of muscular sensations, inverse to ${\displaystyle S}$ in the sense above given to this word. I ascertain then that my finger ${\displaystyle D'}$ feels anew the impression ${\displaystyle A'}$. (It is of course understood that ${\displaystyle S}$ has been suitably chosen.)
This means that the series ${\displaystyle s+\sigma +s'}$, preserving the tactile impressions of the finger ${\displaystyle D'}$, is one of the series I have called ${\displaystyle \sigma '}$. Inversely, if one takes any series ${\displaystyle \sigma '}$, ${\displaystyle s'+\sigma '+s}$ will be one of the series that we call ${\displaystyle \sigma }$.
Thus if ${\displaystyle s}$ is suitably chosen, ${\displaystyle s+\sigma +s'}$ will be a series ${\displaystyle \sigma '}$, and by making ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ vary in all possible ways, we shall obtain all the possible series ${\displaystyle \sigma '}$.
Not yet knowing geometry, we limit ourselves to verifying all that, but here is how those who know geometry would explain the fact. In the beginning my finger ${\displaystyle D'}$ is at the point ${\displaystyle M}$, in contact with the object ${\displaystyle a}$, which makes it feel the impression ${\displaystyle A'}$. I make the movements corresponding to the series ${\displaystyle S}$; I have said that this series should be suitably chosen, I should so make this choice that these movements carry the finger ${\displaystyle D}$ to the point originally occupied by the finger ${\displaystyle D'}$, that is, to the point ${\displaystyle M}$; this finger ${\displaystyle D}$ will thus be in contact with the object ${\displaystyle a}$, which will make it feel the impression ${\displaystyle A}$.
I then make the movements corresponding to the series ${\displaystyle \sigma }$; in these movements, by hypothesis, the position of the finger ${\displaystyle D}$ does not change, this finger therefore remains in contact with the object ${\displaystyle a}$ and continues to feel the impression ${\displaystyle A}$. Finally I make the movements corresponding to the series ${\displaystyle S'}$. As ${\displaystyle S'}$ is inverse to ${\displaystyle S}$, these movements carry the finger ${\displaystyle D'}$ to the point previously occupied by the finger ${\displaystyle D}$, that is, to the point ${\displaystyle M}$. If, as may be supposed, the object a has not budged, this finger ${\displaystyle D'}$ will be in contact with this object and will feel anew the impression ${\displaystyle A'}$. . . . ${\displaystyle Q.E.D.}$
Let us see the consequences. I consider a series of muscular sensations ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$. To this series will correspond a point ${\displaystyle M}$ of the first tactile space. Now take again the two series ${\displaystyle s}$ and ${\displaystyle s'}$, inverses of one another, of which we have just spoken. To the series ${\displaystyle s+\Sigma +s'}$ will correspond a point ${\displaystyle N}$ of the second tactile space, since to any series of muscular sensations corresponds, as we have said, a point, whether in the first space or in the second.
I am going to consider the two points ${\displaystyle N}$ and ${\displaystyle M}$, thus defined, as corresponding. What authorizes me so to do? For this correspondence to be admissible, it is necessary that if two points ${\displaystyle M}$ and ${\displaystyle M'}$, corresponding in the first space to two series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma '}$, are identical, so also are the two corresponding points of the second space ${\displaystyle N}$ and ${\displaystyle N'}$, that is the two points which correspond to the two series ${\displaystyle s+\Sigma +s'}$ and ${\displaystyle s+\Sigma '+s'}$. Now we shall see that this condition is fulfilled.
First a remark. As ${\displaystyle S}$ and ${\displaystyle S'}$ are inverses of one another, we shall have ${\displaystyle S+S'=0}$, and consequently ${\displaystyle S+S'+\Sigma =\Sigma +S+S'=\Sigma }$, or again ${\displaystyle \Sigma +S+S'+\Sigma '=\Sigma +\Sigma '}$; but it does not follow that we have ${\displaystyle S+\Sigma +S'=\Sigma }$; because, though we have used the addition sign to represent the succession of our sensations, it is clear that the order of this succession is not indifferent: we can not, therefore, as in ordinary addition, invert the order of the terms; to use abridged language, our operations are associative, but not commutative.
That fixed, in order that ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma '}$ should correspond to the same point ${\displaystyle M=M'}$ of the first space, it is necessary and sufficient for us to have ${\displaystyle \Sigma '=\Sigma +\sigma }$. We shall then have: ${\displaystyle S+\Sigma '+\Sigma '=S+\Sigma +\sigma +S'=8+\Sigma +S'+S+\sigma +S'}$.
But we have just ascertained that ${\displaystyle S+\sigma +8'}$ was one of the series ${\displaystyle \sigma }$. We shall therefore have: ${\displaystyle S+\Sigma '+S'=S+\Sigma +S'+\sigma '}$, which means that the series ${\displaystyle S+\Sigma '+S'}$ and ${\displaystyle S+\Sigma +S'}$ correspond to the same point ${\displaystyle N=N'}$ of the second space. ${\displaystyle Q.E.D.}$
Our two spaces therefore correspond point for point; they can be 'transformed' one into the other; they are isomorphic. How are we led to conclude thence that they are identical?
Consider the two series ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle S+\sigma +S'=\sigma '}$. I have said that often, but not always, the series ${\displaystyle o-}$ preserves the tactile impression ${\displaystyle A}$ felt by the finger ${\displaystyle D}$; and similarly it often happens, but not always, that the series ${\displaystyle \sigma '}$ preserves the tactile impression ${\displaystyle A'}$ felt by the ringer ${\displaystyle D'}$. Now I ascertain that it happens very often (that is, much more often than what I have just called 'often') that when the series ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ has preserved the impression ${\displaystyle A}$ of the finger ${\displaystyle D}$, the series ${\displaystyle \sigma '}$ preserves at the same time the impression ${\displaystyle A'}$ of the finger ${\displaystyle D'}$; and, inversely, that if the first impression is altered, the second is likewise. That happens very often, but not always.
We interpret this experimental fact by saying that the unknown object a which gives the impression ${\displaystyle A}$ to the finger ${\displaystyle D}$ is identical with the unknown object ${\displaystyle a'}$ which gives the impression ${\displaystyle A'}$ to the finger ${\displaystyle D'}$. And in fact when the first object moves, which the disappearance of the impression ${\displaystyle A}$ tells us, the second likewise moves, since the impression ${\displaystyle A'}$ disappears likewise. When the first object remains motionless, the second remains motionless. If these two objects are identical, as the first is at the point ${\displaystyle M}$ of the first space and the second at the point ${\displaystyle N}$ of the second space, these two points are identical. This is how we are led to regard these two spaces as identical; or better this is wbat we mean when we say that they are identical.
What we have just said of the identity of the two tactile spaces makes unnecessary our discussing the question of the identity of tactile space and visual space, which could be treated in the same way.
§ 5. Space and Empiricism
It seems that I am about to be led to conclusions in conformity with empiristic ideas. I have, in fact, sought to put in evidence the role of experience and to analyze the experimental facts which intervene in the genesis of space of three dimensions. But whatever may be the importance of these facts, there is one thing we must not forget and to which besides I have more than once called attention. These experimental facts are often verified but not always. That evidently does not mean that space has often three dimensions, but not always.
I know well that it is easy to save oneself and that, if the facts do not verify, it will be easily explained by saying that the exterior objects have moved. If experience succeeds, we say that it teaches us about space; if it does not succeed, we hie to exterior objects which we accuse of having moved; in other words, if it does not succeed, it is given a fillip.
These fillips are legitimate; I do not refuse to admit them; but they suffice to tell us that the properties of space are not experimental truths, properly so called. If we had wished to verify other laws, we could have succeeded also, by giving other analogous fillips. Should we not always have been able to justify these fillips by the same reasons? One could at most have said to us: 'Your fillips are doubtless legitimate, but you abuse them; why move the exterior objects so often?'
To sum up, experience does not prove to us that space has three dimensions; it only proves to us that it is convenient to attribute three to it, because thus the number of fillips is reduced to a minimum.
I will add that experience brings us into contact only with representative space, which is a physical continuum, never with geometric space, which is a mathematical continuum. At the very most it would appear to tell us that it is convenient to give to geometric space three dimensions, so that it may have as many as representative space.
The empiric question may be put under another form. Is it impossible to conceive physical phenomena, the mechanical phenomena for example, otherwise than in space of three dimensions? We should thus have an objective experimental proof, so to speak, independent of our physiology, of our modes of representation.
But it is not so; I shall not here discuss the question completely, I shall confine myself to recalling the striking example given us by the mechanics of Hertz. You know that the great physicist did not believe in the existence of forces, properly so called; he supposed that visible material points are subjected to certain invisible bonds which join them to other invisible points and that it is the effect of these invisible bonds that we attribute to forces.
But that is only a part of his ideas. Suppose a system formed of ${\displaystyle n}$ material points, visible or not; that will give in all ${\displaystyle 3n}$ coordinates; let us regard them as the coordinates of a single point in space of ${\displaystyle 3n}$ dimensions. This single point would be constrained to remain upon a surface (of any number of dimensions ${\displaystyle <3n)}$ in virtue of the bonds of which we have just spoken; to go on this surface from one point to another, it would always take the shortest way; this would be the single principle which would sum up all mechanics.
Whatever should be thought of this hypothesis, whether we be allured by its simplicity, or repelled by its artificial character, the simple fact that Hertz was able to conceive it, and to regard it as more convenient than our habitual hypotheses, suffices to prove that our ordinary ideas, and, in particular, the three dimensions of space, are in no wise imposed upon mechanics with an invincible force.
§ 6. Mind and Space
Experience, therefore, has played only a single role, it has served as occasion. But this rôle was none the less very important; and I have thought it necessary to give it prominence. This rôle would have been useless if there existed an a priori form imposing itself upon our sensitivity, and which was space of three dimensions.
Does this form exist, or, if you choose, can we represent to ourselves space of more than three dimensions? And first what does this question mean? In the true sense of the word, it is clear that we can not represent to ourselves space of four, nor space of three, dimensions; we can not first represent them to ourselves empty, and no more can we represent to ourselves an object either in space of four, or in space of three, dimensions: (1) Because these spaces are both infinite and we can not represent to ourselves a figure in space, that is, the part in the whole, without representing the whole, and that is impossible, because it is infinite; (2) because these spaces are both mathematical continua and we can represent to ourselves only the physical continuum; (3) because these spaces are both homogeneous, and the frames in which we enclose our sensations, being limited, can not be homogeneous.
Thus the question put can only be understood in another manner; is it possible to imagine that, the results of the experiences related above having been different, we might have been led to attribute to space more than three dimensions; to imagine, for instance, that the sensation of accommodation might not be constantly in accord with the sensation of convergence of the eyes; or indeed that the experiences of which we have spoken in paragraph 2 and of which we express the result by saying 'that touch does not operate at a distance,' might have led us to an inverse conclusion.
And then evidently yes that is possible. From the moment one imagines an experience, one imagines just by that the two contrary results it may give. That is possible, but that is difficult, because we have to overcome a multitude of associations of ideas, which are the fruit of a long personal experience and of the still longer experience of the race. Is it these associations (or at least those of them that we have inherited from our ancestors), which constitute this a priori form of which it is said that we have pure intuition? Then I do not see why one should declare it refractory to analysis and should deny me the right of investigating its origin.
When it is said that our sensations are 'extended' only one thing can be meant, that is that they are always associated with the idea of certain muscular sensations, corresponding to the movements which enable us to reach the object which causes them, which enable us, in other words, to defend ourselves against it. And it is just because this association is useful for the defense of the organism, that it is so old in the history of the species and that it seems to us indestructible. Nevertheless, it is only an association and we can conceive that it may be broken; so that we may not say that sensation can not enter consciousness without entering in space, but that in fact it does not enter consciousness without entering in space, which means, without being entangled in this association.
No more can I understand one's saying that the idea of time is logically subsequent to space, since we can represent it to ourselves only under the form of a straight line; as well say that time is logically subsequent to the cultivation of the prairies, since it is usually represented armed with a scythe. That one can not represent to himself simultaneously the different parts of time, goes without saying, since the essential character of these parts is precisely not to be simultaneous. That does not mean that we have not the intuition of time. So far as that goes, no more should we have that of space, because neither can we represent it, in the proper sense of the word, for the reasons 1 have mentioned. What we represent to ourselves under the name of straight is a crude image which as ill resembles the geometric straight as it does time itself.
Why has it been said that every attempt to give a fourth dimension to space always carries this one back to one of the other three? It is easy to understand. Consider our muscular sensations and the 'series' they may form. In consequence of numerous experiences, the ideas of these series are associated together in a very complex woof, our series are classed. Allow me, for convenience of language, to express my thought in a way altogether crude and even inexact by saying that our series of muscular sensations are classed in three classes corresponding to the three dimensions of space. Of course this classification is much more complicated than that, but that will suffice to make my reasoning understood. If I wish to imagine a fourth dimension, I shall suppose another series of muscular sensations, making part of a fourth class. But as all my muscular sensations have already been classed in one of the three preexistent classes, I can only represent to myself a series belonging to one of these three classes, so that my fourth dimension is carried back to one of the other three.
What does that prove? This: that it would have been necessary first to destroy the old classification and replace it by a new one in which the series of muscular sensations should have been distributed into four classes. The difficulty would have disappeared.
It is presented sometimes under a more striking form. Suppose I am enclosed in a chamber between the six impassable boundaries formed by the four walls, the floor and the ceiling; it will be impossible for me to get out and to imagine my getting out. Pardon, can you not imagine that the door opens, or that two of these walls separate? But of course, you answer, one must suppose that these walls remain immovable. Yes, but it is evident that I have the right to move; and then the walls that we suppose absolutely at rest will be in motion with regard to me. Yes, but such a relative motion can not be anything; when objects are at rest, their relative motion with regard to any axes is that of a rigid solid; now, the apparent motions that you imagine are not in conformity with the laws of motion of a rigid solid. Yes, but it is experience which has taught us the laws of motion of a rigid solid; nothing would prevent our imagining them different. To sum up, for me to imagine that I get out of my prison, I have only to imagine that the walls seem to open, when I move.
I believe, therefore, that if by space is understood a mathematical continuum of three dimensions, were it otherwise amorphous, it is the mind which constructs it, but it does not construct it out of nothing; it needs materials and models. These materials, like these models, preexist within it. But there is not a single model which is imposed upon it; it has choice; it may choose, for instance, between space of four and space of three dimensions. What then is the rôle of experience? It gives the indications following which the choice is made.
Another thing: whence does space get its quantitative character? It comes from the rôle which the series of muscular sensations play in its genesis. These are series which may repeat themselves, and it is from their repetition that number comes; it is because they can repeat themselves indefinitely that space is infinite. And finally we have seen, at the end of section 3, that it is also because of this that space is relative. So it is repetition which has given to space its essential characteristics; now, repetition supposes time; this is enough to tell that time is logically anterior to space.
§ 7. Rôle of the Semicircular Canals
I have not hitherto spoken of the role of certain organs to which the physiologists attribute with reason a capital importance, I mean the semicircular canals. Numerous experiments have sufficiently shown that these canals are necessary to our sense of orientation; but the physiologists are not entirely in accord; two opposing theories have been proposed, that of Mach-Delage and that of M. de Cyon.
M. de Cyon is a physiologist who has made his name illustrious by important discoveries on the innervation of the heart; I can not, however agree with his ideas on the question before us. Not being a physiologist, I hesitate to criticize the experiments he has directed against the adverse theory of Mach-Delage; it seems to me, however, that they are not convincing, because in many of them the total pressure was made to vary in one of the canals, while, physiologically, what varies is the difference between the pressures on the two extremities of the canal; in others the organs were subjected to profound lesions, which must alter their functions.
Besides, this is not important; the experiments, if they were irreproachable, might be convincing against the old theory. They would not be convincing for the new theory. In fact, if I have rightly understood the theory, my explaining it will be enough for one to understand that it is impossible to conceive of an experiment confirming it.
The three pairs of canals would have as sole function to tell us that space has three dimensions. Japanese mice have only two pairs of canals; they believe, it would seem, that space has only two dimensions, and they manifest this opinion in the strongest way; they put themselves in a circle, and, so ordered, they spin rapidly around. The lampreys, having only one pair of canals, believe that space has only one dimension, but their manifestations are less turbulent.
It is evident that such a theory is inadmissible. The sense-organs are designed to tell us of changes which happen in the exterior world. We could not understand why the Creator should have given us organs destined to cry without cease: Remember that space has three dimensions, since the number of these three dimensions is not subject to change.
We must, therefore, come back to the thory of Mach-Delage. What the nerves of the canals can tell us is the difference of pressure on the two extremities of the same canal, and thereby: (1) the direction of the vertical with regard to three axes rigidly bound to the head; (2) the three components of the acceleration of translation of the center of gravity of the head; (3) the centrifugal forces developed by the rotation of the head; (4) the acceleration of the motion of rotation of the head.
It follows from the experiments of M. Delage that it is this last indication which is much the most important; doubtless because the nerves are less sensible to the difference of pressure itself than to the brusque variations of this difference. The first three indications may thus be neglected.
Knowing the acceleration of the motion of rotation of the head at each instant, we deduce from it, by an unconscious integration, the final orientation of the head, referred to a certain initial orientation taken as origin. The circular canals contribute, therefore, to inform us of the movements that we have executed, and that on the same ground as the muscular sensations. When, therefore, above we speak of the series ${\displaystyle S}$ or of the series ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$, we should say, not that these were series of muscular sensations alone, but that they were series at the same time of muscular sensations due to the semicircular canals. Apart from this addition, we should have nothing to change in what precedes.
In the series ${\displaystyle S}$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$, these sensations of the semicircular canals evidently hold a very important place. Yet alone they would not suffice, because they can tell us only of the movements of the head; they tell us nothing of the relative movements of the body, or of the members in regard to the head. And more, it seems that they tell us only of the rotations of the head and not of the translations it may undergo.
NOBEL MEDALS[2]
The gold medals conferred in connection with the Nobel prizes are here shown. Above is the medal in physics and in chemistry. The obverse of the medals in medicine and in literature is the same; the reverse of each of these medals is shown beneath. At the bottom is the medal for the promotion of peace.
1. In place of saying that we refer space to axes rigidly bound to our body, perhaps it would be better to say, in conformity to what precedes, that we refer it to axes rigidly bound to the initial situation of our body.
2. Image must be fuzzy due to copyright protection. | 8,397 | 37,242 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 258, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.71875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | latest | en | 0.938644 |
https://metacpan.org/release/MHASCH/Math-ModInt-0.013/source/lib/Math/ModInt/Trivial.pm | 1,652,859,272,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521152.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518052503-20220518082503-00506.warc.gz | 465,387,971 | 5,304 | ``````package Math::ModInt::Trivial;
use 5.006;
use strict;
use warnings;
# ----- object definition -----
# Math::ModInt::Trivial=ARRAY(...)
# .......... index .......... # .......... value ..........
use constant NFIELDS => 0;
# ----- class data -----
BEGIN {
require Math::ModInt;
our @ISA = qw(Math::ModInt);
our \$VERSION = '0.013';
}
*signed_residue =
*centered_residue = \&residue;
my \$singleton = bless [];
# ----- overridden methods -----
sub _NEG { \$singleton }
sub _ADD { \$singleton }
sub _SUB { \$singleton }
sub _MUL { \$singleton }
sub _DIV { \$singleton }
sub _POW { \$singleton }
sub _INV { \$singleton }
sub _NEW { \$singleton }
sub _NEW2 { (\$_[1], \$singleton) }
sub modulus { 1 }
sub residue { 0 }
1;
__END__
Math::ModInt::Trivial - integer arithmetic modulo one
This documentation refers to version 0.013 of Math::ModInt::Trivial.
use Math::ModInt qw(mod);
\$a = mod(0, 1); # 0 [mod 1]
\$b = \$a->new(0); # 0 [mod 1]
\$c = \$a + \$b; # 0 [mod 1]
\$d = \$a**2 - \$b/\$a; # 0 [mod 1]
print \$d->residue, " [mod ", \$b->modulus, "]"; # prints 0 [mod 1]
print "\$d\n"; # prints mod(0, 1)
\$bool = \$c == \$d; # true
Math::ModInt::Trivial is an implementation of Math::ModInt for
modulus one. Like all Math::ModInt implementations, it is loaded
behind the scenes when there is demand for it, without applications
needing to worry about it.
The residue class modulo one is the only ring where division by
zero is defined, because the single element is its own multiplicative
inverse. While operating on a one-element space may seem rather
pointless, modular arithmetic would be incomplete without it, as
it is a valid quotient ring of the ring of integers.
=over 4
=item *
L<Math::ModInt>
=item *
The subject "trivial ring" on Wikipedia.
L<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_ring>
=back
Martin Becker, E<lt>becker-cpan-mp I<at> cozap.comE<gt>
Copyright (c) 2009-2021 Martin Becker, Blaubeuren.
This library is free software; you can distribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the Artistic License 2.0 (see LICENSE file).
=head1 DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
=cut
`````` | 672 | 2,503 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.765625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | latest | en | 0.592067 |
http://blog.kaplangradprep.com/2013/01/11/gre-answer-choice-tricks-part-4/ | 1,369,026,732,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698354227/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095914-00085-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 26,258,614 | 9,376 | Jan
11
2013
# GRE Answer Choice Tricks, Part 4
Today we wrap up the series that began here: a look at how the GRE test makers play possum and try to hide correct answers in plain sight. We’ll close on a simple but powerful note.
The test makers like for there to be as few negative signs as possible in their fractions. Take a look at this one:
This would never be the correct answer choice, since there’s a way to cut a negative sign. If you ever get a fraction with variables as your answer and don’t see it in the answer choices, don’t panic. Chances are, you just need to fiddle with the negative signs a bit. Multiply the top and bottom of the fraction by -1:
This is good to know in general: multiplying (b) by a negative sign causes the variables to flip around and make (a). You can tweak the order of terms around a minus sign to your heart’s content with negative multiplication.
If you’ve encountered other tricky answer choice situations, let us know in the comments!
## Related Posts
#### About the Author: Boris Dvorkin
After picking up degrees in English and computer science from Case Western, Boris Dvorkin worked for six unfortunate months as a computer programmer before finding a home at Kaplan in May 2008. He is now a full-time GRE faculty member on-site and online, and he's worked on Kaplan's curriculum for the recent GRE revision. Boris was named Kaplan's Teacher of the Year for 2010. When he's not gushing about standardized test trivia, Boris enjoys playing obscure strategy board games, and is the proud owner of no less than three different board games about Portuguese spice merchants. | 356 | 1,626 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.140625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | latest | en | 0.934919 |
http://www.preservearticles.com/201105307214/what-are-the-five-types-of-elasticitys-of-demand.html | 1,386,290,981,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163048803/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131728-00094-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 497,843,200 | 6,828 | # What are the five types of elasticity’s of demand?
The degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of a commodity to the change in price is called elasticity of demand. price elasticity of demand is popularly called elasticity of demand. It is the rate of which quantity demanded changes in response to the change in price. Elasticity of demand expresses the magnitude of change in quantity of a commodity.
Precisely stated, price elasticity demand is defined as the ratio of percentage change in quantity demanded to a percentage change in price. Thus elasticity of demand can be expressed in form of the following as price and quantity demanded move opposite.
Five cases of Elasticity of Demand:
1. Perfectly elastic demand
2. Perfectly inelastic demand
3. Relatively elastic demand
4. Relatively inelastic demand
5. Unitary elastic demand
1. Perfectly elastic demand:
The demand is said to be perfectly .elastic when a very insignificant change in price leads to an infinite change in quantity demanded. A very small fall in price causes demand to rise infinitely. Likewise a very insignificant rise in price reduces the demand to zero. This case is theoretical which is never found in real life.
2. Perfectly inelastic demand:
The demand is said to be perfectly inelastic when a change in price produces no change in the quantity demanded of a commodity. In such a case quantity demanded remains constant regardless of change in price. The amount demanded is totally unresponsive of change in price. The elasticity of demand is said to be zero.
3. Relatively more elastic demand:
The demand is relatively more elastic when a small change in price causes a greater change in quantity demanded. In such a case a proportionate change in price of a commodity causes more than proportionate change in quantity demanded. If price changes by 10% the quantity demanded of the commodity change by more than 10% i.e. 25%. The demand curve in such a situation is relatively flatter.
4. Relatively inelastic demand:
It is a situation where a greater change in price leads to smaller change in quantity demanded. The demand is said to be relatively inelastic when a proportionate change in price is greater than the proportionate change in quantity demanded. For example If price falls by 20% quantity demanded rises by less than 20% i.e 15%.
5. Unitary elastic demand:
The demand is said to be unit when a change in price produces exactly the same percentage change in the quantity demanded of a commodity. In such a situation the percentage change in both the price and quantity demanded is the same. For example if the price falls by 25% the quantity demanded rises by the same 25%. It takes the shape of a rectangular hyperbola. Numerically elasticity of demand is said to be equal to 1.(ed = 1).
Free Subscription | 575 | 2,832 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.96875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | longest | en | 0.914727 |
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/117062/convex-functions-bounding-the-difference?sort=oldest | 1,469,598,633,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825366.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00267-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 157,874,747 | 14,423 | # Convex functions: bounding the difference
Suppose you are given a convex function $f: R^d \rightarrow R$. Let us say you are given $x,x' \in R^d$ and $x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n \in R^d$ such that
$$\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i - x') = x - x'.$$
Is it possible to bound $f(x) - f(x')$ in terms of $f(x_i) - f(x')$?
That is, a bound of the form
$$f(x) - f(x') \leq \sum_{i}^n \left( f(x_i) - f(x') \right) + \sum_i^n \epsilon(x_i,x),$$
where $\epsilon_i$ are some small "error" functions based on some property of $f$? Is there a class of functions $f$ for which this will be valid with $\epsilon = 0$?
-
Crossposted to math.SE: math.stackexchange.com/q/263923/264 In the future, please wait some time before posting your question in multiple fora, and when you do, provide links to the other posts - as you can imagine, it would be frustrating for someone to put time into answering your question here, only to see hear from you that you'd already gotten the solution elsewhere. – Zev Chonoles Dec 23 '12 at 3:21
Sorry about this. I realized after posting to math.SE that mathoverflow might be a better place. Thanks for pointing it out. – Rajhans Dec 24 '12 at 23:25
$$f(x) - f(x') \le \sum_i \left(f(x_i) - f(x')\right)$$ iff the function $g(x) = f(x + x') - f(x')$ is subadditive. | 407 | 1,277 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.671875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | latest | en | 0.880011 |
http://mathsci2.appstate.edu/~sjg/class/3610/highlightsf04.html | 1,516,559,623,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890823.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121175418-20180121195418-00482.warc.gz | 224,789,948 | 7,301 | Dr. Sarah's Math 3610 Class Highlights
### Dr. Sarah's Math 3610 Class Highlights Fall 2004 Page The following is NOT HOMEWORK unless you miss part or all of the class. See the Main Class Web Page for ALL homework and due dates.
• Mon Dec 6 Speedbump cartoon. Students go over the test questions. If time remains, then discuss geometry of the universe
• Mon Nov 29 Discuss the presentations. Discuss the end of the worksheet. Continue going over geometry of the earth problems. After problem 13, go back to Problem 11 (Pythagorean Thm). Review our Euclidean proofs and discuss what goes wrong in spherical geometry. Problem 14, and then 15.
• Wed Dec 1 Finish up problem 15. Speedbump cartoon Then discuss the final project and the last test. If time remains then search for "what is geometry."
• Fri Dec 3 Test 4
• Mon Nov 22 Sketchpad presentations.
• Mon Nov 15 Sketchpad test.
• Wed Nov 17 Continue going over geometry of the earth problems, including 11-12 using
• Dynamic Geometry activities on the sphere
2) Walter Fendt's Java Applet
and continuing with the other probelms as time allows.
• Fri Nov 19 Go back to problem 11 via beachball activity
• Mon Nov 8 Finish presentations and go over problems 1-4 on the geometry of the earth.
• Wed Nov 10 From the Sketchpad 4 folder, open up Sketchpad/Samples/Sketches/Investigations/ Poincare Disk.gsp and discuss the other folders and files as possibilities for short Sketchpad presentations. Continue going over problems on the geometry of the earth.
• Dynamic Geometry activities on the sphere
2) Walter Fendt's Java Applet
• Fri Nov 12 Review Problems 1-8, including why Playfair's is not the same as Euclid's 5th in spherical geometry (by relating this to the Euclidean proof that these are equivalent statements if we assume the first 28 propositions of Euclid). Continue going over the geometry of the earth problems, including 9-12, and WHY SAS fails in spherical (compare to why it failed in taxicab geometry and why it was true in Euclidean).
• Mon Nov 1 Go over project 6 and paper folding activities. Discuss class readings. From the Sketchpad 4 folder, open up Sketchpad/Samples/Sketches/Investigations/ Poincare Disk.gsp. We begin with hyperbolic geometry theorems.
• Show that the existence part of Playfair's axiom works by constructing a parallel via perpendiculars. Measure alternate interior angles to see that they are approximately congruent. Then drag the parallel, changing the angle to show the uniqueness portion fails. Measure the alternate interior angles to see that they are not congruent.
• Hyperbolic Parallel Axiom: If m is a line and A is a point not on m, then there exist exactly two noncollinear halflines AB and AC which do not intersect m and such that a third halfline AD intersects m if and only if AD is between AB and AC.
• Wed Nov 3 Review Monday's activities. From the Sketchpad 4 folder, open up Sketchpad/Samples/Sketches/Investigations/ Poincare Disk.gsp
• What is the sum of the angles in a hyperbolic triangle? How large can the sum of the angles get? How small can the sum of the angles get?
Image of Sum of Angles
• Escher worksheet
• Is the Pythagorean theorem ever, always or never true in hyperbolic geometry?
Image of Hyperbolic Pythagorean Thm Image
• Fri Nov 5 Presentations on the geometry of our earth
• Mon Oct 25 Review hyperbolic geometry activities from class on Thursday. Go over the proof that equidistant is the same as parallel in Euclidean geometry, and discuss what goes wrong in hyperbolic geometry. Discuss Playfair's postulate in Euclidean and hyperbolic geometry. Use Prop 11, 12 and 27 of Euclid in order to prove the existence part of Playfair's axiom for Euclidean geometry. Discuss the fact that the existence part of Playfair's still works in hyperbolic geometry, but that we obtain infinitely many parallels (we'll see this in lab), because we do not need the full strength of Prop 27 (where the angles have to be equal) in order to have non-intersecting lines. Instead, there are many different combinations of angles that result in non-intersecting lines. If time remains then go over the test.
• Wed Oct 27 Discuss the confusion between Euclid's 5th and Playfair's. Prove that if we assume that Euclid's first 28 propositions hold, then Euclid's 5th postulate is equivalent to Playfair's axiom (ie prove iff). We'll see that this is not true in general later.
• Fri Oct 29 Presentations on folding:
-Folding an angle bisector
-Folding the perpendicular bisector of a line segment
-Folding the perpendicular from a given point to a given line
-Folding the perpendicular through a point on a line
-Folding a line parallel to a given line through a given point
-Folding to show that the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180 degrees
-Folding the intersection of the altitutes of a triangle
-Folding the intersection of the angle bisectors of a triangle
-Folding the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle
-Folding the intersection of the medians of a triangle
-Folding to show that the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the two other legs of a right triangle
-Folding to show that (x+y)(x-y)=x2 -y2
Then go to the computer lab or library to work on finding book and web references for the Geometry of our Universe project.
• Mon Oct 18 Discuss last problem from project. Discuss taxicab activities. Discuss homework readings. What does parallel mean? (book definitions). Go over some pictures and discuss whether we think they should be parallel or not and whether they satisfy the definitions. Given parametric forms of two lines in three space, how can we tell whether they are parallel? Alternate ways to tell when objects are parallel. Definition versus theorems in geometry.
• Wed Oct 20 Begin hyperbolic geometry. Save each Sketchpad file (control/click and then download it to the documents folder) and then open it up from Sketchpad and follow the directions. Show Dr. Sarah before you go on to the next file.
• What are the shortest distance paths in hyperbolic geometry?
Image of Shortest Distance Paths
• Is parallel the same as equidistant in hyperbolic geometry?
Image of Equidistant 1
Image of Equidistant 2
• Is Euclid's 5th postulate ever, always or never true in hyperbolic space?
Image of Euclid's 5th Postulate
• Fri Oct 22 Test 2
• Mon Oct 11 Presentations on the Sketchpad activities from last Wednesday. Go over the proof that the perpendicular bisectors are concurrent. Discuss taxicab circles and the relationship to the strategy for the Taxicab treasure hunt. Highlight the possible number of intersections of taxicab circles for different examples. Example 1 Example 2. Discuss the Relationship to the NCTM standards. Begin Taxicab activities in Sketchpad
• Wed Oct 13 Finish Taxicab activities in Sketchpad .
• Mon Oct 4 Collect the homework models. Sibley p. 55 number 6. Sketchpad via Sliding a Ribbon Wrapped around a Rectangle and Sliding a Ribbon Wrapped around a Box. Read the proof of trig identity and then fill in the details and reasons using similarity, trig and the pythagorean theorem.
• Wed Oct 6 Introduction to measurement. Discuss the reservoir problems. Then work on the handout in groups of 2.
• Fri Oct 8 Review Sketchpad reservoir problem and relate to measurement. Axiomatic versus metric perspectives of Euclidean geometry. Intro to taxi-cab geometry.
• Mon Sep 27 Introduction to "same shape" via pictures. Fig 8.4 Fig 8.21 Fig 8.32 Introduction to geometric similarity and its application to geometric modeling via Mathematics Methods and Modeling for Today's Mathematics Classroom 6.3. Go over p. 214 Project 1.
• Wed Sep 29 Go over regression in Excel and apply it to the the example on p. 212.
Part 1: Similar Triangles - AA Similarity activity sheet from Exploring Geometry with Sketchpad. Leave the Explore More part until later.
Part 2: Use the Triangle_Similarity.gsp file (control click and save the file. Then open it from Sketchpad) to complete the Similar Triangles - SSS, SAS, SSA worksheet. Leave the Explore More part until later.
Part 3: Then complete the Similar Polygons Sketchpad activity sheet.
Part 4: Go back to the Explore More parts of the worksheets.
• Fri Oct 1 Discuss Similarity Postulates based on Sketchpad Activities and the Sibley Reading. Discuss the Wile E assignment. Even/odd function proofs. If time remains then read the proof of the trig identity and then fill in the details and reasons using similarity, trig and the pythagorean theorem. work on the models.
• Mon Sep 20 Test 1
• Wed Sep 22 Discuss test 1 and begin Nova's "The Proof" video.
• Fri Sep 24 Finish "The Proof" video, share teacher activities from the Nova website, and go over The Burdon of Proof activity and the difference between legal system proof and mathematical proof.
• Mon Sep 13 Meet in 205. Go over the web links from the Worksheet on Archimedes and Cavalieri's Principle. Discuss web based Euclid's Elements (historical proof taken from it) which is a link from Problem set 2 solutions up on WebCT. Review the Pythagorean theorem - Euclid's historical proof and comparison with p. 8-9 in Sibley, which is a modern proof of p. 7 # 10 from Project 1. Discuss the benefits and difficulties of using the different methods, including original historical sources. Intro to algebraic extensions of the Pythagorean Theorem including Fermat's Last Theorem (next week) and Pappus. A geometric extension of the Pythagorean Theorem on Sketchpad.
• Wed Sep 15 Finish a geometric extension of the Pythagorean Theorem on Sketchpad. Consistency of axioms via minesweeper examples (and non-examples) and Euclidean geometry. Consistency does not imply uniqueness. Have the students create a minesweeper gameboard that is inconsistent and write up a proof that the gameboard is inconsistent - go around the room and examine each student's proof before presenting one version. Reading from Perry p. 50 on consistency. Godel's results. Intro to Euclid's 5th posulate - what it says and doesn't say and its negation. Historical overview of the 5th postulate.
• Fri Sep 20 University Cancelled Classes
• Mon Sep 6 Labor Day Holiday
• Wed Sep 8
Create a segment with the ruler tool.
Using the arrowhead tool, choose one of the endpoints and the segment too (by holding down the shift key as you select them)
Under Construct, use the Sketchpad feature to construct a perpendicular line through the endpoint.
Use the point tool to choose a new point on the perpendicular.
Use the ruler tool to construct the segment between the 2 points on the perpendicular line (ie before you do this, the entire line has been created, but the segment does not exist).
Use the arrowhead tool to select only the perpendicular line (but not the segment you just constructed)
Under Display, release on Hide Perpendicular Line.
Use the ruler tool to complete the third side of your right triangle.
Measure the right angle to verify that it is 90 degrees.
Measure the length of the three sides of the triangle.
Once you have all three lengths, under Calculate, click on the measurement of the base of the triangle in order to insert it into your calculation.
Continue in order to calculate the base*base + height * height - hypotenuse *hypotenuse
Move the points of your triangle around in order to try and verify (empirically) the Pythagorean Theorem.
Sketchpad has some built in explorations. Take out the Computer Directions Sheet and follow the directions to open the pre-made sketches that come with Sketchpad 4. Once you are in the Sketchpad folder, click on Samples, then on Sketches, then on Geometry and finally, open Pythagoras.gsp For future reference, I will write this as Desktop/205Math(yourcomputersnumber)/Applications(MacOS9)/Sketchpad/ Samples/Sketches/Geometry/Pythagoras.gsp
Go through Behold Pythagoras!, Puzzled Pythagoras, and then Shear Pythagoras. Click on Contents to get to the other Sketches.
Read through Euclid's Proof http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/bookI/propI47.html along with the appendix of Sibley to try and understand it.
We come back together and go through Euclid's Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem.
• Fri Sep 10 Review the calculus argument from project 1. Worksheet on Archimedes and Cavalieri's Principle. If time remains then in groups of two, evaluate five arguments showing that the derivative of an even function is an odd function. Decide which arguments are convincing to you, which arguments constitute a proof of the claim, what grades you think a teacher would assign to these arguments, and specific ways that each argument can be improved.
• Mon Aug 30 Take attendance and discuss homework readings. Minesweeper Game 2 For game 2, students are called on in random order to state and then prove that a square is either a specific number or a bomb. Review the concept of starting with axioms and givens and then proving things with them (such as in the minesweeper games). Intro to Geometric Constructions. History of Euclid's elements. Handout Computer Lab directions and go to 205. Together (with a student up on the main computer), begin Euclid's Proposition 1.
• Wed Sept 1 Meet in the computer lab and continue activities. Complete Euclid's Proposition 1 To construct an equilateral triangle on a given finite straight line via the Sketchpad construction and script view, saving the file, and then the corresponding 2 column proof. Complete Euclid's Book 1 Proposition 11. Go over Sketchpad's built in version of Proposition 11 as well as a ray versus a line in Sketchpad. If time remains, then use a paper folding argument for Proposition 11.
• Fri Sept 3 Minesweeper Game 3. We then contrast with game 3 and learn that even if squares cannot be determined, knowing partial results can determine other squares. Minesweeper Proofs.
• Wed Aug 25 Fill out the information sheet. What is geometry? Since this course is aimed at future teachers, why don't we work out of a high school geometry text? Think about this, discuss with a partner, and then report back to the class. Introduction to inductive and deductive thinking as methods for mathematical reasoning, teaching and learning. Perry p. 5 number 1 (and its relationship to proof by induction). Checkerboard challenge problem and the missing square. Handouts Main web page, Dr. Sarah's Office Hours,and syllabus.
• Fri Aug 27 Discuss homework readings. History of geometry including Egyptians, Babylonians, Chinese, and Africans. Discuss Plato. Intoduction to the history of proofs and the societal context within Greek society. Introduction to logic tables, two column proofs and paragraph proofs. Paragraph proofs continued via an introduction to minesweeper games as an axiomatic system and resulting proofs. Game 1 (Prove that B1 and B2 are numbers). | 3,391 | 14,833 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.609375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | latest | en | 0.868442 |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-identity-if-the-equation-x-2-y-2-20x-30y-75-0-is-a-parabola-circle-el | 1,585,812,771,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506673.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402045741-20200402075741-00019.warc.gz | 701,874,032 | 7,097 | # How do you identity if the equation x^2+y^2-20x+30y-75=0 is a parabola, circle, ellipse, or hyperbola and how do you graph it?
Nov 20, 2016
Set your compass for a radius of 20 units, place the center at $\left(10 , - 15\right)$, and then draw a circle. Please see the explanation for details and a reference.
#### Explanation:
Here is a reference Conic section - General Cartesian form that tells how to identitfy any equation of the form:
$A {x}^{2} + B x y + C {y}^{2} + D x + E y + F = 0$
In the given equation, $A = C \mathmr{and} B = 0$, therefore, the given equation describes a circle. The standard equation of a circle is:
${\left(x - h\right)}^{2} + {\left(y - k\right)}^{2} = {r}^{2}$
where, $\left(x , y\right)$ is any point on the circle, $\left(h , k\right)$ is the center, and r is the radius.
Add ${h}^{2} + {k}^{2}$ to both sides of the equation and group the x and y terms together:
$\left({x}^{2} - 20 x + {h}^{2}\right) + \left({y}^{2} + 30 y + {k}^{2}\right) - 75 = {h}^{2} + {k}^{2}$
Add 75 to both sides of the equation:
$\left({x}^{2} - 20 x + {h}^{2}\right) + \left({y}^{2} + 30 y + {k}^{2}\right) = {h}^{2} + {k}^{2} + 75$
Set the middle term in the right side of the pattern, ${\left(x - h\right)}^{2} = {x}^{2} - 2 h x + {h}^{2}$, equal to the corresponding term in the equation:
$- 2 h x = - 20 x$
Solve for h:
$h = 10$
This allows us to substitute ${\left(x - 10\right)}^{2}$ on the left and 10 for h on the right:
${\left(x - 10 x\right)}^{2} + \left({y}^{2} + 30 y + {k}^{2}\right) = {10}^{2} + {k}^{2} + 75$
Set the middle term in the right side of the pattern, ${\left(y - k\right)}^{2} = {y}^{2} - 2 k y + {k}^{2}$, equal to the corresponding term in the equation:
$- 2 k y = 30 y$
Solve for h:
$k = - 15$
This allows us to substitute ${\left(y - - 15\right)}^{2}$ on the left and -15 for k on the right:
${\left(x - 10 x\right)}^{2} + {\left(y - - 15\right)}^{2} = {10}^{2} + {\left(- 15\right)}^{2} + 75$
Combine the constants on the right:
${\left(x - 10 x\right)}^{2} + {\left(y - - 15\right)}^{2} = 400$
Express the constant as a square:
${\left(x - 10 x\right)}^{2} + {\left(y - - 15\right)}^{2} = {20}^{2}$
This is the equation of a circle with a center $\left(10 , - 15\right)$ and a radius of 20.
Nov 20, 2016
It is the equation of circle.
#### Explanation:
As the coefficients of ${x}^{2}$ and ${y}^{2}$ are equal and their is no term containing $x y$ (i.r. coefficient of $x y$ is $0$)
It is the equation of circle.
and it can be written as ${\left(x - 10\right)}^{2} + {\left(y + 15\right)}^{2} = 75 + 100 + 225 = 400 = {20}^{2}$
Hence this is an equation of a circle with center as $\left(10 , - 15\right)$ and radius $20$ and o can draw a circle of radius $20$ with $\left(10 , - 15\right)$ as center.
graph{x^2+y^2-20x+30y-75=0 [-31.17, 48.83, -34.88, 5.12]}
Also check here
As ${B}^{2} - 4 A C = 0 - 4 = - 4 < 0$, it is a circle. | 1,095 | 2,919 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 33, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.75 | 5 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | latest | en | 0.695425 |
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/46929/schrodingers-equation-explanation-to-non-physicist/46995 | 1,448,483,790,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445679.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00052-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 176,853,763 | 24,988 | # Schrodinger's equation (explanation to non physicist)
For a report I'm writing on Quantum Computing, I'm interested in understanding a little about this famous equation. I'm an undergraduate student of math, so I can bear some formalism in the explanation. However I'm not so stupid to think I can understand this landmark without some years of physics. I'll just be happy to be able to read the equation and recognize it in its various forms.
To be more precise, here are my questions.
Hyperphysics tell me that Shrodinger's equation "is a wave equation in terms of the wavefunction".
1. Where is the wave equation in the most general form of the equation?
$$\mathrm{i}\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\Psi=H\Psi$$
I thought wave equation should be of the type
$$\frac{\partial^2}{\partial^2t}u=c^2\nabla^2u$$
It's the difference in order of of derivation that is bugging me.
From Wikipedia
"The equation is derived by partially differentiating the standard wave equation and substituting the relation between the momentum of the particle and the wavelength of the wave associated with the particle in De Broglie's hypothesis."
2. Can somebody show me the passages in a simple (or better general) case?
3. I think this questions is the most difficult to answer to a newbie. What is the Hamiltonian of a state? How much, generally speaking, does the Hamiltonian have to do do with the energy of a state?
4. What assumptions did Schrödinger make about the wave function of a state, to be able to write the equation? Or what are the important things I should note in a wave function that are basilar to proof the equation? With both questions I mean, what are the passages between de Broglie (yes there are these waves) and Schrödinger (the wave function is characterized by)?
5. It's often said "The equation helps finds the form of the wave function" as often as "The equation helps us predict the evolution of a wave function" Which of the two? When one, when the other?
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Philisophically I always find requests to explain an equation for the laymen to be a little strange. The point of writing it in math is to have a precise, and complete representation of the theory... – dmckee Dec 15 '12 at 16:13
You're right. That's why I tried to make it clear I'm not asking an explanation of the "equation" as you mean it, rather the meaning of the "symbols in it". In particulart question number 1 is the most important for me now. – Temitope.A Dec 15 '12 at 17:04
For a connection between Schr. eq. and Klein-Gordon eq, see e.g. A. Zee, QFT in a Nutshell, Chap. III.5, and this Phys.SE post plus links therein. – Qmechanic Dec 15 '12 at 18:21
You should not think of the Schrödinger equation as a true wave equation. In electricity and magnetism, the wave equation is typically written as
$$\frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} = \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}$$
with two temporal and two spatial derivatives. In particular, it puts time and space on 'equal footing', in other words, the equation is invariant under the Lorentz transformations of special relativity. The one-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a free particle is
$$\mathrm{i} \hbar \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial t} = -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m} \frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial x^2}$$
which has one temporal derivative but two spatial derivatives, and so it is not Lorentz invariant (but it is Galilean invariant). For a conservative potential, we usually add $V(x) \psi$ to the right hand side.
Now, you can solve the Schrödinger equation is various situations, with potentials and boundary conditions, just like any other differential equation. You in general will solve for a complex (analytic) solution $\psi(\vec r)$: quantum mechanics demands complex functions, whereas in the (classical, E&M) wave equation complex solutions are simply shorthand for real ones. Moreover, due to the probabilistic interpretation of $\psi(\vec r)$, we make the demand that all solutions must be normalized such that $\int |\psi(\vec r)|^2 dr = 1$. We're allowed to do that because it's linear (think 'linear' as in linear algebra), it just restricts the number of solutions you can have. This requirements, plus linearity, gives you the following properties:
1. You can put any $\psi(\vec r)$ into Schrödinger's equation (as long as it is normalized and 'nice'), and the time-dependence in the equation will predict how that state evolves.
2. If $\psi$ is a solution to a linear equation, $a \psi$ is also a solution for some (complex) $a$. However, we say all such states are 'the same', and anyway we only accept normalized solutions ($\int |a\psi(\vec r)|^2 dr = 1$). We say that solutions like $-\psi$, and more generally $e^{i\theta}\psi$, represent the same physical state.
3. Some special solutions $\psi_E$ are eigenstates of the right-hand-side of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, and therefore they can be written as $$-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m} \frac{\partial^2 \psi_E}{\partial x^2} = E \psi_E$$ and it can be shown that these solutions have the particular time dependence $\psi_E(\vec r, t) = \psi_E(\vec r) e^{-i E t/\hbar}$. As you may know from linear algebra, the eigenstates decomposition is very useful. Physically, these solutions are 'energy eigenstates' and represent states of constant energy.
4. If $\psi$ and $\phi$ are solutions, so is $a \psi + b \phi$, as long as $|a|^2 + |b|^2 = 1$ to keep the solution normalized. This is what we call a 'superposition'. A very important component here is that there are many ways to 'add' two solutions with equal weights: $\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}(\psi + e^{i \theta} \phi)$ are solutions for all angles $\theta$, hence we can combine states with plus or minus signs. This turns out to be critical in many quantum phenomena, especially interference phenomena such as Rabi and Ramsey oscillations that you'll surely learn about in a quantum computing class.
Now, the connection to physics.
1. If $\psi(\vec r, t)$ is a solution to the Schrödinger's equation at position $\vec r$ and time $t$, then the probability of finding the particle in a specific region can be found by integrating $|\psi^2|$ around that region. For that reason, we identify $|\psi|^2$ as the probability solution for the particle.
• We expect the probability of finding a particle somewhere at any particular time $t$. The Schrödinger equation has the (essential) property that if $\int |\psi(\vec r, t)|^2 dr = 1$ at a given time, then the property holds at all times. In other words, the Schrödinger equation conserves probability. This implies that there exists a continuity equation.
2. If you want to know the mean value of an observable $A$ at a given time just integrate $$<A> = \int \psi(\vec r, t)^* \hat A \psi(\vec r, t) d\vec r$$ where $\hat A$ is the linear operator associated to the observable. In the position representation, the position operator is $\hat A = x$, and the momentum operator, $\hat p = - i\hbar \partial / \partial x$, which is a differential operator.
The connection to de Broglie is best thought of as historical. It's related to how Schrödinger figured out the equation, but don't look for a rigorous connection. As for the Hamiltonian, that's a very useful concept from classical mechanics. In this case, the Hamiltonian is a measure of the total energy of the system and is defined classically as $H = \frac{p^2}{2m} + V(\vec r)$. In many classical systems it's a conserved quantity. $H$ also lets you calculate classical equations of motion in terms of position and momentum. One big jump to quantum mechanics is that position and momentum are linked, so knowing 'everything' about the position (the wavefunction $\psi(\vec r))$ at one point in time tells you 'everything' about momentum and evolution. In classical mechanics, that's not enough information, you must know both a particle's position and momentum to predict its future motion.
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Thank you! One last question. How do somebody relate the measurment principle to the equations, that an act of measurment will cause the state to collapse to an eigenstate? Or is time a concept indipendent of the equation? – Temitope.A Dec 16 '12 at 11:37
Can states of entanglement be seen in the equation to? – Temitope.A Dec 16 '12 at 11:47
Note that user10347 talks of a potential added to the differential equation. To get real world solutions that predict the result of a measurement one has to apply the boundary conditions of the problem. The "collapse" vocabulary is misleading. A measurement has a specific probability of existing in the space coordinates or with the fourvectors measured. The measurement itself disturbs the potential and the boundary conditions change, so that after the measurement different solutions/psi functions will apply. – anna v Dec 16 '12 at 13:23
One type of measurement is strong measurement, where we the experimentalists, measure some differential operator $A$, and find some particular (real) number $a_i$, which is one of the eigenvalues of $A$. (Important detail: for $A$ to be measureable, it must have all real eigenvalues.) Then, we know the wavefunction "suddenly" turns into $\psi_i$, which is the eigenfunction of $A$ whose eigenvalue was that number $a_i$ we measured. The system has lost of knowledge of the original wavefunction $\psi$. The probability of measuring $a_i$ is $|<\psi_i | \psi>|^2$. – emarti Dec 18 '12 at 7:12
@Temitope.A: Entanglement isn't obvious in anything here because I've only written single-particle wavefunctions. A two-particle wavefunction $\Psi(\vec r_1, \vec r_2)$ gives a probability $\int_{V_1}\int_{V_2}|\Psi|^2 d \vec r_1 d \vec r_2$ of detecting one particle in a region $V_1$ and a second particle in a region $V_2$. A simple solution for distinguishable particles is $\Psi(\vec r_1, \vec r_2) = \psi_1(\vec r_1) \psi_2(\vec r_2)$, and it can be shown that this satisfies all our conditions. An entangled state cannot be written so simply. (Indistinguishable particles take more care.) – emarti Dec 18 '12 at 9:32
What you write is the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. This is not the equation of a true wave. He postulated the equation using a heuristic approach and some ideas/analogies from optics, and he believed on the existence of a true wave. However, the correct interpretation of $\Psi$ was given by Born: $\Psi$ is an unobservable function, whose complex square $|\Psi|^2$ gives probabilities. In older literature $\Psi$ is still named the wavefunction, In modern literature the term state function is preferred. The terms "wave equation" and "wave formulation" are legacy terms.
In fact, part of the confusion that had Schrödinger, when he believed that his equation described a physical wave, is due to the fact he worked with single particles. In that case $\Psi$ is defined in an abstract space which is isomorphic to the tri-dimensional space. However, when you consider a second particle and write $\Psi$ for a two-body system, the isomorphism is broken and the superficial analogy with a physical wave is completely lost. A good discussion of this is given in Ballentine textbook on quantum mechanics (section 4.2).
The Schrödinger equation cannot be derived from wave theory. This is why the equation is postulated in quantum mechanics.
There is no Hamiltonian for one state; the Hamiltonian is characteristic of a given system with independence of its state. Energy is a possible physical property of a system, one of the possible observables of a system; it is more correct to say that the Hamiltonian gives the energy of a system in the cases when the system is in a certain state. A quantum system always has a Hamiltonian, but not always has a defined energy. Only certain states $\Psi_E$ that satisfy the time-independent Schrödinger equation $H\Psi_E = E \Psi_E$ are associated to a value $E$ of energy. The quantum system can be in a superposition of the $\Psi_E$ states or can be in more general states for which energy is not defined.
Wavefunctions $\Psi$ have to satisfy a number of basic requirements such as continuity, differentiability, finiteness, normalization... Some texts emphasize that the wavefunctions would be single-valued, but I already take this in the definition of function.
The Schrödinger equation gives both "the form of the wave function" and "the evolution of a wave function". If you know $\Psi$ at some initial time and integrate the time-dependent Schrödinger equation you obtain the form of the wavefunction to some other instant: e.g. the integration is direct and gives $\Psi(t) = \mathrm{Texp}(-\mathrm{i}/\hbar \int_0^t H(t') dt') \Psi(0)$, where $\mathrm{Texp}$ denotes a time-ordered exponential. This equation also gives the evolution of the initial wavefunction $\Psi(0)$. When the Hamiltonian is time-independent, the solution simplifies to $\Psi(t) = \exp(-\mathrm{i}Ht/\hbar) \Psi(0)$.
For stationary states, the time-dependent Schrödinger equation that you write reduces to the time-independent Schrödinger equation $H\Psi_E = E \Psi_E$; the demonstration is given in any textbook. For stationary states there is no evolution of the wavefunction, $\Psi_E$ does not depend on time, and solving the equation only gives the form of the wavefunction.
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Good answer. I would only add that regarding the last point, I think the confusion comes from references to the "time-independent" Schrodinger eigenvalue equation $H\psi_E = E\psi_E$ being conflated with the "time-dependent" evolution equation $\mathrm{i}\hbar \dot{\psi} = H\psi$, when of course the two are entirely different beasts. – Chris White Dec 15 '12 at 21:07
@ChrisWhite Good point. Made. – juanrga Dec 16 '12 at 2:33
6 paragraph: maybe you should add that the equation only holds if H is time-independent. – ungerade Dec 16 '12 at 12:19
@ungerade Another good point! Added evolution when H is time-dependent. – juanrga Dec 16 '12 at 12:49
If you take the wave equation $$\nabla^2\phi = \frac{1}{u^2}\frac{d^2\phi}{dt^2}\text{,}$$ and consider a single frequency component of a wave while taking out its time dependence, $\phi = \psi e^{-i\omega t}$, then: $$\nabla^2 \phi = -\frac{4\pi^2}{\lambda^2}\phi\text{,}$$ but that means the wave amplitude should satisfy an equation of the same form: $$\nabla^2 \psi = -\frac{4\pi^2}{\lambda^2}\psi\text{,}$$ and if you know the de Broglie relation $\lambda = h/p$, where for a particle of energy $E$ in a potential $V$ has momentum $p = \sqrt{2m(E-V)}$, so that: $$\underbrace{-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\nabla^2\psi + V\psi}_{\hat{H}\psi} = E\psi\text{,}$$ Therefore, the time-independent Schrödinger equation has a connection to the wave equation. The full Schrödinger equation can be recovered by putting time-dependence back in, $\Psi = \psi e^{-i\omega t}$ while respecting the de Broglie $E = \hbar\omega$: $$\hat{H}\Psi = (\hat{H}\psi)e^{-i\omega t} = \hbar\omega \psi e^{-i\omega t} = i\hbar\frac{\partial\Psi}{\partial t}\text{,}$$ and then applying the principle of superposition for the general case.
However, in this process the repeated application of the de Broglie relations takes us away from either classical waves or classical particles; to what extent the resulting "wave function" should be considered a wave is mostly a semantic issue, but it's definitely not at all a classical wave. As other answers have delved into, the proper interpretation for this new "wave function" $\Psi$ is inherently probabilistic, with its modulus-squared representing a probability density and the gradient of the complex phase being the probability current (scaled by some constants and the probability density).
As for the de Broglie relations themselves, it's possible to "guess" them from making an analogy from waves to particles. Writing $u = c/n$ and looking for solutions close to plane wave in form, $\phi = e^{A+ik_0(S-ct)}$, the wave equation gives: $$\begin{eqnarray*} \nabla^2A + (\nabla A)^2 &=& k_0^2[(\nabla S)^2 - n^2]\text{,}\\ \nabla^2 S +2\nabla A\cdot\nabla S &=& 0\text{.} \end{eqnarray*}$$ Under the assumption that the index of refraction $n$ changes slowly over distances on the order of the wavelength, then $A$ does not vary extremely, the wavelength is small, and so $k_0^2 \propto \lambda^{-2}$ is large. Therefore the term in the square brackets should be small, and we can make the approximation: $$(\nabla S)^2 = n^2\text{,}$$ which is the eikonal equation that links the wave equation with geometrical optics, in which motion of light of small wavelengths in a medium of well-behaved refractive index can be treated as rays, i.e., as if described by paths of particles/corpuscles.
For the particle analogy to work, the eikonal function $S$ must take the role of Hamilton's characteristic function $W$ formed by separation of variables from the classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation into $W - Et$, which forces the latter to be proportional to the total phase of the wave, giving $E = h\nu$ for some unknown constant of proportionality $h$ (physically Planck's constant). The index of refraction $n$ corresponds to $\sqrt{2m(E-V)}$.
This is discussed in, e.g., Goldstein's Classical Mechanics, if you're interested in details.
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Your first equation is a wave equation, only if you substitute the total time derivatives by partial ones. Moreover, you introduce a $\Psi = \psi e^{-i\omega t} = \phi$, but the wavefunction $\Psi$ does not satisfy the first equation for a wave. – juanrga Dec 18 '12 at 11:21 | 4,423 | 17,426 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.078125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | longest | en | 0.954116 |
https://beyond-sunset.com/2018/08/19/the-distance-of-zero-from-itself/ | 1,579,611,765,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00174.warc.gz | 348,862,044 | 19,395 | The title is a bit absurd, we could examine the distance of any number from itself..
In the previous post I examined the property of distance being even or uneven. Let’s go back to distance of zero from itself. Formally the distance of zero from itself is |0 – 0| = 0. 0 mod 2 = 0, why isn’t this distance even?
The distance doesn’t exist, instead of distance we have a point. Euclid’s definition to a point is: “A point is that which has no part.” In Euclid words the “distance” of zero from itself, |0 – 0| = 0 has no part. Something like this isn’t even or uneven.
In an e-book called “The Way To Geometry” it says, that magnitude of a point is zero.
Philosophically speaking a point is what Democritus called “atomos” applied to geometry.
In short, there isn’t distance of zero from itself. The meaning of distance |0 – 0| = 0 is geometrically a point, something that has no part. | 228 | 889 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.4375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | latest | en | 0.936524 |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-graph-y-cos-4x | 1,632,463,381,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057504.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924050055-20210924080055-00285.warc.gz | 576,390,340 | 5,913 | # How do you graph y=cos(4x)?
Jun 7, 2018
As below.
#### Explanation:
$y = \cos \left(4 x\right)$
Standard form is $y = A \cos \left(B x - C\right) + D$
$A = 1 , B = 4 , C = D = 0$
$A m p l i t u \mathrm{de} = | A | = 1$
$\text{Period } = \frac{2 \pi}{|} B | = \frac{2 \pi}{4} = \frac{\pi}{2}$
$\text{phase Shift } = - \frac{C}{B} = 0$
$\text{Vertical Shift } = D = 0$
graph{cos (4x) [-10, 10, -5, 5]} | 187 | 412 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 7, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.1875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | latest | en | 0.49225 |
https://thestudyish.com/what-is-one-fourth-plus-one-fourth/ | 1,696,233,684,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510983.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002064957-20231002094957-00875.warc.gz | 605,864,294 | 13,608 | # What Is One-fourth Plus One-fourth?
## What Is One-fourth Plus One-fourth?
One-fourth plus one-fourth is one half.
1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2
## Addition of Fractions
Even though fractions represent numbers that are less than one, you can still work with these numbers like whole numbers, adding, subtracting, multiplying, and even dividing them.
Often, ensuring that two fractions share the same denominator is the key to making operations with fractions easier. | 108 | 460 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.96875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | longest | en | 0.938127 |
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10992-016-9422-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7783707f-adf7-49ab-8458-db5b6803b62a | 1,596,754,228,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737039.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806210649-20200807000649-00451.warc.gz | 372,493,981 | 28,847 | # Second-order Logic and the Power Set
## Abstract
Ignacio Jane has argued that second-order logic presupposes some amount of set theory and hence cannot legitimately be used in axiomatizing set theory. I focus here on his claim that the second-order formulation of the Axiom of Separation presupposes the character of the power set operation, thereby preventing a thorough study of the power set of infinite sets, a central part of set theory. In reply I argue that substantive issues often cannot be separated from a logic, but rather must be presupposed. I call this the logic-metalogic link. There are two facets to the logic-metalogic link. First, when a logic is entangled with a substantive issue, the same position on that issue should be taken at the meta- level as at the object level; and second, if an expression has a clear meaning in natural language, then the corresponding concept can equally well be deployed in a formal language. The determinate nature of the power set operation is one such substantive issue in set theory. Whether there is a determinate power set of an infinite set can only be presupposed in set theory, not proved, so the use of second-order logic cannot be ruled out by virtue of presupposing one answer to this question. Moreover, the legitimacy of presupposing in the background logic that the power set of an infinite set is determinate is guaranteed by the clarity and definiteness of the notions of all and of subset. This is also exactly what is required for the same presupposition to be legitimately made in an axiomatic set theory, so the use of second-order logic in set theory rather than first-order logic does not require any new metatheoretic commitments.
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## Notes
1. 1.
Second-order logic typically also includes function variables. For the sake of simplicity I omit these, and also assume that there are no function symbols in the first-order fragment. Since we are concerned with the applications of second-order logic to the language of set theory, which has no function symbols, this does not affect the following discussion.
2. 2.
For a more detailed account of second-order logic, its semantics, and metatheoretical results, see [16].
3. 3.
For a logic that includes function variables a Henkin model will be a quadruple M H = 〈d, D, F, I〉 where F is a function specifying the range of function variables in a manner parallel to D as described in the main text.
4. 4.
For a system that also includes a pairing function, we can restrict the schema to the case n = 1.
5. 5.
For more detail or background on set theory, see e.g. [10].
6. 6.
Formally, these axioms are as follows: ∃x¬∃y(yx) and $$\exists {x}(\emptyset \in x \wedge \forall {y} (y \in x \rightarrow \bigcup \lbrace y, \lbrace y \rbrace \rbrace \in x)$$. Somewhat more precisely, only the Axioms of the Empty Set and Infinity are $${{\Sigma }^{0}_{n}}$$ sentences, the rest being $${{\Pi }^{0}_{n}}$$ in the first-order formulation.
7. 7.
Notably, Shapiro links the notion of epistemic pedigree with formal deduction rather than model-theoretic proof: “the deductive notion of consequence sheds light on the mathematical practice of justifying one’s conclusions and the desire to keep track of what is presupposed or involved in a justification. In a formal deduction, all premises must be made explicit, so that the reader can read off exactly what is presupposed in the justification of the conclusion” [17, p. 50]. This suggests that the emphasis on epistemic pedigree may not carry the weight in the case of a choice of logic and semantics that Jané wants to put on it, because what has to hold for our proof of a theorem to go through might be different from what has to hold for the theorem to be true, as when proofs about a certain structure are carried out by embedding it in a richer structure and thus depend on facts about the embedding structure. The result is known to hold in the simpler structure, but the proof depends on facts about the richer structure. In such a case, what has to hold for the proof to go through is more than is needed for the theorem to hold. The axioms of the simpler structure thus do include all its substantive assumptions but do not suffice to make the epistemic pedigree explicit. So we must not conflate axioms containing all the content of a theory with their manifesting the epistemic pedigree of all the theorems of the theory. A foundational theory such as set theory cannot be embedded in a richer theory, but the semantic consequences can still outstrip the deductive consequences—indeed they will in second-order logic with standard semantics, since it is incomplete. Whether the epistemic pedigree of theorems can in fact be made explicit depends in part on whether it is possible to purge logic of substantive assumptions, an issue I take up in Section 4.
8. 8.
I thank an anonymous referee for suggesting the comparison with PA.
9. 9.
I say ‘central truths’ because Gödelian incompleteness precludes a (recursive) axiomatization from sufficing to prove all the truths of a given theory unless the theory itself is fairly weak. Nevertheless, PA suffices for a large amount of number theory and is generally taken as the canonical axiomatization of arithmetic.
10. 10.
Proof theoretically, ω-logic is the result of adding to first-order logic an infinitary rule of proof, according to which from ⊢ ϕ(1), ⊢ ϕ(2), ⊢ ϕ(3),... one can infer ⊢ ∀x ϕ(x). On the model theoretic side, an ω-model is simply a model whose domain is {1, 2, 3, ...}. See [4, 81ff.] or [16, §9.1.2].
11. 11.
There is another way mathematics can be presupposed in logic, which is if some amount of mathematics is needed to understand the notions of well-formed formula, deduction, etc. While it is an interesting question how much math is needed to even get a logic off the ground, this is clearly not the issue Jané is interested in. Thanks here to Neil Tennant.
12. 12.
The sections on intuitionism and fuzzy logic below largely follow a similar discussion in [25].
13. 13.
I have no precise account of what is a substantive issue or of what is separable from a logic, and use these notions in an intuitive sense. The gloss I gave above was that a substantive issue is the sort of philosophical thesis that makes for significant disagreement. We can say that an issue is separable from a logic when use of the logic presupposes no position on the issue. The examples that follow in the main text give a flavor for what these two notions amount to in practice.
14. 14.
This is because it entails an intuitionistically questionable principle, viz. Markov’s Principle [8, pp. 172-4]. In fact, the status of the completeness question for intuitionistic logic is remarkably unclear. See [12] for the view that Markov’s Principle may not be as intuitionistically dubious as is sometimes thought. See [19] and [22] for completeness results of intuitionistic logic with an intuitionistic metalogic but a slightly modified notion of model; but see [8, pp. 193-200] for reservations about whether these alternate models faithfully capture the intuitionist’s intended interpretation of the logical vocabulary. The fundamental point in the main text is not about the technical status of intuitionstic logic as complete or not but is rather about the dissonance of using a classical metatheory for intuitionistic logic. This point holds however the completeness question is to be settled.
15. 15.
Priest also argues that an adequate account of proof will necessitate admitting paradoxical sentences. I leave this motivation for LP to one side.
16. 16.
Although there are multiple ways of defining the truth-functions for propositional connectives in fuzzy logic, the following are a natural and common way of doing so. Let v be a valuation function. Then vϕ) = 1 − v(ϕ); v(ϕψ) = m a x(v(ϕ), v(ψ)); v(ϕψ) = m i n(v(ϕ), v(ψ)); v(ϕψ) = min (1, 1 + v(ψ) − v(ϕ)). For a derivation of these functions from intuitive considerations, see [24, pp. 114–120]
17. 17.
In [3] Boolos develops a semantics for second-order logic based on his earlier idea of interpreting monadic second order variables as English plurals [2]. Rayo and Uzquiano provide a slightly more general semantics of second-order logic based on the same idea [15].
18. 18.
In a similar vein, Thomas Weston writes: “For [formal theories], the intended interpretations of the constants, function symbols, etc. are invariably explained in the same way as the natural language technical terms of any part of mathematics or natural science. One explains the intended sense or ‘points to’ the intended reference in some natural language the speaker and his audience both understand. If these explanations and supplementary examples and audience guesses are inadequate to determine meaning or reference in the formal language case—as, no doubt, they sometimes are—they will certainly fail for natural languages as well” [23, p. 292]. My claim in the main text is the contrapositive: if there is an adequate determination of meaning in the natural language then there will be for the formal language as well. There is a similarity between the position Weston takes against Kreisel and the one I am taking against Jané. The core idea is that when a formal theory has an intended interpretation, as with set theory or number theory, that fact and the natural language expression of it can suffice to determine the meaning of terms in the formal theory. (Which of course does not rule out the existence of non-standard models—their existence is a technical fact. When there is an intended interpretation, though, non-standard models will require a reinterpretation of the relevant terms; this is what makes such models non-standard).
19. 19.
Cf. [16, §§ 5.3.1, 8.1]
20. 20.
That is, second order logic is not absolute. See [20] and [11] for discussion.
21. 21.
Thanks to Stewart Shapiro, Kevin Scharp, Eileen Nutting, Neil Tennant, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on earlier drafts.
## References
1. 1.
Boolos, G. (1971). The Iterative Conception of Set. The Journal of Philosophy, 68(8), 215–231.
2. 2.
Boolos, G. (1984). To be is to be a Value of a Variable (Or Some Values of Some Variables). The Journal of Philosophy, 81(8), 430–449.
3. 3.
Boolos, G. (1985). Nominalist Platonism. The Philosophical Review, 94(3), 327–344.
4. 4.
Chang, C. C., & Keisler, H. J. (2012). Model Theory, 3rd edn. Mineola, NY: Dover.
5. 5.
Church, A. (1956). Introduction to Mathematical Logic. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
6. 6.
Dummett, M. (1976) In Evans, G., & McDowell, J. (Eds.), What is a Theory of Meaning?(II). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
7. 7.
Dummett, M. (1993). The Logical Basis of Metaphysics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
8. 8.
Dummett, M. (2000). Elements of Intuitionism, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9. 9.
Jané, I. (1993). A critical appraisal of second-order logic. History and Philosophy of Logic, 14(1), 67–68.
10. 10.
Jech, T. (2002). Set Theory, 3rd edn. New York: Springer.
11. 11.
Koellner, P. (2010). Strong Logics of the First and Second Order. Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, 16(1), 1–36.
12. 12.
McCarty, D. C. (1994). On Theorems of Gödel and Kreisel: Completeness and Markov’s Principle. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 35(1), 99–107.
13. 13.
Priest, G. (1979). The Logic of Paradox. Journal Philosophical Logic, 8, 219–241.
14. 14.
Quine, W.V. (1970). Philosophy of Logic. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall.
15. 15.
Rayo, A., & Uzquiano, G. (1999). Toward a Theory of Second-Order Consquence. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 40(3), 1–11.
16. 16.
Shapiro, S. (1991). Foundations Without Foundationalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
17. 17.
Shapiro, S. (1999). Do not claim too much: Second-order logic and first-order logic. Philosophia Mathematica, 3(7), 42–64.
18. 18.
Shapiro, S. (2012). Higher-order Logic or Set Theory: A False Dilemma. Philosophia Mathematica, 3(20), 305–323.
19. 19.
de Swart, H. (1976). Another Intuitionistic Completeness Proof. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 41(3), 644–662.
20. 20.
Väänänen, J. (2001). Second Order Logic and Foundations of Mathematics. Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, 7(4), 504–520.
21. 21.
Väänänen, J. (2015). Categoricity and Consistency in Second Order Logic. Inquiry, 58(1), 20–27.
22. 22.
Veldman, W. (1976). An Intuitionistic Completeness Theorem for Intuitionistic Predicate Logic. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 41(1), 159–166.
23. 23.
Weston, T. (1976). Kreisel, The Continuum Hypothesis, and Second Order Set Theory. The Journal of Philosophical Logic, 5, 281–298.
24. 24.
Williamson, T. (1994). Vagueness. New York: Routledge.
25. 25.
Williamson, T. (2014). Logic, Metalogic, and Neutrality. Erkenntnis, 79, 211–231.
## Author information
Authors
### Corresponding author
Correspondence to Ethan Brauer.
## Rights and permissions
Reprints and Permissions
Brauer, E. Second-order Logic and the Power Set. J Philos Logic 47, 123–142 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10992-016-9422-x
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### Keywords
• Second-order logic
• Set theory
• Power set
• Axiom of separation
• Jane
• Entanglement of logic and mathematics | 3,354 | 13,328 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | latest | en | 0.939074 |
http://www.freelists.org/post/programmingblind/sizing-a-picture-on-a-webpage,20 | 1,386,732,509,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164030159/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133350-00099-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 470,721,630 | 7,648 | Re: sizing a picture on a webpage
• From: "black ares" <matematicianu2003@xxxxxxxxxxx>
• To: <programmingblind@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
• Date: Sun, 30 May 2010 13:54:11 +0300
gradient background means a color for background starting from a point ranging trough all spectrum for that color to an white end.
```
```
----- Original Message ----- From: "RicksPlace" <ofbgmail@xxxxxxxxx>
```To: <programmingblind@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Sent: Sunday, May 30, 2010 1:02 PM
Subject: Re: sizing a picture on a webpage
```
Hi Black: What do you mean that your wife made a gradient background? I thought gradients referred to either calculating the rate of change of something using Calculus or using relative vectors. If the former, couldn't you just use relative positioning and one or more factors based on something like user selected items and available unused screen space instead of the heavy math? In other words, before display factor everything based on how many things are visible so it all fits on the screen. Perhaps a script to even read and then factor everything based on the users resolution? That would require factoring font sizes as well I guess. Anyway, is that how the sighted University Grads with the math skills are doing it if they can see? Just a question so I understand how the concept of gradients is used in the real world in which you are applying them.
```Rick USA
```
Rick USADo you use the actual Calculus operations to do it, the Vector version of gradient ----- Original Message ----- From: "black ares" <matematicianu2003@xxxxxxxxxxx>
```To: <programmingblind@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Sent: Sunday, May 30, 2010 2:20 AM
Subject: Re: sizing a picture on a webpage
```
```And how do you know to combain colors?
How do you make skins?
I see your point, but I see that is a simplistic aproach to webdesign.
To make all in grids.
```
I saw sighted designers at work and they can for example put a picture on top of the content and that picture is wide enough to cover your left column and a little part of the content.
```From this point you must develop such that the page does not look ugly.
My wife which is a grafic designer, has made for me an design where
```
The background of the site has an gradient, on that background, there are boxes with informations which are positioned randomly at a first look, but very well for a mind map.
```Also these boxes has a 3d efect as they are on top of other elements.
```
For this you must put the background of the boxes in same scheme with the rest of the site.
```How do you know to put pictures with color in same way with the site?
```
and from where do you know that x and y dimmensions are ok for a picture regarding the rest of the content of your site?
```May be is to big or to small.
```
----- Original Message ----- From: "Bryan Garaventa" <bgaraventa11@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
```To: <programmingblind@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Sent: Sunday, May 30, 2010 1:29 AM
Subject: Re: sizing a picture on a webpage
```
Yes, it is possible for a fully blind developer to create a visually appealing site design. The way to do this, is to examine the live offset positioning coordinates of each element during the design phase. I used this method to program the new site design for GutterStar.net . For instance, though I've never visually seen my site, I know that the left navigation bar is 20% of the body width, and that all body content is approximately 70%; Additionally, the body content has a left margin of 25% to prevent the left navigation bar from overlapping the body content; The Search link is actually within a floating box in the top right corner of the screen, and the Top link is in a floating box in the bottom left corner, both of which are fixed so that they are always visible regardless of scrolling.
```These are just a few examples to demonstrate the point.
```
When designing a visual layout for a site, I use BX to examine the offset positioning of each element within the browser to examine the width and height of the object, the top and left positioning relative to the width and height of its parent element, and so on. In this manner, I construct a grid in my mind that represents the visual viewport. For example, on a typical standard size monitor, the viewport (meaning the portion of the page that is currently visible) is approximately 1200 pixels in width and slightly less than 600 pixels in height. The width values change when a wide screen monitor is used, yet these differences can easily be dealt with by using percentages instead of exact pixel values when configuring container elements. So if the view port is approximately 1200 by 600, I have an accurate representation of the actual screen real estate at any given time for sighted users. I can use this information to position elements at various x y coordinates to ensure that the visual display exactly matches the element positions within my mind. The same technique reflects font sizing, padding, and all of the other visual effects that can be applied using CSS. I won't lie and say that this was easy; It took me several years of studying HTML/XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, and JQuery before I was able to create fully dynamic site designs that are cross-browser compatible and work correctly in mobile devices such as the iPhone and Ipad as well, but it definitely is possible for a blind developer to accomplish.
```
```
----- Original Message ----- From: "The Elf" <inthaneelf@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
```To: <programmingblind@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Sent: Saturday, May 29, 2010 12:06 PM
Subject: Re: sizing a picture on a webpage
```
I didn't keep track of him myself, he was invited to talk to one of the lists after a rather heated discussion between Octavian and a number of other persons on that list over weather or not a blind person can function in the website design industry.
```
```
and since he does, and does it professionally as in his only source of income, then the answer is yes!
```
elf
proprietor, The Grab Bag,
for blind computer users and programmers
http://grabbag.alacorncomputer.com
Owner: Alacorn Computer Enterprises
Specialists in customized computers and peripherals
- own the might and majesty of a Alacorn!
www.alacorncomputer.com
```
----- Original Message ----- From: "black ares" <matematicianu2003@xxxxxxxxxxx>
```To: <programmingblind@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Sent: Saturday, May 29, 2010 11:24 AM
Subject: Re: sizing a picture on a webpage
```
```where is that blind who does webdesign professionaly,
to explain what and how!
:p
Always you must have a sighted help to be sure that all things are ok.
```
----- Original Message ----- From: "D!J!X!" <megamansuperior@xxxxxxxxxxx>
```To: <programmingblind@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Sent: Saturday, May 29, 2010 9:08 PM
Subject: RE: sizing a picture on a webpage
```
There's a hack, use em measurements, and the picutre will always resize to fit it's context, even when people resize the text which is something that for us developers is a big deal, getting the site to look the same and work
```the same if and when somebody resizes the page or zooms in or out.
```
Percentages do work for this as well, because you are letting the browser do the calculating, you just have to do it right; like I explained last night, there are many things that could prevent this from working flawlessly, so
```you have to know how to do it...
HTH, D!J!X!
-----Original Message-----
From: programmingblind-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
[mailto:programmingblind-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Humberto
Rodriguez
Sent: Saturday, May 29, 2010 7:59 AM
To: programmingblind@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
Subject: Re: sizing a picture on a webpage
```
I believe it refers to the picture's original size. Pictures are sized in pixels and screens could have different resolutions,, therefore you would have to know the resolution of the screen of the visitor in order to resize the image in relationship to the screen, which may be possible only using a
```browser-side script, such as Java Script.
```
I am not sure that if you put the image inside a div that is a certain percentage of the screen, the image will adjust proportionally -without
```distortion- to it.
```
Images sizes are something hard for us blind people to do. What I normally do to display images is to get their size with PHP and then adjust both height and width to the percentage required to make them a certain size, normally with a width of 640 and a proportionate heighth. In your case, you could make it have a width of 160 and a proportionate height and that way it would fit more or less correctly in the most common screen size of 640x480.
```
```
I'd be interested in learning more about resizing images, for this is always
```a difficult matter.
Humberto
----- Original Message -----
From: "qubit" <lauraeaves@xxxxxxxxx>
To: "bprogramming" <programmingblind@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Cc: "bwebbers" <blindwebbers@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Sent: Friday, May 28, 2010 11:41 PM
Subject: sizing a picture on a webpage
| Hi all --
```
| I asked this on blindwebbers but no one who knows the answer seems to be | online there tonight. I am putting up my personal webpage and want to put
```a
```
| picture on it so that it is sized to fit in a space that occupies 24% ov
```the
```
| width of the screen. I read about the css and xhtml for images and still | can't find anywhere that says what the % means when used in the context of
```| the height or width of a picture. If I say
|
| <img src="whatever.jpg" height="90" width="110">
|
```
| I assume the numbers refer to pixels, as according to the spec, it can be | either pixels or percent. But if I say width="20%" -- what am I saying?
```Does
```
| that mean 20% of the whole screen? or the immediately enclosing div? or
```25%
| the picture's normal size?
|
```
| The docs tell you to experiment, which is fine if you can see the outcome.
```| I'm trying to do this without sighted help.
| So does anyone have an answer?
| And how do I determine the normal size of this picture?
|
| TIA and happy holidays.
| --le
|
|
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``` | 2,664 | 11,122 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.84375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | latest | en | 0.894875 |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/science/physics/physics-principles-with-applications-7th-edition/chapter-23-light-geometric-optics-problems-page-675/42 | 1,544,456,202,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823348.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210144632-20181210170132-00544.warc.gz | 912,133,510 | 11,833 | ## Physics: Principles with Applications (7th Edition)
a. The lens forms a real image from parallel rays. Only a converging lens can do that. As a check, we will see if the power is a positive number. b. Combine equations 23–7 and 23–8. The object distance is infinite. $$\frac{1}{d_o}+\frac{1}{d_i}=\frac{1}{f}=P$$ $$P=\frac{1}{\infty}+\frac{1}{0.165m}$$ The power P is 6.06 diopters. | 128 | 386 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.34375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | latest | en | 0.795165 |
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/maths/number/order_operation/revision/3/ | 1,490,613,767,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189471.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00461-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 416,352,640 | 12,113 | Home > Maths > Number > Order of operation
Maths
Order of operation
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# Practising using BIDMAS
Brackets, Indices, Division and Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction
Try and find the answers to these questions.
Question
Q1. Work out the value of the following:
a) 4 × 5 - 3 × 2
b) (2 + 3) × (5 - 1)
c) 2 + 6 ÷ 2
d) 8 - (6 - 1)
e) 3 × (4 + 2)
a) In BIDMAS multiplication comes before subtraction, so work out the multiplication first and then do the subtraction:
4 × 5 - 3 × 2 = 20 - 6 = 14
b) 20
The working is (2 + 3) × (5 - 1) = 5 × 4 = 20
c) In BIDMAS division comes before addition, so 2 + 6 ÷ 2 = 2 + 3 = 5
d) Brackets come first, so 8 - (6 - 1) = 8 - 5 = 3
e) BIDMAS states that brackets come before multiplication, so work out the bracket first: 3 × (4 + 2) = 3 × 6 = 18
Next
BBC iD | 305 | 821 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.9375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | latest | en | 0.826009 |
https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Assoziierte_Elemente | 1,708,698,795,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474412.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223121413-20240223151413-00052.warc.gz | 199,946,104 | 9,613 | # Associated elements
The associated elements of a ring are a term from the divisibility theory in mathematics . Two elements and are called associated when they are mutually divisible, ie when “ divides ” and “ divides ” are fulfilled at the same time. ${\ displaystyle a}$${\ displaystyle b}$${\ displaystyle a}$${\ displaystyle b}$${\ displaystyle b}$${\ displaystyle a}$
## definition
### Commutative rings
Two elements of an integrity ring (zero divisors free commutative ring with 1) hot mutually associated , if a unit with exists. This is fulfilled exactly when one and one another share, that is, and are fulfilled. It also writes , or . ${\ displaystyle a, b}$ ${\ displaystyle R}$ ${\ displaystyle \ epsilon}$${\ displaystyle b = a \ cdot \ epsilon}$${\ displaystyle a}$${\ displaystyle b}$${\ displaystyle a \ mid b}$${\ displaystyle b \ mid a}$${\ displaystyle a \ sim b}$${\ displaystyle a ~ {\ hat {=}} ~ b}$
### Non-commutative rings
Two elements of a non-commutative ring with one hot mutually associated right if a legal entity with exists. Then there is both the right multiple of , i.e. the left divisor of , and the right multiple of . ${\ displaystyle a, b}$${\ displaystyle R}$ ${\ displaystyle \ epsilon}$${\ displaystyle b = a \ cdot \ epsilon}$${\ displaystyle b}$${\ displaystyle a}$${\ displaystyle a}$${\ displaystyle b}$${\ displaystyle a}$${\ displaystyle b}$
Accordingly, one defines left associated with a left unit and left multiple. If two elements are associated both left and right, they are considered to be bilaterally associated . ${\ displaystyle a, b \,}$
In addition, two elements can be defined as extended associated if there are 2 units with . They are then not necessarily in a divisible relationship , but it follows from two-sided associated both left-associated and right-associated and both left-associated and right-associated and extended associated . ${\ displaystyle a, b \ in R}$${\ displaystyle \ delta, \ epsilon}$${\ displaystyle b = \ delta \ cdot a \ cdot \ epsilon}$${\ displaystyle a, b}$
Comment:
In the non-commutative case, one has to name the side (left, right) of the divisor and multiple property, which the simple divisibility symbol (whose symmetrical shape already stands in the way of a reflection with inverse meaning) of the commutative case cannot express.
## properties
Association is an equivalence relation (also the three forms including the extended in the non-commutative case). It is compatible with the divisor relation (in the non-commutative case in the correctly selected laterality), that is, for laterally associated elements the divisors or multiples of are exactly the divisors or multiples of . ${\ displaystyle a, b}$${\ displaystyle a}$${\ displaystyle b}$
In an integrity ring, two elements are associated if and only if they produce the same main ideal .
## Examples
• In the ring of whole numbers are associated if and only if applies. This is because in numbers and are the only units.${\ displaystyle \ mathbb {Z}}$${\ displaystyle a, b}$${\ displaystyle a = \ pm b}$${\ displaystyle \ mathbb {Z}}$${\ displaystyle 1}$${\ displaystyle -1}$
• In a body all of the different elements are associated with each other.${\ displaystyle 0}$
• In polynomial over a field , two elements , and if and only associated when a exists with .${\ displaystyle K [x]}$${\ displaystyle K}$${\ displaystyle f}$${\ displaystyle g}$${\ displaystyle a \ in K \ setminus \ {0 \}}$${\ displaystyle g = a \ cdot f}$
• In a factorial ring , apart from the zero element, every non-unit has a decomposition into irreducible elements , which is unambiguous except for order and association.
• In the non-commutative ring of the Hurwitz quaternions , the group of 24 units is not commutative. Apart from the Hurwitz quaternions with norm and the purely real ones, which only have bilateral associations, the others also have unilaterally (both right and not left as well as left and not right ) associations, and a right or left ideal created by them is not bilateral.${\ displaystyle \ left \ {\ pm 1, \ pm \ mathrm {i}, \ pm \ mathrm {j}, \ pm \ mathrm {k}, {\ tfrac {1} {2}} (\ pm 1 \ pm \ mathrm {i} \ pm \ mathrm {j} \ pm \ mathrm {k}) \ right \}}$ ${\ displaystyle 2}$
## Individual evidence
1. ^ Günter Scheja, Uwe Storch: Textbook of Algebra. Including linear algebra: Textbook of Algebra, Part 2 . Teubner Verlag, 1988, ISBN 3-519-02212-5 , pp. 132 ( limited preview in Google Book search). | 1,134 | 4,485 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 49, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.796875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | latest | en | 0.785338 |
http://codeforces.com/blog/entry/84589 | 1,670,290,013,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711064.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205232822-20221206022822-00854.warc.gz | 11,262,359 | 30,451 | ### SleepyShashwat's blog
By SleepyShashwat, history, 2 years ago,
Thank you for participating, and I hope you enjoyed the problems! Once again, we're sorry about the round being unrated.
Also, here are video editorials by BRCode:
This problem was set by Anti-Light and prepared by knightron00
• +167
| Write comment?
» 2 years ago, # | +15 How to solve the C problem with dfs?
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | +8 for each cell u can find a boolean relationship with the other 4 adjacent cells,for eg. if we say a normal cell is A and a cell which is to be incremented is A' then we have to check for each neighbouring cells, say both are equal (v1=v2) then the condition would be (v1 and v2')or(v2 and v1') as one of them must be incremented, similarly we may check if v1=v2+1 and so on..., what we do next is use the associative and distributive property of these boolean expressions and write them in a form ((a or b) and (c or d)) , which if u are familiar with 2sat problems,this can be solved using 2 dfs (kosaraju's algo or some other scc algo)
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | +5 Pure dfs (I didn't use 2-SAT + SCC)98303696
• » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 → 0 Great solution! What would be its time complexity?
• » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 Why it is correct ?
• » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | +31 Hacked(the time complexity on the test case i found is $O(n^2m^2)$).
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 oh, I tried and i failed T_T
» 2 years ago, # | +6 Nice Problem Set :). Got to learn few new things.
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | +35 Happy to hear that!
» 2 years ago, # | +29 D was a nice one :)
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 Could you please explain D?
• » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 solution is explained well, I don't sure that I can explain better :)
• » » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 already understood. Thank you!
• » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 See the video editorial!! It will help !!
• » » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 Thank you! I didn't know that. It really helps me!
• » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 Let us understand with example . Suppose $n = 5$ and array is $a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5$ , then do following operations :Choose indices 1,2,3 and say $b_1 = a_1⊕a_2⊕a_3$. Thus $a_1,a_2,a_3$ will be replaced by $b_1$.Thus resultant array will be $b_1,b_1,b_1,a_4,a_5$.In second operation choose indices 3,4,5 and suppose $c_1 = b_1⊕a_4⊕a_5$. Thus resultant array will be $b_1,b_1,c_1,c_1,c_1$ . Now do the third operation by choosing indices (1,2,5) and fourth operation (3,4,5) and finally you will get array $c_1,c_1,c_1,c_1,c_1$ .
• » » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 Thank you for your explanation! I got it.
» 2 years ago, # | ← Rev. 2 → +20 D was very good (well, every problem was very good actually). Looking forward to your next rounds!
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 Could you please explain D?
• » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | +17 Let us assume that N is odd and a window of 1 x 3 that moves on the 1 x N given array. The window starts from i=1 and moves forward by +2 in each step, precisely, the left end moves on the odd position after each step until the rightmost end is at N. So, in general we can observe the pattern with N=7, let, A = [a, b, c, d, e, f, g], then after applying the above operation(move window at i=1,i=3,i=5), you will get the following array B = [x, x, y, y, z, z, z]. So, now we will again apply the above "window" operation from i = N - 2(right end) and move downwards on the odd points until the left end of the window touches i=1. So the final array will be C = [z, z, z, z, z, z, z]. Total number of operations are n/2 + n/2 = n-1 (assumed that n is odd).
• » » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | +18 If $N$ is even then you must think a little more. First it's easy to notice that the xor of the whole array stays the same in all the progress. Then in an correct array with all its elements equal the xor of its elements is 0. So if the xor of its elements it's not equal to 0 then it's impossible. Else you can make the same approach that TheBigBool mentioned above without using the last element. You will end with $A = [a,a,a,...,a,b]$ (odd number of a and one b). So the xor of the whole array is a xor b and because the xor of the whole array is 0 then a is equal to b and we don't need to make other operations.PS:Really like that problem!
• » » » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 I like it either!
• » » » » » 8 months ago, # ^ | 0 Thanks Theo830 And The BigBool you both explain intuition really very well :) that helps me to understand intuition behind the problem
• » » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | +3 Thank uuuuu!
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 3 → 0 .................................................
» 2 years ago, # | +8 Is there anyone who solved problem C using 2SAT method?
» 2 years ago, # | ← Rev. 2 → 0 Good questions
» 2 years ago, # | +21 C is so elegant, I can't believe I missed that observation
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 exactly, tried everything except the most basic solution
» 2 years ago, # | +3 Nice editorial SleepyShashwat. No BS, straight to the point and easily understandable.
» 2 years ago, # | 0 Well, I came up with observation for C just before I enter here :(
» 2 years ago, # | +6 Such a good problemset, but it's quite a pity that it unrated :-(
» 2 years ago, # | 0 problems are soo elegant
» 2 years ago, # | 0 I have a doubt on C. I am not sure of my solutions time complexity. Could anyone please prove it or hack it. 98306400
» 2 years ago, # | 0 I need proof for a magical part as suggested in an editorial in Problem-D. How the last element will automatically be the same by applying operations for the first n-1 elements.
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 3 → +3 Since xor of all elements is zero and since you consider first (n-1) in case of even. So you will make first (n-1) elements equal to a particular number let that be x. Now let us consider xor of all the elements: X=x ^ x ^ x... (n-1) times ^A[n]. we know since n is even n-1 will be odd. So x^ x^ x .. (n-1) times will be x. X=x^A[n] Since we ensured that X must be 0. Property={ a^a=0) So 0=x^A[n]; so A[n]=x; so we have proved all the elements are equal to x.
• » » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 Ohh yes understood. Thank you so much
» 2 years ago, # | ← Rev. 2 → +3 A great problemset ! Requires creativity & clever observations .
» 2 years ago, # | 0 Nice problem set.
» 2 years ago, # | 0 The problem set was really nice! Looking forward to more contests from you peeps! :)
» 2 years ago, # | +11 Is there any math to know how reasonably sure we can be that we have the 2 children of the root after $q$ queries in problem F? Is 420 deliberately chosen or is it just a meme number?
» 2 years ago, # | ← Rev. 5 → 0 In problem B I am using map to check whether there are duplicates but getting runtime error, pls tell me why is it so? int main(){ int tc; cin>>tc; while(tc--) { int n; cin>>n; vector v(n); map mp; int flag = 0; for(int i=0; i>v[i]; if(mp.find(v[i])!=mp.end()){ flag=1; cout<<"YES"<
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | +1 You don't read the entire array, so the next element after breaking becomes $n$ of the succeeding test case.
» 2 years ago, # | ← Rev. 3 → 0 dont know why my solution is not passing test case 2 for problem C :( can anyone help??thanks soltn :https://pastebin.ubuntu.com/p/m7rG5Rkj5y/ UPD:i got my mistake
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 Such greedy cannot work here. If you find two cells with same value obviously you need to increment one of it. But to decide which one you need to know about the other cells.
» 2 years ago, # | ← Rev. 2 → +1 I have a different approach for problem E.Let's denote psum[i] as the sum of A[j], for all 1 <= j <= i.First, we can notice that a + b >= a ^ b. So, we can compute all pairs of indexes l and r, such that A[l] + A[r] >= psum[r-1] — psum[l]. There are at most nlogn of this pairs, because for a fixed l, the valid r's need to be at least two times bigger than the previous one, so there are at most logn for a fixed l, and the worst case is something like 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 8, ... Then we can find all such pairs in the following way. First, with simple transformations we can show that a pair is valid if A[r] — psum[r-1] >= -A[l] — psum[l]. Then we can maintain a set of pairs (-A[l]-psum[l],l) and iterate over it while the condition remains true, and for each of these pairs we can check if A[l] ^ A[r] = psum[r-1] — psum[l] and count the number of good pairs.
» 2 years ago, # | 0 when will rating will get updated ?
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | +3 Never
» 2 years ago, # | +3 Here's a bonus problem for A: What if the numbers have to be pairwise distinct? Take $n < 1000$ and the numbers you output must be less than $5000$. SolutionBasically output any arithmetic progression having even difference. This works because subarray of any AP is an AP and sum of an AP is given by $(\text{first term} + \text{last term})*(\text{length of AP})/2$. As $\text{first term} + \text{last term}$ is even, the sum is divisible by its length.
» 2 years ago, # | ← Rev. 2 → 0 In problem B, for the test case array-{1 2 3}, why is the answer NO, as we have {1,2} and {3} as subarrays having same sum.
» 2 years ago, # | ← Rev. 2 → +94 so there's a funny and unproven solution for task C by Ali_Tavakoli : for every pair of adjacent elements, we check whether they are equal or not, if they are equal we randomly change one of them which hasn't been changed yet. After we check all the pairs, we check whether the matrix is good or not, if the matrix is good then we have an answer and we are done, if not we will repeat this process until we find a good matrix. he has no proof for this solution but by doing at most 400 repetitions of the algorithm above, he managed to pass the sys tests.
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | +29 Ali_Tavakoli orz
» 2 years ago, # | 0 Stupid comment ahead I think i might have misunderstood the question "1438D — Powerful Ksenia". So, please help me out here. Let's say the array is 1 2 3 4 Now, the operations are as follows: 1 2 3 4 (initial array) -> 0 0 0 4 -> 0 4 4 4 -> 0 0 0 0. Number of operations = 3, and all array elements are equal. After looking at the editorial, XOR of the above array is 4 and the array length is even. So, answer is "NO". What am i missing?
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 $4 \oplus 4 \oplus 4 = 4$, not $0$.
» 2 years ago, # | 0 Can you help me explain Problem B?
• » » 2 years ago, # ^ | 0 Sure, which part exactly?
• » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 3 → 0 please ignore this comment
» 20 months ago, # | 0 I am not getting problem D.
» 6 months ago, # | +3 Where can i practice these puzzle problems like 1438C — Engineer Artem? and why are the tags at problem C so weird? constructive algo + 2-SAT + FFT + chinese theorem + flows !!
» 2 months ago, # | 0 For problem B what if n == 3 b = {1,1,3} there is no solution please tell me if i am right or wrong if wrong tell why | 3,396 | 10,941 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.28125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | latest | en | 0.879465 |
http://manchik.co.uk/problem/4314486/1 | 1,624,358,175,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488517048.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622093910-20210622123910-00557.warc.gz | 29,300,173 | 5,403 | #### Round 1C, 2016
Submit Solution(Code Jam Page)
### Problem
Gooli is a huge company that owns B buildings in a hilly area. The buildings are numbered from 1 to B.
The CEO wants to build a set of slides between buildings that she can use to travel from her office in building 1 to her favorite cafe in building B. Slides, of course, are one-way only, but the buildings are tall and have elevators, so a slide can start in any building and end in any other building, and can go in either direction. Specifically, for any two buildings x and y, you can build either zero or one slides from x to y, and you can build either zero or one slides from y to x. The exception is that no slides are allowed to originate in building B, since once the CEO reaches that building, there is no need for her to do any more sliding.
In honor of Gooli becoming exactly M milliseconds old, the design must ensure that the CEO has exactly M different ways to travel from building 1 to building B using the new slides. A way is a sequence of buildings that starts with building 1, ends with building B, and has the property that for each pair of consecutive buildings x and y in the sequence, a slide exists from x to y. Note that the CEO is not requiring that any building be reachable from any other building via slides.
Can you come up with any set of one or more slides that satisfies the CEO's requirements, or determine that it is impossible?
### Input
The first line of the input gives the number of test cases, T. T lines follow; each consists of one line with two integers B and M, as described above.
### Output
For each test case, output one line containing `Case #x: y`, where `x` is the test case number (starting from 1) and `y` is the word `POSSIBLE` or `IMPOSSIBLE`, depending on whether the CEO's requirements can be fulfilled or not. If it is possible, output an additional B lines containing B characters each, representing a matrix describing a valid way to build slides according to the requirements. The j-th character of the i-th of these lines (with both i and j counting starting from 1) should be `1` if a slide should be built going from building i to building j, and `0` otherwise. The i-th character of the i-th line should always be `0`, and every character of the last line should be `0`.
If multiple solutions are possible, you may output any of them.
1 ≤ T ≤ 100.
2 ≤ B ≤ 6.
1 ≤ M ≤ 20.
2 ≤ B ≤ 50.
1 ≤ M ≤ 1018.
### Sample
Input Output ```3 5 4 2 1 4 20 ``` ```Case #1: POSSIBLE 01001 00110 00001 00101 00000 Case #2: POSSIBLE 01 00 Case #3: IMPOSSIBLE ```
The sample outputs show one possible way to fulfill the specifications for each case. Other valid answers may exist.
Here is an illustration of the sample answer for Case #1:
The four ways to get from building 1 to building 5 are:
• 1 to 5
• 1 to 2 to 3 to 5
• 1 to 2 to 4 to 5
• 1 to 2 to 4 to 3 to 5
In Case #3, building slides from 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 1, and 1 to 4 would create infinitely many ways for the CEO to reach building 4 (she could go directly to 4, or go around the loop once and then go to 4, or go around the loop twice...), but the CEO requested exactly 20 ways.
Points Correct Attempted
13pt 1983 3090
21pt 1473 1829
### Subscribe to our newsletter
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https://smtnet.com/Forums/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_thread&CFApp=1&Thread_ID=16060 | 1,586,000,541,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370521876.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404103932-20200404133932-00385.warc.gz | 665,414,559 | 13,161 | Printed Circuit Board Assembly & PCB Design Forum
SMT electronics assembly manufacturing forum.
# screen thickness
Views: 8062
screen thickness | 23 January, 2012
Is there a different thickness of screens we should be using for smaller components (sod523 / sot23 / 0603) or new pastes?
Thanks.
screen thickness | 23 January, 2012
Area Ratio [PCB Assembly Guidelines for 0.4mm Package-On-Package (PoP) Packages, Part II, TI Application Report, SPRAAV2-April 2008, K Gutierrez & G Coley] The relationship between the surface of the aperture and the inside surface of the aperture walls in the stencil is referred to as the area ratio (AR). The area ratio is much more suitable for shapes such as circles than the aspect ratio. For fine pitch BGA pads, a round aperture is recommended. The area ratio of >= 0.66 aperture opening to the stencil wall has been shown to provide the best transfer efficiency and repeatability of the deposited paste. Values from 0.66 to 0.8 insure a good paste release from the stencil. The biggest impact on area ratio is the stencil thickness. The equation is: AR = Ap / Aw 0.66 Where Ap is the aperture opening area and Aw is the wall area: 0.66 >=[pi*d^2/4]/pi*d*T=d/4T Where r is the aperture opening radius and T is the stencil thickness. Table 1 shows the various values of AR for different aperture openings and stencil thickness. Table 1. Stencil||Aperture Opening (thou)||Aperture Radius (thou)||Stencil Thickness (um)||Stencil Thickness (thou)||AR 100 um||10||5||100||3.94||0.64 ||11||5.5||100||3.94||0.70 ||12||6||100||3.94||0.76 ||13||6.5||100||3.94||0.83 ||14||7||100||3.94||0.89 ||15||7.5||100||3.94||0.95 ||16||8||100||3.94||1.02 125 um||10||5||125||4.92||0.51 ||11||5.5||125||4.92||0.56 ||12||6||125||4.92||0.61 ||13||6.5||125||4.92||0.66 ||14||7||125||4.92||0.71 ||15||7.5||125||4.92||0.76 ||16||8||125||4.92||0.81 5 thou||10||5||127||5||0.50 ||11||5.5||127||5||0.55 ||12||6||127||5||0.60 ||13||6.5||127||5||0.65 ||14||7||127||5||0.70 ||15||7.5||127||5||0.75 ||16||8||127||5||0.80 6 thou||10||5||152.4||6||0.42 ||11||5.5||152.4||6||0.46 ||12||6||152.4||6||0.50 ||13||6.5||152.4||6||0.54 ||14||7||152.4||6||0.58 ||15||7.5||152.4||6||0.63 ||16||8||152.4||6||0.67
As for solder paste type selection, search the fine SMTnet Archives for threads like: http://www.smtnet.com/forums/Index.cfm?CFApp=1&Message_ID=24034
screen thickness | 24 January, 2012
If you failed math like I did. A 0.005 inch stencil would work fine for those parts. Most stencils are 0.004in for fine pitch 1005s 201s. 0.005in is probably the most common generic stencil. 0.006in generally is if you need extra solder for big parts.
screen thickness | 25 January, 2012
We are using 6 mil screens, and these boards have 0603,SOT23 and SOD523.
Seems like we could use *more* paste, not less on a lot of these components, so does it make sense to get a thinner screen? Wouldn't this mean we'd get less paste?
screen thickness | 25 January, 2012
Your uising 6 mil thick screen on 0603 and sot-23 and you think you need more paste? when i use a 6 mil screen on a sot-23 and 0603 it is almost to much paste. 5 mill does just fine on those parts but if you think you need more paste then don't go to a thiner screen as long as your paste is releasing from the stencil. if you are using 6 mil stencil and it looks like you don't have enough paste maybe your paste isnt releasing 100%
screen thickness | 25 January, 2012
A few years ago a lot of stencils were 6 mill and 7 mills and a lot of people still use them. these days with such a hi mix on the boards 5 mill seems to be a good compromise. if the 6 mills is working for you that's fine. One thing to note as you go up on thickness 402 and 603s will get globee looking ( not sure if that's a real word) and you can get more tomb stoning. If you look at cell phones and other offshore boards you would be surprised at the lack of paste on the boards as compared to USA processes.
screen thickness | 27 January, 2012
We're in the high rel market and use a lot of 5 mil stencils. They give plenty of paste to meet IPC class 3 and survive over 1000 cycles of -40/+125C thermal cycle testing.
screen thickness | 1 February, 2012
Thanks very much everyone.
I'll try out a 5mil and see how that goes.
screen thickness | 3 February, 2012
> Thanks very much everyone. > > I'll try out a > 5mil and see how that goes.
If you are using 6mil stencil and you are saying that you need more on the 0603 parts then you might want to look at your squeege pressure. What kind of squeege blades are you using. You could be putting too much pressure on the blades to the stencil and causing the blade to dig in the aperatures. We actually use 4mil stenicl for 0603 and under. When using 6 mil stencil on 20mil pitch parts you should be causing your rework deprtment a lot of short removal steps.
screen thickness | 6 February, 2012
By changing paste and making a better profile, it seems like we have enough paste. The process was just not working very well with SN100.
So far the 5mil looks good, so thanks for the input!
screen thickness | 14 February, 2012
What is the percent solids of the paste you are using?
screen thickness | 16 February, 2012 | 1,572 | 5,222 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.78125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | latest | en | 0.714854 |
http://de.metamath.org/mpeuni/equsal.html | 1,721,686,934,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763517927.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240722220957-20240723010957-00651.warc.gz | 8,963,910 | 3,537 | Metamath Proof Explorer < Previous Next > Nearby theorems Mirrors > Home > MPE Home > Th. List > equsal Structured version Visualization version GIF version
Theorem equsal 2279
Description: An equivalence related to implicit substitution. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jun-1993.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 12-Aug-2011.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 3-Oct-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 5-Feb-2018.)
Hypotheses
Ref Expression
equsal.1 𝑥𝜓
equsal.2 (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑𝜓))
Assertion
Ref Expression
equsal (∀𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦𝜑) ↔ 𝜓)
Proof of Theorem equsal
StepHypRef Expression
1 equsal.1 . . 3 𝑥𝜓
2119.23 2067 . 2 (∀𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦𝜓))
3 equsal.2 . . . 4 (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑𝜓))
43pm5.74i 259 . . 3 ((𝑥 = 𝑦𝜑) ↔ (𝑥 = 𝑦𝜓))
54albii 1737 . 2 (∀𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦𝜑) ↔ ∀𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦𝜓))
6 ax6e 2238 . . 3 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦
76a1bi 351 . 2 (𝜓 ↔ (∃𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦𝜓))
82, 5, 73bitr4i 291 1 (∀𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦𝜑) ↔ 𝜓)
Colors of variables: wff setvar class Syntax hints: → wi 4 ↔ wb 195 ∀wal 1473 ∃wex 1695 Ⅎwnf 1699 This theorem was proved from axioms: ax-mp 5 ax-1 6 ax-2 7 ax-3 8 ax-gen 1713 ax-4 1728 ax-5 1827 ax-6 1875 ax-7 1922 ax-12 2034 ax-13 2234 This theorem depends on definitions: df-bi 196 df-or 384 df-an 385 df-ex 1696 df-nf 1701 This theorem is referenced by: equsalh 2280 equsex 2281 dvelimf 2322 sb6x 2372 sb6rf 2411
Copyright terms: Public domain W3C validator | 706 | 1,359 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.71875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | latest | en | 0.301867 |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/differential-equations?page=6&sort=faq&pagesize=30 | 1,469,764,953,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829970.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00068-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 156,666,326 | 27,443 | # Tagged Questions
Questions on (ordinary) differential equations. For questions specifically concerning partial differential equations, use the (pde) tag.
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Suppose there are two lakes located on a stream. Clean water flows into the first lake, then the water from the first lake flows into the second lake, and then water from the second lake flows further ...
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If $\frac{dy(x)}{dx}=(2-3i)y(x)$ where $i=\sqrt{-1}$, what is the value of $y(\pi)$?
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### Find a particular solution of the differential equation $-3y''-2y'+y=3xe^x$
Using the method of undetermined coefficients. Guess $(Ax+B)e^x$ Plug into diff eq: $-3[(Ax+B)e^x]'' - 2[(Ax+B)e^x]' + (Ax+B)e^x = 3xe^x$ Wolfram alpha simplifies this to: $A(x-2)=e^x(4B+3x)$. ...
1answer
129 views | 600 | 2,282 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.328125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | latest | en | 0.909271 |
https://hstreasures.com/isaac-newtons-biography-58301/ | 1,696,117,253,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510730.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930213821-20231001003821-00536.warc.gz | 328,660,600 | 9,026 | # Isaac Newton's Biography
Isaac Newton was born on Christmas day in 1642, in Lincolnshire, England. Newton attended Trinity College in 1661 and had both his Bachelor of Arts and his Master of Arts by 1669. That same year he became the associate of the French Academy of Sciences. He was elected to Parliament, then appointed a warden, and finally, President of the Royal Society. Newton was a Master of Science and mathematics. He discovered calculus, before Leibniz’ became popular.
Perhaps Newton’s most popular discovery, though, was gravity. As the story goes, Sir Isaac Newton was resting under a tree one day in his garden, when an apple fell from it and hit him on the head. Thus, he discovered gravity. The earth’s gravitational pull pulls objects toward it. However, many people believe that this is only a myth created to simply illustrate Newton’s discovery. Along with Newton’s many discoveries, the three laws of motion are famous.
These include inertia, acceleration, and the idea that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Inertia is the idea that a body in motion will remain in motion, and a body at rest will remain at rest. For example, if I were to throw a baseball into the air, it would keep going until gravity pulled it back down to earth. However, if I left it sitting on a table, it would lie there until some kind of force were to move it.
If I were to push a skateboard across the floor with all of my might, the skateboard would accelerate more than if I gave it a light shove, simply because there was more force behind it. More force = more acceleration. If I were sitting on a swing and someone were to grab hold of the swing, pull it backwards, and release, I would move forward in the opposite direction. This demonstrates the idea that, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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Hi there, would you like to get such a paper? How about receiving a customized one? Check it out | 424 | 1,974 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.5625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | latest | en | 0.989157 |
https://www.natureof3laws.co.in/the-simplified-concepts-of-pendulums-types-of-pendulums-and-derivation-of-their-time-periods/ | 1,603,432,066,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880656.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023043931-20201023073931-00168.warc.gz | 829,067,318 | 241,218 | ## The Simplified concepts of pendulums | Types of pendulums , and derivation of their Time Periods.
Today we are going to talk about the various types of pendulums and their time periods. Pendulums plays a very important role in simple harmonic motion physics that is also called oscillation. So for everyone who read and understand physics, it is necessary to understand the underlying concept of pendulums. So here we are going to cover a detailed talk on various types of pendulums. So stay tuned with us till end.
So let’s starts…
First of all we have to understand that, what is pendulum? Pendulum is derived from a Latin word ‘pendulus’ which means hanging.
So, A pendulum is nothing but it is only a arrangements in which, when a weight is suspended from a pivot with a inextensible cord such that it can swing freely back and forth after applying a small force on the weight.
When no any external force is applied in the bob, then pendulum remains in rest position. And the position where it remains in rest is called mean position. When a pendulum is swinging back and forth from his mean position then it get displaced, and we see that after some time it comes in rest(mean position) Then from this we can conclude that mean position is applying some inward force ,it is when, when bob swings away from the mean position. And this inward force is called restoring force. It means we can say that always a restoring force is applied by the mean position on the bob , by which it comes in rest. And this restoring force is always directly proportional to the displacement of the bob from the mean position. And this type of back and forth motion of pendulums in which restoring force which is applied by the mean position, is always directly proportional to displacement from the mean position is called oscillation or simple harmonic motion.
All the pendulums which we are going to read, perform SHM, means oscillates about their mean position.
We are going to talk about four types of pendulums, which are listed below:
1). Simple pendulum
2). Compound or physical pendulum
3). Conical pendulum
4). Torsional pendulum
SIMPLE PENDULUM
A simple pendulum is also called simple Gravitational pendulum, it is idealised simple pendulum consist of a weight(bob) which is suspended by a inextensible and massless cord from a pivot having zero air drag and friction. If small force is applied on the simple Gravitational pendulum , it will start oscillating with constant amplitude. But when Normal pendulums or real pendulums start oscillating back and forth, it motion is hindered by the air drag and friction , by which it’s amplitude gradually declines.
Practically it is not possible to make a ideal simple pendulum. So for practically uses , a simple pendulum is obtained by suspending a weight(bob) with a fine cotton thread from a pivot.
DERIVATION FOR TIME PERIOD OF A SIMPLE PENDULUM
We have to understand the meaning of time period , time period is nothing but it is only the time taken by the bob to complete one full oscillation.
Now, consider a ideal simple pendulum, having bob of mass m , and hangs with a massless and inextensible cord of length L , and other end of the cord is fixed to a pivot , as shown above.
Now, think that this pendulum is swinging back and forth and you stop it at any instant of oscillation as shown above.
At any instant of stoppage of the pendulum, we find that θ is the angular displacement which is made by the bob from the mean position.
W = mg is the weight which is acting towards the ground and balance by the normal reaction R,
R = W = mg, and θ is the angle between the cord and the normal reaction.
After resolving the mg in X and Y components, we get -mgsinθ along X axis and -mgcosθ along Y axis.
-mgsinθ act as restoring force, because during oscillations this force pull the bob towards the mean position. Minus sign is because this force acts in opposite direction of the motion of the bob. And -mgcosθ is acted along the cord but in the opposite direction of the tension in the cord. T = -mgcosθ ,. and restoring force = -mgsinθ
Restoring force (F) is perpendicular to the length of the cord(L),
And we know that torque τ is r × F = rFsinθ , here r is length L and force is mgsinθ.
Then τ is given as mgsinθL ,
τ = -mgLsinθ = Iα , where I is moment of inertia and α is angular acceleration.
If θ is very small then sinθ = θ
τ = -mgLθ =Iα , then ,
Iα = -mgLθ
α = (-mgL/I)θ , equating with a = -ω^2x
-ω^2 = -mgL/I. (minus minus get cancelled)
ω = √(mgL/I)
We know that ω = 2π/T then we get,
2π/T = √(mgL/I)
T = 2π√(I/mgL)
Moment of inertia of bob is mL^2 , putting it into a above expression , we get,
T = 2π√(mL^2/mgL)
T = 2π√(L/g)
This is the required time period of the simple pendulum.
But this formula is not general, the general formula for time period of simple pendulum is
T = 2π√RL/g(R+L) , where R is the radius of the earth and L is the length of the pendulum.
RESULTS TO BE NOTED
*. If angular amplitude of the simple pendulum is more , then the time period is =
T = 2π√(L/g)×(1+θ^2/16) , where θ is in radians.
*. On increasing length of simple pendulum, time period increases, but time period of simple pendulum of infinite length is 84.6 minutes, which is maximum and is equal to the
T = 2π√R/g
*. If time period of clock based on simple pendulum increases , then click will be slow , but if time period decreases then clock will be fast.
*. If g remains constant and ∆l changes in length, then , (∆T/T)×100 = (∆l×100/2l)
*. If l remains constant and ∆g changes in acceleration, then , (∆T/T)×100 = -(∆g×100/2g)
*. If both length and acceleration is changes by ∆l and ∆g then,
(∆T/T)×100 = 1/2[(∆l/l)-(∆g/g)]×100
Now we are going to talk about physical pendulum or compound pendulum.
COMPOUND PENDULUM AND ITS TIME PERIOD
When a rigid body is suspended from one axis and made to oscillates about it , then this types of pendulums is called compound or physical pendulum. See below;
In this figure O is pivot point , Lc is the distance of the centre of mass C from the pivot. And θ is the small angular displacement , which is made by the line joining the centre of mass to pivot and axis of mean position.
During the oscillation , for small angular displacement θ , restoring torque τ is given by;
τ = -mgLθ. [ Here Lc is taken as L]
Then , torque can be written as,
τ =Iα = -mgLθ
Then , α = -mgLθ/I , equating with a = -ω^2x
We get , ω ^2 = mgL/I [(minus minus get cancelled)]
ω = √mgL/I
We know that ω = 2π/T then we get,
2π/T = √(mgL/I)
T = 2π√(I/mgL), where I is moment of inertia.
Moment of inertia is given as I = Icm + mL^2
And Icm is given by mK^2 , where K is radius of gyration about axis passing from the centre of mass.
I = mK^2 + mL^2
Now putting all the values above , we get;
T = 2π√(mK^2 + mL^2)/mgL
T = 2π√(K^2 + L^2)/gL = 2π√Leq/g
Where Leq is K^2/L + L = equivalent length of the compound pendulum.
If L = K then Time Period is minimum, which is given as,
T = 2π√2K/g
This is required time period of compound pendulum.
Now we are going to talk about conical pendulum.
CONICAL PENDULUM
So what is a conical pendulum , A conical pendulum consist of a string whose one end is tied to a fixed point and other free end is tied with a Bob. When the bob is drawn aside and give a horizontal push , then it start describing a horizontal circular path with uniform angular velocity ω in such a way that it’s string made an angle θ with vertical. As the string traces the surface of a cone of semi vertical angle θ , then whole figure looks like a cone, due to this it is called conical pendulum.
For reference see below;
DERIVATION OF TIME PERIOD OF CONICAL PENDULUM
Let’s consider the T is the tension in the string and L is the length of the string, and r is the radius is the cone , which is made by the horizontal circular motion of the string. And h is the height of the cone. m is the mass of the bob.
After resolving the different forces on the bob in their components then, we find that;
Vertical component Tcosθ is balanced by the weight mg.
Tcosθ = mg ….(1)
And horizontal component Tsinθ is balanced by the centrifugal force mrω^2
Tsinθ = mrω^2…….(2)
And cosθ is equal to h/L and sinθ is equal to r/L
cosθ =h/L, and h = Lcosθ and r = Lsinθ
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) we get,
tanθ = rω^2/g
…… ω^2 = gtanθ/r
…….. ω = √gtanθ/r
Putting r = Lsinθ in place of r , then we get,
ω = √gtanθ/Lsinθ
…… ω = √g/Lcosθ … and Lcosθ = h
Then. ω = √g/h
ω = 2π/T = √g/h
Then……. T = 2π√h/g
This is the required time period of conical pendulum.
Now we are going to talk about torsional pendulum.
TORSIONAL PENDULUM AND ITS TIME PERIOD
First of all , we have understand the meaning of torsion. Have you ever twist any flexible grass or any rubber objects. What do you see, you must have seen that after twisting it many times it again comes to its original condition, or it tends to come in its original position. Means when we applied a force to twist and after releasing the twisting force, a opposite force is applied to regain its original condition. This is called torsion , and the pendulum which works on this concept called torsional pendulum.
Restoring torque is directly proportional to the θ.
Where θ is angular displacement.
For more angular displacement we have to apply more force to twisting it.
τ = -Cθ. [C is the torsional constant]
Then ,. Iα = -Cθ
….. α = -Cθ/I. (where I is moment of inertia about vertical axis)
equating with a = -ω^2x ,.
We get -ω^2 = -C/I [(minus minus get cancelled)]
Then. ω = √C/I
….. ω = 2π/T = √C/I
Then ,….. T = 2π√I/C
This is required time period of torsional pendulum.
#### Suchit prajapati
A person who always imagines, learner and knowledge enthusiast. My imagination is my power. | 2,639 | 9,826 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | longest | en | 0.957499 |
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mt165s2010_2 - Page 3 4 A ladder 3 meters long with one end...
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Math 165 Midterm Exam Part II Spring 2010 Full Name: TA: Section: Instructions: Show all work. No credit allowed for mere answers with no work shown. Show the steps of calculations. State the reasons that justify conclusions. Give exact values in results. Questions 1, 2, 3 are each worth 12 points. Questions 4, 5 are each worth 15 points. 1. Find the equation of the tangent line to y = 1 x 2 + 4 at the point ± 2 , 1 8 ² .
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Math 165 Midterm Part II Page 2 2. Sketch the graph of a function g ( x ) that satisfies the following conditions. Be sure to label your graph. (a) g ( x ) is continuous at x = 1 (b) g 0 (1) does not exist (c) g (1) = g (2) = 3 (d) lim x 2 + g ( x ) = -∞ (e) lim x →∞ g ( x ) = 1 3. Identify all critical points and find the maximum and minimum value of the function f ( x ) = x 3 - 3 x 2 + 1 on S = [ - 1 , 4].
Math 165 Midterm Part II
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Unformatted text preview: Page 3 4. A ladder 3 meters long, with one end on the ground, is raised so that the angle θ of the ladder with the ground increases by 2 . 5 radians per minute. Consider the right triangle formed by the ladder, the ground, and a vertical line through the top of the ladder. How fast is the area of this triangle increasing at the time when the angle θ equals π/ 6? Math 165 Midterm Part II Page 4 5. Consider the function f ( x ) = x 4-4 x 3-10. (a) Find the intervals on which f is increasing and the intervals on which f is decreasing. (b) Find the intervals on which f is concave up and the intervals on which f is concave down. (c) Find all inflection points of f ....
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Ask a homework question - tutors are online | 646 | 2,244 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.8125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | latest | en | 0.869538 |
http://forexrealm.com/technical-analysis/graphical-methods/figures/fibonacci-fans.html | 1,586,262,527,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371799447.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407121105-20200407151605-00112.warc.gz | 64,360,906 | 2,824 | Home > Technical analysis > Fibonacci theory and figures > Fans
Fibonacci Fans charting technique
Fibonacci Fans are drawn as speed resistance lines in the same way as the arcs, with the exception that they are drawn at the Fibonacci levels of 23.6%, 38.2% , 50%, 61.8% and 76.4% on vertical some line levels. These lines are considered to serve as levels of support for developing retracements or to signal a new descending trend. And, after a break, they can assess the levels of resistance.
To display Fibonacci Fans a trend line is drawn between two extreme points on the chart. In the same way that lines are drawn for the arcs, the lines for fans are drawn between the extreme lowest point and the opposing high peak. Then an invisible vertical line is drawn through the second extreme point. Then, three trend lines are drawn from the first extreme point so that they pass through the invisible vertical line at the Fibonacci levels of 38.2%, 50% and 61.8%. | 224 | 967 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.578125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | latest | en | 0.932343 |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/having-trouble-understanding-why-ftl-implies-time-travel.280248/ | 1,529,771,461,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865098.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623152108-20180623172108-00046.warc.gz | 913,383,245 | 30,795 | # Having trouble understanding why FTL implies time travel
1. Dec 17, 2008
### kronnyq
I found a decent page explaining this but it's a little deep for my understanding.
I think I understand the basics of special relativity where the speed of light remains constant regardless the velocity of 2 observers, the laws of physics do not depend on location or motion, and that length, time, and mass depends on motion relative to a chosen frame of reference.
I can't seem to hack why faster than light speed would suggest time travel however. If anyone would care to elaborate or point me to a page/thread that doesn't require a PhD in physics to comprehend, that would be swell.
2. Dec 17, 2008
### Dmitry67
If something (A->B) is transmitted faster then light in one frame, then there is another frame where the effect (B) occurs *before* then the cause (A)
3. Dec 17, 2008
### Fredrik
Staff Emeritus
It doesn't. At least not the kind of time travel you probably have in mind. Maybe you saw Heroes the other day when Daphe got "supercharged" and ran back in time. What really would have happened (if we can accept all the other ridiculous things) is that from Matt's point of view, she would have arrived at her destination at a later time than her departure time. However, from the point of view of a person in a spaceship going fast in the same direction, Daphne started at her "destination" and ran backwards until she reached Matt at some later time. Different observers can disagree about the order in which events occur, if their separation is "spacelike" (i.e. not enough time for a light signal to get from one event to the other). That's it.
So the "time travel" suggested by special relativity is pretty boring, especially since only objects with an imaginary mass (a mass that's a real number times the complex number i that satisfies i2=-1). Matt said he paid attention in high school, but the writers certainly didn't.
If FTL particles ("tachyons") exist, they must have some special features that prevent the paradoxes discuessed in this thread (mostly by me, on the first page).
4. Dec 17, 2008
### RandallB
Still missing is the point on why FTL (tachyons) in SR cannot imply “backwards time”.
In the example of Daphe becoming a “Tachyon” to change her position in space to a distance further than can be traveled by light. Both Matt (at her starting position) and the fast moving spaceship have clocks and additional clocks at all locations in there frames that indicate what they believe are simultaneous times in their respective frames.
Before she even begins, Matt and the Spaceship both define can define a location that represents where Daphe is found to be and the end of her FTL trip. Therefore both Matt and the spaceship can define where and when that destination is in there own frames of reference. Setting those frames at t=0 and x=0 for the start position Matt both frames define a the time at the location where Daphe will be seen after she moves as simultaneously being at time = 0.
However this is where SR is very clear both Matt and the Spaceship disagree about what the correct “current” time is at those distant locations. They are two different locations since because of the respective motions they do not come together at the same place until Daphe arrives there at so point in the future.
Both frames claim the other is completely wrong and an inaccurate reference for the standard of simultaneous because when the review problems from the POV of only their own frame they always get good rational results, which include showing that all other frames are irrationally incorrect.
So from the POV of Matt and all observers in his frame when they perform the SR Transforms to show what the clocks at various locations in the spaceship frame say they are all still out of synchronization and total useless as a correct measure of when things happen as far as Matt and his Observes know.
The flaw being applied in claiming to see “backwards” time is comparing the times at different locations in the spaceship frame as define by the Matt frame as being correct!
Matt and his observers will tell you:
“Hey duh; we have already defined all those times in the other frame as out of sync and unreliable they cannot be “correct” – of course they show weird things like “backwards time” those clocks are just WRONG!”
SR Simultaneity completely supports them in this statement, because it also supports the very same statement made by the spaceship about the Matt view of time being wrong.
It is just more interesting (even sells books) to say “look backwards time travel” then to say what this thought experiment really shows – And that is:
Two different frames cannot agree on a common version of ‘simultaneous’
Therefore you must remain only in one frame of reference from start to finish when working this kind of problem.
So when you “do the math” using only the spaceship frame from the start, you see only normal causality and a Matt POV for time that cannot be correct.
But since it is boring to just recognize that simple SR fact (know for decades), I’ve no doubt the myth of, backwards time caused by tachyons, will continue without justification.
5. Dec 17, 2008
### JesseM
Yes it does, as long it's possible to send information FTL and as long as the principle of relativity is obeyed and tachyon signals follow the same laws all frames. Different frames have different definitions of simultaneity, and if two events have a spacelike separation, like the event of the tachyon being sent out and the event of it being received, then different frames will disagree on the order of these events, with some frames saying the signal was received before it was sent. And if it's possible in every frame for tachyon signals to be received at an earlier time than they're sent, then I can send you a tachyon signal which in your frame is received at an earlier time than I sent it, and you can send a reply which in my frame is received at an earlier time than you sent it, with the net result being that I recieve your reply before I sent the original message. There's a spacetime diagram of such a two-way tachyon communication scheme here:
http://www.theculture.org/rich/sharpblue/archives/000089.html
6. Dec 17, 2008
### JesseM
No, there is no such assumption. The idea that tachyons imply causality violation requires two tachyon signals, an original message and a reply, such that in frame A the original message moves FTL but forwards in time while in frame B the original message moves backwards in time, whereas in frame A the reply moves backwards in time while in frame B the reply moves FTL but forward in time. No one is assuming there is any "objective" truth about whether either of the two signals is individually moving forwards or backwards in time, but the combination of the two is such that the reply is received in the past light cone of the the event of the original signal being sent, which is a clear causality violation in all frames.
Of course this depends on the assumption that not only are FTL signals possible, but that they obey the same laws in all inertial frames (the first postulate of SR). If there was a "preferred frame" for FTL signals, such that in that frame you could send signals FTL but you could not send signals back in time according to that frame's definition of simultaneity, then FTL would not imply any causality violations.
For pedagogical purposes, you need to use two separate frames to demonstrate that the original signal's speed in frame A is the same as the reply's speed in frame B, and that each frame sees one of the two signals moving backwards in time, with the net result that they both agree the reply is received before the original signal was sent (of course once you have satisfied yourself that tachyons can move backwards in time in every frame, then you don't need to use two separate frames, you can analyze everything from a single frame which sees one signal moving FTL but forwards in time and the other moving backwards in time). Again, it all comes down to the first postulate of relativity--if there is any frame that sees a tachyon signal being received at an earlier time-coordinate than it was sent, then unless the tachyons violate the first postulat (i.e. they do not obey Lorentz-invariant laws), then it must be possible in every frame to send a tachyon signal such that it arrives before it was sent in that frame.
Last edited: Dec 17, 2008
7. Dec 17, 2008
### kronnyq
That's funny you mentioned that, ha...because I did see that episode and FTL time travel has always interested me, after watching that I decided to do some more research on it.
I'm still not quite gettin it though...I don't understand the basic SR behind it. Granted that Daphne ran back in time was quite preposterous and she could only go forward in time, why exactly does this occur when you are moving at FTL speed? Is this because it takes a bit for light to catch up to her so she is visible, that is skipping ahead of the speed of visible light relative to Matts frame of perception?
8. Dec 17, 2008
### Crazy Tosser
Ok. so let's say you travel faster than light. Guess what, you see an empty universe. Why? Because since you are traveling faster than light, you cannot transmit any information to the surrounding object and no surrounding objects can transmit any information to you (that's what SR says). And now, that would be a violation of the 2nd law, wouldn't it? Heck, from your frame of reference the entire universe just disappeared - that's what I call decrease in entropy :D
9. Dec 17, 2008
### JesseM
Have you heard of the idea of the relativity of simultaneity? The idea is that different reference frames in relativity disagree about whether events at different locations happened at the "same time" or "different times". This can be understood in terms of the fact that all frames say light moves at the same speed in all directions--if I'm on a ship and I have clocks at the front and back, then in my reference frame where the ship is at rest, if I set off a light flash at the center of the ship I must believe the event of the light hitting the back happens at the "same time" as the event of the light hitting the front. But if in your frame the ship is moving forward, from your perspective the front end of the ship is moving away from the position where the light flash happened while the back end is moving towards that position, so if you say the light moved at the same speed in both directions in your frame, you must conclude the light caught up with the back end before the light caught up with the front end. You can see a youtube video illustrating a similar thought-experiment here, and the link I posted earlier also has a good illustration.
Anyway, it turns out that the relativity of simultaneity works in such a way that if two events could both lie on the path of a signal moving slower than light (in which case physicists say there is a 'timelike separation' between the events) or exactly at the speed of light (in which case there is a 'lightlike separation' between them), then all reference frames will at least agree on the order of the two events, although they can disagree on how much time elapsed between the first and the second. On the other hand, if two events could only be connected by a signal moving faster than light--like an event happening on Earth in 2008 and an event happening at Alpha-Centauri, 4 light-years away, at some date less than 4 years past 2008, like 2010--then there is said to be a 'spacelike separation' between them, and some frames will say event A happened before event B, others will say event B happened before event A, and one frame will say event A and event B happened at the same time (note that the time events happen in a given frame is not based on when an observer at rest in that frame sees them--two events can happen at the same time-coordinate in my rest frame, but because one happens at a greater distance from me, the light from it doesn't reach me until later than the light from the other one).
So, this means that if I send a signal which moves faster than light but forward in time in my frame--so, for example, in my frame I send the signal from Earth in 2008 and my friend on Alpha Centauri receives it 2 years later in 2010--then there will be other frames where the event of the signal being received by my friend actually happened before the event of my sending it, so in these frames it is as if the signals moved "back in time". But this is still not "really" transmitting information backwards in time in any objective sense, it's just different frames disagreeing on the order, with no single "right" answer. However, the first postulate of special relativity says that the laws of physics must work exactly the same way in every frame, so anything that can happen in one frame must be replicable in every other frame (the second postulate of special relativity says that light moves at the same speed in all frames, and from these two postulates you can derive the rest of special relativity). That means that if there's at least one frame where it's possible for tachyon signals to be received at an earlier time than they were sent, it must be possible in all frames. So, I could send a signal to a friend in motion relative to me (so he would have a different rest frame than mine) which traveled FTL in my frame but backwards in time in his frame; then he could send a reply which traveled FTL in his frame but backwards in time in my frame, in such a way that I received his reply before I even sent the original signal. Although there is no objective truth about whether either of the two signals was traveling backwards in time individually, all frames agree that I received the reply before I sent the signal, so this is a case where information has objectively gone backwards in time.
10. Dec 17, 2008
### RandallB
No the only result that comes from using two different frames as valid frames when the both claim the other as not correct is to violate an chance of following SR rules. SR is very clear, you must work the problem from only one (assumed to be correct) referance frame - from the start ot he very end with all other frames considered as "wrong".
Nothing in SR allows using two different frames as if both could be thought of as prefered.
11. Dec 17, 2008
### JesseM
You don't consider any frame to be "right" or "wrong", you just understand that frame-dependent statements are only a matter of convention, like kilometers vs. miles (and just like with units you have to make sure you keep your conventions consistent throughout the problem). But yes, you can analyze any problem in SR from the perspective of a single frame. Read what I wrote again:
Once you accept that FTL + the first postulate of relativity implies that tachyon signals can move back in time in any frame, then of course you don't need to use more than one frame. Analyzing things from two different frames is a pedagogical device designed to demonstrate that, in fact, FTL + the first postulate of relativity does automatically imply that in every frame it must be possible for tachyon signals to arrive at an earlier time-coordinate than they were sent.
If you disagree that these assumptions lead to that conclusion, I have two simple questions for you:
1. Do you agree that the first postulate of relativity demands that any experiment that gives certain results in one frame (in terms of that frame's coordinates), if replicated in any other frame, must give identical results (in terms of the new frame's coordinates)?
2. Do you agree, therefore, that if you can run an experiment that in one frame will result in a signal being received before it was sent (in terms of the time-coordinates that frame assigns to the events of the signal being sent and the signal being received), then it must be possible to run an identical experiment which gives the same results in any other frame (in terms of that frame's own coordinates), assuming the first postulate of relativity is not violated?
Last edited: Dec 17, 2008
12. Dec 18, 2008
### LURCH
If it helps, try looking at the time-travel idea as an extension of time dilation. If you travel fast enough, time slows down. At lightspeed, time freezes. Above lightspeed, time goes backward.
That's only a starting point, and way oversimplified; what JesseM is trying to egt at is a bit more advanced.
13. Dec 18, 2008
### JesseM
No, that's wrong--an FTL object doesn't have an inertial frame of its own, so the time dilation equation (derived from the Lorentz transformation relating different inertial frames) tells you nothing whatsoever about how the ticks of an FTL "clock" would compare to sublight clocks (anyway, a naive application of the time dilation equation to v > c would give an imaginary time dilation factor, not a negative one). The relation of FTL to time travel comes from analyzing the behavior of tachyons from the perspective of sublight inertial frames, just like we analyze the behavior of photons from the perspective of sublight inertial frames without any notion of allowing the photon to have its own "perspective".
14. Dec 18, 2008
### Fredrik
Staff Emeritus
Your explanation is just what I said in the thread I linked to (this post in particular), so it wasn't really helpful, but I think you're right, sort of. Let's say that Daphne runs west with speed 2c relative to Matt, and then turns around and runs east with speed 2c relative to a spaceship that's going west with speed 0.99c relative to Matt, she will get back to Matt before she started. To Matt, the second run would look like this: At an earlier time, Daphne appears out of nowhere and immediately splits in two. One of the Daphnes is acting normal, and the other is running backwards, going west at an FTL speed v<2c until she meets the Daphne who's running west at 2c. The two become one for an instant, and then disappear out of existence.
I have a few problems with this though. How about energy conservation, and Daphne's conscious experience? When she runs west, she just puts one foot in front of the other at some rate, say n steps per second of her own time. Then she runs east, at a lesser speed, so she's taking m<n steps per second of her own time. If the just decides to run west at a rate of m steps per second, she'll end up in the future, not in the past. So she must be doing something more than that. What exactly is she doing in addition to putting one foot in front of the other? Flapping her ears?
Last edited: Dec 18, 2008
15. Dec 18, 2008
### Fredrik
Staff Emeritus
A photon's point of view doesn't make sense of course, but we can easly define a tachyon's point of view by taking an inertial frame such that the x axis coincides with the tachyon's world line and then swapping the x and t axes. (I'm not sure how useful this is though).
16. Dec 18, 2008
### Crazy Tosser
Time is defined as changes of state from one state to another. These changes are not like your computer, they are not stored on the hard disk. Seeing these changes as slowed down or stopped from a frame of reference makes sense, but going back through the changes? Face it, time travel is impossible, and going faster than the speed of light is impossible, at least here on the Relativity forum. FTL does not imply time travel because neither exist.
17. Dec 18, 2008
### JesseM
This "Daphne" would be made of tachyons, totally different particles than what we are made of. Asking about her conscious experience is a bit like asking about the conscious experience of a being made of photons or any other particles which move at c. Relativity simply doesn't tell you anything about the "perspective" of particles which are moving at velocities larger than or equal to c, it doesn't tell us about how the ticks of clocks moving at velocities larger than or equal to c would relate to ticks of our clocks, etc. It only deals with measurements made by familiar sublight objects, the behavior of things moving at velocities larger than or equal to c can be analyzed from the perspective of sublight inertial frames but they don't have their own inertial rest frames.
18. Dec 18, 2008
### JesseM
Such a coordinate system could not be considered an inertial frame without violating the first postulate of SR. (think about how light cones would look in this coordinate system if you assume more than one spatial dimension, for example--not the same as in sublight inertial frames!) And if tachyons could interact with one another in such a way as to form "clocks" of some kind, there's no physical reason to expect that they would keep time with the coordinate time in a coordinate system defined this way.
Last edited: Dec 18, 2008
19. Dec 18, 2008
### JesseM
Are you arguing for the philosophy of presentism, where only things in the present can be said to exist? This is hard to reconcile with the relativity of simultaneity, which says that two events which happen at the "same time" in one inertial frame happen at "different times" in another, and that no inertial frame's perspective is physically preferred over any others. Of course you could choose to believe in a "metaphysically preferred frame" whose definition of simultaneity would correspond to the "truth" about whether two events share the same present moment, but which is experimentally indistinguishable from any other frame; this seems pretty awkward, though, which is why relativity is generally seen to favor the philosophy of eternalism where all events coexist on a 4D spacetime manifold. See here for a discussion of presentism vs. eternalism, from the online "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy".
FTL particles are considered unlikely but they are not fundamentally incompatible with relativity, see here. And backwards time travel appears in certain solutions to the equations of general relativity (like spacetimes containing traversable wormholes), with paths through spacetime that revisit their past being known as "closed timelike curves"; it's an open question whether the hoped-for unification of general relativity with quantum physics will end up ruling out this possibility, I imagine most physicists would say it'll probably be ruled out but it's not certain, you certainly can't rule out closed timelike curves using mere philosophical arguments.
20. Dec 18, 2008
### Fredrik
Staff Emeritus
Jesse, I find your replies to me pretty confusing, not because I don't understand them or because I disagree, but because the things you're saying are just what I've been saying myself. I don't see why you're saying these things to me.
This is a good example.
And yet you disagreed with me when I said that FTL doesn't imply time travel in the sense the OP probably had in mind. Sending messages back in time isn't what most people would consider time travel. If you didn't mean that "if Daphne can run FTL, she can go back in time and save Hiro who's stuck in 1992", then I have no idea what you were disagreeing with me about when you answered my "it doesn't" with "yes it does" in #4.
Did I say it was an inertial frame?
First of all, they may not need "tachyonic" clocks. They can just observe what normal matter does and calculate their coordinates from that. (Of course, calculation takes time...hmm). Second, the coordinate system I defined is consistent with a definition of simultaneity that I think is just as natural for tachyons as the standard definition is for us: Switch on a light bulb somewhere near the tachyon. We define that event to be simultaneous with (t,x)=(0,0) if the light reaches the tachyon at (-T,0) and (T,0).
21. Dec 18, 2008
### JesseM
No, but suppose someone is asking questions about what it'd be like to "take the perspective" of something moving at the speed of light, and then brings up some coordinate system where light is at rest. I think it'd be worth pointing out that when physicists talk about any object's "perspective" in relativity they are normally talking about the object's inertial rest frame, and that it's a special feature of the way the laws of physics work that a physical clock will keep time with coordinate time of its inertial rest frame (including the brain's internal clock); existing physics can't really make any sense of the question of what would be "experienced" by a conscious being moving at light speed, and a coordinate system where a photon is at rest doesn't shed any light on this question (you could in fact devise an infinite variety of different non-inertial coordinate systems where a photon is at rest).
But you were talking about the subjective experience of a tachyonic being, which would presumably involve questions like whether they would experience our slower-than-light clocks running forwards or backwards, whether the ticks of our clocks would seem very slow or very fast, etc. Unless you're talking about a conscious being with no sense of the flow of time, which would have to be a pretty alien sense of consciousness.
But again, picture a situation where we have two space dimensions and one time dimension. Picture a regular light cone in this 3D spacetime. Now relabel the x axis as the t axis and the t axis as the x axis, but keeping the y axis as a space axis--a "plane of simultaneity" in this new coordinate system will now be upright like a wall instead of flat like a floor, meaning it'll be able to slice the light cone in two, so that there are photon paths which lie entirely within that single plane of simultaneity, and these photons are moving "instantaneously" rather than at c in this coordinate system. It's only if you reduce the number of space dimensions to 1, so your only coordinates are x and t, that photons moving at c in the original sublight frame would still be guaranteed to move at c in the new "tachyon" coordinate system you've defined.
Last edited: Dec 18, 2008
22. Dec 18, 2008
### RandallB
So what you are saying is first use two frames inappropriately to give the appearance of FTL backwards time travel by tachyons.
Then convincing your audience of that as a given, so you can use that with only one frame anytime you like and claim you are only using a single frame ...
– what do you call that kind of logic?
That is called magicians misdirection where you don’t show what the other hand has done.
No one has complained about that – at least I certainly have not.
Agree therefore? What therefore, Of course not!
And you have never done so.
Frame A has all Clocks in sync no matter how far away.
When a clock 20 LY away receives a tachyon in only 10 yr it will still be LATER not before a time Zero start. And if you STAY in FRAME A you can send the tachyon back to the start across the 20 LY distance even faster in only 5 yrs that is still AFTER all the other times I.E. no backwards time change or observation to be found by the tachyon.
Sure you can pull the Rabbit Frame out of your hat with a Rabbit with a watch reading “yesterday” when looking at the Tachyon “turnaround” at the A frame 20ly location.
You want to declare that as backwards in time because the rabbit in the Rabbit Frame has a clock the reads sometime in the past! ?!
But that is exactly what the A Frame reference you picked expects – the fast moving Rabbit Frame has all their clocks WRONG, out of sync, and running SLOW.
You cannot look at a Clock SR has already defined as wrong wrt to the frame your using and call it real without breaking a SR rule. I don’t understanding why you kept pushing the fantasy.
What you need to do is complete Frame A analysis and explain WHERE and WHEN the rabbit was when the Tachyon started out in the first place!
I’ll give you half the answers:
The rabbit will have been in the same place in the rabbit frame (stationary)
The time in Frame A where ever in frame A that may be would have been Zero (Frame A in sync)
Where in Frame A the Rabbit is at the start t=0 you can set by picking a speed.
Then with a bit of math tell us: What Time was it on the Rabbit’s watch at Frame A time =0
Have you ever done that – of course not, Because no matter what speed you set for the rabbit wrt to A the Rabbit’s will read the day before “yesterday” or some time farther in the past than time the Rabbit watch will read when it gets to the 20LY frame A location to see the Tachyon arrive. Meaning from the Rabbits point of view, time passed normally, in the forward direction from when the tachyon started to when it reached the 20LY spot. And from the Rabbits POV during the Tachyon return trip; Time will still move forward for the rabbit, no matter waht any other "out of sync" Rabbit frame clock might say!
DO the math and don’t forget to tell us here what you get.
And if you want to use the time on any other location in the Rabbit frame as “correct” and in sync with each other – fine.
As you say you can pick the Rabbit frame as the “frame-dependent convention”.
SR will let you do that: IF and ONLY if you Start over from the very beginning, use all Rabbit Frame clocks as in-sync and correct, But recognize all frame A clocks as out of sync and “incorrect” as SR requires.
23. Dec 18, 2008
### Fredrik
Staff Emeritus
Randall, do you have a problem with this scenario? A tachyon gun is at rest in frame F. In frame F, the origin of frame F' is moving in the positive x direction with speed v=0.99c. The gun fires a tachyon that's moving in the negative x direction with speed 10c in frame F'. Would you agree that in frame F, this tachyon is going backwards in time?
Last edited: Dec 18, 2008
24. Dec 18, 2008
### JesseM
There is nothing inappropriate about it. If the first postulate is true, it must be possible for a tachyon signal to be recieved at an earlier time-coordinate than it was sent, in any inertial frame. Let's go to your objection to this logic:
Just to be clear, when I say "same experiment", I mean that whatever the coordinates of events that take place in the first experiment as seen in the first frame, one can run a second experiment such that identical events happen at the same coordinates in the second frame. For instance, suppose in frame A you have a clock which starts at position x=5 light-seconds, t=10 seconds with the clock reading T=30 seconds, and the clock is moving at 0.8c in the +x direction of frame A so it'll be at position x=13 light-seconds at time t=20 seconds, and because of time dilation it only reads T=36 seconds at that point. Do you agree that the first postulate automatically implies we can have a different clock moving at 0.8c in the +x' direction of frame B, which starts out reading T=30 seconds at x'=5 light-seconds and t'=10 seconds (in the x', t' coordinates of frame B), and then it must be true that the clock will read T=36 seconds at coordinates x'=13 light-seconds and time t'=20 seconds? If so, do you agree that any experiment in frame A can be replicated in this way in frame B, and vice versa?
This is true as long as the tachyon signal was moving forwards in time in frame A. But do you agree that if we analyze this same signal in frame B, the event of the signal being received can happen at an earlier time-coordinate than it was sent, in the coordinates of frame B? For example, suppose in frame A the coordinates of it being sent were x=0 light-years, t=0 years and the coordinates of it being sent were x=20 light-years, t=10 years. Now suppose frame B is moving at v=0.8c in the +x direction of frame A, so gamma=1.25, giving the Lorentz transformation:
x' = 1.25*(x - v*t)
t' = 1.25*(t - vx/c^2)
This transformation assumes the origins coincide, so the event of it being sent in frame B has coordinates (x'=0, t'=0). As for the event of the signal being received, we can plug in x=20 ly, t=10 y to get:
x' = 1.25*(20 - 0.8*10) = 15
t' = 1.25*(10 - 0.8*20) = -7.5
So in frame B the event of it being sent happened at t'=0 while the event of it being received happened at t'=-7.5, which is 7.5 years earlier in this frame's time-coordinates.
So if you agreed with my statement earlier about the first postulate implying that whatever the events of an experiment seen in one frame (like frame B), we can create a different experiment which will give all the same coordinates in a different frame (like frame A), then do you deny that this implies that in frame A we should be able to create a different tachyon experiment where the event of the signal being sent happens at x=0, t=0 and the event of the signal being received happens at x=15, t=-7.5? If you do deny this, can you explain your reasoning?
You are confused if you think solving an SR problem involves declaring one frame "wrong" and another "right". As I said in my last post to you, they are simply different conventions about how to label events, analogous to using kilometers vs. miles. With units you can't get them mixed up--for instance, if you want the difference in speed between two objects you can't use kilometers/second for one and miles/second for the other--but you don't declare either right or wrong, and during the course of a problem using the metric system you can certainly make reference to other units, like saying "I know the distance between the two points was 10 miles, therefore it must be 16.09 kilometers". It's the same with SR, where during the course of solving a problem in frame A you're free to make reference to other frames, like saying "I know the object is 10 light-seconds long in its own rest frame, and it's moving at 0.8c in frame A, so in frame A it must be 6 light-seconds long". As long as you don't try to plug in measurements/coordinates from frame B in a calculation where you're supposed to use measurements/coordinates from frame A, there's no problem with juggling between talking about the way the same events look in different frames over the course of a single problem, and if you look at a relativity textbook you can see they do this sort of juggling routinely, to give students better intuitions about how the same phenomena can look different in different frames.
25. Dec 19, 2008
### DrGreg
RandallB's problem with understanding this was discussed in another thread here. I gave an explicit numerical example in post #42 of that thread which RandallB failed to accept. (For the benefit of other readers, that example requires an understanding of the Lorentz transform and how to apply it (but that wasn't the issue of contention).) I tried to probe this further in post #52 but got no response.
Unfortunately I'll be offline for the next 2 weeks so won't be able to respond! | 7,847 | 34,636 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.734375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | longest | en | 0.967071 |
https://cs50.stackexchange.com/questions/2728/binary-search-question/2786 | 1,627,750,041,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731141123-20210731171123-00709.warc.gz | 202,528,806 | 29,927 | # Binary search question
I'm currently struggling with the binary search in pset 3 and I think I already found out how to implement it. I just really can't understand why, after `return res;`, the program does not leave the `bysearch` function.
When I run gdb using, for example, the value `4` and the haystack: `1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9;` when it reaches the line "return res", instead of exiting the function, the program calls the `bysearch` function again using other values of min and max.
``````int bysearch(int value, int values[],int min,int max)
{
int res = 0;
int midpoint;
if(max < min)
{
res = 0;
}
else
{
midpoint = findmid(min, max);
if(values[midpoint] < value)
{
bysearch(value, values, midpoint+1, max);
}
else if(values[midpoint] > value)
{
bysearch(value, values, mid, midpoint-1);
}
else
{
res = 1;
}
}
return res;
}
``````
This is what happens, gdb.
• How do you know the function isn't returning? Is there a reason your function returns an `int` rather than a `bool`? – curiouskiwi Sep 9 '14 at 1:29
• last 47? what does it mean? – sinister Sep 9 '14 at 2:34
• Also, how does your `findmid()` function work? What's the formula for finding the middle index? – kzidane Sep 9 '14 at 3:06
• @curiouskiwi you're right, my fault on the int rather than the bool – user1782 Sep 9 '14 at 10:18
• *line 47 @sinister – user1782 Sep 9 '14 at 10:18
Well, I don't know what line 47 is exactly since there is no line numbering here, but I assume it's one of the recursive calls in this function, specifically, the one that's executed when `values[midpoint] > value` and that sounds normal since the minimum index is initially 0, the maximum index is initially 8 and the midpoint is (0 + 8) / 2 which is 4. `values[4]` is equal to 5 and that's why the function is called again!
In fact, it should keep getting called until midpoint is equal to 3. So,
the first call:
``````min = 0 // initial min
max = 8 // initial max
midpoint = (0 + 8) / 2 = 4
values[4] = 5 // not what we're looking for
``````
the second call:
``````min = 0
max = 3 // mid - 1
midpoint = (0 + 3) / 2 = 1 // integer division
values[1] = 2 // not what we're looking for
``````
the third call:
``````min = 2 // mid + 1
max = 3
midpoint = (2 + 3) / 2 // integer division
values[2] = 3 // still not what we're looking for
``````
the fourth call:
``````min = 3 // mid + 1
max = 3
mid = (3 + 3) / 2 = 3
values[3] = 4 // gotcha
``````
as you can see, it should take you 4 calls to find the value 4.
• the functions does exactly what you told and it takes me 4 calls to find the value 4. The problem is that the function doesn't return right after and calls again the bysearch function. I'll send a PRTSC of GDB for you to see – user1782 Sep 15 '14 at 0:53
• do you think you can take a look? – user1782 Sep 15 '14 at 13:29
• @user1782, well that's what you're telling it to do exactly if `values[midpoint]` is not greater than value nor less than it, you return 1 from the `else` statement — when `values[midpoint]` is equal to `value`. – kzidane Sep 15 '14 at 13:33 | 970 | 3,058 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.671875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | latest | en | 0.854109 |
https://code-flow.club/223738/absolute-noob-what-built-functions-use-for-basic-tasks-python | 1,624,523,715,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488552937.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624075940-20210624105940-00110.warc.gz | 176,345,075 | 17,887 | 0 like 0 dislike
15 views
Make your first steps in learning programming. Started a couple weeks ago.
The challenge is that we need to ask the user to enter the name of the animal and numbers. Using the number entered by the user, you need to ask the user to enter as many flowers, each on a separate line. After the user completes the input colors, the program should print a line with the name of the colors entered by the user.
Looks like this(user input in bold):
Enter an animal: cat
How many colors: 4
Color 1: white
Color 2: red
Color 3: blue
4 Color: brown
white cat
red cat
blue cat
brown cat
I started like this:
``colors = ["red", "blue", "black", "white", "yellow", "orange", "purple", "brown", "grey", "gray", "silver", "green"] userAnimal = input("Enter an animal: ") userNumber = input("How many colors: ") userNumber = int(userNumber)``
And then quite got up :(
Share the knowledge. Thank you!
| 15 views
0 like 0 dislike
Certainly strange that in two weeks you got to cycles.
``user_number = 4 user_colors = [] while len(user_colors) < user_number: user_colors.append(input("Color? "))``
by
0 like 0 dislike
Here is the solution for your problem:
``animal = input('Enter an animal: ') try: input_colors = input('How many colors? ') num_colors = int(input_colors) except ValueError: print('%s is not a number' % input_colors) exit() colors = [] for i in range(num_colors): colors.append(input('Color %s:' % (i + 1))) for color in colors: print('%s %s' % (color, animal))``
by
0 like 0 dislike | 400 | 1,516 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.828125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | latest | en | 0.77422 |
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# How to Multiply Polynomials
Polynomials are mathematical structures with strands of terms made up of numerical constants and variables. There are certain ways that polynomials must be multiplied based on how many terms are contained within each one. Here's what you need to know about how to do it.
### Method 1 Multiplying Two Monomials
1. 1
Examine the problem. A problem involving two monomials will only involve multiplication. There will be no subtraction or addition.
• A polynomial problem involving two monomials, or two single-term polynomials, will look something like: (ax) * (by); or (ax) * (bx)'
• Example: 2x * 3y
• Example: 2x * 3x
• Note that a and b represent constants or numerical digits, while x and y represent variables.
2. 2
Multiply the constants.[1] The constants refer to the numerical digits in the problem. These are multiplied as they usually would be according to the standard times table.
• In other words, during this part of the problem, you are multiplying a and b together.
• Example: 2x * 3y = (6)(x)(y)
• Example: 2x * 3x = (6)(x)(x)
3. 3
Multiply the variables. The variables refer to the letters in the equation. When you multiply these variables, different variables will simply be combined together while like variables will become squared.
• Note that when you multiply a variable by a like variable, you raise that variable by another power.
• In other words, you are multiplying the x and y or x and x together.
• Example: 2x * 3y = (6)(x)(y) = 6xy
• Example: 2x * 3x = (6)(x)(x) = 6x^2
4. 4
Write your final answer. Due to the simplified nature of this problem, you will not have any like terms that you need to combine.
• The result of (ax) * (by) equals abxy. Similarly, the result of (ax) * (bx) equals abx^2.
• Example: 6xy
• Example: 6x^2
### Method 2 Multiplying a Monomial and a Binomial
1. 1
Examine the problem. A problem involving a monomial and a binomial will involve one polynomial that only has a single term. The second polynomial will have two terms, which will be separated by either a plus sign or a minus sign.
• A polynomial problem involving a monomial and a binomial will look something like: (ax) * (bx + cy)
• Example: (2x)(3x + 4y)
2. 2
Distribute the monomial to both terms in the binomial. Rewrite the problem so that all the terms are separate by distributing the single-term polynomial to both terms in the two-term polynomial.
• After this step, the new rewritten form will look something like: (ax * bx) + (ax * cy)
• Example: (2x)(3x + 4y) = (2x)(3x) + (2x)(4y)
3. 3
Multiply the constants. The constants refer to the numerical digits in the problem. These are multiplied as they usually would be according to the standard times table.
• In other words, during this part of the problem, you are multiplying a, b, and c together.
• Example: (2x)(3x + 4y) = (2x)(3x) + (2x)(4y) = 6(x)(x) + 8(x)(y)
4. 4
Multiply the variables. The variables refer to the letters in the equation. When you multiply these variables, different variables will simply be combined together. When you multiply a variable by a like variable, though, you raise that variable by another power.
• In other words, you are multiplying the the x and y portions of the equation.
• Example: (2x)(3x + 4y) = (2x)(3x) + (2x)(4y) = 6(x)(x) + 8(x)(y) = 6x^2 + 8xy
5. 5
Write your final answer. This type of polynomial problem is also simple enough to usually avoid the need for combining like terms.
• The result will look something like: abx^2 + acxy
• Example: 6x^2 + 8xy
### Method 3 Multiplying Two Binomials
1. 1
Examine the problem. A problem involving a two binomials will involve two polynomials, each with two terms that are separated by either a plus sign or a minus sign.
• A polynomial problem involving two binomials will look something like: (ax + by) * (cx + dy)
• Example: (2x + 3y)(4x + 5y)
2. 2
Use FOIL to distribute the terms appropriately. FOIL is an acronym used to explain how terms are distributed. Distribute first terms, outside terms, inside terms, and last terms.
• After this, your rewritten polynomial problem will effectively look like: (ax)(cx) + (ax)(dy) + (by)(cx) + (by)(dy)
• Example: (2x + 3y)(4x + 5y) = (2x)(4x) + (2x)(5y) + (3y)(4x) + (3y)(5y)
3. 3
Multiply the constants. The constants refer to the numerical digits in the problem. These are multiplied as they usually would be according to the standard times table.
• In other words, during this part of the problem, you are multiplying a, b, c, and d together.
• Example: (2x)(4x) + (2x)(5y) + (3y)(4x) + (3y)(5y) = 8(x)(x) + 10(x)(y) + 12(y)(x) + 15(y)(y)
4. 4
Multiply the variables. The variables refer to the letters in the equation. When you multiply these variables, different variables will simply be combined together. When you multiply a variable by a like variable, though, you raise that variable by another power.
• In other words, you are multiplying the the x and y portions of the equation.
• Example: 8(x)(x) + 10(x)(y) + 12(y)(x) + 15(y)(y) = 8x^2 + 10xy + 12xy + 15y^2
5. 5
Combine any like terms and write your final answer. This type of problem is complex enough to potentially produce like terms, meaning two or more end terms that share the same ending variable. If this happens, you should add or subtract the like terms as needed to determine your final answer.
• The result will look something like: acx^2 + adxy + bcxy + bdy^2 = acx^2 + abcdxy + bdy^2
• Example: 8x^2 + 22xy + 15y^2
### Method 4 Multiplying a Monomial and a Three-Term Polynomial
1. 1
Examine the problem. A problem involving a monomial and a three-term polynomial will involve one polynomial that only has a single term. The second polynomial will have three terms, which will be separated by either a plus sign or a minus sign.
• A polynomial problem involving a monomial and a three-term polynomial will look something like: (ay) * (bx^2 + cx + dy)
• Example: (2y)(3x^2 + 4x + 5y)
2. 2
Distribute the monomial to all three terms in the polynomial. Rewrite the problem so that all the terms are separate by distributing the single-term polynomial to both terms in the three-term polynomial.
• Rewritten, the new equation should look similar to: (ay)(bx^2) + (ay)(cx) + (ay)(dy)
• Example: (2y)(3x^2 + 4x + 5y) = (2y)(3x^2) + (2y)(4x) + (2y)(5y)
3. 3
Multiply the constants. The constants refer to the numerical digits in the problem. These are multiplied as they usually would be according to the standard times table.
• Again, for this step you are multiplying a, b, c, and d together.
• Example: (2y)(3x^2) + (2y)(4x) + (2y)(5y) = 6(y)(x^2) + 8(y)(x) + 10(y)(y)
4. 4
Multiply the variables. The variables refer to the letters in the equation. When you multiply these variables, different variables will simply be combined together. When you multiply a variable by a like variable, though, you raise the power of the variable.
• So multiply the the x and y portions of the equation.
• Example: 6(y)(x^2) + 8(y)(x) + 10(y)(y) = 6yx^2 + 8xy + 10y^2
5. 5
Write your final answer. Due to the single-term monomial at the beginning of this equation, you don't need to combine like terms.
• When finished, the final answer should be: abyx^2 + acxy + ady^2
• Example substituting sample values for constants: 6yx^2 + 8xy + 10y^2
### Method 5 Multiplying Two Polynomials
1. 1
Examine the problems. Each has two three-term polynomials with either a plus sign or a minus sign between terms.
• A polynomial problem involving monomial and two binomials will look something like: (ax^2 + bx + c) * (dy^2 + ey + f)
• Example: (2x^2 + 3x + 4)(5y^2 + 6y + 7)
• Note that the same practices used to multiply two three-term polynomials should also be applied to polynomials with four or more terms.
2. 2
Treat the second polynomial as a single term.[2] The second polynomial should remain whole.
• The second polynomial refers to the (dy^2 + ey + f) portion of the equation.
• Example: (5y^2 + 6y + 7)
3. 3
Distribute each portion of the first polynomial to the second polynomial. Each piece of the first polynomial should be broken up and distributed to the second polynomial as a whole.
• At this point, the equation is something along the lines of: (ax^2)(dy^2 + ey + f) + (bx)(dy^2 + ey + f) + (c)(dy^2 + ey + f)
• Example: (2x^2)(5y^2 + 6y + 7) + (3x)(5y^2 + 6y + 7) + (4)(5y^2 + 6y + 7)
4. 4
Distribute each term. Distribute each newly single-term polynomial over all of the terms in the remaining three-term polynomial.
• Essentially, the equation at this point is something along the lines of: (ax^2)(dy^2) + (ax^2)(ey) + (ax^2)(f) + (bx)(dy^2) + (bx)(ey) + (bx)(f) + (c)(dy^2) + (c)(ey) + (c)(f)
• Example: (2x^2)(5y^2) + (2x^2)(6y) + (2x^2)(7) + (3x)(5y^2) + (3x)(6y) + (3x)(7) + (4)(5y^2) + (4)(6y) + (4)(7)
5. 5
Multiply each of the constants. The constants refer to the numerical digits in the problem. These are multiplied as they usually would be according to the standard times table.
• In other words, during this part of the problem, you are multiplying a, b, c, d, e and f portions.
• Example: 10(x^2)(y^2) + 12(x^2)(y) + 14(x^2) + 15(x)(y^2) + 18(x)(y) + 21(x) + 20(y^2) + 24(y) + 28
6. 6
Multiply each of the variables. The variables refer to the letters in the equation. When you multiply these variables, different variables will simply be combined together. When you multiply a variable by a like variable, though, you raise that variable by another power.
• In other words, you are multiplying the the x and y portions of the equation.
• Example: 10x^2y^2 + 12x^2y + 14x^2 + 15xy^2 + 18xy + 21x + 20y^2 + 24y + 28
7. 7
Combine like terms and write your final answer. This type of problem is complex enough to potentially produce like terms, meaning two or more end terms that share the same ending variable. If this happens, you should add or subtract the like terms as needed to determine your final answer. If not, no additional addition or subtraction is needed.
• Example: 10x^2y^2 + 12x^2y + 14x^2 + 15xy^2 + 18xy + 21x + 20y^2 + 24y + 28
## Article Info
Categories: Algebra
In other languages:
Italiano: Moltiplicare dei Polinomi, Português: Multiplicar Polinômios, Español: multiplicar polinomios, Deutsch: Polynome multiplizieren, Русский: умножать многочлены, 中文: 将多项式相乘, Français: multiplier des polynômes, Bahasa Indonesia: Mengalikan Polinomial
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https://edspi31415.blogspot.com/2019/05/hp-42sdm42free42-room-cavity-ratio.html | 1,581,899,256,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141460.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217000519-20200217030519-00087.warc.gz | 364,795,502 | 17,609 | ## Monday, May 13, 2019
### HP 42S/DM42/Free42: Room Cavity Ratio, Luminous Intensity and Illuminance
HP 42S/DM42/Free42: Room Cavity Ratio, Luminous Intensity and Illuminance
Room Cavity Ratio
The room cavity ratio is used to assist in calculating lighting efficiency in determining where to place ceiling lights in an office room. The formula is:
RCR = INT( ( 5 * H * ( L + W ) ) / ( L * W ) )
where:
L = length of the room
H = height difference between floor cavity and ceiling cavity
W = width of the room
HP 42S/DM42/Free42: Solver RCR
LBL "RCR"
MVAR "H"
MVAR "L"
MVAR "W"
MVAR "RCR"
5
RCL * "H"
RCL "L"
RCL + "W"
*
RCL "L"
RCL * "W"
÷
IP
RCL - "RCR"
END
Examples
Example 1:
Input: H = 5.5, L = 16.8, W = 13.7. Result: RCR = 3
Example 2:
Input: H = 5.5, L = 16.8, RCR = 4. Result: H = 7.1650
Sources:
Dilouie, Craig. "Lighting Design: Example of Role Surfaces Play in Lighting Efficiency" LightNOW https://www.lightnowblog.com/2010/06/example-of-role-surfaces-play-in-lighting-efficiency/ June 16, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2019
"Room Cavity Ratio, RCR" Illuminating Engineering Society. https://www.ies.org/definitions/room-cavity-ratio-rcr/ July 5, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2019
Luminous Intensity and Illuminance
The follow equation relates the luminous intensity (measured in candelas, cd) and illuminance (measured in lux) of a light source. The equation assumes the light source radiates a spherical matter.
E = I / R^2
E = illuminance
I = luminous intensity
R = radius of the sphere's light (meters)
HP 42S/DM42/Free42: Solver ILSPH
LBL "ILSPH"
MVAR "E"
MVAR "I"
MVAR "R"
RCL "E"
RCL "I"
RCL "R"
x ↑ 2
÷
-
END
Examples
Example 1:
Input: I = 10 cd, R = 2 m. Result: 2.5 lux
Example 2:
Input: R = 3.65 m, E = 30 lux. Result: I = 399.6750 cd
Sources:
Daryanani, Sital Building Systems Design With Programmable Calculators Architectural Record Books. McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York. 1980. ISBN 0-07-015415-5
Zumtobel "The Lighting Handbook" Zumtobel Lighting GmbH. Dornbirn, Austria. 6th Edition: 2018 https://www.zumtobel.com/PDB/Ressource/teaser/en/Lichthandbuch.pdf
Eddie
All original content copyright, © 2011-2019. Edward Shore. Unauthorized use and/or unauthorized distribution for commercial purposes without express and written permission from the author is strictly prohibited. This blog entry may be distributed for noncommercial purposes, provided that full credit is given to the author. | 829 | 2,477 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.84375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | longest | en | 0.703287 |
https://gl.mathhub.info/smglom/functional-analysis/commit/ec8b59b1fe20499114ba1d4724bf7263a33ec3ca | 1,620,458,597,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988850.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508061546-20210508091546-00129.warc.gz | 309,964,009 | 22,531 | Commit ec8b59b1 by Michael Kohlhase
### debugging
parent 9f1f905a
... ... @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Wir nennen einen \mtrefii[topological-vectorspace?topological-vector-space]{topologishen}{Vektorraum} einen \defi[name=fspace]{F-Raum}, wenn seine \mtrefi[topological-vectorspace?topology]{Topologie} durch eine \mtrefi[topological-vectorspace?vector-topology]{Topologie} durch eine \mtrefi[complete?complete]{vollst"andig}e, \mtrefi[translation-invariant-metric?translation-invariant]{translationsinvariant}e \mtrefi[metric-space?distance-function]{Metrik} ... ...
\begin{mhmodnl}[creators=miko]{fspace}{en} \begin{definition} We call a \trefiii[topological-vectorspace]{topological}{vector}{space} an \defi[name=fspace]{F-space}, iff its \trefi[topological-vectorspace]{topology} is \defi[name=fspace]{F-space}, iff its \trefii[topological-vectorspace]{vector}{topology} is \mtrefi[metric-induced-topology?induced-topology]{induced} by a \trefi[complete]{complete}, \trefii[translation-invariant-metric]{translation}{invariant} ... ...
\begin{mhmodnl}[creators=miko]{inner-product-space}{en} \begin{definition} Let $F$ be the \trefi[field]{field} of \atrefii[realnumbers]{real}{real}{number} or \trefiis[complexnumbers]{complex}{numbers}, $V$ a \trefii[vector-space]{vector}{space} \trefiis[complexnumbers]{complex}{number}, $V$ a \trefii[vector-space]{vector}{space} over $F$, and $\fun\innerproductOp{V,V}F$ a function with \begin{enumerate} \item $\innerproduct{x}y=\compconjugate{\innerproduct{y}x}$ ... ...
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Finish editing this message first! | 509 | 1,643 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.71875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | latest | en | 0.259706 |
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/54886/is-entanglement-unique-to-quantum-systems/54892 | 1,455,101,766,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159155.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00005-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 171,056,010 | 24,522 | # Is “entanglement” unique to quantum systems?
My text shows (sections 0.2 and 0.3) that the joint "state space" of a system composed of two subsystems with $k$ and $l$ "bits of information", respectively, requires $kl$ bits to fully describe it. A critical consequence of this is that the $k+l$ bits in each of the individual subsystems are not sufficient to "span" their joint space, so that there must be states that are "entangled" (formally, cannot be expressed by the tensor product of the states of the subsystems). That much I (think) I understand.
But the text then seems to argue that this is a property that is exclusive to quantum systems. Is that true? Certainly there are classical systems where the state of one subsystem depends on the state of another. Doesn't any joint system that requires conditional probabilities to describe need "extra bits" beyond those necessary to describe the individual subsystems?
Perhaps I'm missing some subtlety about what constitutes a "sub system" or some unstated assumption about how systems are broken into parts. Perhaps a classical system that is "entangled" by conditional probabilities isn't thought of as consisting of valid "subsystems" in the same way that quantum system is.
Is "entanglement" unique to quantum systems? Are conditional probabilities just a kind of "classical entanglement"?
Please be pedagogical. This is not meant to be a deep or advanced mathematical question, just a simple conceptual and definitional one. Just imagine I'm having basic probability explained to me (without reference to quantum vs. classical, or even physics). If one struck out all occurrences of the word "quantum" from the linked text (sections 0.2. and 0.3), wouldn't that be a perfectly valid part of such an explanation?
-
"But the text then seems to argue that this is a property that is exclusive to quantum systems." Which paragraph or line are you referring to in the linked file? (I have it in front of me, so just giving me the starting words will do.) – Kinnisal Mountain Chicken Feb 23 '13 at 20:23
@Gug: Second paragraph of 0.3: "From this viewpoint, the situation with quantum systems is extremely paradoxical." – raxacoricofallapatorius Feb 23 '13 at 20:24
@Gugg: Note that I'm, not taking the linked course, but a much more elementary one, so I'm looking for a super-basic answer. – raxacoricofallapatorius Feb 23 '13 at 20:25
@Gugg: This text (p. 38; section 3.2) also seems to be making the same point, though perhaps by omission. – raxacoricofallapatorius Feb 23 '13 at 20:29
That would suggest that you think that there are only two kinds of systems: classical and quantum. And you could be right, for all I know. :) If that is indeed the case, then check Dirac's description of Quantum superposition of which quantum entanglement is a form. – Kinnisal Mountain Chicken Feb 23 '13 at 20:35
You are correct that the description of a classical probability distribution of a joint system requires $kl$ parameters. There indeed is a difference between classical and quantum systems in this sense, but it is more subtle.
Every classical probability distribution can be described as a probabilistic mixture of deterministic states. For these deterministic states (extreme points of the space of probability densities), the description complexity of a joint system can be described by $k+l$ bits of information.
Every quantum density matrix can be described as a probabilistic mixture of pure states. For these pure states (extreme points of the of density matrices) the description requires $kl$ parameters.
Thus, classical probabilistic systems can be described in terms of probability distributions over more fundamental objects: deterministic states. These deterministic states only require $k+l$ parameters.
Quantum mixed states (the quantum analogue of probability distributions) can also be described in terms of probability distributions over more fundamental objects: pure states. However, these pure states now require $kl$ parameters.
-
Note that I wasn't as clear as I should have been in the original question, where I rely too much on the context of the passage I was citing. There, "entanglement" is effectively defined to mean nothing more than "unfactorable" — i.e., requiring more than $k+l$ bits. Hence my note at the end about what I am seeking: "If one struck out...". If "entanglement" is formally defined differently (e.g. requiring something specific about the substates, such as being physically distant) then my question isn't really about entanglement, but about this specific (factorability and dimensionality) property. – raxacoricofallapatorius Feb 24 '13 at 15:43
If you are talking only about pure states, "entanglement" and "unfactorable" are equivalent notions. Another question about that was also asked recently. – Peter Shor Feb 24 '13 at 16:31
Is "entanglement" unique to quantum systems?
Yes, unequivocally. As exemplified by Bell's inequality, there is a superluminal aspect to entanglement that creates experimental results that cannot be achieved fully by using any combination of fully classical mechanisms. The "hidden variable" models of quantum entanglement are just another way of postulating the question: "Is entanglement actually ordinary conditional probability in which certain variables are inaccessible to any known form of experimentation?"
Ringing the Bell
Until John Bell developed his famous inequality, no one has a way to test that idea in the laboratory. Ironically, Bell -- who was a strong supporter of Einstein's views on quantum mechanics -- was rooting for a hidden variables result, even though his name is now almost universally associated with proving the opposite case to be true.
Bell's inequality made it possible to accumulate solid experimental evidence on whether or not hidden variables, and thus ordinary conditional probabilities, were sufficient to explain quantum behaviors. The experimental outcome, which by now is very solid indeed, is that no combination of hidden variables can produce the spectra of correlations seen with quantum entanglement. In particular, if you analyzed one end of an entangled pair (e.g. entangled spin polarizations), the wave function representing the other entangled end of that pair is "instantly" updated with information about the range of possible options open to it when it is in turn analyzed. These updates are the source of the inequality in Bell's equation.
Fracturing "Now"
The nature of this entanglement-enabled "update" is quite curious.
In traditional conditional probabilities, an event that produces a correlated pair -- e.g. two arrows pointing oppositely on a dial to indicate the 100% certainty detection polarizations -- is an event that has already happened and cannot be erased. Consequently, no transfer of any kind of information is ever needed between the members of the pair; both simply contain "hidden arrows" that translate into real probability curves that when analyzed using the local setting of some detector.
Although entanglement is usually explained in terms of instantaneous "resetting" of the remote member of the pair, there is actually a simpler and more self-consistent way to understand what is going on. The first and most critical point is this: A quantum entangled pair is by definition one that has left no information record anywhere in the universe on exactly how its original entangling event occurred. That's unavoidably for a quantum scenario, since the instant such information comes into existence, that aspect of the experiment becomes classical and no longer follows quantum rules.
Now think about that for a moment. I am being neither flippant or metaphorical when I ask this question: If no record of how the original entangling event took place exists anywhere in the universe, has it really occurred yet? Causality cannot be affected in the past by what occurs to the system now, for the simple reason that by definition no conflicting history of the event exists anywhere else in the universe.
Quantum Cheats
Insisting that such unresolved quantum systems have well-defined pasts is a very Hamiltonian perspective, that is, one that insists that every component of the system have a well-defined "now" state. The Lagrangian quantum methods first proposed by Dirac, then ironically abandoned by him after Richard Feynman and Freeman Dyson took them up with a vengeance, are much more forgiving. They permit the final quantum resolution of events deep in the classical past to be remain ragged and even chaotically unresolved at multiple levels of scale. For quantum events hidden away in quiet corners of the universe, some resolutions of "how did it happen" for quantum systems can in principle remain unresolved literally for eons of classical time. For a quantum system, this high priority on immediate classical-style resolution simply does not matter. Such systems will instead remain superimposed and entangled for as long as needed, specifically until they are forced by some interaction with the information-rich classical universe to "explain" how it will ensure the absolute and universal conservation of parameters that include mass-energy, angular momentum (spin or polarization), charge, or any of the lesser known conservation rules. And then they cheat: They simply make up a history on the spot, one that always ensures that all various conservation rules really do get followed.
It is entirely self-consistent, then, to think of the act of detecting one member of an entangled pair not just as sending a "reset" instantaneously to its partner, but as deciding the original entangling event took place. And even if you don't like the idea itself... well, it turns out that it's a great way to keep it clear in your head how the conditional probabilities of an entangled event will differ from those of an otherwise similar classical conditional probability event. The first detection of an entangled event pair decides what that original event looked like... and the results of the other member of the pair must then work with that "new" past. Incidentally, I should note that when entangled particles have space-like separation, there is also a nice and necessary symmetry by which either event can be viewed as being the one that "sets" the original event. The detection spectra work out to be the same under with either interpretation. (However, if you want to have fun looking for possible oddities, both theoretically and experimentally, that's a good area to explore.)
Are conditional probabilities just a kind of "classical entanglement"?
No, because classical conditional probabilities do not include any kind of information transfer between the two entities.
Classical Emulation of Quantum Entanglement
However, if you are dead set on doing it, you can create a very slow and cumbersome classical analog to the conditional probabilities that are characteristic of quantum entanglement. The main thing you need to do is create your own fully classical "hidden channel" for resetting the other member of the pair after a detection takes place. That update channel must be kept protected and hidden, and the remote member of the pair cannot be allowed to be inspected or updated until the update arrives. Needless to say, the result can be almost unfathomably slow if you try to do very much of this, an inverse reflection of the speed of quantum computers (and also precisely why Feynman first proposed using quantum computers to study such systems, long before @PeterShor electrified everyone by showing that such computers could do far more than just simulations of quantum events.
Deep Patterns
One last tangent that I just have to mention: I find it absolutely fascinating that the hidden channels that I just described for simulating quantum entanglement correspond remarkably closely to the concept of atomic transactions in relational databases. As with simulating quantum events, these ACID constraints result in astronomical slow-downs if applied to networks that cover large areas. Such traditional databases thus correspond surprisingly well to classical attempts to emulate quantum systems, and as with such simulations work well only when physically localized. Conversely, new highly distributed database have BASE features that lose immediate coherency in favor of locality of processing. They correspond quite well to classical systems.
There appear to be deep information patterns that transcend many levels not just of physics, but of how technology itself is forced to evolve to reach new levels of capability. Quite fascinating, that.
-
The crux of my question is: "If one struck out all occurrences of the word "quantum" from the linked text (sections 0.2. and 0.3), wouldn't that be a perfectly valid part of such an explanation?" It's about the range of possible states and whether even classical systems include states that cannot be described with $k+l$ bits, but require more (and whether "more' $=kl$). – raxacoricofallapatorius Feb 24 '13 at 2:18
Heh! I'll check the links (multiplexing a bit though)... – Terry Bollinger Feb 24 '13 at 2:25
Thanks. I'm guessing that the answer is "sort of", but that in fact, such systems wouldn't just be "entangled" (note the quotes; $\equiv$ needs the extra bits) but they also would not really be separable into subsystems anyway: that quantum systems are indeed unique in that such "entanglement" persists even for systems where the subsystems are "separable" (e.g. by physically isolating them from one another). – raxacoricofallapatorius Feb 24 '13 at 2:31
Ouch... Well, I'll ramble instead: I agree that Sec 0.3 can "mostly" be re-interpreted in terms of classical correlations. However, if you go classical then: (1) correlation just means that very real bits have all been set to the same value in the past; (2) every bit is locally independent of every other bit; and (3) you have no superposition of states. All very finite and simple. For entangled correlation: (1) You have rules that specify valid combinations of bits, none of which actually exist as real values yet; (2) they are all non-local; (3) all valid combination co-exist at once. – Terry Bollinger Feb 24 '13 at 3:19
For me, as an experimentalist, all this is a lot of navel gazing. Entanglement is a part of the quantum mechanical world which essentially says: there is no definite state and you can only calculate the probability of finding a specific state at (x,y,z,t). Entangled pairs are by definition a solution of a particular quantum mechanical equation with a probability of finding a specific state. If one measures one of the particles of the pari pair the probability is 1 that the other obeys the conservation laws, since QM solutions obey the conservation laws. What's all this fuss about? – anna v Feb 24 '13 at 5:11
Adding CW example of what I think I'm looking for, roughly. Feel free to adapt as a non-CW answer of your own if this is on the right track. I'll delete this once I have an accepted answer.
Yes. The description applies equally well to classical systems. But it begs the question of what "subsystem" means in that case. If you can't analyze the components of the system independently while preserving "entanglement", in what sense can they be considered distinct?
What makes a quantum mechanical system different is that things that are clearly distinct (at least in every sense we are familiar with) — they can even be in distant locations — can still exhibit entanglement, whereas a classical system would loose its entanglement as soon as its components were "disconnected".
- | 3,297 | 15,643 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.640625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | longest | en | 0.940611 |
http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1355102059 | 1,496,123,713,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613796.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530051312-20170530071312-00251.warc.gz | 679,840,760 | 4,122 | # math steve
posted by on .
steve can you explain step by step please
8x=5y and 3y=14z then 12x= how many z's
• math steve - ,
you know that 8x = 5y
you know that 3y=14z
since 5 = (5/3)*3, 5y = (5/3)*(3y) so,
5y = (5/3)(3y) = (5/3)(14z) = (70/3)z
now you have 5y, which is the same as 8x. You want 12x.
since 12 = (3/2)*8, 12x = (3/2)*8x.
12x = (3/2)(8x) = (3/2)(5y) = (3/2)(70/3)z = (70/2)z = 35z
Don't know how I can clear it up any more.
• math steve - ,
3 y = 14 z
so
y = (14/3) z
8 x = 5 (14/3) z
x = (5/8)(14/3)z
12 x = 12(5/8)(14/3)z = 35 z
• math steve - ,
Hi Steve
When you have time can you please step in how did you resolve this problem?
Reason to follow up is how did you get 2's and 3's
Thx
K | 337 | 720 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.28125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | latest | en | 0.932061 |
https://hextobinary.com/unit/angularacc/from/rpw2/to/arcminps2/976 | 1,716,261,805,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-22/segments/1715971058383.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20240521025434-20240521055434-00295.warc.gz | 253,454,344 | 17,081 | # 976 Revolution/Square Week in Arcmin/Square Second
Angular Acceleration
Revolution/Square Week
Arcmin/Square Second
976 Revolution/Square Week = 0.000057634164777022 Arcmin/Square Second
## How many Arcmin/Square Second are in 976 Revolution/Square Week?
The answer is 976 Revolution/Square Week is equal to 0.000057634164777022 Arcmin/Square Second and that means we can also write it as 976 Revolution/Square Week = 0.000057634164777022 Arcmin/Square Second. Feel free to use our online unit conversion calculator to convert the unit from Revolution/Square Week to Arcmin/Square Second. Just simply enter value 976 in Revolution/Square Week and see the result in Arcmin/Square Second.
## How to Convert 976 Revolution/Square Week to Arcmin/Square Second (976 r/week2 to arcmin/s2)
By using our Revolution/Square Week to Arcmin/Square Second conversion tool, you know that one Revolution/Square Week is equivalent to 5.9051398337113e-8 Arcmin/Square Second. Hence, to convert Revolution/Square Week to Arcmin/Square Second, we just need to multiply the number by 5.9051398337113e-8. We are going to use very simple Revolution/Square Week to Arcmin/Square Second conversion formula for that. Pleas see the calculation example given below.
$$\text{1 Revolution/Square Week} = \text{5.9051398337113e-8 Arcmin/Square Second}$$
$$\text{976 Revolution/Square Week} = 976 \times 5.9051398337113e-8 = \text{0.000057634164777022 Arcmin/Square Second}$$
## What is Revolution/Square Week Unit of Measure?
Revolution per square week is a unit of measurement for angular acceleration. By definition, if an object accelerates at one revolution per square week, its angular velocity is increasing by one revolution per week every week.
## What is the symbol of Revolution/Square Week?
The symbol of Revolution/Square Week is r/week2. This means you can also write one Revolution/Square Week as 1 r/week2.
## What is Arcmin/Square Second Unit of Measure?
Arcmin per square second is a unit of measurement for angular acceleration. By definition, if an object accelerates at one arcmin per square second, its angular velocity is increasing by one arcmin per second every second.
## What is the symbol of Arcmin/Square Second?
The symbol of Arcmin/Square Second is arcmin/s2. This means you can also write one Arcmin/Square Second as 1 arcmin/s2.
## Revolution/Square Week to Arcmin/Square Second Conversion Table (976-985)
Revolution/Square Week [r/week2]Arcmin/Square Second [arcmin/s2]
9760.000057634164777022
9770.000057693216175359
9780.000057752267573696
9790.000057811318972033
9800.00005787037037037
9810.000057929421768707
9820.000057988473167045
9830.000058047524565382
9840.000058106575963719
9850.000058165627362056
## Revolution/Square Week to Other Units Conversion Table
Revolution/Square Week [r/week2]Output
976 revolution/square week in degree/square second is equal to9.6056941295037e-7
976 revolution/square week in degree/square millisecond is equal to9.6056941295037e-13
976 revolution/square week in degree/square microsecond is equal to9.6056941295037e-19
976 revolution/square week in degree/square nanosecond is equal to9.6056941295037e-25
976 revolution/square week in degree/square minute is equal to0.0034580498866213
976 revolution/square week in degree/square hour is equal to12.45
976 revolution/square week in degree/square day is equal to7170.61
976 revolution/square week in degree/square week is equal to351360
976 revolution/square week in degree/square month is equal to6643152.09
976 revolution/square week in degree/square year is equal to956613901.22
976 revolution/square week in radian/square second is equal to1.6765098949933e-8
976 revolution/square week in radian/square millisecond is equal to1.6765098949933e-14
976 revolution/square week in radian/square microsecond is equal to1.6765098949933e-20
976 revolution/square week in radian/square nanosecond is equal to1.6765098949933e-26
976 revolution/square week in radian/square minute is equal to0.000060354356219759
976 revolution/square week in radian/square hour is equal to0.21727568239113
976 revolution/square week in radian/square day is equal to125.15
976 revolution/square week in radian/square week is equal to6132.39
976 revolution/square week in radian/square month is equal to115944.88
976 revolution/square week in radian/square year is equal to16696062.25
976 revolution/square week in gradian/square second is equal to0.0000010672993477226
976 revolution/square week in gradian/square millisecond is equal to1.0672993477226e-12
976 revolution/square week in gradian/square microsecond is equal to1.0672993477226e-18
976 revolution/square week in gradian/square nanosecond is equal to1.0672993477226e-24
976 revolution/square week in gradian/square minute is equal to0.0038422776518015
976 revolution/square week in gradian/square hour is equal to13.83
976 revolution/square week in gradian/square day is equal to7967.35
976 revolution/square week in gradian/square week is equal to390400
976 revolution/square week in gradian/square month is equal to7381280.1
976 revolution/square week in gradian/square year is equal to1062904334.69
976 revolution/square week in arcmin/square second is equal to0.000057634164777022
976 revolution/square week in arcmin/square millisecond is equal to5.7634164777022e-11
976 revolution/square week in arcmin/square microsecond is equal to5.7634164777022e-17
976 revolution/square week in arcmin/square nanosecond is equal to5.7634164777022e-23
976 revolution/square week in arcmin/square minute is equal to0.20748299319728
976 revolution/square week in arcmin/square hour is equal to746.94
976 revolution/square week in arcmin/square day is equal to430236.73
976 revolution/square week in arcmin/square week is equal to21081600
976 revolution/square week in arcmin/square month is equal to398589125.51
976 revolution/square week in arcmin/square year is equal to57396834073.47
976 revolution/square week in arcsec/square second is equal to0.0034580498866213
976 revolution/square week in arcsec/square millisecond is equal to3.4580498866213e-9
976 revolution/square week in arcsec/square microsecond is equal to3.4580498866213e-15
976 revolution/square week in arcsec/square nanosecond is equal to3.4580498866213e-21
976 revolution/square week in arcsec/square minute is equal to12.45
976 revolution/square week in arcsec/square hour is equal to44816.33
976 revolution/square week in arcsec/square day is equal to25814204.08
976 revolution/square week in arcsec/square week is equal to1264896000
976 revolution/square week in arcsec/square month is equal to23915347530.61
976 revolution/square week in arcsec/square year is equal to3443810044408.2
976 revolution/square week in sign/square second is equal to3.2018980431679e-8
976 revolution/square week in sign/square millisecond is equal to3.2018980431679e-14
976 revolution/square week in sign/square microsecond is equal to3.2018980431679e-20
976 revolution/square week in sign/square nanosecond is equal to3.2018980431679e-26
976 revolution/square week in sign/square minute is equal to0.00011526832955404
976 revolution/square week in sign/square hour is equal to0.41496598639456
976 revolution/square week in sign/square day is equal to239.02
976 revolution/square week in sign/square week is equal to11712
976 revolution/square week in sign/square month is equal to221438.4
976 revolution/square week in sign/square year is equal to31887130.04
976 revolution/square week in turn/square second is equal to2.6682483693066e-9
976 revolution/square week in turn/square millisecond is equal to2.6682483693066e-15
976 revolution/square week in turn/square microsecond is equal to2.6682483693066e-21
976 revolution/square week in turn/square nanosecond is equal to2.6682483693066e-27
976 revolution/square week in turn/square minute is equal to0.0000096056941295037
976 revolution/square week in turn/square hour is equal to0.034580498866213
976 revolution/square week in turn/square day is equal to19.92
976 revolution/square week in turn/square week is equal to976
976 revolution/square week in turn/square month is equal to18453.2
976 revolution/square week in turn/square year is equal to2657260.84
976 revolution/square week in circle/square second is equal to2.6682483693066e-9
976 revolution/square week in circle/square millisecond is equal to2.6682483693066e-15
976 revolution/square week in circle/square microsecond is equal to2.6682483693066e-21
976 revolution/square week in circle/square nanosecond is equal to2.6682483693066e-27
976 revolution/square week in circle/square minute is equal to0.0000096056941295037
976 revolution/square week in circle/square hour is equal to0.034580498866213
976 revolution/square week in circle/square day is equal to19.92
976 revolution/square week in circle/square week is equal to976
976 revolution/square week in circle/square month is equal to18453.2
976 revolution/square week in circle/square year is equal to2657260.84
976 revolution/square week in mil/square second is equal to0.000017076789563562
976 revolution/square week in mil/square millisecond is equal to1.7076789563562e-11
976 revolution/square week in mil/square microsecond is equal to1.7076789563562e-17
976 revolution/square week in mil/square nanosecond is equal to1.7076789563562e-23
976 revolution/square week in mil/square minute is equal to0.061476442428823
976 revolution/square week in mil/square hour is equal to221.32
976 revolution/square week in mil/square day is equal to127477.55
976 revolution/square week in mil/square week is equal to6246400
976 revolution/square week in mil/square month is equal to118100481.63
976 revolution/square week in mil/square year is equal to17006469355.1
976 revolution/square week in revolution/square second is equal to2.6682483693066e-9
976 revolution/square week in revolution/square millisecond is equal to2.6682483693066e-15
976 revolution/square week in revolution/square microsecond is equal to2.6682483693066e-21
976 revolution/square week in revolution/square nanosecond is equal to2.6682483693066e-27
976 revolution/square week in revolution/square minute is equal to0.0000096056941295037
976 revolution/square week in revolution/square hour is equal to0.034580498866213
976 revolution/square week in revolution/square day is equal to19.92
976 revolution/square week in revolution/square month is equal to18453.2
976 revolution/square week in revolution/square year is equal to2657260.84
Disclaimer:We make a great effort in making sure that conversion is as accurate as possible, but we cannot guarantee that. Before using any of the conversion tools or data, you must validate its correctness with an authority. | 2,939 | 10,695 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.671875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-22 | latest | en | 0.903983 |
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=346991 | 1,411,040,356,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657127285.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011207-00110-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | 732,731,105 | 7,247 | # Roof toss
by bricker9236
Tags: ball, roof toss, tan, trajectory, vertical component
P: 10 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A ball is thrown OFF a roof at a height 35.0m above ground. The ball hits the ground 29m from the base of the building. the max height of the balls trajectory is 12 m above the height from which the thrower released it. a) find the initial vertical component of the velocity. b) find the total time that the ball is in flight (from the time it is thrown until it lands on the ground) c) find the horizontal compoent of the initial velocity required for the ball to land 29 m away from the building. d) at what angle is the ball thrown from the roof? (measure angle above horizontal =0 degrees) 2. Relevant equations Not sure, I was just randomly trying to figure it out and this problem frustrated me. 3. The attempt at a solution a) 10.9 .. that is the answer i got, if anyone could confirm or help me out. b) 2.22 seconds c) 14.23 m/s not sure, again d) 40 degrees again, not very sure .. i used tan inverse of 12/29 wasnt sure if it shiould be tan inverse of (35+12)/29 not sure
HW Helper
P: 6,202
Quote by bricker9236 2. Relevant equations Not sure, I was just randomly trying to figure it out and this problem frustrated me.
So let's use these
$$y=y_0 +ut -\frac{1}{2}gt^2$$
$$v^2=u^2-2g(y-y_0)$$
$$v=u+at$$
u=initial velocity
v=final velocity
y0=initial height.
Quote by bricker9236 3. The attempt at a solution a) 10.9 .. that is the answer i got, if anyone could confirm or help me out. b) 2.22 seconds c) 14.23 m/s not sure, again d) 40 degrees again, not very sure .. i used tan inverse of 12/29 wasnt sure if it shiould be tan inverse of (35+12)/29 not sure
Can't really check your answers if you yourself don't know how you got them.
Now we start, let's call the vertical component of velocity vy and the horizontal vx
We are given the maximum height as 12m from the height thrown. What do you know about the final vertical velocity at the maximum height?
P: 10 the final vertical velocity at max height would be 0 bc at any max height the velocity is always 0
HW Helper
P: 6,202
Roof toss
Quote by bricker9236 the final vertical velocity at max height would be 0 bc at any max height the velocity is always 0
Right, so using vy=0, in our possible equations containing v, we can get
$$0=u^2-2g(y-y_0)$$
or
$$0=u+at$$
Which would you like to use or which do you think is better to use?
Related Discussions Introductory Physics Homework 0 Set Theory, Logic, Probability, Statistics 0 General Discussion 46 Set Theory, Logic, Probability, Statistics 17 Set Theory, Logic, Probability, Statistics 1 | 734 | 2,679 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.890625 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | latest | en | 0.916922 |
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