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article stringlengths 4.36k 149k | summary stringlengths 32 3.35k | section_headings listlengths 1 91 | keywords listlengths 0 141 | year stringclasses 13
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The Tsx gene resides at the X-inactivation center and is thought to encode a protein expressed in testis , but its function has remained mysterious . Given its proximity to noncoding genes that regulate X-inactivation , here we characterize Tsx and determine its function in mice . We find that Tsx is actually noncoding... | The X-linked gene Tsx is located within the X-inactivation center and is thought to encode a protein expressed in testis , yet its function is not known . Here we show that Tsx is actually a noncoding RNA , a new member of the large noncoding RNA family expressed from the X . Tsx is abundantly expressed in meiotic germ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"developmental",
"biology",
"genetics",
"biology",
"molecular",
"cell",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics"
] | 2011 | Tsx Produces a Long Noncoding RNA and Has General Functions in the Germline, Stem Cells, and Brain |
The elbow/no ocelli ( elb/noc ) complex of Drosophila melanogaster encodes two paralogs of the evolutionarily conserved NET family of zinc finger proteins . These transcriptional repressors share a conserved domain structure , including a single atypical C2H2 zinc finger . In flies , Elb and Noc are important for the d... | The eyes of many animals contain groups of photoreceptor cells with different chromatic sensitivities that can be arranged in complex patterns . It is of great interest to identify the genes and pathways shaping these ‘retinal mosaics’ which include stochastically distributed groups of cells , versus highly localized o... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"animal",
"models",
"developmental",
"biology",
"developmental",
"neuroscience",
"animal",
"genetics",
"model",
"organisms",
"entomology",
"gene",
"expression",
"genetics",
"molecular",
"genetics",
"cellular",
"types",
"biology",
"sensory",
"systems",
"molecular",
"cell",... | 2014 | Genetic Dissection of Photoreceptor Subtype Specification by the Drosophila melanogaster Zinc Finger Proteins Elbow and No ocelli |
The peak shift model predicts that the age-profile of a pathogen's prevalence depends upon its transmission rate , peaking earlier in populations with higher transmission and declining as partial immunity is acquired . Helminth infections are associated with increased immunoglobulin E ( IgE ) , which may convey partial... | Infection with parasitic worms , known as helminths , alters the immune system , causing individuals to produce high levels of a type of antibody known as immunoglobulin E ( IgE ) . IgE is typically very low in western populations , but is many times higher where helminth infections are common , particularly indigenous... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"social",
"and",
"behavioral",
"sciences",
"immunology",
"anthropology",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"helminth",
"infection",
"hookworm",
"infection",
"neglected",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"ascariasis",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"biological",
"anthropology",
"hookwo... | 2011 | Evidence for a Peak Shift in a Humoral Response to Helminths: Age Profiles of IgE in the Shuar of Ecuador, the Tsimane of Bolivia, and the U.S. NHANES |
To search for virulence effector genes of the rice blast fungus , Magnaporthe oryzae , we carried out a large-scale targeted disruption of genes for 78 putative secreted proteins that are expressed during the early stages of infection of M . oryzae . Disruption of the majority of genes did not affect growth , conidiati... | Magnaporthe oryzae causes the most devastating fungal disease in rice . M . oryzae secretes a plethora of effector proteins , including several avirulence proteins which are known to be recognized by host resistance proteins activating innate immunity . However , the effectors that are required for virulence activity h... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"mycology",
"plant",
"science",
"fungi",
"plant",
"biology",
"plant",
"pathology",
"botany",
"biology"
] | 2012 | Large-Scale Gene Disruption in Magnaporthe oryzae Identifies MC69, a Secreted Protein Required for Infection by Monocot and Dicot Fungal Pathogens |
The differentiation of cells into distinct cell types , each of which is heritable for many generations , underlies many biological phenomena . White and opaque cells of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans are two such heritable cell types , each thought to be adapted to unique niches within their human host . To syst... | The differentiation of cells into distinct cell-types , each of which is “remembered” for many generations , underlies the development of both healthy and cancerous tissues . Such differentiation , however , is not restricted to multi-cellular organisms: “white” and “opaque” cells of the unicellular fungal pathogen Can... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/microbial",
"evolution",
"and",
"genomics",
"cell",
"biology/gene",
"expression",
"developmental",
"biology/stem",
"cells",
"computational",
"biology/transcriptional",
"regulation",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/gene",
"expression",
"microbiology/mic... | 2010 | The Transcriptomes of Two Heritable Cell Types Illuminate the Circuit Governing Their Differentiation |
Leishmania major is an endemic vector-borne disease in Morocco that causes zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis ( ZCL ) , especially in arid pre-Saharan regions where its unique vector and reservoir are Phlebotomus papatasi and Meriones shawi , respectively , and may cause epidemics . In late 2017 , the Zagora province , a... | Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis ( ZCL ) caused by Leishmania major is endemic in Morocco , especially in the arid pre-Saharan regions . Its main characteristics are rurality and proneness to epidemics . Zagora province an endemic focus for ZCL has been recently the scene of an important CL outbreak . Data analysis of ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"morocco",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"geographical",
"locations",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"parasitic",
"protozoans",
"age",
"groups",
"protozoans",
"signs",
"and",
"symptoms",
"leishma... | 2019 | Epidemiological features of a recent zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak in Zagora province, southern Morocco |
Mitochondria must buffer the risk of proteotoxic stress to preserve bioenergetics , but the role of these mechanisms in disease is poorly understood . Using a proteomics screen , we now show that the mitochondrial unfoldase-peptidase complex ClpXP associates with the oncoprotein survivin and the respiratory chain Compl... | As the powerhouse of the cell and a pivotal hub for oxidative stress , mitochondria must tightly control the state of the proteins that they contain , quickly eliminating misfolded , aggregated , or otherwise damaged proteins . Here , we show that tumor mitochondria manage their set of proteins by assembling an integra... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"urology",
"cell",
"motility",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"gene",
"regulation",
"metabolic",
"processes",
"carcinomas",
"cancers",
"and",
"neoplasms",
"genitourinary",
"tract",
"tumors",
"oxidative",
"phosphorylation",
"oncology",
"prostate",
"cancer",
"ad... | 2016 | The Mitochondrial Unfoldase-Peptidase Complex ClpXP Controls Bioenergetics Stress and Metastasis |
Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are a minor subset of T cells in human blood and differ from other T cells by their immediate responsiveness to microbes . We previously demonstrated that the primary target for Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells is ( E ) -4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate ( HMB-PP ) , an essential metabolite produced by a large... | As antibiotic resistance is spreading and posing a significant threat in many bacterial diseases , there is a need for a better understanding of host responses to infection . The precise role of an enigmatic subset of human immune cells , so-called Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells , in early infection still remains to be unveiled . The... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"immunology/cellular",
"microbiology",
"and",
"pathogenesis",
"microbiology/immunity",
"to",
"infections",
"immunology/immune",
"response",
"microbiology/innate",
"immunity",
"immunology/innate",
"immunity",
"microbiology/cellular",
"microbiology",
"and",
"pathogenesis",
"nephrolog... | 2009 | A Rapid Crosstalk of Human γδ T Cells and Monocytes Drives the Acute Inflammation in Bacterial Infections |
Highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) suppresses human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) replication to undetectable levels but cannot fully eradicate the virus because a small reservoir of CD4+ T cells remains latently infected . Since HIV efficiently infects only activated CD4+ T cells and since latent HIV prim... | The study of HIV latency has been hindered because there are few latently infected cells in vivo , and we cannot distinguish latently infected cells from uninfected cells prior to reactivation of the latent provirus . In general , HIV latency is quantitatively studied by reactivating latently infected cells after laten... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | HIV Latency Is Established Directly and Early in Both Resting and Activated Primary CD4 T Cells |
In recent years , there has been an increasing interest in immunomodulatory therapy as a means to treat various conditions , including infectious diseases . For instance , Toll-like receptor ( TLR ) agonists have been evaluated for treatment of genital herpes . However , although the TLR7 agonist imiquimod was shown to... | Herpes simplex virus ( HSV ) -2 is the leading cause of genital ulcers , and HSV-2 infection has also been reported to amplify HIV-transmission . So far , all attempts at making an effective anti-HSV2 vaccine have failed . In recent years , there has been an increasing interest in immunomodulatory therapy as a means to... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods",
"and",
"materials"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"reproductive",
"system",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"immunology",
"epithelial",
"cells",
"animal",
"models",
"model",
"organisms",
"signs",
"and",
"symptoms",
"experimental",
"organism",
"systems",
"research",... | 2018 | STING agonists enable antiviral cross-talk between human cells and confer protection against genital herpes in mice |
Cross-species comparison of great ape gesturing has so far been limited to the physical form of gestures in the repertoire , without questioning whether gestures share the same meanings . Researchers have recently catalogued the meanings of chimpanzee gestures , but little is known about the gesture meanings of our oth... | Bonobos and chimpanzees are closely related members of the great ape family , and both species use gestures to communicate . We are able to deduce the meaning of great ape gestures by looking at the ‘Apparently Satisfactory Outcome’ ( ASO ) , which reflects how the recipient of the gesture reacts and whether their reac... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"acoustics",
"sociology",
"social",
"sciences",
"vertebrates",
"animals",
"mammals",
"animal",
"signaling",
"and",
"communication",
"bonobos",
"primates",
"analysis",
"of",
"variance",
"animal",
"behavior",
"mathematics",
"statistics",
"(mathematics)",
"zoology",
"discret... | 2018 | Bonobo and chimpanzee gestures overlap extensively in meaning |
Gene expression responds to changes in conditions but also stochastically among individuals . In budding yeast , both expression responsiveness across conditions ( “plasticity” ) and cell-to-cell variation ( “noise” ) have been quantified for thousands of genes and found to correlate across genes . It has been argued t... | Gene expression needs to respond to changes in conditions , but also varies stochastically among cells in a homogenous environment . It has been argued that these two levels of expression variation may be coupled , relating to the same underlying molecular mechanisms . However , such a strong coupling between expressio... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/gene",
"expression",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/bioinformatics",
"evolutionary",
"biology/genomics"
] | 2010 | Conflict between Noise and Plasticity in Yeast |
MAP kinases are integral to the mechanisms by which cells respond to a wide variety of environmental stresses . In Caenorhabditis elegans , the KGB-1 JNK signaling pathway regulates the response to heavy metal stress . In this study , we identified FOS-1 , a bZIP transcription factor , as a target of KGB-1-mediated pho... | We have investigated the mechanisms by which the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans regulates its response to environmental stresses . Previously , we showed that a conserved KGB-1 JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) pathway regulates the response to heavy metal stress in C . elegans , illustrating that the... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"model",
"organisms",
"genetics",
"biology",
"molecular",
"cell",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics"
] | 2013 | The Caenorhabditis elegans JNK Signaling Pathway Activates Expression of Stress Response Genes by Derepressing the Fos/HDAC Repressor Complex |
The HERC gene family encodes proteins with two characteristic domains: HECT and RCC1-like . Proteins with HECT domains have been described to function as ubiquitin ligases , and those that contain RCC1-like domains have been reported to function as GTPases regulators . These two activities are essential in a number of ... | The cerebellum is a coordination center whose function is to fine-tune vertebrates' gait and balance; and for this reason , alterations or damage affecting this structure result in a complex syndrome , called ataxia , with neurological signs that are easily recognized . In the mouse , many mutations producing ataxia ha... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/animal",
"genetics",
"biochemistry",
"cell",
"biology/cell",
"signaling",
"neurological",
"disorders/movement",
"disorders",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/disease",
"models",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/genetics",
"of",
"disease",
"genetics",
"a... | 2009 | Progressive Purkinje Cell Degeneration in tambaleante Mutant Mice Is a Consequence of a Missense Mutation in HERC1 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase |
Interferons ( IFNs ) are a group of cytokines with a well-established antiviral function . They can be induced by viral infection , are secreted and bind to specific receptors on the same or neighbouring cells to activate the expression of hundreds of IFN stimulated genes ( ISGs ) with antiviral function . Type I IFN h... | The response of cells to virus infection depends on Interferons ( IFNs ) , a group of cytokines which activate the expression of hundreds of genes that help control viral replication inside infected cells . While type I IFN was discovered in 1957 , type III IFN ( IFNλ , IL-28/29 ) was characterized recently and is know... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2013 | Type I and Type III Interferons Drive Redundant Amplification Loops to Induce a Transcriptional Signature in Influenza-Infected Airway Epithelia |
The gap between the number of known protein sequences and structures continues to widen , particularly as a result of sequencing projects for entire genomes . Recently there have been many attempts to generate structural assignments to all genes on sets of completed genomes using fold-recognition methods . We developed... | When predicting the structure for a protein sequence , a major step is achieved when an evolutionarily related protein with a known structure is identified . This process is called fold recognition , and has been a major force behind improvement in structure prediction . Moreover , fold-recognition techniques have beco... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"evolutionary",
"biology",
"none",
"molecular",
"biology",
"computational",
"biology"
] | 2007 | Using Phylogeny to Improve Genome-Wide Distant Homology Recognition |
Conditional deletion of Apc in the murine intestine alters crypt-villus architecture and function . This process is accompanied by multiple changes in gene expression , including upregulation of Cited1 , whose role in colorectal carcinogenesis is unknown . Here we explore the relevance of Cited1 to intestinal tumorigen... | Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide , and a key genetic change associated with this disease is mutation of the gene APC . APC encodes a protein which plays a regulatory role in the Wnt signalling pathway . To better understand the mechanisms leading to colorectal cancer afte... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"biology",
"cancer",
"genetics"
] | 2013 | Cited1 Deficiency Suppresses Intestinal Tumorigenesis |
The neurodegenerative disease Friedreich's ataxia ( FRDA ) is the most common autosomal-recessively inherited ataxia and is caused by a GAA triplet repeat expansion in the first intron of the frataxin gene . In this disease , transcription of frataxin , a mitochondrial protein involved in iron homeostasis , is impaired... | Friedreich's ataxia is an inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system and affects the muscles and heart . The disease is caused by a defect in the frataxin gene , which is involved in iron homeostasis and likely protects against reactive oxygen species . In order to identify mechanisms involv... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/genomics",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/gene",
"expression",
"molecular",
"biology/dna",
"repair",
"neurological",
"disorders",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/genetics",
"of",
"disease",
"biochemistry/replication",
"and",
"repair",
"genetics",
"an... | 2010 | Altered Gene Expression and DNA Damage in Peripheral Blood Cells from Friedreich's Ataxia Patients: Cellular Model of Pathology |
Given the importance that the evolution of cooperation bears in evolutionary biology and the social sciences , extensive theoretical work has focused on identifying conditions that promote cooperation among individuals . In insects , cooperative or altruistic interactions typically occur amongst social insects and are ... | Understanding the processes that promote cooperation amongst animals in nature is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology with ramifications in the social sciences . In insects , cooperative or altruistic interactions are usually observed amongst genetically related social insects ( kin selection ) . Here we pro... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"infectious",
"diseases/protozoal",
"infections",
"ecology/population",
"ecology",
"ecology/evolutionary",
"ecology",
"ecology/behavioral",
"ecology"
] | 2009 | Cooperative Blood-feeding and the Function and Implications of Feeding Aggregations in the Sand Fly, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) |
The protein kinases are a large family of enzymes that play fundamental roles in propagating signals within the cell . Because of the high degree of binding site similarity shared among protein kinases , designing drug compounds with high specificity among the kinases has proven difficult . However , computational appr... | The kinases are a group of essential signaling proteins within the cell and are the largest family of enzymes encoded by the human genome . The high degree of binding site similarity shared across the protein kinases has made them difficult targets for which to design highly selective inhibitors , but kinome-wide bindi... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"biomacromolecule-ligand",
"interactions",
"algorithms",
"computer",
"science",
"protein",
"structure",
"biology",
"computational",
"biology",
"biophysics",
"macromolecular",
"structure",
"analysis"
] | 2013 | Combinatorial Clustering of Residue Position Subsets Predicts Inhibitor Affinity across the Human Kinome |
Since 2010 , WHO has recommended oral cholera vaccines as an additional strategy for cholera control . During a cholera episode , pregnant women are at high risk of complications , and the risk of fetal death has been reported to be 2–36% . Due to a lack of safety data , pregnant women have been excluded from most chol... | Pregnant women are at high risk of complications and fetal deaths when ill with cholera . However , they have been excluded in most cholera vaccination campaigns because of the lack of safety data on oral cholera vaccines during pregnancy . This study aimed to determine if the risk of pregnancy loss changed after the a... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | 2015 | Pregnancy Outcomes after a Mass Vaccination Campaign with an Oral Cholera Vaccine in Guinea: A Retrospective Cohort Study |
The factors determining the functional avidity and its relationship with the broad heterogeneity of antiviral T cell responses remain partially understood . We investigated HIV-specific CD8 T cell responses in 85 patients with primary HIV infection ( PHI ) or chronic ( progressive and non-progressive ) infection . The ... | CD8 T cells directed against virus are complex and functionally heterogeneous . One relevant component of CD8 T cells is their functional avidity which reflects their sensitivity to cognate antigens , i . e . how prone T cells are to respond when they encounter low doses of antigens . In patients with chronic and estab... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"immunodeficiency",
"viruses",
"medicine",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"adaptive",
"immunity",
"immune",
"cells",
"immunity",
"virology",
"t",
"cells",
"immunity",
"to",
"infections",
"immunology",
"host-pathogen",
"interaction",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"infectious",
"di... | 2013 | Rapid Perturbation in Viremia Levels Drives Increases in Functional Avidity of HIV-specific CD8 T Cells |
A clear understanding of the knowledge , attitudes and practices ( KAP ) of a particular community is necessary in order to improve control of human African trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) . New screening and diagnostic tools and strategies were introduced into South Sudan , as part of integrated delivery of primary healthcare... | Misconceptions about sleeping sickness , a neglected tropical disease transmitted by tsetse flies , can be a hindrance to effective implementation of control interventions especially in the face of accelerating work to eliminate the disease . Understanding community knowledge , attitudes and practices about sleeping si... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Conclusions"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"behavioral",
"and",
"social",
"aspects",
"of",
"health",
"african",
"trypanosomiasis",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"geographical",
"locations",
"social",
"sciences",
"south",
"sudan",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"anima... | 2018 | Knowledge, attitudes and practices about human African trypanosomiasis and their implications in designing intervention strategies for Yei county, South Sudan |
The dynamics of neuronal excitability determine the neuron’s response to stimuli , its synchronization and resonance properties and , ultimately , the computations it performs in the brain . We investigated the dynamical mechanisms underlying the excitability type of dopamine ( DA ) neurons , using a conductance-based ... | Dopamine neurons play a central role in guiding motivated behaviors . However , complete understanding of computations these neurons perform to encode rewarding and salient stimuli is still forthcoming . Network connectivity influences neural responses to stimuli , but so do intrinsic excitability properties of individ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"action",
"potentials",
"neurochemistry",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"chemical",
"compounds",
"engineering",
"and",
"technology",
"electronics",
"depolarization",
"membrane",
"potential",
"electrophysiology",
"neuroscience",
"organic",
"compounds",
"hormones",
... | 2016 | Dopamine Neurons Change the Type of Excitability in Response to Stimuli |
Australia is underprepared for a rabies incursion due to a lack of information about how a rabies outbreak would spread within the susceptible canine populations and which control strategies would be best to control it . The aim of this study was to collect information to parameterize a recently developed dog rabies sp... | Australia is underprepared for a rabies incursion due to limited information about how a rabies outbreak would behave and which control strategies would be best to control it . A disease spread model of rabies has been developed to help policy-makers decide on the best response to a rabies incursion . However , data to... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"demography",
"immunology",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"geographical",
"locations",
"vertebrates",
"australia",
"dogs",
"animals",
"mammals",
"preventive",
"medicine",
"rabies",
"animal",
"behavior",
"neglected",
"tropical",
"diseases... | 2016 | A Survey of Dog Owners in Remote Northern Australian Indigenous Communities to Inform Rabies Incursion Planning |
B cells and antibodies are involved not only in controlling the spread of blood circulating Trypanosoma cruzi , but also in the autoreactive manifestations observed in Chagas disease . Acute infection results in polyclonal B cell activation associated with hypergammaglobulinemia , delayed specific humoral immunity and ... | Chagas disease , caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi , is endemic in Central and South America . It affects 20 million people and about 100 million people are at risk of infection in endemic areas . Some cases have been identified in non-endemic countries as a consequence of blood transfusion and organ transplant... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"immunology/immunity",
"to",
"infections"
] | 2010 | BAFF Mediates Splenic B Cell Response and Antibody Production in Experimental Chagas Disease |
Many viruses , including adenovirus , exhibit bidirectional transport along microtubules following cell entry . Cytoplasmic dynein is responsible for microtubule minus end transport of adenovirus capsids after endosomal escape . However , the identity and roles of the opposing plus end-directed motor ( s ) remain unkno... | The role of plus-end directed microtubule motors in virus entry into host cells is a long-standing question . In this study , the authors identify the kinesins responsible for adenovirus plus end-directed transport along microtubules , the mechanism for kinesin recruitment , and both directed and motor-based explorator... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"kinesins",
"rna",
"interference",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"microtubules",
"gene",
"regulation",
"pathogens",
"microbiology",
"viral",
"structure",
"viruses",
"dyneins",
"molecular",
"motors",
"dna",
"viruse... | 2018 | Role of kinesins in directed adenovirus transport and cytoplasmic exploration |
Tsetse flies ( Glossina spp . ) are the cyclical vectors of Trypanosoma spp . , which are unicellular parasites responsible for multiple diseases , including nagana in livestock and sleeping sickness in humans in Africa . Glossina species , including Glossina morsitans morsitans ( Gmm ) , for which the Whole Genome Seq... | African trypanosomes are transmitted to man and animals by tsetse fly , a blood sucking insect . Tsetse flies include all Glossina species with the genome of Glossina morsitans morsitans ( Gmm ) being sequenced under the International Glossina Genome Initiative . The endosymbionts Wigglesworthia glossinidia , Sodalis g... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"sequencing",
"techniques",
"invertebrates",
"organismal",
"evolution",
"medicine",
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"health",
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"microbiology",
"animals",
"glossina",
"genome",
"sequencing",
"microbial",
"evolution",
"molecular",
"biology",
"techniques",
"tsetse",
"fly",
"epidemiology",
... | 2014 | Presence of Extensive Wolbachia Symbiont Insertions Discovered in the Genome of Its Host Glossina morsitans morsitans |
Epithelial cells in the colon are arranged in cylindrical structures called crypts in which cellular proliferation and migration are tightly regulated . We hypothesized that the proliferation patterns of cells may determine the stability of crypts as well as the rates of somatic evolution towards colorectal tumorigenes... | Mathematical and computational models have a long and rich history in enhancing our understanding of intestinal epithelial cells . A plethora of models have been proposed to describe different aspects of cellular behavior , including cell proliferation , migration , differentiation , and mutation accumulation . Here , ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"oncology",
"medicine",
"computer",
"science",
"computer",
"modeling",
"mathematics",
"applied",
"mathematics"
] | 2013 | Patterns of Proliferative Activity in the Colonic Crypt Determine Crypt Stability and Rates of Somatic Evolution |
In both fission yeast and humans , the shelterin complex plays central roles in regulation of telomerase recruitment , protection of telomeres against DNA damage response factors , and formation of heterochromatin at telomeres . While shelterin is essential for limiting activation of the DNA damage checkpoint kinases A... | Proper maintenance of telomeres is essential for maintaining genomic stability , and genomic instability caused by dysfunctional telomeres could lead to accumulation of mutations that may drive tumor formation . Telomere dysfunction has also been linked to premature aging caused by depletion of stem cells . Therefore ,... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"biochemistry",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"molecular",
"biology"
] | 2014 | Tpz1-Ccq1 and Tpz1-Poz1 Interactions within Fission Yeast Shelterin Modulate Ccq1 Thr93 Phosphorylation and Telomerase Recruitment |
The African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei , which persists within the bloodstream of the mammalian host , has evolved potent mechanisms for immune evasion . Specifically , antigenic variation of the variant-specific surface glycoprotein ( VSG ) and a highly active endocytosis and recycling of the surface coat efficien... | Haemoparasites , such as African trypanosomes , have developed potent immune evasion mechanisms to avoid antibody-mediated elimination . Consequently , trypanosome surface antigen-specific immunoglobulins in the absence of complement are non-trypanocidal . In contrast , certain monovalent nanobodies ( Nb ) , monomeric ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"biotechnology",
"immunology",
"biology",
"molecular",
"cell",
"biology"
] | 2011 | High Affinity Nanobodies against the Trypanosome brucei VSG Are Potent Trypanolytic Agents that Block Endocytosis |
The initial step in target cell infection by human , and the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses ( HIV and SIV , respectively ) occurs with the binding of trimeric envelope glycoproteins ( Env ) , composed of heterodimers of the viral transmembrane glycoprotein ( gp41 ) and surface glycoprotein ( gp120 ) to... | HIV and SIV contact and infect target T-cells following the binding of trimeric Env spikes displayed on the viral membrane with cellular receptors . The conformational changes in trimeric Env that are triggered by the interaction between trimeric Env and cell surface receptors lead ultimately to fusion of the viral and... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"computational",
"biology/macromolecular",
"structure",
"analysis",
"virology/vaccines",
"virology/virion",
"structure,",
"assembly,",
"and",
"egress",
"virology/immunodeficiency",
"viruses",
"infectious",
"diseases/hiv",
"infection",
"and",
"aids",
"infectious",
"diseases/viral"... | 2010 | Molecular Architectures of Trimeric SIV and HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins on Intact Viruses: Strain-Dependent Variation in Quaternary Structure |
Dengue fever ( DEN ) is the most common arboviral disease in the world and dengue virus ( DENV ) causes 390 million annual infections around the world , of which 240 million are inapparent and 96 million are symptomatic . During the past decade a changing epidemiological pattern has been observed in Africa , with DEN o... | Dengue fever remains a major public health problem in all tropical regions of the world and causes 390 million infections each year . In Africa , while dengue outbreaks were rare during the last century , recurrent urban epidemic have been reported in all regions the last decade . Serotype 3 , never reported in West Af... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"dengue",
"virus",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"body",
"fluids",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"pathogens",
"geographical",
"locations",
"microbiology",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"saliva",
"animals",
"viruses",
"rna",
"viruses... | 2019 | Potential for sylvatic and urban Aedes mosquitoes from Senegal to transmit the new emerging dengue serotypes 1, 3 and 4 in West Africa |
Drosophila melanogaster has played a pivotal role in the development of modern population genetics . However , many basic questions regarding the demographic and adaptive history of this species remain unresolved . We report the genome sequencing of 139 wild-derived strains of D . melanogaster , representing 22 populat... | Improvements in DNA sequencing technology have allowed genetic variation to be studied at the level of fully sequenced genomes . We have sequenced more than 100 D . melanogaster genomes originating from sub-Saharan Africa , which is thought to contain the ancestral range of this model organism . We found evidence for r... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Conclusions",
"and",
"Prospects",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"genome",
"evolution",
"population",
"genetics",
"genome",
"sequencing",
"genome",
"databases",
"model",
"organisms",
"genetic",
"polymorphism",
"comparative",
"genomics",
"biology",
"evolutionary",
"genetics",
"haplotypes",
"natural",
"selection",
"genetics",
"gene",
"fl... | 2012 | Population Genomics of Sub-Saharan Drosophila melanogaster: African Diversity and Non-African Admixture |
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 ) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson disease . Genetics and neuropathology link Parkinson disease with the microtubule-binding protein tau , but the mechanism of action of LRRK2 mutations and the molecular connection between tau and Parkinson disease are un... | Parkinson disease is a common and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder . Family and larger population-based studies have revealed a number of genes important in the development and progression of the disease , but specific mechanisms linking these seemingly unrelated genes and proteins with specific cellular pathway... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"neurodegenerative",
"diseases",
"cell",
"processes",
"neuroscience",
"animals",
"animal",
"models",
"drosophila",
"melanogaster",
"model",
"organisms",
"experimental",
"organism",
"systems",
"mitochondria",
"bioener... | 2018 | Lrrk promotes tau neurotoxicity through dysregulation of actin and mitochondrial dynamics |
Human T Lymphotropic virus ( HTLV ) infection can persist in individuals resulting , at least in part , from viral escape of the innate immunity , including inhibition of type I interferon response in infected T-cells . Plasmacytoid dendritic cells ( pDCs ) are known to bypass viral escape by their robust type I interf... | Human T Lymphotropic virus type ( HTLV ) establishes persistent infections , leading to adult T-cell Leukemia , a life-threatening cancer in chronically-infected individuals . Viral persistence likely results from a failure of immune responses to eradicate viral replication , a least in part , by viral escape from inna... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"cell",
"binding",
"cell",
"physiology",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"viral",
"transmission",
"and",
"infection",
"pathogens",
"drugs",
"microbiology",
"viral",
"structure",
"retroviruses",
"viruses",
"rna",
"... | 2019 | Sensing of cell-associated HTLV by plasmacytoid dendritic cells is regulated by dense β-galactoside glycosylation |
Most mucosal surfaces of the mammalian body are colonized by microbial communities ( “microbiota” ) . A high density of commensal microbiota inhabits the intestine and shields from infection ( “colonization resistance” ) . The virulence strategies allowing enteropathogenic bacteria to successfully compete with the micr... | A dense microbial community colonizes the intestinal tract of mammals , contributing to health and nutrition and conferring efficient protection against most pathogenic intruders . Intestinal pathogens can overcome this colonization resistance and cause disease; however , the mechanisms used to do this are still elusiv... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Supporting",
"Information"
] | [
"infectious",
"diseases",
"gastroenterology",
"and",
"hepatology",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"mus",
"(mouse)"
] | 2007 | Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Exploits Inflammation to Compete with the Intestinal Microbiota |
The genes encoding ribosomal RNA are the most abundant in the eukaryotic genome . They reside in tandem repetitive clusters , in some cases totaling hundreds of copies . Due to their repetitive structure , ribosomal RNA genes ( rDNA ) are easily lost by recombination events within the repeated cluster . We previously i... | Gene amplification is one of the major strategies used by cells to increase the abundance of gene products . We have been studying amplification of the ribosomal RNA genes cluster , also known as rDNA ( ribosomal DNA ) , in yeast and found that unequal sister-chromatid recombination increased copy number following acci... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"microbiology",
"dna",
"replication",
"dna",
"recombination",
"dna",
"chromosome",
"biology",
"dna",
"amplification",
"biology",
"molecular",
"biology",
"biochemistry",
"cell",
"biology",
"nucleic",
"acids",
"genetics",
"genomics",
"molecular",
"cell",
"biology",
"genet... | 2013 | Rtt109 Prevents Hyper-Amplification of Ribosomal RNA Genes through Histone Modification in Budding Yeast |
To investigate the DNA damage response , we undertook a genome-wide study in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identified 86 gene deletions that lead to increased levels of spontaneous Rad52 foci in proliferating diploid cells . More than half of the genes are conserved across species ranging from yeast to humans . Along wi... | Homologous recombination ( HR ) is a cellular process that permits efficient repair of both endogenous and exogenous DNA damage . Although the principal players in HR have been well characterized , the interplay of diverse processes with the HR pathway remains mysterious . Traditionally , genetic screens investigating ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"cell",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics",
"molecular",
"biology",
"saccharomyces"
] | 2007 | Genome-Wide Analysis of Rad52 Foci Reveals Diverse Mechanisms Impacting Recombination |
The transcriptome , as the pool of all transcribed elements in a given cell , is regulated by the interaction between different molecular levels , involving epigenetic , transcriptional , and post-transcriptional mechanisms . However , many previous studies investigated each of these levels individually , and little is... | An evolutionary conserved orchestra of transcription factors controls cardiac development and function . More recently the contributions of epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms like histone modifications and microRNAs have been identified . The interplay between these regulatory mechanisms is still an open qu... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"molecular",
"biology/post-translational",
"regulation",
"of",
"gene",
"expression",
"molecular",
"biology/histone",
"modification",
"molecular",
"biology/transcription",
"initiation",
"and",
"activation",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/gene",
"expression",
"physiology/cardiovascul... | 2011 | The Cardiac Transcription Network Modulated by Gata4, Mef2a, Nkx2.5, Srf, Histone Modifications, and MicroRNAs |
It is widely recognized that representing a protein as a single static conformation is inadequate to describe the dynamics essential to the performance of its biological function . We contrast the amino acid displacements below and above the protein dynamical transition temperature , TD∼215K , of hen egg white lysozyme... | There is a well-recognized gap between the dynamical motions of proteins required to execute function and the experimental techniques capable of capturing that motion at the atomic level . We show that much experimental detail of dynamical motion is already present in X-ray crystallographic data , which arises from bei... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"biophysics/experimental",
"biophysical",
"methods",
"biophysics/theory",
"and",
"simulation"
] | 2010 | Evidence of Functional Protein Dynamics from X-Ray Crystallographic Ensembles |
Most of the natural variation in wheat vernalization response is determined by allelic differences in the MADS-box transcription factor VERNALIZATION1 ( VRN1 ) . Extended exposures to low temperatures during the winter ( vernalization ) induce VRN1 expression and promote the transition of the apical meristem to the rep... | Crop yields are strongly associated with flowering time , therefore a precise understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of flowering is required to engineer varieties adapted to new or changing environments . In wheat , most of the natural variation in flowering time is determined by VERNALIZATION1 ( V... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"developmental",
"biology",
"cereals",
"crops",
"wheats",
"plant",
"growth",
"and",
"development",
"genetics",
"biology",
"plant",
"genetics",
"crop",
"genetics",
"wheat",
"plant",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics",
"agriculture"
] | 2012 | Wheat TILLING Mutants Show That the Vernalization Gene VRN1 Down-Regulates the Flowering Repressor VRN2 in Leaves but Is Not Essential for Flowering |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging bacterial pathogen which colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can cause severe enteritis and bacteraemia . During infection , V . parahaemolyticus primarily attaches to the small intestine , where it causes extensive tissue damage and compromises epithelial barrier integrity .... | Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a bacterial pathogen which occurs in marine and estuarine environments . It is a main cause of gastrointestinal illness following the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood . In immunocompromised people , the bacteria can sometimes enter the bloodstream and cause septicemia , a serious and... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"biomacromolecule-ligand",
"interactions",
"biochemistry",
"signal",
"transduction",
"cell",
"biology",
"medical",
"microbiology",
"microbial",
"pathogens",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"microbiology"
] | 2014 | Multivalent Adhesion Molecule 7 Clusters Act as Signaling Platform for Host Cellular GTPase Activation and Facilitate Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction |
The Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase ( Alk ) receptor tyrosine kinase ( RTK ) plays a critical role in the specification of founder cells ( FCs ) in the Drosophila visceral mesoderm ( VM ) during embryogenesis . Reporter gene and CRISPR/Cas9 deletion analysis reveals enhancer regions in and upstream of the Alk locus that inf... | The Alk receptor tyrosine kinase is employed repeatedly during Drosophila development to drive signaling events in a variety of tissues . The spatial and temporal expression pattern of the Alk gene is tightly regulated . Identifying factors that influence the expression of Alk is important to better understand how Alk ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"skin",
"invertebrates",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"integumentary",
"system",
"electrophoretic",
"mobility",
"shift",
"assay",
"gene",
"regulation",
"animals",
"animal",
"models",
"developmental",
"biology",
"drosophila",
"melanogaster",
"model",
"organisms... | 2017 | The Zic family homologue Odd-paired regulates Alk expression in Drosophila |
Amyloidosis describes a group of protein folding diseases in which amyloid proteins are abnormally deposited in organs and/or tissues as fine fibrils . Mouse senile amyloidosis is a disorder in which apolipoprotein A-II ( apoA-II ) deposits as amyloid fibrils ( AApoAII ) and can be transmitted from one animal to anothe... | “Amyloidosis” , a group of protein folding diseases characterized by deposition of fine fibrils in tissues , is a common disorder of protein metabolism and can be acquired , inherited and/or age-associated . Recently , prion-like transmission has been found in various amyloidoses . AApoAII amyloid fibrils in mouse seni... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"pathology",
"biochemistry/protein",
"folding",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"pathology/histopathology"
] | 2010 | Mouse Senile Amyloid Fibrils Deposited in Skeletal Muscle Exhibit Amyloidosis-Enhancing Activity |
It has been shown recently that modification of peptidoglycan by O-acetylation renders pathogenic staphylococci resistant to the muramidase activity of lysozyme . Here , we show that a Staphylococcus aureus double mutant defective in O-acetyltransferase A ( OatA ) , and the glycopeptide resistance-associated two-compon... | In humans , lysozyme plays an important role in the suppression of bacterial infections . However , some bacterial pathogens , such as Staphylococcus aureus , are completely resistant to lysozyme . Here we demonstrate that lysozyme acts on S . aureus in two ways: as a muramidase ( cell wall lytic enzyme ) and as a cati... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"pathology",
"in",
"vitro",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"vertebrates",
"molecular",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics",
"eubacteria"
] | 2007 | Molecular Basis of Resistance to Muramidase and Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide Activity of Lysozyme in Staphylococci |
Deciphering how the regulatory DNA sequence of a gene dictates its expression in response to intra and extracellular cues is one of the leading challenges in modern genomics . The development of novel single-cell sequencing and imaging techniques , as well as a better exploitation of currently available single-molecule... | Gene expression starts with transcription , a multi-step process that produces an RNA molecule that is complementary to the gene . Cells often control the amount of gene expression by controlling the amount of RNA produced through interactions between regulatory DNA and proteins involved in transcription . While the id... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | Deciphering Transcriptional Dynamics In Vivo by Counting Nascent RNA Molecules |
Heterochromatin contains a significant part of nuclear DNA . Little is known about the mechanisms that govern heterochromatic DNA stability . We show here that in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( i ) DNA mismatch repair ( MMR ) is required for the maintenance of heterochromatic DNA stability , ( ii ) MutLα ( Mlh1-P... | Eukaryotic mismatch repair is an important intracellular process that defends DNA against mutations . Inactivation of mismatch repair in human cells strongly increases the risk of cancer initiation and development . Although significant progress has been made in understanding mismatch repair at euchromatin , mismatch r... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"deletion",
"mutation",
"insertion",
"mutation",
"euchromatin",
"mutation",
"substitution",
"mutation",
"fungi",
"model",
"organisms",
"experimental",
"organism",
"systems",
"mismatch",
"repair",
"epigenetics",
"dna",
"chromatin",
"research",
"and",
"analysis",
"methods",... | 2017 | Involvement of DNA mismatch repair in the maintenance of heterochromatic DNA stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
Buruli ulcer is a neglected emerging disease that has recently been reported in some countries as the second most frequent mycobacterial disease in humans after tuberculosis . Cases have been reported from at least 32 countries in Africa ( mainly west ) , Australia , Southeast Asia , China , Central and South America ,... | Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is a serious necrotizing cutaneous infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . It is a neglected emerging disease that has recently been reported in some countries as the second most frequent mycobacterial disease in humans after tuberculosis ( TB ) . Cases have been reported from at least 32 count... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"and",
"Discussion"
] | [
"ecology/plant-environment",
"interactions",
"microbiology/environmental",
"microbiology",
"ecology/evolutionary",
"ecology",
"ecology/behavioral",
"ecology",
"infectious",
"diseases/neglected",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"ecology",
"ecology/environmental",
"microbiology",
"ecology/spatia... | 2010 | Ecology and Transmission of Buruli Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review |
Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) is an emerging arboviral infection with a global distribution and may cause fetal and neonatal infections after maternal CHIKV-infections during gestation . We performed a systematic review to evaluate the risk for: a ) mother-to-child transmission ( MTCT ) , b ) antepartum fetal deaths ( AP... | Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) is an emerging arboviral infection with a global distribution and can cause infections of the fetus and newborn after maternal CHIKV-infections during gestation . In this systematic review , we evaluated the risk for mother-to-child transmission ( MTCT ) , antepartum fetal deaths ( APFD ) an... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"togaviruses",
"chikungunya",
"infection",
"maternal",
"health",
"obstetrics",
"and",
"gynecology",
"pathogens",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"microbiology",
"alphaviruses",
"viruses",
"deve... | 2018 | Mother-to-child transmission of Chikungunya virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
Deletions at chromosome 2p25 . 3 are associated with a syndrome consisting of intellectual disability and obesity . The smallest region of overlap for deletions at 2p25 . 3 contains PXDN and MYT1L . MYT1L is expressed only within the brain in humans . We hypothesized that single nucleotide variants ( SNVs ) in MYT1L wo... | Intellectual disability is defined by having an intelligence quotient of less than 70 points , and it affects about 2–3 people in every 100 . Obesity is defined as having a body mass index of over 30 in adults or over the 95th centile in children . Both of these conditions are major public health concerns in Western co... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"body",
"weight",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"neurochemistry",
"pervasive",
"developmental",
"disorders",
"brain",
"vertebrates",
"autism",
"social",
"sciences",
"developmental",
"psychology",
"animals",
"neuroscience",
"dna-binding",
"proteins",
"hormones",
... | 2017 | MYT1L mutations cause intellectual disability and variable obesity by dysregulating gene expression and development of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus |
The small size of RNA virus genomes ( 2-to-32 kb ) has been attributed to high mutation rates during replication , which is thought to lack proof-reading . This paradigm is being revisited owing to the discovery of a 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease ( ExoN ) in nidoviruses , a monophyletic group of positive-stranded RNA viruse... | RNA viruses include many major pathogens . The adaptation of viruses to their hosts is facilitated by fast mutation and constrained by small genome sizes , which are both due to the extremely high error rate of viral polymerases . Using an innovative computational approach , we now provide evidence for additional force... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"viral",
"replication",
"genome",
"complexity",
"functional",
"genomics",
"rna",
"viruses",
"genome",
"evolution",
"virology",
"viral",
"classification",
"viral",
"enzymes",
"comparative",
"genomics",
"biology",
"genomics",
"evolutionary",
"biology",
"genomic",
"evolution... | 2013 | The Footprint of Genome Architecture in the Largest Genome Expansion in RNA Viruses |
A venerable history of classical work on autoassociative memory has significantly shaped our understanding of several features of the hippocampus , and most prominently of its CA3 area , in relation to memory storage and retrieval . However , existing theories of hippocampal memory processing ignore a key biological co... | Memory is central to nervous system function and has been a particular focus for studies of the hippocampus . However , despite many clues , we understand little about how memory storage and retrieval is implemented in neural circuits . In particular , while many previous studies considered the amount of information th... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"neuroscience",
"biology",
"computational",
"neuroscience"
] | 2014 | Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting Functional Adaptations in Hippocampal Area CA3 |
Whole-genome duplications have shaped the genomes of several vertebrate , plant , and fungal lineages . Earlier studies have focused on establishing when these events occurred and on elucidating their functional and evolutionary consequences , but we still lack sufficient understanding of how genome duplications first ... | Genome duplication is a major evolutionary process that has shaped the genomes of several eukaryotic lineages including vertebrates , plants , and fungi . The sequencing of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the 1990s revealed the presence of conserved blocks of duplicated genes , indicating an ancestral dup... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"and",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | Beyond the Whole-Genome Duplication: Phylogenetic Evidence for an Ancient Interspecies Hybridization in the Baker's Yeast Lineage |
Cell mechanics has proven to be important in many biological processes . Although there is a number of experimental techniques which allow us to study mechanical properties of cell , there is still a lack of understanding of the role each sub-cellular component plays during cell deformations . We present a new mesoscop... | Predictive simulations of cell flow in microfluidic devices and capillary networks may help to quantify the impact of different cell components on its behavior . Cells have complex mechanical properties and can undergo significant deformations , requiring detailed models to give an insight into the cell rheology . We d... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods",
"Results",
"and",
"discussion"
] | [
"engineering",
"and",
"technology",
"biomechanics",
"simulation",
"and",
"modeling",
"viscosity",
"materials",
"science",
"materials",
"physics",
"cell",
"nucleus",
"cell",
"mechanics",
"cellular",
"structures",
"and",
"organelles",
"cytoskeleton",
"physical",
"chemistry"... | 2017 | Probing eukaryotic cell mechanics via mesoscopic simulations |
Reduced supply of the amino acid methionine increases longevity across species through an as yet elusive mechanism . Here , we report that methionine restriction ( MetR ) extends yeast chronological lifespan in an autophagy-dependent manner . Single deletion of several genes essential for autophagy ( ATG5 , ATG7 or ATG... | Health- or lifespan-prolonging regimes would be beneficial at both the individual and the social level . Nevertheless , up to date only very few experimental settings have been proven to promote longevity in mammals . Among them is the reduction of food intake ( caloric restriction ) or the pharmacological administrati... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"aging",
"cell",
"death",
"developmental",
"biology",
"fungi",
"model",
"organisms",
"organism",
"development",
"cell",
"biology",
"yeast",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"yeast",
"and",
"fungal",
"models",
"cell",
"processes",
"saccharomyces",
"cerevisiae",
... | 2014 | Lifespan Extension by Methionine Restriction Requires Autophagy-Dependent Vacuolar Acidification |
Familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 ( FHM2 ) is an autosomal dominant form of migraine with aura that is caused by mutations of the α2-subunit of the Na , K-ATPase , an isoform almost exclusively expressed in astrocytes in the adult brain . We generated the first FHM2 knock-in mouse model carrying the human W887R mutat... | We previously reported that mutations of the α2 subunit of the Na , K-ATPase cause familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 ( FHM2 ) , a dominant form of migraine with aura . This paper describes the first animal model of FHM2 and represents the further proceeding in this disease investigation . Homozygous knock-in mutant m... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"animal",
"models",
"medicine",
"model",
"organisms",
"neurological",
"disorders",
"neurology",
"biology",
"mouse",
"migraine"
] | 2011 | Increased Susceptibility to Cortical Spreading Depression in the Mouse Model of Familial Hemiplegic Migraine Type 2 |
Plant genomes encode large numbers of nucleotide-binding ( NB ) leucine-rich repeat ( LRR ) immune receptors ( NLR ) that mediate effector triggered immunity ( ETI ) and play key roles in protecting crops from diseases caused by devastating pathogens . Fitness costs are associated with plant NLR genes and regulation of... | In plants , nucleotide-binding ( NB ) leucine-rich repeat ( LRR ) receptors ( NLR ) mediate pathogen-specific effector triggered immunity and are widely used in breeding to generate pathogen-resistant crops . However , dysregulation of NLR expression can inhibit plant growth and how NLR expression and function are regu... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"biotechnology",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"plant",
"growth",
"and",
"development",
"gene",
"regulation",
"pathogens",
"microbiology",
"tobamoviruses",
"viruses",
"developmental",
"biology",
"plant",
"science",
... | 2018 | A role for small RNA in regulating innate immunity during plant growth |
Gliomas are the most common form of malignant primary brain tumors in humans and second most common in dogs , occurring with similar frequencies in both species . Dogs are valuable spontaneous models of human complex diseases including cancers and may provide insight into disease susceptibility and oncogenesis . Severa... | Gliomas are devastating malignant brain tumors that are very rarely curable . Despite extensive research to define pathways and genes involved in the development of disease , there is still an urgent need to improve therapy . Some dog breeds have a considerable elevated risk of glioma , making the dog a suitable model ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"genome-wide",
"association",
"studies",
"animal",
"types",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"cancers",
"and",
"neoplasms",
"vertebrates",
"pets",
"and",
"companion",
"animals",
"dogs",
"animals",
"mammals",
"oncology",
"neurological",
"tumors",
"genome",
"ana... | 2016 | Utilizing the Dog Genome in the Search for Novel Candidate Genes Involved in Glioma Development—Genome Wide Association Mapping followed by Targeted Massive Parallel Sequencing Identifies a Strongly Associated Locus |
Aedes albopictus , the Asian tiger mosquito , originates from the tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia . Over the recent decades it has been passively spread across the globe , primarily through the used tyre trade and passive transportation along major traffic routes . A . albopictus is a proven vector f... | The Asian tiger mosquito ( Aedes albopictus ) has gained increased attention in public health because it is a globally spreading , highly invasive mosquito species that may transmit several viruses . Outside of its original range in Southeast Asia it has been increasingly implicated in local transmission of chikungunya... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | 2016 | Surveillance and Control of Aedes albopictus in the Swiss-Italian Border Region: Differences in Egg Densities between Intervention and Non-intervention Areas |
Polymyxin is the last line of defense against severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative pathogens . The emergence of transferable MCR-1/2 polymyxin resistance greatly challenges the renewed interest in colistin ( polymyxin E ) for clinical treatments . Recent studies have suggested that Moraxella s... | This work represents the first functional definition of ICR-Mo , a member of a family of MCR-1/2 like genes from Moraxella . As inferred by phylogeny , this is the closest family of chromosomally encoded determinants of colistin resistance . We show evidence that ICR-Mo exploits a possible “ping-pong” mechanism to cata... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"antimicrobials",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"enzymes",
"drugs",
"microbiology",
"enzymology",
"organisms",
"planar",
"chromatography",
"antibiotic",
"resistance",
"antibiotics",
"pharmacology",
"plants",
"thin-layer",
"chromatography",
"research",
"and",
"ana... | 2018 | Defining ICR-Mo, an intrinsic colistin resistance determinant from Moraxella osloensis |
Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) , an arbovirus , is responsible for a two-stage disabling disease , consisting of an acute febrile polyarthritis for the first 10 days , frequently followed by chronic rheumatisms , sometimes lasting for years . Up to now , the pathophysiology of the chronic stage has been elusive . Consider... | Chikungunya virus is present in tropical Africa and Asia and is transmitted by mosquito bites . The disease is characterized by fever , headache , severe joint pain and transient skin rash for about a week . Most patients experience persisting joint pain and/or stiffness for months to years . In routine practice , diag... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"infectious",
"diseases/neglected",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"infectious",
"diseases/tropical",
"and",
"travel-associated",
"diseases",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"infectious",
"diseases/viral",
"infections"
] | 2009 | Persisting Mixed Cryoglobulinemia in Chikungunya Infection |
The simultaneous expression of the hunchback gene in the numerous nuclei of the developing fly embryo gives us a unique opportunity to study how transcription is regulated in living organisms . A recently developed MS2-MCP technique for imaging nascent messenger RNA in living Drosophila embryos allows us to quantify th... | The fly embryo provides a natural laboratory to study the dynamics of transcription and its implications for the developing organism . Using live imaging experiments we investigate the nature of transcription regulation of the hunchback gene—the first to read out the maternal Bicoid gradient . While traditional time tr... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"engineering",
"and",
"technology",
"gene",
"regulation",
"signal",
"processing",
"cell",
"cycle",
"and",
"cell",
"division",
"cell",
"processes",
"messenger",
"rna",
"dna-binding",
"proteins",
"dna",
"transcription",
"autocorrelation",
"developmental",
"biology",
"math... | 2016 | Precision of Readout at the hunchback Gene: Analyzing Short Transcription Time Traces in Living Fly Embryos |
Synaesthesia is an unusual perceptual experience in which an inducer stimulus triggers a percept in a different domain in addition to its own . To explore the conditions under which synaesthesia evolves , we studied a neuronal network model that represents two recurrently connected neural systems . The interactions in ... | Synaesthesia is a remarkable form of altered perception , where one attribute of a stimulus ( e . g . sound ) leads to the conscious experience of an additional attribute ( often colour ) . Despite being known about for 200 years , there is no commonly agreed upon model for how and why synaesthesia emerges . This study... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"learning",
"neural",
"networks",
"social",
"sciences",
"neuroscience",
"learning",
"and",
"memory",
"cognitive",
"psychology",
"sensory",
"deprivation",
"network",
"analysis",
"thermodynamics",
"computer",
"and",
"information",
"sciences",
"entropy",
"animal",
"cells",
... | 2016 | The Emergence of Synaesthesia in a Neuronal Network Model via Changes in Perceptual Sensitivity and Plasticity |
Human brain anatomy and function display a combination of modular and hierarchical organization , suggesting the importance of both cohesive structures and variable resolutions in the facilitation of healthy cognitive processes . However , tools to simultaneously probe these features of brain architecture require furth... | The human brain is a fascinating organ full of exquisite anatomical and functional detail . A striking feature of this detail lies in the presence of small modules nested within one another across hierarchical levels of organization . Here we develop and apply computational analysis tools to probe these features of bra... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"systems",
"biology",
"theoretical",
"biology",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"computational",
"biology",
"biophysics",
"neuroscience"
] | 2014 | Resolving Anatomical and Functional Structure in Human Brain Organization: Identifying Mesoscale Organization in Weighted Network Representations |
Stochastic fluctuations in gene expression give rise to cell-to-cell variability in protein levels which can potentially cause variability in cellular phenotype . For TRAIL ( TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ) variability manifests itself as dramatic differences in the time between ligand exposure and the sudden a... | Variability among members of a clonal cell population is increasingly recognized as a near-universal characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells . Variability can arise from random fluctuations in the biochemical reactions that control gene transcription , protein synthesis or signal transduction networks . For ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"cell",
"death",
"signaling",
"networks",
"apoptotic",
"signaling",
"signaling",
"in",
"cellular",
"processes",
"biochemistry",
"simulations",
"biology",
"antiapoptotic",
"signaling",
"molecular",
"biology",
"systems",
"biology",
"biochemistry",
"biochemical",
"simulations"... | 2012 | Exploring the Contextual Sensitivity of Factors that Determine Cell-to-Cell Variability in Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis |
A better description of the extent and structure of genetic diversity in dengue virus ( DENV ) in endemic settings is central to its eventual control . To this end we determined the complete coding region sequence of 187 DENV-2 genomes and 68 E genes from viruses sampled from Vietnamese patients between 1995 and 2009 .... | Dengue virus ( DENV ) is a mosquito transmitted RNA virus . One of the most characteristic patterns of DENV evolution is that viral lineages , including whole genotypes , are born and die-out on a regular basis . However , the precise cause of such lineage turnover is unclear . To address this issue we explored the gen... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"public",
"health",
"and",
"epidemiology/infectious",
"diseases",
"virology/virus",
"evolution",
"and",
"symbiosis"
] | 2010 | Emergence of the Asian 1 Genotype of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 in Viet Nam: In Vivo Fitness Advantage and Lineage Replacement in South-East Asia |
Mosquito-borne Rift Valley fever virus ( RVFV ) causes acute , often severe , disease in livestock and humans . To determine the exposure factors and range of symptoms associated with human RVF , we performed a population-based cross-sectional survey in six villages across a 40 km transect in northeastern Kenya . A sys... | Rift Valley fever virus ( RVFV ) causes serious disease in both animals and humans . Large-scale outbreaks result in devastating economic losses and create many urgent public health concerns . Among humans , the symptoms of RVF are variable , having a broad spectrum of disease that ranges from mild to severe fever symp... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | 2015 | Factors Associated with Severe Human Rift Valley Fever in Sangailu, Garissa County, Kenya |
Following introduction of antimycobacterial treatment of Buruli ulcer disease ( BUD ) , several clinical studies evaluated treatment outcomes of BUD patients , in particular healing times , secondary lesions and functional limitations . Whereas recurrences were rarely observed , paradoxical reactions and functional lim... | Buruli ulcer disease ( BUD ) is a mycobacterial skin disease which leads to large ulcerations and causes disabilities in approximately 25% of the patients . Treatment consists of antimycobacterial drugs , complemented by surgery and physiotherapy if necessary . Available data on treatment outcome of BUD patients sugges... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | 2015 | Treatment Outcome of Patients with Buruli Ulcer Disease in Togo |
In fast-transcribing prokaryotic genes , such as an rrn gene in Escherichia coli , many RNA polymerases ( RNAPs ) transcribe the DNA simultaneously . Active elongation of RNAPs is often interrupted by pauses , which has been observed to cause RNAP traffic jams; yet some studies indicate that elongation seems to be fast... | Transcription of DNA by RNA polymerases is the first step of gene expression . It has been known that multiple RNA polymerases copying the same gene help each other to move faster , but the mechanism of this interaction is not known . We propose that the torque imposed by polymerase on helically twisted DNA and transmi... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"velocity",
"classical",
"mechanics",
"dna-binding",
"proteins",
"dna",
"transcription",
"simulation",
"and",
"modeling",
"polymerases",
"research",
"and",
"analysis",
"methods",
"curve",
"fitting",
"mathematical",
"functions",
"proteins",
"mathematical",
"and",
"statisti... | 2016 | A Mechanistic Model for Cooperative Behavior of Co-transcribing RNA Polymerases |
A fundamental strategy for organising connections in the nervous system is the formation of neural maps . Map formation has been most intensively studied in sensory systems where the central arrangement of axon terminals reflects the distribution of sensory neuron cell bodies in the periphery or the sensory modality . ... | How neural networks governing locomotion are organised is less well understood than those governing sensory systems . In the Drosophila embryo dendrites form the input structures of motorneurons , and are arranged along the anterior-posterior axis in the central nervous system to reflect the distribution of body wall m... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Material",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"neuroscience/motor",
"systems",
"neuroscience/neurodevelopment",
"developmental",
"biology/neurodevelopment"
] | 2009 | Midline Signalling Systems Direct the Formation of a Neural Map by Dendritic Targeting in the Drosophila Motor System |
The human oxidative phosphorylation ( OxPhos ) system consists of approximately 90 proteins encoded by nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and serves as the primary cellular pathway for ATP biosynthesis . While the core protein machinery for OxPhos is well characterized , many of its assembly , maturation , and regulator... | Respiratory chain disorders represent the largest class of inborn errors in metabolism affecting 1 in every 5 , 000 individuals . Biochemically , these disorders are characterized by a breakdown in the cellular process called oxidative phosphorylation ( OxPhos ) , which is responsible for generating most of the cell's ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"molecular",
"biology/post-translational",
"regulation",
"of",
"gene",
"expression",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/gene",
"discovery",
"biochemistry",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/functional",
"genomics",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/gene",
"expression",
"molecular",
"biology/... | 2009 | A Computational Screen for Regulators of Oxidative Phosphorylation Implicates SLIRP in Mitochondrial RNA Homeostasis |
The molecular mechanisms that translate drug treatment into beneficial and unwanted effects are largely unknown . We present here a novel approach to detect gene-drug and gene-side effect associations based on the phenotypic similarity of drugs and single gene perturbations in mice that account for the polypharmacologi... | In order to avoid unwanted effects of current drug interventions , it is necessary to expand the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms related to drug action . Side effects offer insight into drug action , as for example similar side effects of unrelated drugs can be caused by their common off-targets . Moreover , the ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"animal",
"models",
"drug",
"therapy",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"model",
"organisms",
"drug",
"research",
"and",
"development",
"pharmaceutics",
"phenotypes",
"genetics",
"adverse",
"reactions",
"pharmacology",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"mo... | 2016 | A Novel Drug-Mouse Phenotypic Similarity Method Detects Molecular Determinants of Drug Effects |
Dengue viruses are endemic across most tropical and subtropical regions . Because no proven vaccines are available , dengue prevention is primarily accomplished through controlling the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti . While dispersal distance is generally believed to be ∼100 m , patterns of dispersion may vary in urban ... | Worldwide , 2 . 5 billion people are at risk for dengue infection , with no vaccine or treatment available . Thus dengue prevention is largely focused on controlling its mosquito vector , Aedes aegypti . Traditional mosquito control approaches typically include insecticide applications and breeding site source reductio... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"ecology/behavioral",
"ecology",
"infectious",
"diseases/viral",
"infections",
"public",
"health",
"and",
"epidemiology/infectious",
"diseases",
"ecology/spatial",
"and",
"landscape",
"ecology",
"ecology/population",
"ecology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/population",
"genetic... | 2010 | Influence of Urban Landscapes on Population Dynamics in a Short-Distance Migrant Mosquito: Evidence for the Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti |
Modern genetic mapping is plagued by the “missing heritability” problem , which refers to the discordance between the estimated heritabilities of quantitative traits and the variance accounted for by mapped causative variants . One major potential explanation for the missing heritability is allelic heterogeneity , in w... | For traits with complex genetic inheritance it has generally proven very difficult to identify the majority of the specific causative variants involved . A range of hypotheses have been put forward to explain this so-called “missing heritability” . One idea—allelic heterogeneity , where genes each harbor multiple diffe... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"and",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"model",
"organisms",
"genetics",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"genomics",
"research",
"and",
"analysis",
"methods"
] | 2014 | Genetic Dissection of the Drosophila melanogaster Female Head Transcriptome Reveals Widespread Allelic Heterogeneity |
There is much interest in characterizing the variation in a human individual , because this may elucidate what contributes significantly to a person's phenotype , thereby enabling personalized genomics . We focus here on the variants in a person's ‘exome , ’ which is the set of exons in a genome , because the exome is ... | Characterizing the functional variation in an individual is an important step towards the era of personalized medicine . Protein-coding exons are thought to be especially enriched in functional variation . In 2007 , we published the genome sequence of J . Craig Venter . Here we analyze the genetic variation of J . Crai... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/genomics",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/genome",
"projects",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/bioinformatics",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/medical",
"genetics"
] | 2008 | Genetic Variation in an Individual Human Exome |
The interplay between autophagy and intracellular pathogens is intricate as autophagy is an essential cellular response to fight against infections , whereas numerous microbes have developed strategies to escape this process or even exploit it to their own benefit . The fine tuned timing and/or selective molecular path... | Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal dependent degradative pathway for recycling of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles . Autophagy is also an essential cellular response to fight infection by destroying infectious pathogens trapped within autophagosomes and plays a key role in the induction of bot... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Material",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2013 | Sustained Autophagy Contributes to Measles Virus Infectivity |
The Scc2-Scc4 complex is essential for loading the cohesin complex onto DNA . Cohesin has important roles in chromosome segregation , DSB repair , and chromosome condensation . Here we report that Scc2 is important for gene expression in budding yeast . Scc2 and the transcriptional regulator Paf1 collaborate to promote... | The structure of chromosomes contributes to the production of RNAs . Chromosome structure is maintained in part by an evolutionarily conserved group of proteins known as structural maintenance of chromosomes proteins . These proteins are loaded onto chromosomes by a second evolutionarily conserved protein complex known... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | The SMC Loader Scc2 Promotes ncRNA Biogenesis and Translational Fidelity |
The bacterial second messenger bis- ( 3′–5′ ) cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate ( c-di-GMP ) has emerged as a central regulator for biofilm formation . Increased cellular c-di-GMP levels lead to stable cell attachment , which in Pseudomonas fluorescens requires the transmembrane receptor LapD . LapD exhibits a con... | Bacteria have the ability to form surface-attached communities , so-called biofilms , in both free-living environmental habitats and during pathogenic colonization in infectious diseases . Many of the cellular processes contributing to biofilm formation , for example , changes in motility , cell adhesion , and secretio... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"biochemistry/cell",
"signaling",
"and",
"trafficking",
"structures",
"biochemistry/biomacromolecule-ligand",
"interactions",
"biochemistry/macromolecular",
"assemblies",
"and",
"machines",
"biophysics/protein",
"chemistry",
"and",
"proteomics",
"biophysics/membrane",... | 2011 | Structural Basis for c-di-GMP-Mediated Inside-Out Signaling Controlling Periplasmic Proteolysis |
Segments are fundamental units in animal development which are made of distinct cell lineages separated by boundaries . Although boundaries show limited plasticity during their formation for sharpening , cell lineages make compartments that become tightly restricted as development goes on . Here , we characterize a uni... | Multicellular organisms are assembled from different cell types , each following a particular fate depending on their history and location . During development , cells are organized into compartments , which are essential for the correct formation of organs . Within the compartments , cells follow two general rules: ( ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"developmental",
"biology/cell",
"differentiation",
"developmental",
"biology",
"developmental",
"biology/pattern",
"formation",
"developmental",
"biology/morphogenesis",
"and",
"cell",
"biology"
] | 2010 | JNK Signalling Controls Remodelling of the Segment Boundary through Cell Reprogramming during Drosophila Morphogenesis |
The ventral striatum ( VS ) , like its cortical afferents , is closely associated with processing of rewards , but the relative contributions of striatal and cortical reward systems remains unclear . Most theories posit distinct roles for these structures , despite their similarities . We compared responses of VS neuro... | The neural calculations underlying reward-based choice are closely associated with a network of brain areas including the ventral striatum ( VS ) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex ( vmPFC ) . Most theories ascribe distinct roles to these two structures during choice , but these differences have yet to be confirmed at ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | Signatures of Value Comparison in Ventral Striatum Neurons |
Pathogenic microbes rely on environmental cues to initiate key events during infection such as differentiation , motility , egress and invasion of cells or tissues . Earlier investigations showed that an acidic environment activates motility of the protozoan parasite T . gondii . Conversely , potassium ions , which are... | Toxoplasma and related parasites including those that cause malaria are obligate intracellular pathogens that replicate within a specialized compartment termed the parasitophorous vacuole . To infect new host cells these parasites must first escape from the parasitophorous vacuole and other limiting membranes of the cu... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"protozoan",
"infections",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"parasitology",
"toxoplasmosis"
] | 2014 | Acidification Activates Toxoplasma gondii Motility and Egress by Enhancing Protein Secretion and Cytolytic Activity |
Identifying latent structure in high-dimensional genomic data is essential for exploring biological processes . Here , we consider recovering gene co-expression networks from gene expression data , where each network encodes relationships between genes that are co-regulated by shared biological mechanisms . To do this ... | Recovering gene co-expression networks from high-throughput experiments to measure gene expression levels is essential for understanding the genetic regulation of complex traits . It is often assumed for simplicity that gene co-expression networks are static across different contexts—e . g . , drug exposure , genotype ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"genetic",
"networks",
"breast",
"tumors",
"cardiovascular",
"anatomy",
"gene",
"regulation",
"cancers",
"and",
"neoplasms",
"random",
"variables",
"covariance",
"simulation",
"and",
"modeling",
"oncology",
"mathematics",
"arteri... | 2016 | Context Specific and Differential Gene Co-expression Networks via Bayesian Biclustering |
It is well established that individuals age differently . Yet the nature of these inter-individual differences is still largely unknown . For humans , two main hypotheses have been recently formulated: individuals may experience differences in aging rate or aging timing . This issue is central because it directly influ... | Aging is a widespread phenomenon across the tree of life . From yeast to humans , mortality changes over age have been widely documented . Interestingly , all individuals are not equal with respect to the aging process: large variability in individual life span has been reported , even in clonal populations . Understan... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"aging",
"evolutionary",
"biology",
"evolutionary",
"modeling",
"biology",
"computational",
"biology"
] | 2013 | How Evolving Heterogeneity Distributions of Resource Allocation Strategies Shape Mortality Patterns |
Few studies have estimated prevalence of neurocysticercosis ( NCC ) among persons with epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa . While the limitations of serological testing in identification of NCC are well known , the characteristics of persons who are misdiagnosed based on serology have not been explored . The first objectiv... | Epilepsy is a significant contributor to morbidity world-wide in persons of all ages . Little is known , however , about its causes . In the developing world , parasitic infections of the brain , in particular Taenia solium neurocysticercosis ( NCC ) are thought to be important factors . Determining whether or not ther... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"public",
"health",
"and",
"epidemiology/global",
"health",
"neurological",
"disorders/epilepsy"
] | 2009 | Accuracy of Serological Testing for the Diagnosis of Prevalent Neurocysticercosis in Outpatients with Epilepsy, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa |
An increasing amount of evidence indicates that developmental programs are tightly regulated by the complex interplay between signaling pathways , as well as transcriptional and epigenetic processes . Here , we have uncovered coordination between transcriptional and morphogen cues to specify Merkel cells , poorly under... | Merkel cells are innervated touch-receptor cells that are responsible for light touch sensations . They originate from embryonic epidermal stem cells and , in hairy regions of skin , are organized in touch domes . Touch domes are highly patterned structures that form exclusively around primary hair follicles . Striking... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"skin",
"cell",
"death",
"merkel",
"cells",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"integumentary",
"system",
"cell",
"processes",
"cell",
"differentiation",
"epithelial",
"cells",
"developmental",
"biology",
"epidermis",
"research",
"and",
"analysis",
"methods",
"s... | 2016 | Polycomb-Mediated Repression and Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Interact to Regulate Merkel Cell Specification during Skin Development |
West Nile virus ( WNV ) is a highly pathogenic flavivirus transmitted by Culex spp . mosquitoes . In North America ( NA ) , lineage 1 WNV caused the largest outbreak of neuroinvasive disease to date , while a novel pathogenic lineage 2 strain circulates in southern Europe . To estimate WNV lineage 2 epidemic potential ... | West Nile virus ( WNV ) is on the rise in Europe , with increasing numbers of human cases of neurological disease and death since 2010 . However , it is currently unknown whether or not WNV will continue to spread to north-western Europe ( NWE ) , in a fashion similar to the WNV epidemic sweep in the United States ( 19... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | 2015 | West Nile Virus: High Transmission Rate in North-Western European Mosquitoes Indicates Its Epidemic Potential and Warrants Increased Surveillance |
The type VI secretion system ( T6SS ) is a widespread protein secretion apparatus used by Gram-negative bacteria to deliver toxic effector proteins into adjacent bacterial or host cells . Here , we uncovered a role in interbacterial competition for the two T6SSs encoded by the marine pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus . Usi... | The bacterial type VI secretion system ( T6SS ) is a contact-dependent protein secretion apparatus that is emerging as a major component of interbacterial competition in the environment . The bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus is a pathogen of marine animals and a causal agent of wound infections , otitis , and gastroenter... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | Type VI Secretion System Toxins Horizontally Shared between Marine Bacteria |
Networks are becoming a ubiquitous metaphor for the understanding of complex biological systems , spanning the range between molecular signalling pathways , neural networks in the brain , and interacting species in a food web . In many models , we face an intricate interplay between the topology of the network and the ... | Many biological systems have been described as networks whose complex properties influence the behaviour of the system . Correlations of activity in such networks are of interest in a variety of fields , from gene-regulatory networks to neuroscience . Due to novel experimental techniques allowing the recording of the a... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"circuit",
"models",
"physics",
"mathematics",
"neural",
"networks",
"computational",
"neuroscience",
"biology",
"biophysics",
"neuroscience"
] | 2011 | How Structure Determines Correlations in Neuronal Networks |
Pathogenic mycobacteria reside in macrophages where they avoid lysosomal targeting and degradation through poorly understood mechanisms proposed to involve arrest of phagosomal maturation at an early endosomal stage . A clear understanding of how this relates to host defenses elicited from various intracellular compart... | Mycobacterium avium is increasingly reported as a causative agent of non-tuberculous disease in immunocompromised patients and in individuals with underlying disease or using immunosuppressant drugs , with prevalence often higher than the more pathogenic M . tuberculosis in developed countries . Both M . avium and M . ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"blood",
"cells",
"innate",
"immune",
"system",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"immune",
"cells",
"vesicles",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"immune",
"physiology",
"cytokines",
"gene",
"regulation",
"immunology",
"light",
"microscopy",
"immun... | 2017 | Persistent mycobacteria evade an antibacterial program mediated by phagolysosomal TLR7/8/MyD88 in human primary macrophages |
Flubendazole , originally developed to treat infections with intestinal nematodes , has been shown to be efficacious in animal models of filarial infections . For treatment of filarial nematodes , systemic exposure is needed . For this purpose , an orally bioavailable amorphous solid dispersion ( ASD ) formulation of f... | This article describes pharmacokinetic profiles and results of safety pharmacology , toxicity and genotoxicity studies with an oral ASD formulation of flubendazole with improved bioavailability . Flubendazole administered as ASD formulation has good oral bioavailability in animals ranging from 15% to more than 100% . I... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"blood",
"cells",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"body",
"fluids",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"micronuclei",
"atrophy",
"microbiology",
"vertebrates",
"dogs",
"animals",
"mammals",
"toxicology",
"toxicity",
"routes",
"of",
"administration",
... | 2019 | Preclinical toxicity and pharmacokinetics of a new orally bioavailable flubendazole formulation and the impact for clinical trials and risk/benefit to patients |
Influenza A virus ( IAV ) infection in the respiratory tract triggers robust innate and adaptive immune responses , resulting in both virus clearance and lung inflammation and injury . After virus clearance , resolution of ongoing inflammation and tissue repair occur during a distinct recovery period . B7 family co-sti... | Influenza A virus ( IAV ) infection can cause severe inflammation and injury in the respiratory tract , which must be resolved and repaired for the host to fully recover after virus clearance . Evidence is emerging that host immune responses may regulate tissue repair and resolution of inflammation after IAV infection ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"developmental",
"biology",
"innate",
"immune",
"system",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"inflammation",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"cytokines",
"clinical",
"immunology",
"immunity",
"molecular",
"development",
"influenza",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
... | 2014 | Late Engagement of CD86 after Influenza Virus Clearance Promotes Recovery in a FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cell Dependent Manner |
We have previously evaluated the vaccine efficacies of seven tetraspanins of Echinococcus multilocularis ( Em-TSP1–7 ) against alveolar echinococcosis ( AE ) by subcutaneous ( s . c . ) administration with Freund's adjuvant . Over 85% of liver cyst lesion number reductions ( CLNR ) were achieved by recombinant Em-TSP1 ... | Humans and rodents become infected with E . multilocularis by oral ingesting of the eggs , which then develop into cysts in the liver and progress an endless proliferation . Untreated AE has a fatality rate of >90% in humans . Tetraspanins have been identified in Schistosoma and showed potential as the prospective vacc... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"veterinary",
"pathology",
"veterinary",
"diseases",
"pathology",
"veterinary",
"microbiology",
"microbiology",
"veterinary",
"science",
"veterinary",
"medicine"
] | 2012 | A Pilot Study on Developing Mucosal Vaccine against Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) Using Recombinant Tetraspanin 3: Vaccine Efficacy and Immunology |
Many microorganisms exhibit high levels of intragenic recombination following horizontal gene transfer events . Furthermore , many microbial genes are subject to strong diversifying selection as part of the pathogenic process . A multiple sequence alignment is an essential starting point for many of the tools that prov... | Microbial genes that accumulate large amounts of nucleotide sequence diversity through lateral exchanges with other microorganisms are often central to understanding key interactions between the microbe and an ever-changing host or environment . Proper sequence alignment of multiple gene alleles is an essential startin... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Supporting",
"Information"
] | [
"evolutionary",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/gene",
"function",
"computational",
"biology"
] | 2007 | Detecting Key Structural Features within Highly Recombined Genes |
African trypanosomes are extracellular protozoan parasites causing a chronic debilitating disease associated with a persistent inflammatory response . Maintaining the balance of the inflammatory response via downregulation of activation of M1-type myeloid cells was previously shown to be crucial to allow prolonged surv... | Infection with extracellular protozoan parasites , African trypanosomes , is characterized by a persistent inflammatory immune response . It has been recently shown that maintaining the balance of the inflammatory responses via dampening M1-type myeloid cell activation is critical to guarantee control of the parasites ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | IL-27 Signaling Is Crucial for Survival of Mice Infected with African Trypanosomes via Preventing Lethal Effects of CD4+ T Cells and IFN-γ |
Leishmaniasis is a major health problem in some endemic areas and yet , no vaccine is available against any form of the disease . Historically , leishmanization ( LZ ) which is an inoculation of individual with live Leishmania , is the most effective control measure at least against cutaneous leishmaniasis ( CL ) . Due... | Leishmaniasis is still a major health problem in some endemic foci , yet no vaccine is available against any form of leishmaniasis . It is a general belief that recovery from cutaneous leishmaniasis ( CL ) is accompanied with long life protection . An inoculation of live pathogenic L . major into healthy individuals to... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"immune",
"response",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"immunology",
"immune",
"system"
] | 2014 | A Dual Drug Sensitive L. major Induces Protection without Lesion in C57BL/6 Mice |
In this study we have analysed AtASY3 , a coiled-coil domain protein that is required for normal meiosis in Arabidopsis . Analysis of an Atasy3-1 mutant reveals that loss of the protein compromises chromosome axis formation and results in reduced numbers of meiotic crossovers ( COs ) . Although the frequency of DNA dou... | Homologous recombination ( HR ) during prophase I of meiosis leads to the formation of physical connections , known as chiasmata , between homologous chromosomes ( homologs ) . Chiasmata are essential for accurate homolog segregation at the first meiotic division . HR is initiated by the formation of DNA double-strand ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"plant",
"science",
"plant",
"biology",
"genetics",
"biology",
"molecular",
"cell",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics"
] | 2012 | Inter-Homolog Crossing-Over and Synapsis in Arabidopsis Meiosis Are Dependent on the Chromosome Axis Protein AtASY3 |
In C . elegans , removal of the germline triggers molecular events in the neighboring intestine , which sends an anti-aging signal to the rest of the animal . In this study , we identified an innate immunity related gene , named irg-7 , as a novel mediator of longevity in germlineless animals . We consider irg-7 to be ... | Increased sensitivity to pathogens is one of the hallmarks of aging . Thus , pathways that slow down the aging process should provide a remedy to this challenge . In this study , we have used the model organism C . elegans to identify a new longevity gene whose activation improves the resistance of the animals to patho... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"innate",
"immune",
"system",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"reproductive",
"system",
"rna",
"interference",
"gonads",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"gene",
"regulation",
"pathogens",
"regulatory",
"proteins",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"dn... | 2017 | Innate immunity mediated longevity and longevity induced by germ cell removal converge on the C-type lectin domain protein IRG-7 |
Little is known about how the size of meristem cells is regulated and whether it participates in the control of meristem size in plants . Here , we report our findings on shoebox ( shb ) , a mild gibberellin ( GA ) deficient rice mutant that has a short root meristem size . Quantitative analysis of cortical cell length... | Little is known concerning the identity of regulatory components and signaling pathways that control the growth of meristem cells in plants . Here , we report that rice plants deficient in the AP2/ERF family gene SHOEBOX ( SHB ) exhibited a severe reduction in the root meristem size . These plants had shorter cells in ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | SHOEBOX Modulates Root Meristem Size in Rice through Dose-Dependent Effects of Gibberellins on Cell Elongation and Proliferation |
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective loss of motor neurons , muscle atrophy and paralysis . Mutations in the human VAMP-associated protein B ( hVAPB ) cause a heterogeneous group of motor neuron diseases including ALS8 . Despite extensive research , the m... | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) is a neurodegenerative disease causing loss of motor neurons and consequently a progressive deterioration of motor functions . ALS is uniformly fatal with death occurring 5 years after onset of symptoms . There is currently no effective treatment for ALS . Several mutations in a ge... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | Network Analyses Reveal Novel Aspects of ALS Pathogenesis |
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