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What are polytechnics called in South Africa? | <text>What are polytechnics called in South Africa?</text><reasoning>South Africa has completed a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.</reasoning><output>Technikons</output> |
What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees? | <text>What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?</text><reasoning>South Africa has completed a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.</reasoning><output>1993</output> |
What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees? | <text>What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?</text><reasoning>In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:</reasoning><output>Politecnico</output> |
Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there? | <text>Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?</text><reasoning>In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:</reasoning><output>two</output> |
If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become? | <text>If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?</text><reasoning>Schools called "technical institute" or "technical school" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university.</reasoning><output>university colleges</output> |
What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes? | <text>What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?</text><reasoning>Schools called "technical institute" or "technical school" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university.</reasoning><output>20th century</output> |
A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what? | <text>A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?</text><reasoning>Schools called "technical institute" or "technical school" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university.</reasoning><output>high school</output> |
When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing? | <text>When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?</text><reasoning>In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing.</reasoning><output>2011</output> |
Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from? | <text>Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?</text><reasoning>The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index."</reasoning><output>World Wide Web</output> |
Which company made the Wayback Machine? | <text>Which company made the Wayback Machine?</text><reasoning>The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index."</reasoning><output>Internet Archive</output> |
Where is Internet Archive headquartered? | <text>Where is Internet Archive headquartered?</text><reasoning>The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index."</reasoning><output>San Francisco</output> |
What individuals founded Internet Archive? | <text>What individuals founded Internet Archive?</text><reasoning>The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index."</reasoning><output>Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat</output> |
What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine? | <text>What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?</text><reasoning>The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index."</reasoning><output>three dimensional index</output> |
Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots? | <text>Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?</text><reasoning>Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means "without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations."</reasoning><output>Internet Archive</output> |
Which party did Internet Archive side with? | <text>Which party did Internet Archive side with?</text><reasoning>Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means "without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations."</reasoning><output>Chordiant</output> |
What queen set up the Banská Akadémia? | <text>What queen set up the Banská Akadémia?</text><reasoning>The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.</reasoning><output>queen Maria Theresa</output> |
What year was the Banská Akadémia founded? | <text>What year was the Banská Akadémia founded?</text><reasoning>The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.</reasoning><output>1735</output> |
The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals? | <text>The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?</text><reasoning>The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.</reasoning><output>silver and gold</output> |
What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia? | <text>What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia?</text><reasoning>The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.</reasoning><output>1764</output> |
What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now? | <text>What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now?</text><reasoning>The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.</reasoning><output>teaching</output> |
When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive? | <text>When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?</text><reasoning>After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.</reasoning><output>After August 2008</output> |
Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed? | <text>Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?</text><reasoning>After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.</reasoning><output>Jeff Kaplan</output> |
When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites? | <text>When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?</text><reasoning>After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.</reasoning><output>November 2010</output> |
The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time? | <text>The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?</text><reasoning>Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.</reasoning><output>1590–1712</output> |
The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations? | <text>The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?</text><reasoning>Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.</reasoning><output>Africa and the Pacific</output> |
What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy? | <text>What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?</text><reasoning>Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.</reasoning><output>breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient</output> |
What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010? | <text>What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?</text><reasoning>In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.</reasoning><output>Bursa Technical University</output> |
What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s? | <text>What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?</text><reasoning>In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.</reasoning><output>Ankara and Trabzon</output> |
What city in Venezuela had the first IUT? | <text>What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?</text><reasoning>Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French "Institut Universitaire de Technologie"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees.</reasoning><output>Caracas</output> |
Who pioneered using the French system of technological education? | <text>Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?</text><reasoning>Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French "Institut Universitaire de Technologie"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees.</reasoning><output>Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio</output> |
What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name? | <text>What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?</text><reasoning>The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the "WABAC machine" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history.</reasoning><output>The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show</output> |
Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time? | <text>Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?</text><reasoning>The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the "WABAC machine" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history.</reasoning><output>Mr. Peabody and Sherman</output> |
What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named? | <text>What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?</text><reasoning>The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the "WABAC machine" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history.</reasoning><output>WABAC machine</output> |
How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now? | <text>How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?</text><reasoning>At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.</reasoning><output>32</output> |
How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009? | <text>How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?</text><reasoning>At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.</reasoning><output>60,840</output> |
How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012? | <text>How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?</text><reasoning>At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.</reasoning><output>87,440</output> |
When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage? | <text>When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?</text><reasoning>In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.</reasoning><output>2009</output> |
Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009? | <text>Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?</text><reasoning>In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.</reasoning><output>Sun Open Storage</output> |
Where does Internet archive run a datacenter? | <text>Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?</text><reasoning>In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.</reasoning><output>Sun Microsystems' California campus</output> |
In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program? | <text>In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?</text><reasoning>The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.</reasoning><output>10th</output> |
What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes? | <text>What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?</text><reasoning>The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.</reasoning><output>trades</output> |
How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan? | <text>How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?</text><reasoning>The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.</reasoning><output>three</output> |
What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong? | <text>What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?</text><reasoning>The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.</reasoning><output>The Hong Kong Polytechnic</output> |
What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic? | <text>What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?</text><reasoning>The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.</reasoning><output>Hong Kong Technical College</output> |
In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded? | <text>In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?</text><reasoning>The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.</reasoning><output>1984</output> |
What Hong Kong university was created in 1991? | <text>What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?</text><reasoning>The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.</reasoning><output>Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</output> |
When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities? | <text>When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?</text><reasoning>The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.</reasoning><output>1994</output> |
Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what? | <text>Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?</text><reasoning>After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).</reasoning><output>the Peace of Westphalia</output> |
The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what? | <text>The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?</text><reasoning>After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).</reasoning><output>federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)</output> |
What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces? | <text>What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?</text><reasoning>After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).</reasoning><output>Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)</output> |
When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released? | <text>When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?</text><reasoning>In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year".</reasoning><output>March 2011</output> |
The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year? | <text>The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?</text><reasoning>In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year".</reasoning><output>2008</output> |
The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year? | <text>The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?</text><reasoning>In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year".</reasoning><output>2010</output> |
What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data? | <text>What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?</text><reasoning>Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.</reasoning><output>digital tape</output> |
Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database? | <text>Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?</text><reasoning>Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.</reasoning><output>researchers and scientists</output> |
At what milestone was the archive made public? | <text>At what milestone was the archive made public?</text><reasoning>Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.</reasoning><output>fifth anniversary</output> |
Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held? | <text>Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?</text><reasoning>Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.</reasoning><output>University of California, Berkeley</output> |
What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school? | <text>What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?</text><reasoning>Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.</reasoning><output>Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology</output> |
What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology? | <text>What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?</text><reasoning>Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.</reasoning><output>Suranaree University of Technology</output> |
What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded? | <text>What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?</text><reasoning>Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.</reasoning><output>1989</output> |
What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand? | <text>What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?</text><reasoning>Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.</reasoning><output>Mahanakorn University of Technology</output> |
What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system? | <text>What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?</text><reasoning>Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense." The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.</reasoning><output>1970</output> |
What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools? | <text>What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?</text><reasoning>Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense." The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.</reasoning><output>the UK Council for National Academic Awards</output> |
What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities? | <text>What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?</text><reasoning>Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense." The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.</reasoning><output>Central Institutions</output> |
What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named? | <text>What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?</text><reasoning>Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense." The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.</reasoning><output>Royal Polytechnic Institution</output> |
What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine? | <text>What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?</text><reasoning>In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.</reasoning><output>Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.</output> |
Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument? | <text>Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?</text><reasoning>In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.</reasoning><output>Chordiant</output> |
What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website? | <text>What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?</text><reasoning>In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.</reasoning><output>the robots.txt file</output> |
What are the saved versions of a site called? | <text>What are the saved versions of a site called?</text><reasoning>Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.</reasoning><output>Snapshots</output> |
What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing? | <text>What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?</text><reasoning>Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.</reasoning><output>six months</output> |
What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites? | <text>What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?</text><reasoning>Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.</reasoning><output>variable</output> |
Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case? | <text>Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?</text><reasoning>Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.</reasoning><output>Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd</output> |
In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried? | <text>In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?</text><reasoning>Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.</reasoning><output>Northern District of California, San Jose Division</output> |
Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file? | <text>Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?</text><reasoning>Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.</reasoning><output>Chordiant</output> |
When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices? | <text>When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?</text><reasoning>Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application.</reasoning><output>in examining a patent application</output> |
What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe? | <text>What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?</text><reasoning>Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application.</reasoning><output>authoritative statement of the archivist</output> |
What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down? | <text>What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?</text><reasoning>In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.</reasoning><output>DMCA requests</output> |
What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions? | <text>What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?</text><reasoning>In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.</reasoning><output>Federal Court of Canada</output> |
When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created? | <text>When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?</text><reasoning>In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These "crawlers" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.</reasoning><output>1996</output> |
What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find? | <text>What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?</text><reasoning>In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These "crawlers" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.</reasoning><output>crawlers</output> |
What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record? | <text>What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?</text><reasoning>In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These "crawlers" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.</reasoning><output>robots exclusion standard</output> |
What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites? | <text>What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?</text><reasoning>In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These "crawlers" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.</reasoning><output>Archive-It.org</output> |
What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site? | <text>What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?</text><reasoning>In October 2013, the company announced the "Save a Page" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries.</reasoning><output>Save a Page</output> |
When was Save a Page made available? | <text>When was Save a Page made available?</text><reasoning>In October 2013, the company announced the "Save a Page" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries.</reasoning><output>October 2013</output> |
What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers? | <text>What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?</text><reasoning>Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet.</reasoning><output>Linux</output> |
When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website? | <text>When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?</text><reasoning>Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet.</reasoning><output>if the content has changed</output> |
What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine? | <text>What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?</text><reasoning>Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet.</reasoning><output>to archive the entire Internet</output> |
What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe? | <text>What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?</text><reasoning>In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well.</reasoning><output>copyright laws</output> |
What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine? | <text>What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?</text><reasoning>In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well.</reasoning><output>delete pages from its system</output> |
In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content? | <text>In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?</text><reasoning>In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well.</reasoning><output>FAQ</output> |
What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by? | <text>What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?</text><reasoning>The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).</reasoning><output>the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)</output> |
The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time? | <text>The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?</text><reasoning>The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).</reasoning><output>from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795</output> |
What republics did the Dutch Republic come before? | <text>What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?</text><reasoning>The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).</reasoning><output>Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands</output> |
What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other? | <text>What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?</text><reasoning>Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.</reasoning><output>obligate</output> |
What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone? | <text>What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?</text><reasoning>Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.</reasoning><output>facultative</output> |
What is an example of an obligate relationship? | <text>What is an example of an obligate relationship?</text><reasoning>Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.</reasoning><output>lichens</output> |
Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002? | <text>Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?</text><reasoning>In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.</reasoning><output>Scientology</output> |
Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive? | <text>Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?</text><reasoning>In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.</reasoning><output>the site owner</output> |
Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down? | <text>Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?</text><reasoning>In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.</reasoning><output>Church of Scientology</output> |
In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed? | <text>In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?</text><reasoning>In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.</reasoning><output>1579</output> |
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