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What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting? | <text>What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?</text><reasoning>The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inco... |
Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age? | <text>Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?</text><reasoning>The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is i... |
What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system? | <text>What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?</text><reasoning>The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor ... |
What is the purpose of white-balancing? | <text>What is the purpose of white-balancing?</text><reasoning>Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, wi... |
Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance? | <text>Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance?</text><reasoning>Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescen... |
What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light? | <text>What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light?</text><reasoning>Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect... |
Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering? | <text>Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?</text><reasoning>Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect c... |
What is the highest possible color rendering index score? | <text>What is the highest possible color rendering index score?</text><reasoning>Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect c... |
What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb? | <text>What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb?</text><reasoning>The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules kno... |
What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb? | <text>What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb?</text><reasoning>The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules ... |
What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb? | <text>What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb?</text><reasoning>The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated... |
How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament? | <text>How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament?</text><reasoning>The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberat... |
What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs? | <text>What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs?</text><reasoning>Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electros... |
How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb? | <text>How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb?</text><reasoning>Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposit... |
What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast? | <text>What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast?</text><reasoning>Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrost... |
How are Christmas colored light bulbs created? | <text>How are Christmas colored light bulbs created?</text><reasoning>Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically de... |
How does kaolin create a more gentle light? | <text>How does kaolin create a more gentle light?</text><reasoning>Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically depos... |
What company invented the tantalum light filament? | <text>What company invented the tantalum light filament?</text><reasoning>In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantal... |
In what year was the tantalum light filament invented? | <text>In what year was the tantalum light filament invented?</text><reasoning>In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the ta... |
What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament? | <text>What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament?</text><reasoning>In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon... |
Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens? | <text>Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?</text><reasoning>In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than... |
When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament? | <text>When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament?</text><reasoning>In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, ... |
Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs? | <text>Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs?</text><reasoning>Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficie... |
How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents? | <text>How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents?</text><reasoning>Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W... |
What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency? | <text>What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency?</text><reasoning>Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescent... |
What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs? | <text>What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs?</text><reasoning>Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 ... |
What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs? | <text>What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs?</text><reasoning>Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; abo... |
What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs. | <text>What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs.</text><reasoning>In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into mold... |
How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour? | <text>How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour?</text><reasoning>In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor be... |
How is the filament attached to the bulb? | <text>How is the filament attached to the bulb?</text><reasoning>In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the... |
How is the evacuation tube sealed? | <text>How is the evacuation tube sealed?</text><reasoning>In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass ... |
What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape? | <text>What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape?</text><reasoning>In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt in... |
What determines how fast a tungsten filament evaporates? | <text>What determines how fast a tungsten filament evaporates?</text><reasoning>During ordinary operation, the tungsten of the filament evaporates; hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster. Because of this, the lifetime of a filament lamp is a trade-off between efficiency and longevity. The trade-off is typica... |
What is the typical goal for the life of a tungsten filament bulb? | <text>What is the typical goal for the life of a tungsten filament bulb?</text><reasoning>During ordinary operation, the tungsten of the filament evaporates; hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster. Because of this, the lifetime of a filament lamp is a trade-off between efficiency and longevity. The trade-off... |
Which types of lamps may have particularly short lives? | <text>Which types of lamps may have particularly short lives?</text><reasoning>During ordinary operation, the tungsten of the filament evaporates; hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster. Because of this, the lifetime of a filament lamp is a trade-off between efficiency and longevity. The trade-off is typical... |
What is the typical tradeoff in light bulb design? | <text>What is the typical tradeoff in light bulb design?</text><reasoning>During ordinary operation, the tungsten of the filament evaporates; hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster. Because of this, the lifetime of a filament lamp is a trade-off between efficiency and longevity. The trade-off is typically se... |
Why does inert gas reduce efficiency? | <text>Why does inert gas reduce efficiency?</text><reasoning>While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas a... |
What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas? | <text>What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas?</text><reasoning>While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of... |
How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity? | <text>How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity?</text><reasoning>While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon ... |
Why is xenon gas not more widely used? | <text>Why is xenon gas not more widely used?</text><reasoning>While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas ... |
What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb? | <text>What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?</text><reasoning>While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular... |
What's the point of ironing clothing? | <text>What's the point of ironing clothing?</text><reasoning>Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much c... |
What type of clothing is believed to look neat, fresh and clean? | <text>What type of clothing is believed to look neat, fresh and clean?</text><reasoning>Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look cle... |
What material doesn't easily wrinkle? | <text>What material doesn't easily wrinkle?</text><reasoning>Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much c... |
Permanent press materials have been treated with what? | <text>Permanent press materials have been treated with what?</text><reasoning>Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh,... |
What does polytetrafluoroethylene suppress? | <text>What does polytetrafluoroethylene suppress?</text><reasoning>Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. ... |
Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879? | <text>Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?</text><reasoning>With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp usi... |
Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp? | <text>Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?</text><reasoning>With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a s... |
Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable? | <text>Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?</text><reasoning>With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slen... |
When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread? | <text>When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?</text><reasoning>With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using ... |
What was the first public building to install electric lighting? | <text>What was the first public building to install electric lighting?</text><reasoning>With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lam... |
What material were the first light bulb filaments made from? | <text>What material were the first light bulb filaments made from?</text><reasoning>The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. Th... |
What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments? | <text>What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?</text><reasoning>The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This ... |
What were the positive effects of the flashing process? | <text>What were the positive effects of the flashing process?</text><reasoning>The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This ma... |
What properties of graphite improved the filament? | <text>What properties of graphite improved the filament?</text><reasoning>The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made th... |
What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient? | <text>What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?</text><reasoning>The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resis... |
How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 60-watt bulb? | <text>How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 60-watt bulb?</text><reasoning>To improve the efficiency of the lamp, the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire, also known as a 'coiled coil'. For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8... |
What is the advantage of a coiled-coil filament over a straight filament? | <text>What is the advantage of a coiled-coil filament over a straight filament?</text><reasoning>To improve the efficiency of the lamp, the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire, also known as a 'coiled coil'. For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually... |
What positive effects does a slower-evaporating filament enable? | <text>What positive effects does a slower-evaporating filament enable?</text><reasoning>To improve the efficiency of the lamp, the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire, also known as a 'coiled coil'. For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inc... |
What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb? | <text>What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb?</text><reasoning>To improve the efficiency of the lamp, the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire, also known as a 'coiled coil'. For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inch... |
What is the negative effect of "hot spots" forming on the filament? | <text>What is the negative effect of "hot spots" forming on the filament?</text><reasoning>One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause "hot spots" to form at points of higher resistivity; a vari... |
Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation? | <text>Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation?</text><reasoning>One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause "hot spots" to form at points of higher resistivity; a variation of diame... |
Which gases are typically used in a light bulb? | <text>Which gases are typically used in a light bulb?</text><reasoning>One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause "hot spots" to form at points of higher resistivity; a variation of diameter of... |
Which type of alloys can decrease "stairstep" irregularities in light bulb filaments? | <text>Which type of alloys can decrease "stairstep" irregularities in light bulb filaments?</text><reasoning>One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause "hot spots" to form at points of higher r... |
How does water vapor inside a light bulb affect lamp darkening? | <text>How does water vapor inside a light bulb affect lamp darkening?</text><reasoning>A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten o... |
Why does water increase lamp darkening? | <text>Why does water increase lamp darkening?</text><reasoning>A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to... |
What is an example of a substance that is added to light bulbs to reduce this effect? | <text>What is an example of a substance that is added to light bulbs to reduce this effect?</text><reasoning>A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and th... |
How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect? | <text>How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect?</text><reasoning>A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten o... |
What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament? | <text>What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament?</text><reasoning>In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was d... |
Who developed the ductile form of tungsten? | <text>Who developed the ductile form of tungsten?</text><reasoning>In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William... |
When was the ductile form of tungsten invented? | <text>When was the ductile form of tungsten invented?</text><reasoning>In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by Wil... |
When was the tungsten filament introduced? | <text>When was the tungsten filament introduced?</text><reasoning>In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William ... |
What other materials were combined with tungsten? | <text>What other materials were combined with tungsten?</text><reasoning>In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by W... |
Under whose reign did the last major building works take place? | <text>Under whose reign did the last major building works take place?</text><reasoning>The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal façade ... |
The principle facade of the East Front is made from what type of stone? | <text>The principle facade of the East Front is made from what type of stone?</text><reasoning>The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal... |
Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties? | <text>Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties?</text><reasoning>The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced pr... |
Who added and restored furniture to The Royal Collection? | <text>Who added and restored furniture to The Royal Collection?</text><reasoning>The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal façade (of Po... |
Who was responsible for decorating The Blue Drawing Room? | <text>Who was responsible for decorating The Blue Drawing Room?</text><reasoning>The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal façade (of Po... |
Who redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front? | <text>Who redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front?</text><reasoning>The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal façade (of Portland stone) was ... |
The refaced facade was made from what type of stone? | <text>The refaced facade was made from what type of stone?</text><reasoning>The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal façade (of Portlan... |
Which king placed more emphasis on official entertaining and royal duties instead of lavish parties? | <text>Which king placed more emphasis on official entertaining and royal duties instead of lavish parties?</text><reasoning>The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire... |
What collection did Queen Mary take an interest in by adding and restoring pieces? | <text>What collection did Queen Mary take an interest in by adding and restoring pieces?</text><reasoning>The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, reface... |
Who decorated the Blue Drawing Room? | <text>Who decorated the Blue Drawing Room?</text><reasoning>The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal façade (of Portland stone) was des... |
Does the halogen bulp increase, reduce, or have no effect on filament evaporation? | <text>Does the halogen bulp increase, reduce, or have no effect on filament evaporation?</text><reasoning>The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the... |
How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time? | <text>How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time?</text><reasoning>The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and p... |
Does a halogen bulb operate at a higher or lower temperature than an incandescent? | <text>Does a halogen bulb operate at a higher or lower temperature than an incandescent?</text><reasoning>The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the... |
How does the size of a halogen bulb compare to an incandescent? | <text>How does the size of a halogen bulb compare to an incandescent?</text><reasoning>The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bu... |
What is the most common situation when a halogen bulb is used? | <text>What is the most common situation when a halogen bulb is used?</text><reasoning>The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bul... |
What do the letters identify in a bulb shape designation? | <text>What do the letters identify in a bulb shape designation?</text><reasoning>Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g... |
What do the numbers identify in a bulb shape designation? | <text>What do the numbers identify in a bulb shape designation?</text><reasoning>Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g... |
Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary? | <text>Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary?</text><reasoning>Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g. A55 or PAR38.... |
What units are the bulb sizes measured in? | <text>What units are the bulb sizes measured in?</text><reasoning>Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g. A55 or PAR38.... |
What darkens a conventional bulb over its lifetime? | <text>What darkens a conventional bulb over its lifetime?</text><reasoning>In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope. When a filling of... |
What is the IEC guideline for an unacceptable level of light loss? | <text>What is the IEC guideline for an unacceptable level of light loss?</text><reasoning>In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope. Wh... |
What are the primary causes of light loss? | <text>What are the primary causes of light loss?</text><reasoning>In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope. When a filling of inert ga... |
Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when inert gas is used? | <text>Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when inert gas is used?</text><reasoning>In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the enve... |
Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when a vacuum is used? | <text>Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when a vacuum is used?</text><reasoning>In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envel... |
What did an alternate version of the incandescent lamp substitute for a wire filament? | <text>What did an alternate version of the incandescent lamp substitute for a wire filament?</text><reasoning>A variation of the incandescent lamp did not use a hot wire filament, but instead used an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode to produce heat. The electrode then became incandescent, with the arc contribut... |
What was a common application for this type of bulb? | <text>What was a common application for this type of bulb?</text><reasoning>A variation of the incandescent lamp did not use a hot wire filament, but instead used an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode to produce heat. The electrode then became incandescent, with the arc contributing little to the light produced. ... |
When was this style of lamp developed? | <text>When was this style of lamp developed?</text><reasoning>A variation of the incandescent lamp did not use a hot wire filament, but instead used an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode to produce heat. The electrode then became incandescent, with the arc contributing little to the light produced. Such lamps wer... |
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