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of people in the D/s lifestyle place great importance on manners, protocols and etiquette, both at events, and functions,
and also in more private situations.
The dictionary defines Manners as:
- Ways of behaving with reference to polite standards.
- A way of acting, bearing or behaviour
- The socially correct way of acting.
Manners really are important no
matter what lifestyle you lead, it is the basic common courtesies which most people learn as they grow up.
The please and thank you, not speaking
with a mouthful of food, not interrupting a conversation, etc. All things that should apply in all situations.
Protocols and Etiquette - though
related to good manners - are really what many people associate with our lifestyle, and many scene people place great importance
So what is a Protocol, and what
Protocol is defined as:
- A code of correct conduct
- The system of rules and acceptable behaviour used at official ceremonies and occasions:
Etiquette is defined as:
- conventional requirements as to social behaviour.
- the set of rules or customs which control accepted behaviour in particular
social groups or social situations
From these definitions it is obvious
that protocols are more widely recognised as being official behaviour, whereas etiquette is predominantly social behaviour,
but the basic element is the same, they are about correct behaviour in certain situations.
The D/s lifestyle has various situations
which can involve different levels of protocol, for example an informal night at home might be low protocol, having D/s guests
for dinner maybe medium protocol, but a formal D/s dinner would be high protocol.
Low protocol is easy going
and usual in most informal situations or casual stay at home nights. It is also what many D/s couples use if they are in “vanilla
situations” such as family get togethers, where not everyone is aware of the lifestyle. Only to the practiced eye, is
the subtle D/s interaction noticeable, but there is no doubt in the submissive’s mind that it is there.
Medium protocol is basically
just a step up from low protocol. It is still fairly easy going, but there is a bit of an edge to things, and the submissive
is a little more aware of his/her behaviour. It may involve things such as wearing a collar at the table for the evening,
being mindful and respectful to whomever is around you, but being able to speak fairly freely, as long as you are respectful.
If a submissive or slave is “put
on” high protocol, she/he is instructed to behave in a certain manner befitting a high protocol situation -
she/he would have certain rules to follow. High protocol usually means all focus is on the Dominant, and no communication
with anyone else, unless directed, is allowed. The submissive would keep eyes lowered and be quiet at all times, and remain
in whatever position or place she/ he has been instructed to stay in.
Being in high protocol is a very
good way of remaining focussed, and also a good way of lessening stressful situations. As a submissive, on high protocol you
do not think of anything except your Dominant.
A personal example for me, was to
be placed on high protocol for almost a whole day, i wore a chain attached to my collar and was at Master’s side constantly,
doing things for Him and being in His presence. The reason was that it was the anniversary of my mother’s death, and
i needed to focus on something else rather than my sad thoughts.
At the end of the day i was much
more calm and relaxed and able to think of her without the devastating sadness that had overcome me that morning.
Master had recognised that i would
need something to get me through that day, and high protocol was the answer.
Protocols are also in place at such
things as formal collarings, or training workshops, where certain codes of conduct are expected, and should be adhered to
Etiquette is like a set
of protocols or rules for social situations. Many Dominants like the formal side of D/s so they tend to teach their submissives
to use correct etiquette, and to learn what is appropriate and when.
My Master requires different styles
of greetings for me to use depending on which Dominant we may encounter.
For example, for most Dominants
we meet up with, i would be likely to greet them in a fairly informal way, with a hug and a kiss on the cheek…. However
there are one or two for which Master requires a formal greeting from me, that is - down on my knees with my forehead to the
At home, there are rules for how
we greet our guests and who comes first.
When out, there are rules for where
we walk in relation to Master, and where we stand, this is all etiquette – correct behaviour in certain situations.
But to add to this discussion, is
it only the submissives who are subject to protocols and etiquette rules, or should Dominants also follow those guidelines?
For example as a submissive i know
that i must always be polite and respectful and greet any Dominant we meet up with, in the correct manner.
My behaviour is a reflection on
my Master, and i am always conscious of that fact.
But what about Dominants who simply
don’t respond, or who ignore submissives…. Is that really the right thing to do?
What about a Dominant who greets
another Dominant, then goes around the group of people saying hello to each person, but yet ignores the collared submissive
of the Dominant he first greeted.
My opinion of this behaviour is
that it is almost an insult to the Dominant who owns the submissive, is she simply not liked or is she ignored because she
is only a submissive?
If the Dominant in question ignores
all submissives in the group, then it can be assumed that it is normal behaviour for Him/Her, but if it is only one submissive
singled out to be ignored, then it would seem more likely to be a personal dislike. Even if that is the case, it is not a
good example to set to any submissive, or to any upcoming Dominant.
In my own opinion, it gets back
to basic manners and courtesy, whether it be D/s or not, to ignore one person out of a group of people is just plain rude.
What about the Dominant who greets
a submissive before greeting that submissive’s Master or Mistress?
What about a Dominant, who on seeing
a submissive He knows, goes and pats her on the head as she is serving a drink on her knees to her Master?
Incidents like these do happen,
and they are caused by ignorance on the part of the Dominant, not realising or understanding the correct behaviour.
Of course, most people we meet within
the D/s Lifestyle are polite and well mannered, new people venturing out are sometimes ignorant of the etiquette which should
be followed in social situations, but if things are gently explained, there isn’t usually a problem.
In summing up then, it would seem
that basic manners should be a necessity in any lifestyle, but that protocols and etiquette play a big part in the D/s world.
There are many of us who embrace them and incorporate them into our daily lives, but equally many who do not understand the
subtleties of correct protocol and etiquette.
I fully understand that not everyone
places as much importance on manners, protocols and etiquette as Master and i do. For me it is like the icing on the cake - it adds to the quality of my life as a submissive, and helps me to remember my place,
and to focus on Master.
To know that He is proud of my behaviour
in all situations makes me feel proud of myself, and gives me confidence when i need it.
© Kim Debron 2006 | <urn:uuid:2bcf4079-5d72-412e-adb0-5ca8dfc8848d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://kimdebron.tripod.com/id5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953427 | 1,700 | 3.109375 | 3 |
1. Hughes TP, Graham NA, Jackson JB, Mumby PJ, Steneck RS. 2010 Rising to the challenge of sustaining coral reef resilience. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. [epub]
Phase-shifts from one persistent assemblage of species to another have become increasingly commonplace on coral reefs and in many other ecosystems due to escalating human impacts. Coral reef science, monitoring and global assessments have focused mainly on producing detailed descriptions of reef decline, and continue to pay insufficient attention to the underlying processes causing degradation. A more productive way forward is to harness new theoretical insights and empirical information on why some reefs degrade and others do not. Learning how to avoid undesirable phase-shifts, and how to reverse them when they occur, requires an urgent reform of scientific approaches, policies, governance structures and coral reef management.
2. Côté IM, Darling ES, 2010 Rethinking Ecosystem Resilience in the Face of Climate Change. PLoS Biol 8(7): e1000438.
In this Perspective, we will argue that the expectation of increased resilience of natural communities to climate change through the reduction of local stressors may be fundamentally incorrect, and that resilience-focused management may, in fact, result in greater vulnerability to climate impacts. We illustrate our argument using coral reefs as a model. Coral reefs are in an ecological crisis due to climate change and the ever-increasing magnitude of human impacts on these biodiverse habitats ,. These impacts stem from a multiplicity of local stressors, such as fishing, eutrophication, and sedimentation. It is therefore not surprising that the concept of resilience—to climate change in particular—is perhaps more strongly advocated as an underpinning of management for coral reefs than for any other ecosystem ,. Marine reserves or no-take areas, the most popular form of spatial management for coral reef conservation, are widely thought to have the potential to increase coral reef resilience ,,,. But do they really?
3. Brock, W. A., and S. R. Carpenter. 2010. Interacting regime shifts in ecosystems: implication for early warnings. Ecological Monographs 80:353–367.
Big ecological changes often involve regime shifts in which a critical threshold is crossed. Thresholds are often difficult to measure, and transgressions of thresholds come as surprises. If a critical threshold is approached gradually, however, there are early warnings of the impending regime shift. … Interacting regime shifts may muffle or magnify variance near critical thresholds. Whether muffling or magnification occurs, and the size of the effect, depend on the product of the feedback between the state variables times the correlation of these variables’ responses to environmental shocks.
4. Dawson, T.P., Rounsevell, M.D.A., Kluvánková-Oravská, T., Chobotová, V. & Stirling, A. 2010. Dynamic properties of complex adaptive ecosystems: implications for the sustainability of service provision. Biodiversity and Conservation. 19(10) 2843-2853.
Predicting environmental change and its impacts on ecosystem goods and services at local to global scales remains a significant challenge for the international scientific community. … Social-Ecological Systems (SES) theory addresses these strongly coupled and complex characteristics of social and ecological systems. It can provide a useful framework for articulating contrasting drivers and pressures on ecosystems and associated service provision, spanning different temporalities and provenances. Here, system vulnerabilities (defined as exposure to threats affecting ability of an SES to cope in delivering relevant functions), can arise from both endogenous and exogenous factors across multiple time-scales. Vulnerabilities may also take contrasting forms, ranging from transient shocks or disruptions, through to chronic or enduring pressures. Recognising these diverse conditions, four distinct dynamic properties emerge (resilience, stability, durability and robustness), under which it is possible to maintain system function and, hence, achieve sustainability. | <urn:uuid:0802f3e4-ef1f-496d-99d6-6f04ddd2fdae> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://rs.resalliance.org/2010/09/10/recent-papers-on-ecological-resilience/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889727 | 807 | 2.765625 | 3 |
It doesn't look like much, but this tattered piece of clothing found buried in an ancient Egyptian cemetery has been confirmed as the world's oldest dress as well as the oldest woven garment known to archaeologists.
Called the Tarkhan dress, the remarkable garment has now officially been dated by University College London researchers to between 5,100 and 5,500 years old. That places it way back to the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt, and possibly even earlier.
The Tarkhan dress was originally discovered in 1912 in an ancient Egyptian cemetery just south of Cairo. Archaeologists didn't think much of it at the time, letting it languish in a "great pile of linen cloth." Then, upon its rediscovery in 1977, it was sent to the Victoria and Albert Museum for conservation. Scientists knew it was old, but its exact date has been a matter of controversy. But new radiocarbon analysis, performed by UCL's Alice Stevenson and Michael W. Dee, finally confirm the item's antiquity.
"The survival of highly perishable textiles in the archaeological record is exceptional," write the researchers in Antiquity, the journal in which the new study is published. "The survival of complete, or almost complete, articles of clothing even more so."
Indeed, the Tarkhan dress is offering unique insights into the fashion of the times. Though it looks like a shirt, similar clothing from a few centuries later suggest the garment was once a floor-length dress; the original garment was likely much longer. It features tailored sleeves, a V-neck, and narrow pleats. The dress also exhibits signs of wear, which means it was used in real life and was not some sort of fancy ornamentation. "The contexts of its use, however, remain unclear," write the researchers. "Although it appears to have been an elite article."
Other ancient garments of note include a pair of late second-millennium BC trousers from eastern Central Asia, and early Bronze Age cord skirts from Denmark. "The Tarkhan Dress, however, remains the earliest extant example of complex woven clothing, that is, a cut, fitted and tailored garment as opposed to one that was draped or wrapped," conclude the authors. | <urn:uuid:6aefa063-c0bc-41f3-abd2-dbacd61e4240> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.gizmodo.in/science/This-Threadbare-Garment-Is-Officially-the-Worlds-Oldest-Dress/articleshow/51062672.cms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979841 | 450 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The Initiative’s director, Bill Toomey, speaks about the program and answers the question, “Why Louisville?”
Healthy Trees, Healthy Cities
Why is the Conservancy stepping up efforts to protect urban forests?
Nearly a quarter of our nation’s trees are in urban parks, along streets and in our backyards. When healthy, these trees and forests serve as a critical component of a city’s natural infrastructure and are essential to healthy communities – producing oxygen, purifying air and drinking water, harboring wildlife, and providing social and health benefits to people across the country.
Nationally, urban forests contain about 3.8 billion trees with an estimated value of $2.4 trillion. As a result, urban forests are not only key to human health, but to economic prosperity as well.
What represents the biggest threat to our nation’s forests?
One of the most serious threats to all forests is from non-native insects and diseases. These invaders can remove entire species of trees from our forests and neighborhoods. For example, the Emerald Ash Borer, which has been identified in Kentucky, has killed 60 million ash trees in 22 states and two Canadian provinces.
The health of urban forests is linked to the health of our natural forests as cities have historically been the introduction point for non-native forest insects and diseases. With this in mind, we are building local capacity in urban areas to monitor existing trees and care for newly planted trees – all of which represent one of society’s most significant capital investments. The result is more resilient and sustainable cities and healthier trees and forests located outside of urban areas.
Is that what led you to Kentucky?
There are many factors in play when deciding where to take Healthy Trees, Healthy Cities. We inform those decisions based in part on information that identifies the cities as the highest risk for infestation, usually cities having major ports or transportation and transfer hubs.
We’re also going where we’ve been invited. That is the case in Kentucky. Working in Kentucky is also appropriate because Louisville’s ailing tree canopy has earned it the distinction of being the second hottest city in the nation.
Regardless of how they’ve been identified, it is our hope that going deep in these places will provide a framework for making the program adoptable anywhere in the nation.
What approach do you take in these cities?
The Vision for Healthy Trees, Healthy Cities is to “Protect the health of our nation’s trees and forests and the well-being of communities by creating a culture of stewardship that engages people in the planting, care and stewardship of urban trees and forests.”
We pursue this vision through a suite of strategies and actions designed to improve the long-term health of urban forests and address the threat of non-native tree pests. This includes informing municipal tree-planting efforts, assessing the vulnerability of urban trees to potential threats, developing educational and training materials and tools for monitoring work taking place in and around cities, and raising public awareness about the importance of having vibrant and healthy urban forests for generations to come. We engage corporate, community members and youth volunteers in all of these efforts.
What can a community do to develop a healthy tree canopy?
A healthy urban forest results from several key actions, including:
- The forest consists of a wide diversity of tree species.
- There is an active tree planting and tree stewardship program in place.
- A commitment exists for supporting the long-term care and maintenance of the community’s urban forests and green spaces.
- The community plants the “right trees in the right place” to accomplish environmental and societal benefits and minimize interference with utilities and other infrastructure.
- There is an organization or partnership charged with raising awareness for the many benefits provided by trees in an effort to generate long-term support for planting and maintaining a city’s trees.
What's next for Louisville?
Like in other cities, we will work with local partners to identify opportunities and needs. It is our hope that by working in partnership with the City, and with non-profit and community partners, we will successfully enhance Louisville’s urban forest so that it will be able to benefit the health and prosperity of its residents. Already, we’ve met local partners eager to work with the Conservancy now that they have opened an office in Louisville. There is a lot of opportunity to make a real difference. | <urn:uuid:80ff6a1c-206d-4502-815d-cddf38881f61> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/kentucky/explore/louisville-qa-bill-toomey.xml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9438 | 920 | 3 | 3 |
The Online Teacher Resource
Receive free lesson plans, printables, and worksheets by email:
Help students learn to study well. We offer a number of great resources.
Great printable graphic organizers for all subjects and grade levels!
Unfortunately, the procedure which is behind teaching is far from conducting a few lessons and going home afterwards. There can be a lot of pressure which is associated with teaching, and how educators perform. A good teaching methodology needs to be reflected by positive results from students following on from tests. If a teacher's skills are not reflected in test results, how are they held accountable?
There is an ongoing debate amongst educational professionals as to how this should be the case. Even though some students would proceed to blame the teachers if they have low scores following on from assessments, there can be a lot of the time where the student's lack of commitment, motivation or effort can be to blame.
However, the one thing that those in the management areas in education look for is consistency amongst how a teacher performs in front of their class. If a teacher is performing relatively well with results on a constant basis, there can be an assurance that they are doing their job to requirements. If the test results across classes can be patchy amongst different ability groups, with students not meeting their targets, or if results are repeatedly low, there could be questions raised as to whether teachers are accountable for bad performance.
It can be difficult to determine whether teachers are to blame in some circumstances, particularly if they have had to produce exceedingly good results with a lack of teacher resources or a large class size. It is logical that results can be somewhat diluted if one member of staff has a high ratio of students to contend with - with those who need educational support not getting all of the help that they need.
Other teachers might have an exceptional capability when helping people to learn, but the environment in which a student comes from is affecting their overall potential. In circumstances where a student is expected to complete homework, it can be difficult for the pupil to thrive because of how they might come from a home environment which is not encouraging and disciplined in education. The parental influence that is had on students is severe, and so there are arguments for whether or not the teacher really is to blame.
Every teacher will have to answer for the results that they bring to the class if they are unsatisfactory, below standards or out of line with previous years. Just some of the people who will hold teachers accountable include the head of their respective department and the principal of the school in which they work. Even though penalizing might not be the most viable option when trying to make progress, there will be a closer eye on a teacher made in order to ensure that the performance improves instead of continuing to decline. Thankfully, the infrastructure of America's education system is in such a way that deviancy from expected professionalism is not tolerated for too long - meaning everybody has a positive future ahead of them. | <urn:uuid:adbc9d2a-ca45-4165-b70a-0d80044b8ab4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.teach-nology.com/currenttrends/accountability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00094-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973923 | 600 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Triantafyllo (τριαντάφυλλο) or rodon (ρόδον) is the name of roses in Greek. The Latin name rosa, itself derived from Greek, is essentially the source of almost all names of rose in modern European tongues, mostly with at most only slight variation: The name rose is not only valid in English, but also in German, Danish and French; other Germanic names are Icelandic rós, Swedish ros and Dutch roos. The Romance languages Italian, Spanish and Portuguese have another common name, rosa. In Baltic and Slavonic tongues, the S sound got voiced throughout, and sometimes also palatalized: Latvian rozes, Lithuanian rožės, Czech růže, Polish róża and Russian roza [роза]. Basque has an initial vowel, arrosa. Examples of loans to non-European tongues are Kannada roja [ರೋಜಾ] and Japanese rozu [ローズ]. By courtesy Gernot Katzer’a Spice pages
Although the word rodon is not used in everyday conversations, the word is still alive and it is used in poetry or song lyrics, titles of books etc. In Modern Greek, the word triantafyllo is mostly used and describes a specific “thirty-petal” cultivar grown for rose oil. That name has spread to Bulgarian as trendafil [трендафил] (slightly archaic) and to Albanian as trëndafil.
RHODOS (Rodos), was, according to Diodorus (v. 55), a daughter of Poseidon and Halia, and sometimes called Rhode. The island of Rhodes was believed to have derived its name from her. According to others, she was a daughter of Helios and Amphitrite, or of Poseidon and Aphrodite, or lastly of Oceanus (Pind. Olymp. vii. 24; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 923). She was a sea-nymph, of whom the following legend is related. When the gods distributed among themselves the various countries of the earth, the island of Rhodes was yet covered by the waves of the sea. Helios was absent at the time; and as no one drew a lot for him, he was not to have any share in the distribution of the earth. But at that moment the island of Rhodes rose out of the sea, and with the consent of Zeus he took possession of it, and by the nymph of the isle he then became the father of seven sons. (Pind. Ol. vii. 100, &c.; Ov. Met. iv. 204.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
Another explanation is that because there were a lot of roses on the island, the rose was the emblem of God Helius (sun), who was worshiped on the island. The famous Colossus of Rhodos which was one of the seven wonders in the ancient world, a huge statue 30 metres high, was dedicated to God Helius.
Triantafyllo (rose cordial) is a syrup produced in Cyprus which is mainly used as a sweetner on desserts, such as Mahalebi or to flavour ice cream. We used to love it when we were kids and adding it to cold milk was better than milkshake. Whenever I go to Cyprus I make sure to bring a bottle with me and I remember when we were kids and hated drinking several medicines, my mother would always give us some triantafyllo after so that the bitter taste of the medicine would disappear and I did the same thing when my kids were younger.
The drink is also called Triantafyllo and there is no recipe for this drink. The amount of Triantafyllo depends on how sweet you like your drink. You can also drink Triantafyllo with only cold icy water and it is also a lovely thirst quencher, just like lemonade or orangade. | <urn:uuid:e1e35df3-d9e9-4d59-acde-7b3f812faf52> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://kopiaste.org/2009/03/triantafyllo-rose-cordial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968233 | 872 | 2.75 | 3 |
Gettysburg of North Dakota
This year we mark the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Killdeer Mountain, the Gettysburg of the Plains. I have been using that phrase, “Gettysburg of the Plains,” mainly as an attention-getter, but if pressed, I will stand by it. As with the Battle of Gettysburg, in the Battle of Killdeer Mountain, the fates of sovereign nations were at issue—principally the fates of the Yankton, the Hunkpapa, and the United States, but also others.
By regional standards, too, indeed by all standards in Indian-white conflict in the American West, the Battle of Killdeer Mountain was big. I say this on the basis of forty years’ study of Great Plains history: the Battle of Killdeer Mountain was the largest military engagement ever to take place on the Great Plains of North America.
It also was a heck of a battle—in my opinion, the classic engagement of Dakota-Lakota akicita versus US soldiers. There were roughly two thousand combatants on each side. The natives prepared for and fought the battle according to their own talents and discipline, displaying good discretion and tactics; the whites did the same, and brought unprecedented firepower to bear.
The result was a spectacular stalemate on the plains and slopes alongside Killdeer Mountain, with not many casualties on either side, but masterly maneuvering on both. Then a magnificent battle, distinguished by expertise and courage on both sides, turned ugly.
Large numbers of women, children, and other noncombatants were observing the battle from atop the mountain. In order to break the stalemate, Brigadier General Alfred Sully, commanding US troops in the battle, directed the fire of his 12-pound mountain howitzers onto the noncombatants. This inflicted hundreds of casualties and broke the battle, as the native fighters broke off in order to get their people out of harm’s way.
It might be said that this is the way with war, particularly total war as prosecuted in the modern era of the nineteenth century. Certainly total war, as practiced by the Union and Confederate armies, stretched the boundaries of acceptable action in ugly directions.
Never in the annals of Union-Confederate conflict, however, did anything happen that was comparable to the turning of the big guns on the noncombatants at Killdeer Mountain. This was not collateral damage, women and children being hit by fire directed against fighting forces. This was deliberate targeting of noncombatants, something that would not have been tolerated if the targets were not people of color. There was, you see, a color line in nineteenth-century total war.
It is not for me, a white guy historian, to do all the talking about the Battle of Killdeer Mountain. We must hear, deliberately and reflectively, from native historians, drawing on native memory, in the reconstruction of these events. I look forward to this fall’s Lakota History Conference, in Fort Yates, with its events specifically devoted to Killdeer Mountain, for that conversation.
I will say that having pointed out how swiftly warfare on the plains can degenerate from spectacular to genocidal, I am not interested in fashioning a new narrative of victimization. The native combatants at Killdeer Mountain were beaten, but not defeated. The Hunkpapa would return to fight with potency less than two weeks later, in the Battle of the Badlands.
The narrative I am interested in is one of agency, not victimization. I want to know the story of how native peoples struggled intelligently for their lives and interests, and how their resilience carried them through to present. This will be good history. | <urn:uuid:f2d400b2-98d7-41fe-84f3-d0289bd32981> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.prairiepublic.org/radio/radio-programs-a-z/plains-folk?post=55002 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00185-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96633 | 773 | 2.875 | 3 |
Each special topics course examines a different subject or problem from a comparative framework.
This course will explore the role of photography in visual culture and as a means for collaborative research in the humanities and social sciences.
In the first part of this course, we will read classic critical and philosophical investigations about photography as a technology, a medium and a cultural form. Students will learn how to actively engage with theoretical literature about photography through writing and hands-on assignments. In the second part of the course, students will use their theoretical knowledge in addition to visual ethnography and cross-cultural research methods to create independent projects aimed at exploring, documenting and gaining a deeper understanding of select aspects of the greater local community.
This course will be useful both for students who are interested in critical theory and visual culture and students who plan to work on collaborative projects involving interviewing/oral history and image-making in their local communities or abroad.
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
lectures, seminar style discussions about the readings, hands-on assignments, field-trips, student presentations
Class assignments and grading | <urn:uuid:0dfacc97-c511-4958-95b1-b3afc1d09c9e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.washington.edu/students/icd/S/chid/270giorgia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907404 | 220 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists first compared high-meat protein diets with low-meat protein diets. Now, they've compared animal-protein diets with vegetable-protein diets. This "sequel" study rocks the foundation, again, of a commonly held belief that high-protein diets can be bad for bones.
ARS scientists in the Grand Forks [N.D.] Human Nutrition Research Center conducted the study. The findings were published in January in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. ARS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency.
Nutritionists Zamzam (Fariba) Roughead and Janet Hunt, with colleagues, carefully controlled the diets of 13 healthy, postmenopausal women. Two seven-week experimental diets were provided to each of the volunteers. A two-week break was scheduled between each of the two diet phases.
Both diets provided 15 percent of energy--or daily caloric intake--from protein, a percentage that represents average U.S. consumption. One diet contained mostly meat protein, and the other substituted 25 grams of high-isoflavone soy protein for an equivalent amount of the meat protein provided daily. The remainder of each diet was mixed to represent typical daily intakes of calcium and other nutrients.
The scientists measured biomarkers in blood and urine collected during each seven-week diet phase and found no indications of differences in calcium or bone metabolism after eating either diet. Moreover, the soy-protein-substituted diet did not change the absorption or excretion of calcium.
Some scientists long have theorized that high-meat protein diets can leach calcium from bones. Others theorize that the phytate, a component of soy protein, can interrupt mineral absorption in general.
The study's findings suggest that calcium absorption from these two important sources of dietary protein is similar. | <urn:uuid:41645af1-498a-40da-bc1a-b006e3fcec93> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2005/050216.htm?pf=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930707 | 384 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Although your cat may act independent and be
litter-trained, he still counts on you to
provide him with food, water, safe shelter,
regular veterinary care, companionship, and
more. Take care of these ten essentials, and
you'll be guaranteed to develop a rewarding
relationship with your
Outfit your cat with a collar and
ID tag that includes your name, address,
and telephone number. No matter how
careful you are, there's a chance your
companion may slip out the door�an ID
tag greatly increases the chance that
your cat will be returned home safely.
Follow local cat registration
laws. Licensing, a registration and
identification system administered by
some local governments, protects both
cats and people in the community.
Keep your cat indoors.
Keeping your cat safely confined at all
times is best for you, your pet, and
Take your cat to the veterinarian
for regular check-ups. If you do not
have a veterinarian, ask your local
animal shelter or a pet-owning friend
for a referral.
Spay or neuter your pet. This
will keep her healthier and will reduce
the problem of cat overpopulation.
Give your cat a nutritionally
balanced diet, including constant access
to fresh water. Ask your
veterinarian for advice on what and how
often to feed your pet.
Train your cat to refrain from
undesirable behaviors such as scratching
furniture and jumping on countertops.
Contrary to popular belief, cats can be
trained with a bit of patience, effort,
and understanding on your part.
Groom your cat often to keep her
coat healthy, soft, and shiny.
Although it is especially important to
brush long-haired cats to prevent their
hair from matting, even short-haired
felines need to be groomed to remove as
much loose hair as possible. When cats
groom themselves, they ingest a great
deal of hair, which often leads to
Set aside time to play with your
cat. While cats do not need the same
level of exercise that dogs do, enjoying
regular play sessions with your pet will
provide him with the physical exercise
and mental stimulation he needs, as well
as strengthen the bond you share.
Be loyal to and patient with your
cat. Make sure the expectations you
have of your companion are reasonable
and remember that the vast majority of
behavior problems can be solved. If you
are struggling with your pet's behavior,
contact your veterinarian or local
animal shelter for advice, and check out
the HSUS's Pets for Life campaign | <urn:uuid:cec9ab77-0c1f-450e-b26f-a396b5eb4450> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.animalliberationfront.com/Practical/Pets/PetCare/Cats/Caring%20for%20Your%20Cat%20The%20Top%20Ten%20Essentials.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898623 | 565 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Tanks were an important weapons system in World War II. Although tanks were
the subject of widespread research in the inter-war years, production was limited
World War 2 marked some the largest tank battles in armored warfare history with
all sides investing in the vehicle type prior to, and during, the grand conflict.
Sep 9, 2015 ... Yet into the fray steps "Armored Champions: The Top Tanks of World War II",
written by Steven Zaloga, a defense analyst and well-regarded ...
Apr 18, 2012 ... When reviewing all tanks manufactured during WWII, a top ten definitive list is
difficult to compile. Below, however, is a list of top ten tanks in ...
Aug 27, 2008 ... these are the top 10 ww2 tanks in my opinion. what i mean by performance is
basically engine failures, gun failure, stuff like that. Thanks for the ...
Sep 1, 2013 ... Back in 1991 I worked with a machinist named Otto Shaefer. He was a German
tank gunner in WWII. In 1944 he was in a Panther in France ...
Oct 16, 2014 ... Swarms of U.S. Sherman tanks helped win World War II with quantity rather than
quality, even if it had trouble dueling with elite German ...
Nov 22, 2013 ... Experiencing WWII from the inside of a M4 Sherman tank was famously
dangerous. Henry J. Earl retells his experience with the Sherman in a ...
Oct 3, 2014 ... Photos -- many from the region of Europe where the new movie, "Fury," is set --
depicting the grim reality of tank warfare in WWII.
The Sherman tank was the most commonly used American tank in World War II.
More than 50,000 Shermans were produced between 1942 and 1945. | <urn:uuid:0a537b38-bd13-48ad-a117-5af05ae5b0d3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ask.com/web?qsrc=6&o=102140&oo=102140&l=dir&gc=1&qo=contentPageRelatedSearch&ad=null&q=WW2+Tanks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00016-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918259 | 376 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Have you ever wondered what happens to your recyclables after you place them in the bin? Where do they go next? What will become of them? For most of us, it’s out of sight out of mind. But part of becoming a more eco-conscious person getting in touch with our communities and the world around us. We know the law that for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction and all things on this planet are interconnected. But since we “know” we are doing a “good” thing by recycling, and sometimes our thoughts stop there.
Each year during RecycleMania students take the time learn more about recycling firsthand by taking a tour of the Monroe County Recycling Center. The center is primarily a sorting operation where material is separated, baled, and sent out to be recycled. We are fortunate enough to have recyclers in the greater Rochester/Western New York area so that items do need to travel far to be recycled. Keeping business local is more economical since it keeps the fuel costs in transportation down. Of course, using fewer fossil fuels is better for the planet as well.
Seeing the two large conveyor systems in action within the facility is truly amazing. Mixed recyclables travel up the conveyor and go through a magnetic separator that pulls the metal cans from the rest of the recyclable containers and drops them to a bin below. Then the conveyor moves through an air “knife” to blow off plastic, sending it to its own separation line, other containers are hand-sorted. Small mixed-color broken glass falls through a screen, is crushed in a grinder, and goes to a separate outdoor bin with the rest of the glass. Once material is baled it goes to various companies to be processed, recycled, and ultimately resold as new products in the market.
Take a look at the pictures from our 2012 tour at: http://www.facebook.com/#!/media/set/?set=a.10150713665414714.450246.289455824713&type=3 . While you are there, if you have not “liked” UR Sustainable on Facebook yet, WHAT ARE YOU WAITING FOR? It is a great way to stay connected.
What else are students doing to promote RecycleMania this year? For starters, they have created a Facebook page of their own to help publicize events and activities. They have painted the tunnels, and are doing random “Get Caught Green Handed” events where they reward fellow students with prizes for recycling. Check out the latest RecycleMania flyer available on the University’s Sustainability webpage. Feel free to print, post, and share it, but then remember to reuse and recycle that piece of paper when the competition has ended! Check out the video fun created by student group, Grassroots, with the help of our mascot, Rocky: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkM_3RDoWxM!
The Green Dandelion will be sure to keep you updated throughout the duration of RecycleMania! | <urn:uuid:bb039f51-2602-4501-b6ab-aa9141f43412> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.rochester.edu/thegreendandelion/2012/02/annual-recyclemania-recycling-center-tour/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93724 | 649 | 2.75 | 3 |
1 Answer | Add Yours
In the first stanza of "Dover Beach," the speaker watches a lighthouse on the French coast. The light "Gleams and is gone" and the disappearance of the blinking light symbolizes a feeling of darkness and isolation. This loss of light can be interpreted as a metaphor for the loss of a guiding light in the world.
After describing the sound of suffering between the pebbles and the waves and as the speaker understands the thoughts of Sophocles in ancient Greece, he remarks that Christianity (the "Sea of Faith") once gave meaning to the world and ameliorated that suffering.
The Sea of Faith
Was once, too, at the full, and round earth's shore
Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled.
The speaker, and Arnold himself, felt that the power of Christianity and religion had diminished; religion as a guiding light was fading. That is, religion was losing its ability to unify people and to give meaning especially during difficult times.
Since the speaker no longer has faith in the unifying power of religion, he seeks a substitute in his relationship with his lover. The final image is of he and his lover alone trying to make sense of the world.
And we are here as on a darkling plain
Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight,
Where ignorant armies clash by night.
We’ve answered 328,011 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:70009e5a-8a93-4ee8-8c62-e1911ec0d855> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-does-poem-link-theme-isolation-435831 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969585 | 308 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Leap Day - 29th of February !
The 29th of February, or the Leap Day has been associated with age-old traditions, superstitions and folklore. It occurs every four years in years evenly divisible by four except for centenary years not divisible by 400. A leap day is more likely to occur on Mondays or Wednesdays. Leap Day and the events because of Leap Day, are often mistaken for Sadie Hawkins Day, but that is in November. The only similarity is in the fact that the woman has the opportunity to do the asking. February 29 is NOT Sadie Hawkins Day. It is Leap Year Day, or simply, Leap Day.
Leap into the depths of your brain with a Leap Year Quiz
- When did the idea of Leap Year begin?
- What’s the Leap Year capital of the world?
- When was the last Leap Year?
- February 29th is also called Sadie Hawkins Day—True or False?
- People born on Leap Day are called _______________?
- When do these people celebrate their birthdays each year?
- What are the chances of actually being born on Leap Year Day?
- People with leap year birthdays are what percent of the population?
- 45 BC
- Anthony, Texas
- Either February 28th or March 1st, it’s their choice
- The odds are 1 in 1,461 8. Less than one percent
Here are some Leap year traditions.......
It's an old Irish tradition for women to ask men to marry them on Leap Day. In Scotland, if a man refused a lady's proposal, he had to either give her a kiss, a pair of gloves or a silk dress. As the story goes, the tradition of women romantically pursuing men in leap years began in 5th century Ireland, when St. Bridget complained to St. Patrick about the fair sex having to wait for men to propose. Patrick finally relented and set February 29 aside as the day set aside allowing women the right to ask for a man's hand in marriage.
Leap Day Cocktail
This one was created at London's Savoy Hotel for a Leap Day party in 1928.
2 ounces gin
1/2 ounce Grand Marnier
1/2 ounce sweet vermouth
fresh lemon juice
1 lemon twist, for garnish
Stir and strain into a chilled cocktail glass. Add the garnish.
Leap Day Smoothie
1 scoop of vanilla ice cream or plain yogurt
1 tablespoon of
1 cup of ice
Blend till frothy. Enjoy ! | <urn:uuid:fb00b08d-57ad-4db2-b09c-68d1d603a10a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://elegantly-expressed.blogspot.com/2008_02_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944526 | 538 | 2.609375 | 3 |
- herb plants of choice
- grit or organic matter
- plastic membrane
- sharp knife
Step 1: Prepare the Soil
Choose a sunny spot, and prepare the soil by adding grit to heavy soils or organic matter to lighter soil. Weed the area thoroughly.
Step 2: Control the Weeds
Lay plastic membrane before planting the herbs to suppress weeds. This will help to warm the soil earlier in spring and retain moisture in summer.
Step 3: Plant the Herbs
Use a sharp knife to cut holes in the membrane, and plant through it. For a formal design, consider edging with a low box hedge.
Step 4: Give the Herbs Space
Choose a variety of herbs that prefer the same growing conditions. Arrange them before deciding their final positions, allowing space for them to grow.
Bring a bit of plant life indoors with this step-by-step guide for growing a variety of herbs.
- Just Hanging Out: Designing a Herb and Vegetable Basket
- Herb Garden Design Ideas By: Julie Martens Forney
- Growing Cress and Microgreens | <urn:uuid:f7187c9f-e703-4933-842f-c82fa4156bae> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hgtvgardens.com/herbs/how-to-plant-an-herb-bed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848387 | 229 | 3.25 | 3 |
How Safe are you with a Surge Protector?
First of all, let's all get on the same page. A surge is a short duration (less than a second) temporary high voltage (also called a spike). By high voltage we generally mean more than 330 volts whereas standard 15A, 30A or 50A outlets are 120 Volts AC. These spikes can be caused by lightening, AC units, generators, heavy equipment, power outages, tripped circuit breakers or switches on the grid. These surges can cause damage to electrical equipment that is connected to it, especially anything electronic such as computers, disk drives, TV's and satellite receivers as they have sensitive components that are not designed to withstand this voltage and current.
Surge protectors take many different forms. In fact, you may have several in your RV or home already in the form of power strips. Other more powerful (able to withstand larger spikes) take the form of outdoor boxes into which you plug your RV. Inside these surge protectors are MOVs (Metal Oxide Varistors) which are like small chips that shunt the high voltage to ground. These MOV's are rated up to specific Joule (a measure of energy) and Amp (current) ratings. If that gets exceeded then the surge protector needs replacing.
If you have a surge protector or are looking at getting one, make sure that it has an indicator which tells you that the surge protector is functioning correctly. Secondly, ensure that your unit complies with Underwriters Laboratories Inc. standard UL-1449, 2nd Edition and/or IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) standard C62.41. The SSP-30 and SSP-50's from Progressive Industries complies with all regulations and has a green light indicating that the unit is functioning correctly. Some units do not have such an indication and if you use them, you could be at risk.
So if you have a good quality surge protector then you should be okay right?
Unfortunately, no. Spikes and surges are actually one of the least common form of electrical problems that you can encounter. A far more common problem is low voltage. Low voltage (typically less than 100 volts) causes an increase in the current that flows through your appliances as they 'try' to maintain the correct output. This is especially true of anything using a motor such as an air conditioner or refrigerator. Also susceptible are microwave ovens and electronic power supplies such as those used to power laptops, cameras, video recorders etc.
Other Electrical Faults
This low voltage can be caused by poor electrical wiring in older campgrounds, circuit over-loading or supply problems ("brown-outs"). If you have a voltage meter in your coach you may have already seen this, particularly on hot days when everyones a/c units are running.
Other electrical problems include over-voltage (including accidental 240v which can be devastating), open ground (which can be fatal), reverse polarity (in which the live and neutral are reversed) and open neutral (can cause 240v to enter your coach if you are connected to 50A). Just in the last two years of traveling we have experienced four of these different conditions. Any of these conditions can cause significant equipment failure and potentially serious bodily injury.
It is for these reasons that 3 years ago we installed a Progressive Electrical Protection System. This system employs a computer which constantly monitors the power and only if it is safe to do so will it throw a breaker to let power into the rig. For example, when we were staying at the park with the bad wiring, as it got hot in the afternoon, the voltage started falling. When it got below 104v the EMS cut off the power to our rig. It also has a digital readout to tell us what the voltage level is and why it had disconnected the power. Once the voltage returned above 104v, it reconnected the power. These systems will protect you from not only surges (with a readout to tell you that the surge protector is working), but also from all the above fault conditions, as well as high and low line frequency. In a nutshull, you're covered!
They are available in 30A and 50A models and can be either hardwired into your coach or used as a portable unit that you plug into the campground power outlet. If you'd like more details, check out the Progressive Industries section on TechnoRV.com.
SummarySurge protectors are definitely better than having no protection at all. However, if you want to be fully protected, consider an Electrical Protection System from Progressive Industries (now with Lifetime Warranty). | <urn:uuid:bc00968d-ebaf-4604-8997-064041b7b1b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.technorv.com/Articles.asp?ID=313 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00061-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948455 | 951 | 2.8125 | 3 |
9. Assessment must be based in the local school learning community, including active and essential participation of families and community members.
The teacher is the primary agent of assessment and the classroom is the location of the most important assessment practices, but the most effective assessment unit is the local school learning community. First, the collective experience and values of the community can offer a sounding board for innovation and multiple perspectives to provide depth of understanding and to counter individual and cultural biases. Second, the involvement of all parties in assessment encourages a cooperative, committed relationship among them rather than an adversarial one. Third, because language learning is not restricted to what occurs in school, assessment must go beyond the school curriculum.
The local school learning community is also a more appropriate foundation for assessment than larger units such as the school district, county, state, province, or country. These larger units do not offer the relational possibilities and commitments necessary for a learning community. The distance from the problems to be solved and among the participants reduces the probability of feelings of involvement and commitment and increases the possibility that assessment will become merely a means of placing blame.
With the school community as a center of inquiry, diversity of perspective is possible not only as a source of growth for individual classrooms and teachers but also among teachers, administrators, and more broadly among stakeholders. Diversity of perspective brings depth of understanding and productive problem solving, and face-to-face involvement brings personal knowledge of the issues of assessment as well as personal investment in them. If teachers are able to make informed assessments and articulate them well, it is largely because they have been engaged in dialogue about their students’ reading, writing, and learning and have been supported by the larger community in doing so. In order for a school community to do this effectively, it is necessary to engage in self-examination and make learning with the community a priority.
To function as a center of inquiry, a school must develop a trusting relationship with its community. This relationship commonly grows by involving all members of the community, balancing power, and recognizing different points of view. Because building such a relationship is nearly impossible in the context of large schools (whose hierarchical structures discourage the openness necessary for reflection, discussion, and inquiry), manageable schools-within-schools become an important possibility to be considered.
Schools have a responsibility to help families and community members understand the assessment process and the range of tools that can be useful in painting a detailed picture of learning, including both how individual students are learning and how the school is doing in its efforts to support learning. A part of this educational process must also be helping families and the local community to understand the most effective and appropriate uses of a variety of assessment tools, including large-scale standardized achievement tests.
There must be an ethos that educators are learners too, particularly about their own role in students’ learning and the operation of their institutions. In order for educators to learn from others’ perspectives, school communities bear particular responsibility for ensuring that all their members become fully involved in the assessment process. Many parents and caregivers, partly because of cultural disparities, linguistic barriers, or their own schooling histories, do not feel comfortable voicing their concerns. School communities have a responsibility to create conditions and assessment procedures that make people comfortable doing so.
As families become more fully involved in schools and assessments, they become more informed about and more observant of their children’s development. This involvement allows them to be more supportive of their children’s learning and of teachers’ efforts and leads them to articulate more clearly their concerns about their children’s progress. When families are intimately involved in the assessment process, they are less likely to allow cultural or racial bias to interfere in their efforts to determine how well their children are learning and how well their schools are doing. Furthermore, when administrators, families, and the public become involved together in assessment issues, trusting relationships are likely to evolve. With a trusting relationship, members of the school community can confront limitations and weaknesses as well as recognize strengths of their curriculum and assessments.
Parents and caregivers know a great deal about their children’s learning and have an important perspective to add to local conversations about assessment. Schools must engage parents and the local community in conversations about the goals they have for the ways children will use reading and writing and the ways reading and writing are used in the community. When parents and the local community are intimately involved in the assessment of learning, they are in a better position to understand the assessment information reported and better able to support the literacy learning of children. | <urn:uuid:a24a52f2-cfe9-44db-b49c-e3c7db37b81c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ncte.org/standards/assessmentstandards/standard9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972218 | 918 | 3.828125 | 4 |
This laboratory setup was used to test the principles behind Wang and Miljkovic's concept for a hybrid solar thermoelectric system that could deliver both electricity and heat. Photo: Dominick Reuter
Systems to harness the sun's energy typically generate either electricity or heat in the form of steam or hot water. But a new analysis by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) shows that there could be significant advantages to systems that produce both electricity and heat simultaneously.
The new study incorporates thermoelectrics into a concentrating solar thermal system, also called a parabolic trough. Such systems use long, curved mirrors (the trough) to focus sunlight onto a glass tube running along the centerline of the trough. A liquid pumped through that tube gets heated by the sun, and then can be used to produce steam to drive a turbine, or used directly for space heating or industrial processes that require heat.
The new MIT study "shows a unique opportunity for thermoelectrics integrated within solar thermal systems," says Evelyn Wang, associate professor of mechanical engineering at MIT, who was coauthor of a paper describing the potential for such hybrid systems in Solar Energy.
The novel arrangement proposed by Wang and graduate student Nenad Miljkovic embeds a thermoelectric system in the central tube of a parabolic-trough system so that it produces both hot water and electricity at the same time. The key to making this work is a device called a thermosiphon that draws heat away from the "cold" part of a thermoelectric system, maintaining its temperature gradient.
Wang and Miljkovic's system would modify a parabolic-trough system's central tube into a series of concentric tubes: A narrower tube inside the first would contain the thermoelectric material, with an even narrower tube at the center of the apparatus housing the thermosiphon, passively transferring heat from the thermoelectric cold side and alleviating the need to pump cooling fluid as in a conventional parabolic-trough system. The heat carried away by the thermosiphon could then be used to heat water for space heating, industrial processes, or hot water.
One advantage such a system has over traditional photovoltaics, Wang says, is that "thermoelectrics can be much cheaper than photovoltaics." Also, conventional solar cells do not operate well at high temperatures. But, she explains, thermoelectrics thrive in hot conditions, which allow them to build up a greater temperature gradient.
"There really is no solar system now to do combined electricity and heat production at high temperature," Miljkovic says. But he adds, "there are companies actively trying to pursue this."
"There's an opportunity for bringing together different technologies," Wang says. The thermosiphon, which draws heat from one place to another just as a siphon draws liquid, is "a passive way to transfer heat … and can be low cost as well," she says.
Thermosiphons are typically filled with materials that undergo a phase change (usually from liquid to vapor) as they heat up, and can achieve a thermal conductivity "much higher than any solid material," Wang says. "It's an efficient way to carry away the heat, to whatever you want to deliver it to."
Wang and Miljkovic devised a computer model to search for optimal combinations of existing materials for the thermoelectrics and the thermosiphon. This model allows different combinations to be tested at varying operating conditions to make the overall system as efficient as possible.
A system for a single house could provide both heat and electricity, Wang says. "In a house, you need a lot of heat, but you only need so much electricity," she says. While the thermoelectric efficiency of such a system is relatively low, "in a household system you don’t need that much power" relative to heat, she says.
Abraham Kribus, a professor of mechanical engineering at Tel Aviv University in Israel who was not involved in this research, says this paper "describes a fresh approach to solar energy conversion, with optimistic results showing high theoretical conversion efficiency."
Kribus adds that because this is still an early stage of analysis, it's not yet clear how such a system would stack up to traditional solar systems on cost and reliability. But that’s not a criticism, he says: "This is the situation at early stage with every nonconventional idea. … Overall, the paper shows a nice start and a very capable team behind it."
Wang agrees that it is likely to take a few years to develop a practical implementation of these ideas. She and Miljkovic are going ahead with "working on building a system to demonstrate" how the combination could work, she says.SOURCE | <urn:uuid:876e7e31-58df-4107-9744-428c5acd003b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rdmag.com/news/2011/10/new-approach-solar-power | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948872 | 999 | 3.75 | 4 |
Still today, too many students in low-income school districts struggle to get to and through college because they don’t have the same opportunities as students in wealthier neighborhoods. Every morning, the doors of our schools open to defy this injustice and to celebrate the achievement we know is possible.
Horace Mann, one of the founders of American public education, believed that building “common schools” for the nation’s young people was the single most powerful way to bring about a society of equals.
We recognize that today, it takes uncommon schools to truly achieve equality. Since our first school opened in 1997, Uncommon Schools has shown that the most revolutionary teaching practices are not happening in the suburbs or elite private schools. They’re happening in urban districts like ours. Every day we challenge our own ingenuity and mettle, and that of our scholars. Along the way, we celebrate the tenacious effort that leads to true achievement – and ultimately, to a college diploma. | <urn:uuid:e2d75ad4-c250-4874-942f-bcb1894e38a8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.uncommonschools.org/our-approach/the-opportunity-gap | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95926 | 199 | 2.921875 | 3 |
By Marion Torchia, NIDA NOTES Contributing Writer
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh's Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research have identified a set of characteristics that appears to predict a boy's vulnerability to substance use disorder (SUD) in young adulthood. Once validated for use with the general population, this new construct, "neurobehavioral disinhibition," may help clinicians tailor drug abuse prevention programs for children most in need of support.
Under the direction of Dr. Ralph E. Tarter, the researchers have conducted comprehensive longitudinal studies to understand how neurobehavioral disinhibition may relate to the genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors that are thought to predispose individual boys to SUD. They have developed an index that links the set of personality characteristics to a quantitative scoring system. The index appears to identify as early as age 10 children who are especially vulnerable to drug problems in adolescence.
Neurobehavioral disinhibition comprises a cluster of emotional tendencies, behavioral symptoms, and problems in cognitive function that indicate that a child has not adequately developed psychological self-regulation, a capacity that depends on normal neurological development (see "Neurobehavioral Disinhibition: A Closer Look").
According to Dr. Tarter, the construct's key strength is its biological basis: Its elements closely relate to what is known about the brain's development. "Neurobehavioral disinhibition points to deficiencies in those higher level brain functions—self-control and deliberate, goal-directed action—that we know are managed in the prefrontal cortex."
According to Dr. Kevin Conway, director of the Program on Antisocial Behaviors and Related Vulnerability in NIDA's Epidemiology Research Branch, Dr. Tarter's research shows that the construct actually works. He notes that Dr. Tarter and his colleagues followed the same group of children for more than a decade and that "the children's early scores for neurobehavioral disinhibition predicted with amazing accuracy whether or not they would develop SUD and how severe their problems would be." He adds that "Dr. Tarter's study takes earlier research on vulnerability to drug abuse a step forward and points to particular components of a person's biological makeup that may be at the root of the problem."
Construct Developed, Tested
To develop their construct and its numerical scoring system, Dr. Tarter's group tracked from childhood to young adulthood 47 boys at high average risk and 65 boys at low average risk of SUD based on their status as biological offspring of fathers with or without SUD as defined by the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic criteria (DSMIII-R). The investigators limited this particular study to boys because the girls in their longitudinal research program were enrolled later and had not been followed long enough to make valid predictions and match the outcomes to them.
Researchers hope that early identification and treatment of neurobehavioral disinhibition can help at-risk children develop self-control and avoid drug initiation and abuse.
The neurobehavioral disinhibition construct was developed by assessing the children in the study using a series of existing tools that measure dysregulated emotions, behavioral undercontrol, and executive (higher order) cognitive capacity. To measure emotion, for example, the researchers used the "difficult" temperament index from the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey. They measured behavior "undercontrol" using two diagnostic tools, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, as rated by the children's mothers, and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale, as measured by their teachers. A battery of neurological tests measured cognitive processes that depend on the prefrontal cortex.
The next step, verifying the construct by a statistical technique called factor analysis, confirmed that the separate components of neurobehavioral disinhibition—personality style, behavior, and brain function—tend to occur together. This suggests that neurobehavioral disinhibition is driven by a single process involving prefrontal cortex functioning. Says Dr. Tarter, "We are looking at the integrity of the brain by measuring its activities."
Index Predicts SUD Vulnerability
To test the hypothesis that the neurobehavioral disinhibition score is correlated with expected risk of future SUD, Dr. Tarter's team compared the scores of the high-risk boys in the study with those of the low-risk boys. The boys at higher risk had significantly higher scores at ages 10 to 12 on several, though not all, of the component indicators of neurobehavioral disinhibition. When the boys were tested again at age 16, the higher risk boys had scores consistent with neurobehavioral disinhibition on every component indicator of the trait.
Moreover, the boys' disinhibition scores at ages 10 to 12 predicted with nearly 70-percent accuracy whether they would actually develop SUD by age 19. Even more strikingly, their disinhibition scores at age 16, combined with their frequency of drug use in the previous 30 days, predicted with 85-percent accuracy their likelihood of developing SUD by age 19. In fact, the boys' disinhibition scores at age 16 were better predictors of SUD at 19 than the frequency of their drug use at age 16. In addition, their disinhibition scores were strongly predictive of the general severity of their problems as measured by the "overall problem density score" on the revised Drug Use Screening Inventory. This score includes health, behavior, school, family, and social adjustment problems.
The scores have both positive and negative predictive value, according to Dr. Tarter's research report. However, some of the data indicate that a high disinhibition score predicts that a boy will have SUD with a greater degree of probability than a low score predicts that he will avoid the disorder. The boys' high scores at age 16 predicted future SUD with 97-percent accuracy; on the other hand, low scores at this age predicted with only 61-percent accuracy that SUD would not develop.
Value of Findings Cited
"From NIDA's perspective, this research is a long-term investment," notes Dr. Conway. "Because it is a longitudinal study, Dr. Tarter and his colleagues have been able to gather a broad range of information about the boys, so that the effect of the multiple factors known to be related to SUD can be traced over time."
The next phase of the study will be especially interesting, because the first group of boys will have entered young adulthood, when SUD most often emerges. The researchers will continue to track the young men even as new participants join the study.
The findings should not be assumed to apply to all children, Dr. Tarter cautions. Before the trait can be considered universally valid and ready for use in working with children, much larger studies will be needed involving the general population, including both genders and diverse ethnic and socioeconomic groups.
"It is important that our new knowledge be used to bring about constructive change," Dr. Tarter adds. "An index of neurobehavioral disinhibition has potential value because it offers an opportunity to monitor children's development and detect those children with significant deviations, who may be at heightened risk of SUD. If teachers, counselors, and parents can identify a child's problems early, they can structure environmental conditions to promote a healthy outcome and avoid the path to SUD."
Neurobehavioral Disinhibition: A Closer Look
The construct developed by Dr. Tarter and his colleagues includes many symptoms that characterize attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. But it reaches beyond those diagnostic categories to describe emotional states and neurological capacities as well as their behavioral manifestations.
Compared to his peers, a "disinhibited" child can be described as "difficult." His (or her) moods are volatile, and he often exhibits restlessness and an inability to persevere in a task. Poor self-management often reveals itself in risky, even reckless behavior. Neurological tests reveal a lack of certain capacities that originate in the part of the brain that manages higher level thinking. Three dimensions of his problem are especially important:
- "Difficult" temperament. A disinhibited child is irritable and easily thrown off balance and has a harder time than other children returning to a comfortable emotional state after a stressful or arousing experience. His emotions seem to be more intense than those of his peers. These characteristics commonly provoke negative responses from adults and other children. If so, a vicious cycle can develop, and the child's reactions can become more extreme as time goes on.
- Undercontrolled behavior. The disinhibited child's behavior is chronically out of touch with the demands of the situation. He or she has a hard time meeting a school's learning requirements and does not relate easily to either adults or peers. He may engage in "externalizing behavior" or "acting out," typically through disruptiveness, unprovoked aggression, defiance of authority, or delinquency. His behavior is also marked by impulsivity and an inability to persist in pursuing his goals.
- Deficiencies in complex brain functions. The prefrontal cortex in the human brain manages an individual's purposeful activities. It is possible to measure a child's ability to pay attention, to remain aware of what is going on in the environment, and to complete a task or a coordinated sequence of actions. For example, researchers can see whether a child can turn away from a signal and deliberately look in the opposite direction when asked to do so. A disinhibited child will have trouble with this simple task, which requires deliberate control over eye movement, a capacity that resides in the prefrontal cortex.
Tarter, R.E., et al. Neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood predicts early age at onset of substance use disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 160(6):1078-1085, 2003.
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Multicultural Perspectives 1
Running head: MULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVES IN THE CLASSROOM
Multicultural Perspectives in the Classroom and Curriculum
Tajii R. Nord
University of South Alabama
Multicultural Perspectives 2
Introducing students to a diverse curriculum in higher education has been researched
with mixed conclusions. Studies have shown a positive impact on students by addressing,
and discussing sensitive issues concerning race relations. In multicultural classes students
gain respect and appreciation toward individual differences that’s needed in today’s
society. Research has also shown problems with the implementation of a diverse
curriculum, and lack of diversity amongst college faculty members. The purpose of this
paper is to review and discuss the different studies that considered both the positive and
negative aspects of providing a diverse curriculum.
Multicultural Perspectives 3
Diversity means differences and encompasses gender, culture, ethnicity, sexual
orientation, languages, disabilities, and race (Schauber 2001). Diversity for the purpose
of this paper will focus primarily on racial and ethnic differences. In reviewing multiple
studies, a unifying theme has been identified that multicultural education is needed for
students in today’s society. Due to the Civils Rights movement during the late 1960’s
multicultural education emerged with lots of promises and little delivery (Howley 2001).
Multicultural education is described as promoting strength, equal opportunity, social
justice, reducing prejudice, and the distribution of power between members of different
ethnicities (“Integrating cultural,” n.d). During the 1960’s and 1970’s diversity planning
originated in institutional policies to support affirmative action and equal opportunity for
a diverse student body (Iverson 2008). By the year 2050 48% of the United States will be
from a minority groups (Williams 2001). The future of our nation to remain productive
and prosper depends on our abilities to interact with other countries effectively (Bruce,
Weil, and Calhoun 2004). Effectively communicating and working with diverse
individuals in the US or abroad is needed for successful working relationships for all
individuals. Multicultural classes can properly enrich, inform, and teach to the whole
being of all students. Incorporating traditional studies with a diverse curriculum further
expands the knowledge base of individuals, producing culturally aware, empathetic, and
socially equipped individuals (Humphreys 1998).
Multicultural classes provide students with historical knowledge about other cultures,
and how to avoid stereotyping (Humphreys 1998). It’s essential for students to not only
learn American history, but to be knowledgeable about International diversity (Bucher
2000). Students that have taken multicultural classes have reported their more willing to
Multicultural Perspectives 4
seek out relations with other ethnic groups, are equipped with skills needed in the
workforce, can debate sensitive issues fair and objectively, and are prepared to take
action against social structural inequalities (Williams 2001). According to Humphreys
(1998) students whose professors included racial and ethnic materials during coursework,
had an increase level of satisfaction with their college experience.
Occidental College in California offers a course called “The History of Human
Patterns of Migration, Emigration, and Immigration” informing and preparing students
for current immigration challenges. In New Jersey Rowan College offers a course called
“Comparative Race Relations: A History of Race Relations in South Africa, Brazil and
the United States that develop students cognitive understanding of beliefs, and origins of
their cultural attitudes and traditions (Humphreys 1998). Most universities in the U.S
offer some form of multicultural classes. Out of 196 colleges surveyed 54% offered
multicultural courses, 33% offered ethnic and women’s studies and 34% offered
multicultural classes as a general education requirement (Schauber 2001).
In 1862 congress passed the Morrill Act to create land-grant universities that provide
higher education to all citizens. Historically only the dominant culture benefitted, while
minority groups were excluded (Iverson 2008). Colleges may have strategies and plans to
reach out and recruit a diverse faculty, and serve a diverse community. Yet, many
minority groups still remain underrepresented at many college campuses (Iverson 2008).
Change can bring about internal struggle if the organization is not ready to diversify.
Some view that improving college diversity plans as a mandate, or fear the unknown
challenges and uncertainties (Schauber 2001).
Multicultural Perspectives 5
In a study that analyzed 21 University diversity plans, a common trend was identified.
Diversity plans contained language that referenced diverse people as outsiders, at risk for
failure after entering college, non tenure, harassed, and discriminated against. Dialogue
such as “us” and “them” was identified which further separate diverse individuals from
the dominant culture. Assumptive concepts from one view point to be inclusive may
work to further exclude a diverse population. Also, the recruitment of a diverse faculty
was considered a challenge due to lack of funding and supportive resources (Iverson
A study performed by Schauber (2001) at Oregon State University (OSU) extension
program analyzed the organizations readiness to effectively serve a diverse community.
In the study 16 organization leaders and 10 faculty members were asked fourteen
questions concerning: challenges or benefits of working with diverse groups, to define
diversity, and challenges and benefits of their jobs. It was discovered that participants
were committed to serving diverse populations, open to diversity training, agreed new
approaches to diversify were necessary, able to be creative while working with people,
aware that a diversified staff was needed, and that due to an increase in serving a diverse
community funding could possible increase (Schauber 2001). Participants expressed
some defensive concerns about: cultural and language barriers, workload too strenuous to
accommodate a diverse group, pressures of promotion and tenure left little time to
promote community relations, lack of funding to hire a diverse staff, and that the
organization was not committed to reaching out to diverse groups (Schauber 2001).
Uncertainties that participants expressed were: fear of offending cultural groups,
concerns of a quota system to service diverse groups, lack of proper cultural educational
Multicultural Perspectives 6
designs, and fear of not communicating effectively (Schauber 2001). The study revealed
that faculty members were supportive of serving and hiring a diverse staff, yet due to
misconceptions and fears, no further actions were taken for improvement. After
reviewing the findings of the study OSU is taking steps in the right direction to improve
and implement an effective diversity plan. A diversity committee of 30 people has been
formed responsible for staff development, mentoring of staff, revising recruitment
procedures, and reviewing the language capacity of staff members (Schauber 2008). OSU
is focusing on the positive reasons needed to effectively diversify in a rapidly changing
In conclusion the different studies, books, and articles all agree that a diverse
curriculum that properly prepares students for the global society is imperative. The word
minority over the next 40 years will become obsolete (Bruce et al. 2004). The problems
that colleges are experiencing are effectively reaching out to a diverse community, and
reflecting the diverse cultures via faculty members. Faculty members that are recruited
are treated as outsiders and not supported with deficiencies due to cultural differences.
University state they lack funding to properly recruit and train diverse faculty members.
Implementation of a diverse curriculum from a dominant culture perspective can produce
an opposing effect on diverse students further alienating minority groups (Klenowski
2009). If colleges are willing to accept the challenge, invest time, money, train staff, and
effectively recruit to better serve their communities, the long term goal to increase funds
while increasing their diverse student population can become a reality (Caraballo 2009).
As mentioned by Caraballo (2009) being only interested in ethnic food, music, dress,
and dance shows a tolerance of multicultural education, but fails to change schools and
Multicultural Perspectives 7
societal power structures. According to the New York Times diversity map of school
districts (n.d) in 2006 out of 64,873 students Mobile County ranked third in diversity out
of 67 in the state of Alabama. Native Americans are 1%, Asians 2%, Hispanic 1%,
Blacks 51%, and Whites 45% of the populations. Since 1998 to 2006 Whites have
declined by 8%, Blacks have increased by 6%, Hispanics have increased by 1%, Asians
have increased by 1%, and Native Americans show a .5% increase.
Providing a platform to service all students to further the growth and development of
the United States to function effectively in a diverse world through multicultural
education should apply in all educational settings. Creating dialogue and a action plan
from many different perspectives to gain insight on an effective diverse curriculum will
be a challenge, but is a necessity that colleges cannot afford to ignore.
Multicultural Perspectives 8
Bruce, J., Weil, M., & Calhoun, E. (2004). Gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic
background. In J. Bruce, M. Weil, & E. Calhoun (Eds.), (2004). Models of teaching.
(7th ed. , pp. 351-369). Boston: Pearson Education.
Bucher, R. (2000). Diversity consciousness. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Caraballo, L. (2009). Interest convergence in intergroup education and beyond: Rethinking
agendas in multicultural education. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 11,
Diversity in the classroom (n.d). Retrived July 1, 2009 from
Howley, C. (2001). Education Research: What Education Leaders Need to Know to
Make better Decisions. Retrieved June 15, 2009 from http//www.edfacilities.org
Humphreys, D. (1998). Diversity innovations and curriculum changes. Retrieved June 7, 2009
Illinois Community College Board FY 2006 Adult Education and Family Literacy Report
to the Governor and General Assembly. Retrieved June 16, 2009 from
Integrating cultural diversity into the curriculum. (n.d). Retrieved June 7, 2008 from
Iverson, S. (2008). Now is the time for change: Reframing diversity planning at land
Grant universities. Journal of Extensions 46, 1.
Klenowski, V. (2009). Public education matters: Reclaiming public education for the
common good in a global era. Australian Educator Researcher, 36(1), 1-25.
Lamdin, D. J. (1995). Testing for effect of school size on student achievement within a
school district. Education Economics, 3, 33-42
Schauber, A. C. (2001). Talk around the coffeepot: A key to cultural change toward diversity.
Journal of Extensions 39, 6.
Williams, B. (2001). Accomplishing cross cultural competence in youth development programs.
Journal of Extensions 39, 6. | <urn:uuid:badde76c-ae6f-4ff7-b06b-945da6100bd5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.slideshare.net/tajii/ide-650-research-paper-multicultural-perspective | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895533 | 2,334 | 3.140625 | 3 |
At Gashpeta they were having a basket dance. They came in to begin the dance, and a little squirrel (siqu) ran into the middle of the line. It frightened all the dancers and they ran in every direction. For four days (years) the katcinas were lost. The people waited. In eight days (years) about half of them came back and they called another dance. The people were unhappy because half the dancers were gone, and Heluta threatened the koshare and told them, "Go find the katcinas who are lost." The koshare said to the people, "Tell Heluta to listen. If he hears any noise in the mountains, follow it and he will find the dancers." The people answered, "We have been to all the mountains, but we could not hear any sounds of the katcinas." Masewa said to the koshare, "You must use your own power to find the dancers." The koshare used their power. They took ashes in their hands and threw in every direction. At last they heard a noise and the earth broke open at their feet. A spruce tree grew up out of the place where the earth had split. It grew larger and larger until it grew up to the top of the hole. All the people stood about. The women were crying and crying for the katcinas to come back. The first one who came out was the Bloody Hand katcina. He was so weak he could hardly walk. Yellow Woman came next and with her was her little son, dressed in the dancer's costume. At last all the katcinas had come out from the place where they had been imprisoned. They asked Heluta, "Are they all here?" He answered, "Yes. All that were lost have
returned." He put them with the other dancers so that they were all mixed together again. They held the dance and the people were happy. When the dance was over the katcinas. went back to the place where they costumed themselves.
The dance came back again and this time Yellow Woman's son had grown to be a big boy. The dancers retired again, and when they came back next he had grown still bigger. He was just the size of all the other katcinas. The koshare said to the people, "Tell which of the katcinas is Yellow Woman's little boy." Everybody tried, but they could not tell. He was Mayurli katsena (the dance leader who stands in the center of the line and starts the songs). 15b
11:5 Informant 2. Notes, p. 207.
12:15b Notes, p. 208. | <urn:uuid:e8a52eb2-9fff-4383-aedb-83e9f208d151> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/sw/tci/tci013.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00185-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988726 | 566 | 2.625 | 3 |
Eating is much more economical and healthier if we cook rather than just consume ready-made or prepared food.
In fact, the only way fast food is actually cheaper is if we compare solely the price per calorie. When comparing serving size, weight, or nutritional content, home cooked meals are the cheapest.
Furthermore, the more a food is processed, the less nutritious it is. Drying can diminish nutritional value up to 80%. Freezing reduces vitamin C by 30% and potassium by 10%. Reheating already cooked food also decreases vitamin B12, thiamin and vitamin C by 45%.
Cooking for ourselves is also a good idea because we have better control of the ingredients’ quality, freshness and portion size. We consume fewer calories, less saturated fat and salt and more fibre and micronutrients per meal when we have cooked it at home. Besides, it’s a great way to teach and learn about the taste, texture, and pleasure of food.
Finally, cooking potentially has a high social dimension since it offers an opportunity to bring family members together at home, as well as groups of people in schools, community centres, etc. Cooking can be a great family bonding experience; it can be an opportunity to share some time, talk and have fun with children and adults together.
Image: © Jack.Q / shutterstock | <urn:uuid:9c3df85b-7d12-48ef-b17d-eb1e239fb931> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.we-love-eating.eu/en/being-healthy/how-to-be-healthy/enjoy-cooking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952345 | 278 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Nunavut (from Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ) is the largest, northernmost and newest territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the boundaries had been contemplatively drawn in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since the incorporation of the new province of Newfoundland and Labrador in 1949.
Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada, and most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Its vast territory makes it the fifth-largest country subdivision in the world, as well as the second-largest in North America after Greenland. The capital Iqaluit (formerly "Frobisher Bay") on Baffin Island, in the east, was chosen by the 1995 capital plebiscite. Other major communities include the regional centres of Rankin Inlet and Cambridge Bay. Nunavut also includes Ellesmere Island to the far north, as well as the eastern and southern portions of Victoria Island in the west and Akimiski Island in James Bay to the far south. It is the only geo-political region of Canada that is not connected to the rest of North America by highway.
Nunavut is both the least populous and the largest in area of the provinces and territories of Canada. One of the most remote, sparsely settled regions in the world, it has a population of 31,906, mostly Inuit, spread over a land area the size of Western Europe. Nunavut is also home to the northernmost permanently inhabited place in the world, Alert. A weather station farther down Ellesmere Island, Eureka, has the lowest average annual temperature of any weather station in Canada.
The region now known as Nunavut has supported a continuous indigenous population for approximately 4,000 years. Most historians identify the coast of Baffin Island with the Helluland described in Norse sagas, so it is possible that the inhabitants of the region had occasional contact with Norse sailors.
In September 2008, researchers reported on the evaluation of existing and newly excavated archaeological remains, including yarn spun from a hare, rats, tally sticks, a carved wooden face mask that depicts Caucasian features, and possible architectural material. The materials were collected in five seasons of excavation at Cape Tanfield. Scholars determined that these provide evidence of European traders and possibly settlers on Baffin Island, not later than 1000 CE (and thus older than or contemporaneous with L'Anse aux Meadows). They seem to indicate prolonged contact, possibly up to 1450. The origin of the Old World contact is unclear; the article states: "Dating of some yarn and other artifacts, presumed to be left by Vikings on Baffin Island, have produced an age that predates the Vikings by several hundred years. So [...] you have to consider the possibility that as remote as it may seem, these finds may represent evidence of contact with Europeans prior to the Vikings' arrival in Greenland."
First written historical accounts
The written historical accounts of Nunavut begin in 1576, with an account by an English explorer. Martin Frobisher, while leading an expedition to find the Northwest Passage, thought he had discovered gold ore around the body of water now known as Frobisher Bay on the coast of Baffin Island. The ore turned out to be worthless, but Frobisher made the first recorded European contact with the Inuit. Other explorers in search of the elusive Northwest Passage followed in the 17th century, including Henry Hudson, William Baffin and Robert Bylot.
Cornwallis and Ellesmere Islands featured in the history of the Cold War in the 1950s. Concerned about the area's strategic geopolitical position, the federal government relocated Inuit from the High Arctic of northern Quebec to Resolute and Grise Fiord. In the unfamiliar and hostile conditions, they faced starvation but were forced to stay. Forty years later, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples issued a report titled The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocation. The government paid compensation to those affected and their descendants, but it did not apologize.
In 1976, as part of the land claims negotiations between the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (then called the "Inuit Tapirisat of Canada") and the federal government, the parties discussed division of the Northwest Territories to provide a separate territory for the Inuit. On April 14, 1982, a plebiscite on division was held throughout the Northwest Territories. A majority of the residents voted in favour and the federal government gave a conditional agreement seven months later.
The land claims agreement was completed in September 1992 and ratified by nearly 85% of the voters in Nunavut in a referendum. On July 9, 1993, the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act and the Nunavut Act were passed by the Canadian Parliament. The transition to establish Nunavut Territory was completed on April 1, 1999. The creation of Nunavut has been followed by growth in the capital Iqaluit, a modest increase from 5200 in 2001 to 6600 in 2011. | <urn:uuid:fa562e75-b883-4118-b693-86338a57537f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Place:Nunavut%2C_Canada | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958889 | 1,080 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Garrett A. Morgan (1877-1963 ) was granted a U.S. patent for a traffic signal on November 20, 1923. The Morgan traffic signal was a T-shaped pole unit that featured three positions: Stop, Go and an all-directional stop position. This "all stop" position stopped all traffic to allow pedestrians to cross streets.
Morgan's traffic signal was used throughout North America until it was replaced by the red, yellow and green-light traffic signals you see used today. Morgan sold the rights to his traffic signal to the General Electric Corporation for $40,000. | <urn:uuid:75ed85e2-1eb3-415c-aaf1-1434548abe24> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/lbjforkids/time_traffic.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961284 | 122 | 3.015625 | 3 |
By Adam Porter
Is global oil production reaching a peak?
How long can we go on pumping oil out of the ground?
A few years ago only a handful of geologists and academics were considering such a possibility.
But now it appears even governments are taking a serious look at the subject.
The question is occupying more and more minds around the world.
It could happen soon.
A French government report on the global oil industry forecasts a possible peak in world production as early as 2013.
Don't mention it
The report 'The Oil Industry 2004' takes a long look at future production and supply issues.
But perhaps what is most interesting about this Economics, Industry & Finance Ministry report, is that it actually mentions a possible production plateau at all.
Even one year ago it was unheard of to find the subject mentioned amongst government ministries or financial institutions.
Now banks such as Goldman Sachs, Caisse D'Epargne/Ixis, Simmons International and the Bank of Montreal have all broached the subject.
"They are being forced to by circumstances," says Professor Richard Heinberg, author of 'peak oil' books Power Down and The Party's Over.
"They have relied on optimistic data and rosy outlooks that are being proven to be incorrect."
Nevertheless, some analysts disagree with the notion of any peak in oil production, also known as 'Hubberts curve', after the geologist M King Hubbert who first argued the case.
Deborah White, senior energy analyst at Societe Generale in Paris, says that "we have heard these arguments about 'peak oil' since the idea of Hubert's curve came into being.
"We don't endorse the idea at all."
'Peak oil' mentioned
And yet, the French report, perhaps the most open government dossier yet, questions the viability of long term oil production.
The report's second chapter 'Global Exploration and Production' runs a series of differing scenarios based on current forecasts.
Commuting from cities to the suburbs raises the odds
The scenarios differ according to projected demand increases, from 0% to 3% per annum, and possible new field discoveries, between zero and fifty billion barrels a year.
At a rate of 3% increase in demand per year and annual finds of 10 billion barrels, the ministry report states 2013 as "the time of maximum production or 'peak oil'".
That would mean the world's oil consumption would reach its highest point at around 97 million barrels per day (mbpd).
Forced to react
It is also very unusual to find a government report using the wording 'peak oil'. This is a phrase often used to describe the theory of a global oil production plateau, after which production would begin to decline.
Chris Sanders spoke at the recent Association for the Study of Peak Oil conference and is director of international finance consultants Sanders Research.
He believes 'peak oil' is major threat to modern economies.
"There is only so long politicians can ignore a geological problem, and it is a geological one," he says.
"Governments have had a great chance to take the lead on this situation, but they have not taken it. Now they are being forced to react.
"Why? Because it is very probable that we are nearing 'peak oil'."
The French report uses the phrase, in English, and repeats it on no less than four occasions.
The best case scenario the report lays out is rather far fetched, with a 0% increase in world consumption, at only 79mbpd, with annual finds of 50 billion barrels of new deposits per year.
That makes 'peak oil' arrive in 2125.
Supplying the world with oil is getting trickier by the day
Unfortunately the report's figures are already outdated. The world consumed 84.7 mbpd in the first quarter of 2005.
International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts - traditionally regarded as conservative by the markets - put demand at around 86.1 mbpd for the fourth quarter of this year alone.
Its figures put demand growing at 2.2% in the first quarter of 2005.
This means average consumption for 2005 would come out at 84.3 mbpd. Plus, in the past 30 years, new discoveries of oil have averaged about 14 billion barrels per year, with recent discovery rates well below that.
Despite not endorsing a production peak, Ms White is also factoring in demand growth "of around 1.5mbpd over the next five years, which will mean a total demand of around 91.8mbpd in 2010".
The French report also echoes a fundamental problem at the heart of the oil business, namely data transparency.
Without accurate audited data, discovery forecasts, forward pricing and reserve calculations become a matter of debate rather than science.
This year alone the International Monetary Fund, the G7 and IEA have all called on Opec countries and Russia to open their fields to independent scrutiny.
Commuting from cities to the suburbs raises the odds
"The definitions of oil reserves are different in many countries," the report observes.
"The capacities of sustainable production by Opec countries are very difficult to estimate. It is impossible to know production levels without waiting, at best, several months."
The report also goes on to look at the daunting levels of cost needed.
Firstly to extract current reserves but also to explore for new deposits.
"Somewhere in the region of $900bn will be needed by 2013 alone to develop [existing] reserves," it says.
"This massive investment will double as one will need to add exploration costs to this figure as future production from 2013 to 2030 will depend on it which means that to be successful, around $250bn a year will need to be spent."
"Ruinously high oil prices are making governments look at the subject," says Professor Heinberg.
"For example, when they are faced with whole industries like the airlines going bankrupt, it forces them to react, but they may be too late."
Ms White takes the problem from a different perspective.
Rather than a costly search for more oil, she recommends conserving its use.
"We are at the wrong stage of the economic cycle for a recession that would cut demand," she says.
"What is very important is conservation, especially in transport. Raising taxes on fuel, introducing toll roads and bridges into major cities for example, but also stopping the spreading of suburbs ever further from city centres.
"Controlling suburban blight is one way to slow oil consumption until we are a society no longer dependent on oil." | <urn:uuid:fbc871ec-b55a-4795-8a78-ce60118fcfaa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4077802.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959666 | 1,358 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Can't get a date on the East Coast? You might want to hop on the next flight to Kansas. A new study finds that, in some rural Great Plains communities, young men outnumber young women by a ratio of 4-to-1.
The study found that, in certain areas of Kansas and Nebraska, the number of young men (ages 22 to 27) is severely disproportionate to the number of young women. Examining census data for these states from 2000 and 2010, Robert Shepard, a University of Nebraska-Lincoln doctoral candidate who conducted the study, found that more than half of 1,627 rural towns, villages and precincts with 800 or fewer people experienced an increased ratio of young men to young women over the past 10 years.
The gender gap was dependent on age. In these sparsely populated places, the proportion of men to women increased, on average, by about 40 percent as people went from their teens to their 20s. The imbalance ranged from a young male population increase of just 7 percent in the most equal communities. Others, particularly the smallest communities analyzed, saw a more than 200 percent increase in the proportion of men to women in just one decade. [6 Gender Myths, Busted]
"The whole point of this study was to look at it quantitatively, to see if the numbers bear out this story of younger people leaving and not coming back," said Shepard, whose findings were published in the April edition of the journal Great Plains Research. "My study was important in helping to substantiate that this is a problem associated with gender."
For his study, Shepard used 2000 census data to calculate the ratio of boys to girls ages 12 to 17 in more than 2,200 towns and cities in Nebraska and Kansas. He compared that figure to the ratio of men to women ages 22 to 27 in the 2010 census.
What Shepard found was that women ages 22 to 27 are more likely to eschew the country for the city than young men of their age group. While the proportion of young women may be decreasing in rural areas, in Great Plains' cities like Omaha and Kansas City, Kansas, the proportion of women is increasing. These cities showed nearly equal ratios of males to females, and in several other cities, including Topeka, Kansas, and Scottsbluff, Nebraska, women outnumbered men in their age group.
But why are the women of the Great Plains more attracted to city living? Shepard said it likely has to do with education. According to Shepard, college-educated women may have formed new bonds with people while receiving their education, making them hesitant to go back to rural areas. It's also possible that the rural job market is unfavorable to women.
"Where some of the men can come back, because there are a lot of traditionally male jobs like agriculture and industry to return to, many rural communities don't often provide the same opportunity to women," Shepard said. "As long as that imbalance is there, it's going to limit the development or growth of that age group."
Future of the Plains
While Shepard said that more research is needed to investigate why women are leaving rural areas, he cited previous studies exploring women's attitudes toward the rural Great Plains, in which women reported limited job opportunities, as well as a patriarchal culture in some rural communities, as reasons for migrating to more urban areas.
Getting to the bottom of why women are flocking away from rural areas is important, Shepard said, for the economic and social development of these areas.
"The big implication here is that, if these ratios don't trend back toward equilibrium, there is some concern about the long-term population stability of those areas," Shepard said. | <urn:uuid:6e6b57c2-2b04-44ef-bd14-eb3fc0b8c2c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.livescience.com/45786-great-plains-gender-gap.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971382 | 747 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Osteoarthritis of the hock in horses, which may cause swelling and lameness.
- Although bone spavin usually causes lameness, this may be obscured if the lesions are bilateral.
- The causes and effects are the same as in bone spavin, and it should be treated in the same way.
- X-rays will be needed to distinguish whether it is a bone spavin or blind spavin.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: bone spavin
Definition of bone spavin in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:c99d8465-efa0-47dc-9786-b8886f100e54> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/bone-spavin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00110-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.849176 | 139 | 2.703125 | 3 |
When data is added or searched in a DataGridView, it make it easier for the user to programmatically change the DataGridView selection.
Unfortunately, setting the selected item is not as easy as a ListBox for example. The reasons being that DataGridView's usually handle larger amounts of data and they are often bound to data sources. Either way, it's a 3 step process.
Here's how to set the active row of a DataGridView. The two example variables will be dataGrid, which is a DataGridView, and index, which is the index of the row you want to select with C# code.
First is to scroll down the DataGridView so the row is visible in the screen:
dataGridView1.FirstDisplayedScrollingRowIndex = index; dataGridView1.Refresh();
Then you must select the row so that binding sources update their Current item:
dataGridView1.CurrentCell = dataGrid.Rows[index].Cells;
Finally, you can visually select the row with C#:
dataGridView1.Rows[index].Selected = true;
The C# code above assumes that you are trying to select an entire DataGridView row. However it is simple to adjust if you just want to select a Cell. Otherwise the code will work to set the DataGridView selection. | <urn:uuid:1a90b52c-f7a4-4531-89c2-257b3ff290b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.vcskicks.com/datagridview-selection.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90387 | 286 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Comet Meier, 1978f, discovered visually by Rolf Meier of the Ottawa Centre on April 26, 1978.
Comet was about 10th magnitude and moving through the constellation Lynx. Photo taken on
April 27th with 40-cm. telescope of the Indian River Observatory. Photo by Rolf Meier.
This photo was published on the front cover of the June 1978 National Newsletter. | <urn:uuid:7d3bea54-8337-4ca9-afee-d44c646c8b57> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rasc.ca/comet-meier-1978f?size=preview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00074-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953547 | 80 | 2.65625 | 3 |
that the Sahara region was not always the dry desert it is today.
The first in a series of shuttle radar imaging
missions launches. Flying aboard the Space Shuttle, these missions
pioneer imaging radar, a technology that uses radar pulses to capture
images of Earth. | <urn:uuid:86ec24cd-550f-4e84-9705-b23037edefd5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/history/80s/Shuttle_Imaging_Radar-A_1981.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881969 | 56 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In 1931, Sears, Roebuck and Co. was awarded a contract by the United States government to create a full-scale replica of Mount Vernon (President George Washington's Virginia residence) at the Exposition Coloniale Internationale in Paris. The Mount Vernon replica (and two adjacent buildings) would house the official exhibits of the United States.
The government selected Charles K. Bryant from Richmond, VA as the architect, because he had designed a replica of Mount Vernon for an exhibition in 1915 and still had the blueprints.
The government awarded the Home Construction Division of Sears the contract for construction after Sears said it could complete the buildings in a few short months and agreed to build them at cost (ultimately $75,495). The materials for Mount Vernon came from the Sears lumber mill in Port Newark, NJ, and within 12 days of signing the contract they were on their way to Paris. The wood was numbered, just as with the traditional Sears kit houses.
Every detail of the historic Virginia mansion was reproduced.The house featured a portico, a balustrade, and a pediment with an oculus. The structure was flanked by two colonnades. On the roof was an eight-sided wooden cupola. Inside, Sears copied all brass and bronze hardware, mantelpieces, staircases, trim, and cabinets.
Sears publicized the company’s role in constructing the Mount Vernon replica to garner interest in their kit homes. "I had no idea that Sears built such fine homes", trumpeted the ad copy.
|A feature on the Mount Vernon reproduction from the 1931 Modern Homes catalog.|
Beginning in 1932, Sears offered a house in its catalogs that was loosely based on Mount Vernon. The model was inexplicably named “The Jefferson”. Sears described it as “a true example of Southern Colonial architecture.”
|The Sears Jefferson had a five-bay portico and a balustrade.|
I should also mention that in 1932 Sears constructed the same Mount Vernon reproduction in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of George Washington's birth. This house was taken down after the event.
After the exhibition concluded, the building was purchased by Dr. Alexander Bruno, an American surgeon working in Paris. According the Chicago Tribune, Dr. Bruno planned to reconstruct the house at his tuberculosis sanatorium in the French Alps. That never came to pass, and, in 1936, the Paris Mount Vernon was relocated to a western suburb--Vaucresson.
|Dr. Alexander Bruno in 1918.|
The building has served as a private residence to this day. This house is currently for sale for about $27 million USD. | <urn:uuid:e767142c-282f-403a-aa1e-d8200f0ed2b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.sears-homes.com/2012/09/the-house-that-sears-built-in-paris.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00166-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970801 | 550 | 2.953125 | 3 |
This study is provided by ICPSR. ICPSR provides leadership and training in data access, curation, and methods of analysis for a diverse and expanding social science research community.
Eurobarometer 57.1: European Union Enlargement, the European Parliament, and the Euro, March-May 2002 (ICPSR 3521)
Principal Investigator(s): Christensen, Thomas, European Commission
This round of Eurobarometer surveys queried respondents on standard Eurobarometer measures, such as how satisfied they were with their present life, whether they attempted to persuade others close to them to share their views on subjects they held strong opinions about, whether they discussed political matters, what actions the European Union (EU) should undertake as a priority, and how they viewed the need for societal change. Additional questions focused on respondents' knowledge and opinions about the EU, including how well-informed they felt about the EU, what sources of information about the EU they used, whether their country had benefited from being an EU member, and the extent of their personal interest in EU matters. Another major focus of the surveys was EU enlargement. Respondents were asked about their opinions in regard to how well-informed they felt about EU enlargement, which countries they favor to join the EU, the effects of enlargement, and EU decision-making among the member states after enlargement. The second major focus of the surveys was the European Parliament (EP). Those polled were asked about their voting practices for different types of elections, likes and dislikes about the EP, the effects of government activities and decisions, and their exposure to information about the EP through media or personal contact with the EP, as well as their interest in obtaining more information about the EP. For the final major focus, the euro, certain respondents were asked to provide their opinion about the replacement of national currencies with the euro, the future effects of the introduction of the euro, and their comfort in using the euro. For respondents in countries where the euro was introduced, the poll solicited their opinions regarding price display in euros and in their national currency, and need for these indicators, and queried them about their methods and practices in converting prices between these currencies. Respondents were also asked their opinion about the attributes of euro notes and coinage, the rounding of prices, and their experience in using the euro and with the changeover from their national currency to the euro. In addition, the survey asked respondents to identify who helped them most during the introduction of the euro, to estimate the cost of certain items in euros, and whether they had heard about or benefited from a Euro information campaign directed towards disabled citizens. Respondents were also asked about the presence of foreign coins in their country, their attachment to the euro or their national currency, and their identity as a European in using the euro. For certain countries, respondents were asked whether they had seen the euro logo in shops, and whether the presence of the logo had affected their confidence in the store. Other survey questions included whether respondents were afraid of organized crime and certain disaster situations, as well as particular scenarios in relation to EU enlargement, whether decision-making about select issues should be done by a member country alone or jointly with the EU, and whether the EU should develop a constitution, as well as common foreign, defense, and security policies. In addition, respondents were asked about their opinion regarding the electoral processes of the EU government and member states, and tax revenue, while respondents in Spain were asked about the EU presidency. Demographic and other background information collected includes respondent age, gender, nationality, marital status, left-right political self-placement, age when stopped full-time education, household income, occupation, type and size of community, region of residence, and language of interview.
Series: Eurobarometer Survey Series
These data are available only to users at ICPSR member institutions. Because you are not logged in, we cannot verify that you will be able to download these data.
Christensen, Thomas. Eurobarometer 57.1: European Union Enlargement, the European Parliament, and the Euro, March-May 2002. ICPSR03521-v2. Cologne, Germany: Zentralarchiv fur Empirische Sozialforschung/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributors], 2007-02-12. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR03521.v2
Persistent URL: http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR03521.v2
Scope of Study
Subject Terms: citizen attitudes, currencies, decision making, economic integration, euro, European Economic Community, European Parliament, European unification, European Union, fear, foreign policy, government, life satisfaction, monetary policy, national identity, national interests, political attitudes, political awareness, public opinion, quality of life, social attitudes, social change, taxes, trust in government, voting behavior
Smallest Geographic Unit: country
Geographic Coverage: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Europe, Finland, France, Germany, Global, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom
Date of Collection:
Universe: Citizens of the EU aged 15 and over residing in the 15 EU member countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
Data Types: survey data
Data Collection Notes:
The codebook and setup files for this collection contain characters with diacritical marks used in many European languages.
The fieldwork dates in the data file for the Netherlands are not consistent with the fieldwork dates in the Technical Specifications.
Conducted by the European Opinion Research Group EEIG, Brussels, Belgium.
Sample: Multistage national probability samples.
Weight: Please review the Weighting Information located in the ICPSR codebook for this Eurobarometer study.
Mode of Data Collection: face-to-face interview
Original ICPSR Release: 2003-02-06
- 2007-02-12 Data for all previously embargoed variables are now available. The data have been further processed by the ZA, and the SPSS setup file and the codebook have been updated. Also, SAS and Stata setup files, an SPSS portable file, a SAS transport file, and a Stata system file have been added.
Related Publications (?)
- Citations exports are provided above.
Export Study-level metadata (does not include variable-level metadata)
If you're looking for collection-level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our Metadata Records page. | <urn:uuid:48916bdb-c027-46d4-b10e-fef5d4073633> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/3521?keyword=taxes&geography%5B0%5D=Germany&paging.startRow=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939785 | 1,388 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Also Known As
The sinuses in a horse are a cavity in the vone of that skull that communicates with the nostrils and contains air. In a horse, the paranasal sinuses connect with the nasal cavity and are lined by a mucous membrane similar to that in a human nose.
Primary sinusitis is the result of an upper respiratory tract infection that involves the paranasal sinuses in the horse's head. It may involve all sinus cavities or may be confined to one sinus.
Horses are primarily nasal breathers and any problem with the paranasal sinuses can lead to chronic nasal discharge along with distortion of the face. Because the horse must breathe in large quantities of air at proper temperatures and humidity if he is to perform athletic activities, treating equine sinusitis is an urgent matter
- Nasal discharge, usually unilateral, becoming purulent or bloody
- Facial deformity with a pushed-out appearance over sinus area
- Discharge from eyes
- Difficulty chewing food
- Labored breathing
- Shaking of head
- Exercise intolerance
The cause of sinusitis is usually an infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract. Dental disease, cysts, tumors, and trauma to the head and respiratory system also can lead to infection affecting the sinus cavities and causing sinusitis. In some cases, fungal infections that spread into the head and neck areas result in sinusitis. .
Good horse management, including prompt attention to any evidence of infections, problems with teeth, nasal discharge, injury to the head, or signs of cysts or tumors will help prevent sinusitis in most cases.
Prevention of all cases of sinusitis is unrealistic, but adequate attention to general horse health, keeping the environment as clean as possible, and evaluating each horse's health routinely will minimize the seriousness of the condition.
Treatment of primary cases of sinusitis first requires making a definitive diagnosis based on examination of a fluid sample that is cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi.
If any plant or feed particles are found during the cytological examination, a diseased tooth is likely the problem, or the horse may have an oral-nasal fistula. If halitosis is present, X-rays of the head will determine if the teeth are diseased.
Antibiotic treatment is suggested by most veterinarians based on results of the fluid culture, in conjunction with flushing of the sinus cavity daily for a few days.
Steam inhalation, the administration of medication to thin any discharge and aid in drainage, and light exercise will help the horse return to normal health.
Secondary sinusitis treatment is based on what is causing the problem. In the case of a diseased tooth, the tooth must be removed.
If the sinusitis is the result of cysts, tumors, or injury to the head, these problems must be diagnosed and dealt with before progress can be made in treating the sinusitis. A veterinarian can determine the best course of action.
Once the mucous membranes that line the sinus cavities become infected, the infection can affect the bones of the sinus, making it more difficult to treat the disease.
In some cases, where the disease has affected the sinuses, mucous membranes, and the bone structure, complete recovery will take time and effort, and it is possible that the horse may never fully recover from the infection.
This section contains articles specially selected by EquiMed staff for visitors wanting more information about this disease or condition. These articles are copyrighted by their respective owners and are available to you courtesy of EquiMed
About the author
EquiMed Staff shares a common goal of helping you improve your horse's health. The staff work together to develop unique web-focused content that answers the most common questions of horse owners. EquiMed staff written content is updated frequently to incorporate the best practices within the equine healthcare industry. Thanks for visiting!
Visit EquiMed's Google+ page. | <urn:uuid:80dcf190-7039-423e-bdef-aa32ca17d57c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://equimed.com/diseases-and-conditions/reference/sinusitis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914255 | 830 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Translation of sea in Spanish:
- 1 countable 1.1 (often plural) (ocean)mar (masculine)at the bottom of the seaThe noun → mar is feminine in literary language and in some set idiomatic expressionsen el fondo del mara house by the seauna casa a orillas del marto go/travel by sea
una casa junto al marir/viajar en barcothe window looks out to seala ventana da al marout on the open seaen mar abiertoon the high seasen alta marto go to sea (as profession)entrar en la marinato put (out) to sea at seathis left him feeling completely at seaesto lo confundió totalmenteat first I was all at seaal principio me sentí totalmente perdido or confundidowe've been at sea for a monthhace un mes que estamos embarcados or que zarpamosto dump waste at seaverter desechos en el marto sail the seven seas [literary]surcar los siete mares [literary](before noun) (route/transport)
del mar(nymph)the sea air/breeze
marinoel aire/la brisa del marI don't like sea bathing (British)no me gusta bañarme en el marsea crossing sea defenses or (British) defences sea fishpez (masculine) de marsea fishingpesca (feminine) marítima or en el marsea mist sea monster sea viewvista (feminine) al marExample sentences1.2 (inland)
- Sadly, the most easily-attainable sources for iodine are iodized salt and sea products, both of which can be taboo for pregnant women.
- For Rachel, the vastness of the sea brings comfort and reassurance - it's a constant, she says, in a constantly changing world, and its great expanse puts our problems into perspective.
- On Tybee Island, it was estimated that 43.82 acres of land would be lost to the sea.
- 2 (swell, turbulence) (usually plural) heavy or rough seasmar (feminine) gruesa
mar (masculine) agitado or encrespado or picadoExample sentences
- At 6:30 the next morning, the seas were finally calm, and we pulled into the port of New York.
- Two Plexiglas dioramas of a boat on storm-tossed seas depicted Ernest Shackleton's ill-fated South Pole expedition of 1914.
- The artist's rising seas appear to be made of metal, stone, earth and glass, as well as water.
- 3 (large mass, quantity) (no plural) a sea of bloodun mar de sangrea sea of mudun barrizala sea of facesuna multitud de rostrosa sea of people
miles de rostrosExample sentences
- From freezers and hardening tunnels to compressors, evaporators and air handling units, a sea of chilling and freezing equipment is available to the dairy industry.
- We appreciate the flavorful food, recognizing in the candlelight the small, spicy leaves we snipped from a sea of greens that bright morning.
- Others will find a healthful haven among a sea of fortified yogurts and dairy beverages.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:5a0193d0-bfd6-4c7f-8a87-2932610a74bd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/english-spanish/sea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.774388 | 746 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Coloration of Dzungarian hamsters ranges from gray to pinkish buff dorsally and whitish on the underparts (Nowak, 1991). Some individuals have a dark dorsal stripe. The ears are dark blackish, edged and lined with white. During the winter months the fur turns partly white. As a result of having been bred and sold as domestic pets, these hamsters have given rise to a number of mutations in coat color. Three color mutations are commonly recognized: albino, argente, and opal; and two pattern mutations, mottled and platinum.
The Dzungarian hamster has a rounded robust body and short broad feet, covered with thick fur throughout. They also have dark eyes, long whiskers, sharp claws, and cheek pouches. Head and body length is 7-10.5cm while the tail length is 0.6-1.8cm. As in all rodents, one upper and one lower incisor are found on each side of the jaw. Canines and premolars are always absent, and there are no more than three lophodont cheek teeth on either side. (Macdonald 1984, Hill 1997)
Average mass: 23.4 g.
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.313 W. | <urn:uuid:b0521ed9-aa35-4a5e-a31c-848c594c4c60> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eol.org/data_objects/18666392 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92352 | 263 | 3.171875 | 3 |
When in 2047, the history of the 100 years of Independent India is written, P V Narasimha Rao will occupy a pivotal place and in some senses is likely to be ranked far ahead than those held in high esteem today merely for reasons of political expediency.
Certainly when it comes to economic liberalisation as the system to lift India out of its degrading poverty rather than the socialistic pattern of a planned economy, his name will be written in letters of gold. Perhaps the most appropriate phrase for what he did when he became prime minister would be Winston Churchill's famous quip made in the context of World War II: 'It was not the end, or even the beginning of the end; but rather the end of the beginning.'
Rao began the end of the socialist regime. Nehru, a firm admirer of the Soviet planned economy model, followed its economic model that placed emphasis on the State's role in economy and on distribution rather than production. The economic model was import-substitution that reduced trading with the rest of the world. To be fair to Nehru, given the history of the British East India Company that came as traders and went on to build an empire, Indians viewed traders, especially foreigners, with huge amount of suspicion and really did not want them around.
Indira Gandhi only increased the State's control over businesses. She nationalised the major banks and reduced foreign investment. Foreign investors soon left India, taking with them innovation and new technology. She raised taxes to ludicrous levels as a measure of socialist distribution and created the pernicious license-quota raj that fixed production levels. As the wag put it, with wealth not increasing, India was distributing poverty!
A Mumbai industrialist once recalled that when his firm wanted to increase its cement production (considering India's huge infrastructure needs, cement was then always in short supply), it was not allowed to do so! The Ambassador cars, whose shape remained (and remains) unchanged from the 1960 best exemplifies the economic stasis and all that was wrong: they were inferior, inefficient, and in India!
By the 1980s, it was clear that this license-quota raj had failed. Economic growth through the 1950s, 60s, and 70s was stuck at 3.5 per cent of GDP (called the Hindu rate of growth). But considering that population growth was 2.5 per cent, this meant that real growth was just 1 per cent. It was only in the late 1980s that economic growth crossed the 5 per cent mark, an improvement but still not enough to take India out of poverty in the foreseeable future.
The late 1980s and early 1990s were momentous years for India and the world. V P Singh, who became prime minister in November 1989, introduced the Mandal Commission report -- that is, job reservations for the other backward castes in August 1990. His government fell soon afterwards and Chandrashekhar, who next became prime minister, reigned for just a few months before an election was called in May 1991, when Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated.
Elsewhere, the Berlin Wall came tumbling down in November 1989 and the Communist government of East Germany was ousted. By now it was clear that Communism as a political and economic system had profound fundamental weaknesses. It was certainly not the panacea that it was made out to be. The Soviet Union had already been experimenting with glasnost and perestroika (openness and restructuring of its economy) for a few years without much success (the Soviet Union would collapse in August 1991).
India's worsening economic situation hit a nadir when the first Gulf War broke out in early 1991 and oil prices went through the roof. To the utter horror and shame of Indians, the Government of India had to fly India's gold reserves to the Bank of England as a deposit to ensure that India did not default on its international payments.
It is my humble belief that the implementation of the Mandal report and the depositing of gold abroad were the two issues that mentally prepared the Indians for a paradigm shift. For many middle-class (and mostly upper caste) Indians, the Mandal report meant that they could no longer depend on government jobs to keep their social and economic status. They needed jobs in the private sector and they needed a larger private sector.
Moreover, in India, the largest consumer of gold in the world, the yellow metal is a part of a family's emotional psyche. Most Indian Indian women wear a mangalsutra (a chain with some gold and a small pendant of gold or stone), and which is never removed unless the woman is widowed. It thus symbolises the health and wealth of the house. Sending Indian gold to Britain (the country that millions hold responsible for impoverishing India) was, clearly, deeply humiliating and unacceptable. In fact, it was an intrepid reporter who broke the story of Indian gold being flown out; the government had no intention of declaring this shameful incident.
Thus, when P V Narasimha Rao took over as prime minister in June 1991 and began his reforms, many middle-class Indians were ready for a change, clearly believing that the previous economic model had failed them and the country. This support was to play a crucial role.
Interestingly, Rao was not an economist (he had been minister for external affairs, home and defence); but he was an uncanny politician and now he revealed his shrewdness.
First, he asked (present Prime Minister) Manmohan Singh to be his finance minister. Manmohan had the credentials that endeared him to the middle-class: he was an economist of repute who had studied at both Oxford and Cambridge on scholarships; he was a former Reserve Bank of India governor and thus perceived as a reliable and non-corrupt economist rather than an untrustworthy politician out to make money. Better still, Singh, who was briefly a member of the Communist Party of India, had once supported the socialist model but had later turned against it for justifiable reasons. The apocryphal story goes that this happened after his visit to Malaysia (or Thailand), where he was boggled by the massive production in the factories for exports, compared to India's slow producing factories. East Asia was becoming the workshop of the world and Singh rued the fact that India was missing the boat.
Rao gave Singh a free hand and the latter, in the 1991 Budget (which was presented in July since the election was announced in February) announced a slew of economic reforms -- measures doing with the need for licenses and quotas in most industries, cutting import duties, and allowing foreign investment in most industries.
It is to Rao's absolute credit that he did not merely initiate economic reforms but that he stayed the course. Believe it or not, Manmohan Singh was the first finance minister of India to present all the five budgets of his government, thus showing how difficult is the job of the finance minister (and the prime minister who has to back him).
No wonder, Singh has always said that all credit for economic reforms belong to Rao who took care of the politicians and vested interests baying for Singh's blood.
Rao's critics seek to deny credit to him by saying he was forced to do what he did, especially after the International Monetary Fund agreed to provide loans on the condition that India reformed its economy. But such critics miss a crucial point: Rao could have always taken a different road. He could have clamped a financial emergency (never applied in India till date) and announced harsh economic measures, something that was in fact done in the late 1960s and early 1970s when India faced an economic crisis. No one would have opposed such measures then.
What will always be Rao's credit is that he had the intelligence and the courage to take -- and stay on -- a different road.
Alas, Rao's record on other fronts is terribly dismal. He was accused time and again of corruption, though he was proved innocent later. In fact, corruption (or charges of corruption) reached unbelievable levels during his five-year rule. He is also blamed, and rightly so, for allowing the destruction of the Babri Masjid and not taking a firm stand against a radical Hindu mob, a folly that would prove very expensive later on for both him personally and his party. Strangely, Rao's political shrewdness seemed to have then deserted him.
But at least in one area, Rao will always be a hero. If today Indians can talk of eight per cent and 10 per cent GDP growth, it is simply because this non-economist changed India's economic direction!
Also Read: 'PV': A scholar, a statesman | <urn:uuid:2646fab6-b2ce-40d4-9979-522b768e31c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/24akd.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98478 | 1,774 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Other Blue Tetra Names:
Blue Tetra, Cochus Blue Tetra
Blue Tetra Scientific Name:
Blue Tetra Temperament:
Species Type: Characins (Tetras)
Blue Tetra Adult Size: 2 inches (cm)
Blue Tetra Life Expectancy: 3 years
Blue Tetra Habitat: South American Rivers (Amazon River)
Blue Tetra Minimum Tank Size:
Generally peaceful but may nip at long flowing fins.
Blue Tetra Diet & Nutrition:
Herbivorous - Does well with vegetable based flake foods.
Blue Tetra Description:
An extremely active shoaling fish. This species is best maintained in groups of six or more in a large tank. It is generally peaceful in proper setups, but it may nip the fins of other fish (this is most often seen during feeding). Do not keep this species with fish that have long, flowing fins, or fish that are easily intimidated by more active species. In small or crowded aquaria, the Cochu's Blue Tetra will get frustrated and likely become aggressive towards other species of fish. Normal aggression in this species, which is generally limited to mild chasing and nipping, will be displayed almost exclusively to conspecifics (and not other species) in appropriate setups.
Tank Mate Compatibility:
Other tetras or community fish that can handle the low pH.
Blue Tetra Breeding & Spawning:
Lowering pH and water hardness a bit may induce breeding. Be sure to provide broad leaf plants for them to lay the eggs under.
Determining Blue Tetra Sex:
Females tend to be plumper than males.
All over but prefers middle region.
Blue Tetra Diseases:
None specific to species.
This Blue Tetra profile has been viewed 50836 times. | <urn:uuid:7eeca3d6-482b-479c-b5e0-cab34ea09c98> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.aquariumlife.net/profiles/characins/blue-tetra/100133.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866698 | 380 | 2.625 | 3 |
Mar 15, 2012
Dark mode plasma phenomena exist on the Sun.
The image at the top of the page is the most detailed ever taken of the Sun’s chromosphere. The smallest features are 130 kilometers in size. Each spicule is about 480 kilometers in diameter, with a length of 3200 kilometers. The largest measure as much as 8000 kilometers long. Although the light and dark regions are colorful, the colors were added in processing.
In the electric Sun hypothesis, the Sun is a glowing anode, or positively charged “electrode.” The cathode is an invisible “virtual cathode,” called the heliosphere. The heliosphere is at the farthest limit of the Sun’s coronal discharge, billions of kilometers from its surface, where a “double layer” isolates the Sun’s plasma cell from the galactic plasma that surrounds it. Galactic plasma is otherwise called the Interstellar Medium (ISM).
Electric forces occurring within the double charge layer above the Sun’s surface are responsible for the incredibly active plasma phenomena that we see. Since Electric Universe theory assumes that celestial bodies interact through conductive plasma and are connected by circuits, the Sun is also assumed to be electrically connected with the galaxy. The Sun can be thought of as an electrically charged object seeking equilibrium with its environment. However, it is not stable. The charges flowing into and out of the Sun can sometimes increase to the point where it releases plasma discharges called solar flares.
Conventional scientists see solar flares, or coronal mass ejections (CME), taking place when magnetic loops “reconnect” with each other, causing a short circuit. The so-called “magnetic energy” is said to accelerate gases into space. Although “magnetic reconnection” is a poorly constructed theory, it is the only explanation offered by heliophysicists.
The “solar wind” is a dark mode emission radiating from the Sun at approximately 700 kilometers per second. In a Universe governed by gravity, the Sun’s heat and radiation pressure cannot explain how the charged particles that make up the solar wind accelerate past Venus, Earth and the rest of the planets. Prior to the discovery, no one expected such acceleration.
In an Electric Universe, there is an obvious explanation: electric fields in space. Since coherent charges flow through the Solar System, then it seems reasonable to conclude that the dark mode solar plasma is affected by the electrodynamic fields of the Sun and its planetary family.
Solar flares could be tremendous lightning bursts in that case, pushing plasma to near relativistic speeds. If the circuit that connects the Sun with the Milky Way extends for hundreds of thousands of light-years, massive amounts of electrical energy might be contained in such magnetically confined “transmission lines” feeding the solar anode.
According to the Electric Sun theory, flares, the hot corona, and all other solar phenomena result from changes in the electrical input from our galaxy. Birkeland current filaments slowly rotate past the Solar System, supplying more or less power to the Sun as they go. Arc mode, glow mode, and dark mode discharges are all influenced by those flowing currents of electric charge. | <urn:uuid:a94bdee5-da02-43d1-b65f-c7a3172eb627> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2012/03/14/the-dark-of-the-sun-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925921 | 674 | 3.90625 | 4 |
NEW YORK (CBSNewYork) — There are some new and very rare additions to the Bronx Zoo.
Five Chinese yellow-headed box turtles — considered to be one of the 25 most endangered turtles in the world — were hatched at the zoo’s Reptile House.
There are fewer than 150 Chinese yellow-headed box turtles left in the wild, which is why the zoo’s work is so important.
“The success we are seeing in the early stages of this program is encouraging,” Bronx Zoo director Jim Breheny said in a statement. “Over time, we hope to expand our turtle propagation work to extend to many of the most endangered species of turtles and tortoises.”
The turtle once thrived in streams of the Anhui Province of eastern China, but its population dwindled due to pollution, habitat loss and human consumption, zoo officials said.
For more information, visit www.bronxzoo.com. | <urn:uuid:345860b4-b8b1-4848-b2f9-dc9b3c1cf94e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/12/17/rare-turtles-hatched-at-bronx-zoo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939303 | 201 | 3.0625 | 3 |
- UNC-TV Series
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- Owning UNC-TV Programs
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Kelly Alexander Sr., Fred Alexander, Julius Chambers, and Reginald Hawkins
Civil Rights Activists
In 1965, the homes of Charlotte civil rights activists Kelly Alexander Sr., Fred Alexander, Julius Chambers, and Reginald Hawkins are bombed.
Harvey Beech, James Lassiter, J. Kenneth Lee, and Floyd B. McKissick
First African-American UNC Law Students
In 1951, a court order requires the University of North Carolina to admit minority students to its graduate and professional schools. Floyd B. McKissick, Harvey Beech, J. Kenneth Lee, and James Lassiter become the first African Americans admitted to the law school.John Lewis Brandon, Leroy Frasier and Ralph Frasier
First African-American UNC-CH Freshmen
Leroy Frasier, John Lewis Brandon, and Ralph Frasier
In 1955, the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill admits the first African American freshmen: Leroy Frasier, John Lewis Brandon, and Ralph Frasier.
Civil Rights Organizer
Following the 1970 trial and subsequent acquittal of three white men charged with murdering an African American man in Oxford, N.C., Ben Chavis, a local civil rights organizer, started a boycott of white owned businesses in the area. This boycott was eventually successful in bringing about racial integration in Oxford.
Henry E. Frye
N.C. House of Representatives
In 1968, Henry E. Frye becomes the first African American elected to the N.C. House of Representatives in the twentieth century.
Ezell Blair, Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond
Civil Rights Activists
On Feb. 1, 1960 four black freshmen at North Carolina A&T State University, Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair, Jr., and David Richmond, took seats at the segregated lunch counter of F. W. Woolworth's in Greensboro, N.C. They were refused service and sat peacefully until the store closed. They returned the next day, along with about 25 other students, and their requests were again denied. The Greensboro Four inspired similar sit-ins across the state and by the end of February, such protests were taking place across the South. Finally in July, Woolworth's integrated all of its stores. The four have become icons of the civil rights movement.
Student Leader and Black Activist,
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
In 1960, Jesse Jackson enrolls at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. In 1963, Cliff MacKay of the Baltimore Afro-American, reporting on protests in Greensboro, quotes a young Jesse Jackson, student president of North Carolina A. & T.: "When a police dog bites us in Birmingham, people of color bleed all over America" ["Police Dogs in Ala. Spur N.C. Unrest," Afro-American]. Jackson would go on to participate in Martin Luther King Jr.’s historic march on Selma, Alabama, becoming a prominent an civil rights activist, Baptist minister, and American political candidate.
Director, N. C. Commission of Indian Affairs
In 1971, the General Assembly establishes the N. C. Commission of Indian Affairs with Bruce Jones, a Lumbee, as the first director.
Mayor, Chapel Hill, N.C.
In 1968, Howard Lee is elected mayor of Chapel Hill, making him the first African American mayor of a predominantly white southern city.
In 1960, college students involved in sit-in demonstrations hold a conference at Shaw University in Raleigh and form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), pronounced "SNICK." The organization adopts Gandhi's theory of nonviolent direct action. SNCC chairman John Lewis is one of the speakers at the March on Washington in 1963.
Raleigh’s First African-American Mayor
In 1973, Clarence Lightner becomes Raleigh's first African-American mayor.
Civil Rights Activist & Leader, Black Panthers
In 1970, he Winston-Salem chapter of the Black Panther Party receives its charter from the national party. The chapter has its beginnings in the East Winston Organization of Black Liberation, a group of African American students advocating community activism to combat police brutality and racial discrimination. Other North Carolina cities also have Black Panther chapters.
Rev. Douglas E. Moore
In 1957, seven black activists led by Rev. Douglas E. Moore challenge segregation with a sit-in at Durham's Royal Ice Cream Company.
Nathan C. Newbold
Director, Division of Negro Education
In 1921, North Carolina establishes the Division of Negro Education, with Nathan C. Newbold as director and George E. Davis as his assistant.
Henry Ward Oxendine
First American Indian Elected to N.C. General Assembly
In 1972, Henry Ward Oxendine, a Lumbee from Robeson County, becomes the first American Indian elected to the General Assembly.
Dr. James E. Shepard
Founder, The National Religious Training School and Chautauqua
In 1910, the National Religious Training School and Chautauqua, founded by Dr. James E. Shepard, opens in Durham. In 1923, it becomes a state-supported school to train African-American teachers. Two years later, the General Assembly makes it the nation's first state-supported liberal arts college for blacks, named the N. C. College for Negroes. It eventually becomes N. C. Central University.
Founder, Wheeler Flying Service
In 1969, Durham resident Warren Wheeler founds Wheeler Flying Service, becoming the first African American to own a commercial airline. | <urn:uuid:c2260d62-9078-4235-88b0-8ba6fc2d5b73> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.unctv.org/content/nceyes/leaders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912532 | 1,183 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Frances Moore Lappé
Writer, Activist : b. 1944
Frances Moore Lappé was born in Pendleton Oregon. A graduate of Earlham College in Indiana, she was a “26-year-old trusting her common sense” when she began the research that led to the publication of Diet for a Small Planet (1971), a book which sold over three million copies and changed forever the way people think about food. Her little book showed that human practices, not natural disasters, cause worldwide hunger. Food scarcity results when grain, rich in nutrients and capable of supporting vast populations, is fed to livestock to produce meat which yields only a fraction of those nutrients.
In Food First:Beyond the Myth of Scarcity (written with Joseph Collins, 1977) she went on to identify other causes of starvation that included the centralized control of farmland and economic pressures to produce “cash” crops rather than basic food products. The authors argued that western colonization of underdeveloped countries create conditions for waste and poor distribution of food resources that allow whole populations to go hungry. Their vision for feeding the world is referred to as “food self-reliance,” in which communities produce the food they consume and manufacture the tools and fertilizers that they need.
A passion for the democratic process infuses her work. Lappé is a co-founder of two national organizations: the Institute for Food and Development Policy based in California and the Center for Living Democracy, a ten-year initiative which encourages “regular citizens to contribute to problem-solving in all dimensions of public life.” In 1987, Lappé became the fourth American to receive the Right Livelihood Award, sometimes called the “Alternative Nobel,” for her “vision and work healing our planet and uplifting humanity.”
In 2002, Lappe and her daughter, Anna, published Hope’s Edge: The Next Diet for a Small Planet. Like other visionary leaders, Lappé sees hope as something to be lived not sought after: “A lot of people think we find hope by marshaling evidence and proving there is grounds for it. But hope isn’t what we find in evidence; it’s what we become in action.” It is not surprising, then, that her next book is called Choosing Courage in a Culture of Fear. | <urn:uuid:42592fc3-0faa-48a2-ab9f-30ba2de52b28> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.americanswhotellthetruth.org/portraits/frances-moore-lappe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958537 | 487 | 2.75 | 3 |
During an endomyocardial biopsy, a small amount of tissue is removed from the internal lining of the heart for testing. The biopsy helps diagnose and treat heart muscle disorders and is also used to detect rejection of a new heart after a heart transplant. A long, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into a vein and threaded up into the heart. The doctor can guide the catheter by watching its movement on a monitor showing an X-ray image of the area. The tip of the catheter is fitted with tiny jaws that the doctor can open and close. Once the catheter is in place, the doctor will take several small snips of muscle for microscopic examination. | <urn:uuid:dc2a06fb-0d0c-44d9-8dc1-f187da909777> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.sjo.org/Our-Services/Heart-and-Vascular-Center/Diagnostic-Services/Endomyocardial-Biopsy.aspx?LargeFonts=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936963 | 138 | 3.203125 | 3 |
It is a small unit that helps your heart beat more regularly. It does this with a small electric stimulation that helps control your heartbeat. Your doctor implants the machine under the skin on your chest, just under your collarbone. It is hooked up to your heart with tiny wires.
You may need one to keep your heart beating properly. This helps your body to get the blood, oxygen and food that it needs. Some people just need a pacemaker for a short time (like after a heart attack) and may use a kind that’s outside the skin. The battery unit for this type can be worn on a belt.
Why would I need one?
Your heart beats too slow or too fast.
There’s a block in your heart’s electrical pathways.
How does it work?
A pacemaker uses batteries to send electric signals to your heart to help it pump the right way.
It is connected to your heart by one or more wires. Tiny electric charges that you can’t feel move through the wire to your heart.
It works only when needed. They go on when your heartbeat is too slow, too fast or irregular.
How do I live with my pacemaker?
Check your pulse and keep a record of it the way your doctor tells you.
Your doctor will check your pacemaker every three to six months. The battery in your pacemaker should last eight years or longer. When the battery runs down, you will need surgery to replace it (free lifetime warranty is given by the manufacturer).
Take your medicine the way your doctors tell you.
Tell your doctor if you have trouble in breathing, if you gain weight or get puffy legs or ankles, or if you faint, black out or get dizzy.
Follow all doctors’ instructions and keep your appointments.
Carry an I.D. card with you so others know you have a pacemaker.
Tell your other doctors and your dentist that you have a pacemaker. Certain types of medical equipment may affect how a pacemaker works.
Tell airport security that you have a pacemaker.
Household microwaves, electric appliances, most office and light shop equipment will NOT affect your pacemaker.
If you work around industrial microwaves, electricity, cars or other large motors, ask your doctor about possible effects.
Can I use a mobile phone if I have a pacemaker?
You can use a cell phone, if you take these steps:
Hold the phone to the ear on the side of your body opposite from your pacemaker.
When your phone is on, try to keep it at least six inches away from your pacemaker. For example,Don’t carry your phone in your chest pocket over your pacemaker.
BY CASH OR CREDIT / DEBIT CARD.
Why Patients like DESUN?
Rated as one of India’s best hospitals
a) For excellence in quality of medical treatment and hospital services DESUN is the youngest hospital in India to get the prestigious National Accreditation Board for Hospitals (NABH) accreditation from Government of India. World over NABH is considered equivalent to JCAHO (Joint Commission for American Healthcare Organizations) or JCI (Joint Commission International) - the standards followed in US for hospital accreditation. Of more than 1000 hospitals in India who have applied for NABH even after 6 years not even 100 hospitals have been able to achieve the high quality standard required to get NABH accreditation. In the lead story of November 2011 issue of National News Magazine THE WEEK “India’s Best Hospitals” were covered based on an All India Survey. DESUN Hospital was included in this prestigious list of “India’s Best Hospitals”.
For excellence in quality of routine and Superspecialty pathology testing DESUN Pathology lab has also received the prestigious accreditation from the National Accreditation Board for Laboratories (NABL). In Eastern India only DESUN pathology lab has in-house facilities to perform superspecialty pathology tests like PCR, Flow Cytometry, etc. This benefits DESUN’s patients tremendously and there is practically no waiting time for getting test results when compared to other hospitals in Kolkata who have to send these tests to Mumbai or Delhi and wait for 3 / 4 days for get test results. Thus there is no delay in diagnosis and therefore, prompt and accurate treatment for DESUN’s patients.
Ranked on Top by both West Bengal and Central Government
There are only 7 hospitals in West Bengal considered by West Bengal Government as “Class 1 Hospital Service Providers” under the West Bengal Health Scheme – WBHS. DESUN is the first name in this list.
There are more than 100 hospitals in Eastern India empanelled by Central Government under Central Government Health Scheme – CGHS. Of these 100 only 2 hospitals have been able to qualify the high standards and have, therefore, been able to achieve the status of “Superspecialty Hospital” by CGHS. DESUN is one of the 2 Superspecialty hospitals categorized by CGHS.
Safest Hospital For Any Operation
2 of the major fears any surgeon has before any operation is that of OT infection and cardiac, heart complications during or after the operation. If OT infections occur or the patient develops cardiac problems even the best surgeon cannot help you. DESUN is the only hospital in Kolkata having STEEL OPERATION THEATERS (Steel OTs) which drastically reduces chances of OT infection. After the surgery the patient is under the best care of doctors and nurses in the post operative phase at DESUN. Also DESUN has the largest Heart Institute in Kolkata to handle any cardiac emergencies during or after the operation.
Specialist Doctors’ Round The Clock
With 28 medical departments having in-house specialist doctors any problem during your stay at DESUN can be handled by this specialist doctors’ team 24 hours. You may be admitted for a particular surgery but in the event there are some problems which a specialist needs doctor of another department it is available immediately in-house at DESUN. This facility is often not available at other renowned hospitals.
Desun Hospital Advantage – Know Why Desun Hospital , Kolkata is Your Best Choice
Desun hospital Kolkata is premium superspeciality hospital in Eastern India with state of art health care infrastructure. Desun hospital Kolkata is NABH and NABL accredited and follow strict quality parameters as per requirements.
Desun hospital is among the very few hospitals in India where there is more than 700 comprehensive surgery packages available. The composite surgery packages are all inclusive of the important things that are a part of any surgery process starting from information seeking by patient or patient party to the post operative care that may continue even after discharge from hospital. The surgery packages at the hospital have been developed by experienced medical team so that it is all inclusive and comprehensive.
The surgery packages at Desun Hospital Kolkata are affordable as per cost and quality. High quality health care services in a hospital in India at affordable cost are a combination that is indeed helpful to patients visiting the hospital from all over India, West Bengal and certainly Kolkata. People also visit the hospital from parts of the world like Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, South East Asia and Middle East.
The excellent patient service team and 24 hours emergency response also brings in local Kolkata residents and people from parts of West Bengal and North Bengal whose relatives, sons or daughters stay outside India. NRI’s and NROB’s have facility to enroll their parents and elders under the Desun Parent card scheme that enables them to take care of the hospitalization and health care needs of their senior citizen elders and parents back home in India. All payments and procedures of admission, discharge etc can be concluded online or over phone.
Desun hospital has facilities for latest surgeries and all modern equipments, OTs (Steel OT’s) and updated facilities to deliver excellence in terms of latest surgery techniques , modern well maintained equipments and over all top level health care infrastructure. Laparoscopic surgeries (lap) , key hole , minimally invasive and invasive surgeries all are conducted in the hospital. The hospital has advanced health care facility.
Highly experienced doctors, well trained staffs, active patient care team alongside the best surgery facilities provide a very good experience at Desun. This is evident from the numbers of people and families who recommend this hospital in Kolkata, India as a very dependable place for undergoing latest surgeries at an affordable cost. There are many success stories at Desun hospital those published and discussed even in leading national and local newspapers and news media in television. Desun’s medical team with it’s dedication and help pf advanced health care facilities at the hospital have done surgeries that are popular among hospital impact stories in India. | <urn:uuid:04510971-2ab4-4cab-9b53-d5cbdf79922c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.desunhospital.com/permanent-pacemaker.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935543 | 1,836 | 2.875 | 3 |
This release is available in French.
Montreal, December 31st, 2008 Patients who are infected with the latent form of tuberculosis (TB) show no symptoms and are not contagious, yet they pose the biggest challenge when it comes to controlling the disease. The latest study by Dr. Dick Menzies of the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) describes a new potential treatment for this particular form of TB. The paper based on this study was recently published in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
"Our results show that a four-month treatment with a drug called rifampin is better tolerated than the traditional nine-month treatment with a drug called isoniazid," explained Dr. Menzies. "The side effects with rifampin are much less frequent, particularly liver toxicity - which is the most serious risk of the traditional therapy with isoniazid. In addition patients are much more likely to complete this treatment - another big drawback to the nine month standard therapy."
Patients who currently receive a diagnosis of latent TB are treated for nine months with daily doses of isoniazid. Although effective, this treatment is very long and has major side effects on the liver. It is therefore common that patients do not complete treatment. Of course, this reduces the treatment's efficacy.
The new therapeutic option studied by Dr. Menzies lasts only four months and causes a lot less liver damage. Patients therefore adhere better to their treatment regimens, which is a critical first step towards ensuring the efficacy of the medication. This study was conducted on 847 patients in Canada, Brazil and Saudi Arabia. The results can therefore be generalized to a very broad population.
Currently, rifampin is most often used to treat the active form of TB. More in-depth studies will be necessary to test the effectiveness of this medication against latent TB, but the study researchers consider this treatment option to be very promising.
This study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Fonds de la recherche en sant du Qubec (FRSQ).
Dr. Dick Menzies is the Director of Respiratory Medicine at the MUHC and a researcher in the Respiratory Health Axis and Health Outcomes Axis at the Research Institute of the MUHC. He is also a Professor in Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics - in the Faculty of Medicine of McGill University.
The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI MUHC) is a world-renowned biomedical and health-care hospital research centre. Located in Montreal, Quebec, the institute is the research arm of the MUHC, the university health center affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine at McGill University. The institute supports over 600 researchers, nearly 1200 graduate and post-doctoral students and operates more than 300 laboratories devoted to a broad spectrum of fundamental and clinical research. The Research Institute operates at the forefront of knowledge, innovation and technology and is inextricably linked to the clinical programs of the MUHC, ensuring that patients benefit directly from the latest research-based knowledge.
|Contact: Isabelle Kling|
McGill University Health Centre | <urn:uuid:c5275cf7-cc04-41a7-9307-fc23d4a1057c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/New-treatment-option-for-latent-tuberculosis-34538-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932859 | 650 | 2.5625 | 3 |
vncpasswd - set passwords for VNC server
The vncpasswd utility should be used to create and change
passwords for the TightVNC server authentication. Xvnc uses such
passwords when started with the -rfbauth command-line option
(or when started from the vncserver script).
vncpasswd allows to enter either one or two passwords. The first
password is the primary one, the second password can be used for
view-only authentication. Xvnc will restrict mouse and keyboard
input from clients who authenticated with the view-only password. The
vncpasswd utility asks interactively if it should set the second
The password file name defaults to $HOME/.vnc/passwd unless the
-t command-line option was used (see the OPTIONS section
below). The $HOME/.vnc/ directory will be created if it does not
Each password has to be longer than five characters (unless the
-f command-line option was used, see its description below).
Only the first eight characters are significant. If the primary
password is too short, the program will abort. If the view-only
password is too short, then only the primary password will be saved.
Unless a file name was provided in the command-line explicitly, this
utility may perform certain sanity checks to prevent writing a
password file into some hazardous place.
If at least one password was saved successfully, vncpasswd will
exit with status code 0. Otherwise the returned status code will be
set to 1.
Write passwords into /tmp/$USER-vnc/passwd, creating the
/tmp/$USER-vnc/ directory if it does not exist, and checking the
permissions on that directory (the mode must be 700). This option can
help to improve security when your home partition may be shared via
network (e.g. when using NFS).
Filter mode. Read plain-text passwords from stdin, write encrypted
versions to stdout. One or two passwords (full-control and view-only)
can be supplied in the input stream, newline terminates a password.
Note that in the filter mode, short or even empty passwords will be
vncserver(1), Xvnc(1), vncviewer(1),
Original VNC was developed in AT&T Laboratories Cambridge. TightVNC
additions were implemented by Constantin Kaplinsky. Many other people
participated in development, testing and support.
Man page authors:
Marcus Brinkmann <Marcus.Brinkmann at ruhr-uni-bochum.de>,
Tim Waugh <twaugh at redhat.com>,
Constantin Kaplinsky <const at tightvnc.com> | <urn:uuid:7ba2d530-ac37-44e0-909c-54fb6ce13209> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tightvnc.com/vncpasswd.1.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00111-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839935 | 590 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Language conspires against us. How to make ourselves understood and at the same time speak in a way that does not perpetuate crazy myths?
For example: “Black” is used as a synonym for African American in the U.S. and, more and more often African Americans and Latinos are spoken about using the language of skin color: “Blacks and Browns.”
But is brown a useful label when so many Latinos are (whether by looks or by ancestry) just as black or even “blacker” than many African Americans? Is brown a useful label to describe Latinos ranging from the milkiest skin-toned to the ebony complexioned?
(Below, a great and scary example of racial disparities and myths in Latin America, courtesy of a Colombian travel site.)
The work of photographer Luis M. Salazar, born in El Salvador in 1974, was showcased last year at the S-Files collective exhibit at El Museo del Barrio in East Harlem.
The photo series is titled Spark La Música: Hip Hop en español in New York City, 2003-2005 and features artists like La Bruja, Enemigo, Don Divino, Inti and El Meswy. Considering the huge range of skin tones evident in the photos (from Don Divino and Inti’s deep brown skin to La Bruja’s and El Meswy’s cream-colored complexions) the text accompanying the photos struck me: “They come from [description of their various regional backgrounds]. And besides their color of skin and mother tongue, they all share the love of hip-hop culture.” I wondered: How can the text state these artists share a “color” while the photographic evidence right next to those words screams to the contrary?
“They are the ‘brown’ people,” states the exhibit text, curiously placing “brown” in quotation marks, but still describing their skin color as uniform.
To add yet another spin to the matter, while the above mentioned hip hop artists featured in Salazar’s photo series are from Latin America (Puerto Rico and Colombia), El Meswy is from Spain. So not only is this European artist being incorporated into the definition of Latino, but he is also endowed with the mythical brown-ness of Latinos and Latin Americans. It is a brown-ness that, though using the language of racial phenotypes (looks), stands as a synonym for a Latino pan-ethnicity that reaches across the Atlantic to Spain: to the “motherland” or “evil stepmotherland” of Latin Americans, depending on who you ask.
Some people insist that describing Latinos as brown is appropriate because we are supposedly all mixed. Yet, describing all Latinos as brown is tricky considering some of us are more mixed than others; also considering that some of us are just as mixed as African Americans, Native Americans, Asians or whites in the U.S.; also considering that some of us are not mixed at all; AND, also considering that depending on how mixed you are, you get treated differently, courtesy of Latino and Latin American-style racism and self-hatred.
Other people say that Latino brown-ness is just a convenient label that uses the language of skin color but really points beyond race. They say that brown-ness is a good symbolic way for Latinos to bridge our racial differences. But I do not buy it. This all sounds way too much like Mexican writer Jose Vasconselos’ dangerous myth of the “cosmic race” from back in the 1920s or like 1930s Puerto Rican writer Tomas Blanco playing down Latin American racism as “a kid’s game” compared to racism in the U.S.. Using the label brown to describe all Latinos sounds like a re-packaging of the old myth of “racial democracy” in Latin America.
As long as white is the color of privilege among Latinos and Latin Americans, pretending we are all brown sounds like a terrible idea to me. How can we address racial conflict, differences and inequality among Latinos if, supposedly, we are all brown? | <urn:uuid:78f4d0d9-a3eb-4142-99d2-d1af037e5b75> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://reggaetonica.blogspot.com/2006/10/myth-of-latino-brown-ness.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948575 | 869 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The history of Alaska's indigenous people can be traced back for centuries, depending on who you ask.
Loussac librarian Doug McAllister, who manages the library's Alaska Collection, says there are many theories about how the first Alaskans came to the region. Some believe they migrated, through generations, over a land bridge, before dispersing throughout the area.
"There's often much debate as to what area was occupied first and scientists will often look at materials to try and determine which groups occupied which areas," McAllister said.
Eleanor Hadden, curator at the Alaska Native Heritage Center, and part of the Tlingit group of Southeast, has a different belief. She says her cultural group believes its ancestors came to the region by sea. Those beliefs and traditions were often carried through generations in stories, as with the four other cultural groups that exist in what's now known as the state of Alaska.
"Because we were an oral society, we didn't have a written word, our totem poles were as close to a written word, our regalia with designs on it were as close to a written history as we can have 752 so as an oral tradition, stories were very important," Hadden said.
Alaska now has five culture groups – Haida (and Tlingit), Aleut, Inupiaq, Yu'pik and Athabascan. Among those groups, 20 different languages are spoken. The five groups are represented at the Alaska Native Heritage Center, with the goal of giving visitors insight into life many generations ago, before the 1700's, when contact with the outside world began.
"At contact time, there were a lot of diseases. Overall, within Native American communities and contact time, we lost about 85 to 90 percent of our population due to diseases or starvation," Hadden said.
Before disease hit, mere survival was already a challenge, mainly due to the cold climate. The Aleut people adapted to life near the unpredictable ocean and its brutal weather. They lived along what is now known as Alaska's Aleutian chain. They were maritime-reliant and their excellent hunting skills also attracted Russian fur traders in the 18th century.
"The Russians, when they came over here, were very keen on the sea otter pelts because it's the most luxurious fur. So they basically took command of the Aleuts and enslaved them and had them hunting the sea otters almost to extinction," McAllister said.
Hadden said resourcefulness is a common trait among all Alaska Native cultures – something that is on display at the heritage center. The groups also share many of the same skills and talents, particularly in innovation. However, each group is also very unique. Their cultures and traditions are deeply rooted in Alaska's story.
Contact Abby Hancock: | <urn:uuid:12e93def-32ff-4922-b8d2-453fe5d66fae> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://m.ktuu.com/news/alaskas-indigenous-past-deeply-rooted-in-alaskas-present/22980682 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985806 | 576 | 4 | 4 |
Merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files
Syntax paste [-s] [-d list] file ... Options -d list Use one or more of the provided characters to replace the newline characters instead of the default tab. The charac- ters in list are used circularly, i.e., when list is exhaust- ed the first character from list is reused. This continues until a line from the last input file (in default operation) or the last line in each file (using the -s option) is dis- played, at which time paste begins selecting characters from the beginning of list again. The following special characters can also be used in list: \n newline character \t tab character \\ backslash character \0 Empty string (not a null character). Any other character preceded by a backslash is equivalent to the character itself. -s Concatenate all of the lines of each separate input file in command line order. The newline character of every line ex- cept the last line in each input file is replaced with the tab character, unless otherwise specified by the -d option.
If `-' is specified for one or more of the input files, the standard input is used; standard input is read one line at a time, circularly, for each instance of `-'.
paste exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
“I have yet to hear a man ask for advice on how to combine marriage and a career” ~ Gloria Steinem
paste man page - Apple.com
cut - Divide a file into several parts
fmt - Reformat paragraph text
fold - Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
head - Output the first part of file(s)
join - Join lines on a common field | <urn:uuid:fb0083ed-fea3-42de-9fac-bf20adebf80b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ss64.com/osx/paste.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.841823 | 369 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This review maps the theory, practices and policies that underpin our understanding
of digital makers and digital making in relation to young people. It investigates what we know about the relation between what young people do today with digital technologies and what they then might do when they grow up, and when they join the workforce. It explores: creative and making experiences undertaken by young people by themselves or with their friends and in production-focused communities; an analysis of theories of learning underpinning digital making interventions across the full spectrum of educational provision; and formal policy documents and public pronouncements around digital creativity.
It offers three key recommendations:
- exploring, anatomising, and theorising digital creativity as an integrated concept across, as part of, and as discrete from other creative production disciplines;
- modelling growth, developments and progression in creative people (or people engaged in making and devising) as they move across and between different life- course experiences;
- and the need to invest in and share systematic accounts of learning digital creativity in a range of educational locations (at home, in the community, at school, college, university and at work), including case studies and quantitative measures in order develop a more consistent evidence base to support on-going initiatives. | <urn:uuid:5a6914d6-2962-4439-a9a9-feb2d6f223c2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.julianseftongreen.net/?p=230 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958438 | 249 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Anchorage Oceanview Elementary First Graders
Elementary school teachers know that even if you can not coax reluctant children to write, you can always get them to draw, paint or color. Having children express their ideas and feelings with paints and crayons first is a natural way to encourage openness to written language.
In celebration of Dr. Seuss' birthday last year, Beverly Courtnage and her first grade class at Oceanview Elementary read If I Ran the Zoo. She asked the children to design their own zoos with imaginary animals in them. Then the children wrote about what they had drawn. They named their animals and described them, playing with the sounds of made up words. They couldn't be wrong, and they could be as silly as they wanted. Several of the first graders thought this was one of the best projects they had done all year.
It has an entrance and fences and all kinds of animals. Brown, red , blue, big wings, legs and pretty fur. My family comes to my zoo. Here are some of the animals that are there—the zomozr can fly with humongous wings. So be careful that he doesn't knock you down. A Ringr, and a Boberloony is very very strange. He can play games! | <urn:uuid:efd0581e-ab1c-4cfb-8a18-a28f87c3054e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.litsite.org/index.cfm?section=Teaching-and-Learning&page=Writing-Workbooks&cat=Elementary-School&viewpost=2&ContentId=1247 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984728 | 264 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Intergenerational Relationships Provide Social, Emotional and Physical Benefits
The 1960s popularized the generation gap in America, which glared a public spotlight on the broad differences between youth and older adults, particularly in music, fashion and politics. Our culture is now age-segregated with diminished interaction between generations—a considerable contrast to societies through the ages where families lived in tight communities with grandparents and children often sharing the same home.
A couple decades ago, TV shows like “The Andy Griffith Show” and “The Waltons” portrayed the bond of older folks with their younger relatives (Opie knew better than to challenge Aunt Bee, and John-Boy showed his respect to Grandpa and Grandma and to those feisty Baldwin sisters). Today’s shows like “The Simpsons” and “Modern Family” model little of close-knit communication between generations. With our increasingly high-tech culture lacking in face-to-face interactions, does it really matter if seniors and young ones engage with each other?
Ongoing studies on intergenerational relationships are showing that it does. In schools where older adults regularly volunteer in classrooms, the children actually score higher in reading. Other research finds that children who interact with older adults show increased personal and social development. An impact study within Big Brothers Big Sisters revealed that young people involved in adult-youth mentoring programs were 52 percent less likely to skip school and 46 percent less likely to start using illegal drugs.
More than a decade ago, a biologist at the University of Iowa published his findings on fruit flies that became more physically fit and doubled their life span when living with younger fruit flies. Regarding humans, in a program involving Alzheimer’s patients and college students participating together in exercise sessions, the Alzheimer’s patients experienced a mood boost and held steady in cognitive decline.
“In our day-to-day elder care, we find that seniors who interact with babies, children, teens and college-age students are generally less depressed and more energetic,” said Dani Depetrillo, Right at Home Canada. “Breaking down the barriers between generations literally adds life to everyone’s years.”
The more the elderly spend time with the youth in their lives, the more both generations benefit. Increased social interaction between older and younger individuals brings out more smiles, which lowers stress, blood pressure and heart rate. Other overall health benefits to forming stronger relationships across the years include:
- Strengthened immune system. For both older and younger individuals, social interaction and physical activities reduce stress hormones and build the body’s natural defenses to fight off illness and disease.
- Increased skills and knowledge. Seniors learn about computer and technology innovations from youth to keep more engaged in society. Older adults share their wisdom and life experiences to mentor the younger.
- Decreased fears. Young children feel less fearful about being around older people and seniors develop less fear about aging and death.
- Greater emotional and social intelligence. Children and youth who interact with seniors develop greater communication and social skills and a more positive self-esteem. The intergenerational relationship fills a void of elders not having grandchildren or family near and the children benefit with the wisdom and stability of a new “grandparent” and role model.
- Renewed sense of purpose in life. Older adults feel less isolated and sense their continued usefulness to others and their community.
To create deeper multiage relationships, both seniors and youth can choose a number of activities to enjoy together. Playing board or computer games, cooking, storytelling, gardening, watching movies, discussing current events, and putting together photo albums and scrapbooks all form tighter bonds between generations. It’s important to be realistic about issues like seniors’ physical limitations and young ones’ shyness or hesitancies over bonding with older adults.
Despite the generation gap in their differences, seniors and youth can build mutually beneficial friendships that significantly affect their overall well-being today and tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:cda47f06-fa33-4c23-91b4-10e1a3e2bd21> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.essentialseniorsnetwork.org/intergenerational-relationships-provide-social-emotional-and-physical-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942619 | 821 | 3 | 3 |
Although people more commonly lose weight during cancer treatment, some people gain weight. Slight increases in weight during cancer treatment are generally not problematic. However, significant weight gain may affect a person's health and ability to undergo treatment.
Weight gain is an especially important health issue for women with breast cancer because more than half experience weight gain during treatment. Reports have shown that weight gain during treatment is linked to a poorer prognosis, which is the chance of recovery. Being overweight before treatment begins also increases the risk of serious health conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart problems.
The following cancer treatments may lead to weight gain:
Chemotherapy. Some chemotherapy causes the body to hold on to excess fluid in cells and tissues, which is called edema . In addition, chemotherapy often causes people to reduce physical activity, usually because of fatigue . It may increase hunger, especially for high-fat foods, or trigger intense food cravings. Also, chemotherapy may decrease a person’s metabolism, which is the rate that the body uses energy. It may also cause menopause in some women, which decreases their metabolism, increasing the likelihood of weight gain.
Steroid medications. Steroids are medications that are often used for cancer treatment to reduce symptoms of inflammation, such as swelling and pain, or to treat nausea. For some cancers, they are used as part of the treatment for the cancer itself. A side effect of these medications is an increase in fatty issue, which can increase the size of a person’s abdomen and cause fullness in the neck or face. Steroids may also cause the loss of both weight and muscle mass, which is called wasting. A noticeable increase in weight usually only occurs when people have been taking steroids continuously for many weeks.
Hormonal therapy. Hormonal therapy for the treatment of breast, uterine, prostate, and testicular cancers involves medications that decrease the amount of estrogen or progesterone in women and testosterone in men. Decreases in these hormone levels can increase fat, decrease muscle, and lower a person’s metabolism.
Managing weight gain
Relieving side effects–also called symptom management, palliative care , or supportive care–is an important part of cancer care and treatment. Talk with your health care team about any symptoms you experience, including any new symptoms or a change in symptoms.
If weight gain becomes a concern, talk with your doctor or a registered dietitian (RD) before starting a diet or changing your eating habits. They can help find out the possible cause of the weight gain and the best way to manage it. In addition, an RD can provide nutritional guidelines or a customized diet plan.
Consider the following ways to address weight gain through diet and physical activity:
- Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Limit fat, sugar, and refined flour.
- Drink plenty of water.
- Try to use healthier cooking methods whenever possible, such as steaming instead of frying.
- Evaluate everyday eating habits, and try to identify behavior patterns that lead to overeating and inactivity. It may be helpful to meet with an RD to help you with this.
- Find cardiovascular physical activities, such as walking or bicycling, that you enjoy, and do strength building exercises if you have lost muscle. However, check with your doctor before beginning a new type of exercise or increasing your amount of physical activity .
Managing fluid retention-related weight gain
It is important to call your doctor immediately if you experience any of the following signs of fluid retention:
- Skin that feels stiff or leaves small indentations on the skin after pressing on the swollen area
- Swelling of the arms or legs, especially around the ankles and wrists
- Rings, wristwatches, bracelets, or shoes that fit tighter than usual
- Decreased flexibility in the hands, elbows, wrists, fingers, or legs
The following tips can help you manage fluid retention:
- Ask a doctor about prescribing a medication that increases urination, called a diuretic, to rid the body of excess water.
- Lower the amount of salt in your diet.
- Avoid standing for long periods, and elevate your feet as often as possible.
- Avoid crossing your legs, which restricts blood flow.
- Weigh yourself at the same time each day, and keep a log of your daily weights. Be sure to bring this log with you to appointments so your health care team can evaluate them.
- Avoid tight clothing and footwear.
- Ask your health care team if wearing support or compression stockings may help.
Side Effects | <urn:uuid:827b75ec-4e9a-401c-add6-e16d9d2f40f1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cancer.net/print/25262 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950686 | 949 | 2.9375 | 3 |
TREATMENT OF NEUROLOGICAL CAUSES OF SECONDARY CEREBRAL DAMAGE
Continuous EEG monitoring should be used to detect electroencephalographic seizures without concomitant clinical manifestations and to determine if some clinical manifestations are epileptic. Electroencephalographic seizures with and without concomitant clinical manifestations should be treated. The antiepileptic drug of choice is phenobarbital. Diazepam, lorazepam, phosphenytoin, and valproic acid may also be used. The only contraindication for complete electroencephalographic and electroclinical seizure control is if the systemic effects of high antiepileptic drugs are deemed unacceptable. Brain swelling is managed by fluid restriction and placing the patient's head midline and mildly elevated. The use of mannitol and diuretics may offer some benefit but are not routinely used. Mannitol 0.25 g/kg intravenously (onset of action in 15 minutes) may be given every 6 hours during the first day.TREATMENT OF THE PRIMARY INSULT
of the primary insult may be carried out on the basis of a firm diagnosis
or on suspicion. Treatment of comatose neonates with a firm diagnosis
was briefly discussed under each etiology. The need for empirical treatment
arises when the suspected primary insult warrants immediate treatment
and its confirmation requires a potentially dangerous procedure, transportation,
or a laboratory test whose results will not be immediately available. | <urn:uuid:adeef4dd-daeb-4f65-b15d-e385b9c7503d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pediatricneuro.com/alfonso/pg83.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855211 | 308 | 2.640625 | 3 |
view a plan
Google Maps and Google Earth are used here to study plate tectonics and the corresponding locations of earthquakes and volcanoes
6, 7, 8
Title – Google Earth & Plate Tectonics
By – Erik Hanchett
Primary Subject – Science
Grade Level – 6-8
Students will use Google Maps and Google Earth to map out the Earth’s plate boundaries along with the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes and then identify the pattern.
- Students will use Google Maps and Google Earth to map out the locations of earthquakes, volcanoes and plate boundaries.
- Students will map these onto paper and then write a summary of the relationship between these landforms.
- Mid-ocean ridges and deep sea trenches can easily be seen through the satellite images of Google Earth. Students can map these out on a worksheet of a world map.
- Next, Google Earth has layers under various topics like earthquakes and volcanoes. These are highlighted and information can be accessed.
- Students can add volcanoes and earthquakes locations with symbols onto their maps.
- Once the maps are made, students can visualize the pattern between plate boundaries and the location of earthquakes and volcanoes.
- Student generated map and key.
E-Mail Erik Hanchett ! | <urn:uuid:697c5d69-74cc-47ad-a0cf-bd7266991c1f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lessonplanspage.com/sciencecissgoogleearthplatetectonics68-htm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8214 | 264 | 4.03125 | 4 |
WASHINGTON -- After nearly 40 years on the brink of extinction, the brown pelican is coming off the endangered species list.
The bird now prevalent across Florida and the Gulf and Pacific coasts was declared an endangered species in 1970, after its population was devastated by the use of the pesticide DDT. The pelican's recovery is largely due to a 1972 ban on the chemical.
Interior Secretary Ken Salazar will make the announcement Wednesday afternoon. A copy of the release was obtained in advance by The Associated Press.
The Bush administration in early 2008 proposed taking the bird completely off the endangered species list. In 1985, the Fish and Wildlife Service removed brown pelicans living along the Atlantic coast from the list. | <urn:uuid:c1e57a02-7de0-4054-a797-709abcd7f29f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2009/11/government_to_remove_brown_pel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941593 | 142 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Country profile: Saudi Arabia
One of the most devout and insular countries in the
Middle East, Saudi Arabia has emerged from being an underdeveloped desert
kingdom to become one of the wealthiest nations in the region thanks to vast oil
But its rulers face the delicate task of responding to pressure for reform
while combating a growing problem of extremist violence.
Named after the ruling Al Saud family, which came to power in the 18th
century, the country includes the Hijaz region - the birthplace of the Prophet
Muhammad and the cradle of Islam. This fact, combined with the Al Sauds'
espousal of a strict interpretation of Sunni Islam known as Wahhabism, has led
it to develop a strongly religious self-identity.
Continue reading the main story
At a glance
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi mosque in Medina: Resting place of the Prophet
- Politics: The Al Saud dynasty holds a monopoly of
power; political parties are banned and the opposition is organised from
abroad; militant Islamists have launched several deadly attacks
- Economy: Saudi Arabia is the world's dominant oil
producer and owner of the largest hydrocarbon reserves; rapidly growing
unemployment is a major challenge
- International: Saudi Arabia is one of the main
players in the Arab and Muslim worlds; its stature is built on its
geographic size, its prestige as the custodian of the birthplace of
Islam and status as major oil producer
Saudi Arabia was established in 1932 by King
Abd-al-Aziz - known as the Lion of Najd - who took over Hijaz from the Hashemite
family and united the country under his family's rule. Since his death in 1953,
he has been succeeded by various sons.
The Al Saud dynasty's monopoly of power meant that during the 20th century
successive kings were able to concentrate on modernisation and on developing the
country's role as a regional power.
It has always been in the ruling family's interests to preserve stability in
the region and to clamp down on extremist elements. To this end, it welcomed the
stationing of US troops in the country after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990.
But the leadership's refusal to tolerate any kind of opposition may have
encouraged the growth of dissident groups such as Osama Bin Laden's al-Qaeda,
which benefited from popular resentment against the role of the US in the Middle
After the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington of 11 September 2001 -
carried out mainly by Saudi nationals - the Saudi authorities were further torn
between their natural instincts to step up internal security and pressure to
allow a greater degree of democracy.
In 2003 suicide bombers suspected of having links with al-Qaeda killed 35
people - including a number of foreigners - in the capital Riyadh. Some Saudis
referred to the attacks as their own 9/11.
Since then, demands for political reform have increased, as has the frequency
of militant attacks, some of them targeted at foreign workers. The security
forces have made thousands of arrests.
Municipal elections in 2005 were a first, limited exercise in democracy. But
political parties are banned - the opposition is organised from outside the
country - and activists who publicly broach the subject of reform risk being
Saudi Arabia sits on more than 25% of the world's known oil reserves. It is
capable of producing more than 10 million barrels per day; that figure is set to
Full name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Population: 26.2 million (UN, 2010)
Area: 2.24 million sq km (864,869 sq miles)
Major language: Arabic
Major religion: Islam
Life expectancy: 73 years (men), 76 years (women) (UN)
Monetary unit: 1 Riyal = 100 halalah
Main exports: Oil, gas, cereals
GNI per capita: US $16,190 (World Bank, 2009)
Internet domain: .sa
International dialling code: +966
Head of state, prime minister: King Abdullah Bin-Abd-al-Aziz
King Abdullah is seen as being reform-minded
within the Saudi context
Saudi Arabia has been ruled since its foundation by the Al Saud dynasty. King
Abdullah succeeded the late King Fahd, his half-brother, in August 2005.
As crown prince, Abdullah had been the effective ruler of Saudi Arabia since
the former king suffered a stroke in the mid-1990s.
He became heir to the throne in 1982, commanded the powerful National Guard
and was considered to be the most influential figure in the country. He is a
former mayor of Mecca. His son, Mutib, is deputy commander of the National
Abdullah is said to have forged alliances with other members of the ruling
family to offset the influence of his seven half brothers. Known as the "Sudayri
Seven", they are the most powerful alliance within the ruling family.
He is seen as being untainted by corruption - giving credibility to his drive
to stamp it out - and to favour reforms which are balanced with a respect for
Regarded in the Arab world as a supporter of wider Arab interests, he has
criticised US support for Israel and Israel's occupation of Palestinian
At home, he appears to subscribe to the view that granting modest reforms can
help prevent potentially explosive tensions from building up.
One of his responses to the Arab Spring has been to use financial sweeteners
in an effort to keep the Saudi people happy.
He has also promised Saudi women that they will eventually get the vote.
King Abdullah is believed to have been born in 1924. He received a
traditional religious education and is close to the Saudi tribal way of life,
often spending periods of time in the desert. However, he has never shared the
severely puritanical view of Islam of his country's Wahhabi religious
- Interior Minister Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz al Saud was named as heir
to the throne, following the death of Sultan bin Abdul Aziz in October 2011.
Saudi Arabia maintains tight control over the
Saudi investors are major players in the pan-Arab TV
industry, but the country has one of the region's most tightly-controlled media
Criticism of the government and royal family and the questioning of Islamic
tenets are not generally tolerated. Self-censorship is pervasive.
The state-run Broadcasting Service of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (BSKSA)
operates almost all domestic broadcasting outlets. The minister of culture and
information chairs the body which oversees radio and TV.
Private TV stations cannot operate from Saudi soil, but the country is a
major market for pan-Arab satellite and pay-TV. Saudi investors are behind the
major networks MBC, which is based in Dubai, and Bahrain-based Orbit Showtime.
Saudi tycoon Prince Alwaleed bin Talal owns the Rotana media entertainment
empire and in late 2011 acquired a $300m stake in the social media site Twitter.
Newspapers are created by royal decree. There are more than a dozen dailies.
Pan-Arab papers, subject to censorship, are available. On sensitive stories,
newspapers tend to follow the editorial lead of the state-run news agency.
There were 11.4 million internet users by December 2010 (Internetworldstats.com).
Strict filtering is in place, targeting "pornographic", Islam-related, human
rights and political sites. The authorities say some 400,000 sites are blocked.
Changes to the press law in 2011 brought all forms of electronic publishing
under its scope.
Saudi researchers say there are up to 10,000 blogs in the kingdom. The
platform has given women some leeway to express themselves freely.
Al-Watan - Abha-based daily
Al-Riyadh - Riyadh-based daily
Okaz - Jeddah-based daily
Al-Jazirah - Riyadh-based daily
Al-Sharq al-Awsat - Riyadh-based
daily, English-language web pages
Arab News - Jeddah-based
Saudi Gazette - Jeddah-based
Saudi TV - state-run, operates four
networks, including news network Al-Ikhbariya
Saudi Radio - state-run
Saudi Press Agency (SPA)
- state-run, English-language pages
A chronology of key events:
1871 - The Ottomans take control of the province of Hasa.
Continue reading the main story
Mecca: Islam's holiest city
Millions of Muslims make the pilgrimage to Mecca every year. Non-Muslims
are prohibited from entering.
1891 - The Al Saud family are exiled
to Kuwait by the Rashidi family.
1902 - Abd-al-Aziz Bin-Abd-al-Rahman Bin-Faysal Bin-Turki
Bin-Abdallah Bin-Muhammad Al Saud (often known as Ibn Saud) takes control of
Riyadh bringing the Al Saud family back into Saudi Arabia.
1912 - The Ikhwan (Brotherhood) is founded based on
Wahhabism; it grows quickly and provides key support for Abd-al-Aziz.
1913 - Hasa is taken from the Ottomans by Abd-al-Aziz.
1921 - Abd-al-Aziz takes the title Sultan of Najd.
1924 - Mecca regained.
1925 - Medina retaken.
1926 - Abd-al-Aziz is proclaimed King of the Hijaz in the
Grand Mosque of Mecca.
1928-30 - The Ikhwan turn against Abd-al-Aziz due to the
modernisation of the region and the increasing numbers of non-Muslims. They are
defeated by Abd-al-Aziz.
1932 September - The areas controlled by Abd-al-Aziz are
unified under the name Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Abd-al-Aziz is proclaimed
1933 - King Abd-al-Aziz's eldest son, Saud, is named Crown
1938 - Oil is discovered and production begins under the
US-controlled Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company).
1953 November - King Abd-al-Aziz dies and is succeeded by
the Crown Prince Saud Bin-Abd-al-Aziz Al Saud. The new King's brother, Faysal is
named Crown Prince.
King Saud deposed
1960 - Saudi Arabia is a founding member of Opec
(Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries).
Continue reading the main story
Oil - source of Saudi wealth
- World's largest oil exporter with 25% of proven global reserves
- Prospecting began in 1933
- Ghawar oil field, world's largest, has estimated reserves of 70bn
1964 November - King Saud is deposed
by his brother, the Crown Prince, Faysal Bin-Abd-al-Aziz Al Saud.
1970 - The OIC (Organisation of the Islamic Conference) is
founded in Jeddah.
1972 - Saudi Arabia gains control of a proportion (20%) of
Aramco, lessening US control over Saudi oil.
1973 - Saudi Arabia leads an oil boycott against the Western
countries that supported Israel in the October War against Egypt and Syria. Oil
King Faysal assassinated
1975 March - King Faysal is assassinated by his nephew,
Faysal Bin-Musaid Bin-Abd-al-Aziz; he is succeeded by his brother, Khalid Bin-Abd-al-Aziz
1979 - Saudi Arabia severs diplomatic relations with Egypt
after it makes peace with Israel.
1979 - Extremists seize the Grand Mosque of Mecca; the
government regains control after 10 days and those captured are executed.
1980 - Saudi Arabia takes full control of Aramco from the
1981 May - Saudi Arabia is a founder member of the GCC (Gulf
King Khalid dies
1982 June - King Khalid dies of a heart attack and is
succeeded by his brother, Crown Prince Fahd Bin-Abd-al-Aziz Al Saud.
1986 November - King Fahd adds the title "Custodian of the
Two Holy Mosques" to his name.
1987 - Saudi Arabia resumes diplomatic relations with Egypt,
severed since 1979.
1990 - Saudi Arabia condemns Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and
asks the US to intervene; it allows foreign troops, the Kuwaiti government and
many of its citizens to stay in Saudi Arabia but expels citizens of Yemen and
Jordan because of their governments' support of Iraq.
Saudi attacks Iraq
1991 - Saudi Arabia is involved in both air attacks on Iraq
and in the land force that went on to liberate Kuwait.
1992 March - King Fahd announces the "Basic System of
Government" emphasising the duties and responsiblities of a ruler. He proposes
setting up a Consultative Council (majlis al-shura).
1993 September - King Fahd decrees the division of Saudi
Arabia into thirteen administrative divisions.
1993 December - The Consultative Council is inaugurated. It
is composed of a chairman and 60 members chosen by the king.
1994 - Islamic dissident Osama Bin Laden is stripped of his
King Fahd ill
1995 November - King Fahd has a stroke. Crown Prince
Abdullah Bin-Abd-al-Aziz Al Saud takes on the day-to-day running of the country.
1996 February - King Fahd resumes control of state affairs.
1996 June - A bomb explodes at the US military complex near
Dhahran killing 19 and wounding over 300.
1997 July - King Fahd increases the members of the
Consultative Council (majlis al-shura) from sixty to ninety.
1999 October - Twenty Saudi women attend a session of the
Consultative Council for the first time.
2000 September - UK-based rights group Amnesty International
describes Saudi Arabia's treatment of women, particularly foreign domestic
workers, as "untenable" by any legal or moral standard.
2001 March - Several British workers are arrested in Riyadh
after a series of blasts in which a British and an American national are killed.
Relations with US
Large parts of southern Saudi Arabia are sand
2001 11 September - 15 of the 19 hijackers involved in
attacks on New York and Washington are Saudi nationals.
2001 December - King Fahd calls for the eradication of
terrorism, saying it is prohibited by Islam; government takes the unprecedented
step of issuing ID cards to women.
2002 February - British man arrested in Riyadh after the
March 2001 bombings claims the Saudi authorities tortured him and forced a
confession. The man, Ron Jones, had been released after being allowed to retract
2002 May - Revised criminal code includes ban on torture and
right of suspects to legal representation, but rights campaigners say violations
2002 November - Saudi foreign minister says his country will
not allow the US to use its facilities to attack Iraq, even in a UN-sanctioned
2003 April - US says it will pull out almost all its troops
from Saudi Arabia, ending a military presence dating back to the 1991 Gulf war.
Both countries stress that they will remain allies.
2003 May - Suicide bombers kill 35 people at housing
compounds for Westerners in Riyadh hours before US Secretary of State Colin
Powell flies in for planned visit.
Signs of dissent
2003 September - More than 300 Saudi intellectuals - women
as well as men - sign petition calling for far-reaching political reforms.
2003 October - Police break up unprecedented rally in centre
of Riyadh calling for political reform. More than 270 people are arrested.
2003 November - Suicide attack by suspected al-Qaeda
militants on residential compound in Riyadh leaves 17 dead and scores injured.
2003 November - King grants wider powers to Consultative
Council (majlis al-shura), enabling it to propose legislation without his
2004 February - Stampede at Hajj pilgrimage leaves 251 dead.
2004 April - Four police officers and a security officer
killed in attacks near Riyadh. Car bomb at security forces' HQ in Riyadh kills
four, wounds 148. Group linked to al-Qaeda claims responsibility.
2004 May - Attack at petrochemical site in Yanbu kills five
foreigners. Attack and hostage-taking at oil company compound in Khobar; 22
people are killed.
2004 June - Three gun attacks in Riyadh within a week leave
two Americans and a BBC cameraman dead. The same week, a US engineer is abducted
and beheaded, his filmed death causing revulsion in America.
Security forces kill local al-Qaeda leader Abdul Aziz al-Muqrin shortly
afterwards, but an amnesty for militants which follows has only limited effect
despite a fall in militant activity.
2004 December - Attack on US consulate in Jeddah; five staff
and four attackers are killed.
Two car bombs explode in central Riyadh; security forces kill seven suspects
in a subsequent raid.
2005 February-April - First-ever nationwide municipal
elections. Women do not take part in the poll.
2005 1 August - Saudi royal court announces death of King
Fahd. He is succeeded by the former crown prince, Abdullah.
2005 September - Five gunmen and three police officers
killed in clashes in the eastern city of Dammam.
Continue reading the main story
Al-Yamamah arms deal
Britain's biggest arms contract, first signed in 1985
- Involves aircraft, ships and support for Saudi military
- Worth £40 billion for BAE Systems and partners
- New order for 72 Eurofighter Typhoon jets confirmed in 2007
- UK probe into alleged corruption dropped
2005 November - World Trade
Organization gives the green light to Saudi Arabia's membership following 12
years of talks.
2006 January - 363 Hajj pilgrims are killed in a crush
during a stone-throwing ritual in Mecca. In a separate incident, more than 70
pilgrims are killed when a hostel in the city collapses.
2006 February - Government says it has foiled a planned
suicide bomb attack on a major oil-processing plant at Abqaiq.
2006 June - Six men allegedly linked to al-Qaeda are killed
in a shootout with police in Riyadh, the latest of several incidents involving
2006 October - Saudi Arabia moves to formalise the royal
succession in an apparent bid to prevent infighting among the next generation of
2006 December - Britain halts a fraud investigation into the
al-Yamamah defence deal with Saudi Arabia.
2007 February - Four French nationals are killed in a
suspected terror attack near the north-western ruins of Madain Saleh, which are
popular with tourists.
2007 April - Police say they have arrested 172 terror
suspects, some of whom trained as pilots for suicide missions.
2007 July - Religious police are banned from detaining
suspects. The force has come under increasing criticism for overzealous
behaviour after recent deaths in custody.
2007 September - Saudi Arabia, Britain agree a deal for 72
Eurofighter Typhoon combat jets.
2007 October - Royal decree orders an overhaul of the
2007 December - Authorities announce arrest of a group of
men suspected of planning attacks on holy sites during the Hajj pilgrimage.
2008 April - British High Court rules British government
acted unlawfully in dropping corruption inquiry into the £43bn Saudi Al-Yamamah
2008 July - British House of Lords reverses High Court
decision and says their government acted lawfully in dropping investigation into
the Al-Yamamah defence deal as the Saudis had threatened to withdraw cooperation
with London on security matters.
2008 December - Saudi Arabia and Qatar agree final
delineation of border.
2009 February - Interpol issues security alerts for 85 men
suspected of plotting attacks in Saudi Arabia, in its largest group alert. All
but two are Saudis.
King Abdullah sacks head of religious police, most senior judge and central
bank head in rare government reshuffle. Also appoints country's first woman
2009 April - Saudi Arabia said it had arrested 11 al-Qaeda
militants who were allegedly planning attacks on police installations, armed
robberies and kidnappings.
2009 June - US President Barack Obama arrived in Saudi
Arabia at the start of a Middle East tour aimed at increasing US engagement with
the Islamic world. Had talks with King Abdullah.
2009 July - A court issued verdicts in the first explicit
terrorism trial for al-Qaeda militants in the country. Officials said 330 had
been on trial, but did not specify how many had been found guilty. One was
sentenced to death.
Amnesty International criticised Saudi Arabia over abuses allegedly committed
as part of its counter-terrorism operations, saying thousands of suspects have
been detained for years without charge or trial.
The Human Rights Watch group accuses Saudi Arabia of not living up to pledges
to free women from the institution of male guardianship, which prevents them
from receiving medical treatment without the permission of a male relative.
2009 August - Saudi Arabia says it arrested 44 suspected
militants with alleged links to al-Qaeda.
2009 November - Saudi troops move to enforce buffer zone in
northern Yemen after becoming involved in border clashes with Yemeni rebels.
2010 October - US officials confirm plan to sell $60 billion
worth of arms to Saudi Arabia - the most lucrative single arms deal in US
2010 November - Officials announce arrest of 149 militants
over past eight months, most of them allegedly belonging to al-Qaeda.
King Abdullah undergoes back surgery in the US.
2010 December - Diplomatic cables revealed by
whistle-blowing website Wikileaks suggest US concern that Saudi Arabia is the
''most significant'' source of funding for Sunni terrorist groups worldwide.
2011 January - Tunisian President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali
finds sanctuary in Saudi Arabia after fleeing a popular uprising at home.
2011 February - King Abdullah announces increased welfare
spending, as unrest continues across Arab world.
2011 March - Public protests banned, after small
demonstrations in mainly Shia areas of the east. King Abdullah warns that
threats to the nation's security and stability will not be tolerated.
Saudi troops participate in crackdown on unrest in Bahrain.
2011 June - Saudi women mount symbolic protest drive in
defiance of ban on female drivers.
2011 September - King Abdullah announces more rights for
women, including the right to vote and run in municipal elections and to be
appointed to the consultative Shura Council - the most influential political
body in the country.
A woman is sentenced to 10 lashes after being found guilty of driving - the
first time that a legal punishment has been handed down for violation of the ban
on women drivers. King Abdullah overturns the sentence.
2011 October - Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz al Saud is named
as the heir to the throne, after Crown Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz al Saud dies.
2011 December - US confirms major sale of fighter jets to | <urn:uuid:addc2fb9-7ea9-47ac-8d78-aaafb6cfeea0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.aliplatinumscript.com/countrydetails.php?es_id=204 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938768 | 4,861 | 2.734375 | 3 |
When a 7-year-old is bullied to the point of hanging himself, it puts schoolyard teasing into a whole new light.
Just this week, the autopsy report confirms that the Detriot boy’s death was, in fact, a suicide. His parents has been aware of the bullying and were actively seeking assistance.
But, not soon enough.
His case is unusual in that most youth suicides are among older children or adolescents — the number of which has also been on the rise.
Several teen suicides have been publicized on the news in recent years, often times in relation to cyberbullying. Cyberbullying involves harassment or bullying using social media outlets either anonymously or out in the open.
Most recently in the news, the young man responsible for cyberbullying 18-year-old Tyler Clementi was sentenced for webcam spying on the homosexual teen. Clementi, a Rutgers student at the time, ultimately jumped to his death from the George Washington Bridge back in 2010.
The recent reported increases in teen suicides are not simply due to more suicides occurring. It is also due to an increased awareness, according to Dr. Jacqueline Smith, child and adolescent psychiatrist at University of North Carolina Hospitals.
While increased media coverage of suicides do bring it to parents attention, it can also have the opposite effect of encouraging more suicides.
“There can be almost a contagion effect when teen suicide is highly publicized,” Smith says. “It may make it seem easier to do for those youth already contemplating suicide and — for those who haven’t yet thought about suicide — it can almost romanticize the act in their eyes.”
Suicide is the sixth leading cause of death in youth ages five to 14, and third among those 15 to 24. In general, African-American youth commit suicide less than whites. But, Smith says it’s still a concern that shouldn’t be ignored.
“If something seems different or not quite right about your child, just ask them how they are doing,” she says. “Changes in behavior and emotions can be a sign that youth are contemplating suicide.”
There is a clear connection between certain suicides and bullying by peers, but actual statistics on the overall connection is unknown. For every one child committing suicide from bullying, though, much more bullying goes unnoticed.
Some studies suggest that half of youth are bullied during their school years and one in ten are bullied on a regular basis.
“Youth who bully others may have been victims of abuse or neglect themselves,” Smith says.
There are other factors that lead to bullying others, she adds, such as the bully being isolated from peers him or herself, or exposure to violence in the home or television.
Bullying is a way for youth to deal with these intense emotions. He or she attempts to control and hurt others in order to feel in control, according to Smith. | <urn:uuid:bb9bad35-5449-4b7e-aa96-151a15ea0a39> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thegrio.com/2012/06/08/teen-bullying-and-suicide-playground-a-solution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00074-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96846 | 605 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Why they set up a bronze statue of Cylon in spite of his plotting a tyranny1
, I cannot say for certain; but I infer that it was because he was very beautiful to look upon, and of no undistinguished fame, having won an Olympian victory in the double foot-race, while he had married the daughter of Theagenes, tyrant of Megara
In addition to the works I have mentioned, there are two tithes dedicated by the Athenians after wars. There is first a bronze Athena, tithe from the Persians who landed at Marathon. It is the work of Pheidias, but the reliefs upon the shield, including the fight between Centaurs and Lapithae, are said to be from the chisel of Mys2
, for whom they say Parrhasius the son of Evenor, designed this and the rest of his works. The point of the spear of this Athena and the crest of her helmet are visible to those sailing to Athens
, as soon as Sunium is passed. Then there is a bronze chariot, tithe from the Boeotians and the Chalcidians in Euboea3
. There are two other offerings, a statue of Pericles, the son of Xanthippus, and the best worth seeing of the works of Pheidias, the statue of Athena called Lemnian after those who dedicated it.
All the Acropolis is surrounded by a wall; a part was constructed by Cimon, son of Miltiades, but all the rest is said to have been built round it by the Pelasgians, who once lived under the Acropolis. The builders, they say, were Agrolas and Hyperbius. On inquiring who they were I could discover nothing except that they were Sicilians originally who emigrated to Acarnania
On descending, not to the lower city, but to just beneath the Gateway, you see a fountain and near it a sanctuary of Apollo in a cave. It is here that Apollo is believed to have met Creusa, daughter of Erechtheus.... when the Persians had landed in Attica Philippides was sent to carry the tidings to Lacedaemon
. On his return he said that the Lacedacmonians had postponed their departure, because it was their custom not to go out to fight before the moon was full. Philippides went on to say that near Mount Parthenius he had been met by Pan, who told him that he was friendly to the Athenians and would come to Marathon to fight for them. This deity, then, has been honored for this announcement.
There is also the Hill of Ares, so named because Ares was the first to be tried here; my narrative has already told that he killed Halirrhothius, and what were his grounds for this act. Afterwards, they say, Orestes was tried for killing his mother, and there is an altar to Athena Areia （Warlike）, which he dedicated on being acquitted. The unhewn stones on which stand the defendants and the prosecutors, they call the stone of Outrage and the stone of Ruthlessness.
Hard by is a sanctuary of the goddesses which the Athenians call the August, but Hesiod in the Theogony4
calls them Erinyes （Furies）. It was Aeschylus who first represented them with snakes in their hair. But on the images neither of these nor of any of the under-world deities is there anything terrible. There are images of Pluto, Hermes, and Earth, by which sacrifice those who have received an acquittal on the Hill of Ares; sacrifices are also offered on other occasions by both citizens and aliens.
Within the precincts is a monument to Oedipus, whose bones, after diligent inquiry, I found were brought from Thebes
. The account of the death of Oedipus in the drama of Sophocles I am prevented from believing by Homer, who says that after the death of Oedipus Mecisteus came to Thebes
and took part in the funeral games.
The Athenians have other law courts as well, which are not so famous. We have the Parabystum （Thrust aside） and the Triangle; the former is in an obscure part of the city, and in it the most trivial cases are tried; the latter is named from its shape. The names of Green Court and Red Court, due to their colors, have lasted down to the present day. The largest court, to which the greatest numbers come, is called Heliaea. One of the other courts that deal with bloodshed is called “At Palladium,” into which are brought cases of involuntary homicide. All are agreed that Demophon was the first to be tried there, but as to the nature of the charge accounts differ.
It is reported that after the capture of Troy Diomedes was returning home with his fleet when night overtook them as in their voyage they were off Phalerum. The Argives landed, under the impression that it was hostile territory, the darkness preventing them from seeing that it was Attica
. Thereupon they say that Demophon, he too being unaware of the facts and ignorant that those who had landed were Argives, attacked them and, having killed a number of them, went off with the Palladium. An Athenian, however, not seeing before him in the dark, was knocked over by the horse of Demophon, trampled upon and killed. Whereupon Demophon was brought to trial, some say by the relatives of the man who was trampled upon, others say by the Argive
At Delphinium are tried those who claim that they have committed justifiable homicide, the plea put forward by Theseus when he was acquitted, after having killed Pallas, who had risen in revolt against him, and his sons. Before Theseus was acquitted it was the established custom among all men for the shedder of blood to go into exile, or, if he remained, to be put to a similar death. The Court in the Prytaneum, as it is called, where they try iron and all similar inanimate things, had its origin, I believe, in the following incident. It was when Erechtheus was king of Athens
that the ox-slayer first killed an ox at the altar of Zeus Polieus. Leaving the axe where it lay he went out of the land into exile, and the axe was forthwith tried and acquitted, and the trial has been repeated year by year down to the present.
Furthermore, it is also said that inanimate objects have on occasion of their own accord inflicted righteous retribution upon men, of this the scimitar of Cambyses affords the best and most famous instance.5
Near the sea at the Peiraeus is Phreattys. Here it is that men in exile, when a further charge has been brought against them in their absence, make their defense on a ship while the judges listen on land. The legend is that Teucer first defended himself in this way before Telamon, urging that he was guiltless in the matter of the death of Ajax. Let this account suffice for those who are interested to learn about the law courts. | <urn:uuid:c4feb6ee-7a94-4f85-b3f6-fd5191b0c677> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160:book=1:chapter=28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98711 | 1,520 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Passive components are largely ignored in highfrequency circuits, until they become a problem. They are the fundamental building blocks of electronic circuits and, like bricks and lumber in the building industry, are assumed to perform as advertised.
It is not by accident that this issue features a special report on materials by Editor Nancy Friedrich (see p. 28). The focus of that story is on numerous refinements made to composites to increase their heat-bearing or heat-dissipating capabilities. And improvements in passive components are not possible without enhancements in materials. Thermal management is of increasing concern for advancing the state of the art in both materials and passive components because of the increasing power densities of new transistor technologies.
The adage of "where there's smoke, there's fire" can be adapted for modern electronics to "where there's heat, there's a problem." Heat can rapidly age circuits and components. The heat is generated by such factors as inefficiencies in solid-state devices and thermal resistance in passive elements. When not properly managed, few things can shut down an electronic device as quickly.
Materials suppliers are aware of the growing need for higher power densities and are developing new formulations. Some component suppliers have long understood the connection between insertion loss and the generation of heat from high power levels. Companies such as Werlatone, Narda Microwave, RLC Electronics, and Labtech Microwave build passive components for high power levels. The key in building such components is to minimize any cause of heat from the power, such as insertion loss. Some loss is unavoidable, due to fabrication tolerances and dissipative materials losses. But materials suppliers fully understand this connection between power and heat, and the need to "get the heat out" from modern, high-speed, high-frequency circuits. They have invested in considerable research on different composites and combinations of materials, searching for the best compromises in mechanical and electrical stability, loss, and thermal dissipation capabilities.
There will always be a limit to the amount of power (and heat) that can be contained within a given area or volume of a printedcircuit board. But with the ever-improving thermal characteristics of circuit-board and other related materials, those limits are being stretched, allowing for further miniaturization of passive components even at high power levels. | <urn:uuid:b71a22e4-1b1c-489f-bd2a-3ef8bd5006a5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mwrf.com/print/passive-components/be-proactive-about-passive-components | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9434 | 473 | 3.390625 | 3 |
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The future of agriculture isn’t solely the domain of gleaming corporate headquarters teeming with industry scientists and pearly-toothed pin-striped-suited marketers. They’re important, of course. But if you want a glimpse of a where the future of agriculture really lies, look no further than this research farm on a lonely stretch of highway east of Pierre, South Dakota.
Billion Dollar-plus Bonus
That’s the location of the Dakota Lakes Research Farm. Dwayne Beck, farm manager, has worked with area famers to totally revamp central South Dakota agriculture. Thirty years ago, this area was mainly wheat-fallow. Thanks to tools like intense crop rotations, no-till, and cover crops that help cycle water and nutrients, area farmers now produce a cornucopia of crops. The additional revenue generated has been pegged at over $1.1 billion.
Every year on the last Thursday in June, Dakota Lakes holds its annual field day. It’s the best field day and meeting I spend on the job. Beck, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) agronomists, and South Dakota State University (SDSU) scientists always have some information that sticks like a barb in your brain and forces you to think differently.
What’s Up With Wheat
Winter wheat is still a mainstay of the region. Bob Fanning, an SDSU Extension plant pathology specialist, updated farmers on the latest in winter wheat varieties. The good news is the year’s cool temperatures are helping to shape an excellent wheat crop in South Dakota. The bad news is wet conditions fuel diseases like Fusarium head blight (scab) and wheat streak mosaic.
Bad Aphid Year Good For Farmers
Last year at the Dakota Lakes tour, Ada Szczepaniec’s sweep net oozed with aphids after several swings through a wheat field. This year, similar swings yielded far fewer aphids for the SDSU Extension entomologist.
That’s good news for the area’s wheat growers. “It is not a tremendous year for aphids,” she says.
Predators are key
Predators like this ladybird larvae help keep aphids in check via their voracious appetite. Remember that the next time you consider lacing a fungicide with an insecticide to control pests like aphids. Although you kill wheat-damaging aphids, you also kill their predators. No insecticides have been applied on the Dakota Lakes farm for 13 years. That’s encouraged a healthy population of predators to naturally control aphids that damage wheat.
Miller dug a shovel scoop from two fields with different rotations:
* A winter wheat/corn/field pea rotation. This is a 67% high-residue rotation. The carbon-packed high-residue crops in this one are corn and winter wheat.
* A flax/winter wheat/soybeans/corn rotation. With corn and winter wheat, this is a 50% high-residue rotation. This is the same residue mix as a conventional corn-soybean rotation.
No to Platy Soils
The 50% high-residue rotation had a platy soil structure, with roots struggling to grow through the densely packed soil. “A platy soil structure will slow down water from entering,” he says.
This is soil from the 67% high-residue rotation. This soil is filled with macropores (one in center) in which roots can follow and go deep into the soil. These soils are high in water infiltration and bode well for increases in organic matter, says Miller.
Boost Organic Matter
Increasing soil organic matter is key for soils. For every percent increase in soil organic matter, an additional 16,500 gallons of water is available in the soil. The long-term value of a 1% organic matter increase is estimated at $24 per acre in nutrient value and available water-holding capacity. (These estimates are based on an average 17 inches of precipitation in central South Dakota, and can vary among locations.)
Diversify With Winter Wheat
If you want to diversify your corn-soybean rotation, try winter wheat. In one Dakota Lakes trial, wheat followed by a cover crop was inserted into a long-term corn-and-soybean rotation. “In essence, the soil structure changed after just one year with wheat followed by a cover crop,” says Miller.
Retaining residue is key for building soil organic matter, Beck (back center in white-stripe shirt) says. He told about an ethanol project that was going to harvest corn stover after corn grain harvest. “They said, ‘Well, when we take off the corn residue, it will be just like a corn-soybean rotation." From an organic matter-building standpoint, though, a corn-soybean rotation doesn't cut it, says Beck.
Details, Details, Details
"They also said, 'When we take off the cornstalks, we can also get by with less N (nitrogen).’ Well, yeah, you can do that for a while, until you run out of organic matter," says Beck. In response, Beck sent a sharply-worded letter to the firm. “Details,” he says. “You have to keep asking about details.”
Cover crops, no-till, rotations at Dakota Lakes | <urn:uuid:df8d96a6-1213-4c8c-949d-a4e5baefc2f7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.agriculture.com/crops/cover-crops/farmings-future_568-sl44043 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925152 | 1,154 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Simple Definition of inspection
: the act of looking at something closely in order to learn more about it, to find problems, etc. : the act of inspecting something
: an official visit to a school, hospital, etc., in order to see if rules are being followed and things are in their proper condition
Full Definition of inspection
1 a : the act of inspecting b : recognition of a familiar pattern leading to immediate solution of a mathematical problem <solve an equation by inspection>
2 : a checking or testing of an individual against established standards
Examples of inspection in a sentence
Close inspection of the candles revealed some small defects.
Regular inspections are required of all restaurants in the area.
The barracks are ready for inspection.
First Known Use of inspection
Rhymes with inspection
abjection, advection, affection, bisection, collection, complexion, confection, connection, convection, correction, cross section, C-section, defection, deflection, dejection, detection, direction, ejection, election, erection, infection, inflection, injection, midsection, objection, perfection, prelection, projection, protection, refection, reflection, rejection, resection, selection, subjection, subsection, trajection, transection, trisection
INSPECTION Defined for Kids
Definition of inspection for Students
: the act of examining closely or officially
Legal Definition of inspection
: a careful and critical examination: as a : a buyer's examination of goods prior to payment or acceptance especially in accordance with section 2-513 of the Uniform Commercial Code b : an examination of articles of commerce to determine their fitness for transportation or sale c : an investigation of an applicant for insurance d : an examination or survey of a community, of premises, of a facility, or of a vehicle by an authorized person (as to determine compliance with regulations or susceptibility to fire or other hazards); specifically : administrative search at search e : examination of documents, things, or property for purposes of making discovery for trial
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up inspection? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:e455a7a4-3324-4446-a744-7534af4b8419> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inspection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915672 | 445 | 3.03125 | 3 |
John Tyler Presidential $1 Coin — Tenth President, 1841 - 1845
Born in 1790 to a prominent Virginia planter family, John Tyler was a lawyer by training. He served as a Virginia state delegate and governor, U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator and vice president for one month under William Henry Harrison.
Tyler became the first vice president to take office upon the death of the sitting president. At that time, the U.S. Constitution was not clear on succession, and his entire presidency was dominated by questions on the scope of his Presidential powers, earning him the nickname “His Accidency.” While many believed he should be recognized only as an acting president with limited powers, Tyler set an important precedent by assuming all the duties and powers of an elected president.
His independent streak caused him to lose favor with his political party, the Whigs, and practically his entire cabinet resigned in protest over his veto of a national bank bill. He championed the cause of Texas statehood, a controversial proposition at the time. After much political wrangling, he signed the bill annexing Texas just three days before leaving office after his defeat in the election of 1844. He retired to his Virginia home, Sherwood Forest, named to reflect his political “outlaw” status. He died in Richmond, Virginia, in 1862.
Coinage Legislation under President John Tyler
Act of March 3, 1843 — This act regulates the legal-tender value of foreign gold and silver coins in the United States.
Act of April 2, 1844 — This act prescribes the manner in which oaths may be taken by officers of the branch Mint.
United States Mint Directors Appointed by President John Tyler
President Tyler did not appoint a Director of the United States Mint.
View other Designs | <urn:uuid:22687917-d37a-449d-bea6-a9ada5d12353> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/%241coin/index.cfm?action=JohnTyler | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978981 | 372 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The entire population of 82 families, some 350 people, has been relocated because the village stands inside the Sariska tiger reserve, the BBC reports. The move aims to protect the local tiger population, which is rebounding after being wiped out by poachers several years ago. This reflects a gain in tiger population nationwide after stronger efforts against poaching and mitigation efforts with local human populations.
Tigers are feared by the villagers, who not only worry for themselves but their livestock. Often villagers will hunt or try to poison tigers that come into their neighborhood. Humans also compete with tigers for land and wildlife.
Umri is the second village to be moved and all eleven villages in the reserve will eventually be relocated. The Indian government says the villagers are being compensated with free land, livestock, up to one million rupees ($20,241), and are being relocated as close as possible to their old homes.
The case highlights the problems facing conservationists worldwide. Human needs have to be balanced with those of the endangered animals, and doing that can be a tricky business. Relocating villages is a difficult and expensive task, and what will be done with the two national highways that pass through the park remains to be seen.
Photo courtesy Wikimedia Commons. | <urn:uuid:cd9fb390-9e18-467b-8c70-47cd56cd36ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://gadling.com/2012/02/15/indian-government-relocates-villagers-away-from-tiger-reserve/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970425 | 250 | 3.25 | 3 |
No, Zarathushtra does not promise that doing good will be returned with good another day.
What Zarathushtra is saying that we must understand that we BECOME the thoughts we think, the words we speak, the actions we undertake. We are BOUND to identify with how we relate to and interact with the world.
Most things that happen to us are out of our control. Zarathushtra was well aware of that. But he was preoccupied with our ETHICAL self-identity, our view on our ourselves as ETHICAL rather than moral creatures. Zarathushtra was even the inventor of ethics (according to Nietzsche in "Ecce Homo").
This is hardly primitive stuff but rather a philosophy of ethics as advanced as the best in the west (such as Spinoza, Nietzsche, Heidegger and the other existentialists).
2008/8/5 Special Kain
I'm most definitely a newbie and not too familiar with Mazdayasna, so please bear this in mind when reading my answer now.
But when I read such passages, I often have the impression that Zarathushtra promoted a rather "primitive" feedback loop that I don't agree with: Do good, and good will return one day. | <urn:uuid:d86ae465-d5ca-42ee-8ed0-f641151d906f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://alexanderbard.blogspot.com/2008/08/why-doing-good.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965368 | 260 | 2.53125 | 3 |
It is a commune in the eastern part of the Baraolt Depression. The Batani water crosses the settlement, it constitutes a geographical border between the South-Har-ghita (northward) and the Baraolt Mountains (south-east). The name of the commune centre is Batanii Mari, it is situated 38 km far from the county capital and 7 kms far from Baraolt.
Its inherent localities are Aita Seacá, Batanii Mici, Herculian and Ozunca-BSi. Batanii Mari and Aita Seaca first appeared in written form in papal tithes in 1334 respectively in 1332. Both Batanii Mici and Herculian were first mentioned in 1566. Ozunca-Bai is a relatively young locality, its first mention dates back to 1766. Archaeological researches prove that the territory has been inhabited much earlier first by the floating population and then by the Szeklers. Stone-axes were found in Aita Seaca.
According to the oral tradition Kurtavára (lying on the pre-hill of the Baraolt Mountains) has been built by the settled Szeklers. Its walls have been ruined throughout centuries. The Roman road leading to Ciuc has crossed the valley of the Baraolt water. There are some names which refer to the battles of the Turk and Tartar periods and to the cruel events in the time of Maria Theresa, such as the hills of Metsze (Jugulating), Kinyír (Killing), Tatárvágás (Tartar cut), Akasztófa (Gallows-tree). In the forest of BStanii Mici we can find the cirque named Istenkas (God-cage).
This was the hiding-place of the inhabitants during the Tartar invasions. In its neighbourhood there is a hill named Leshegy (Ambush Mountain). A guard has watched herefrom the movement of the troops. The population of the commune counts 4501 inhabitants out of which 88,02% are Hungarians, 2,49% Romanians, 9,47% Roms and 0,02% are Germans. The commune's economy is prevalent agricultural but the industrial activities are also present. Tile and brick factories, creamery and woodworking factory are functioning in Batanii Mari.
In the villages lumbering, private wholesale agricultural activities and stock-breeding are present. In summer Ozunca-Bai is a well-attended place due to its medicinal baths. Several sour water springs exist on the territory of the commune.
The Kineses-cavern in BStanii Mari, the cavern with mineral watered lake in Batanii Mici and the semi-precious stones and opals of Bodvaj attract the visitors. The reformed church from the 15th century, the reformed cultural house designed by Kós Károly and the heroes' monument are the most important sights in Batanii Mari. Its orthodox church dates back to 1900.
The iron tilt-mill in Bodvaj is a memorial of industry and war history, Gábor Áron founded here the cannons during the war of independence in 1848. In BStanii Mici we can visit the memorial house of Benedek Elek, the great story writer (1859-1929), in Aita Seaca a monument is raised for the memory of the cruel massacre in September of 1944. | <urn:uuid:09c88fec-3485-42b3-a25b-2713e01c67d5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.primariabatani.ro/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93769 | 730 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Orcas' Hebridean overture
An endangered group of marine mammals will be monitored this summer by the Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust (HWDT), as the charity celebrates its 20th anniversary. The UK's only known resident population of killer whales is at risk of imminent extinction, but HWDT hopes that, during its new season of pioneering marine research expeditions, fresh information can be collected about these fascinating creatures that will help secure their future. The conservation status of the killer whales - five males and four females known as the 'West Coast Community' - is believed to be critical, as no calves have been seen within the group for several years.
HWDT works to protect marine animals such as these by enhancing knowledge and understanding through education, research and engagement with local communities. Its research data is used to inform policy makers and generate recommendations for effective marine management.
The charity is recruiting volunteers to work alongside marine scientists in surveys running from May to October, to gather crucial data on whales, dolphins and porpoises - collectively known as cetaceans - and basking sharks in western Scotland's seas. The expeditions will be carried out from HWDT's specialised research yacht Silurian, previously used in the filming of the BBC's acclaimed series, The Blue Planet.
"Our 2014 surveys offer an excellent volunteering opportunity to help ensure the long-term survival of Scotland's remarkable cetaceans and basking sharks, while learning new skills and exploring some of the most wild and remote corners of Britain," said Eva Varga, HWDT Operations Manager.
With cetaceans facing increasing stress from human activities such as climate change, entanglement in fishing gear, pollution, underwater noise and habitat degradation, the findings will strengthen knowledge of species' distribution, habitats and behaviour, and will be used to strengthen future conservation action.
Volunteers will live and work onboard Silurian for up to 12 days, receiving training and working with scientists - conducting visual surveys, acoustic monitoring using hydrophones and specialist software, and identification of individual cetaceans through photography of their dorsal fins. They will also assist with the day-to-day running of Silurian.
Over the past 10 years, Silurian has travelled more than 61,000km from Islay to Cape Wrath and west of the Western Isles. This area is one of Europe's most important habitats for cetaceans, with the long and complex coastline, interaction of currents and wide variety of habitats combining to provide a rich and diverse environment for marine life.
The range of species regularly sighted is astonishing: minke whales, orcas, basking sharks, dolphins and porpoises are just a few of the animals known to inhabit these waters. In fact, 24 different species of cetacean have been recorded in the region, including several national and international conservation priorities.
HWDT's research has revealed, along with the killer whales, a resident population of 55 bottlenose dolphins and Europe's highest density of harbour porpoises. Two feeding and breeding hotspots of basking sharks have also been discovered. Sightings of this amazing creature - the second largest fish in the world, after the whale shark - are increasing. | <urn:uuid:dab282f5-7bd2-4a76-8aeb-1411ba61cfde> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.earthtimes.org/conservation/orca-hebridean-overture/2595/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94083 | 665 | 3.09375 | 3 |
I’ve often written about the importance of art in the community and in schools. This past week something wonderful happened. An Aztec Culture-themed Middle School Arts Immersion took place April 26th through 29th. Students learned to play drums in a traditional Aztec style; they learned Aztec dances to match those rhythms; they created Aztec murals and made sculptures which reflected the organic nature of a network of relationships (such as those within a cell and those within a tribe); they wrote poetry. The rhythm of four different Aztec beats for the dances permeated each of the classrooms. The symbolism and style of the Aztec stories was carried through the murals, dance, poetry, and the drums. All of this was interwoven into a final performance – but more important was the three day arts immersion itself and the transformation within the students and change made at the school.
The program was designed working closely with the West Sedona Middle School faculty and Principal of West Sedona School, Dr. Lisa Hirsch. For this immersion the Sedona Arts Center brought artists in from as far as Chicago and Wisconsin to teach in their area of expertise - Roberto Ferraya was the expert in Aztec dance. and Sandra Zahn taught drumming and emotional intelligence (in this case recognizing our network of support). Kate Pearlman was the poetry guide for the students. Jessica Nelson taught an art project on the Mayan Alphabet and the Codex Borbonicus. Libby Caldwell taught the mural component as was the conceptual organizer of the overall project.
What is an Arts Immersion?
“Art Immersions are designed to engage all the senses and create in the students a sense of experiencing another time, place or culture,” says Vince Fazio, Director of the School of the Arts at Sedona Arts Center.
Art Immersions were developed by the Sedona Arts Center with former City Arts Education Commissioner, Libby Caldwell and the school district. During the Arts Immersion, rather than attending their regular classes, the students participate only in art classes for three to four days. The art classes are designed to stimulate all the senses, creating a memorable and meaningful experience for the students, while simultaneously delivering a meaningful curriculum.
Programs like these not only benefit arts and culture in general, they offer students unique experiences traditionally not offered in schools. The Sedona Arts Center continually creates exceptional opportunities for children and adults to immerse themselves in all forms of art. For example, an event such as the Sedona Fine Art Auction, (a benefit fundraising event on May 21 this year) supports the educational mission and ongoing programming of the Sedona Arts Center. Supporters and donors understand the importance of these continued programs and their value to the community. For tickets to the Sedona Fine Art Auction and to preview live auction items, visit www.SedonaArtAuction.com.
Remember: grow; learn; conserve; preserve; create; question; educate; change; and free your mind.
About: Kelli Klymenko is an artist, a faculty member and the Marketing & Events Coordinator at Sedona Arts Center: a gathering place where artists can learn, teach, and exhibit their works at the center’s School of the Arts and Fine Art Gallery in uptown Sedona.
- Font Size
- Reading Mode | <urn:uuid:931f021e-0e49-42b4-9481-5d1a9761e395> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.redrocknews.com/feed/com_content/5713.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964066 | 681 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Life satisfaction in teenage boys: The moderating role of father involvement and bullying
Version of Record online: 15 FEB 2002
Copyright © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Volume 28, Issue 2, pages 126–133, 2002
How to Cite
Flouri, E. and Buchanan, A. (2002), Life satisfaction in teenage boys: The moderating role of father involvement and bullying. Aggr. Behav., 28: 126–133. doi: 10.1002/ab.90014
- Issue online: 15 FEB 2002
- Version of Record online: 15 FEB 2002
- Manuscript Accepted: 27 OCT 2000
- Manuscript Received: 30 APR 2000
- father involvement;
- family structure;
- peer victimization
It has been suggested that bullying at school and low social support are related to relatively poor mental health in schoolchildren. Based on data from 1344 adolescent boys aged 13–19 years in Britain, this study explored whether father involvement, as an underestimated—in the related research—source of social support, can protect against low levels of satisfaction with life. Multiple regression analysis showed that low father involvement and peer victimization contributed significantly and independently to low levels of life satisfaction in adolescent boys. There was also evidence relating to a buffering effect of father involvement in that father involvement protected children from extreme victimization. Aggr. Behav. 28:126–133, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. | <urn:uuid:1a2fae6f-d8ec-41de-9b2f-a9f465af3852> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ab.90014/abstract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892614 | 305 | 2.59375 | 3 |
One of Minnesota’s Vital Natural Resources
The gray wolf or canis lupus, also called the timber wolf is considered a pure wolf as distinct from wolf-coyote hybrids or canis latrans. Gray wolves once roamed the United States from coast to coast and from Canada to Mexico. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, wolves were intensively trapped and shot and eradicated from all of the lower 48 states except in Minnesota where a sustainable but once threatened population still exists today. The last actual count of wolves in MN was in the winter of 2007-2008, which occurred at a time when the moose population was twice what it is today. The estimated wolf population in 2008 was 2921 and the average pack size was 4.9 wolves per pack.
Gray wolves in Minnesota are considered part of the contiguous group the Great Lakes wolf population, ranging in Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin. Minnesota's wolves were the only sustainable population at the time that they were listed as threatened and put on the ESA in 1974 with the goal of enhancing the Minnesota population. Michigan and Wisconsin wolves were considered endangered and the Minnesota wolves are credited with providing the genetic diversity that brought back those populations, though at much lower numbers. The problem with actually surveying for numbers of gray wolves is that surveying is in part dependent on using snow tracking for wolf paw prints. The separation of these two species is difficult if not impossible.
Wolves are known to keep wilderness habitat healthy for the forest ecosystem. The wolf is the keystone species because they cull out weakened prey species and maintain the deer and elk populations that forage on the understory vegetation of the forest. Along rivers and streams, ungulates such as deer and elk do not graze as long due to the presence of wolves. This "ecology of fear" improves the health of the water systems in the forests and meadows.
Studies in Yellowstone National Park have demonstrated just how valuable a healthy wolf population is to having young trees to grow to middle age. Wolves were absent from Yellowstone National Park since 1927 when the last wolf was killed by bounty hunting. After wolves were re-introduced in 1995 (with much public controversy) the Yellowstone river was brought back to a healthier state. The river bank has less erosion and supports more wildlife. More vegetation supports more beaver that have now damned up more streams and parts of the river. This results in cooler river temperatures and healthier fish. The increased vegetation also provides for a healthier bird and small animal habitat.
About the Gray Wolf
Wolves are pack animals that live in small groupings formed mostly by family members. The alpha male and alpha female are the only members to have pups and the entire pack raises the pups. Occasionally, a second female will have a litter "with permission" of the alpha female. More than half of newborn wolf pups will die by 6 months of age with starvation being the most common cause. Over one third of adult wolves die of starvation each year.
If a litter of pups is orphaned by its pack due to their death, then another pack will raise them. Wolves do not kill wolf pups; they adopt them. The pack size is dependent on the amount of food and the size of its territory. Wolves control their own numbers in that they protect their territories and will kill non-pack members that threaten the pack or move into the territory. This means that when wolf numbers increase beyond their habitat, the population is maintained by an increase in wolf-on-wolf kills.
As hunters, wolves select out the least productive animal of a group; very young and very old or sick. The lead hunter (usually alphas) selects the animal and starts the pursuit and the remaining pack will pile on until it is brought down. Once an animal is selected and the chase ensues the pack does not waiver or move to a different animal. If they are unsuccessful, the pursuit stops.
Because wolves die mostly by starvation and they control their own numbers due to their limited natural habitat, a wolf hunt is not necessary to keep their numbers in check. A hunt by humans will likely cause a domino effect and result in a higher fatality rate among packs due to the already fragile state of Minnesota's wolf packs (many of which are composed of 5 or less wolves). If the wolf that is trapped or killed is the hunter-leader of the pack, then the pack's ability to hunt is significantly decreased. Wolves will eat anything to survive including decomposed animals killed by cars. Wolves predate or kill livestock and even pet animals if the livestock is readily available or they cannot hunt successfully. Thus, if wolves are randomly trapped for fur, the remaining weaker pack members are likely to go for livestock . The risk of a hunt for wolves is actually more livestock predation at least until they are nearly wiped out from the farm areas.
In Northern Minnesota where there are 165,000 cattle, only 91 confirmed wolf kills on livestock were verified in the year 2011.
Unknown numbers of illegal wolf killing occurs along with kills by motor vehicles and diseases such as distemper and mange are potentially lethal as seen in Yellowstone in 2010 when the number of wolves dropped from 180 wolves to 100 in a two year period.
Wolves and Mankind
Mankind has always displayed a variety of deep emotional responses to wolves. These range from reverence to fascination, to fear and even loathing of wolves. Fairy tales and folklore such as the big bad wolf of Little Red Riding Hood and Werewolves are examples of tales which originated from European. European wolves, which were eradicated centuries ago, were more predisposed to Rabies near the end of their existence. This may be the source of the fearful reactions toward wolves. In North American, there have been no known wolf on human attacks except for one bizarre circumstance in Alaska within the last five years where a wolf may have been encouraged to and taunted with food.
Wolves hold a special place in some indigenous people's culture including American Indian tribes in North America. The wolf is revered and respected as a brother by some American Indians who see the wolf as a partner in keeping mother earth a sustainable home. In the Creation story of the Anishinabe (Chippewa) American Indians man and wolf walked the Earth and named all living beings and then parted ways to live separately but in peace as brothers. So in Minnesota all the American Indian tribes banned the hunting and trapping of wolves on tribal lands. The Anishinabe believe that their fate is directly related to that of the wolf.
A Species in Danger
The Endangered Species Act ( ESA) was instrumental in bringing back the wolf populations in the Northern Rockies to a total of about 1700 wolves in the states: Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, and eastern Oregon and Washington. As soon as these wolves were de-listed from the ESA, the states tasked with their management began killing wolves in large numbers. A federal judge then put the wolves back on the ESA. In response to this legal action, Senator Tester of Montana sponsored a bill that exempted the Montana and Idaho wolves from the Endangered Species Act which was then passed into law. Currently, a proposal is in the works to delist the wolves in Wyoming. Now the numbers of wolves in the Northern Rockies is much lower than when they were officially de-listed and before they were exempted from the ESA. Never before was the scientifically based ESA trumped by congress to keep a species from federal protection. | <urn:uuid:8bdf17fc-64a1-4ffe-9cd4-6f00666c1a42> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.howlingforwolves.org/about-gray-wolf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965781 | 1,519 | 3.859375 | 4 |
"THE BRISBANE LINE"
WAS IT FACT OR WAS IT A MYTH?
Brisbane, the capital of the State of Queensland
The so called "Brisbane Line" became a public issue when Eddie Ward, the member for East Sydney, accused the previous Menzies government of having a plan to abandon northern Australia to the Japanese should they invade from the north. This was a view held widely by many civilians in north Queensland during World War II.
The concept of the Brisbane Line were reportedly devised by Lieutenant General Sir Iven Giffard Mackay, General Officer Commanding in Charge, Home Forces of Australia from 1941 to 1942. In a letter to the Leader of the Opposition, Mr Fadden in May 1943, Prime Minister John Curtin advised that after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Lieutenant General Iven Mackay, who had been appointed by the Menzies government, submitted a defence plan to the present Minister for the Army, Mr Forde, which related to the defence of Australia. This plan concentrated on the defence of the vital parts of Australia, involving holding what is known as the "Brisbane Line". The Government rejected the submission and took steps to defend the whole of Australia. Included in these steps were the recall of Sir Thomas Blamey from overseas to take the post of Commander-in-Chief in Australia and the recall of A.I.F. Divisions abroad, the appointment of General Douglas MacArthur as Commander-in-Chief of the Southwest Pacific Area and representations for the despatch of naval, land, and air forces to the SWPA, together with aircraft and other supplies for the equipment and expansions of the Australian forces.
Mr Fadden claimed that the first that members of the present Opposition knew of the so-called "Brisbane Line" was when it was mentioned a a meeting of the War Council in February 1942. This suggestion was rejected by the War Council which included Government and Opposition members.
Sir Iven Mackay, responsible for Home Defense from 1 September 1941 until 5 April 1942) visited General Douglas MacArthur in Melbourne at 4:00pm on 24 March 1942, only three days after General MacArthur arrived in Melbourne after his dramatic escape from the Philippines. Sir Iven Mackay, then the new Australian High Commissioner for Australia in India, visited General Douglas MacArthur again at 5pm on Sunday 7 November 1943 at MacArthur's General Headquarters Southwest Pacific Area (GHQ SWPA) in Brisbane. Prior to this General Sir Iven Mackay had been General Officer Commanding Second Army.
After the Japanese bombed Darwin on 19 February 1942, Major-General George Vasey issued an operational instruction on 10 March 1942 explaining the role for the Australian Army's Northern Command. Thursday Island and nearby islands were to be defended to the "limit of human endurance". Townsville was to be defended by its local brigade group which was required to be active and aggressive. In the event of impending defeat there was to be a scorched earth procedure implemented and a withdrawal to Charters Tower to the west. Brisbane was to be defended against sea, land and air attacks.
On 16 March 1943, General Douglas MacArthur held an "off-the-record" talk to the Press from 12:15pm to 2:15pm at his General Headquarters Southwest Pacific Area (GHQ SWPA) in the AMP building on the corner of Queen Street and Edward Street, Brisbane. General MacArthur caused quite a flurry of interest from the press members present when he mentioned the infamous "Brisbane Line". It was reported in the Brisbane "Courier Mail" on 17 March 1943 that MacArthur had indicated that the Brisbane Line ran from Perth to Brisbane. When further questioned by the Press on his statement he then distanced himself from his earlier statement. George H. Johnston, War Correspondent for the "Argus" newspaper was one of the members of the Press at this "off-the-record" talk with MacArthur on 16 March 1943. He wrote in an article on the 18 March 1943 that "It was Gen. MacArthur who abandoned the "Brisbane Line" concept and decided that the battle for Australia should be fought in New Guinea."
Colonel Sid Huff, General MacArthur's aide-de-camp, wrote in his book "My Fifteen Years with the General" as follows:-
The big task of the Allied forces in the SouthwestPacific was to establish and hold a line against the Japanese, who had moved into New Guinea, directly north of Australia, and were preparing to push on southward. It would be difficult to exaggerate the odds which MacArthur faced at this time. The enemy had proved to befar more capable than anticipated. The Japs had in a few months pushed out over a vast area, capturing Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Burma, Borneo, New Britain and other islands. Corregidor had fallen in May. By midsummer there seemed to be nothing to prevent a Japanese landing in Australia. So desperate was the Allied outlook that at one time it was planned to withdraw defense forces from Northern Australia when necessary, to establish a line across the center of the country, and to try to hold half the continent until help could come from America.
It was in such circumstances that MacArthur lived up to the confidence that Australians had placed in him. He threw these defensive plans out the window and decided that the way to stop the Japanese was to attack them before they got to Australia. He had a couple of American infantry divisions, one Australian division which had been recalled from Egypt, the untested Australian militia, about 200 airplanes capable of operating effectively in combat and a small Allied naval force. We still controlled important areas in New Guinea, where the Japanese landed at Buna, on the north coast, in July and started attacking through the Owen Stanley Mountain Range in an effort to seize Port Moresby on the south coast. There was only one answer in MacArthur's mind: stop the enemy on the mountain trails where the small but valiant Australian forces could operate most effectively.
Many years later General Douglas MacArthur stated in his reminisces that the Australian General Staff planned to defend Australia on a line of defence that followed the Darling River from Brisbane to Adelaide.
In January 2001, Dallas Goodwin from Mount Isa told me about the remains of concrete tank traps that he had visited near Tenterfield in New South Wales. They were used to span a bottle neck in the Clarence River Valley east of Tenterfield in northern New South Wales, in an area known as Paddys Flat. The concrete pillars are still visible in and beside the river near the crossing. Dallas indicated that this was part of the so-called "Brisbane Line" defence plan. Dallas also described some well known tank traps just north of Tenterfield on the Bald Rock Road. They consist of log pillars and a concrete wall in the valley. The sign posts on the road claim that they formed part of the "Brisbane Line" defences.
An obituary for Julie Theresa Potter (nee Hanlon) that appeared in the Courier Mail in Brisbane on 5 May 2010 stated that Julie remembered her father Ned Hanlon, often regarded as Queensland's best Health Minister, once told her that he had "ordered the destruction of Commonwealth pamphlets advising that the territory north of Brisbane might have to be abandoned in the event of a Japanese invasion." Apparently when the United States consul called to ask if the Queensland Government was moving to Tweed Heads, Ned Hanlon replied "Tell them Cabinet is meeting in Townsville on Monday."
Darryl McIntyre, author of the book "Townsville at War 1942" states in his book that the "Brisbane Line" did not exist.
Was it Fact or was it a Myth?
Gallaway, Jack, "The Odd Couple - Blamey and MacArthur at War", University of Queensland Press, 2000.
Long, Gavin, "MacArthur", Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1969
McIntyre, Darryl, "Townsville at War 1942 - Life in a Garrison City", Townsville City Council, May 1992.
Thomson, Judy, "Winning with Intelligence", Australian Military History Publications, 2000
Courier Mail, Tuesday 17 March 2009
Our Queensland - Celebrating 150 Years
Courier Mail, 5 May 2010 (page 66)
Obituary for Julie Theresa Potter (nee Hanlon)
Burns, Paul, "The Brisbane Line Controversy, Political Opportunism versus National Security, 1942-45", Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1998
I'd like to thank Dallas Goodwin for his assistance with this home page.
Can anyone help me with more information?
© Peter Dunn 2015
This page first produced 25 January 2001
This page last updated 01 February 2016 | <urn:uuid:2d16026d-92ca-4eed-a0ca-1bb2dfcf8fd2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ozatwar.com/ozatwar/brisbaneline.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00148-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975754 | 1,793 | 3.140625 | 3 |
UEA scientists make breast cancer advance that turns previous thinking on its head Scientists at the University of East Anglia have made an advance in breast cancer research which shows how some enzymes released by cancerous cells could have a protective function.
New research published today in the Journal of Biological Chemistry reveals that an enzyme called MMP-8 (matrix metalloproteinase-8) could be acting as a locator to the immune system, which then becomes activated to attack tumours. It was originally thought that the production of MMPs by breast cancer cells worked to promote cancer growth.
Lead researcher Prof Dylan Edwards from UEA's School of Biological Sciences said: "MMPs are a family of enzymes that are released from cancer cells. They were once thought to act like 'molecular scissors' to snip away at the scaffolding structures outside cells and clear a path for the cancer cells to invade and spread to other organs.
"Drugs that target this broad family of enzymes were trialled to treat cancer in the 1990s but largely failed. This led us to think that not all of these enzymes were bad guys that promoted tumour growth and spread."
Scientists from UEA worked with clinicians at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital to look in detail at the patterns of MMPs in breast tumours from patients. Previous research published in 2008 revealed that one of these enzymes, known as MMP-8, has a protective role which holds tumours in check. And patients whose breast tumours have more of this particular enzyme seemed to have better outcomes.
The latest research was funded by cancer charity the Big C and carried out by PhD student Sally Thirkettle. Prof Edwards said: "She has shown that if she makes breast cancer cells produce MMP-8, it causes them to produce two other inflammatory factors (IL-6 and IL-8) that have previously been shown to promote cancer. However, breast tumour cells that over-produce MMP-8 don't survive long-term - the enzyme stops them growing."
"We now think that in tumours, MMP-8 acts as a sort of 'find me' signal to the immune system, which then becomes activated to attack the tumour, which may help to explain its protective function.
"The fact that a protective enzyme such as MMP-8 was also blocked by the first generation anti-MMP drugs used in the 1990s also partly explains why these drugs failed in the clinic," he added.
It is still unknown exactly how MMP-8 causes IL-6 and IL-8 to be activated - but the findings are an important step forward which will help direct further research.
'Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (collagenase-2) induces the expression of interleukins-6 and -8 in breast cancer cells' by Sally Thirkettle, Julie Decock, Hugh Arnold, Caroline J Pennington and Dylan R Edwards (all UEA, UK) and Diane M Jaworski (University of Vermont College of Medicine, US) is published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry on May 24, 2013. | <urn:uuid:5a577dd5-be8e-4e90-b483-84a4924559b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-05/uoea-usm052113.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00049-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976944 | 642 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What is in this article?:
- In the middle of one of the worst ongoing droughts in Texas history, how can Tommy Henderson remain so optimistic about his dryland winter wheat crop? Because he’s got it covered.
Tommy Henderson's wheat crop is thriving thanks to three years of no-till and the cover crops he planted in them this past summer.
Clay County Texas, farmer Tommy Henderson may not know everything about farming, but he’s got more than the basics covered.
Drought. Got it covered.
Excessive heat. Got it covered.
High winds. Got it covered.
In the middle of one of the worst ongoing droughts in Texas history, how can Henderson remain so optimistic about his dryland winter wheat crop?
Because he’s got it covered.
Over the last two years Henderson has only received half of the average annual rainfall that would water his crops.
“Yeah, I need rain,” he admits, but then looking across the fence line adds, “But I think my neighbors need it a little worse than I do.”
Change on the Horizon
On this December morning a breeze gusting through the Red River Valley swirls dust as it blows across the neighboring land. His neighbors are conventional farmers, plowing their fields over many times to prepare a seedbed for their wheat crops. With less than an inch of rain falling since the beginning of October, much of the wheat in the area is beginning to fail.
Not Henderson’s. Three years ago he took a leap of faith and made a drastic change in his farming operation. With encouragement from the USDA’s Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) and other sources, he became a no-till farmer.
This meant instead of spending countless hours on the tractor plowing his land multiple times, Henderson would now make only one trip to plant the seeds with special no-till equipment and then one trip to fertilize. Because of his history of conservation efforts, Henderson was awarded a Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) contract from NRCS in 2009. This provided some financial assistance that made it feasible for him to purchase the no-till equipment.
“Going no-till has changed my life,” he says. “My wife is a school teacher and I actually have time to go on vacations with her in the summer now.”
Six years ago Henderson began plowing, or tilling, his land as minimally as possible. Three years of minimum-till, followed by three years of no-till has resulted in significant improvement in the soil health in his fields, he says. | <urn:uuid:c63ad066-7e86-4fb7-ba79-4b3649197037> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://westernfarmpress.com/irrigation/no-till-salvation-middle-drought | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967932 | 561 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In the immediate period after his death, history was not generous to Lamarck. The death notice in The Times paid no tribute to his considerable contributions to biology and conchology, concentrating instead on the delicate politicking behind the search for his replacement at the Jardin du Roi. In their annual summary of the year's dead, Fraser's Magazine noted that while Lamarck's name might have had some resonance in his heyday, his memory would soon be 'consigned to oblivion'. The insult was compounded by Fraser's evidently failing to notice that Lamarck had already been dead three years. He was included in their December 1832 summary.
Lamarck was born at Bazentin-le-Petit, Picardy, on 1st August 1744. He was the youngest of eleven children, born to noble, if not especially prosperous, parents in rural France. The family appears to have had a strong military background, with several generations serving as officers in the French army, and some of Lamarck's older brothers made their careers in the military. His father, Phillipe, expected Jean to take a career in the church. However, Jean was not inclined to the ministry, and when his father died in 1760 Lamarck quit his Jesuit college, bought himself a horse, and rode away to join the French army in their campaign near Fissinghausen, Germany.
Unfortunately, the most widely reported incidents of Lamarck's military career depend ultimately on the testimony of his devoted daughter Cornelie, who may have had reasons for glorifying her father's role. Both should probably be judged skeptically.
Cornelie first tells how the battle at Fissinghausen was a disaster for the French, with both French generals accusing each other of responsibility for the defeat before leaving the field. Lamarck's company was left exposed to the direct artillery fire of their enemies, and was quickly reduced to just fourteen men - with no officers. One of the men suggested that the puny, seventeen year-old volunteer should assume command and order a withdrawal from the field; but although Lamarck accepted command, he insisted they remain where they had been posted until relieved. When their colonel reached the remains of their company, this display of courage and loyalty impressed him so much that Lamarck was promoted to officer on the spot.
His departure from military life, as it was reported, was as remarkable as his elevation within it. He quickly became a lieutenant in command of a garrison stationed at Monaco. It was peacetime, and the soldiers were indulging in some kind of physical game for relaxation, when one of the men lifted Lamarck off the ground by his head. This practical joke caused serious inflammation of the lymphatic glands in the neck, and Lamarck had to be taken to Paris for further treatment. But surgery, if anything, only made the injury worse, and Lamarck was decommissioned. Finding himself suddenly reduced to a measly military pension (400FF a year), he fell back to studying the natural sciences which had formed part of his instruction at college.
A spell in an office gave him the means to read botanical works and, with his brother, eventually to study medicine. But he became more and more enamoured with the natural sciences, finally abandoning medicine - as he had discontinued at an early stage careers in the church, the army, the bank and in music - for botany. At the age of thirty-four, after studying botany for ten years, he succeeded in having his Flore Française published, albeit with the help of the great botanist Buffon. This volume brought him great acclaim, and remained a standard work for many years. He found himself mixing in the premiere league of French botanists, and was elected (again, owing to Buffon's patronage) to the prestigious French Academy of Sciences the following year - in preference to scientists with much longer careers behind them. He toured Europe in search of new botanical specimens and returned to keep the Royal herbarium at the Jardin des Plantes. It was a poorly-salaried position, requiring Lamarck to teach, in addition to the work he did in the herbarium.
In the years that followed Lamarck continued his research, studied shells, produced various works on botany, physics and meteorology, and faithfully attended meetings of the Academy right up until the time ill health forced his retirement. He was instrumental in the 1793 reorganization of the Jardin des Plantes into the French Museum of Natural History, and he was appointed one of its professors in 1794. He was put in charge of insects and worms, a field in which he was far from specialized.
Despite this lack of expertise, Lamarck committed himself to learning everything he could about invertebrates (a term Lamarck coined), and to categorizing the Museum's vast and disorganized collection. His system of dividing and subdividing the organisms according to type set the standard for later systems of invertebrate taxonomy, and has by no means been discarded. Discovering, as he carried out this work, that animals varied by sometimes minute degrees, Lamarck began to formulate new ideas about the relationships between animals, and then about the transmutation of species into new ones.
In 1809 he published his most famous work, Philosophie Zoologique. This volume describes his theory of transmutation. The theory that Lamarck published consisted of several components. Underlying the whole was a 'tendency to progression', a principle that Creation is in a constant state of advancement. It was an innate quality of nature that organisms constantly 'improved' by successive generation, too slowly to be perceived but observable in the fossil record. Mankind sat at the top of this chain of progression, having passed through all the previous stages in prehistory. However, this necessitated the principle of spontaneous generation, for as a species transformed into a more advanced one, it left a gap: when the simple, single-celled organisms advanced to the next stage of life, new protozoans would be created (by the Creator) to fill their place.
But the overarching component of Lamarckian evolutionism was what became known as the inheritance of acquired characters. This described the means by which the structure of an organism altered over generations. Change occurred because an animal passed on to its offspring physiological changes it had undergone in its own lifetime, and those changes came about by its responding to its survival needs. The long legs and webbed feet of wading birds, for example, arose when those animals' ancestors responded to a need to feed on fish. In their attempt to wade in deeper and yet still keep their bodies dry, they would unconsciously adopt the habit of stretching their legs to their full extent, making them minutely longer in the process. This trait would be passed on to the next generation, who would in turn stretch their legs, until over many generations the wading birds' legs became those of the pelican. As the longer-legged birds waded deeper, it would be the habit of spreading the toes in order not to sink into the offshore mud, stretching the skin inbetween, that would eventually give rise to webbed feet. Conversely, the disuse of an organ would cause it to wither and disappear, which explained how snakes lost their legs. Although no part of Lamarck's theory of acquired characters has not been substantiated by modern knowledge of genetic inheritance, the process was an ingenious interpretation of observable detail.
Lamarck's theory was not generally accepted in his lifetime, and Cuvier, his colleague at the Museum, appears to have done as much as he could to undermine Lamarck and any ideas about transformism. For whatever reason, perhaps owing to an unwillingness to accept scientific innovations, Lamarck found little respect among his peers. Cuvier was revered from all sides, yet Lamarck could count only Geoffroy Saint Hilaire among his eminent friends. He retired from his botanical works when his eyesight deteriorated seriously in his seventies. In the last ten years of his life, blind, penniless and removed from all scientific activity, he was entirely in the care of his daughter. When he died, on 18 December 1829, his family were so poor they had to apply to the Academie for financial assistance. Lamarck's books and the contents of his home were sold at auction, and he was buried in a temporary lime-pit whose remains were exhumed every five years or so, to be piled up in the Paris catacombs, anonymously and without dignity, alongside those of the impoverished, vagrant and unnamed dead.
Lamarck had a curious personal life, of which surprisingly little is known, when compared with other French scientists of the time. He only married Marie Delaporte, the mother of his first six children, on her deathbed in 1792, after being together since 1777. He married again in 1795 (his second wife, Charlotte, died in 1797), and again to Julie Mallet (d.1819) in 1798. He is rumoured to have married (and been widowed) a fourth time, but no documentary evidence exists to support this. The two daughters who tended his deathbed were left penniless at his death; one surviving son was deaf and incapable and another was insane. Only one son, Auguste, was financially successful as an engineer, and only he went on to marry and have children himself.
Related Web Resources within and outside this site
- Section on Lamarck in "Darwin's Ancestors: The Evolution of Evolution"
- Pietro Corsi's Lamark Site in French, English, and Italian (Université Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne and E.H.E.S.S., Paris)
Barthélemy-Madaule. Lamarck,The Mythical Precursor. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Bartley, Mary. 'A century of debate: the history of sexual selection theory', PhD thesis Cornell University 1994. [Looks at sexual selection in particular, but refers to the fact that anti-Darwinians looked to neo-Lamarckism to explain secondary sexual characteristics. It might have something to say about how the neo-Lamarckians made that passage.]
Bowler, Peter J. 'Lamarckism' in Keywords in Evolutionary Biology. Eds. Evelyn Fox Keller & Elisabeth A. Lloyd. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.
Burkhardt, R. W. 'Lamarck. Evolution and the Politics of Science.' Journal of the History of Biology 3 (1970): 275-96.
Burkhardt, R. W. 'The Inspiration of Lamarck's Belief in Evolution.' Journal of the History of Biology 5 (1972): 413-38.
Burkhardt, R. W. The Spirit of System: Lamarck & Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977, 1995. Useful history of events around publication of Lamarck's Philosophie Zoologique.
Cannon, H. Graham. Lamarck and Modern Genetics. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1959.
Corsi, Pietri. The Age of Lamarck: evolutionary theory in France 1790-1830. Trans. Jonathan Mandelbaum. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Freeman, Derek. 'The evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer.' Current Anthropology 15 (1974): 211-237. [Lamarckian aspects of Spencer's thought.]
Gershenowitz, Harry. 'Whitman and Lamarck'. The Walt Whitman Review 25 (1979): 121-23.
Gershenowitz, Harry. 'Two Lamarckians: Walt Whitman and Edward Carpenter.' Walt Whitman Review 2:1 (1984): 35-39.
Gershenowitz, Harry 'Jack London: quasi neo-Lamarckian' Jack London Newsletter 11 (1978): 99-107.
Gillispie, C.C. 'Lamarck and Darwin in the History of Science.' in Forerunners of Darwin.. Eds. Glass et al. pp.265-91.
Gillispie, C.C. 'The Formation of Lamarck's Evolutionary Theory'. Arch Internat History of Science, 9 (1956): 323-38.
Greenfield, Theodore. 'Variation Heredity: the evolutionary theories of four American neo-Lamarckians.' PhD thesis, Wisconsin 1984 (Alpheus Packard, Alpheus Hyatt, Edward Drinker Cope, John Ryder).
Hodge, M.J.S. 'Lamarck's Science of Living Bodies'. British Journal on the History of Science 10 (1971): 323-52.
Hutton, Frederick W. Darwinism and Lamarckism: Old and New: Four lectures. (1899).
Jordanova, L.J. Lamarck Oxford, 1984.
Excellent little book covering Lamarck's thought from his earliest publications. It is particularly good in recognizing how Lamarck's name has been tied so exclusively to the concept of the inheritance of acquired characters, a concept which in its misunderstood form works to the discredit of Lamarck, it looks sympathetically at his other scientific thought and his considerable and lasting contributions to biology. Lamarck did considerable pioneering work on physics, chemistry and meteorology. Following a roughly chronological format, Jordanova follows the development of Lamarck's scientific thinking, in particular his transition from believing in the fixity of species to a belief in transformism. She pays particular attention to Lamarck's thought in its scientific context.
Lamarck, J.B. Philosophie Zoologique (1809). Trans. Hugh Elliot as Zoological Philosophy: An Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals with introductory essays by David L. Hull and Richard W. Burkhardt Jr.,. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
McKinney, H. ed. Lamarck to Darwin: Contributions to Evolutionary Biology. Kansas, 1971.
Packard, Alpheus S. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution: his life and work. New York, 1901. Packard has marshalled a good deal of the information extant at the turn of the century, and his volume can be used as a base for most work on Lamarck, but there are inevitable gaps. Also rather hagiographic.
Pfeifer, Edward J. 'The Genesis of American Neo-Lamarckism'. Isis 56 (1965): 156-67.
Secord, James. 'Edinburgh Lamarckians: Robert Jameson and Robert E. Grant'. in Journal of the History of Biology 24 (1991): 1-18.
This paper looks at the common attribution of one of the earliest articles praising Lamarck and the transformation theory -—'Observations on the Nature and Importance of Geology' appearing in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 1 (1826): 293-302. Loren Eisley first attributed it to Robert Grant in 1958 (in his Darwin's Century), since when the attribution has been repeated by Bowler, Desmond, Corsi, Gruber and Rupke. Secord notes that there is no contemporary evidence for Grant's authorship, and no powerful case for it has ever been made. The strongest case comes from Grant's entry in the DNB, and the fact that Grant was easily the most renowned Lamarckian in Edinburgh at the time the article was written. Secord's argument is that the true author of the article is the Journal's editor, Robert Jameson. He discusses the arguments against Jameson sympathizing with a Lamarckian view, but suggests that Jameson has been badly judged. By looking at three factors - which Secord notes were the criteria behind attribution when the Wellesley Index was being compiled - the evidence points much more to authorship by Jameson than by Grant. The three guidelines are (1) the aims of the essay, considered in the context of Jameson's other works of the mid-1820s; (2) the context of the article as a whole; and (3) specific textual parallels with other writing known to be written by Jameson and Grant.
Stocking, G.W. 'Lamarckism in American Social Science: 1890-1915'. Journal of the History of Ideas 23 (1962): 239-56.
Last modified 14 September 2004 | <urn:uuid:2d2ea3a7-af4b-4aca-9f58-967d040c8a85> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.victorianweb.org/science/lamarck1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968009 | 3,391 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The White House, Washington, D.C.
Although grand plans were originally envisioned by artist and engineer Pierre Charles L’Enfant for a presidential residence in Washington D.C., Irish-born architect James Hoban’s more modest design for a refined Georgian mansion in the Palladian style was ultimately selected. The White House was built between 1792 and 1800 and has served as the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams.
In 1801 under the direction of Thomas Jefferson, the White House was expanded with the addition of two colonnades, designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe (who would later design the US Capitol). Damaged during the War of 1812, the residence was reconstructed and later the south and north porticos were added. Throughout the twentieth century, improvements and additions were undertaken; however, the sandstone exterior walls are originally from Hoban’s time. Today, the White House is a complex of six floors and over 130 rooms.
Although the White House grounds have had many gardeners through their history, the general design, still largely used as master plan today, was designed in 1935 by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers firm, under commission from President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
The Pritzker Architecture Prize events of June 17, 1998 began with a reception inside the White House with all of the state rooms open for viewing by the guests. The ceremony and dinner followed on the south lawn within a tent that had been erected for the occasion. Speakers included President Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, architectural historian and Sterling Professor Emeritus, Vincent Scully, J. Carter Brown, Chair of the Pritzker Architecture Prize jury, Jay Pritzker, President of the Hyatt Foundation, and laureate, Renzo Piano. | <urn:uuid:8bd96dd6-74ad-4873-b2cf-06a5b77d57bb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pritzkerprize.com/1998/ceremony | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978987 | 370 | 3.125 | 3 |
Every day we are bombarded with nutrition and health messages and a seemingly endless array of concerns about lifestyle and diet. Healthy eating and a healthful way of life are important to how we look, feel and how much we enjoy life. The right lifestyle decisions, with a routine of good food and regular exercise, can help us make the most of what life has to offer. Making smart food choices early in life and through adulthood can also help reduce the risk of certain conditions such as obesity, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, certain cancers and osteoporosis.
2. Key factors of a healthy diet
2.1. Enjoy the wide variety of foods
This concept is the most consistent health message in dietary recommendations around the world. We need more than 40 different nutrients for good health and no single food can supply them all. That's why consumption of a wide variety of foods (including fruits, vegetables, cereals and grains, meats, fish and poultry, dairy products and fats and oils), is necessary for good health and any food can be enjoyed as part of a healthy diet. Some studies have linked dietary variety with longevity. In any event, choosing a variety of foods adds to the enjoyment of meals and snacks.
2.2. Eat regularly
Eating is one of the life's great pleasures and its important to take time to stop, relax and enjoy mealtimes and snacks. Scheduling eating times also ensures that meals are not missed, resulting in missed nutrients that are often not compensated for by subsequent meals. This is especially important for school children, adolescents and the elderly.
Breakfast is particularly important as it helps kick-start the body by supplying energy after the all-night fast. Breakfast also appears to help control weight. All mealtimes offer the opportunity for social and family interaction. So whether it is three square meals or six mini-meals or snacks, the aim is to make healthy choices you can enjoy.
2.3. Balance and moderation
Balancing your food intake means getting enough, but not too much, of each type of nutrient. If portion sizes are kept reasonable, there is no need to eliminate favourite foods. There are no "good" or "bad" foods, only good or bad diets. Any food can fit into a healthy lifestyle by remembering moderation and balance.
Moderate amounts of all foods can help ensure that energy (calories) intake is controlled and that excessive amounts of any one food or food component are not eaten. If you choose a high fat snack, choose a lower fat option at the next meal. Examples of reasonable serving sizes are 75 -100 grams (the size of a palm) of meat, one medium piece of fruit, ½ cup raw pasta or one scoop of ice cream (50g). Ready-prepared meals offer a handy means of portion control and they often have the energy (calorie) value listed on the pack.
2.4. Maintain a healthy body weight and feel good
A healthy weight varies between individuals and depends on many factors including gender, height, age and heredity.
Excess body fat results when more calories are eaten than are needed. Those extra calories can come from any source - protein, fat, carbohydrate or alcohol - but fat is the most concentrated source of calories.
Physical activity is a good way of increasing the energy (calories) expended and it can also lead to feelings of well-being. The message is simple: if you are gaining weight eat less and be more active.
2.5. Don't forget your fruits and vegetables
Many Europeans do not meet the recommendations for at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. Numerous studies have shown an association between the intake of these foods and a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. An increased intake of fruits and vegetables has also been associated with decreased blood pressure. People can fill up on fresh fruit and vegetables because they are good sources of nutrients and the majority are naturally low in fat and calories.
Nutritionists are paying much more attention to fruits and vegetables as "packages" of nutrients and other constituents that are healthful for humans. The "antioxidant hypothesis" has drawn attention to the role of micronutrients found in fruits and vegetables like vitamins C and E , as well as a number of other natural protective substances. The carotenes (beta-carotene, lutein and lycopene), the flavonoids (phenolic compounds that are widespread in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables such as apples and onions and beverages derived from plants like tea, cocoa and red wine) and the phytoestrogens (principally isoflavones and lignans), are being demonstrated to have beneficial roles in human health.
2.6. Base the diet on foods rich in carbohydrates
Most dietary guidelines recommend a daily diet in which at least 55% of the total calories come from carbohydrates. This means making more than half of our daily food intake should consist of carbohydrate-containing foods such as grains, pulses, beans, fruits, vegetables and sugars. Choosing wholegrain bread, pasta and other cereals will help to boost fibre intake.
Although the body treats all carbohydrates in the same way regardless of their source, carbohydrates are often split into "complex" and "simple" carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates that come from plants are called starch and fibres, and these are found for example in cereal grains, vegetables, breads, seeds, legumes and beans. These carbohydrates consist of long strands of many simple carbohydrates linked together. Simple carbohydrates (sometimes called simple sugars) are found for example in table sugar, fruits, sweets, jams, soft drinks, fruit juices, honey, jellies and syrups. Both complex and simple carbohydrates provide the same amount of energy (4 calories per gram) and both can contribute to tooth decay, especially when oral hygiene is poor.
2.7. Drink plenty of fluids
Adults need to drink at least 1.5 litres of fluid daily, even more if its hot or they are physically active. Plain water is a good source of liquid but variety can be both pleasant and healthy. Alternative sources are juices, soft drinks, tea, coffee and milk.
2.8. Fats in moderation
Fat is essential for good health. Fats provide a ready source of energy and enable the body to absorb, circulate and store the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Fat-containing foods are needed to supply "essential fatty acids" that the body cannot make. For example, oil-rich fish and fish oil supplements are rich sources of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) alpha linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These, along with omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) such as linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA), must be consumed in the diet.
Too much fat however, especially saturated fats, can lead to adverse health effects such as overweight and high cholesterol and increase the risk of heart disease and some cancers.
Limiting the amount of fat, especially saturated fat in the diet -but not cutting it out entirely- is the best advice for a healthy diet. Most dietary recommendations are that less than 30% of the day's total calories should come from fat and less than 10% of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat.
2.9. Balance the salt intake
Salt (NaCl) is made up of sodium and chloride. Sodium is a nutrient and is present naturally in many foods. Sodium and chloride are important in helping the body to maintain fluid balance and to regulate blood pressure.
For most people, any excess sodium passes straight through the body however in some people it can increase blood pressure. Reducing the amount of salt in the diet of those who are sensitive to salt may reduce the risk of high blood pressure. The relationship between salt intake and blood pressure is still unclear and individuals should consult their doctor for advice.
2.10. Start now - and make changes gradually
Making changes gradually, such as eating one more fruits/portion of vegetables each day, cutting back on portion sizes, or taking the stairs instead of the lift, means that the changes are easier to maintain.
3. Why is physical activity also important?
The advise for increased physical activity is strongly linked to overall healthy lifestyle recommendations because it affects energy balance and the risk of lifestyle-related diseases. Over the past few years, many position papers have set out the importance of moderate physical activity for good health. These reports indicate that being physically active for at least 30 minutes daily reduces the risk of developing obesity, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension and colon cancer, all of which are major contributors to morbidity and mortality in Europe. In addition, in both children and adults, physical activity is related to improvements in body flexibility, aerobic endurance, agility and coordination, strengthening of bones and muscles, lower body fat levels, blood fats, blood pressure and reduced risk of hip fractures in women. Physical activity makes you feel better physically and encourages a more positive mental outlook.
Increases in physical activity levels are needed in every age group and recommendations are that adults be physically active for at least 30 minutes on most days of the week.
4. What groups are responsible for promoting healthy lifestyles?
The responsibility for promoting healthy diets and increasing levels of physical activity must involve the active participation of many groups including governments, health professionals, the food industry, the media and consumers. There is a shared responsibility to help promote healthy diets that are low in fat, high in complex carbohydrates and that contain large amounts of fresh fruits and vegetables, along with regular amounts of physical activity
Ultimately, it is consumers who choose which foods to eat and their choices are influenced by a large number of factors such as quality, price, taste, custom, availability, and convenience. Consumer education, the development and implementation of food based dietary guidelines, nutrition labelling, nutrition education in schools and increased opportunities for physical activity can all help to improve the nutritional well-being of people.
- Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (1997). Getting the best from your food. Rome.
- Hu, F. B.; Rimm, E. B.; Stampfer, M.J., Ascherio, A., Spiegelman, D., Willet, W.C., (2000). Prospective study of major dietary patterns and risk of coronary heart disease in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72:912-921.
- Johnson, R. K. (2000). The 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans: foundation of US nutrition policy. British Nutrition Foundation Bulletin, 25:241-248.
- Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (1994). General Household Survey. HMSO, London.
- Richardson, D. P. (2000). The science behind wholegrain and the reduced risk of heart disease and cancer. British Nutrition Foundation Bulletin, 25:353-360.
- Stamler, J.; Neaton, J. D. and Wentworth, D. N. (1989). Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and risk of fatal coronary heart disease. Hypertension, 13(suppl. 5):2-12.
- World Health Organisation (1989). MONICA Project: risk factors. International Journal of Epidemiology, 18(suppl. 1):S46-S55.
- World Health Organisation (1995). Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in elderly people. WHO Technical Report Series 853, Geneva.
- World Health Organisation (1996). Hypertension Control. WHO Technical Report Series 862, Geneva. | <urn:uuid:e3b22e9e-2d1d-4205-b8f4-b4bff68a63fa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eufic.org/article/pt/doencas-relacionadas-com-a-alimentacao/Diabetes/expid/1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936631 | 2,422 | 3.34375 | 3 |
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Translational motion is movement of an object without a change in its orientation relative to a fixed point, as opposed to rotational motion, in which the object is turning about an axis. In other words, an arrow painted on an object undergoing pure translational motion would continue pointing in the same direction; any rotation would cause the arrow to change direction. In the real world, most movement is a combination of the two. In space, for example, objects such as stars, planets and asteroids are constantly changing position relative to one another, but are also invariably rotating. An understanding of translational motion plays a key part in basic physics and in comprehending the behavior of moving objects in general, from atoms to galaxies.
In theory, pure translational motion need not involve traveling in a straight line. It is possible for an object to move in a curved path without changing its orientation; however, in most real-life situations, a change in direction would involve turning on an axis, in other words, rotation. In aeronautics, translational motion means movement along a straight line, forwards or backward, left or right and up or down. When an airplane is circling an airport, it is continually changing its orientation and undergoing some degree of rotation.
The study of translational motion is known as translational dynamics and uses a series of equations to analyze the movement of objects and how they are affected by various forces. The tools used to study movement include Newton’s laws of motion. The first law, for example, states that an object will not change its motion unless a force acts upon it, while the second law states that force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration. Another way of saying this is that acceleration is equal to force divided by mass, which means that it is harder to change the translational motion of a massive object than a less massive one. The forces that can act on an object include gravity and friction.
On the molecular level, the temperature of a substance can be defined largely in terms of the translational motion of its atoms or molecules. Rotation also plays a role on molecular motion, but it is not important in terms of temperature. If heat is applied to a solid, electromagnetic energy is converted into kinetic energy in that its molecules will move about faster. This increases its temperature and may cause it to expand in volume. If enough heat is applied, the material will melt into a liquid state and finally boil to form a gas, as the average speed of the molecules increases.
The molecules in a substance subjected to heat behave in accordance with Newton’s laws of motion. Molecules with more mass require more force to increase their speed. Heavier substances will therefore usually require more heat to cause them to melt or boil. Other forces, however, can also act on molecules to restrain them, so this rule does not always hold true. Water, for example, has a higher boiling point than would be expected for its molecular weight because of the hydrogen bonds that hold the molecules together.
Most movement in the physical world is a combination of translational motion and rotational motion, in which the latter controls the direction on the axis while the former propels the object in that direction. The human body moves with a combination of these two types of motion. The limbs rotate on their joints, providing the impetus for directional movement, such as walking. Humans can walk in this way over varying slopes without changing their overall orientation.
Experiments have determined that combined translational and rotational motion is more efficient in terms of kinetic energy than translational alone. Pure translational motion creates constant friction against its surrounding surfaces, even the air, causing greater loss of kinetic energy and momentum over time. Adding rotational motion reduces the friction, allowing kinetic energy to persist for a longer period. For example, a wheel rolling along a surface demonstrates both types of movement and experiences far less friction than would be the case if it were pushed along without any rotation. | <urn:uuid:761f0173-b623-43fd-8160-8ee712038ebf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-translational-motion.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94777 | 813 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Write well. Write often. Edit wisely.
Explore novel ways to look at the use of dialogue tags, especially at “said” and other verbs, such as laugh and smile, used as dialogue tags.
More on the purposes of dialogue tags—use them to keep a story flowing.
A reader’s questions about punctuation in dialogue. You may have had some of the same questions.
Many modern writers are discouraged from using adverbs. But adverbs have their uses. And no part of speech should be banned from the writer’s toolkit.
We’ve all laughed at humorous dialogue tags, at the Tom Swifties and wacky phrases produced by creative tags. Learn more about dialogue tags and why simple is best. | <urn:uuid:d53223b4-e1d9-410f-948f-63ea562a7164> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://theeditorsblog.net/tag/dialogue-tag/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940775 | 156 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Closed Circuit Rebreathers
Though first patented in 1808 for the French Navy, the Rebreather is considered by many to be SCUBA's state of the art.
The principle behind the Closed Circuit Rebreather (CCR) is a simple one, and not dissimilar from the technology used to remove carbon dioxide inside the pressure sphere of the HOV Alvin submersible. Simply put, exhaled gas is retained, scrubbed of CO2, enriched with oxygen and returned to the diver. No bubbles means longer bottom times and a greatly reduced impact on the behavior of marine life. "My first ocean dive on a rebreather was unlike any dive," WHOI Diver Chad Smith commented, "Marine life no longer reacted to my presence, I might as well have been a ghost."
Extended depth, range and no decompression limits as well as an unprecedented economy of breathing gas round out the benefits of CCR diving. Gas consumption does not increase with depth as with open circuit SCUBA, making CCRs the ideal tool for extended range diving.
Closed Circuit Rebreathers are ideally suited for missions involving the observation of marine life, acoustically sensitive operations, extended depth or extended duration missions. Rebreathers are not suitable for shallow (less than 30 Feet) dives, bounce dives or shallow multi-level dives. Rebreathers require specialized training and experience to be utilized in a safe and effective manner.
For more information on Rebreathers in the WHOI Diving Program, contact Ed O'Brien at (508) 289-2239 | <urn:uuid:398fea41-0a78-4232-9019-5649bb2d4709> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=10358&tid=3622&cid=124889 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928223 | 325 | 2.84375 | 3 |
... one-third of all European vascular plant species can be found in the Carpathians? That means almost 4,000 plant species, and 481 of them are found only in the Carpathians!
… Gerlachovsky Peak (2,655 m altitude) in the High Tatras in Slovak Republic is the highest peak of the Carpathians?
… the European Union’s largest populations of brown bears, wolves, lynx, European bisons and imperial eagles (globally threatened species) are found in the Carpathians?
… 36 national parks, 51 nature parks and protected landscape areas, 19 biosphere reserves and 200 other protected areas are member of the Carpathian Network of Protected areas
… there are 36 registered UNESCO World Heritage sites and 49 important pilgrimage destinations in the Carpathian area?
… the number of hotels in the Carpathians has increased by nearly 60% in the last ten years?
… the Carpathians contain the continent's largest remaining natural mountain beech and beech/coniferous forest ecosystems and the largest area of pristine forest in Europe (outside Russia)?
... the Carpathians are the largest, most twisted and fragmented mountain chain in Europe? They are Europe’s largest mountains by area.
… in the 1970’s, about 1,000,000 people worked in the mining sector in the Carpathians? Today, the number of employees in this sector is about 340,000.
… the Carpathians were put on the WWF ‘Global 200’ list of major ecoregions in need of biodiversity and habitat conservation?
… more than half of the Carpathians are covered by forests? The Carpathian forests are a vital link between the forests of the north and those of the west and south-west of Europe.
Seventh Meeting of the Carpathian Convention Implementation Committee
Conference „Large carnivores protection in the Carpathians“ + WG Biodiversity
Forum Carpaticum 2016 - Future of the Carpathians: Smart, Sustainable, Inclusive
Fifth Meeting of the WG on Sustainable Forest Management
Ninth Meeting of the Working Group on Sustainable Tourism
FOREST EUROPE - Expert Level Meeting
The Carpathians are one of Europe's largest mountain ranges, a unique natural treasure of great beauty and ecological value, and home of the headwaters of major rivers. They also constitute a major ecological, economic, cultural, recreational and living environment in the heart of Europe, shared by numerous people and countries.
The Carpathian Convention is a subregional treaty to foster the sustainable development and the protection of the Carpathian region. It has been signed in May 2003 by seven Carpathian States (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Ukraine). Read more
Investing in Sustainable Mountain Development. Opportunities, Resources and Benefits online | <urn:uuid:8f38cda3-bf64-43ec-8232-b250ea731359> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.carpathianconvention.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888623 | 607 | 3 | 3 |
[CYBERSPACE] Cyberspace means on-line.
[INTERNET] Internet is a network of networks. It is a protocal to connecting computers. The internet is open and insecure. See other definition.
[WEB MASTER] The web master controls the College of Soc. Sci.server. The web master controls the gateway to the internet and can override the students.
[UNIX] Unix is a computer network program that connects computers all over the world. The unix lines stay open 24 hours a day. It is also the word prompt at which you may choose which computer function you want to utilize.
[TELNET] Telnet is the phone line that connects the host computers.
[HOST] The host is the main computer that is connected to the telnet lines directly. Personal computers are then hooked into their host computer either directly, as in the cas oh the University's computers, or through the use of a modem.
[UHUNIX] Uhunix is the host computer for our University.
[E-MAIL] E-Mail is a way to send, retrieve, and store messages to people through the use of a computer. It can also be used to download and print small pieces of text. See other definition.
[PINE] Pine is a program on in unix that allows us to utilize E-Mail. See other definition.
[DIR] Dir is a command which will pull up a directory or list of files.
[CD] Cd is a command which will allow you to change directories. | <urn:uuid:629abc79-e198-4956-99d4-b308380deb3b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/leonj/leonpsy/psy409a/gustie/glossary.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910816 | 328 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Buddhist Lantern Parade, Seoul
Photograph by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images
Koreans carry colorful lanterns to celebrate the birthday of Buddha, the “awakened one.” No one knows the exact date or even the year of his birth, though tradition says it was some 2,500 years ago. Today, about a quarter of South Koreans identify themselves as Buddhists.
Gyeongbokgung Palace, Seoul
Photograph by Anthony Plummer/Getty Images
The guards at Gyeongbokgung Palace change frequently, as has much else since 1395, when a palace was first built on this central Seoul site during the Joseon Dynasty. The “palace greatly blessed by heaven” was destroyed by the Japanese at the end of the 16th century and again during World War II. Over the past two decades Koreans have been restoring Gyeongbokgung to its former grandeur.
Photograph by Arthur Meyerson/Aurora Photos
Adrift in a sea of green, workers pick tea leaves. Koreans typically drink green tea, traditionally the focus of an elaborate social and sometimes spiritual ritual. This ancient ceremony is becoming increasingly popular as a way to relax in the sometimes hectic world of modern South Korea.
Photograph by Alan Glockner, My Shot
Hangul has been Korea’s official script alphabet since the mid-15th century. But China and Confucianism had such a strong influence on the peninsula that many in Korea’s upper classes preferred Chinese characters until after World War II.
Namdaemun Market, Seoul
Photograph by David Lomax/Getty Images
Namdaemun Market, in the center of Seoul, is home to purveyors of pork products from whole hog heads to jokbal, a pigs’ feet specialty.
Photograph by Jason Teale, My Shot
In 674 King Munmu created Anapji Pond within the walls of Wolseong, the royal palace during the Silla kingdom. Surrounded by magnificent gardens, the artificial pond was made to look like a small sea, complete with islands and sailing ships; modern treasure hunters have retrieved some 30,000 Silla artifacts from its waters.
Photograph by Murat Taner/Getty Images
Seoul’s Cheonggyecheon was once a creek that flowed into the Han River, but after the Korean War it was buried under an elevated roadway. A project to rip out the road and restore the creek was finished in 2005, and water now flows through a protected corridor 3.6 miles (5.8 kilometers) long, forming an urban oasis.
Buddhist Scripture Tablets
Photograph by Per-Andre Hoffmann/Photo Library
Hoping the word would prove mightier than the sword, King Gojong sought divine aid against a Mongol invasion by ordering his subjects to carve the entire Buddhist canon into wooden blocks. The task took 16 years (1236-1251). Today the 81,258 woodblocks, the Tripitaka Koreana, are in remarkable condition. They’re stored in special buildings at Haeinsa, or “temple of a vast sea of meditation,” which is perched on the flanks of Mount Gayasan.
Gyeongbokgung Palace, Seoul
Photograph by Will Said, My Shot
The sprawling grounds of Seoul’s most prominent palace, Gyeongbokgung, cover 101 acres (41 hectares) and are dotted with ponds, gardens, courtyards, and a wide range of traditional Korean buildings.
Photograph by Kim Jae-Hwan/AFP/Getty Images
A pastor pauses amid a sea of protesters, some of the tens of thousands who turned out in the summer of 2008 to oppose any resumption of U.S. beef imports, which had been banned five years earlier to allay fears about mad cow disease. Later that year beef imports resumed.
Traditional Korean Celebration
Photograph by Alison Higham, My Shot
Performers take center stage during Chuseok, an annual three-day thanksgiving holiday. A harvest moon signals the start of the festival, celebrated with music, wrestling, dancing, and feasting. Koreans also honor their ancestors with a memorial service called charye.
Photograph by Michael S. Yamashita
Soldiers patrol the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has divided the two Koreas since the 1953 armistice that ended the Korean War. Around two million troops are stationed along the 2.5-mile-wide (4-kilometer-wide) DMZ, but the zone is off limits to nearly all humans and remains largely untouched. Conservationists say it may be Korea’s greatest wildlife preserve.
Photograph by Alicia Pudsey, My Shot
Rows of golden Buddhas silently welcome visitors to a Korean temple. Buddha was born in India some 2,500 years ago, and his faith reached the Korean Peninsula in A.D. 372, by way of Chinese monks. Koreans, in turn, helped the faith take hold in Japan.
2016 National Geographic Travel Photographer of the Year Contest
Browse photos of nature, cities, and people and share your favorite photos. | <urn:uuid:6a210751-9b27-4f3b-8912-56928a003b0b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/south-korea-photos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939247 | 1,094 | 2.65625 | 3 |
half life radioactive isotope
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Chlorine(Cl) has isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 32 g mol−1 to 40 g mol−1. There are two principal stable isotopes, 35Cl (75.76%) and 37Cl (24.24%), found in the relative proportions of 3:1 respectively, giving chlorine atoms in bulk an apparent atomic weight of 35.5.
Standard atomic mass: 35.453(2) u
NO amounts of radioactive36.0Cl exist in the environment, in a ratio of about 7x10−13 to 1 with stable isotopes. 36Cl is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of 36Ar by interactions with cosmic rayprotons. In the subsurface environment, 36Cl is generated primarily as a result of neutron capture by 35Cl or muon capture by 40Ca. 36Cl decays to 36S and to 36Ar, with a combined half-life of 308,000 years. The half-life of this hydrophilic nonreactive isotope makes it suitable for geologic dating in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years. Additionally, large amounts of 36Cl were produced by irradiation of seawater during atmospheric detonations of nuclear weapons between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of 36Cl in the atmosphere is about 1 week. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and ground water, 36Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present. 36Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, forecasts, and elements.
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Answers:i think you mean A(t) = Ce^kt A(t)/C = e^kt 0.5 = e^350k 350k = ln 0.5 k = ln 0.5/350 = - 0.00198 A(1000) = 4e^(-0.00198*1000) = 0.552 => 0.6 g ---------------------- p.s: ------ if you didn't specify the formula, one line ans is A(1000) = 4*0.5^(1000/350) = 0.552 => 0.6 g
Answers:If you have a rock sample with a radioactive isotope present, it's fairly simple to work out the age of the sample. First off, I'll define half-life. The half-life of an isotope is the amount of time that it takes for one half of a sample to decay. Find out what the daughter isotope or element is. This is what the radioactive isotope will become after it decays. For example, Carbon-14 decays into Carbon-12. Next, find the ratio of parent isotope to daughter and parent isotope. So, if there were 2 grams of C14 and 2 grams of C12, the ratio would be 2 to 4 (2:4) or 1 to 2 (1:2). In fraction form, this would be one half, so one half of the C14 has decayed. this means one half life has gone by. If the half life is about 5000 years, then the sample is 5000 years old.
Answers:d) 20,000 years ago The amount of radioactive isotope decreases by 1/2 every half life (10,000 years). The amount that is "lost" becomes the breakdown product. When formed (0 years elapsed) 1.00 grams of radioactive isotope 0.00 grams of breakdown product After 1 half life (10,000 years elapsed) 0.50 grams of radioactive isotope 0.50 grams of breakdown product After 2 half lives (20,000 years elapsed) 0.25 grams of radioactive isotope 0.75 grams of breakdown product
Answers:Hello Smily Liu, I can't understand why you have inserted the word 'decay rate'. If suppose I understand that the ratio of the remiainig to the initial is one quarter, then the days needed to attain that stage will be two half lives. Because 1/4 remains means (1/2)^2. Hence 2 half lives. So the duaration will be 2*140 = 280 days. | <urn:uuid:cf382c18-d12f-472f-9f29-dd273e8e6e70> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.edurite.com/kbase/half-life-radioactive-isotope | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901794 | 882 | 3.125 | 3 |
Nyangon, Maurice (2009) Geography. In: Cole, Mike, (ed.) Equality in the secondary school: Promoting good practice across the curriculum. Continuum International Publishing Group, London, UK, pp. 127-144. ISBN 9781847061010Full text not available from this repository.
This chapter focuses on the barriers to all students achieving their full potential that are rooted historically in the disparate understanding of geography itself. How the subject is delivered is scrutinized from both the historical and a pragmatic perspective but, importantly, the link between past and present is highlighted as key if the subject is finally to be embedded as a cohesive, mainstream subject that allows students to fully understand the realities of their world.
|Item Type:||Book Section|
|Additional Information:|| Chapter 8, in Part Two: The Subjects.] ISBN: 9781847061010 (Hardback, published October 2009); ISBN: 9781441194183 (Paperback, pubished November 2011); ISBN: 9781441116000 (EPUB ebook, published November 2011).|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||geography, equality, geography teaching, barriers to learning|
|Subjects:||L Education > LB Theory and practice of education > LB1603 Secondary Education. High schools|
|School / Department / Research Groups:||School of Education
Faculty of Education & Health > School of Education
School of Education > Department of Secondary Education
Faculty of Education & Health > School of Education > Department of Secondary Education
|Last Modified:||28 Apr 2014 11:56|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:3ebe68a8-7b6c-46d9-b2be-dfb610d8f0bd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://gala.gre.ac.uk/1916/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858019 | 335 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Scientific Publications by FDA Staff
PLoS One 2012;7(5):e36620
Detection of prion protein particles in blood plasma of scrapie infected sheep.
Bannach O, Birkmann E, Reinartz E, Jaeger KE, Langeveld JP, Rohwer RG, Gregori L, Terry LA, Willbold D, Riesner D
Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. The agent of the disease is the prion consisting mainly, if not solely, of a misfolded and aggregated isoform of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP). Transmission of prions can occur naturally but also accidentally, e.g. by blood transfusion, which has raised serious concerns about blood product safety and emphasized the need for a reliable diagnostic test. In this report we present a method based on surface-FIDA (fluorescence intensity distribution analysis), that exploits the high state of molecular aggregation of PrP as an unequivocal diagnostic marker of the disease, and show that it can detect infection in blood. To prepare PrP aggregates from blood plasma we introduced a detergent and lipase treatment to separate PrP from blood lipophilic components. Prion protein aggregates were subsequently precipitated by phosphotungstic acid, immobilized on a glass surface by covalently bound capture antibodies, and finally labeled with fluorescent antibody probes. Individual PrP aggregates were visualized by laser scanning microscopy where signal intensity was proportional to aggregate size. After signal processing to remove the background from low fluorescence particles, fluorescence intensities of all remaining PrP particles were summed. We detected PrP aggregates in plasma samples from six out of ten scrapie-positive sheep with no false positives from uninfected sheep. Applying simultaneous intensity and size discrimination, ten out of ten samples from scrapie sheep could be differentiated from uninfected sheep. The implications for ante mortem diagnosis of prion diseases are discussed.
|Category: Journal Article|
|PubMed ID: #22567169||DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036620|
|PubMed Central ID: #PMC3342177|
|Includes FDA Authors from Scientific Area(s): Biologics|
|Entry Created: 2011-11-09||Entry Last Modified: 2012-08-29| | <urn:uuid:6c320752-b5a1-49fe-87d4-cce3a028ca09> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/publications/search_result_record.cfm?id=38788 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900314 | 494 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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Re: mechanical cochlear model
2010/3/15 Martin Braun <nombraun@xxxxxxxxx>
There has to be one, if a volume shift of cochlear fluids occurs. Such a volume shift apparently occurs at high sound levels (>60 dB SPL). However, to induce sound waves in the cochlear fluids and also a hair cell response there is no need at all for a volume shift. This was recently demonstrated by Huber et al. (2008) in a series of elegant experiments:
Peter van Hengel wrote:
I don't think there is a question whether or not there is a traveling wave
in the cochlea. Fluid mechanics dictates that there has to be one.
In other words, sound waves can enter the cochlea and excite hair cells without a fluid displacement and without causing a traveling wave.
Sorry, I did not state that there had to be bet influx at the stapes or a volume shift a you name it. Any fluid motion (such as caused by a rocking stapes) will cause a travelling wave. Even the minute fluid displacements in a compession wave will cause a traveling wave.
The problem I see with a compression wave being the stimulus and thehaircells acting as pressure sensors .....
Hair cells need not be pressure sensors for a response to sound waves (compression waves). The "hairs" of the hair cells can act as wave detectors. Already today we see that they apparently do this in lizard ears. Manley (2006) measured spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) from ten lizard species that have no tectorial membranes. In these animals free-standing hair bundles vibrate through their own motor mechanism and thereby produce sound waves in the inner ear fluids that are measurable from the outside. There is no reason why this process should not work in reverse as well, such that hair bundles respond to sound waves that have entered the inner ear fluids from the outside.
Manley GA (2006) Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions from free-standing stereovillar bundles of ten species of lizard with small papillae. Hear Res 212, 33-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16307854
I am sure hair bundles can move and serve as wave detectors. As a matter of fact I strongly support that view. This implies that there is fluid motion which stimulates the hair cells. And as I said before, fluid motion implies a traveling wave.
A tectorial membrane is not necessary to get fluid motion. There can be fluid motion without a membrane. But if there is both fluid motion and a membrane there will be a traveling wave. | <urn:uuid:91eafe6a-ef76-42cf-8acb-d7d4084719cd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.auditory.org/mhonarc/2010/msg00191.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910514 | 583 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Page 2 of 2
Faster or safer
At this point the real world enters the picture and the small question of how long it takes to stack all of those registers starts to matter.
There are systems where the time it takes to get to an interrupt routine – the latency – is important. For example, if the system is controlling a chemical reaction it might be vital that it responds to a sensor setting in as fast as possible. In such cases even interrupting part way through some instructions may be worthwhile and the time to stack all those registers is definitely not a good idea!
Some processors solve the problem by not stacking registers before an interrupt but leave it to the interrupt routine to stack any registers it needs to make use of and then restore the registers it used before doing the RTI instruction.
This is fine but there are two problems – if the interrupt routine needs to use all of the registers it still has to stack them all and there is always the possibility that it will not restore them properly – bugs happen.
There have been lots of solutions to the problem, the best probably being the provision of a complete duplicate set of internal registers that are simply swapped in one operation. (Believe it or not this was incorporated into the design of the Z80 an early microprocessor - but it is hardly used today.) This worked but only in small systems for obvious reasons.
Today it is generally recognised that for any general-purpose system the hardware should be optimised to make a task switch as fast as possible but still using the stack to store everything. This has become easier as the hardware has become more sophisticated.
Paradoxically, it has also become harder as the hardware has become more sophisticated!
For example, most modern processors such as the Pentium make use of a cache memory and a “pipeline” of instructions to speed things up. You can think of the pipeline as a sort of assembly line approach to obeying a program where lots of instructions are in the process of being obeyed. Much of the speed of a modern processor comes from its pipeline construction and there is nothing worse than an action which causes the pipeline to stall – that is have to be cleared and restarted.
Guess what an interrupt does!
To avoid unwanted interaction between tasks the instruction pipeline has to be restarted when an interrupt occurs.
In the real world there is still a fundamental trade off between fast and safe interrupts. You can have a fast interrupt if you are happy about leaving the control of interaction between tasks to the writer of the interrupt routine or you can have safe interrupts if you are not too fussy about latency or overall performance.
The Two-culture Problem
There are two very definite views of interrupts depending on whether or not you are working with real time systems or bigger information processors. If you are building a device to control something – the temperature of a chemical process say – then the processor that you use is small and optimised for real-time control. It generally doesn’t have an instruction pipeline and there is no need to stack everything when an interrupt occurs.
The software is probably all written by one team of programmers and there is hardly any operating system in the way of getting the job done. In this environment it is hard not to think about interrupts as a blessing.
You can write interrupt handlers for all of the hardware devices that need to be use and ensure that they all interact to just the right degree. Actually in practice this isn’t as easy as it sounds and any bug that does get into the system can be next to impossible to find.
Consider for a moment the way that non-interrupt-using programs are debugged and tested. They are taken through a standard sequence of inputs and actions. Such programs always produce the same outputs for the same explicit inputs – if they don’t we generally suspect a hardware fault of some kind!
Now consider a program with a number of interrupt routines. In this case the exact sequence of events depends on the exact timing and order of the interrupts. Perhaps an error only makes itself known when interrupt A occurs while interrupt routine B is working after interrupt routine X. You can see that because the interrupts are caused by the outside world the number of ways that the program can execute the instructions is huge and the potential for undiscovered unwanted interactions is also huge.
Programs that don’t use interrupts are often called “deterministic” because they always do the same thing. Programs that use interrupts are called “asynchronous” or “non-deterministic” because of the way that they hop about all over the place while working.
In simple systems you can just about keep control of a non-deterministic program but as the system’s complexity increases non-deterministic programs become next to impossible to make work properly. So much so that most of the errors that occur in interrupt driven programs are put down to intermittent hardware faults!
For safety critical systems interrupts are usually banned because they are considered too dangerous to risk even though they do seem to make the programmer's task simpler. | <urn:uuid:23874c6c-065c-49c4-bfb5-9d4b5b6cd02f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.i-programmer.info/babbages-bag/360-interrupts.html?start=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95517 | 1,043 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A noob visiting the Astrub sity one day and met the great scientist Asidric Gutspliter.
"What language is spoken in the World of Twelve?" noob asked.
"In Gamish, nooblord!" Acidrik said.
(Forgotten history of the World of Twelve)
Gamish [geımıʃ] is:
- abbreviation from gamer's English or gaming English;
- a dialect of English, the variety associated with particular sociocultural group (MMORPG gamers);
- an informal register of English associated with MMORPG gamers;
- a vocabulary (lexicon) and phrase book associated with such registers.
Dofus Gamish dictionary are words used in a specific sense in the context of playing Dofus. This include both terms used withing game to describe in-game concepts and terms used to describe Dofus as MMORPG. Dictionary lets us talk to each other. It lets us share ideas and knowledge, and in doing so, expands the border of our emerging field.
For organizing the dictionary terms we use next schemas:
- Culture is a contextual primary schema, and highlights the cultural context into which any game is embedded.
- Play is an experiential primary schema, and emphasizes the player's interaction with the game and other players.
- Rules is a formal primary schema, and focuses on the intrinsic structure of game.
Gamish — English Phrasebook
This is a very boring section is intended for Gamish researchers.
The terms and definitions are taken from the following sources. | <urn:uuid:2a3b6c64-fdc6-4310-b2c1-0c7b30588863> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dofus-2.com/culture/gamish | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874971 | 329 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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Preschool Storytime with additional early learning activities, social play
The San Juan Island Library has expanded Friday Preschool Stortyime, which is every week 10:30 a.m. In addition to sharing stories, songs, and “fingerplays,” children and their caregivers can stay afterword for interactive skill building activities such as games, crafts, and social play.
Children can choose activities which best fit their interests. For example, there will be dressing boards, connector shapes, blocks, story building cards, and sorting color boxes along with a craft. Research points to strong social connections and learning and literacy. Games and hands-on play are fun and accessible ways for children to build skills through discovery, modeling, and cooperation.
Early learning comprises essential skills that are the foundation for a child’s future development. These include concentration, impulse control, listening, social-emotional awareness, and emergent literacy - vocabulary, print awareness and recognition, narrative skills. Sharing books, listening to stories, and playing in a positive setting are ways to help children develop these fundamental skills.
Not only is early learning good for children, it’s good for the whole community. Low rates of literacy and poor academic performance are connected to an increase in high school dropout rates, bullying, and higher rates of incarceration. According to the Department of Justice, more than 60 percent of inmates in America’s prisons cannot read above a fourth grade level and are considered functionally illiterate. Early learning and literacy skills are known to impact a child’s ability to be school ready and to read at appropriate grade levels.
Although those statistics are alarming, they also prompt critical action. Many states now recognize the importance of early learning to a child’s overall academic achievement. The library is a participating partner of Washington’s Foundation for Early Learning, which strives to ensure that every child in the state is kindergarten ready and has the foundation to succeed academically and throughout life. | <urn:uuid:6a28f193-f72f-4036-9d22-9f3740247835> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.sanjuanjournal.com/community/136854028.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941754 | 430 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The researchers, from the universities of Brandeis, Northwestern, Georgia (Athens), and Autonomous University of Barcelona, studied the Tsimane', an indigenous horticulturalist and foraging society in the lowlands of Bolivia who use local plants daily for medicine, firewood, construction and food. The Tsimane' rely on wild and domesticated plants for more than half of their household consumption, while purchased goods account for a tiny fraction of consumption.
"Like other remote rural populations around the world, the Tsimane' must rely on their ability to exploit natural resources to maintain the health of their children," said Victoria Reyes-García, PhD, coauthor and visiting researcher at Brandeis University. "However, many Tsimane' are pursuing new economic opportunities that undermine this aspect of their culture. It seems to be one of the many unintended consequences of globalization."
The study evaluated the health of 330 Tsimane' two-to-ten year-olds and interviewed their mothers and fathers to assess their ethnobotanical skills and knowledge. Researchers looked at three measures of child health: their immune function, as measured in C-reactive protein levels; skinfold thickness, to estimate fat stores, and height-for-age, to assess stunted growth.
Reyes-García explained that mothers who had knowledge of local plants well above the average were more likely to have children with better health, whereas mothers who had less than the average knowledge were more likely to have children with worse indicators of health and nutrition. For example, in families with mothers with low local plant knowledge, the researchers determined there is a likelihood of nearly one in five children being severely stunted, while families in which mothers possess high levels of plant knowledge have fewer than one in ten children with severe stunting. The other two measures found similar results, with knowledge of local plants significantly correlated with childhood health and nutrition.
To a great extent, Tsimane survival and well being is dependent on their knowledge of local plants, in everything from managing their environment to getting food and preventing and curing disease, explained Reyes-García. "However, globalization threatens this knowledge to the extent that formal schooling and jobs in emerging markets devalue folk knowledge and provide access to products not made from local resources, but without providing adequate medical treatment substitutes," said Reyes-García. "In a situation where local medicinal knowledge is not adequately substituted by access to medical facilities, the consequences of this lost knowledge can translate into poorer childhood health." | <urn:uuid:10c83e39-56ea-49f0-9c24-7f20d6348611> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Mother-knows-best-3A-Plant-knowledge-key-to-childhood-health-in-remote-Amazon-4691-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960883 | 515 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The U.N.'s climate change panel may be severely underestimating the sea-level rise caused by global warming, climate scientists said on Monday, calling for swift cuts in greenhouse emissions.
"The sea-level rise may well exceed one meter (3.28 feet) by 2100 if we continue on our path of increasing emissions," said Stefan Rahmstorf, professor at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. "Even for a low emission scenario, the best estimate is about one meter."
Here's an idea: Let's start planning an infrastructure for climate refugees now instead of transplanting the burden onto our children's generation. That goes double for those of us like me, who will probably be around to see at least some of the fireworks. | <urn:uuid:1305c938-50c9-4caf-8b2e-554131e1384a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://posthumanblues.blogspot.com/2009/03/but-you-already-knew-this.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907693 | 155 | 2.875 | 3 |
From Booklist, Copyright © American Library Association. Used with permission.
One in three children and adolescents in America is overweight, and one in six is obese. This can result in a shorter lifespan and lower quality of life. This book examines the frightening trend as motivation for parents to educate their children about good nutrition and healthy lifestyle choices. As a registered dietitian, Brizee urges parents to consider the debilitating effects of the typical American lifestyle: rushed mealtimes, oversize and unhealthy fast-food portions, too much television and technology, not enough unstructured play, and a lack of meaningful communication among family members. The book encourages prayer, meditation, and reflection, but the focus is more on making healthy food and activity choices. Most valuable are the strategies parents can use to help their kids make those healthy choices. A wonderful collection of no-fuss, tasty, and nutritious recipes are included. A terrific survival guide for parents raising children in America.--DeGrane, Susan Copyright 2010 Booklist | <urn:uuid:152f5fb2-fcd0-4b11-a02b-836ad29b23b0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ls2content.tlcdelivers.com/content.html?customerid=735&requesttype=text-review&button=false&isbn=9781557259240&upc= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943144 | 204 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Back in 1981, Alan H. Guth, then a struggling physics postdoc at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, gave a series of seminars in which he introduced “inflation” into the lexicon of cosmology. The term refers to a brief burst of hyperaccelerated expansion that, he argued, may have occurred during the first instants after the big bang. One of these seminars took place at Harvard University, where I myself was a postdoc. I was captivated by the idea, and I have been thinking about it almost every day since. Many of my colleagues working in astrophysics, gravitational physics and particle physics have been similarly engrossed. To this day the development and testing of the inflationary theory of the universe is one of the most active and successful areas of scientific investigation. | <urn:uuid:72c0de3e-eecc-4e4c-a666-a0bd27336285> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/paul-steinhardt-disowns-inflation-the-theory-he-helped-create/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00120-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969521 | 164 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Latest update: June 13th, 2012
An Iraqi Oil Ministry plan to extend an oil pipeline through ancient Babylon presents a major threat to the cultural heritage of one of the ancient world’s most important cities.
Babylon, the world’s largest city during portions of the second and first millennia B.C.E., features prominently in Biblical narratives and played a major role in the cultural development of the ancient Near East. The site has been harangued by constant threats in recent decades, including the construction of a palace for Saddam Hussein, the digging and leveling of terrain near the Ishtar Gate for the construction of a US military base and the extension of earlier pipelines in the 1970s and 80s.
Iraq has fought hard to preserve the cultural heritage of Babylon by trying to add it to the UNESCO World Heritage list, but the frequent damages have threatened the bid. The location of one of the Seven Wonders of the World, Babylon was partially excavated in several stages during the 20th century, but given its massive size and millennia-long occupation, further archaeological investigation is necessary.
The General Authority for Antiquities and Heritage in Iraq has filed a lawsuit against the Oil Projects Committee in an attempt to prevent the construction of the pipeline, which would pass through the wall of the 1,400 year old castle known as the Babil Fortress.Noah Wiener, Bible History Daily
About the Author: Noah Wiener is the editor of Bible History Daily, a publication of the Biblical Archaeology Society.
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May 28, 2007 Botulism toxin is the deadliest poison on the planet. 2kg of it is enough to kill every person on the planet - although this doesn't stop the rich and tasteless from injecting it into their faces as Botox, where it stops nerves from working and has a slight smoothing effect on wrinkles. The toxin is produced by the Clostridium Botulinum bacteria - and scientists at the UK's Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute have just completed some fascinating genome research on the development of this incredibly effective killer and its survival mechanisms. Where some bacteria use complex and even elegant methods to dance around our immune systems, C. Botulinum goes for the direct hit with a "microbial sledgehammer." More please, just around the jawline.
The genome of the organism that produces the world's most lethal toxin is revealed today. This toxin is the one real weapon in the genome of Clostridium botulinum and less than 2 kg - the weight of two bags of sugar - is enough to kill every person on the planet. Very small amounts of the same toxin are used in medical treatments, one of which is known as Botox®.
The genome sequence shows that C. botulinum doesn't have subtle tools to evade our human defences or tricky methods of acquiring resistance to antibiotics. It lives either as a dormant spore or as a scavenger of decaying animal materials in the soil, and doesn't interact with human or other large animal hosts for prolonged periods of time.
Occasionally it gets into a living animal, via contaminated food or open wounds, leading to infant botulism or wound botulism, both of which are serious human infections. The host can be quickly overpowered and, in some cases, killed by the toxin, and C. botulinum has a new food source.
"Although in the same group as Clostridium difficile - the Cdiff superbug - C. botulinum has a genome that is remarkable because it is so stable," commented Dr Mohammed Sebaihia, lead author on the paper from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "Unlike Cdiff, in which more than 10% of genes have been acquired from other bacteria, there is almost no footprint of these in C. botulinum."
There are several types of C. botulinum: although described as variants of a single species, they are really very different organisms linked simply because they have the deadly toxin. For each type, there is also a near-identical but harmless relative that lacks the toxin. C. sporogenes is the non-malignant, near twin of the organism sequenced.
Professor Mike Peck, from the Institute of Food Research, commented that "It is astonishing that 43% of the predicted genes in the C. botulinum genome are absent from the other five sequenced clostridia, and only 16% of the C. botulinum genes are common to all five. Our findings emphasise just how different clostridia are from each other."
C. botulinum toxin stops nerves from working - the basis of its use in medicine to control tremors and in cosmetic treatments. For the prey of its opportunistic attacks, death is swift. Perhaps the most important tool it has to act out its stealth attacks is its ability to hibernate when times are hard by forming dormant spores.
More than 110 of its set of almost 3700 genes are used to control spore formation and germination when opportunity arises.
"C. botulinum shows us one extreme of the ways that bacteria can make the most of animal hosts," explained Dr Julian Parkhill of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "Some organisms use subtle approaches, elegantly choreographing their interaction with us and our defences."
"C. botulinum takes the opposite approach. It lies in wait and, if it gets the opportunity, it hits its host with a microbial sledgehammer. It then eats the remains and lays low until the next host comes along."
The genome sequence is peppered with genes that produce enzymes to digest proteins and other animal material in the soil. Also found, uniquely in this species, is a range of genes that allow it to attack the many insect and other small creatures that live in the soil. The 'chitinases' produced by these genes can degrade the casing of insects and small crustaceans.
It is not only animals that can feel the wrath of C. botulinum, explains Dr Sebaihia: "The soil can be a harsh environment and food can be scarce. To see off the competition, C. botulinum comes with its own 'antibiotic' - a chemical called boticin that kills competing bacteria."
Genome sequences can tell us a lot about the biology of the organism, but research into clostridia has been hampered by the lack of a good genetic system. Professor Nigel Minton, Professor of Applied Molecular Microbiology at the University of Nottingham, has developed new methods to knock out genes in clostridia.
"Even after decades of research, only a handful of mutants had been made in clostridia, and none in C. botulinum," Professor Minton explains. "We have developed a highly efficient system, the ClosTron, with which we have, in a few months, knocked out over 30 genes in four different clostridial species, including eight in C. botulinum. The availability of this tool should revolutionise functional genomic studies in clostridia."
This remarkable, stable genome demonstrates the wide range of strategies used by bacteria to enhance their chances of survival. For the Clostridia, these range from the approach used by C. difficile - long-term interaction with hosts, which involves evading the immune system and countering antibiotics - to the single-minded opportunistic approach of C. botulinum. | <urn:uuid:8438877f-0e55-4361-8bc7-9295e089f208> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.gizmag.com/go/7331/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94772 | 1,219 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Young people entering the workforce today are less likely to be employed and earn less than the young people of two decades ago, according to a new report from Georgetown University.
Young adults have seen a “lost decade” in their employment rate, which fell from 84 percent to 72 percent between 2000 and 2012.
Citing “significant structural economic shifts” since 1980, the report also notes that the share of young adults in the labor force has dropped to the same level as it was in 1972, a decline that started in the ’80s.
And this has been particularly pronounced for African Americans. The employment gap between young white workers and black workers grew from 6 percentage points in 2000 to 14 percentage points in 2012.
It also notes that today’s young people won’t start making the median wage, which stands at about $42,000, until they reach age 30, while young people started making that much at age 26 in 1980. Earnings for 26 to 30 year olds also declined across all levels of education, although those with higher degrees were least impacted.
Young people today make up nearly half of all people who are unemployed, a fact that will likely cost those out of work $21.4 billion in earnings over the next 10 years. Missing just one year of work can translate into 2 to 3 percent less in earnings each year thereafter for a young worker. Young people who do work are increasingly pushed into low-wage jobs.
Meanwhile, young college graduates are also grappling with mounting loads of student debt, which in total now stands at more than $1 trillion. That debt means that many struggle to buy their own homes and make other large purchases, which has big negative impacts on the larger economy. | <urn:uuid:3b8806c8-d516-40f3-87f6-abdb6a192022> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/10/01/2714271/charts-young-adults-experienced-a-lost-decade-in-employment-since-2000/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978326 | 354 | 3.125 | 3 |
New Hanover county was formed in 1729 and known as the New Hanover Precinct of Bath County, being that portion taken from Craven County. During 1734 parts of the precinct became Bladen Precinct and Onslow Precinct. It was named for the House of Hanover. In 1750 the northern part of New Hanover County became Duplin County and during 1764 another part of New Hanover County was combined with part of Bladen County to form Brunswick County. In 1875 the separation of northern New Hanover County went to form Pender County.
New Hanover County Wills and other Records Available to Members of North Carolina Pioneers
Images of Wills, Book C, 1747 to 1858
Alderman, Daniel |Alexander, Aaron |Alexander, David |Allen, Archibald Smith |Amatio, Nicholas |Ancrum, John |Anderson, William |Armstrong, William |Ashburn, Denson |Ashe, Elizabeth |Ashe, John |Ashe, Samuel |Atkinson, Elizabeth |Atkinson, John |Averitt, Reuben |Baker, John |Ballard, Jethro |Bannerman, Charles |Barker, Joseph |Bartholomew, Samuel |Barwick, William |Batson, Batt |Batson, John |Batson, Peter |Batt, John |Beach, Silas |Beloat, Augustus |Benson, John |Berry, Samuel |Berry, Thomas |Bettoncourt, Emanuel |Bishop, Charles |Black, Samuel |Bland, James |Bloodworth, Mary |Bloodworth, Robert |Boissel, Marie Therese Dieudonia |Bond, Sweeting |Bonham, Hezekiah |Bonham, Samuel (blurred) |Bourdeaux, Anthony |Bourdeaux, Anthony (1853) |Bourdeaux, Daniel |Bourdeaux, William |Bowden, Bacor |Bowden, Martha |Bowden, Richard |Bradley, Eliza |Brown, Elizabeth |Brown, Jesse |Brown, Robert W. |Bryant, Benetar |Burch, James |Busley, Solomon |Calleorda, Zilpat |Campbell, Montequien |Chivers, Edward |Clark, Bella |Clark, Duncan |Collins, Jesse |Collins, John |Colson, James |Colvin, Alexander |Colvin, William B. |Corbett, John Sr. |Corbett, John M. |Corbett, William |Corbin, Edmund |Cowan, John |Coxster, E. |Coxeter, Esther |Cracke, Thomas |Cray, John |Crews, John |Cunningham, Sarah |Cunningham, Thomas |Cutlar, Elizabeth |Cutlar, Euphremia |Cuttars, Roger |Davis, John |Davis, Thomas |Davis, Thomas O. |De Kopet, Lewis Henry |De Kopet, M. J. |Denning, Margaret |Devane, Thomas |Devane, Thomas |Dickey, Eliza |Doty, Edward |Doyle, Margaret |Dubose, Anthony |Dudley, Alfred |Dudley, Catherine |Dudley, Christopher |Dudley, Edward |Dunbibin, Daniel |Dunbibin, Jonathan |Duncan, George |Eagan, Elizabeth |Eagles, Joseph |Eason, Jacob |Eason, Susan |Easter, Richard |Edens, Jacob |Epson, Thomas |Evans, Jonathan |Evans, William |Ezard, William |Fairchild, Mary |Farris, Owen |Farris, Sarah |Fennell, Nicholas |Ferguson, Daniel |Fillgan, John |Fillygan, Stephen |Fitzgerald, Thomas |Flowers, Thomas |Forbes, David |Ford, Marcus |Fountain, Isabella |Fountain, Noah |Foyer, James |Fryout, Sarah |Futch, John |Futch, Ocenimus |Gardner, James |Gardner, John |Gates, Rhoda |Gautier, Anna Bell |Gibson, Walter |Gill, Nelson |Goodie, James |Gordon, William |Graniger, Caleb |Grant, Solomon |Green, Nathan |Green, Samuel |Gregory, William |Guerard, John |Gurganus, Swinson |Gurley, Benjamin |Hall, James |Hallett, James R. |Hambleton, John |Hand, Margaret |Hanocks, Thomas |Hansley, William |Hardison, Jesse |Hardy, Richard |Harris, Catharine |Harvey, Francis |Harvey, William |Hasell, James |Hasler, James |Hay, James |Heane, Christian |Hedgeman, Lewis |Henan, William |Henderson, Duncan |Henderson, Thomas |Hendry, Alexander |Hendry, James |Hening, Benjamin |Hening, Dorcas |Hening, John |Hening, Samuel |Henry, C. D. |Henry, John |Henry, William |Heron, Benjamin |Herring, William |Highsmith, John W. |Hill, John |Hill, Sarah Lydia |Hill, Thomas |Hill, William |Hinckley, Elizabeth |Hinkley, Elizabeth |Hoard, Seth |Holliman, Elizabeth |Holliman, Peter |Holmes, Mariah |Hooper, George |Howard, James |Howard, James M. |Howard, Caleb Dena |Howse, John |Hulett, John |Isaac, Jonathan |Jacobs, George |Jacobs, Mathew |James, David |James, Margaret |James, Thomas |James, William |Jennett, Jesse |Johns, Isabel |Johnston, Ann |Johnston, Jonathan |Johnston, Mathew |Johnston, Richard W. |Jones, Amos |Jones, David Sr. |Jones, Elizabeth |Jones, Frederick |Jones, Frederick Jr. |Jones, Jane |Jones, John D. |Jones, Margaret |Jones, Marmaduke |Jones, Philip |Jones, Thomas |Jones, William |Jones, William |Judge, Israel |Kelly, Richard |Kerry, Daniel |Kingsbury, Gabriel |Kingsbury, John |Kirkby, James Harrison |Knotts, William |Koonce, Bryan |Lambert, Ezekiel |Lanier, Benjamin |Larkins, Benjamin |Larkins, Jacob |Larkins, James |Larkins, John |Larkins, Thomas |Laroque, James |Laspegne, Harriett |Lassiter, John H. |Lee, William |Lewis, Mullington |Lewis, William F. |Lillington, Alexander |Lillington, Eliza |Lillington, George |Loftin, Rachel |Long, Jonathan |Lord, William |Loudon, John |Loving, F. J. |Lyon, John |Lyon, Mildred |Mabson, Arthur |Mackay, William |MacLaine, Archibald |Mancy, U. |Manders, John |Manning, Margaret |Marshall, William |Mason, Caleb |Mason, Sarah |Massalan, Mary |Maxwell, Peter |McCaleb, Archibald |McClammy, Luke |McClammy, Peter |McClaney, Mark |McClellan, Angus |McCrackin, Robert |McCruslaw, Isabella |McCullock, Alexander |McDonald, William |McDuffie, Margaret |McGufford, Nathaniel |McKay, John |McKoy, William |McKellar, John |McLauney, William |McLeod, Daniel |McLorinau, Henry |Melson, John A. P. |Mence, Matthew |Merick, Thomas |Miller, James |Mills, James |Miller, Joseph Smith |Millon, Edward |Mills, Catharine |Mitchell, Catharine |Mixon, Michael |Mixon, Robert |Moore, Ann |Moore, Ben E. |Moore, Elizabeth |Moore, George |Moore, James |Moore, Roger |Moran, James |Morgan, Daniel |Morgan, David |Morgan, Ezekiel |Morgan, Hannah |Morris, Emanuel |Morris, William |Moseley, Thomas |Mott, Benjamin |Mott, Benjamin J. |Mott, Ruth |Munce, Clem |Munro, Hugh |Murford, William |Murphy, Cornelius |Murphy, John |Murphy, Mary |Murphy, Robert |Murray, Ann |Neal, Jacob |Neilson, Abraham |Neilson, Thomas |Newkirk, Abraham |Newkirk, Joseph |Newman, Stephen |Newton, Isaac |Newton, James |Newton, James |Newton, John J. |Newton, Joseph |Newton, Mary |Nichols, Caleb |Nichols, Elizabeth |Nichols, John |Nichols, Joseph O. |Nichols, William |Nixon, Thomas |Oaling, Charles |Oliver, John |Orme, James |Orme, Mary |Orr, Mathew |Overhisen, John |Paget, Louis Sr. |Parish, Joel |Parker, Thomas |Person, Stephen |Peterson, Emma |Peterson, Labon |Meckering, Phineas |Meckett, Thomas |Pigford, William |Player, Easter |Player, Mary |Player, Richard |Player, Stephen |Player, Thomas |Player, William |Poisson, Mary |Portevent, Samuel |Pouncey, Nathaniel |Powell, Jacob |Price, James |Price, Richard |Price, Susan |Quince, Ann |Quince, John |Quince, Richard |Rames, George |Rankin, Owen |Ratcliffe, James |Ratcliffe, Mary |Raylor, William |Riley, William |Robeson, Letitia Kitty |Robeson, Thomas |Robertson, Mary |Robinson, James |Robinson, Margaret |Rochell, Benjamin |Rogers, Thomas |Ronaldson, Andrew |Rook, Henry |Rooks, Jesse |Ross, Alexander |Ross, Ann |Ross, Walter |Rotchel, John |Rourk, William |Rouse, Alexander |Rouse, Elizabeth |Rowan, Esther |Rowe, John |Sampson, Henry |Sanders, Daniel |Sanders, Mary F. |Saunders, Elizabeth |Scarborough, Jesse |Schaw, Alexander |Sellers, Barbara |Sellers, Catharine |Sentas, Joseph |Shepard, Arthur |Sikes, John Sr. |Simpson, Joseph |Simpson, Martha |Sloan, Alexander |Smith, David |Smith, Dorcas H. |Smith, Mary |Spicer, James |Springs, John |Standley, James |Standley, James Sr. |Standwich, Samuel |Steed, Bevrice |Steward, Charles |Stewart, John |St. George, Elizabeth |Stainer, George |Swann, Aurelia |Swann, John |Swann, John |Swann, Samuel |Taylor, Ann |Taylor, James |Telfair, John |Thompson, WIlliam |Toole, Henry |Tooner, M. M. |Twilley, Ann |Vanceleef, John |Veuve Legros, Mary Martha |Vickers, Mary |Vickers, Thomas |Wade, Margaret |Wakeley, George |Walker, Ann |Walker, John |Walker, John |Walker, John M. |Walker, Magdalene Margaret |Walker, Robert |Walker, William |Walker, Julius H. |Ward, Anthony |Ward, Nathan |Ward, William |Warren, Mary |Warwick, Charlotte |Watson, Alexander |Watson, Jonathan |Watson, Joseph |Webb, Daniel |White, Temperance |White, William |Whitfield, William |Wilkinson, William |Williams, David |Williams, Jane |Williams, John |Williams, John |Williams, Thomas H. |Williamson, Tabitha |Williford, Sarah |Willy, Henry W. |Wilson, John |Wingate, William |Withings, Marshall |Wood, Mark |Wooten, Bryant |Wright, Thomas |Young, Catharine
Images of Wills, Book D, 1858 to 1868
|Alderman, David |Allen, Samuel Dyer |Ashe, Tinsley |Banks, Clarissa |Baxter, Bernard |Bettercourt, William |Black, John |Bloodworth, Leah |Bordeaux, James |Bourdeaux, James |Brown, A. A. |Brown, Robert |Capps, Gideon |Cassidey, James |Corbett, Thomas |Crone, Lott |Croome, Major T. |Croom, Hillory |Croom, William |Crown, Hardy |Cummings, Naomi |De Rosset, Sallie |Dickinson, Plat |Dickson, James |Dix, John |Drane, Robert Brent |Dudley, George A. |Empire, Adam |Fennell, George |Fennell, George E. |Fennell, George |Fennell, Hardy |Fillyan, Owen |Foyles, Martha |Freeman, Alexander |Freeman, William Capers |Fulton, James |Gerganes, Alfred |Gibbs, Robert W. |Gornto, David |Guthrie, Anne |Guthrie, Ann J. |Hall, Edward |Hall, Eli |Henry, Catharine |Henry, Charles |Henry, Neal |Heyer, Barbara |Heyer, William |Hewlett, Alexander |Hewlett, A. J. |Hill, Annivis |Hill, Fred J. |James, Rachel |Jones, Ezekiel |Knohl, Frederick |Lamb, Isaac |Lane, Ezekiel Edward |Lane, Levin |Lee, Jane |Lippman, M. |London, S. E. |Love, William J. |Marshall, John |Marshall, Malsey |Miller, Annie M. |Miller, Evans |Miller, James T. |Moore, Alexander Duncan |Moore, George T. |Moore, John T. |Murphy, Robert |Murray, Thomas |Newkirk, Bryan |Newton, Mary |Nixon, Samuel |Northrop, Isaac |Owen, James |Peterson, Enoch |Pettit, Nathaniel |Pickett, Isaac |Pigford, Edward |Pigford, James B. |Polvagt, Charles |Potter, Gilbert |Powell, Rachel |Puckett, John |Quince, Nancy |Richardson, James |Rivenbark, David |Robeson, Catharine |Rooks, John |Rooks, Joseph |Rosset, John |Rothwell, A. B. |Russell, Henry |Sampson, James |Sauls, John Hill |Savage, Henry |Savage, T. |Sawton, Mathew |Simpson, Elizabeth |Simpson, James |Slade, Harry |Smith, Robert |Smith, Sarah |Swann, Ann Sophia |Tanner, Bennett |Tate, Robert |Taylor, John W. |Urquhart, Henrietta |Van Amringe, Cyrus |Walker, Jesse |Walker, John |Walker, Thomas Davis |Williams, Thomas |Wood, R. B. Jr. |Worth, Thomas C |Wright, Eliza |Wright, Joshua |Wright, Mary |Wright, Thomas H.
New Hanover County Probate Records
- Minutes of the Pleas and Quarter Sessions Court 1739-42; 1759-1769
- Index to Minutes of the Pleas and Quarter Sessions Court 1739-42; 1759-1769
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- 1733 New Hanover County Map
- 1738 New Hanover County Map
- 1770 Map of Settlers in New Hanover County
By Jeannette Holland Austin
Fort Fisher near Wilmington possessed one of the largest Confederate earthenworks forts, with Colonel William Lamb as its commander. In fact, it was Lamb who redesigned the fort similar to the Russian Crimean War fort called Malakoff Tower. It was heavily armed and its earth and sand mound construction readily absorbed bombardment by heavy artillery. In December of 1864, the Union Navy blew up a ship packed with explosive in front of the fort, with slight damage to the fort itself. Determined to close the port of Wilmington to Confederate blockade runners, General Grant ordered a second attack in January of 1865. During Jnuary of 1865 Confederate defenders repelled one part of the Union attack on Fort Fisher. However, when Federal units penetracted the defenses of the fort in another sector, they captured the fort. The fall of Fort Fisher closed the part of Wilmington, which was the last fort open to the Confederacy.
Find more about your ancestors on North Carolina Pioneers
Wilmington and the Stamp Act
By Jeannette Holland Austin (Profile)
The port city of Wilmington opposed the Stamp Act. And, it had the support of influential politicians who led the resistance against the North Carolina Tories. Cornelius Harnett, a member of the General Assembly, rallied his opposition to the Sugar Act of 1764. When the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act the following year, the citizens of protested. On October 19, 1765, several hundred townspeople gathered to protest the new law and in the process burned an effigy of one person in the town who favored the Act. Then, toasted "Liberty, Property and No Stamp Duty." On October 31, another crowd assembled in the streets representing the symbolic funeral of "Liberty" but before they could burn their effigy, the patriots rallied. When Dr. William Houston was appointed the Stamp Receiver for Cape Fear he was surrounded by townsfolk who demanded to know whether he intended to enforce the Stamp Act and while the town bell rang and drums beat, he resigned his position. Meanwhile, Governor William Tryon attempted to mitigate the opposition to no avail. On November 18, 1765, he plead his case directly to prominent residents who answered that the law restricted their rights. Thus, when the stamps arrived on November 28th on the vessel H. M. Sloop Diligence, Tryon ordered that the stamps be kept on board. Thereafter, shipping on the Cape Fear River ceased.
But trouble continued to brew. On February 18, 1766, two merchant ships arrived at Brunswick Town without stamped papers. Each ship provided signed statements from the collectors at their respective ports of origin that there were no stamps available, but Captain Jacob Lobb of the British cruiser Viper seized the vessels. In response, numerous residents from the southern counties met in Wilmington and organized themselves as the "Sons of Liberty" pledging to block implementation of the Stamp Act. The following day, as many as a thousand men, including the mayor and aldermen of Wilmington, were led by Cornelius Harnett to Brunswick to confront the defiant Governor Tryon. A mob seized ships and forced royal customs officers and public officials in the region to swear never to issue stamped paper. Note: Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in March 1766. Find more about your ancestors on North Carolina Pioneers
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See how easy it is to view Wills, Estates, Inventories, Returns, Sales online | <urn:uuid:32f3c328-51cb-43f7-8b01-d12afdaf72c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.northcarolinapioneers.com/counties/countynewhanover.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.814155 | 4,167 | 2.59375 | 3 |
EarthCARE mission overview
The objective of the EarthCARE mission is to make global observations of clouds, aerosols and radiation.
To achieve this challenging objective the satellite carries four scientific instruments and circles Earth in a Sun-synchronous polar orbit crossing the equator in the early afternoon to optimise daylight conditions.
The payload comprises two active instruments: a high-resolution atmospheric lidar and a radar, and two passive instruments: a multispectral imager and a broadband radiometer.
The lidar and radar observe the atmosphere underneath the satellite flight path. Vertical profiles of aerosols and thin clouds can be obtained using the lidar. Profiles of thicker clouds require the use of the radar because laser light would not be able to penetrate deep enough into a thick cloud.
The combination of lidar and radar observations will deliver vertical profiles underneath the satellite flight track, but no information on either side of it.
For this purpose, the satellite carries a multi-spectral imager that will provide cloud and aerosol information in the direction perpendicular to the lidar and radar measurements. The data processing of lidar, radar and imager together will then allow for the construction of 3D cloud and aerosol scenes.
The fourth instrument will measure, at the same location and from different angles, the outgoing reflected solar radiation and the emitted thermal radiation from Earth. The combination of these observations will finally allow clouds and aerosols to be quantitatively linked to radiation.
EarthCARE is scheduled for launch in 2018. It has a design lifetime of three years, including a six-months commissioning phase.
The satellite data will be downlinked to a high-latitude ground station and the instrument data will be processed up to Level 1 by ESA for the lidar, imager and radiometer, and by JAXA for the radar.
Both ESA and JAXA will distribute these data and geophysical Level 2 data to their respective users.
Last update: 26 November 2015 | <urn:uuid:16ce583f-e34d-48d2-9cbb-4a9c84d18428> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/The_Living_Planet_Programme/Earth_Explorers/EarthCARE/Overview2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.841215 | 406 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Solar powered air conditioner
Please discuss this issue on the talk page.
Solar Powered Air Conditioner
Solar powered air conditioning is probably the most logical thing on earth. Homes use air conditioning when it is hot out, and solar power works best when the sun is shining bright. Because air conditioners put the largest load on the power grid, we can save a lot of money and energy by switching to solar powered air conditioners. These air conditioners can also be used when it is not a bright sunny day, because they come equipped with batteries that last 12-24 hours and are charged by the sunlight.
How do they work?
There are several ways to provide Solar powered air conditioners. One popular method is to use solar panels placed on or around the building being cooled (obviously) that will heat up water and turn it to gas form. The product, water vapor, is then used to take the heat from the air and cool down the ventilation air flowing into the building. The air that is produced is very cool and dry, thus it more efficiently cools down the body.
A second system will use Photovoltaic Solar power to run air conditioners that are powered by photovoltaic panels placed on or around the building being cooled to generate electricity to run a conventional electric air conditioner. Energy can be stored by returning electricity to the grid with a grid inertied inverter, or by battery storage, however about 20% of the energy is lost with batteries due to the chemical in-efficiency of the battery involved.
The third system discussed here would use ammonia and water that are inside sealed steel piping and steel chambers. When these two chemicals where mixed together way back in the 1880's, they created a cooling effect. This is used to chill water, that is pumped into the air handler, to absorb heat from the space to be cooled. With unlimited size tanks of ammonia and water, there would be no need to separate the two chemicals, but to recycle the chemicals, they are heated by 250F hot water, and this will separate the ammonia and water used in the cooling system. Evacuated Tube Solar panels heat up water to 200+F, that is used to separate the ammonia water mixture, then once the two are separated into two streams, they can be re-combined in the evaporator to re-start the water chilling process.
A fourth hybrid way to power the conventional system is with wind energy, that is air heated by the sun will cause wind movements, and this can be collected with a horizontal or vertical axis wind turbine. This energy is stored in batteries or the grid until needed, then used to run a conventional cooling system.
Any harmful effects?
There are no harmful effects or waste products of a solar powered air conditioner. They use water as a refrigerant instead of some other harmful coolants. Also, because they are solar powered they are independent of the power grid and conserve energy by eliminating heat and friction produced by the wires of a conventional air conditioner.
How much does it cost?
Cost is the major problem with solar powered air conditioning. The price of a unit made by SolCool can range anywhere from $2,600 to $3,000. As you get into the larger units, the prices can climb to more than $30,000. But the money you save over time is well worth it. (this needs quantification)
What climate is best?
These air conditioners work best in sunny, dry climates such as the Southwestern United States or Northern Africa. Because they can also be run on battery power, solar powered AC can also be used in wetter, more cloudy climates but humidity tends to shorten the life of this appliance so areas with large amounts of precipitation are not ideal. Most chinese units are in the market at a fraction of price, you may check the prices and equipments before making a high ticket purchase. | <urn:uuid:0e315a87-ae12-4685-a453-d8c9479c067e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.appropedia.org/Solar_powered_air_conditioner | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951891 | 799 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Hubble Space Telescope's latest stunner is a pale ghost of a galaxy, floating amid its kindred spirits in the Coma Cluster. But wait ... there's more: If you take a closer look at the picture, you'll find thousands of other galaxies going far back into the depths of the universe.
This galaxy, known as NGC 4921, is part of a well-known cluster in the constellation Coma Berenices, 320 million light-years from Earth. More than a thousand galaxies huddle together, and most of them have been crunched together into elliptical shapes. NGC 4921 is one of the rare spirals still surviving - and in today's image advisory, the European Space Agency's Hubble team says it's a "rather unusual one."
NGC 4921 looks so ghostly because it's an "anemic spiral" - a galaxy where the process of star formation is much less intense than usual. Instead of the classic spiral arms, the galaxy contains pale swirls of dust, punctuated by bright young stars.
The space telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys made a series of long, deep exposures documenting the galaxy as well as the surrounding area of sky - 80 exposures in all, which took up 27 hours of precious telescope time. All those exposures, in visible light and the near infrared, were combined to produce this picture, which reveals thousands of more remote galaxies.
You should be able to spot a variety of galactic shapes and colors in our HD View zoomable version of the image - including some lumpy raisins of light that are characteristic of galaxies on the far edge of the observable universe. You might have to click on the adaptive tone adjustment at upper right to get the contrast just right. If you don't want to download the HD View plug-in, you can look at the Hubble team's zoomable version, or this large-format JPEG.
There's another, sadder story behind this picture: The European Hubble team said the Coma Cluster imagery was originally collected by a team led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Kem Cook, as part of an effort to identify Cepheid variable stars in NGC 4921. Such stars can be used as "standard candles" to calibrate the distance to the galaxy, and indirectly yield information about the universe's expansion rate.
The team wasn't able to complete that project, however, because the Advanced Camera for Surveys gave out in 2007.
The good news is that Cook and his colleagues hope to return to the project once the camera is repaired. That's one of the items on the to-do list for NASA's final Hubble servicing mission, which is now scheduled for launch in May. If that repair job goes as expected, there might be some life left in this old galactic ghost after all.
For more stunners from Hubble, check out the European Space Agency's Hubble portal, the Space Telescope Science Institute's Hubblesite, and our own Space Gallery. And don't forget to cast your vote for your favorite future Hubble target. | <urn:uuid:d5c0f2d9-d1c5-4537-93b9-7f4133e374f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2009/02/05/4350027-zoom-in-on-galaxies-galore?pc=25&sp=25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937188 | 622 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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