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1) In programming, code (noun) is a term used for both the statements written in a particular programming language - the source code , and a term for the source code after it has been processed by a compiler and made ready to run in the computer - the object code .
To code (verb) is to write programming statements - that is, to write the source code for a program.
2) In cryptography, code has both a specific technical meaning and a general meaning. In the technical sense, code is the substitution of one word or phrase by another word, number, or symbol for the purpose of concealing the original word or phrase. Basically, it's substitution at the word or phrase level. In industry, a developing product is sometimes given a code name to conceal its probable marketing name. Historically, military operations have often had a code name while in the preparation stage. In World War Two, Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union was given the code name of Barbarossa. Code in this sense is sometimes confused with a cipher , which is substitution of symbols at the letter level. Modern cryptography is much more concerned with ciphers than with code in its limited technical meaning.
Code is often used generally to mean any kind of concealed writing, including ciphers. "Breaking the code" usually means the discovery of a way to read one or a series of encrypted messages without being given the key to decrypt them. | <urn:uuid:faacfec5-57cb-4e73-954e-a7f5993b8f5c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/code | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951842 | 291 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Researchers are simulating future growing conditions to help predict climate change effects and stave off food-system challenges ahead.
Some microbiologists are focused on how to harness the good things microbes can do, with the goal of increasing farmers’ yields.
To avoid a looming hunger crisis, experts say it's critical to boost the viability of food we already have by improving access and distribution.
During last year's drought, farmers begged for rain. This spring, they wish it would stop. | <urn:uuid:c9de2fc3-c1cc-4ca7-abc9-cd4b3bf909f8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/eartheats/tag/crop-yields/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922208 | 99 | 2.75 | 3 |
THE first discovery has been generally ascribed to Henry Hudson, an Englishman by birth, who, in the year 1690, being then in the service of the Dutch, sailed westward from the shores of Europe, in search of a northwest passage to the East Indies. The vessel commanded by Hudson was a small yacht, called the Half Moon, manned by from sixteen to twenty men, partly of Dutch and partly of English birth. This vessel was not over eighty tons burden, being designed for coasting. After traversing the American coasts, between Newfoundland and the Chesapeake Bay, he turned his course northward again, designing to explore, leisurely, the extent of the country thus passed by. On the 1st of September, 1609, he discovered the Highlands of Neversink, described by him as a ” very good land to fall in with and a pleasant land to see.” The next day he rounded Sandy Hook, and the second day following he anchored under the Jersey shore in the south bay.
The Indians, flocking to the shore in great numbers, appear at once to have understood the designs of their visitors, for, whether by tradition or rumour from other lands, they seem to have been acquainted with the articles of trade most in use between the whites and the Indians, and were apt at driving a bargain. They offered tobacco and other products in exchange for knives and beads. Their disposition seemed friendly, and the women presented such articles of food as they had prepared in that season.
On the 6th of September, a boat’s crew, despatched by Hudson to explore the coast further inland, entered the Narrows and came in sight of Manhattan Island. They described the land encircling the bay as covered with trees, grass and flowers, and the air as filled with delightful fragrance. The return of this small party was unfortunate, as, for some unexplained reason, the boat was attacked by two canoes filled with Indians, and one of the crew, named John Coleman, was killed by an arrow piercing his throat. It seems probable from the course taken by Hudson, after this disaster, that the assault by the natives was not without provocation, as friendly intercourse was still kept up between the parties.
On the 11th of September, Hudson weighed and sailed up through the Narrows. Having anchored in New York harbour, he was visited by the neighbouring Indians, who made great show of love, giving presents of tobacco and Indian corn: He remained at anchor but one day, and, on the 12th of September, took his course up the river, which has since borne his name. In his exploration to the head of navigation, near the present site of Albany, he was engaged about three weeks, and finally put to sea on the 4th of October, making directly for Holland with news of his discovery of this fine river and its adjacent country, which he described as offering every inducement for settlers or traders that could be desired.
Besides the fertility of the soil, which was satisfactorily shown by the great abundance of grain and vegetables found in the possession of the Indians, a still more enticing prospect was held out to the view of the merchant, in the abundance of valuable furs observed in the country, which were to be had at a very little cost. Hudson had, therefore, scarcely made publicly known the character of the country visited by him, when several merchants of Amsterdam fitted out trading vessels and despatched them to this river. Their returns were highly satisfactory, and arrangements were immediately made to establish a settled agency here to super-intend the collection of the furs and the trade with the Indians while the ships should be on their long journey between the two hemispheres. The agents thus employed pitched their cabins on the south point of Manhattan Island, the head man being Hendrick Corstiaensen, who was still the chief of the settlement in 1613, at which period an English ship, sailing along the coast from Virginia, entered the harbour on a visit of observation. Finding Corstiaensen here, with his company of traders, the English captain summoned him to acknowledge the jurisdiction of Virginia over the country, or else to depart. The former alternative was chosen by the trader, and he agreed to pay a small tribute to the Governor of Virginia in token of his right of dominion. The Dutch were thereupon left to prosecute their trade without further molestation.
The Government of Holland did not, however, recognize the claims of England to jurisdiction over the whole American coast, and took measures to encourage the discovery and appropriation of additional territory by a decree giving to any discoverers of new countries the exclusive privilege of trading thither for four successive voyages to the exclusion of all other persons. This enactment induced several merchants to fit out five small ships for coasting along the American shores in this vicinity. One of these vessels, commanded by Captain Block, soon after its arrival on the coast was accidentally destroyed by fire. Block immediately began the construction of another, of thirty-eight feet keel, forty-four and a half feet on deck, and eleven and a half foot beam, which was the first vessel launched in the waters of New York. She was called the Unrest or Restless, and plowed her keel through the waters of Hell Gate and the Sound, the pioneer of all other vessels, except the bark canoes of the aboriginal inhabitants.
The several ships despatched on this exploring expedition having returned to Holland, from their journals and surveys a map of a large extent of country was made, over which the Dutch claimed jurisdiction, and to which they gave the name of New Netherland. The owners of these vessels, as the reward of their enterprise, were granted the promised monopoly of trade thither for four voyages to be completed within three years, commencing on the first of January, 1615.
These merchants seem to have been composed in part of those who had established the first trading-post here, but having increased their numbers and capital, and enlarged their former designs of trade, formed themselves into a company under the name of the ” United New Netherland Company.” Corstiaensen was continued the principal agent here, and they likewise established a post at the head of the river on an island opposite the present site of Albany. Forts of a rude description (being merely inclosures of high palisades) were erected at both places.
The privileges granted to the ” United New Netherland Company ” being, however, limited in respect to time, their establishment on this island can hardly be considered as a permanent settlement; the cabins of the settlers were nearly of equal rudeness with those of their Indian neighbours; and but few of the luxuries of civilization found their way into their habitations. The great object of the settlement was, however, successfully carried on, and stores of furs were in readiness to freight the ships on their periodical visits from the Fatherland. No interruption of the friendly intercourse carried on with the Indians took place, but, on the contrary, the whites were abundantly supplied by the natives with food and most other necessities of life, without personal labour and at trifling cost.
The Indian tribes in the neighbourhood of this trading-post were the Manhattans, occupying this island; the Pachamies, the Tankiteks and the Wickqueskeeks, occupying the country on the east sides of the Hudson River, south of the Highlands; the Hackingsacks and the Raritans, on the west side of the river and the Jersey shore; the Canarsees, the Rockways, the Merrikokes, the Marsapeagues, the Mattinecocks, the Nissaquages, the Corchaugs, the Secataugs and the Shinecocks, on Long Island.
The trade of this colony of settlers was sufficiently profitable to render its permanency desirable to the United New Netherland Company, as it is found that at the termination of their grant, in the year 1618, they endeavoured to pro-cure from the Government in Holland an extension of their term, but did not succeed in obtaining more than a special licence, expiring yearly, which they held for two or three subsequent years.
In the meantime, a more extensive association had been formed among the merchants and capitalists of Holland, which in the year 1621, having matured its plans and projects, received a charter under the title of the ” West India Company.” Their charter gave them the exclusive privilege of trade on the whole American coast, both of the northern and southern continents, so far as the jurisdiction of Holland extended. This great company was invested with most of the functions of a distinct and separate government. They were allowed to appoint governors and other officers; to settle the forms of administering justice; to make Indian treaties, and to enact laws.
Having completed their arrangements for the organization of their government in New Netherland, the West India Company despatched their pioneer vessel hither in the year 1623. This was the ship New Netherland, a staunch vessel, which continued her voyages to this port, as a regular packet for more than thirty years subsequently. On board the New Netherland were thirty families to begin the colony this colony being designed for a settlement at the head of the river, the vessel landed her passengers and freight near the present site of Albany, where a settlement was established. The return cargo of the New Netherland was five hundred otter skins, one thousand five hundred beavers, and other freight, valued at about twelve thousand dollars.
It having been determined that the headquarters of the company’s establishment in New Netherland should be fixed on Manhattan Island, preparations for a more extensive colony to be planted here were made, and, in 1625, two ships cleared from Holland for this place. On board these vessels were shipped one hundred and three head of cattle, together with stallions, mares, hogs and sheep in a proportionate number. Accompanying these were a considerable number of settlers, with their families, supplied with agricultural implements and seed for planting; household furniture, and the other necessaries for establishing the colony. Other ships followed with similar freight, and the number of emigrants amounted to about two hundred souls.
On the arrival of the ships in the harbour, the cattle were landed, in the first instance on the island now called Governor’s Island, where they were left on pasturage until convenient arrangements could be made on the mainland to prevent their straying in the woods. The want of water, however, compelled their speedy transfer to Manhattan Island, where, being put on the fresh grass, they generally throve well, although about twenty died in the course of the season, from eating some poisonous vegetable.
The settlers commenced their town by staking out a fort on the south point of the island, under the direction of one Kryn Frederick, an engineer sent along with them for that purpose; and a horse-mill having been erected, the second story of that building was so constructed as to afford accommodation for the congregation for religious purposes. The habitations of the settlers were of the simplest construction, little better, indeed, than those of their predecessors. A director-general had been sent to superintend the interests of the company, in the person of Peter Minuit, who, in the year 1626, purchased Manhattan Island from the Indian proprietors for the sum of sixty guilders, or twenty four dollars, by which the title to the whole island, containing about twenty-two thousand acres, became vested in the West India Company.
The success of the company proved itself, for a short period, by the rise in the value in their stock, which soon stood at a high premium in Holland. Various interests, however, were at work in the company to turn its advantages to individual account, and, in 1628, an act was passed under the title of ” Freedoms and Exemptions granted to all such as shall plant Colonies in New Netherlands.” This edict gave to such persons as should send over a colony of fifty souls above fifteen years old, the title of ” patroons,” and the privilege of selecting any land (except on the island of Manhattan), for a distance of eight miles on each side of any river, and so far inland as should be thought convenient, the company stipulating, however, that all the products of the plantation thus established should be first brought to the Manhattans, before being sent elsewhere for trade. They also reserved to themselves the sole trade with the Indians for peltries in all places where they had an agency established.
With respect to such private persons as should emigrate at their own expense, they were allowed as much land as they could properly improve, upon satisfying the Indians therefor.
These privileges gave an impetus to emigration, and assisted, in a great degree, in permanently establishing the settlement of the country. | <urn:uuid:cca96568-506f-45ac-b7c5-645c4a95d6de> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://travel.yodelout.com/manhattan-island-historic-landmarks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980994 | 2,655 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Today I found an interesting book on microfilm on Ancestry.com.
History of the Lutheran Church in Virginia and East Tennessee, Published by the Authority of the Lutheran Synod of Virginia, Cassell, C. W., Finck, W. J, and Henckel, Elon O., editors, 1930, Sheanandoah Publishing House, Inc., Strasburg, VA
I am abstracting a few notes from Chapter 1 "The People."
The first known German to enter the Colony of Virginia was Jacob Lederer. He was employed by Gov. William Berkely to explore. His maps and journals show that from 1699 to 1700 he travelled as far south as the Santee River in South Carolina and as far west as the Alleghany Mountains. It was 46 years later before Gov. Spottswood and his Knights of the Golden Horseshoe entered the Valley of the Virginia. The next year a ship of Luteran immigrants arrived and, unable to pay their passage, were endentured to the governaol as servants for the next eight years. After they served their term the emigrated (in 1725) to (what was in 1930) Madison County.
News of the German settlers in VA reached the fellow emigrants in Lancaster County, PA., and one of them named Adam Muller made a trip to investigate. He learned there was plenty of beautiful land and desire of the governor of VA to have it settled, so in 1726 or 1727 a large party of Germans migrated along the Indian trails to settled in the Shenandoah Valley on the South Fork of the Sheanndoah River. The settlers were mainly Mentonintes, but there were three Lutherans, including Adam Muller--later written Miller, who formed a Luterhan community near Elkton.
Following these early pioneers, Germans from PA, NJ, MD, and NY migrated and settled mostly in five communities in the valley. There follows various congregations and the names of many of the early members with some having more detailed genealogical information.
The French and Indian War, then later the Revolution, caused much uneasiness in the settlers. Some, who had moved as far south as NC, returned. Others moved from the northern part of the state to the southwest. One area near Harrisonbug received so many German emigrants that it was called German Valley. A fort was built there and named Fort Henkel, after Paul Henkel who settled there in 1784.
The next generation began intermarrying with the Scotch-Irish and thos names began to appear in the Lutheran rolls. What had before been an English speaking Scotch-Irish community became a largely German speaking German community.
There are many genealogical references in this book references to Lutheran marriages, migrations, and children.
Genealogy Blogging Beat – Monday, 27 June 2016
2 hours ago | <urn:uuid:9725b613-7e90-4125-8287-21fd8c2f1661> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://tesstree.blogspot.com/2009/09/german-migration-into-virginia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981654 | 590 | 2.765625 | 3 |
"They stocked whatever kinds of fish people wanted," said Dan Mahony, a biologist at Yellowstone National Park. The work began about 100 years ago.
Bucket biology, not the government, is suspected in the presence of lake trout at Yellowstone Lake.
Mahony said the fish, a threat to native cutthroat, are believed to have been in the lake for 25 to 40 years. The chain effect of nuisance fish reaches to Yellowstone's grizzly bears, which eat cutthroat during the spawning season.
Fish and wildlife officials say enforcement against bucket biologists is practically impossible unless people are caught in the act.
Lake trout at Yellowstone Lake are being netted to reduce the population, and in a reversal of the catch-and-release rule at many park fishing sites, anyone catching a lake trout must keep it.
At media magnate Ted Turner's Flying D Ranch in Montana, there are plans to poison all brook, rainbow and Yellowstone cutthroat trout from a lake and a lengthy stretch of creek. The nonnative fish planted years ago would be replaced with westslope cutthroat trout, which are in critical decline.
The $500,000 project, two-thirds of it funded by Turner, has been delayed while the state Department of Environmental Quality conducts an environmental analysis.
"We would be the first to admit that killing a bunch of fish is drastic," said Mike Phillips of the Turner Endangered Species Fund. "If westslope cutthroat trout were not so imperiled, such drastic measures would not be needed. But the species is in the tank and going down the tube."
Opponents object to removal of a productive fishery and cite water-quality concerns, saying they have no assurances about the ultimate safety of rotenone and antimycin, poisons commonly used in fish eradication. The Turner project, southwest of Bozeman, is exceptionally large, involving about 70 miles of Cherry Creek.
Biologists say painful lessons have been learned over the years, and fish introduction isn't done much anymore.
"Some people in fisheries management had the mistaken notion that there was an empty niche in this aquatic system, so maybe they should put a striped bass in to fill the niche," said Baltz, of the Fisheries Society. "But there aren't any empty niches, per se." | <urn:uuid:26905898-1277-43c9-ad0b-05379546c70d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://articles.latimes.com/1999/oct/03/local/me-18210/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00049-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969817 | 476 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2011.03.46
Susan Lape, Race and Citizen Identity in the Classical Athenian Democracy. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pp. xii, 341. ISBN 9780521191043. $90.00.
Reviewed by Bruce LaForse, Wright State University (email@example.com)
Susan Lape's excellent book examines the nature and the development of the way Athenians defined themselves as citizens. The catalyst for Lape's study is the Periclean law of 451/0 that limited citizenship to those for whom both parents were Athenian citizens. Prior to this law free birth, and later free and legitimate birth, from an Athenian father had been enough to confer citizen status. Most scholars believe that the impetus for the new law was to justify a more limited access to the resources of the polis. It was not, Lape stresses, a desire by the Athenians to express their racial superiority. Nonetheless, the new law led the Athenians, albeit inadvertently according to Lape, to justify their special status as citizens in racial terms.
In the preface and first chapter ("Theorizing Citizen Identity"), Lape defines her terms and lays out her thesis. As she uses them the terms race and racial identity reflect not skin color or other biological markers but refer to Athenian birth, ancestry, and the shared values and abilities that the Athenians assumed went along with them. Lape traces the development of Athenian racial identity, deftly drawing on a broad range of historical comparanda as well as the work of historians, political scientists and social theorists outside the ranks of classicists and ancient historians. Lape distinguishes two strands underlying Athenian identity; one is ethnic, a sense of common descent; the other is national, the close association with a common territory. She begins with Draco's lawcode which in laying out penalties provides the earliest extant legal distinction between Athenian and non-Athenian. Some years later Solon, by outlawing the enslavement of citizens for debt, drew a sharp line between citizen and slave which meant that slaves in Athens had to be non-Athenians. Thus, "the law added implicit ethnic content to citizen identity" (pp. 12-13). Solon further defined citizenship by excluding illegitimate offspring of Athenian fathers, even if free born. The new emphasis on legitimate birth reinforced the ethnic content of citizen status. Cleisthenes helped to formalize citizen status by having the state control admission to citizenship through scrutiny at the deme level.
Lape argues that a key element of the Athenians' sense of their discrete racial identity derived from their belief that they all descended from ancestors autochthonous to Attica. As their imperial might grew through the first half of the fifth century, the Athenians played up the myth of their autochthonous origins. Autochthony allowed the Athenians to justify their imperial successes by ascribing them to the purity of their Hellenic bloodline, to their innate military prowess, and to divine favor. At the same time they could also take the moral high ground because they had not acquired their own homeland by force. Autochthony, Lape argues, also provided a crucial rationale for democratic political equality: Athenians shared an equality of birth. Lape closely connects this last point, along with the rise in general of the autochthony myth's popularity, with the Periclean law of 451/0 and its requirement for what she calls bilateral nativity to qualify for citizen status.
Whatever else the Athenians had in mind in passing the law, Lape notes that it certainly encouraged civic endogamy and reinforced the autochthony myth's emphasis on the importance of unmixed ancestry. Thus the law "encouraged the belief that both parents contributed to the Athenian-ness of their children and, conversely, that having a foreign parent made a person foreign by nature, both to the city and its democracy" (p. 24). This changed fundamentally, Lape argues, Athenian attitudes about birth and citizen identity; Athenians came to think of themselves in what Lape calls racialist terms, that is, as a group whose members all possessed unique traits obtainable only through inheritance. It is in this context that Lape uses the term race to refer to the way Athenians viewed themselves. She defines racial citizenship as "the stories the Athenians develop to describe and explain how birth and blood made them who they were, qualifying and entitling them for citizenship." Racialism refers to the content of the stories, which make up what Lape calls the myth of racial citizenship (p. 32). Such racialism corresponds to racism when the traits of one group have political or moral prominence, a situation that obtained, Lape maintains, in Classical Athens.
The Periclean law's insistence on the key role of both parents in creating what is uniquely Athenian in a citizen led the Athenians to develop what Lape calls a sense of collective eugenia, nobility, that they believed set them apart. The vital traits of citizenship are inherited, just as aristocrats believed that they inherited their nobility from a divine or heroic ancestor. The key difference is that aristocratic eugenia retained its potency no matter how tenuously it was passed on from the founder to later generations. To pass on democratic eugenia on the other hand required that both parents could trace their ancestry back to autochthonous roots.
The Athenians use their collective eugenia both as a basis for political equality among citizens and as justification for denying it to others. Athenian birth granted a racial citizenship and therefore political equality regardless of the citizen's social or economic status. Lape argues that this suppression of the political significance of wealth is the reason why Athens experienced relatively little stasis and few calls for a radical redistribution of land and wealth. The distinctions Athenians drew between themselves and various socially and politically less privileged groups, such as slaves, metics and women, helped reinforce the unity of the citizen class. Thus, Athenians defined themselves both by what they shared in common and by comparison with "Others" who differed from them. Unlike many previous approaches, which focus on how Greeks defined themselves in relation to others, Lape has investigated what she terms the "we" side of the story, how the Athenians developed a "racial narrative of citizen identity" (p. 52).
In the succeeding chapters Lape explores how the Athenians' sense of racial citizenship operated in various contexts. In chapter two ("The Rhetoric of Racial Citizenship"), she elucidates the role aspects of the myth of racial citizenship play in Old Comedy and Attic Oratory, most notably in attacks on citizens for having non-Greek, non-Attic or slave forbears. Chapter three ("Euripides' 'Ion' and the Family Romance of Athenian Racialism") is a sensitive and persuasive treatment of Euripides' Ion in which Lape not only analyzes Euripides' manipulation of the myth of autochthony to incorporate contemporary ideas of racial citizenship but also shows how the democratic conception of collective eugenia draws on as well as modifies its aristocratic model. Chapter four ("Athenian Identity in History and as History") examines how both Herodotus and Thucydides omit Athenian autochthony and racial purity from their accounts of Athenian history, and argues that both historians reject Athenian exceptionalism as a viable factor in historical causation. Chapter five ("Trials of Citizen Identity: Producing and Policing the Racial Frontier") looks at the steps Athenians took to keep unauthorized or unqualified outsiders from illicitly becoming citizens. The evidence comes from trials over citizenship, including those stemming from the fourth century laws that criminalized marriages between Athenians and non-Athenians. Lape also discusses the mass scrutinies of the entire citizen body conducted in 445/4 and 346/5 in addition to individual prosecutions. Aspects of racial citizenship play a key role, especially in justifying the unequal distribution of the city's resources in favor of citizens. In chapter six ("Myths and Realities of Racial Citizenship") Lape takes up naturalization at Athens, a process that would seem to run counter to the Athenians' concept of racial citizenship. Lape argues, however, that the way naturalization occurred actually reinforced Athenian racial ideas. It could take place only at the instigation of the Athenians, never at the request of the would-be immigrant. Moreover, the successful candidate for naturalization, by law, had to have acted courageously on behalf of the demos, that is, behaved like an Athenian. This, Lape argues, enabled the Athenians "to maintain the fiction of racial citizenship when it was technically being relaxed" (p. 59). The tightening of laws regarding citizenship and naturalization in the generation or so after the Civil War of 403 may in part, Lape suggests, represent a recommitment to the myth of racial unity as a way of coping with the trauma of civil war.
Lape's book is a meticulously developed and persuasively argued interpretation of how the Athenians constructed for themselves a civic identity based on a myth of racial purity, an identity that enabled them to justify the basis both for political equality among citizens and for excluding everyone else. Lape's theory of racial citizenship will be a powerful aid for anyone wishing to understand more clearly the nature of invective in Old Comedy, the political and legal strategies of many Attic court speeches, as well as, more generally, how the Athenians viewed themselves as a democracy and as an imperial power. | <urn:uuid:475eab30-2164-4225-8341-5d5be13796e6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011-03-46.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952947 | 1,984 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A Rich History Revealed through Excavation
Five miles south-east of Dorchester lies the parish of Poxwell, an L-shaped area occupying the south-facing slope of a spur of chalk downland on the 4oo-foot contour. This slope forms the north side of a valley that denotes the line of the Poxwell fault, a dislocation of the strata that brings the Chalk on its north side against part of the Purbeck Beds to the south. Since the Dorset Ridgeway, a major line of communication for trade in prehistoric times, runs close to the parish boundary, the area is rich in the remains of associated settlement and cultivation in the form of strip-lynchets, enclosures, burials, and “Celtic” fields. (see the feature Dorset Ancient Fields published 10th of April 2011 in the General Category.)
An early survey by the RCHM found both Celtic field and Medieval strip-lynchet systems to be present within the parish. In 1967 trial excavations were carried out by Mr H C Bowen at the behest of the owner of Poxwell Manor Farm, Mr J H C Lane, when the latter decided to level a system of lynchets in the vicinity of the manor grounds. This excavation revealed occupation debris and stone features which necessitated a larger-scale excavation being conducted. This was undertaken by J S Wacher in 1968.
The excavation further revealed fragments of probable Kimmeridge shale, used for ornamentation in prehistoric times, and some fibrous calcite (calcium carbonate) similar to the satin spar variety of Gypsum (calcium sulphate). As the dig progressed it became clear that a composite stratigraphy representing five periods was emerging. The layers and features were placed with regard, not only to their stratigraphic position, but also to the date of the associated pottery and any dateable attributes of the features. These periods were – (1) ?LATE NEOLITHIC – EARLY BRONZE AGE; (2) IRON AGE (c 400-c 150 BCE); (3) ROMANO-BRITISH (earlier phase c 200 CE/later phase 275-300 CE; (4) c 300 CE (1st HALF of 4th CENTURY; (5) SECOND HALF OF 4TH CENTURY & LATER.
Of these five periods the Romano-British (3) was by far the richest and most complex regarding evidence of occupation remains. It is by a fortuitous fluke of nature the site has been well preserved. The terracing of the slope played a part in this, but ironically it was Medieval ploughing that contributed towards further protection. The north-south orientated Celtic field lynchet just west of the site was drawn across it when the east-west trending lynchets were established. Later hill-wash also contributed to this effect, but beyond the lynchet system features, including a burial, have been disturbed.
Beginning with Period 1, NEOLITHIC TO EARLY BRONZE AGE, this is based mainly on the position and posture of a skeleton in a shallow grave near the corner of what appeared to be a Celtic field, though this is now much obscured by later strip lynchets. The position of this grave and the crouched attitude of the burial suggests that it may originally have been covered by a barrow or tumulus of earth. Barrows are commonly sited in association with such field-systems, though it is often difficult to establish which came first. The grave contained a layer of silt at the bottom, a feature suggesting that the pit may have been open for some time before the dead person was laid out and the grave back-filled. Subsequent Romano-British terracing of the slope may explain the absence of any associated ring-ditch around the grave; no other contemporary features or finds were noted, except possibly some flint chippings.
Evidence of remains datable to the IRON AGE (400-150 BCE) were also sparse, again probably due to later terracing on the slope, and only one large pit could be assigned to the period with any certainty. On the floor of the pit a layer of silt was overlain by a layer of chalk rubble, possibly derived from the rim and sides of the pit. The presence of charcoal pointed to the pit having originally had a wickerwork lining. Clay was also present, and these provisions suggest that that the feature had been dug for use as a grain silo (similar material has been found in known storage pits of the period). The clay was explained as the remains of seals to the pit. Above this the next later was of stone rubble, a feature that may have been purposely added to raise the level enough for a corn-drier to be constructed. Carbonised grain and fragments of charcoal were identified from a layer within the corn-dryer and above was a layer of brown clay with largish stones, which may have been part of the oven wall before it collapsed. Besides this pit there was one other, smaller pit to the north of the first which also featured a layer of carbonised material but which, unlike Pit 1, yielded no sherds of Iron Age pottery, suggesting that it should be assigned to Periods 1 or 3 in its dating.
Period 3: ROMANO-BRITISH
This period involved two recognised phases: (earlier; 200 AD & later: 275-300 AD) Pottery sherds are notably more common during these two phases, perhaps as the result of hill-wash or material being re-deposited by mechanical disturbance. As regards features, the period was one that amounted to considerable industrial activity, to judge by the remains of ovens, walling, plinths, paved floors, and a drainage gulley. Furthermore, interments are represented on the site by a twin burial of an adult woman and a child, a grave that indicates by its shallowness that it dates from before the later terracing operation and indeed the accompanying pottery indicates a date of around c150 AD. Consequently, it is thought that the grave does not belong to the main period of activity on the site. Another burial close by produced no evidence which could date it with any certainty, though its similar alignment to the woman-child interment suggests that it is contemporary with the latter. Stratigraphic evidence does not contradict this, but equally it cannot be used to confirm it.
It is clear that activities of an industrial nature were planned for the site, though there is some doubt as to whether they were ever of continuous duration. The evidence of the pottery and stratigraphy seem to point to a process of unsuccessful experimentation having been undertaken, and so it is likely the site was occupied only for a short time. The complex of ovens and other features were set out against a sheltered corner formed by the base of two slopes, one running north-south, the other east-west, meeting at right- angles. Occupying the south-west corner of this shelter was an oven containing a residue of charcoal and ash, but as to its exact purpose this remains unexplained.
Situated further north, and positioned just behind the first burial, was a horseshoe-shaped oven lined with regular rectangular stones and opened towards the east across a shallow oval depression. A closer examination showed that this was not in fact a single structure but two layers of walling, suggesting that two ovens were present, a later one comprising finer stonework being superimposed upon the earlier outer layer. From the design it was thought that this had been a smelting or roasting furnace of a type found on a contemporaneous site at Broadmayne. The earlier oven was built into a pit excavated in the chalk and was approximately three feet in diameter with four surviving courses of stone. A number of loose blocks lay on the floor of the structure, having evidently collapsed into it from higher up, suggesting that the oven may have originally stood about three feet above the present ground level. Against the back of the oven there was a heaped deposit of unburnt greensand with only a few burnt patches. Behind this deposit the back of the oven showed no sign of burning, which showed why the oven space was reduced by the introduction of another layer of walling, partially overlying the earlier firing up of the oven. It has been presumed that this modification was intended to overcome the problem of insufficient heat being generated in the earlier furnace; reducing the inner diameter by 25% overcame this, but it appears that success still eluded the workshop as shown by the complete absence of any industrial slag.
Greensand, however, contains a silicate of iron called glauconite, which thus enables it to be used as a low grade iron ore. There is therefore some possibility that iron was being smelted by roasting greensand in the oven, in which case, the absence of nodular slag would be explained. Yet even if roasting was being undertaken the shortage of residues from the process leads one to the conclusion that the workshop must have been in use only for a brief period.
The greensand deposit on the floor of the inner oven was overlain by a layer of charcoal with much greensand mixed in with it, particularly near the sides. Similar material was found filling the stokehole. That temperatures of the order required were attained in the new smaller oven is shown by the existence of vitrified clay, a probability that is further supported by the cracked and fractured condition of the limestone walling. A better distribution of heat was therefore obtained after the original oven had been reduced in size. Conveniently it was this damage which rendered the stone blocks worthless as robber-material after the site had been abandoned, so enabling them to survive while the rest of the site was pillaged for stone after the end of period 3. A greensand dump lay close by the ovens directly upon the native chalk. This was certainly an indication that terracing had occurred, and further, that the outer oven at least is contemporaneous with the earliest use of the freshly terraced site. The pottery associated with the construction of this oven is critical to the chronological framework of the entire site. The upper fillings of the stokehole and furnace of the inner oven yielded datable pottery indicating the latter phase of Period 3.
A fourth oven was found in the north-west corner of the terraced platform, abutting against the exposed bank of the chalk. This position would likely have had the effect of insulating it against heat loss, but the oven’s walling had been so extensively robbed-out that very little remained, these being portions of the northern and western base walls, and two large slabs. These slabs may have been floor-stones, and their thickness would have suited them to this purpose, as it would have meant that the grain would only have been exposed to a gentle amount of heat. Yet there was a burnt layer of considerable thickness, with carbonised grain and charcoal at the base of this furnace, pointing to the occurrence of a conflagration of some description centred on this corn drier. The chalk forming the back wall of the drier above the line of the stone walls also displayed burn marks. Possibly there was a timber cover to the oven that caught fire, carbonising what was inside.
A few yards to the east of this oven and abutting onto the south-facing slope of the lynchet a fifth oven had been constructed. In its plan this structure showed that an attempt may have been made to improve on earlier efforts. But from a stratigraphic point of view it is equally likely that these two corn-drying kilns are contemporary. This oven was slotted neatly into a square-ended recess at the base of the lynchet at the north end of the site. But in this instance the pattern of the flues could easily be made out, these being in the form of a tuning-fork or perhaps an H shape. The flues consisted of limestone and chalk with chalk rubble filling in the space around them. Nothing of the floor remained, nor were there any signs of burning or carbonisation. From this it was concluded that this corn dryer was hardly, if ever, used. A short way to the south of the dryer a small portion of walling no more than two-thirds of a metre in length was excavated, though whether this was a very small remnant of another part of the oven which had survived robbing, or an entirely unrelated feature, was not determined with certainty.
What then, were the industrial activities formerly carried on across this site established to serve? Clearly the five corn-drying kilns and their associated structures or features constituted a workshop that became derelict around the end of the third century, yet it is highly unlikely that it could have functioned independently as a unit unattached to any parent organisation or market outlet. Rather, the site is best interpreted as a workshop or shelter for workers employed on an associated Romano-British villa estate who’s remains have not yet been found. If this is the case, then the short period of occupation so evident in the remains suggests that the workshop formerly occupied marginal land at the edge of an estate it served, so indicating a peak of prosperity for the villa, a time when the land was used to its maximum agricultural potential. In this respect the location of the industry could not have been more ideal, for it was situated on well-drained chalk above the spring-line, providing the workers with a source of water supply which is even marked by two wells to this day. Further, it was tucked away into the corner of a right-angled turn in a positive Celtic lynchet and, incidently, faced east, affording the structures protection in the lee of the south-westerly winds regularly sweeping up from Lyme Bay.
Only one coin was ever recovered from this site, which dated the activity to the late third century. The brief occupation of this period (3) is attested to by the virtual absence of pottery and by the fact that no occupation layer was associated with the structures. As described earlier,the alteration of the composite (double-walled)oven and the absence of slag and hammer-scale points to little success in carrying out the industrial processes. Further, there seem to have been considerable problems with the corn-dryers; one may have burned down and the other seem to have been barely used before it was abandoned. As a result of the difficulties encountered the site was abandoned after a short time, though it has been thought that the desertion could equally have taken place because because the peak of prosperity had passed and it became no longer economic to cultivate the marginal land of the estate. After dereliction most of the stonework was robbed out.
Corresponding to 300 AD to around 360 AD, by contrast with the preceding period, produced significantly more small finds and pottery sherds. It evidently followed on from Period 3 without any noticeable hiatus or break, since no turf line separates the two layers. Period 4 is represented by a thick layer radiating from the oven near the right-angle turn of the lynchet in the north-west corner of the site. This layer was seen to thin out towards the south and east, it source being apparently domestic, since quern fragments, appropriate pottery and plentiful food waste were present in the deposit. It has been thought that this waste material may have come from a midden associated with a nearby farmstead or villa that could have occupied the site of the present village of Poxwell. The small find seem to support the idea of a domestic source, as small structural fittings and domestic artefacts are also present. To judge by the amount and nature of the finds it may also be inferred that the site became a midden – ie a dump for domestic waste. The waste not unnaturally contained animal bones of sheep, oxen, horses, pigs and geese; furthermore, shells of winkles, oysters and limpets show that seafood was also a part of the diet. Other than the burials of two infants, no graves of adults were observed; the skeletons were largely intact and had not suffered from the attention of scavengers. In choosing this area to use as a midden, the intention may have been to reclaim it for agriculture in the future. More likely though, the intention was to way-lay the collapse or subsidence of nearby lynchets into the disused cavity.
The second half of the fourth century and later, which is covered by this period, was represented by a layer of variable thickness that extended over the whole site. This layer was a chalky loam which contained some flints and appeared to be a secondary deposit as the result of hillwash, since the inclusions were erratics (fragments derived from another area).
As stated previously, there were no finds of ceramics made from the layer corresponding to PERIOD 1, though collectively from PERIOD 2 onwards some pottery was in evidence. Later Romano-British terracing operations however had effaced almost all artefacts dating from this period, so that little that did remain was likely only a fraction of what once existed. Three distinct types of fabric were identified.
A small quantity of pottery was associated with PERIOD 3, which covered all Romano-British activity until the site became a waste dump in Period 4. One of the burials of the period contained a high amount of Iron Age pottery in the backfill, together with a grooved rim bowl of a type found at Dorchester dated to 150 AD. Pottery associated with the later Romano-British features and connected with the use of the site was indeed singularly lacking.
Following the robbing of the site at the end of Period 3, there is a notable increase in the volume of pottery and other artefacts from the Period 4 layers. There is also a notable increase in the size of the sherds, which had once belonged to jars with rims having a greater diameter than the body. Flanged bowls make their appearance, several of which were coated in a white slip. The period further saw the introduction of some New Forest wares, which began to be produced around 300 AD.
The pottery from Period 5 differs little from the nature of the wares encountered in Period 4. There were similar wide, overturned-rim jars, unadorned bowls bearing flanges dropped well below the rim and plain,rimmed dishes. Besides these however, there were more unusual forms present. For example, one of the bead-rimmed jars seems to be reminiscent of an Iron Age type; another, although a similar form, was made in a coarse fabric more usually characteristic of Iron Age pottery. Other elements in the ceramic assemblage were storage jars of the New Forest industry type, as well as NF bowls, beakers and parchment wares, with just a very small amount of Oxford ware. This means that the same pottery industries as were found in the Period 4 finds were also found here, though as with the former they do not appear to represent any later developments.
Besides the pottery, some iron, copper and lead objects were recovered from the site. Period 4 was also notable for fragments of prismatic mould-blown glass bottles of a type that are very common on Romano-British sites of between the 1st and 3rd centuries, and for half a bracelet with incised decoration. A stone axehead and a bronze coin of Tetricus 1 (270-3 AD) were also found in the Period 4 layer.
A NOTE ABOUT THE TOPSOIL
This produced a small amount of Medieval pottery, confirming that there was some settlement of this period in the area and complimenting the presence of the strip lynchets.
Beyond the borders of the site, prehistoric (Bronze Age) occupation in the parish is represented by the presence of a cairn circle (probably the internal sepulchre of an earthen round barrow since eroded away)
half-a-mile south-east of Poxwell Church. | <urn:uuid:d3e871c7-4b86-4e45-8ecb-12e187c4a9ae> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dorset-ancestors.com/?ref=nf&paged=8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00040-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980366 | 4,156 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Forget What You Heard: Experts Say Artificial Sweeteners Are Safe
We asked the experts, and they said the idea that artificial sweeteners cause cancer is just a myth.
Artificial sweeteners present a conundrum for many people. They cut calories and sugar intake, but attention-grabbing articles come out with some frequency linking them to cancer and other heath problems. It’s enough to turn your morning coffee order from a simple task to an indecision-riddled dilemma—but experts say it doesn’t have to.
Caroline Apovian, director of the Nutrition and Weight Management Center at Boston Medical Center and a professor at Boston University Medical School, says that, despite what you may have heard, no concrete research has shown a link between artificial sweeteners and human cancer. “The National Cancer Institute has weighed in on this,” Apovian says. “There is no scientific evidence that any of the artificial sweeteners approved in the United States cause cancer in humans.”
Apovian says many people associate artificial sweeteners with cancer because of studies that took place in the 1970s linking sweeteners with bladder cancer in male rats, studies that Apovian says shed little light on their effect on humans and were conducted using extremely high doses of the substances. “Sometimes you can use animal studies to extrapolate what happens in humans, but you have to know the model you’re using,” she explains. “Male rats had a higher risk of developing bladder cancer than humans anyway, but people still have in mind, all these years later, that artificial sweeteners cause cancer.”
The only proven negative side effects of sweeteners, Apovian says, are minor things like headaches brought on by too much aspartame and bloating and diarrhea in people who are sensitive to sugar alcohols, but that people who experience these conditions generally know and simply avoid sweeteners.
Deborah Krivitsky, a registered dietician in the Massachusetts General Hospital Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Center, agrees that sweeteners are safe in moderation, though she did note the lack of long-term studies about sweeteners as something to be mindful of. “The bottom line is use them in moderation, but they definitely have a place,” she says, adding that her favorite is Splenda. “If you’re having a diet soda or two a day, I think you’re okay.”
In the absence of evidence linking sweeteners to health risks, Krivitsky says they’re actually a good thing since they help regulate weight. “They don’t raise blood sugar, they don’t add calories,” she notes. Perhaps more importantly, Krivitsky says, artificial sweeteners prevent people from eating sugar, which she classifies as a dangerous substance. Krivitsky explains that consuming a lot of sugar causes a spike in insulin production, the hormone responsible for clearing sugar from the bloodstream, which in turn leads to inflammation. “When [inflammatory markers] are elevated, they’re associated with poor outcomes for heart disease, for diabetes, and for cancer as well,” she says. “So these sugars, we used to call them empty calories because we said they taste good but they don’t give you a lot of nutrition. It’s actually not the truth. Now we understand these sugars are actually toxic.”
Apovian also says artificial sweeteners are a better option than consuming lots of natural sugar. “If you’re talking about one teaspoon of sugar a day versus one packet of artificial sweeteners, I don’t think it makes a difference,” she says. “When you’re starting to take in 10 or 15 [teaspoons of sugar] a day, go to the artificial sweetener.”
An even better strategy? Move away from highly-sweetened foods in the first place. “We have an obesity epidemic and a diabetes epidemic in this country,” Krivitsky says. “We really need to move away from processed foods.”
Source URL: http://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/blog/2013/04/02/artificial-sweeteners/ | <urn:uuid:877f5803-93d3-4197-b1aa-a6eefbd13e99> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/blog/2013/04/02/artificial-sweeteners/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947911 | 893 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The most important techinque someone can use in their writng would have to be the description details they put in it. Without such details a reader would become uninterested in the essay and probably quit reading it. In the essay "There Is a Spitting Tree in Spanish Brooklyn" by Ernesto Mestre-Reed, the author used descripting details to show comparison between his grandfather and a guava tree. The author said that the grandfather was an expert a spitting-- he would spit anywhere, anytime and when the tree released its fruit they would look as if it spat onto the ground. I found this humorous in a way because we usually don't compare people to trees in this manner.
In the essay "More Room" by Judith Ortiz Cofer, the author described her grandmother and her childhood. She was able to put a vivid image of her grandmother's life in the reader's mind. She described her grandmother as a holy woman, by telling the reader about a crucifix that hung over the grandmother's bed, also the grandmother realized that the only means of birth control available to a Catholic woman of her time was sacrifice and that she did. She gave up having children to gain control of her life.
In the essay "Piling on the Cookies" by David Barboza, the author goes to describe the Oreo cookie throughout its manufacturing life. It gave many factual details and described to the reader the way the cookie has changed since 1912. It showed the different types throughtout the years and compared them to the bland Oreo. | <urn:uuid:e4bfc773-1724-4514-be33-76356c18af74> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://zbloggering.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984786 | 314 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A few weeks ago we featured a post about Library of Congress call numbers. But LOC call numbers only account for part of the Trinity Library collection. What about the rest of our books? How are they organized?
The remaining books have call numbers that start with numbers, rather than letters. They’re organized using the Dewey Decimal classification system.
Dewey Decimal call numbers look something like this:
Start at the top and work your way down.
First, the number: The number tells you what a book is about. All Dewey call numbers are part of a hierarchy (categories within categories), with each digit representing increasingly specific information.
The first digit is called the main class, which is the broad category. In this case it is 600, or Technology.
The second digit is the division — a more narrow definition of the topic. In this case it is 630, or Agriculture.
The third digit is called the section. This particular number — 630 — doesn’t have a section (you can tell because it’s a zero). The book is just about agriculture, not some subcategory of agriculture. But if it were 631, the section would be Techniques, equipment, and materials. If it were 635 it would be Garden crops (Horticulture).
The numbers after the decimal point further organize the material by sub-topic, with each digit representing and increasingly specific category.
Check out our hierarchy tutorial for a visual look at Dewey numbers.
TIP: How do we put these numbers in order? Easy: like any other number. Dewey call numbers are simple to organize!
Next: the letter-and-number combination (G793). This is called a Cutter number, and corresponds to the author. The combination of letters and numbers helps us keep books organized by author’s last name: G7 might be Green; G3 might be Geary; G65 might be Graham. If you know the author’s last name, you know approximately where to look!
TIP: Treat the numbers behind the letter like a decimal: G3 before G65 (.3 before .65); G65 before G7 (.65 before .7), etc. This is where Dewey can get tricky.
TIP: The more authors you have in a given section, the longer the numbers get. Imagine you have 25 authors whose names begin with ‘S’. You have to fit them all into the S’s, which means you have to use more than just S1-S9. Aaron Smith (S5); Adam Smith (S52); Andrew Smith (S522); Betty Smith (S53); etc.
If this seems like a lot of confusing information — don’t worry about it. Even if you don’t know what a Dewey call number means, it should be easy to find on the shelf. Treat the number like a number, then let the Cutter number guide you to the author’s last name.
TIP: Believe it or not, a general topic may fall in more than one location, depending on how it’s talked about in a book. For example, how-to books on gardening would fall under 635 (Garden crops [Horticulture]), while the psychological benefits of gardening might fall in Applied psychology (158) and the scientific discussion of certain plants might fall under Botany (580). Thus, if you want to know about garden plants, you can either (a) get books from all over the collection (for a broad understanding) or (b) approach with a specific angle in mind (e.g. psychology).
TIP: A basic understanding of call numbers should make it easier to find the materials you need. But even if you are a call number expert, we ask that you not put books back on the shelves once you’ve taken them down. Put them on one of the many tables and book carts found throughout the library, instead. This helps the librarians be sure that our books are being re-shelved with 100% accuracy. The more accurate we can be, the easier it will be to find things the next time you need them!
For detailed information on Dewey call numbers, read the Online Computer Library Center’s history and explanation of the Dewey Decimal system. Jump to page 9 for an extensive list of classes and hierarchies. | <urn:uuid:f4a65781-9fcc-4fff-9d71-aef2a774f37f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.trinitydc.edu/library/2013/04/12/all-about-call-numbers-dewey-decimal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903446 | 916 | 3.09375 | 3 |
- I have no idea how to evaluate this claim, and with all due respect to the Kelly family I have no particular interest in it.
- This makes evaluating the impact of computers in consultations particularly important.
- It's now essential to create an innovation management system that evaluates new ideas, culling and implementing the keepers and discarding the rest.
- This quantum calculation evaluates certain mathematical functions in one operation, although a conventional computer would require two.
- The duration of the growth response was evaluated on elongation rate graphs.
- This function evaluates to true only when both inputs are true, and false with any other combination of inputs.
- Example sentences
- Proposals were reviewed by national evaluators in the preliminary round and by a panel of artists and art professionals in the final round.
- She is a grant writer and program evaluator for nonprofits in Chicago.
- Perhaps the department vote was closely divided or the department rejected strong reviews from outside evaluators.
Mid 19th century (earlier (mid 18th century) as evaluation): from French évaluer, from es- (from Latin ex-) 'out, from' + Old French value 'value'.
Words that rhyme with evaluatevaluate
For editors and proofreaders
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:c201df4b-5725-4069-bfe8-f8c1c17342da> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/evaluate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919581 | 292 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Tuesday, December 16, 2008
Water Resource Optimization using Canal Automation in Parambikulam Aliyar Project
The Parambikulam Aliyar Project ( P.A.P ) is a multipurpose and interstate river valley project, to divert the west flowing rivers to the East side to the then drought prone areas of the Coimbatore and Erode districts. The irrigation network consists of seven major lined canals, running for a total length of about 250 km. The lengths of the Branch Canals, Distributaries, and Minors are 244 km, 640 km, 1240 km respectively, through which about 4.25 lakhs acres of lands are being irrigated. This large irrigation network is managed using manually operated gates, and traditional techniques, which offers tremendous scope for water resource optimization using Canal Automation, which is a proven, cost effective solution for better and efficient water management.
In the 21st century, we are at a crucial juncture in the area of water management. Water managers need to develop creative and innovative solutions as well as develop holistic approaches to solve water crisis. There is always a focus on ‘Blue water’ or liquid water rather than on ‘Green water’ or vapour flow. Blue water constitutes only 10 percent of the total freshwater resource, which means that we are focusing only on the one-tenth of the resource base. A new water management approach that integrates blue and green water flows is the need of the hour.
At present in PAP irrigation network, water is distributed to farmers in set zoning patterns. Water managers take rainfall into account only when there is widespread rainfall throughout the entire ayacut. Even when rainfall is taken into account the water that is released is based upon thumb rules. Hence this may lead to farmers over irrigating their fields and subsequent drop in crop yields. But in order to produce “More crop per drop” and “More crop per unit farmland” an integrated water management strategy is required.
The aim of our project is to develop Net irrigation requirement (NIR) maps using rainfall maps and crop water requirement maps.
Based on the NIR maps the water that has to be released through any particular canal gate can be determined and the canal gates can be operated accordingly. This can be done practically only by adopting canal automation. Thus the water requirement of crops can be monitored real time and canal gates can be set to operate automatically as per the requirement. | <urn:uuid:021a8b76-b53d-4ab7-ac33-0bc236247fad> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://projectpap.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941432 | 505 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In the future, those with substantial hearing loss may no longer need a doctor to surgically implant a cochlear device into their ear to restore their sense of sound.
If researchers at Colorado State University are successful, they may just pop a retainer into their mouths. The team of engineers and neuroscientists are developing a hearing device that bypasses the ear altogether and puts words in the mouth.
The technology relies on a Bluetooth-enabled earpiece to detect sound and send electrical impulses to an electrode-packed retainer that wearers press their tongue against to “hear.”
“It’s much simpler than undergoing surgery and we think it will be a lot less expensive than cochlear implants,” said John Williams, associate professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the project lead.
Finding his tongue
Williams first conceived the idea for the device during what he calls a “research midlife crisis.”
The mechanical engineer has spent much of his career designing and building electric-propulsion systems for space travel. Though he loves the work and still conducts research in that area, Williams says many of the challenges have been overcome.
“NASA now uses electric propulsion in space,” he said. “There is more work to be done to optimize the technology, but we’ve accomplished what we set out to do.”
Williams wanted to expand his research and became interested in neuroscience and sensory substitution — training the brain to receive information from another source. (American Sign Language and Braille are both examples of sensory substitutes.)
Around the same time, Williams developed tinnitus, a constant, high-pitched ringing in his ears. Years of working around powerful vacuums used to simulate space zapped his ability to hear high frequencies.
That diagnosis led him to research cochlear implants and the pros and cons of the devices.
Williams considered all of the information and eventually hit upon his new research project: hearing with the tongue.
The tongue contains thousands of nerves and the region of the brain that interprets touch sensations from the tongue is capable of decoding complicated information.
“What we are trying to do is another form of sensory substitution,” Williams said. | <urn:uuid:0e862ea1-edb9-40d5-b1a4-f7984e0ca78c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://source.colostate.edu/words-mouth-csu-device-lets-hear-tongue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00045-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966347 | 460 | 3.71875 | 4 |
2. The Seesaw/Pendulum Process
In this section, we will illustrate how the symbolic capabilities of Mathematica can be used to derive a model of a nonlinear system. Using MathCode C++, the large symbolic expressions in the nonlinear model are then converted to C++ code and used to simulate the system very efficiently. The system is a laboratory process frequently used in control education known as the seesaw/pendulum process. One implementation of the seesaw/pendulum process has been developed by Quanser Consulting (www.quanser.com).
The process consists of a seesaw, two carts called and , two parallel tracks, an inverted pendulum, and a weight. Each cart can be driven by a DC motor controlled by an input voltage. Cart carries the weight and cart carries the inverted pendulum attached by a friction-free joint. The carts can be moved along the tracks by controlling the input voltages of the DC motors.
We start by modeling the open loop system, that is, without any feedback from measured signals. The forces and acting on each cart are chosen as inputs. We will use the Lagrangian methodology to obtain a nonlinear model of the system and then linearize it. The linearized model is used for control system design where the Control System Professional application package is used. The closed-loop system is then simulated both within Mathematica and by external code generated using MathCode C++.
Figure 1. The pendulum/seesaw process.
In Figure 1 we introduce names of variables and constants describing the pendulum/seesaw process.
The physical values of the above constants are stored as rules in Mathematica to be used in later simulations.
Following the Lagrangian methodology , the system is divided into a number of subsystems whose potential energy and kinetic energy are computed in terms of the generalized coordinates introduced in Figure 1. The Lagrangian, which is the difference between the total kinetic and potential energy, can then be used to derive the equations of motion for the system.
Computation of the Lagrangian
Coordinates of the center of mass of the seesaw:
The potential and kinetic energies of the seesaw:
Coordinates of the center of track:
Coordinates of cart 1:
The potential and kinetic energies of cart 1:
Coordinates of cart 2:
The potential and kinetic energies of cart 2:
Coordinates of the center of mass of the pendulum:
The potential and kinetic energies of the pendulum:
The total potential energy:
The total kinetic energy:
The Lagrangian of the system:
Computation of the Equations of Motion
The equations of motion are given by the partial differential equations that must satisfy
where is the Lagrangian, are the generalized coordinates, and are the generalized forces associated with each coordinate. In this case, the quadruple corresponds to and , , . We derive each equation and simplify it.
These equations are coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of second-order in the generalized coordinates . To rewrite these in standard state-space form (a system of first-order ODEs) we introduce the following states:
The inputs to the system are
We observe that the second-order time derivatives of the positions and angles appear linearly, which makes it easy to solve for these in terms of the states. Second-order time derivatives will always appear linearly in the equations derived from the partial differential equation (6) that the Lagrangian of the system has to satisfy. This is due to the fact that the Lagrangian only consists of at most first-order time derivatives and the second-order derivatives appear according to the chain rule when differentiating the term in equation (6) with respect to time.
Solve for second-order derivatives.
These solutions will become a part of the right-hand sides of the differential equations used for simulating the system.
We introduce conversion rules to get rid of explicit time dependence. This makes some expressions look simpler and takes less space.
We compute the right-hand side of the nonlinear state-space form (equation (1)) of the equation
which becomes very large! Observe that the first four entries in f correspond to pure integrations. This allow us to write the model as a system of first-order differential equations as desired.
The Linearized Model
Since we will design a controller using methods for linear systems, we need to linearize the nonlinear state space model of the system around the origin.
This can easily be obtained using the
We extract the matrices from the linearization and substitute with the physical values of the parameters to get numerical entities.
The linear model of the system allows us to use standard methods for controller design.
The method for computing the feedback law requires the linear model to be controllable. This implies that the system can be
stabilized and that the method will find a numerical instantiation of such that this is obtained. To check controllability we use the
Compute a full state feedback controller using the LQG-method (
The control law to be used is , where are measurements of the states. This gives the following closed loop system to simulate .
Simulation and Code Generation
We store the states as a vector.
We close the feedback loop, which gives the following right-hand side of the state-space equations.
Change the names of variables to only ASCII characters (needed for code generation).
The right-hand side of the closed-loop state-space equations (intended for code generation).
We define the function
Simulation of the Nonlinear Model within Mathematica
We define to be a short notation for the
The state vector is defined.
The differential equations for the closed-loop system is given.
We need to specify some initial conditions for the simulation. Assume that cart 1 is positioned at -1, the seesaw is horizontal, cart 2 is positioned at +1, and the pendulum has a small deviation of 5.7° from the vertical axis. Furthermore, assume that the system is at rest at these positions (all time derivatives are zero).
Nonlinear System Simulation
We simulate the system using
Linear System Simulation
We simulate the linear system using
Plot the result for the first four state variables from the nonlinear simulation together with the result for the linear system.
Figure 2. Initial value response for the linear (red) and nonlinear (blue) systems.
We notice that the linear response differs significantly from the nonlinear one. The difference between the linear and nonlinear response will be much smaller if the initial values are chosen to be smaller since the linear model only is a good approximation for small values of the states and inputs.
External Simulation of the Nonlinear Model
To generate simulation code to be run outside Mathematica, we have to provide a differential equation solver that can be compiled or linked when the executable program is generated. In this case, we have chosen to implement a very simple Runge-Kutta solver in Mathematica, which will be included in the generated code. Another solution could be to use a solver from a publicly available software library like the solvers at www.netlib.org.
Code for External Simulation of the Nonlinear Model
Here follows an implementation of a state equation solver using the Runge-Kutta method.
To get a correct estimate of the time spent by the external code for simulating the system, we define the following functions that repeat the external simulation n times.
We are now ready to compile the package. The right-hand side of the state equations are optimized using common subexpression elimination.
The corresponding code can be inspected in a text editor.
All necessary files for building binaries are now generated. The
To use the generated code for the simulation, we only have to install the code using the
External Simulation: Uncompiled Code (Computations within Mathematica)
We plot the result to verify the Runge-Kutta solver.
Figure 3. Initial value response for the nonlinear system computed internally by Mathematica.
External Simulation: Compiled Code (External Computations)
We install the executable code.
The external simulation is performed 200 times to get an accurate measure of its timing.
We plot the result to verify the compiled Runge-Kutta solver.
Figure 4. Initial value response for the nonlinear system computed by the external code.
The responses in Figure 3 and Figure 4 are identical.
The difference in performance between the uncompiled and compiled version of the ODE solver is 1419.03.
A somewhat unfair comparison between the timings of the built-in ODE solver and the compiled solver gives 15.8667.
Uninstall the code and delete the temporary files.
Remove the functions for which we have generated code.
Unset the symbol f storing the right-hand side of the state-space equations.
Copyright © 2001 Wolfram Media, Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:d90f1122-4e46-4683-b1ce-09c1f16f3bb5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mathematica-journal.com/issue/v8i2/features/codegeneration/contents/html/Links/index_lnk_2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885734 | 1,892 | 3.4375 | 3 |
|A daffodil with solitary, small blooms appearing at an angle to their leafless stems. The white petals are reflexed; the cup bears a ring of medium pink at the edge. Basal leaves are green and usually strap-shaped.
Excellent for naturalizing along wood's edge or as an underplanting in the perennial border or ground cover bed. Planting depth is roughly 3 times the width of the bulb. If planted in well drained soil, daffodils are virtually disease and trouble free. Once finished flowering, allow foliage to flop over and dry out. Divide if flower production or size has dwindled. | <urn:uuid:b7c38aaa-5fe0-4e25-a126-560cd137d04e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pd_b3ec.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930989 | 132 | 2.515625 | 3 |
(BBC) -- Archaeologists in Iraq believe they may have found the lost tomb of King Gilgamesh - the subject of the oldest "book" in history.
The Epic Of Gilgamesh - written by a Middle Eastern scholar 2,500 years before the birth of Christ - commemorated the life of the ruler of the city of Uruk, from which Iraq gets its name.
Now, a German-led expedition has discovered what is thought to be the entire city of Uruk - including, where the Euphrates once flowed, the last resting place of its famous King.
"I don't want to say definitely it was the grave of King Gilgamesh, but it looks very similar to that described in the epic," Jorg Fassbinder, of the Bavarian department of Historical Monuments in Munich, told the BBC World Service's Science in Action programme.
In the book - actually a set of inscribed clay tablets - Gilgamesh was described as having been buried under the Euphrates, in a tomb apparently constructed when the waters of the ancient river parted following his death.
"We found just outside the city an area in the middle of the former Euphrates river¿ the remains of such a building which could be interpreted as a burial," Mr Fassbinder said.
He said the amazing discovery of the ancient city under the Iraqi desert had been made possible by modern technology.
"By differences in magnetisation in the soil, you can look into the ground," Mr Fassbinder added.
"The difference between mudbricks and sediments in the Euphrates river gives a very detailed structure."
This creates a magnetogram, which is then digitally mapped, effectively giving a town plan of Uruk.
'Venice in the desert'
"The most surprising thing was that we found structures already described by Gilgamesh," Mr Fassbinder stated.
"We covered more than 100 hectares. We have found garden structures and field structures as described in the epic, and we found Babylonian houses."
But he said the most astonishing find was an incredibly sophisticated system of canals.
"Very clearly, we can see in the canals some structures showing that flooding destroyed some houses, which means it was a highly developed system.
"[It was] like Venice in the desert." | <urn:uuid:bdc00e0a-09c3-42b6-9648-aa65f2842652> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.aina.org/news/20050125100240.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977643 | 481 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Your body needs to be slightly alkaline to be at its healthiest. Your cells, the chemical reactions inside them, your beneficial bacteria in your gut and your immune system all work better in a slightly alkaline environment. An acid body means your systems do not work as efficiently as they should. This article tells you how to alkalise for health, and what foods and factors provide an anti-cancer diet, an alkaline diet. It will even thwart candida and yeast infections.
What do we mean by this?
There are a number of biochemical reasons for having a slightly alkaline body rather than an acid body here are three major examples:
1 Energy Efficiency. Your cells energy production depends on you having good levels of magnesium and potassium, and low cellular levels of sodium. As we explain in Acid Bodies and cancer (click here to link), the energy production systems in your cells power stations (mitochondria) thrive on potassium. If sodium displaces the potassium, the mitochondria use less oxygen and produce less energy. They also produce sodium salts which are more acid than the potassium salts they normally produce. These make matters worse as the cell becomes more acid and a downward spiral sets in - the cell uses even less oxygen, makes even less energy and so on. Magnesium is required by a pump on the membrane of the cell to pump in potassium and pump out sodium. 40 per cent of the population are deficient in magnesium. You should also consume potassium at 5 times the level of sodium. Few people do. Common salt (table and most sea salts) is a negative factor in this system. Focus on potassium- and magnesium-rich foods and Himalayan salt.
2 Immune boosting. In your gut you have many, many strains of beneficial bacteria (for the article on beneficial bacteria, click here). They cut up your foods and release essential vitamins, natural compounds and even a cancer killing chemical, sodium butyrate. They also direct up to 85 per cent of your immune system. Their presence causes an immune response, and many experts now believe your immune memory stems from the bacteria in your gut. These bacteria thrive at a certain pH* and thrive on a high fibre diet. They also consume microbes and yeasts like candida. Any change in that balance (for example, through the consumption of non-fibrous foods, too much alcohol, or salt) will cause a stunting of their labours on your behalf. Low fibre foods, salt, saturated fats, meats, common sugar, cows dairy, stress can all alter the pH in the intestine directly, or through the production of hormones or bile acids that have a secondary effect. It is essential, in illness or if you are over 50, that you ´top-up´ with a multi-strain Probiotic on a daily basis. And you feed your bacteria greens, grains, nuts, seeds and whole foods.
3 Candida preventing. A crucial side issue of an imbalance of beneficial bacteria in the gut, is that at night when you sleep they consume over 2 lbs of microbes and yeasts. They are your first line of defence. If your yeasts get past them the yeasts can cause an unhealthy body by blocking important receptor sites on cell walls. These receptors could be essential for receiving insulin (cinnamon is proven to kill yeasts in the blood and stop them from blocking insulin sites research showed a 25 per cent decline in diabetes-2 effects by taking cinnamon) or anti-cancer agents like vitamin D (women who take more that 25 doses of antibiotics in their life-times have twice the rate of breast cancer). Yeasts, and particularly candida, thrive in low oxygen, slightly acid environments.
*NB. pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid. You can test your saliva or your urine to see how acid or alkaline you are. The measurement of pH is from zero (acid) to 14 (alkaline) and ideally water is 7.0 to 7.2 and the human body 7.2 to 7.4. The acidity or alkalinity is almost entirely due to the various dissolved salts in the liquid. Where reverse osmosis removes salts, the pH of the water can fall to 6 and the water becomes more acid. The human body needs calcium, magnesium, potassium salts dissolved in it. Unfortunately many people confuse the term salts with salt. The latter refers only to Sodium chloride. In our book The Rainbow Diet we argue that 1 gm per day of sodium chloride is more than enough. The average New Yorker consumes 16 gms per day. They undoubtedly have acid bodies!
Acid and alkaline Residue Producers
A number of commentators talk about acid residue foods or alkaline residue foods. I have asked two of the top experts in the UK to prove to me that these exist. They cant. It is tosh - and anyway irrelevant.
The mechanism by which you generate an acid body, or you alkalise for health, involves complex and varied biochemical processes. There is no one simple thing to do. For example:
Potassium and magnesium foods are essential for efficient, oxygenated cells.
Animal fats can cause an acid, carcinogenic bile acid to be produced that can alter the effieciency of beneficial bacteria and even cause inflammation (a precancerous condition) via eicosanoids (localised hormones like prostaglandins). Stress via cortisol and sugar via insulin also cause negative eicosanoids to be produced. Garlic, ginger, omega-3, aspirin, curcumin and other natural compounds can prevent the formation of these harmful eicosanoids and alkalise an acid situation.
So both foods and non-dietary factors can cause acid or alkaline situations. Here is a guide to pin on your fridge door.
Foods and factors that will help you alkalise your body:
- Multi-strain probiotics
- Greens especially green vegetables, chlorella and wheatgrass, plus fibrous cruciferous vegetables and broccoli, alfa-alfa
- Vegetables and natural herbs like aubergines, beetroot, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, parsnips, cauliflower, celery, chard, chicory, chives, cucumber, dandelion, dill, endive, fennel,green beans, kale, kelp, lettuce, mushrooms, parsnips, peppers, potatoes, radishes, sorrel, soya beans, spinach, squash, turnips, watercress
- Whole grains, seeds, nuts
- Olive oil, fish oils, flaxseed oil, walnut oil
- Sunshine and vitamin D
- Ginger, natural willow bark, garlic, onions, apples, curcumin/turmeric, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg
- Virtually all fresh fruits especially apples, apricot, avocado, blackberries, blackcurrants, cherries, cranberries, currants, raisons, dates, figs, grapes, lemons, limes, lychees, mangoes, melon, olives, oregano, papaya, peaches, pears, raspberries, redcurrants
- Raw honey, especially manuka; raw molasses
- Whole brown rice
- Medicinal mushrooms
- Exercise, yoga, meditation
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Apple cider vinegar (raw organic), fresh lemon or lime juice
Foods and factors that will cause your body to become more acid
- Synthetic oestrogens (For example HRT, xenoestrogens)
- Meat especially mass-market fatty red meat and offal
- Fruits and vegetables picked unripe and shipped a long way
- Pulses if you do not skim off the phytic acid (the surface scum) when you cook them
- Shell fish especially prawns, crab, scallops
- Processed, prepared, canned foods - because of the sodium chloride content
- Dried meats hams, saugage, bacon - because of the sodium chloride content
- Chinese foods because of the MSG content
- All refined carbohydrate products pasta, white bread, white rice, pies, pastries, cakes, noodles, refined breakfast cereals, doughnuts, dumplings
- Salted snacks crisps, peanuts
- All cows dairy
- Fizzy sweet drinks
- Prepared fruit juices and smoothies (high sugar, processed)
- Caffeine stimulates liver to release glucose into blood stream (even diet drinks!)
- Preservatives, jams etc
- Pickled products
- Alcohol, especially beer and spirits
- Lack of sleep
- Stress, negative emotions, guilt
The list is meant to be indicative, not exhaustive. There is debate about tomatoes and oranges, which some people say are acid forming. But lemons and limes are certainly not. A drink of fresh lemon, ginger and honey with hot water is a great way to start the day. Other foods like liver, shell fish and crab also have issues to do with stored toxins and chemicals. And of course, factors such as white can liners (BPA), plastic bottles (BPA, phthalates), nail polishes containing toluene, perfumes on your skin contain certain toxins etc can all heighten your oestrogen levels and set up the acid cell syndrome described above.
For more information read:
Acid Bodies and cancer
Can candida cause cancer?
Cancer is a fungus Dr Simoncini
The Rainbow diet and how it can help you beat cancer | <urn:uuid:a2d16ab9-3d06-45f1-8f1c-01d0b6c646f1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.canceractive.com/cancer-active-page-link.aspx?n=2733 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903213 | 1,980 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Guide to Shopping
Grocery stores are arranged with the fresh foods around the perimeter and dry goods in the center. Many now have organic and natural food sections, as well as ethnic food areas. Once you know the location of the items that you typically purchase, it will make shopping easier.
Selecting Fresh Produce
Fruits and vegetables taste best when they are in season. Even though many types of produce are available year-round, most taste best during a specific season. Organize your shopping list and meal plans around seasonal produce for premium flavor and appeal.
Note: Look for signs which indicate where the produce originated from. Grocery stores, particularly the higher-end specialty ones, sometimes call out the state or country of origin. Locally grown produce is available at farmer’s markets year round in some parts of the country and during the summer and fall in other parts. It is always nice to be able to support the farming community and to enjoy fresh-from-the- farm products. You will certainly taste the difference.
When choosing fruits and vegetable, inspect them to ensure that the flesh is firm and no bruises or cuts are present. A helpful tip is to smell produce (especially with melons and other fruits); if fruit smells ripe, it is at its peak flavor. Out-of-season produce does not mean that the produce is bad, just that the produce may be smaller and/or have less flavor than in-season fruits and vegetables. Ask the produce manager what fruits and vegetables are in season, and how best to prepare unfamiliar types of produce.
Selecting Fresh Meat, Poultry, and Seafood
Beef: Fresh aroma, a bright red color, and marbling signifies a more flavorful, juicy, and tender cut of beef.
The quality grades (in order of excellence) are: Prime, Choice, Select, Standard. (See Lesson 3 for more information.)
Pork: Fresh aroma with a relatively small amount of fat over the outside meat and a pale-pink color. USDA quality grades (in order of excellence) are: No. 1, No. 2, No. 3
Poultry: Fresh aroma with no discoloration. Go skinless and/or boneless for a healthier option. Grade A is the only grade likely to be seen at the retail level.
Fish: Fresh aroma of the ocean and not fishy. Fish flesh should be firm and shiny and bounce back when touched. No discoloration should be present.
Reading Nutrition Labels on Dry Goods
All products are required to have a nutrition label. Knowing how to effectively interpret a nutrition label will help you understand the nutrients and calories that you are consuming.
1. Serving size and calories: The information listed on a nutrition label is calculated according to one serving so, the number of calories and the nutrient amounts equate to that one serving. Most packages typically contain more than one serving size. Be aware that a single serving size may be smaller than we expect. Serving sizes are standardized to make it easier to compare similar foods, and are provided in familiar units, such as cups or pieces.
2. Nutrients: Most food labels calculate nutrition information according to a 2,000 calorie diet. Your calorie needs maybe be higher or lower depending on your physical activity level and metabolism. The first nutrients listed, fat, saturated fat, and trans fat are nutrients that Americans generally eat in adequate (or even excessive) amounts so, therefore, consumption of these nutrients should be limited. Conversely, most Americans do not consume enough dietary fiber, vitamins A and C, calcium, and iron. It is important to pay attention to the amount of these nutrients on a food label in order to strive to meet the recommended daily values.
3. The percent daily values listed on the label state the amount one serving of a food fulfills of the recommended daily value of the specific nutrient. For instance, according to a 2,000 calorie diet, daily total fat intake should be less than 65grams, and therefore a granola bar that contains 2.5grams of fat supplies 4% of the daily value for total fat intake. | <urn:uuid:ada1a410-7aa0-49c6-afc2-37ff20973138> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.certifiedsteakandseafood.com/css-institute/meal-planning-and-shopping/guide-to-shopping | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927458 | 846 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Despite the threat of the legislature strong-arming Georgia's public schools into sticking with the traditional school calendar, Clarke County school officials are considering ways to break the status quo.
Instead of the standard nine-month school year followed by a three-month summer break, a proposal is being reviewed to move the county's schools to a balanced calendar, which has a shortened summer break and more breaks in the fall and spring.
A committee of parents, teachers, administrators and representatives from the University of Georgia and the Athens-Clarke County government's Leisure Services division plan to study a the calendar proposal. The earliest any change could take place is for the 2005-06 school year.
We've long supported the idea of reworking the school calendar to make it more conducive to student learning. When the traditional school calendar came to be a century ago, it was dictated by the needs of this nation's largely agrarian society at the time. Schools were closed during the summer so students could work on the family farm planting, tending and harvesting crops.
Times have changed.
A shrinking number of American families are involved in farming, and those who are don't rely on their children for labor. Without any economic or social reason for clinging to the traditional school calendar, it's time we considered how the school year is organized and whether change might bring better results in our children's education.
The balanced calendar offers some real advantages to teachers and students. Sprinkling breaks throughout the year, rather than concentrated in the summer, can reduce stress and prevent burnout by giving teachers and students a rest during otherwise long stretches of classes. Having a shorter summer break means students are less likely to forget material during the transition from one grade to the next.
Past studies have shown students can lose up to four weeks of reading skills and eight weeks of math skills during the three-month summer break. Because of this, teachers often have to spend more than a month at the start of each new school year reteaching information their students covered in the previous grade. Reviewing old material is necessary to get students up to speed, but the precious instruction time would be better spent covering new lessons.
The retention problem should be resolved under a balanced calendar, which shaves a month off the summer break and, in exchange, gives students a longer spring break and two additional breaks in October and May.
When the Clarke County school board decided in 2001 to adopt an extended-year calendar at two of the district's elementary schools, we applauded the move despite being concerned about having some of the district's schools on a different calendar. If the pilot program proved successful, we suggested the district consider putting all its schools on the same calendar.
A single school calendar would be easier on parents, students and staff and allow businesses and community groups providing child care after school and during breaks to better respond to parents' needs. In addition to causing general confusion, dueling schedules posed problems for parents with one child at a school on the extended calendar and one at a school on the traditional calendar. Different class and break schedules could complicate vacations plans and force them to juggle multiple camp and after-school programs.
When budget constraints forced Chase Street and Gaines elementary schools to switch from a 195-day extended calendar to the 180-day balanced calendar, the opportunity to have a uniform schedule for the entire district came within closer reach. School officials should be applauded for asking the district's calendar committee to weigh the costs and benefits of putting all the county's schools on a balanced calendar. While a number of details must be considered before such a change is made, we believe it's time to reorganize the school year so it serves the best interest of students, teachers and schools.
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us | <urn:uuid:4ef2560c-5d37-44e4-aa73-d6d9912ae48f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://onlineathens.com/stories/090804/opi_20040908029.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960775 | 765 | 2.765625 | 3 |
To lessen the impact of natural and man-made disasters upon the City of Suffolk by meeting the needs of our citizens through effective mitigation, planning, response and recovery.
This is accomplished thru a comprehensive emergency management program which includes:
- Pre and post-disaster mitigation of known hazards to reduce their impact;
- Preparedness activities, such as emergency planning, training, exercises and community education programs;
- An effective response to emergency situations;
- Focused recovery programs for major disasters.
Our all hazards approach to emergency planning includes threats from hurricanes and tropical storms, other weather emergencies, as well as man-made or technological emergencies such as major fires, mass casualty incidents, hazardous materials incidents and acts of terrorism.
In the event of a disaster, the Office of Emergency Management is responsible for the coordination of all local, state and federal emergency response agencies and for maintaining a coordinated, accurate, consistent flow of information and instructions to the citizens of the City of Suffolk.
Planning, continuous training and teamwork between the public and private sector have been the key to a quick response and successful recovery from past disasters that have impacted our City. | <urn:uuid:ff7abafc-9a61-4b3c-9c0d-f12870c96f42> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.suffolkva.us/em/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00131-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955212 | 233 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Anthony Van Dyck (1599-1641)
Etching by Anthony Van Dyck, first state (of seven)
Comparison of this early impression of the pure etching with the later, reworked version reveals just how comprehensive Neeffs' changes were. Without the additional engraving we can clearly see Van Dyck's enthusiastic rendering, with his head standing alone on an expanse of empty space. He uses the etching needle to model his face using stippling effect, and short, curved lines for his hair. The only wrongly placed line is the accidental mark through the curl of his moustache. The position of the head on the plate suggests that Van Dyck intended a body to be added to fill the rest of the space, but perhaps he changed his mind as it was not progressed further in his lifetime, even with a borderline.
The image is based on a painted self portrait, executed around 1630 (private collection). In the painting Van Dyck wears a chain around his neck, but here the collar is not extended further than a single outline. The glance over the shoulder had been used by artists before Van Dyck to convey powers of intellect. The turn of the body in space is a particularly effective, suggesting that his attention is being momentarily distracted from something else. With proud bearing, Van Dyck projects an aura of confidence.
Click on the link below to view this print's record in the Museum's Online Public Access Catalogue | <urn:uuid:0138f8f8-0d0b-475b-be0a-553a7a5d0463> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/vandyck/biographies/anthonyvandyck.1.html?sf_function=textonly | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00199-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969982 | 302 | 3.359375 | 3 |
- The Age of Autism - A series of articles that delves into autism in ways no one else does. Dan Olmsted is a reporter who has uncovered information on autism that researchers need to investigate much further than they do now. A MUST READ!
- autism: New Frontiers in Research & Drug Discovery - A great new resource from the New York Academy of Sciences. A good explanation of autism, why the increase, and the very latest research on autism and treatments.
- Medline Plus Health Information - A completed search for information on autism from the National Library of Medicine.
- National Library of Medicine PubMed Search on Autism - A completed search of PubMed (Medical and professional journal articles) on recent articles concerning autism. Once you check out their search, do your own.
- Seaver Autism Research and Treatment Center and Greater NY Autism Center of Excellence - "The Center, funded by a major grant from the Seaver Foundation since 1993, is dedicated to unraveling the biological causes of autism and related disorders, and developing effective treatments for autism. The Seaver Center's interdisciplinary approach to the study of autism includes Family/Genetic studies, Brain Imaging studies, and Biological, Autoimmune, Neuropsychiatric and Psychosocial and Medication Treatment Studies."
- The Autism Research Foundation - Current Research in Autism Lists and describes research projects currently underway. Include contact information.
- Autism Speaks - Current research projects on autism.
Please send questions, comments, & suggestions to: Gary J. Heffner.
DISCLAIMER: This site is intended to provide basic information resources on Autistic Disorder. It is not intended to, nor does it, constitute medical or other advice. The author of the web site is not a medical doctor. Readers are warned not to take any action with regard to medical treatment or otherwise based on the information on this web site or links without first consulting a physician. This web site does not necessarily endorse any of the information obtained from any of the links on this page or links that other pages may lead you to. Neither does this web site promote or recommend any treatment, therapy, institution or health care plan. The information contained in this site is intended to be for your general education and information only and not for use in pursuing any treatment or course of action. Ultimately, the course of action in treating a given patient must be individualized after a thorough discussion with the patient's physician(s) and family. | <urn:uuid:1ffe36eb-cb99-432f-a12c-c8b420e56ae6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://sites.google.com/site/autismhome/Home/research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903866 | 495 | 2.75 | 3 |
Geologists call it a rare and valuable specimen, a relic of billions of years ago that is immensely difficult to study.
Mark Brown calls it the world's original antique, and he'd like to sell you a chunk of it.
Mr. Brown is a mine worker and prospector in Yellowknife, the northern town that lies a 300-kilometre floatplane flight south of the Acasta River Gneiss, an outcrop of rock on a small island that has an utterly unique virtue.
It is, to the best geologists can determine, the oldest known rock on Earth, about 4.06-billion-years-old.
That makes it an exceptional survivor from the time the planet, whose age scientists estimate at 4.55-billion years, was a toddler.
Mr. Brown sees in it a tremendous marketing opportunity, one that has led him to stake a mining claim to the rock, commission a short promotional video and develop a website ready to accept orders - $149.99 for a piece without a display case, $249.99 with one - in seven languages.
He has already removed about 200 kilograms of fallen rock at the site and, if demand is there, is prepared to dynamite the gneiss outcrop itself.
That prospect concerns geologists, who say the rock is a unique window into the world as it once was - and is best studied intact. The study of ancient rock presents one of the few opportunities scientists have to learn about the forces and processes that shaped the Earth billions of years ago, a time when, it's now believed, the first bits of life began to emerge.
"It's a very important location for Canada and for the world and for everyone who is interested in the early Earth," said Robert Creaser, acting chair of the University of Alberta's department of Earth and atmospheric sciences. Older meteorites have been discovered on Earth, as have older mineral grains, but none much bigger than a human hair.
That makes Acasta "quite important from a heritage point of view," Mr. Creaser said.
To anyone but a geologist with sophisticated dating tools, the rock itself is indistinguishable from that in the vast regions of the Canadian Shield.
But the sheer age of the rock is, Mr. Brown said, "a mind-blower" that imparts a metaphysical experience of permanence. He calls it the Rock of Ages, a deliberately religious metaphor for an object whose natural setting carries a mystique so great, he said, that "I can establish my own church there."
Not only that, he believes the rock has all manner of money-making potential. People have talked about using it for headstones or chess pieces. Bits of the gneiss have gone to the Royal Ontario Museum, the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C., and to universities, collectors and researchers from Denmark to Japan. Mr. Brown has even heard from a man so eager for an authentic encounter that he is determined to fly to the site - air charters cost about $4,500 - and collect a piece for himself.
"It's just raw, 100 per cent what-can-you-do-with-it? sort of material," Mr. Brown said.
Canada preserves archaeological sites but not - unless they are in a park - sites of geologic importance. Australia, by contrast, creates "geological monuments" to highlight particularly unique places.
Efforts to formally protect the Acasta gneiss started decades ago, but never gained traction due to lack of interest. But even the first person to claim the site believes the government should have stepped in to halt any future claims after his expired this year.
"I don't know why they haven't protected it," said Walt Humphries, another Yellowknife prospector who sold enough of the gneiss to fill a refrigerator.
Geologists say the Acasta River site is largely protected by its isolated location - and by the fact that old rock seems to have limited market value. And the man who first dated the rock is also skeptical of the sales pitch. Even at the Acasta River site, the oldest rocks are mixed with younger ones - and verifying an individual chunk would cost thousands of dollars.
"It's a bit dishonest to sell it without dating every single piece of rock," said Sam Bowring, a professor of geology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "And that would be an extremely expensive endeavour."
All of which means Mr. Brown's ability to profit will depend largely on his skills as a salesman, which have so far produced little fruit. At the Vancouver Olympics, he demonstrated the rock at the Northern House exhibition area, but managed to sell only a half-dozen. He blames poor sales on the fact that he was barred from soliciting.
Mr. Brown has a Grade 11 education, lives in a 7.5-square-metre shack without electricity or running water, charges his cellphone using parking lot block-heater plug-ins and boasts that, if need be, he will trap squirrels for breakfast. He is, he said, a bush man capable of great self-sufficiency, which has already allowed him to invest $15,000 of his own money into the Rock of Ages project. And this is just the start. He plans to discuss a marketing strategy with a communications firm Monday.
The rock "is the oldest known thing on the planet," he said. "It doesn't get any better."Report Typo/Error | <urn:uuid:a5709a34-05c1-46bd-a402-f30fc7a8b070> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/geologists-balk-at-prospectors-plan-to-sell-off-the-worlds-oldest-rock/article1546619/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96139 | 1,130 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Earthquake and Structural Engineering
About our program
Our world-class research program in earthquake and structural engineering focuses on understanding how key infrastructure stands up to extreme forces such as an earthquake. We simulate earthquake effects on large-scale models, such as a curved bridge and use those results to engineer safer buildings, bridges and roads.
Researchers and students in this program have access to two state-of-the-art earthquake engineering facilities, the Earthquake Engineering Laboratory, which opened in 2014 and houses our four shake tables, and the Large-Scale Structures Laboratory, which offers a 9,000 square foot high-bay laboratory for researchers to do floor experiments.
Recent research has focused on how non-structural systems, such as a building's pipes and ceiling tiles, stand up to an earthquake.
Labs and centers
- Center for Civil Engineering Earthquake Research
- Center for Advanced Technology in Bridges and Infrastructure
- Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation
Research Assistant Professor, Large Scale Structures Laboratory Manager | <urn:uuid:c869bd85-5e51-4644-9e6f-759025c97f4a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.unr.edu/cee/research/structures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93123 | 203 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Design a fishing pole made out of the materials you can find in your yard. Consider the need for strength, flexibility and reliability, as well as the fish that are in your local area. Take a photo or draw a picture of it and share with the class.
Bring in a piece of raw cedar wood to share with the class. Provide the class with information regarding cedar's qualities, its resin, how it reproduces and where it grows best. Better yet, plant a cedar sapling in an approved place on your school grounds, and watch it grow throughout the next year.
Create an authentic weather report that predicts snow in the near future. Include the types of clouds present, what the changes are predicted to be, the temperature, wind, visibility, and the projected snowfall. Present it as a televised weather report to the class.
This section contains 934 words
(approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:6a93990e-5a3b-425d-a7ee-aa466709f8d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/snowfallingcedars/funactivities.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941348 | 193 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Study: Cynicism linked to increased dementia risk
Your spouse “had to stay late at work” — are you skeptical? Do you think your friend doesn’t like you if he cancels dinner plans? Do you suspect that your co-worker is putting her ambitions ahead of the team?
Curmudgeons of the world, listen up: This line of negative thinking might actually hurt your health.
A new study in the latest edition of the American Academy of Neurology found that cynical people have a higher likelihood of developing dementia.
“There have been previous studies that showed that people who were cynical were more likely to die earlier and have other poor health outcomes, but no one that we could tell ever looked at dementia,” said Anna-Maija Tolppanen, one of the study’s authors and a professor at the University of Eastern Finland. “We have seen some studies that show people who are more open and optimistic have a lower risk for dementia so we thought this was a good question to ask.”
Cynicism is a deep mistrust of others. Psychologists consider it a kind of chronic anger that develops over time.
Specifically, the kind of cynicism researchers looked at involved doubting the truth of what people say and believing most people are motivated by self-interest rather than by what is best for the community.
The study tested 1,449 people with an average age of 71. The study participants took a test for dementia. A separate test measured their level of cynicism. Both tests are considered reliable by researchers.
The cynicism test asks if the person agrees with statements like “Most people will use somewhat unfair reasons to gain profit or an advantage rather than lose it”; “I think most people would lie to get ahead”; and “It is safer to trust nobody.”
Those who agreed with the critical statements in the test were considered highly cynical. The people with the highest level of cynical distrust had a 2.54 times greater risk of dementia than those with the lowest cynicism rating.
Researchers also examined the test results to see if the subjects who were labeled highly cynical died sooner than the others. But once compounding factors were screened out, they did not. Previous studies have shown a link between cynicism and an earlier death.
Still, the new study does not prove that having a bad attitude causes bad health outcomes. To prove a causal relationship, a study would need randomized controlled trials to show that a reduction in cynical attitudes through treatment actually lowered the risk of bad health outcomes.
More research is necessary to replicate the conclusions. But the results complement a wide body of research showing how “over time, people with highly cynical hostility do worse healthwise,” said Dr. Hilary Tindle, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Pittsburgh.
Why cynicism may be bad for you
What might explain an association between cynicism and poor health?
This is a complex issue that needs to be studied more, Tindle said. The relationships between psychological attitudes and health outcomes are very complex.
“I can tell you from my clinical perspective from treating patients, I am absolutely certain that psychological attitudes can lead people down a road to poor health, because I see it every day when I talk to patients,” said Tindle, who wrote the book “Up: How Positive Outlook Can Transform Our Health and Aging.”
Tindle was the lead author on a study that examined the health outcomes of over 97,000 women and found that cynical women had a higher hazard of cancer-related mortality.
“The bottom line is that a high degree of anger/hostility/cynicism is not good for health,” she wrote.
Research shows cynical people also tend to smoke more, exercise less and weigh more. They also have a harder time following even the best medical advice, because their cynical natures won’t let them believe what people tell them, Tindle said.
Past studies have also found that people who are cynical have a higher rate of coronary heart disease, cardiovascular problems and cancer-related deaths. Cardiovascular disease can contribute to dementia because it essentially damages small blood vessels everywhere in your body, including in your brain.
Cynical people also tend to have greater stress responses, which means they typically have a higher heart rate, a higher blood pressure peak, and a tendency to have greater inflammation of their immune systems. Chronic inflammation is now known to be harmful to one’s overall health and it is linked to everything from Crohn’s disease to high cholesterol to even Alzheimer’s.
Can you come out of cynicism?
The good news is, being highly cynical is not a permanent state of mind.
“I am also certain that people can learn to change — they change every day in that they quit smoking, they lose weight, they cut ties in unhealthy friendships,” Tindle said. “The ultimate message is people are not ‘doomed’ if they have cynical tendencies.”
So if your assumptions about people are making you angry and irritable, try having a little more trust.
“All of us are capable of adopting healthier attitudes,” Tindle said. “As a physician, I see people of all ages making positive change every day.” | <urn:uuid:b039d866-ba92-4d67-bc31-416ae6a76487> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://wtvr.com/2014/05/28/cynicism-increased-dementia-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971717 | 1,101 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Five of the main Dead Sea scrolls, containing some of the oldest-known surviving biblical texts, were on Monday put online as part of a joint project between the Israel Museum and Google.
The project gives the public access to ultra high-resolution images of the ancient scrolls in a format which is easily searchable, with the magnified text revealing details previously invisible to the naked eye, a museum statement said.
So far, five of the scrolls have been digitised as part of the $3.5-million project which uses space-age technology to produce the clearest renderings yet of the ancient texts: the Great Isaiah scroll, the Community Rule scroll, the commentary on Habbakuk, the Temple scroll and the War scroll.
By visiting http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/ web users can view all of the text, as well as a translation tool and other background information on the documents, the museum said.
"We are privileged to house in the Israel Museum's Shrine of the Book the best preserved and most complete Dead Sea Scrolls ever discovered," Israel Museum director James Snyder said in a statement, describing them as of "paramount importance" for the world's monotheistic religions.
"Now, through our partnership with Google, we are able to bring these treasures to the broadest possible public."
The 900 biblical and other manuscripts, comprising some 30,000 fragments, were discovered between 1947 and 1956 in the Qumran caves above the Dead Sea and photographed in their entirety with infra-red technology in the 1950s.
The parchment and papyrus scrolls contain Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic writing, and include several of the earliest-known texts from the Bible, including the oldest surviving copy of the Ten Commandments.
The oldest of the documents dates to the third century BC and the most recent to about 70 AD, when Roman troops destroyed the Second Jewish Temple in Jerusalem.
The artefacts are housed at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, where the larger pieces are shown at the dimly lit Shrine of the Book on a rotational basis in order to minimise damage from exposure.
When not on show, they are kept in a dark, climate-controlled storeroom in conditions similar to those in the Qumran caves, where the humidity, temperature and darkness preserved the scrolls for two millennia. | <urn:uuid:aa912a84-561f-49f7-b903-eaf432735419> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/israel-museum-google-put-dead-sea-scrolls-online-2361578.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929814 | 480 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Phon. Lab., Linguistics Dept., UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1543
Many West African languages have two sets of vowels that are said to differ by one having an advanced tongue root [+ATR], and the other a retracted tongue root [-ATR]. The [+ATR] set may also have an enlarged pharynx and a lowered larynx. Words (roots) in these languages must contain vowels that are all of one set or the other. To test whether there is a constant articulatory difference between the two sets of vowels in Degema, a Delta Edoid language spoken in Nigeria, DAT recordings were made of 8 speakers. For 2 of the speakers, frontal and lateral videos were made of the lip aperture. The frequencies, amplitudes and bandwidths of the first 3 formants of the 5 pairs of vowels were determined from LPC analysis. These data were modeled using an articulatory synthesizer. After an appropriate set of vocal tract shapes had been determined for the [-ATR] set of 5 vowels, articulatory perturbations such as tongue root advancement, pharynx enlargement, and larynx lowering, were applied to the modeled [-ATR] vocal tract shapes to generate the [+ATR] set. A variety of articulatory gestures seem to be needed to convert vowels from one set into the other. | <urn:uuid:10bae611-9fbc-4fb7-ae72-4e432d58d0b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.auditory.org/asamtgs/asa95wsh/5pSC/5pSC16.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00120-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947792 | 284 | 2.9375 | 3 |
To report child abuse and neglect in Clermont County, call 732-STOP
Points to Remember
- The child is always the victim.
- Although Ohio law permits corporal punishment in the home, school, and institution, excessive physical discipline is abuse. It is difficult to define "excessive," but there are guidelines you can use. Physical discipline probably is excessive if:
- it results in physical injury, including bruises
- it is inconsistent, arbitrary punishment designed not to educate, but to instill fear
- the caretaker loses control during discipline
- it is inappropriate to the age of the child
- it is the result of unreasonable expectations or demands on the child by the caretaker
- A perpetrator of child abuse or neglect can be any person who has care, custody, or control of the child at the relevant time. This could include parent, teacher, babysitter or day care staff person, relative, institution staff person, bus driver, playground attendant, caretaker, boy/girlfriend, or anyone with whom the child has contact. There also are instances when the parent or regular caretaker can be held responsible for abuse or neglect perpetrated by another; for example, when a parent allows the spouse to physically abuse their child, or when a child is left in inappropriate care and subsequently suffers abuse or neglect.
- There are no simple answers. Abuse or neglect rarely occurs in clear, simple, and specific terms. Abuse or neglect usually results from complex combinations of a range of human and situational factors.
What we know about ourselves and our behavior tells us that any of us might abuse or neglect our children. Many of us have felt at times that life is more than we can handle. What stops us from giving up or lashing out are skills and mechanisms we have learned to control or divert our anger, accept and assume adult responsibility, recognize realistic boundaries of acceptable behavior and expectation, and seek and accept help and support. When adults are faced with a situation which requires the use of coping skills that have not been developed, child abuse or neglect often results.
Although this explanation is oversimplified, it does help us understand how abuse and neglect can occur. It also explains the term "cycle of child abuse and neglect." Children learn from their parents. A child who has been raised in a home where violence is an accepted response to frustration will as an adult tend to react violently. The skills necessary for controlling anger or frustration are never learned. What is learned is violence.
In the same way, a parent who lacks self-esteem or maturity cannot instill these characteristics within his child. Without significant outside influences, the child is likely to become an adult who perceives himself and life in the same manner as his parent does. This is the cycle of child abuse and neglect: adults tend to repeat the actions and attitudes that they learn as children.
We can identify many skills as essential for good parenting and use them to identify families who may be experiencing problems of abuse or neglect. Frequently, adults who abuse or neglect children share characteristics that reflect their failure to learn these skills. We must remember, however, that child abuse and neglect is a multifaceted problem created through a mix of many ingredients, each unique and as complex as the individuals involved. An indicator of child abuse and neglect is a clue to a child's possible need. As with any clue, it is only a small piece that must be fitted into a larger picture.
Adults who abuse or neglect children usually will share several of the following general characteristics:
A shoulder to cry on and a friend to lean on are things most of us need. Adults who abuse or neglect children often do not have this support. They are isolated physically and emotionally from family, friends, neighbors, and organized groups. They may discourage social contact, and rarely will participate in school or community activities.
Many of these adults perceive themselves as bad, worthless, or unlovable. Children of parents with a poor self-concept often are regarded by their parents as deserving of abuse or neglect, because they see their children as reflections of themselves. They view abuse and neglect as behavior that is expected of them.
This characteristic may be reflected in many ways:
using the child to meet the adult's own emotional or physical needs;
a constant craving for change and excitement.
Lack of Parenting Knowledge
Many times, abuse or neglect results because the adult does not understand the child's developmental needs. Society expects people to know the rights and wrongs of parenthood. But parenthood is a complex and difficult job. Abusive parents often are strict disciplinarians who are frustrated from unmet expectations. These parents tend to place unrealistic demands upon their children, and view their child's inability to perform as willful, deliberate disobedience.
It has not been clearly established whether substance abuse is a causative or a resulting factor. However, studies consistently have shown a correlation between the misuse of drugs or alcohol and the occurrence of abuse and neglect.
Lack of Interpersonal Skills
The abusive or neglectful adult often has not learned to interact with people. How to form relationships, socialize, and work together are skills we learn in childhood.
Unmet Emotional Needs
Often, the abusive or neglectful parent has not had met the basic emotional needs which we all share -- warmth, support and love. Unable to provide the child with these feelings which let us grow and mature, they will, instead, seek fulfillment from the child.
The adult may express these characteristics through different attitudes or actions. Certain adult behaviors and attitudes can be correlated with the occurrence of specific types of abuse or neglect.
In the family where physical abuse is occurring, the abusive adult may:
have unrealistically high standards and expectations for himself/his children
be rigid or compulsive
be hostile and aggressive
be impulsive with poor emotional control
be authoritative and demanding
fear or resent authority
lack control or fear losing control
be cruel or sadistic
be incapable of child rearing
trust no one
believe in the necessity of harsh physical discipline
accept violence as a viable means of problem resolution
have an undue fear of spoiling the child
consistently react to the child with impatience or annoyance
be overly critical of the child and seldom discuss the child in positive terms
lack understanding of the child's physical and emotional needs
lack understanding of the child's developmental capabilities
be reluctant or unable to explain the child's injuries or condition or give explanations which are farfetched or inconsistent with the injury
over or under react to the child's injury
not consent to diagnostic studies of the child
have the child treated by a different hospital or physician each time the child needs medical attention
fail to keep appointments
perceive himself as alone, without friends or support
view seeking or accepting help as a weakness
be under pressure
have an emotionally dependent spouse
be engaged in a dominant-passive marital relationship
have marital problems
have been physically abused himself/herself
In the family where sexual abuse is occurring, the abusive adult may:
be overly protective of the child
refuse to allow the child to participate in social activities
be jealous of the child's friends or activities
accuse the child of promiscuity
distrust the child
have marital problems
need to be in control or fear losing control
be domineering, rigid, or authoritarian
favor a "special" child in the family
have been sexually abused himself/herself
In the family where emotional maltreatment is occurring, the maltreating adult may:
act irrationally or appear to be out of touch with reality
be deeply depressed
exhibit extreme mood swings
constantly belittle the child or describe the child in terms such as "bad," "different," or "stupid"
be cruel or sadistic
be ambivalent towards the child
expect behavior that is inappropriate to the child's age or developmental capabilities
consistently shame the child
threaten the child with the withdrawal of love, food, shelter, or clothing
consistently threaten the child's health or safety
reject the child or discriminate among children in the family
be involved in criminal activities
use bizarre or extreme methods of punishment
avoid contact with the child, seldom touching, holding, or caressing him/her
avoid looking or smiling at the child
be overly strict or rigid
torture the child
physically abuse or neglect the child
have been abused or neglected himself
In the family where neglect is occurring, the neglecting adult may:
have a constant craving for excitement and change
express dissatisfaction with his/her life
express desire to be free of the demands of the child
lack interest in the child's activities
have a low acceptance of the child's dependency needs
be generally unskilled as a parent
have little planning or organizational skills
frequently appear unkempt
perceive the child as a burden or bother
be occupied more with his/her problems than with the child's
be overly critical of the child and seldom discuss him/her in positive terms
have unrealistic expectations of the child, expecting or demanding behavior beyond the child's years or ability
seldom touch or look at the child
ignore the child's crying or react with impatience
keep the child confined, perhaps in a crib or playpen, for long periods of time
be hard to locate
lack understanding of the child's physical or emotional needs
be sad or moody
fit the clinical description "passive and dependent"
lack understanding of the child's developmental capabilities
fail to keep appointments and return telephone calls
have been neglected himself/herself
Although some forms of abuse and neglect are more difficult to detect than others, there always are signs or clues which, singly or together, suggest that a child might be in need of help. Two types of clues are usually given by an abused or neglected child -- physical indicators and behavioral indicators.
These clues are the easiest to detect and diagnose. Aspects of the child's appearance and the presence of bodily injury are physical indicators.
Often, children will send messages through their behavior which suggest the occurrence of abuse or neglect. These clues may be in the form of "acting out" behaviors or behaviors which reflect the child's attempt to cope with or hide the abuse or neglect. Behavioral indicators are more difficult to detect and interpret than physical indicators. It is not your responsibility to use these indicators to determine if a child is being abused or neglected. The child's safety and the serious ramifications of alleged child abuse and neglect make it critical that the determination be made by an experienced and trained professional. You can help by asking for the assistance the child may need. Immediately report any suspicion of child abuse or neglect to your local public children services agency.
Remember that child abuse and neglect involves people. Every incident is individual in its causes and effects. There is no blueprint for identifying an abused or neglected child. While any of these clues may occur without cause for alarm, you should be especially alert to frequent repetition or the presence of multiple indicators.
Child maltreatment falls in one or more of four general categories:
1. Physical Abuse
2. Sexual Abuse
3. Emotional Maltreatment
Clues to Recognizing Physical Abuse
unexplained, chronic, or repeated bruising
Be especially alert to bruises:
o on the face, throat, upper arms, buttocks, thighs, or lower back
o in unusual patterns or shapes which suggest the use of an instrument (loop, lash, linear, circular or rectangular marks)
o on an infant
o in the shape of bite or pinch marks
o in clusters
o in various stages of healing
Be especially alert to:
o cigarette burns. This type of burn is circular, and often found on the child's palms, soles of feet, genitalia, or abdomen.
o immersion burns. These burns characteristically will produce sharp lines of demarcation and appear on the buttocks, genital area, or extremities. On the hands and feet, burns can produce a "glove" or "stocking" effect; on the buttocks, immersion burns often will be "doughnut shaped."
o rope burns
o burns in the shape of common household utensils or appliances.
unexplained skeletal injuries
Skeletal injuries resulting from physical abuse often include:
o injury to the facial structure, skull, and bones around the joints
o fractures and dislocations caused by a severe blow or twisting or pulling of the arm or leg
o any skeletal injury in an infant
other unexplained or repeated injuries
Injuries resulting from physical abuse often include:
o lacerations, abrasions, welts, scars, human bite or pinch marks
o missing, chipped, or loosened teeth, tearing of the gum tissue, lips, tongue, and skin surrounding the mouth
o loss of hair/bald patches
o broken eardrum
o retinal hemorrhage
o abdominal injuries
behavioral extremes (withdrawal, aggression, regression)
inappropriate or excessive fear of parent or caretaker
unusual shyness, wariness of physical contact
antisocial behavior, such as substance abuse, truancy, running away
reluctance to return home
belief that punishment is deserved
suggestion that other children should be punished in a harsh manner
victim's disclosure of abuse
depression, excessive crying
unbelievable or inconsistent explanation for injuries
attempt to hide injuries
Clues to Recognizing Sexual Abuse
somatic complaints, including pain and irritation of the genitals
sexually transmitted disease
bruises or bleeding from external genitalia, vagina or anal region
torn, stained, or bloody underclothes
frequent, unexplained sore throats, yeast or urinary infections
the victim's disclosure of the sexual abuse
poor peer relationships, inability to relate to children of same age
regressive behaviors, such as thumb sucking, bedwetting, fear of the dark, or reattachment to a favorite toy
sudden changes in behavior
promiscuity or seductive behavior
aggression or delinquency
truancy or chronic running away
difficulty in walking or sitting
reluctance to participate in recreational activity
in young children, preoccupation with his/her sexual organs, his parents', or other children's
recurrent nightmares, disturbed sleep patterns, or fear of the dark
unusual and age-inappropriate interest in sexual matters
age-inappropriate ways of expressing affection
avoidance of undressing or the wearing extra layers of clothes
sudden avoidance of certain familiar adults or places
sudden decline in school performance
Clues to Recognizing Emotional Maltreatment
Except regarding bizarre and deviant behavior, there is a wide range of opinion of what is emotionally abusive or neglectful. Some argue that spanking is a degrading experience, humiliating to a child, while others regard physical discipline as a necessary parental behavior. The Model Child Protection Act, developed by the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, provides criteria to aid in identifying emotional maltreatment:
Emotional maltreatment causes emotional or mental injury.
The effect of emotional maltreatment can be observed in the child's abnormal behavior and performance.
The effect of emotional maltreatment constitutes a handicap to the child.
The effect of emotional maltreatment is lasting rather than temporary.
eating disorders, including obesity or anorexia
speech disorders, such as stuttering or stammering
developmental delays in the acquisition of speech or motor skills
weight or height level substantially below the norm
flat or bald spots on an infant's head
nervous disorders, such as hives, rashes, facial tics, or stomachaches
habit disorders, such as biting, rocking, head banging
regressive behaviors, such as thumb sucking, "baby talk," bedwetting by an older child, wetting or soiling by school-age child
poor relations with peers
withdrawal or self-isolation
cruel behavior, appearing to get pleasure from causing harm to children, adults, or animals; seeming to get pleasure from being mistreated
excessive risk taking
loss of touch with reality, frequent daydreaming, hallucinating, extreme fantasies
behavioral extremes: overly compliant-demanding; withdrawn-aggressive; listless-excitable
Clues to Recognizing Neglect
Indicators of neglect must be considered in light of the parents' cultural mores and financial ability to provide. Poverty is not neglect. Because many situations of neglect require judgment calls, you must be careful not to use personal values as the decision-making standard. Instead, ask yourself if the child is:
appropriately and sufficiently clothed for the weather?
clean and practicing good hygiene?
receiving necessary medical and dental care?
having nutritional needs met?
assured of a safe, warm and sanitary shelter?
receiving adequate love and emotional support?
receiving necessary developmental and educational stimulation?
chronic uncleanness or poor hygiene, including lice, scabies, severe or untreated diaper rash, bedsores, body odor, squinting
unsuitable clothing; missing key articles of clothing such as underwear, socks, shoes, or coat; or overdressed in hot weather
untreated illness or injury
excessive sunburn, colds, insect bites, or other conditions which would indicate prolonged exposure to the elements
height and weight significantly below age level
lack of immunizations
unusual school attendance, such as frequent or chronic absence, lateness, coming to school early or leaving late
chronic hunger, tiredness, or lethargy
begging or collecting leftovers
assuming adult responsibilities
reporting no caretaker in home
vandalism or delinquency
information provided by the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services | <urn:uuid:191e8877-ce10-46b5-99db-a6bba1090752> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://cps.clermontcountyohio.gov/IdentifyingAbuse.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923453 | 3,686 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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Professional standards of academic writing require you to present your ideas, logical analysis conducted and added proof. To make a convincing argument, you need a strong thesis, qualitative sources to prove the thesis.
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- Thesis writing Thesis - the basis of argument essay. Thesis typically consists of 1-2 sentences. Take a few questions about the study, for which you will be able to answer as a result of research of sources.
- Possible sources. When writing an argumentative essay, it is important to remember that you not only discuss your opinion for the thesis, but also finding official , trust sources. You must use quotes, statistics and other data to convince the audience. Find sources for confirmation of your essay. Always choose academic publications, do not use public services such as Wikipedia. After selecting publications, consult your teacher to approved them. Using quotes, you will need to explain what exactly it supports in your argument.
- Counter Argument. In addition to the main thesis, you must submit a counter- argument. This opposition will not weaken your thesis, on the contrary, it will make it stronger. After presenting a counter argument, certainly challenge, why it did not prove true.
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Introduction should interest readers. Start writing passionately and emotionally. This will help make your argument not dry and formal. The following paragraph shall be evidence.
Next is emotions should not be. Only logical proof of your thesis. Your conclusion should leave the audience convinced of your righteousness.
- Check your outline. Are there any contradictions in your essay. Possibly, some material is not important. Whether gaps in your reasoning? Are there statements that are commonplace.
Types of argumentative essays.1.Persuasive Essays.
In such type of essay you present thesis and try to convince the reader in the correctness of argument. Sources used must approve the correctness of the author's perspective.
2. Research Paper.
Argumentative research papers must rely on external sources to approve the main argument. It's important to make a balanced approach. Authors must research the same amount of sources for the differing points of view as for the main argument.
3. Analysis essay.
The main goal is to analyze another author's argument. | <urn:uuid:b14349d6-0886-42da-a3fb-c167f8eb9075> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://paperforstudents.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00040-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906085 | 612 | 3.296875 | 3 |
tautomer (tôˈtəmər) [key], one of two or more structural isomers that exist in equilibrium and are readily converted from one isomeric form to another. Of the various types of tautomerism that are possible, two are commonly observed. In keto-enol tautomerism a simultaneous shift of electrons and a hydrogen atom occurs; it was first observed by K. Meyer in the ethyl ester of 3-oxobutanoic acid (ethyl acetoacetate), which occurs naturally as a mixture of the two forms. Ring-chain tautomerism, first recognized by Emil Fischer, is exhibited by glucose. It arises as a result of the aldehyde group (CHO) in a sugar chain molecule reacting with one of the hydroxy groups (OH) in the same molecule to give it a cyclic (ring-shaped) form.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:5706974f-3ea4-4e2a-bdae-fde690de94ca> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/science/tautomer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929397 | 211 | 3.328125 | 3 |
This information was published in 1966 in An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock. It has not been corrected and will not be updated.
Up-to-date information can be found elsewhere in Te Ara.
ORAKAU, SIEGE OF
On 30 March 1864 Colonel Haultain informed General Carey that Maoris were present in force at Orakau, a village about 3 miles south-east of Te Awamutu. When Carey reconnoitred, he found them building a pa on the crown of the slightly rising ground at Rangataua, about 400 yards from the mission church. The earthworks were oblong, about 80 ft by 40 ft, and formed a redoubt with an external trench and high parapet. Inside this was another trench well traversed against an enfilading fire and converted into a series of dugouts for protection against shellfire. The defenders were Waikatos and Ngati Maniapotos, reinforced by a party of 140 from the Tuhoe and related tribes. They were led by Rewi Maniapoto.
Carey planned a threefold attack on the position and dispatched Major Blythe and Captain Blewitt to surround the pa with small forces, while he advanced, more directly, with the main body. At dawn on 31 March the troops were in position, but failed to take the pa by direct assault. Carey then decided to approach it by means of a sap while, at the same time, his infantry were drawn close to prevent the defenders from breaking out. During the afternoon 200 Tuwharetoa, under Te Heuheu Horonuku, were seen on a nearby eminence, but well-directed shellfire discouraged their attempt to relieve the pa. On 1 April Carey received reinforcements and work continued on the sap. Early in the morning on 2 April Carey had one of his six-pounder Armstrong guns moved into the sap to within point-blank range of the earthworks. At noon Sir Duncan Cameron arrived on the field and, being impressed by the defenders' courage, he offered them an opportunity to surrender. Rewi refused and, shortly afterwards, the attack was renewed with grenades and shells. The gun in the sap breached the earthwork and Rewi abandoned the pa. For two hours his party was followed by cavalry; nightfall, however, terminated the pursuit and the survivors escaped.
Maori casualties in the engagement were high. Out of the 300 defenders (men and women), 150 were killed and most of the remainder were wounded. Twenty-six wounded and seven unwounded prisoners were taken in the pa. British casualties, out of a force of 1,474, were, according to the official return, 15 killed and 54 wounded. The attacking force comprised units of the Artillery, Engineers, 12th, 18th, 40th, 65th, and 70th Regiments, together with the Colonial Defence Cavalry, the Militia, and the Forest Rangers, the latter being under Jackson and Von Tempsky.
Little now remains of the Orakau pa because the Kihikihi road runs through the middle of the defences.
by Bernard John Foster, M.A., Research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington. | <urn:uuid:71c75f67-38be-4a2f-82e5-a730e976306e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/orakau-siege-of | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978404 | 673 | 2.875 | 3 |
Press Room » For Nut Benefits, More Is Better
By Jennifer Corbett Dooren, May 11, 2010
More research backing up the cholesterol-lowering benefits of eating nuts indicates that for most people, consuming two handfuls of nuts a day appears to work better than one.
The findings apply to tree nuts such as walnuts, almonds, pistachios, macadamias, hazelnuts and peanuts.
Although peanuts actually belong to the legume family, they are considered to have many of the same nutritional components as walnuts, almonds and other tree nuts.
Researchers who examined the results of 25 previous studies on the health effects of nut consumption found a dose-related improvement in participants' blood-lipid levels.
The results are published this week in the Archives of Internal Medicine.
The lead author of the latest research, Joan Sabaté, says the study "confirms that nuts, indeed, lower cholesterol." A professor and the chairman of the department of nutrition at Loma Linda University, in Loma Linda, Calif., Dr. Sabaté was among the group of researchers that first linked nut consumption to a lower risk of heart attack several years ago.
That finding and others led the Food and Drug Administration in 2003 to allow processors to state on labels that "eating 1.5 ounces per day of most nuts ... as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease."
Dr. Sabaté said the research indicated that for the average person, a slightly higher amount of nuts—about 2.4 ounces, or two servings—does a better job than one serving of lowering cholesterol and triglycerides, another type of fat in the blood.
Still, he said, "we do not need many to get the benefit." One serving of almonds is about eight nuts; a serving of smaller nuts such as peanuts is about 15 to 20 nuts.
Dr. Sabaté's analysis involved nearly 600 people with high or normal blood cholesterol levels. None of the study participants were taking cholesterol-lowering medications.
The analysis compared a control group with two groups assigned to consume two different quantities of nuts.
People in one of the nut groups consumed an average of 67 grams of nuts, or about 2.4 ounces, per day.
These people had an average reduction in total blood cholesterol concentration of 5.1%, and a reduction in low-density lipoprotein, or so-called LDL or "bad" cholesterol, of 7.4%.
For the people who consumed about 1.5 ounces of nuts, total cholesterol fell by 3.2%, while "bad" cholesterol fell by 4.9%—suggesting a dose-related response.
Those who consumed about one ounce daily of nuts, total cholesterol fell by 2.8% while LDL cholesterol fell by 4.2%.
Significantly, however, the drops in cholesterol weren't seen in people considered obese—a new finding.
More studies are needed to understand why nuts are less effective at lowering blood cholesterol concentration among obese people, the researchers said.
Dr. Sabaté said the biggest improvement in blood lipid levels were seen among people who started out with higher cholesterol levels, as well as among those who consumed a "Western" diet of high-fat meats, dairy products and refined grains, compared with people consuming a "Mediterranean" diet emphasizing whole grains, lots of fruits and vegetables, fish and relatively little red meat.
"For the general population consuming a Western diet, the incorporation of nuts into their daily diet will result in greater improvement of blood lipid levels than for individuals already following a healthy Mediterranean or low-fat diet," researchers wrote.
Of the 25 studies, about two-thirds of them involved almonds or walnuts. The other one-third of studies looked at either macadamia, pistachio, hazelnuts or peanuts. The studies didn't include pine nuts or Brazil nuts.
The study was funded by Loma Linda University in California and by the International Tree Nut Council Nutrition Research and Education Foundation, an international group that represents the tree nut industry. | <urn:uuid:557032c5-8f3b-4c13-8d98-9fd64b4d52b4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nuthealth.org/press-room/for-nut-benefits-more-is-better/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947755 | 840 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Greater Heat Stress From Climate Change Could Lower Dairy Productivity
- In 2010, heat stress is estimated to have lowered annual milk production for the average dairy by about $39,000, totaling $1.2 billion in lost production for the entire U.S. dairy sector.
- Climate change is likely to increase average daily temperatures and the frequency of heat waves to varying degrees across the country, which could increase heat stress and lower milk production.
- Additional heat stress from climate change is expected to lower milk production for the average dairy by only 0.60 to 1.35 percent in 2030 relative to what it would have been in the absence of climate change with today’s technology.
In many parts of the United States, climate change is likely to result in higher average temperatures, hotter daily maximum temperatures, and more frequent heat waves, which could increase heat stress for livestock. Heat stress can reduce meat and milk production and lower animal reproduction rates. Livestock producers can mitigate heat stress with shade structures, cooling systems, or altered feed mixes, but these methods increase production and capital costs. Dairy cows are particularly sensitive to heat stress; higher temperatures lower milk output and milk quality.
A recent ERS study quantifies the costs of climate change-induced heat stress to the U.S. dairy industry. The study used operation-level economic data coupled with climate data to estimate how the local thermal environment affects milk output. This information is used to estimate the potential decline in milk production in 2030 resulting from climate change-induced heat stress. The results indicate modest heat stress-related production declines over the next 20 years, with the largest declines occurring in the South.
Heat Stress Lowers Dairy Productivity
Every animal has an optimal range of temperatures in which it can maintain a normal body temperature without altering its physiological functions or behavior. Above these temperatures, an animal may experience heat stress resulting in changes in respiration rate, heart rate, sweating, blood chemistry, hormones, metabolism, and behavior. Animals under heat stress generally increase their water intake and reduce their feed intake.
Because of the high metabolic heat production associated with rumen fermentation and lactation, dairy cattle are particularly sensitive to heat stress. Higher temperatures lower milk output and reduce the percentages of fat, solids, lactose, and protein in milk. Heat stress also reduces the fertility of dairy cows, lowering reproduction rates. To combat heat stress, dairy producers can make long-term investments and alter shortrun production decisions. Farmers can mitigate heat stress by providing trees, buildings, or portable structures for shade. Studies have shown that shade in combination with cooling (spray and fans) can offset decreases in milk production and reproductive efficiency resulting from heat stress. Cows that were cooled with sprinkling and ventilation were found to consume more food and less water and to increase milk, fat, and protein production.
Farmers’ efforts to cool cows using ventilation would likely increase energy use. The 2010 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) data show that dairies in the warmest regions have higher energy expenditures per unit than those in cooler regions. For example, large dairies spend an average of $0.86 per hundredweight of milk on energy in the warmest regions, compared to $0.66 in cooler regions.
Altering feed rations can also reduce the effect of heat stress on dairy cattle. Heat stress substantially increases the energy required to maintain a normal body temperature, reducing the energy available for meat or milk production. At the same time, heat stress induces cattle to reduce their feed intake. To compensate for these changes, dietary recommendations include increasing the nutritional quality of forages, lowering fiber content, and increasing fat levels and digestibility of feed. Other recommendations include altering feeding times to coincide with the cooler times of the day and reducing the effort required by animals to access food, minerals, and water.
A possible adaptive response to a warming climate is to cross dairy breeds to take advantage of the
relative vigor of first-generation crosses. Another option is to switch to breeds of cattle that are better suited to high temperatures. Studies have found that Jerseys exhibit smaller declines in milk production when exposed to heat stress than Holsteins. The 2010 ARMS data show that Jersey cows were more common on dairies located in warmer regions. Among small- and medium-scale dairies, those in the highest heat load regions have a much greater share of Jersey cows in their herds, suggesting breed selection is being used to cope with heat stress.
How Much Does Heat Stress Lower Milk Output?
ERS researchers used a measure of heat stress— the temperature humidity index (THI) load— to quantify the relationship between climate and dairy production. The THI is a combined measure of ambient temperature and relative humidity and has been shown to better quantify heat stress on livestock than temperature alone. An upper critical THI defines when an animal begins to exhibit heat stress. For lactating dairy cows, the upper critical THI threshold is about 70 humidity-adjusted degrees. The THI load (measured in humidity-adjusted degree hours or days) measures the duration and extent that an animal in a particular location is above its critical THI threshold. The annual THI load is similar to “cooling degree days,” a concept often used to convey the amount of energy needed to cool a building in the summer.
The THI load, based on daily weather data from 1990 to 2005, is greatest in the South and lowest in the North and in mountainous regions. In general, dairy production is concentrated in climates that expose animals to less heat stress. Dairy cows are concentrated in California’s Central Valley, Idaho, Wisconsin, New York, and Pennsylvania. Few dairies are located in the very warm Gulf Coast region (which includes southern Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida).
The relationship between heat stress (THI load) and dairy output was estimated using a statistical model that controls for input use and characteristics of the dairy operation and operator. The ERS study used data from a 2010 ARMS survey of dairies located throughout the United States. Compared to an ideal climate with no heat stress, the study finds that heat stress lowered 2010 milk production for the average dairy farm by about 183,000 pounds, worth about $39,000 at 2010 prices. This is equivalent to $1.2 billion per year in lost production for the entire U.S. dairy sector. For context, the sale of milk and other dairy products in the United States totaled $31.8 billion in 2007.
A Warmer Climate Will Lower Milk Production
To predict how much climate change-related heat stress will affect dairy cows, ERS researchers used climate forecasts from four different climate change models. These models estimate patterns of temperature and precipitation based on assumptions about future carbon emissions levels. Using an emissions scenario that incorporates midrange assumptions about future population growth, technological change, economic growth, and international political cooperation, the predicted change in regional THI loads in 2030 can vary considerably among the four models. For all models, however, the largest increases are forecast in the South. For the sample of dairies surveyed in 2010, the average annual temperature is forecast to increase between 1.45 and 2.37 degrees Fahrenheit by 2030, depending on which climate model is used. The THI load is predicted to increase by an average of 1,670-3,940 humidity-adjusted degree hours.
Using predicted increases in local average THI loads, and the estimated relationship between THI load and dairy productivity, ERS researchers predicted how climate change will likely affect milk production. Depending on the climate model used, the study found that a warmer climate in 2030 will reduce milk production for the average dairy by 0.60 to 1.35 percent, compared to a situation with no climate change. The value of this lost production is between roughly $2,000 and $5,000 (at 2010 prices). Almost all (99.8 percent) dairies would experience some production loss, and 4-18 percent of operations would experience a loss greater than 2 percent. With no market adjustment, the aggregate annual value of this climate change-induced reduction in milk output for the entire U.S. dairy sector is $79-$199 million (valued at 2010 prices).
In theory, prices should increase in response to a climate-induced contraction in the milk supply, since greater heat stress lowers productivity, reducing what can be produced with the same inputs. Producers would be worse off, despite higher prices, because of their higher production costs. Consumers would also be worse off because they would face higher milk prices. The extent of the milk price increase and the magnitude of the losses depend on how responsive consumers and producers are to prices. The value of the total reduction in milk production ranges from $32 million to $116 million, depending on the climate model and consumer/producer responses to price changes. Consumer surplus (the difference between the maximum price consumers are willing to pay for milk and the actual price they do pay) is estimated to decline by $64-$162 million because of higher milk prices, and producer surplus (the difference between the amount that producers receive for selling milk and the minimum amount that they would be willing to accept) is estimated to decline by $42-$108 million because of higher production costs.
Some regions are likely to incur greater costs from climate change-induced heat stress level. Producers are grouped into seven USDA Regional Climate Hubs. Milk production losses, by region, range from 0.07 percent to 3.5 percent, depending on the climate model. For individual regions, there is substantial variation across models in predicted effects, reflecting differences in climate change predictions across the four climate change models. Nonetheless, the Southern Plains and Southeast are predicted to experience the largest percentage declines in milk production, generally corresponding to the proportional increase in THI load.
While the scale of the estimated production effects from climate change in 2030 is modest, over time, climate change is likely to be much more extreme and could result in substantially higher THI loads and efficiency losses. In addition, increased heat stress is only one potential cost of climate change for the livestock sector. Global warming will also likely alter the price and availability of feed crops, the location and productivity of pasture and rangeland, and the distribution of livestock parasites and pathogens. Estimating the magnitude of these potential effects is an important area for future research.
Adaptation to a Warming Climate Is Possible
Because climate change occurs gradually, mitigating some of the negative consequences for livestock production through research into and development of adaptive technologies and practices should be possible. Innovations to address climate change-induced heat stress include more energy-efficient cooling for animal housing, improved heat-tolerant breeds, and improvements in scientific knowledge about the interactions between feed, nutrition, and heat stress. With the launch of seven Regional Hubs for Risk Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate Change, the USDA has recently initiated a program to help farmers cope with the consequences of climate change. Climate Hubs—in partnership with public and land grant universities, Cooperative Extension, USDA researchers, the private sector, and State/local/regional governments—aim to deliver information and technical support to help farmers respond to drought, heat stress, floods, pests, and changes in the growing season.
This article is drawn from...
Climate Change, Heat Stress, and U.S. Dairy Production, by Nigel Key, Stacy Sneeringer, and David Marquardt, USDA, Economic Research Service, September 2014 | <urn:uuid:868ecf2e-4e19-44b8-8037-193a336b1499> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2014-november/greater-heat-stress-from-climate-change-could-lower-dairy-productivity.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931207 | 2,348 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to care for the personal and property interests of another person, called a ward. Usually, a person has the status of guardian because the ward is incapable of caring for his or her own interests due to infancy, incapacity, or disability. Most countries and states have laws that provide that the parents of a minor child are the legal guardians of that child, and that the parents can designate who shall become the child's legal guardian in the event of their death.
Courts generally have the power to appoint a guardian for an individual in need of special protection. A guardian with responsibility for both the personal well-being and the financial interests of the ward is a general guardian. A person may also be appointed as a special guardian, having limited powers over the interests of the ward. A special guardian may, for example, be given the legal right to determine the disposition of the ward's property without being given any authority over the ward's person. A guardian appointed to represent the interests of a person with respect to a single action in litigation is a guardian ad litem.
Some jurisdictions allow a parent of a child to exercise the authority of a legal guardian without a formal court appointment. In such circumstances the parent acting in that capacity is called the natural guardian of that parent's child.
Guardian ad litemEdit
Guardians ad litem are often appointed in divorce cases to represent the interests of the minor children. The kinds of people appointed as a guardian ad litem vary by state, ranging from volunteers to social workers to regular attorneys. The two divorcing parents are usually responsible for paying the fees of the guardian ad litem, even though the guardian ad litem is not responsible to them at all. In some states, the County government pays the fee of that attorney. The guardian ad litem's only job is to represent the minor children's best interests.
Guardians ad litem are also appointed in cases where there has been an allegation of Child abuse, Child neglect, PINS, Juvenile delinquency, or dependency. In these situations, the guardian ad litem is charged to represent the best interests of the minor child which can differ from the position of the state or government agency as well as the interest of the parent or guardian. These guardians ad litem vary by jurisdiction and can be volunteer advocates or attorneys.
They are also appointed in guardianship cases for adults (see also conservatorship). For example, parents may start a guardianship action to become the guardians of a developmentally disabled child when the child turns 18. Or, children may need to file a guardianship action for a parent when the parent has failed to prepare a Power of Attorney and now has dementia.
Guardians ad litem can be appointed by the Court to represent the interests of mentally ill or disabled persons.
Guardians ad litem are also sometimes appointed in probate matters to represent the interests of unknown or unlocated heirs to an estate.
A guardian is a fiduciary and is held to a very high standard of care in exercising his powers. If the ward owns substantial property the guardian may be required to give a surety bond to protect the ward in the event that dishonesty or incompetence on his part causes financial loss to the ward.
Depending on the jurisdiction, a legal guardian may be called a conservator, custodian, or curator. Many jurisdictions and the Uniform Probate Code distinguish between a "guardian" or "guardian of the person" who is an individual with authority over and fiduciary responsibilities for the physical person of the ward, and a "conservator" or "guardian of the property" of a ward who has authority over and fiduciary responsibilities for significant property (often an inheritance or personal injury settlement) belonging to the ward. Some jurisdictions provide for public guardianship programs serving incapacitated adults or children.
- National Guardianship Association (USA)
- Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales)
- Barry Yeomaobvb, Stolen Lives, AARP: The Magazine
- How to Create, Manage & Terminate a Washington Guardianship --- Free Guardianship Forms & Instructions
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:ca0d5dac-f1ca-468b-921e-e0fc45e69d08> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Legal_guardian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935709 | 894 | 3.21875 | 3 |
1Of or employing sound reproduction of a lower quality than hi-fi: lo-fi recording techniques
More example sentences
- As before, the recording quality is as lo-fi as it gets, and each one of the twenty-three tracks features Lou on his guitar with only an occasional assist on backing vocals or music.
- By this I think he meant that the lo-fi sound (the recording venue is stated as being ‘in Jan and Ed's basement ’) is more than compensated for by the energy and enthusiasm that jumps out of every track.
- The lo-fi recording quality harkens back to 60s staples like Simon & Garfunkel or Nick Drake, not to mention Sumpner's haunting pastoral imagery.
1.1(Of popular music) recorded and produced with basic equipment and thus having a raw and unsophisticated sound.
- French label Burning Emptiness stand alone at the vanguard of anything and everything lo-fi, avant-garde, techno, or just plain and simple noise.
- The rest of us had to make do with Greatest Hits, an ironically titled compilation of tracks from those four albums as well as Dying Happy, a fifth lo-fi album of soundtrack music that came out in 1997.
- Some say her lyrics are reminiscent of Liz Phair and her sound is lo-fi.
Lo-fi sound reproduction or music.
- Tom Vek meets the contemporary current of fashionable new new-wave spliced and spiced with bedroom lo-fi.
- The lack of sonic variety prevents most of the songs from making much of an impression musically, and in general lo-fi really starts to grate after about 20 straight minutes.
- There's no cross-section of early period lo-fi, mid-period big studio slickness and late period mid-fi compromise.
1950s: from an alteration of low1 + -fi on the pattern of hi-fi.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: lo-fi
Definition of lo-fi in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:9e0737df-1b19-4172-83e8-57896ec8d1f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/lo-fi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940297 | 456 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Viewed from the perspective of the northern plains, say from North Dakota, Minnesota, or the prairie provinces of Canada, a storms which tracks from the southwest is called a "Colorado low" (From the perspective of Denver, such a storm might be called an "Albuquerque low".) The opposite of a Colorado low, a storm tracking from the northwest, is called an "Alberta clipper. A Colorado low sometimes transports warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico into the northern plains and produces ample precipitation. In contrast, an Alberta clipper, being relatively both cold and dry, may not.
During the 1990's North Dakota has had above average precipitation, as evidenced by rising lake levels in Devils lake, which lies in a closed basin. This situation has been characterized by frequent Colorado lows associated with heightened El Niño activity.
Prior to its appearance on the eastern plains of Colorado, the low has usually tracked from southern California across northern Arizona and New Mexico. Arrival of a Colorado low may substantially raise temperatures, often above the freezing point, in southern Canada and the northern plains. Storms associated with Colorado lows produced heavy snows and flooding in Manitoba in 1966 and 1997. The melting of the 1997 storm resulted in a 100-year flood on the Red River of the North.
- The Panhandle hook which tracks northward from the Texas panhandle
- The Gulf low which tracks northward from the Gulf of Mexico
- The Azores High, an area of high pressure normally over the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean.
- AMS Glossary of Meteorology entry
- Colorado Lows and Manitoba Winter Weather
- Wikipedia article "Panhandle hook"
- Page 4 "Climatology, Hydrology, and Simulation of an Emergency Outlet, Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota
|This article is a stub.|
You can help by | <urn:uuid:a83ce64a-aded-43e9-87e1-3129e51be678> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://weather.wikia.com/wiki/Colorado_low | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00029-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938694 | 380 | 3.265625 | 3 |
From time to time, Education World updates and reposts a previously published article that we think might be of interest to administrators. We hope you find this recently updated article to be of value.
High school teachers long have dealt with groggy students in hallways and classes. What researchers now know, however, is that sleep cycles change during late adolescence, requiring teens to sleep longer and later. Most high schools operate on the worst possible schedule for teenagers. Administrators who have heeded the research and pushed back their starting times report fewer discipline problems and less tardiness, better attendance, and happier and more alert students. Included: Tips for changing your high school's start time.
Most high school teachers have witnessed it, especially during those first class periods of the day. One minute, they are talking to rows of attentive students. The next minute, foreheads and desktops merge as groggy students slump over, trying to nap unnoticed.
For years, older teenagers' sleepiness and vampire-like aversion to early morning hours were blamed on having too much fun too late at night. Learning to balance priorities was considered the cure -- and part of growing up.
Contemporary research, though, indicates that all the discipline and time-management in the world will not overcome teen biology. Studies consistently show that older teenagers' sleep clocks are set so they fall asleep later and wake later. Most high schools, however, start before 8 a.m., the worst time to find an alert teen.
Even with such consistent research findings, few school districts are pushing up high school start times. School officials cite complications with transportation and sports schedules, and concerns about younger students going to school too early.
Even a little extra time can make a big difference, however, according to long-time sleep researcher Mary A. Carskadon, professor of psychiatry and human behavior at Brown University and director of the Sleep Research Laboratory at E.P. Bradley University Hospital in East Providence, Rhode Island. "The question is, can the schools give kids more sleep?" she said. "By moving the bar, they actually can give kids more sleep."
Administrators in high schools where classes start later talked with Education World about dramatic improvements in student attendance, behavior, and school climate after schedule changes were made.
"Some anecdotal information we've heard from parents includes: 'This has saved our family. It has reduced the stress in the morning,'" said Dr. Paul Highsmith, principal of Mercer Island (Washington) High School, which this year moved the starting time up 40 minutes -- to 8 a.m. "Kids like it. Teachers say the kids are not quite as zombie-like in the morning. So far, the results of a survey have been very positive."
FACING THE FACTS
Although sleep research is a fairly new area of study, the difference in adolescent sleep cycles was noted as early as 1913, according to Carskadon. The connection between sleep cycles and teen physiology, though, was made only recently. "In the 1990's, the pattern was seen repeatedly, but no one thought to attribute it to biological factors," she said. "It was attributed to teenagers' changing psycho-social lives. Biology is the newer piece."For most young people, starting school at 7 a.m. or 7:30 a.m. is not a good idea," Carskadon continued. "The numbers show pretty consistently that they [teens] are not getting enough sleep and are struggling. Sleep deprivation also leads to depressed moods, and a lack of sleep is a significant factor in car accidents involving drivers 15 to 24 years old. A lot of kids we interviewed said they had driven while sleepy or had fallen asleep at the wheel."
Dr. Mark Mahowald, medical director of the Sleep Forensics Associates (formerly Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center), said he is preaching that message to administrators, boards of education, parents, and any other audience he can find. "All of the research that has been done shows that older adolescents need more sleep than younger ones," Mahowald told Education World. "They fall asleep later and wake up later to get the sleep they need.
"Despite these two facts, almost all districts start the senior high schools first. We're sending them to school during the last one-third of their sleep cycles. It's comparable to adults getting up at 3 a.m. or 4 a.m. You wouldn't want to be making important decisions at that hour I think it's nuts. The sleep deficit builds up until they fall asleep at school or driving."
SETTING THE CLOCKS BACK
Administrators in Mahowald's own state have heeded his message; several Minnesota high schools were among the first to change their schedules, based on the latest sleep research.
The Edina (Minnesota) School District, which has about 7,100 students, redid its school schedules 6 1/2 years ago, after the Minnesota Medical Association sent adolescent sleep research findings to all superintendents in the state, and urged them to act on it, said Laura Nelson, a school district spokeswoman.
The high school opening time changed from 7:20 a.m. to 8:30 a.m., and everyone noticed the difference. "Teachers think the kids are more alert; they document fewer absences and tardiness in early classes," Nelson said.
Edina's superintendent asked Kyla L. Wahlstrom, a researcher at the University of Minnesota, to study the impact of the time change on the school population. Even the researchers were not prepared for the overwhelming support they found for the time shift. [See Later Start Times for High School Students.]
"We went in with 'tough eyes,' ready to report what was not working well," Wahlstrom told Education World. "But overall, the change was incredibly positive. Teachers were unanimously happy; they had more alert learners. Parents said their kids were easier to live with because they were more rested. And administrators said the whole temperament of the building calmed down; there were fewer discipline referrals.
"Kids said they were feeling more in charge of their learning: they were more awake, less depressed, and not falling asleep in school."
The one complaint: "Kids say they miss having time to hang out," Wahlstrom said.
To accommodate the high school time change, elementary school starting times shifted to 8:30 a.m. and 9:20 a.m. Before and after-school day care is provided for younger students.
Making the case for a later start was easy in light of all the research, Nelson told Education World. "Once people had reasons -- and saw that the kids' sleeping late was not just laziness or indifference -- they supported it. There was no reason not to change."
Arguments against starting later -- that kids simply would go to bed later rather than get more sleep and after-school activities would be decimated -- have not panned out, said Nelson and Wahlstrom.
"Coaches considered this the death knell for athletics," said Wahlstrom. "But there was no negative impact on participation or the success rate." Few students reported staying up later, she added.
Many of the working students also reported feeling more rested. "Kids working 20 hours a week or more were unaffected," Wahlstrom said. "They would be exhausted anyway. For those kids who only work one night a week and weekends, this benefited them."
Minneapolis, an urban district, followed Edina a year later, shifting its high school start times from 7:15 a.m. to 8:40 a.m., with similar positive results, said Wahlstrom. "It doesn't seem to affect one economic group more than another."
The Edina research has caught the attention of educators nationwide and beyond. "We've heard from every state and Great Britain," Wahlstrom said.
FROM SLEEPY TO HAPPY
While numerous educators may have read the Minnesota study, it takes more than research to convince school boards and administrators to change decades-old practices. Years of negotiations could result in the clock being pushed back mere minutes.
"It was a big issue to make a change," said Highsmith, principal of Mercer Island High School. This year the start time moved back 40 minutes to 8 a.m.
"I wish we could have started two hours and 40 minutes later," he added. "All the research, and the Minnesota study, are pretty compelling. The biggest hurdle is that people said if we started later, kids would just go to bed later. Generally, they go to bed at the same time."
The district avoided transportation scheduling conflicts by buying some high school students passes for the public bus system.
Administrators at Nathan Hale High School in Seattle, Washington, also decided starting later was the way to go. In September, Nathan Hale's day will start at 8:45 a.m., compared with the current 7:45 a.m.
"We are doing this as a health issue," said assistant principal Kathryn Hutchinson. "We have here a stack of information all pointing in the same direction. While there is no study showing that more sleep improves a student's grades, students who are awake learn better."
Interestingly, the majority of students do not favor the change. "They talk about the impact on jobs and athletics, and say they will just stay up later," Hutchinson said. Most faculty members support the move; those who don't, understand the reasoning behind it, she said.
The district first discussed changing times in 1996; when the superintendent asked if any schools wanted to try it, the Nathan Hale principal volunteered.
Convincing other adults of the need for change was hard as well. "Initially, there was a wave of hostility, and a lot of resistance from the transportation department," said Hutchinson. A solution was found, though. Since fewer than one-fifth of the high school's students qualify for transportation, Nathan Hale will shift some of them to public buses, reducing the number of school buses it needs next year from ten to five.
LOGISTICS CAN BE TOO MUCH
Not all districts can overcome the problems of geography and transportation. Even though it meant extensively retooling bus routes, Mesa County Valley School District 51, in Colorado, decided a few years ago it was worth it to give the high school students more sleep. "It started as an achievement issue; we thought if we started later, it would lead to higher achievement," said district spokeswoman Julie Heacock.
Mesa County Valley school buses spend a lot of time on the road; the district serves 20,000 students, many in rural areas, and encompasses 2,000 square miles. The district has four high schools.
Tragically, though, during a test of the new schedules in 1999-2000, two middle school students were killed while waiting in the dark for the morning school buses.
"Then the emphasis shifted to safety," Heacock said. "We did some research with the local weather station in developing a schedule, and now there are only ten days a year during the winter when some kids wait in the dark." The high schools' starting times shifted from 7:25 a.m. to 7:40 a.m. "We had wanted elementary students to start at 7:30 a.m. and the high schools to start at 8:30 a.m., but there were safety concerns, and we would have needed more buses."
OBSTACLES TO CHANGE
All of the recent research and anecdotes indicating teens are happier and more responsive when school starts later, though, often are no match for entrenched practices, educators and researchers said.
"It's a very complex, very convoluted issue," said Heacock
"School schedules are set by a host of different considerations," Brown's Carskadon noted. "The decision-making is widely dispersed. This also is a system with a lot of inertia in it."
"Resistance to changing start times comes from lots of directions, not the least of which is tradition," added John Nori, a former high school principal, now spokesman for the National Association of Secondary School Principals. "They [sources of resistance] include transportation, [after-school] jobs, practices, and internships."
Despite formidable opposition from tradition and inertia, school leaders need to remember what is best for students, Dr. Mahowald said. "Not a single excuse [for not changing times] we've heard relates to education. None of the excuses have the word 'education' in them. We should send kids to high school in a condition that promotes learning rather than interfering with it."
An interview about adolescents and sleep with Mary A. Carskadon, professor of psychiatry and human behavior at Brown University and director of the Sleep Research Laboratory at E.P. Bradley University Hospital in East Providence, Rhode Island.
Sleep Forensics Associates
Information about sleep disorders and the importance of sleep from SFA, formerly The American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
The National Sleep Foundation (NSF)
See a report, Adolescent Sleep Needs and Patterns: Research Report and Research Guide. NSF is an independent, nonprofit organization dedicated to improving public health and safety by achieving understanding of sleep and sleep disorders, and by supporting education, sleep-related research, and advocacy. | <urn:uuid:f124da7f-bb04-4767-a97c-760b8cf2a369> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.educationworld.com/a_admin/admin/admin314.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00137-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974176 | 2,752 | 3.015625 | 3 |
A Christmas Carol
A Christmas Carol is a Charles Dickens story about the transformation of bitter, miserly capitalist confronted by three "ghosts" one fateful Christmas Eve. First published as "my little Christmas book", as Dickens described it, and priced low enough for the masses while intended to be successful enough to pay off some debt, the book was an instant best-seller when published on December 19, 1843 and became one of the most enduring and best-loved stories of Christmas ever written.
A Christmas Carol is essentially the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, a master of money exchange who built up his own wealth through years of work, but at the same time built up his own tightfisted, miserly ways as well; so miserly in fact that he would rather have the poor and destitute go to the prisons and workhouses and live there (where his own taxes are put to use) rather than give the slightest amount to charity on their behalf.
But things change when Scrooge's dead business partner, Jacob Marley, returns from beyond, bearing the ponderous chains of guilt, and warns Scrooge that he will face similar consequences unless he changes from within. | <urn:uuid:87ba4225-a147-4781-b442-75a13c28fa44> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=A_Christmas_Carol&oldid=915325 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00058-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963425 | 244 | 3.5 | 4 |
Review: vaccination reduces the incidence of serologically confirmed influenza in healthy adults
Q Is vaccination effective for reducing the incidence of influenza in healthy people 14–60 years of age?
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004), MEDLINE (1966–2003), EMBASE/Excerpta Medica (1990–2003), bibliographies of relevant articles, and manufacturers and researchers.
Study selection and assessment:
controlled trials (published in any language) that evaluated the effectiveness of influenza vaccines for protection from exposure to naturally occurring influenza in healthy people 14–60 years of age.
incidence of clinically defined influenza (CDI) (unspecified or specified on the basis of specific symptoms or signs) and serologically confirmed influenza (SCI).
47 trials (25 randomised controlled trials [RCTs], n = 59 566) met the selection criteria. (1) Influenza vaccine (inactivated parenteral vaccine [IP], live aerosol vaccine [LA], or inactivated aerosol vaccine [IA]) v placebo. Rates of CDI and SCI were lower in the IP … | <urn:uuid:d25a2ed3-2ea4-4a48-9175-5a374d2c2cd2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ebn.bmj.com/content/8/2/47.extract?cited-by=yes&legid=ebnurs;8/2/47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.838363 | 236 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The ransom theory of the atonement of Jesus is the teaching that the death of Christ on the cross was a ransom paid to Satan. In Mark 10:45, Jesus said, "For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life a ransom for many.” But, we see no place in Scripture that teaches us such a ransom was paid to the evil one.
This theory was developed by Origen (a.d. 185-254), and it advocated that Satan held people captive as a victor in war. This theory, which was also held by Augustine, advocated that because Satan held people captive, a ransom had to be paid, not to God, but to Satan.1
The ransom theory of the atonement is false. First of all, it makes Satan a benefactor in the atoning work. Second, it gives Satan too high a role in redemption. There is nothing in Scripture that says that Satan was the one whom ransom was paid to. It would seem that the ransom was paid to God the Father.
- 1. Enns, Paul P., The Moody Handbook of Theology, p. 312 | <urn:uuid:36da16a1-bf9b-4ffa-a017-7b3710ec6095> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://carm.org/dictionary-ransom-theory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985801 | 243 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Harry Beck changed the way we see the way we understand transport systems when he came up with his now famous tube map which dropped the geographical accuracy in favour of legibility. It was so successful that almost all transit systems around the world now use a similar design. The difference between the two types of maps is most obvious when laid next to or on top of each over. Below are some neat visualisations showing just that.
The first one is from an associate professor at Northeastern University in Boston. He’s take the transit maps for Boston, New York and Washington DC and distorting them over a geographical map of the city. The maps can be zoomed and the transparency of the transit map adjusted to see the geographical map below. The map below is from Washington.
Another way of showing this is in the video below of the Shanghai Metro which also shows each service travelling through the network over the course of the day. I always find these type of visualisations strangely mesmerising.
There was a similar one done of Auckland’s network a few years ago. It would be great to see what it would look like in a few years after the new network and faster electric trains have rolled out | <urn:uuid:1cb3fe34-8bb6-4677-853b-1f1f04d17611> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://transportblog.co.nz/2014/02/02/different-ways-of-visualising-pt-networks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00058-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963735 | 243 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Young Men And Marriage
( Originally Published 1879 )
A YOUNG man meets a pretty face in the ball-room, falls in love with it, courts it, marries it, goes to house-keeping with it, and boasts of having a home and a wife to grace it. The chances are, nine to ten, that he has neither. He has been "taken in and done for!" Her pretty face gets to be an old story, or becomes faded, ,or freckled, or fretted, and as the face was all he wanted, all he paid attention to, all he sat up with, all he bargained for, all he swore to love, honor and protect, he gets sick of his trade, knows of a dozen faces he likes better, gives up staying at home evenings, con. soles himself with cigars, oysters and politics, and looks upon his home as a very indifferent boarding-house.
Another young man becomes enamored of a "for-tune." He waits upon it to parties, dances a polka with it, exchanges billet doux with it, pops the question to it, gets accepted by it, takes it to the parson, weds it, calls it "wife," carries it home, sets up an establishment with it, introduces it to his friends, and says he, too, is married and has got a home. It is false. He is not married; he has no home. And he soon finds it out. He is in the wrong box; but it is too late to get out of it; he might as well hope to get out of his coffin. His friends congratulate him, and he has to grin and bear it.
If a young man would escape these sad consequences, let him shun the rocks upon which so many have made shipwreck. Let him disregard, totally, all considerations of wealth, beauty, external accomplishments, fashion, connections in society, and every other mere selfish and worldly end, and look into the mind and heart of the woman he thinks of marrying. If he can-not love her for herself alone-that is, for all that goes to make up her character as a woman—let him disregard every external inducement, and shun a marriage with her as the greatest evil to which he could be subjected. And if he have in him a spark of virtuous feeling—if he have one unselfish and generous emotion—he will shun such a marriage for the woman's sake also, for it would be sacrificing her happiness as well as his own.
From what is here set forth every young man can see how vitally important it is for him to make his choice in marriage from a right end. Wealth cannot bring happiness, and is ever in danger of taking to itself wings; beauty cannot last long where there is grief at the heart; and distinguished connections are a very poor substitute for the pure love of a true woman's heart.
All that has been said refers to the ends which should govern in the choice of a wife. Directions as to the choice itself can only be of a general character, for the circumstances surrounding each one, and the particular circles into which he is thrown, will have specific influences, which will bias the judgment either one way or another. One good rule it will, however, be well to observe, and that is, to be on your guard against those young ladies who seek evidently to attract your attention. It is unfeminine. and proves that there is some-thing wanting to make up the perfect woman. In retiring modesty you will be far more apt to find the virtues after which you are seeking. A brilliant belle may make a loving, faithful wife and mother; but the chances are somewhat against her, and a prudent young man will satisfy himself well by a close observation of her in private and domestic life before he makes up his mind to offer her his hand.
There are many, too many finely educated young ladies who can charm you with their brilliance of intellect, their attainments in science and literature, or their music, who know not the rudiments of how to make a home comfortable and inviting. Some will frankly confess it, with sorrow, others boast of this ignorance as something to be proud of. How many such women marry and make an utter failure of life. They make a wreck of their husbands happiness, of the home he had doted on, of his fortune, and, alas, too often of his character, and his soul's interest. You see them abroad, and are delighted to have made their acquaintance, but you find their homes slipshod homes, sadly contrasting with the really cultivated manners and mind which so attracted you.
When you see the avaricious and crafty taking companions to themselves without any inquiry but after farms and money, or the giddy and thoughtless uniting themselves for life to those whom they have only seen by the light of tapers; when parents make articles for children without inquiring after their consent; when some marry for heirs to disappoint their brothers, and others throw themselves into the arms of those whom they do not love, because they have found themselves rejected where they were more solicitous to please; when some marry because their servants cheat them; some because they squander their own money; some because their houses are pestered with company; some because they will live like other people ; and some because they are sick of themselves, we are not so much inclined to wonder that marriage is sometimes unhappy, as that it appears so little loaded with calamity, and cannot but conclude that society hath something in itself eminently agreeable to human nature, when we find its pleasures so great that even the ill-choice of a companion can hardly overbalance them. Those, therefore, of the above description that should rail against matrimony should be informed that they are neither to wonder nor repine, that a contract begun on such principles has ended in disappointment. A young man and a dear friend once said to me, " I am going to take her for better or for worse." The remark ran over me like a chill breath of winter. I shuddered at the thought. " For better or for worse." All in doubt. Going to marry, yet not sure he was right. The lady he spoke of was a noble young woman, intellectual, cultivated, pious, accustomed to his sphere of life. They were going to marry in uncertainty. Both were of fine families; both excellent young people. To the world it looked like a desirable match. To them it was going to be "for better or for worse." They married. The woman stayed in his home one year and left it, declaring he was a good man and a faultless husband, but not after her heart. She stayed away one year and came back; lived with him one year more and died. Sad tale. It proved for the worse, and all because they did not know each other; if they had they would not have married.
Marriage is the seal of man's earthly weal or woe. No event is to be compared with this for its interest and its immeasurable results. Why are so many unhappy in this union, never indeed truly married ? Because they rush into its sacred temple, either deluded or unsanctified by God and good principles. They sin in haste, and are left to repent at leisure.
Custom, convenience, proximity, passion, vicious novels, silly companions, intoxicate the brain; and that step is taken without one serious thought, which death only can retrieve.
Robert Southey says. A man may be cheerful and contented in celibacy, but I do not think he can ever be happy; it is an unnatural state, and the best feelings of his nature are never called into action. The risks of marriage are for the greater part on the woman's side. Women have so little the power, of choice that it is not perhaps fair to say that they are less likely to choose well than we are; but I am persuaded that they are more frequently deceived in the attachments they form, and their opinions concerning men are less accurate than men's opinion of their sex. Now, if a lady were to reproach me for having said this, I should only reply that it was another mode of saying there are more good wives in the world than there are good husbands, which I verily believe. I know of nothing which a good and sensible man is so certain to find, if he looks for it, as a good wife.
Who marries for love takes a wife; who marries for the sake of convenience takes a mistress; who marries for consideration takes a lady. You are loved by your wife, regarded by your mistress, tolerated by your lady. You have a wife for yourself, a mistress for your house and its friends, and a lady for the world. Your wife will agree with you, your mistress will accommodate you, and your lady will manage you. Your wife will take care of your household, your mistress of your house, your lady of appearance. If you are sick, your wife will nurse you, your mistress will visit you, and your lady will inquire after your health. You take a walk with your wife, a ride with your mistress, and join partners with your lady. Your wife will share your grief, your mistress your money, and your lady your debts. If you are dead, your wife will shed tears, your mistress lament, and your lady wear mourning. A year after death marries again your wife, in six months your mistress, and in six weeks or sooner, when mourning is over, your lady.
Men and women, before marriage, are as figures and cyphers. The woman is the cypher and counts for nothing till she gets the figure of a husband beside her, when she becomes of importance herself and adds ten-fold to the sum of his. But this, it must be observed, occurs only when she gets and remains on the right side of him, for when she shifts from this position, he returns to his lesser estate, and she to her original insignificance.
Marriage offers the most effective opportunities for spoiling the life of another. Nobody can debase, harrass and ruin a woman so fatally as her own husband, and nobody can do a tithe so much to chill a man's aspirations, to paralyze his energies, as his wife. A man is never irretrievably ruined in his prospects until he marries a bad woman. The Bible tells us that, as the climbing a sandy way is to the feet of the aged, so is a wife full of words to a quiet man. A cheerful wife is a rainbow in the sky when her husband's mind is tossed on the storms of anxiety and care. A good wife is the greatest earthly blessing. A man is what his wife makes him. It is the mother who moulds the character and destiny of the child. Make marriage a matter of moral judgment. Marry in your own religion. Marry into a different blood and temperament from your own. Marry into a family which you have long known.
Husbands and wives of different religious persuasions do not generally live happily. When the spiritual influences are antagonistic, the conjugal union is not complete, for it lacks the unity essential to the fulfillment of serious obligations, and there is an entire absence of that sound and reciprocated confidence—that mutual faith, which, although their roots be in the earth, have their branches in the sky of affection. The subject is painful, and however we may wound the susceptibilities of apparently fond lovers—we say apparently advisedly, for there can be no real love where there is " no silver chord to bind it "—we unhesitatingly express the opinion that marriages between persons who do not thread in the same religious path are wholly unadvisable—nay, wrong—for they tend to invite a future teeming with shadows, clouds, and darkness. | <urn:uuid:ca4843b2-ffa4-4cb9-9aa2-798e30f549c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oldandsold.com/articles27n/royal-path-89.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982332 | 2,457 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Ask the Vet: Protocols for pet vaccines address health concerns
Q: The breeder who sold me my dog administered the rabies vaccine. But now my vet says I need to have my dog vaccinated again. Can you explain this to me?
Rabies is a public health concern, and vaccination of dogs is mandated in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The city of Duluth also requires rabies vaccination for cats. According to the laws in both states, the rabies vaccine must be administered by a veterinarian or under the direct supervision of a veterinarian.
While your breeder may have administered the rabies vaccine, Minnesota and Wisconsin law would consider your dog unvaccinated because a veterinarian wasn't involved. If your dog were to be bitten or would bite another animal, it would be treated as an unvaccinated animal. In addition, your county or city would consider you ineligible for licensing until your pet had a rabies vaccine administered by a licensed vet.
Q: I've heard you can save money by giving your own vaccines. What you do think of this?
I have mixed feelings when it comes to owners giving their pets vaccines other than the rabies preventative. Let me explain why.
Last week, my clinic received an order of vaccines. They arrived in a cooler with ice packs. But when we unpacked the vaccines, the vials felt a bit warmer than we expected. So we got on the phone with the distributor to discuss the shipping date, the container and the condition of the ice packs on arrival. We were able to determine the vaccine still was safe and effective. But we had concerns, and we checked them out.
Veterinarians consider administering vaccines a medical procedure, so we don't take it lightly. We want to ensure vaccines are administered to pets with healthy immune systems. We also ensure staff members are trained in the proper handling, administration and storage of vaccines. Vaccines begin to break down and lose their effectiveness if not stored at the appropriate temperature or administered soon after they are mixed.
If you purchase your vaccines from a reputable source and can ensure they have been handled appropriately until they are administered, then your pet should be protected.
Another caution for owners giving vaccines at home, particularly the distemper combination vaccine, is to make sure the final booster is given at or after the age of 14 to 16 weeks. Years ago, the recommendation was to vaccinate until 12 weeks of age. But we now know that puppies and kittens aren't fully protected until they have that final booster at or after 14 to 16 weeks.
While you can save a few dollars vaccinating your pet at home, the value in visiting a vet for puppy and kitten appointments goes well beyond vaccines. A veterinarian will examine your pet and may identify underlying issues that may not be obvious. The vet also can talk to you about all relevant topics, such as breed-specific issues, parasite protection and a long-term vaccination protocol.
Dr. Amanda Bruce of Superior is owner of PetCare of Duluth, 2701 W. Superior St., Suite 102, Duluth. You can reach her or ask questions for future columns at drbruce@PetCareofDuluth.com or 218-461-4400. For more information about this subject, go to PetCareofDuluth.com. | <urn:uuid:5ba5c8ca-3e99-491d-8561-486075d249f0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.superiortelegram.com/content/ask-vet-protocols-pet-vaccines-address-health-concerns | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956818 | 673 | 2.515625 | 3 |
On May 17, 1968, nine Roman Catholic activists broke into a draft board office in Catonsville, Maryland, transferring 378 files to the parking lot to be incinerated with home-made napalm. As the fire burned, the “Catonsville Nine” prayed for peace. They were arrested, tried and sentenced to prison, but four of them, including two priests—Daniel and Philip Berrigan—went underground, eluding capture for a number of months, occasionally surfacing to speak at antiwar rallies.
At one of these public appearances, following a dramatic tableau of the Last Supper with giant puppets, Dan Berrigan made his escape inside one of the apostles.
Roughly 94 percent of black voters now vote for a candidate from the Democratic Party. This high number at the national level may be due in part to President Obama’s racial identity. In 2008 Obama surpassed even the solidification of black votes for Lyndon Baines Johnson that occurred in 1964.
Has the United States moved closer to a post-racial society? | <urn:uuid:d78d7d0b-c567-491b-93af-414501fdbfca> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.christiancentury.org/blogs?page=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951174 | 216 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Lewis University began collecting plastic film in November of 2013. Trex helped to launch the program by donating 12 cardboard collection bins. These bins have been dispersed throughout campus, including Charlie’s Place, The College of Nursing, De La Salle hall, Dorothy Day, LRC, Mother Teresa, North Hall, Pope John Paul II, Science Center, St. Charles, Student Union and Sheil Hall.
Plastic film cannot be recycled in our traditional curbside bins; this type of plastic requires a different type of treatment in order to be recycled. The bags that end up in a traditional recycling sorting facility can cause damage to the machines and/or end up in a landfill. It is important to make sure that this material is recycled properly into the designated plastic film recycling containers on campus. Before recycling plastic bags, look for ways to reduce the amount of plastic bags you use and to reuse them as well. Recycling is the last step towards reducing your personal consumption footprint, use a reusable bag or bring the old plastic ones to the store to use again or use them as trash liners around the house first.
The materials collected through this program include, shopping bags, dry cleaning bags, Ziploc bags, plastic film packaging, bread bags, produce bags, ice bags, news paper bags, and any other type of plastic film.
Toner and ink cartridges can be dropped off at Shipping and Receiving to be recycled. These items can be easily recycled through this program and will reduce the amount of raw materials used in producing the cartridges. While recycling toner and ink cartridges is important, the first step should be to increase the lifespan by reducing the amount printed. Before printing find ways to save ink, check over documents to reduce overprinting and check for ways to reduce the ink volume on your printer.
Sending batteries into a landfill is not only wasteful, but has the potential to be dangerous to our health. The chemicals can leach out and create problems in the surrounding environment, including our groundwater. In order to combat this growing issue, Lewis University has started a battery recycling program. Whenever you find yourself replacing batteries, please drop off the used batteries at the Facilities Department. From there the batteries will be sorted and sent to a secondary facility to be properly recycled.
All types of batteries are accepted through this program.
Lewis University is collecting asphalt and concrete that is removed during construction projects on campus and ensuring that it is sent to a facility to be recycled. Some of the materials collected have been given a second life on campus and is reused during new construction projects. The material collected is being diverted from a landfill and sent to a secondary facility that is able to reuse the materials to create new products instead. | <urn:uuid:645f7760-3af7-4509-bfd3-4d37af43af05> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lewisu.edu/recycling/additionalprograms.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00049-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935203 | 552 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The original inhabitants of Massachusetts (Algonquian Indians) would eventually perish from diseases brought to this land by European explorers in the late 16th century, and from the brutalities of colonial expansion across their ancestral homelands.
In 1620, a religious group from England known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower, landing near Provincetown. They soon relocated across Cape Cod Bay, naming their settlement Plymouth, and the story of a new nation was born.
This group of breakaways from the Church of England were determined to succeed, and in the fall of 1621, along with their new American Indian friends - celebrated the first American Thanksgiving. Only half of the Plymouth Colony survived their first year in this harsh new land.
Other European groups seeking individual religious freedoms crossed the Atlantic Ocean, including the Quakers and Puritans. The Puritans founded the much-larger Massachusetts Bay Colony, with Boston at its heart.
Within this mix of competing beliefs and cultures, racial and social prejudices soon surfaced and for almost 50 years bitter tensions between rival religious groups continued. Controversial witch trials were held and some people were prosecuted and hanged. And worse, wars with the indigenous Indians raged until most were annihilated.
In 1692 the Royal Colony of Massachusetts Bay was formed and a semblance of order was restored. Administered by a royal governor, this collaboration of small towns and religious factions, also included the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, the Province of Maine and what is now Nova Scotia.
A new found prosperity soon swept across Massachusetts, businesses opened, settlements sprang up almost overnight, and sailing ships carried tons of local products to port cities in Africa, Europe and the Caribbean. The economy was booming and the British, seeing a financial opportunity, imposed unpopular taxes on its growing colony. A costly and fatal error in judgement.
The winds of change echoed across the American colonies in the early 1770s, and Massachusetts became a leader in resisting British oppression. John Adams, Samuel Adams and John Hancock were the leaders of the revolutionary activity, and their loud cry's for independence from England were both assertive and bold.
The American Revolution, or American War of Independence (in essence) began in Massachusetts. The Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, and the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord and Lexington are etched into the history books of that great struggle.
On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was proudly signed in Philadelphia. The first to sign that document was Massachusetts resident and President of the Continental Congress, John Hancock.
Throughout the bloody Revolutionary War, the British utilized their naval superiority to capture and occupy coastal cities, but control of the rural areas (where most of the population lived) proved daunting, and difficult.
After a series of inspiring American victories, France signed treaties with America in 1778, and declared war on Britain, its longtime enemy. The French naval involvement proved decisive, as the British army finally surrendered at Yorktown in 1781.
CITY ATTRACTIONS & MAPS:
Massachusetts Cities, Counties & Area Codes | <urn:uuid:b4dcda07-2be4-45df-8ab7-5632d56733be> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/usstates/ma.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94431 | 635 | 4.125 | 4 |
Albany, NY -- (SBWIRE) -- 02/17/2014 -- Electric power makes possible the use of wheel power for take-off because electric motors can give maximum torque from stationary. It gives us near silent operation, in the air and on the ground, with virtually no noise or gaseous emissions, something valued in both military and civil applications. For long range UAVs where batteries are inadequate and hybrid powertrains are necessary, there can still be silent take-off and landing.
Only electrics can give us new forms of UAV - such as intelligently swarming robot flies being just one example of new missions made possible by electric power in UAVs.
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There is work on unmanned aircraft harvesting power from winds at altitude using kites and beaming it to earth. No, this does not break the laws of physics. Other UAVs are held aloft by lasers and one other project will result in upper atmosphere UAVs that stay aloft for five years just on sunshine.
There is a concept of a military UAV, maybe hybrid electric, that performs its mission then dives like a gannet and hides underwater. Vertical take-off and landing UAVs are now commonplace, the best known being toys that can be programmed in a desired pattern of flight but there are also military and professional civil versions being deployed.
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For the first time, this unique report examines what will be achieved and the enabling technologies that will make this possible. The PhD level analysts at IDTechEx have been studying the subject for many years and initially they encompassed much of this analysis in a popular report on electric aircraft of all sorts. However, there is now so much happening in UAVs alone that this report has been prepared to focus on UAVs alone. No other report is as up-to-date and insightful about this subject.
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Table of Contents
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1.1. Radically new missions now possible
1.2. Most successful pure electric UAV
1.3. All parts subject to disruptive change
1.4. Gradual UAV electrification - plasma leading edges
1.5. Energy storage comparisons
1.7. Traction motors
1.8. Broad view is vital
1.9. Where is the leadership?
1.10. Need for more benchmarking
1.11. Market projections 2013-2024
2.1. Definitions and scope
2.4. Benchmarking best practice with land and seagoing EVs
3.1.1. Pure electric vs hybrid
3.1.4. Hybrid UAVs
3.1.5. Range extenders
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4. SMALL UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES AND OTHER EXOTICA
4.1.1. In 2014: UAR Postal, DJI Innovations, Estes, ISQ, Scan Eagle
4.1.2. Aurora Skate UAV wins border protection award
4.1.3. AeroVironment small UAVs
5. UAV DEPLOYMENT
5.1. AeroVironment / CybAero USA, Sweden
5.2. Flight of the Century USA
5.3. Windward Performance USA
6. FIFTEEN YEAR TIMELINE AND MARKET NUMBERS
6.1. Forecast sales 2013-2023
6.2. Energy efficient aircraft - the next 15 years
6.3. Swarming, self-healing networks of UAVs
6.3.1. Swarming 3D eye-bots in Germany
6.4. UAV payload market
6.4.1. Amazon drone delivery
Marketresearchreports.biz is the most comprehensive collection of market research reports. Marketresearchreports.biz services are especially designed to save time and money of our clients. We are a one stop solution for all your research needs, our main offerings are syndicated research reports, custom research, subscription access and consulting services. We serve all sizes and types of companies spanning across various industries.
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Albany, NY 12207
USA - Canada Toll Free: +1-866-997-4948 | <urn:uuid:1a77276d-0936-4b56-97a0-017c4a402ad0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.sbwire.com/press-releases/unmanned-aerial-vehicles-electric-uavs-2014-2024-global-industry-analysis-462698.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.856711 | 946 | 2.515625 | 3 |
On May 29th, the largest wind energy conference in the United States will open in Anaheim, California with an estimated 20,000 participants. In 2007, a similar conference drew 5,000 participants. At the time, the cumulative U.S. installed wind capacity was 17 gigawatts. Today, the sector accounts for 2.3 percent of the country’s total energy capacity (more than 41 gigawatts).
Despite the recession and the prevailing anti-science and anti-renewables atmosphere in Congress, wind power has experienced phenomenal growth these past 4 years. What went right?
Several factors were identified:
1. Wind was chosen to supply 35 percent of new U.S. power capacity in the 4-year period after 2007.
2. The price of wind energy has consistently come down making it competitive to coal and the volatile price of natural gas.
3. State standards and policies, in the absence of a federal standards, have provided the atmosphere conducive to the sector’s growth.
4. The immense vastly untapped U.S. wind resource.
5. Non-stop research and development. The current generation of turbines are seven times larger than those used in the 1990s but they also generate fifteen times more electricity.
According to Peter L. Kelley, the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) Vice President for Public Affairs, the industry is on track to achieve its target of supplying twenty percent of U.S. electricity by 2030, “faster than the nuclear industry ramped up to make twenty percent of America’s electricity in the last century.” | <urn:uuid:b47dd839-8243-4f0c-ac8b-133c26075606> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pacebutler.com/blog/u-s-windpower-keeps-growing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936734 | 330 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The conquest and colonization of the Americas resulted in all kinds of exchanges, including the transmission of diseases and the sharing of medicines to treat them. In this book, Kelly Wisecup examines how European settlers, Native Americans, and New World Africans communicated medical knowledge in early America, and how the colonists represented what they learned in their literatures.
Against the prevailing view that colonial texts provide insight only into their writers’ perspectives, Wisecup demonstrates that Europeans, Natives, and Africans held certain medical ideas in common, including a conception of disease as both a spiritual and a physical entity, and a belief in the power of special rituals or prayers to restore health. As a consequence, medical knowledge and practices operated as a shared form of communication on which everyone drew in order to adapt to a world of devastating new maladies and unfamiliar cures.
By signaling one’s relation to supernatural forces, to the natural world, and to other people, medicine became an effective means of communicating a variety of messages about power and identity as well as bodies and minds. Native Americans in Virginia and New England, for example, responded to the nearly simultaneous arrival of mysterious epidemics and peoples by incorporating colonists into explanations of disease, while British American colonists emphasized to their audiences back home the value of medical knowledge drawn from cross-cultural encounters in the New World. | <urn:uuid:f26e725f-ddd5-4934-8ee4-82488d18aa89> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.umass.edu/umpress/title/medical-encounters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946495 | 270 | 3.75 | 4 |
The future of the silicon chip
- 27 September 2011
- From the section Technology
For more than 40 years, the processing power of the silicon chip has grown in line with a prediction made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965.
Moore's Law states that the number of transistors that can be placed on a chip for the same cost will double roughly every two years.
Generally, that doubling has been achieved by shrinking transistors - the basic processing units of a silicon chip.
But everyone knows that, at some point, Moore's Law will halt because transistors can get no smaller.
Around the world, professors, PhD candidates and grad students are looking to nanotechnology to go far beyond the tiny dimensions in current chips.
But "heroic" techniques that work in the laboratory will not scale up to the numbers demanded by industrial chip production, according to Prof Mike Kelly from Cambridge University's Centre for Advanced Photonics and Electronics.
"They can do it in the labs and get one off results," he said, "but there's another whole side to this as well."
The problem emerges, he said, because tiny components are made up of such a small number of atoms. The number of atoms in a structure, such as a gate in a transistor, determine its electrical properties.
Prof Kelly's work suggests that if only one or two atoms are missing it will have a disproportionately large effect on that component's reliability.
For silicon chips, making that compromise is not an option. Typically, said Prof Kelly, chip makers strive for what is known as six sigma reliability - with a chip this means it returns the expected answer 99.99966% of the time.
The latest chips from Intel will be built with components only 22 nanometres (nm) across. By comparison, a human hair is about 60,000 nm wide. Intel and other chip makes have plans to go to 14nm and then 11nm.
"The big question," said Prof Kelly "is at what stage does one or two atoms make a difference?"
Engineering history has lessons for chip makers keen to keep Moore's Law on track, said Prof Kelly.
Marine engineering hit a problem during World War II, he said, when established techniques for manufacturing propellers were pushed too far.
Those techniques had largely involved simply finding ways to make propellers bigger and bigger. Eventually, the result was propellers that turned out to be far less efficient because the shafts to turn them sagged under their own weight.
Prof Kelly's fear is that unless chip makers significantly change current top-down manufacturing techniques they could be headed for a similar crunch moment.
Typically, making a chip involves creating a stencil of the circuit, etching it onto a silicon wafer and putting the components on it layer by layer.
"Beyond 14nm that is going to get very, very hard," said Prof Kelly.
Mike Mayberry, director of components research at Intel, agreed with Prof Kelly that top down manufacturing techniques have a technical limit.
"We need to do something different," he said. "We cannot keep driving down that road without turning the wheel."
Changing the way chips are made is the only option, according to Mr Mayberry.
"We are mixing top-down methods with bottom-up methods and we are going to be able to build things we could not do before," he said.
One method Intel and others have adopted is the laying down of several one-atom thick layers of a material that helps make the individual components more reliable.
Professor Sir Mark Welland, head of the Cambridge University Nanoscience Centre, said such techniques had their uses but did not remove all the uncertainty.
"In order to get a good structure they would have to seed the surface in some way in order to grow from the bottom up," he said. "Then you have the same issue, how well can you lay down a pattern?"
What should be remembered, said Prof Welland, was that Moore's Law was an economic law and has more to do with what it is possible to do for the same cost.
Until now, the desire to drive down price has led to transistors being made smaller and packed in ever more tightly. But there is nothing in Moore's Law, said Prof Welland, which says that was the only way to keep it going.
Mr Mayberry at Intel said his company was investigating other ways, apart from shrinking components, to make processors more powerful and useful. Internal architectures could be changed to help more data flow at any one time, he said. Sensors and wireless transmitters could be more closely integrated onto the chip.
"There are going to be incremental advances in all parts of the architecture," he explained.
"It can be about making them more useful, consume less power or take up less space."
In the mean time, drawing up a road map to keep Moore's Law rolling on was tricky, said Mr Mayberry.
"We look down the road and it's foggy. The nearby stuff is clear and we can see that the big stuff is there but we cannot see the details.
"The horizon is about 10 years away." | <urn:uuid:358b6c85-dbb0-433e-ac3e-1c31aed911c6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-14880363 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969502 | 1,065 | 3.578125 | 4 |
When the developers of the popular OpenSignal Android app analyzed some of the data they’d gathered from their users, they were in for a surprise. They realized that the temperature sensors meant to keep the phones’ batteries from overheating could be used to predict the weather outside. The app doesn’t work on an individual level, instead it gathers data from a large number of users to estimate daily temperatures within 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Using data from phones in London, Los Angeles, Paris, Mexico City, Moscow, Rome, and Buenos Aires, they were able to estimate daily average temperatures in each area within 1.5 degrees Celsius. Their new app, WeatherSignal, takes greater advantage of this technology.
WeatherSignal is not accurate on an individual level. It takes a large number of users in a given area to account for the various temperatures and conditions different phones may be exposed to — air conditioned rooms or hot cars, for example. But when enough people send data through the app, clear weather trends start to emerge.
The American Geophysical Union believes this technology could revolutionize how weather predictions are made, allowing for much more accurate and timely information — tailored within a city block of the user. It could be especially helpful for people living farther away from their local weather station, who may not be getting the most accurate weather data available. | <urn:uuid:8c617199-b19a-4b3e-a0d1-2aa81d09e526> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://inhabitat.com/new-app-can-tell-your-citys-temperature-by-gathering-data-from-smartphone-batteries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922919 | 277 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Clean energy, public transit and local food make these 10 big cities the greenest of them all.
Honking cars emit foul black clouds, skyscrapers blot out the sun, litter lines the gutters and healthy green space can be hard to come by.
But in many of America’s biggest cities, these negative traits are being eclipsed by clean, efficient public transit, bike -- friendly infrastructure, multiplying trees, reliance on renewable energy and a fierce pride in locally -- produced products.
Slashing greenhouse gas emissions and coming close to zero waste is no easy feat for a metropolis with a population of at least 250,000, but these 10 cities -- from Boston to San Francisco -- prove that sustainability is possible on the largest of scales, in good economic times and bad.
List and captions courtesy of EcoSalon. | <urn:uuid:a9b4ad58-c10f-4300-bd61-caf2db58b312> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/04/green-us-cities-list_n_1070107.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867322 | 171 | 2.609375 | 3 |
- BOULDER - A smoke jumper parachuting into a forest fire faces terrain hidden by thick smoke and trees, making the hazardous job even more perilous.
Information - enough to fill 15,000 CDs - collected during the space shuttle mission scheduled to begin Monday promises to make the smoke jumper's job just a bit safer.
Imaging antennas designed and built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. in Boulder will go into orbit with the shuttle Endeavor. Over the mission's 11 days, the radar antennas will bounce radar signals off Earth's surface.
The information, which will take about a year to process, will be used to make the most accurate three-dimensional maps of the world ever.
By the end of summer 2001, Ball experts said, the smoke jumper - and pilots, scientists and military strategists - will have topographical maps of 80 percent of Earth's land surface.
The only parts of the globe that won't be mapped are parts of northern Canada and northern Russia and Antarctica.
The precise maps "will serve the purposes of mankind for a long time," said Gary Salisbury, director of programs for Ball's advanced antenna and video systems division.
The effort is a collaboration among Ball, NASA and the Department of Defense's National Imagery and Mapping Agency. The German and Italian space agencies also have contributed a high-resolution imaging radar system.
About five hours after the 10:47 a.m. MST launch, shuttle astronauts will open the cargo-bay doors and deploy one antenna in the spacecraft.
The other antenna is mounted on the end of a 200-foot-long boom that will be cranked out into space - becoming the largest rigid object ever flown in space, said Gary Rait, Ball's antenna system engineer. The boom and antennas weigh a daunting 14 tons.
The two antennas will send out radar signals and record the energy reflected back from the terrain.
Rait explained that the two receivers will act like two eyes stationed 145 miles above the Earth, giving scientists a depth of field.
Using a technique called interferometry, the 3-D views of Earth's surface can be constructed from the resulting data.
"This will be essentially a snapshot of the Earth at that time," Rait said.
The antennas, unlike satellite cameras, "will be able to see through thick cloud cover and dense areas like rain forests," Salisbury said, so areas that have never been seen before from space can be mapped.
The military will be able to use the 3-D maps in plotting battlefield strategy and missile guidance systems, said Don Figgins, Ball's program manager on the mission.
Jet pilots will get detailed information about land formations that they have lacked. And if jets crash, the National Transportation Safety Board will have a look at what the pilots saw before they crashed.
For businesses, the topographical maps will help decide where to position towers for line-of-sight cell-phone use, Figgins said. Scientists can consult the maps as a baseline after a volcanic eruption, earthquake or other Earth-altering phenomenon occurs. | <urn:uuid:18cb68ea-9a31-4977-8108-69d70b89f65c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://extras.denverpost.com/news/news0126b.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923386 | 629 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Solution (a) :
The equation of the tangent has the form , where and correspond to the values of x(t) and y(t) at some point t.
To find this point we need to solve the equation 2t+3 = 5. It follows that t = 1.
Thus and we have
Solution (b) :
From the expression for x(t) we have .
Substituting it in the we get | <urn:uuid:64124d49-5b22-4e35-9552-ac7f1ad28c5f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.math.ucla.edu/~ronmiech/Calculus_Problems/32A/chap9/section2/558d5/558_5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862168 | 95 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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Many great inspiring profiles and role models of women engineers.
Statements from the Institution of Engineering and Technology on the possible health effects of EM fields and radiation from power lines, mobile phones and their associated base stations.
A biography of Osborne Reynolds with details of his contribution to science and engineering.
MatWeb's database currently includes comprehensive data on thermoplastic and thermoset polymers, aluminum, cobalt, copper, magnesium, nickel, steel, titanium and zinc alloys, plus ceramics and other ...
What is chemical engineering and how did it develop? A general historical perspective. The site contains general background for teachers and general information for students. Non technical.
Irving Langmuir's (1881 - 1957) studies embraced chemistry, physics, and engineering and were largely the outgrowth of studies of vacuum phenomena.
Thinking of a career in science? NOISE (New Outlooks In Science & Engineering) is a UK-wide campaign . providing case studies of scientists working in a range of exciting careers, news, blogs and ...
Useful information for the general public about how physics is used in medicine from the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine.
The Sloan Career Cornerstone Center is a non-profit resource center for those exploring career paths in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, sponsored by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
Showing 21 - 29 of 29 | <urn:uuid:c066063f-ea7d-4dff-852b-c19b5eb66006> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.physics.org/explore-results-all.asp?currentpage=3&Linktype=0&age=0&knowledge=0&q=engineering | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910756 | 382 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Black Marlin, Makaira indica: The Black Marlin is characterized by a long robust body that is dark blue to black above, silver-white below, a limited number or no vertical stripes on its sides, and pectoral fins that do not fold flat against the body, a key identification characteristic. It’s upper jaw forms a long rounded spear, and it has small teeth.
The first dorsal fin of the Black Marlin is low and rounded, and less than one-half the body depth in height. The second dorsal fin begins ahead of the second anal fin. The Black Marlin has short pelvic fins. The Black Marlin is found in the first 300 feet of the water column, and it feeds on dorado, mackerel, mullet, and small tuna.
In Mexico, the Black Marlin is found in waters from 21 to 28 degrees Centigrade all along the Pacific side of the Baja California peninsula, on the eastern side of Baja, along the coast of mainland south of Guaymas through to Guatemala, and around all oceanic islands.
The Black Marlin is the largest of the Istiopherinae, reaching a maximum length of 15 feet and more than 1,000 pounds in weight. The world record is 1,560 pounds with all trophy catches being females since the males do not exceed 300 pounds. However, the normal range is 150 to 300 pounds. This species is not easy to confuse with other billfish with the exception of the Blue Marlin, Makaira mazara (pectoral fins lie flat). Caution: these are monster animals and should be handled with extreme caution; the spear is very dangerous!
This fish species is a member of the Billfish Istiopherinae Sub-family of the Xiphiidae Family which are large oceanic pelagic surface fish found in all tropic and semitropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. | <urn:uuid:c90b1383-74df-4952-86d6-d7eba45d75c8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mexfish.com/fish/blkmarl/blkmarl.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91548 | 403 | 3 | 3 |
Rice's new supercomputer to study disease
Updated 9:32 pm, Thursday, March 29, 2012
Rice University will announce Friday morning that it has acquired the state's first Blue Gene supercomputer, allowing it to further investigate the molecular basis of disease.
The IBM computer, ranked as the 230th most powerful system in the world by the TOP500 Supercomputing site, will also allow the Houston institution to strengthen its international ties.
This week a delegation from Rice, including school president David Leebron and Houston Mayor Annise Parker, signed a collaborative agreement with the University of São Paulo in Brazil to share operation of the supercomputer.
"The great institutions of the 21st century will have to be great international universities," said Rice Provost George McLendon. "Partnering with Brazil's largest university is a good fit for us because Houston is a major trading partner with Brazil."
Both U.S. and Brazilian scientists will use and support the supercomputer.
Supercomputers have become increasingly essential to scientists seeking to study and model all manner of problems, from energy to geophysics to weather forecasting and the basic life sciences.
Financial terms of the transaction were not disclosed, but both Rice and IBM say they invested heavily to bring the Blue Gene machine, which became operational this week, to the Houston campus.
Richard Talbot, director of Power Systems for IBM in Austin, said the company was eager to work with Rice, which has previously used supercomputers to attract researchers from the nearby Texas Medical Center.
"Traditionally there has been a big gap between the biologists and the doctors and the computational scientists," Talbot said. "One of our most significant challenges was how to bridge that gap and allow computer scientists to work with doctors. There are a lot of people talking about how to bridge the gap, but Rice is now way beyond the thinking stage - they're actually doing it."
José Onuchic, a Rice physicist, was one of five National Academy of Sciences researchers recruited to Houston last year. He came from the University of California San Diego to further his use of physics to investigate cancer.
"Rice allowed us the opportunity to take the next step in our research," Onuchic said, "and this supercomputer is one of the main tools that will allow us to do that."
Supercomputers are just becoming powerful enough to allow researchers to model the extremely complicated interactions of proteins, which break down food and moderate the body's chemistry, in cells.
Scientists would like to be able to model these interactions, and then change the system to see if, for example, blocking a certain protein from functioning would halt the spread of cancer.
IBM has deployed about 40 of its Blue Gene supercomputers around the world. The systems are noted for packing a lot of computers together in a small space, to create a supercomputing system that's as energy efficient as possible.
Rice's model has six racks, meaning it contains nearly 25,000 processor cores that are capable of conducting about 84 trillion mathematical computations each second.
At other sites the Blue Gene computers are used for a variety applications, including running some of the United States' major weather forecast models. | <urn:uuid:ddc3740d-8601-49c3-bf27-c601c05f7144> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Rice-enlists-supercomputer-to-study-disease-3445811.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967833 | 661 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Pass the Ice
Submitted by JuanitaPlay just like hot potato only with an ice cube. When the music stops clap for the person with the ice.
Submitted by FranLet your children move like inchworms to music (to move like an inchworm they would get on all four move their arms first causing their bodies to go low to the ground and then scoot legs forward)
These Alphabet Ideas Are Located At:Everything Preschool >> Alphabet >> The Letter I >> Games | <urn:uuid:afdc9bfc-13a9-43d8-928e-4bc379ede339> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.everythingpreschool.com/alphabet/I/games.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919519 | 99 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Nov. 12, 2012 -- iPads and other tablets with backlit screens may allow millions of people with "low vision" to read faster and easier, a new study suggests.
Low vision is an umbrella term for people who still have trouble reading, watching TV, or performing other daily activities despite glasses, contact lenses, medication, or even surgery. For people in this situation, the only options left are often magnifying glasses and low-vision aids, many of which are bulky and not that easy to use.
Enter iPads, Kindles, and other backlit tablets.
The new study shows that these devices may allow some people to read faster and more comfortably.
The findings will be presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology in Chicago.
The study was made up of two experiments. In the first, 62 people read three articles from The New York Times in the print version of the newspaper, as computer printouts, and on an Apple iPad 2.
More than half of those in the study had evidence of macular eye disease. The macula is the part of the eye that allows you to see fine detail.
According to the findings, readers read faster on the iPad 2 than the newspaper or printed article. This improvement was most pronounced among people who had low vision in both eyes.
In the second experiment, 100 people read a book chapter in these ways:
In a "real" book
On an iPad 2 with 12-point and 18-point fonts
On an Amazon Kindle with 12-point or 18-point fonts
The iPad was set at maximum background brightness. The Kindle used in the new study did not have a backlight, although the new Kindle Fire does come with one.
The people in the study all read faster on the iPad 2 than on the Kindle. The gap widened when the iPad font was magnified to 18 points.
People read 42 more words per minute on average with the iPad 2 on 18-point font compared to the book. By contrast, a 12 word-per-minute gain was seen among those reading on the Kindle in the same font. | <urn:uuid:e3f9d5c7-798a-4c4c-9aed-462f6477d377> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/news/20121108/ipads-may-help-those-with-low-vision-read-better?src=rsf_full-1667_pub_none_rltd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00094-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964972 | 434 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine at the Center for the History of Medicine is located in Boston, MA. Founded in 1965, the Countway Library is one of the largest medical libraries in the world.
Description of Digitized Collections
In the spring and summer of 2013, a variety of visual materials recounting the history of medicine was digitized. Materials include the Salpetriere Hospital glass plate negatives, which depict patients from the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, France from around 1880 to 1942, as well as the Mendicant collection (ephemera), Warren Museum lantern slides, and Bigelow anatomical watercolors.
- Francis A. Countway Library at the Internet Archive | <urn:uuid:eecaef59-ea37-42f8-8ab4-07282c1414e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.bpl.org/dcbpl/about-the-program/participating-institutions/center-for-the-history-of-medicine-countway-library-of-medicine/nggallery/slideshow | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914214 | 146 | 2.625 | 3 |
GERD Awareness Week
Medical Author: Jay W. Marks, M.D.
Medical Editor: Leslie J.
Schoenfield, M.D., Ph.D.
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease, commonly referred to as GERD, or acid
reflux, is a condition in which the liquid content of the stomach regurgitates
(backs up, or refluxes) into the esophagus. The liquid can damage the lining of
the esophagus, causing inflammation (esophagitis), although this occurs in a
minority of patients. The regurgitated liquid contains acid and pepsin that are
produced by the stomach. (Pepsin is an enzyme that begins the digestion of
proteins in the stomach.) The refluxed liquid also may contain bile that has
backed-up into the stomach from the duodenum. (The duodenum is the first part of
the small intestine that attaches to the stomach.) Acid is believed to be the
most injurious component of the refluxed liquid. Pepsin and bile also may injure
the esophagus, but their role in the production of symptoms and esophageal
damage (esophagitis) is not as clear as the role of acid.
Symptoms of uncomplicated GERD include
Complications of GERD include:
- Barrett's Esophagus
- Cough and Asthma
- Inflammation of the throat and larynx
- Inflammation and infection of the lungs
- Fluid in the sinuses and ears
GERD At A Glance
- GERD is a condition in which the acidified liquid
contents of the stomach backs up into the esophagus.
- The causes of GERD include an abnormal lower
esophageal sphincter, hiatal hernia, abnormal esophageal contractions, and
slow emptying of the stomach.
- GERD may damage the lining of the esophagus, thereby
causing inflammation (esophagitis), although usually it does not.
- The symptoms of uncomplicated GERD are heartburn,
regurgitation, and nausea.
- Complications of GERD include ulcers and strictures of
the esophagus, Barrett's esophagus, cough and asthma, throat and laryngeal
inflammation, inflammation and infection of the lungs, and collection of fluid
in the sinuses and middle ear.
- Barrett's esophagus is a pre-cancerous condition that
requires periodic endoscopic surveillance for the development of cancer.
- GERD may be diagnosed or evaluated by a trial of
treatment, endoscopy, biopsy, x-ray, examination of the throat and larynx, 24
hour esophageal acid testing, esophageal motility testing, emptying studies of
the stomach, and esophageal acid perfusion.
- GERD is treated with life-style changes, antacids, histamine antagonists
(H2 blockers), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), pro-motility drugs, foam barriers,
surgery, and endoscopy.
For more information about GERD, please visit the MedicineNet.com GERD
Center.Last Editorial Review: 10/31/2002 | <urn:uuid:a21ff5e4-4819-4b56-954c-e3534cc2092d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=21657 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873307 | 705 | 4 | 4 |
|Next we move from a description of the data to a description of the analysis. The method used to test for relationship between the categories requires some more advanced statistical knowledge. A mathematical reference is provided below, and I will attempt to go through the spreadsheet in some detail as well. However I'd first like to attempt to give an overview of what it is doing.
First some definitions. The word "word" is somewhat ambiguous for our purposes here. So to refer to the rows in the spreadsheet, I will use the term "vocabulary item". To refer to a single occurrence of the vocabulary item, I'll say "occurrence of the word or vocabulary item".
"Absolute frequency" is a count of the number of times a given vocabulary item appears in a given synoptic category.
"Relative frequency" is the number of times a given vocabulary item occurs in a category divided by the total number of occurrences of all vocabulary items in the category. So, if the category "222", "triple agreement" contains 2000 individual occurrences of words, and there are 2 occurrences of "cat" in category "222", then the relative frequency of "cat" in the category "222" is 2/2000.
The goal is to determine if the relative frequency of each vocabulary item in each of two categories, say A and B, is significantly more like the relative frequency of the vocabulary item in the other category than it is like the relative frequency of the vocabulary item in the synoptics as a whole. For example, if the relative frequency of "cat" in category "222" was 1/1000, and the relative frequency of "cat" was 1/900 in category "221", and the relative frequency of "cat" was 1/500 in the synoptics overall, then we could say that it terms of relative frequency of the vocabulary item "cat", categories "222" and "221" are more like each other than they are like the synoptics overall. The argument is that categories that are similar in this way, across a large number of vocabulary items, are probably originally authored by the same hand. We will be able to give quantitatively, the probability that the observed similarity was not due to random chance alone.
Specifically, what the study did was to first compare the relative frequency of each vocabulary item in each category to the relative frequency of the vocabulary item in all categories combined. Then for each possible pair of categories the study determined if using information about the relative frequency of words in category B, could help predict the relative frequency of words in category A. The method used is known as the maximum likelihood method, with a likelihood ratio test. It involves first testing how well data fits one distribution ("Poisson" in this case), and then testing another distribution with an extra free parameter, to see if the fit is significantly better.
The process is exactly the same as the process used in "logistic regression" except for the fact that a Poisson distribution (for non-negative integers) is used instead of a Bernoulli distribution (for binary or "yes/no" conditions).
I'll try to give an idea of what these statistical methods do here.
But on this page, I'll just continue through to the final result.
In the first case, the distribution was a Poisson distribution, with its gamma parameter determined by the data from all categories. The likelihood that the observed relative frequencies found in category A, would occur given that distribution was calculated. In the second case the distribution was also Poisson, but its gamma parameter was fit by using both information about the relative frequency of vocabulary items in all the categories together, and the relative frequency of vocabulary items in a second category, B.
The end result is that if the relative frequency of vocabulary items in categories A and B are more alike than they are like the relative frequency of vocabulary items in all categories combined, then the test will tell us this, and also tell us how likely it is that the observed relationship is just random chance.
Again, for my attempt at explaining the math, go here.
|A good reference text that gives details of the mathematics used here is "Econometric Analysis". Relevant pages can be found here.
A reference with similiar methods used for similiar purposes is -
M.P. Oakes, "Statistics for Corpus Linguistics" (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998)
see sections 5.2.5 for "distinctiveness ratios", and 188.8.131.52 for work with a Poisson distribution and a likelihood ratio test. Relevant pages can be found here.
|Back to synoptic main page| | <urn:uuid:d78d4665-9cef-407d-9760-e37e0722c121> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.davegentile.com/synoptics/analysis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931073 | 959 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Learning About Owls
About the Learning About Owls Lesson
This is an introductory lesson about the owl as a creature of the night. Activity A reinforces the facts learned in the lesson. Activity B gives students the opportunity to use the facts creatively in their own stories.
• to describe and discuss the characteristics of an owl.
An owl is a bird of prey, or a raptor. Along with other raptors, like
eagles, owl have talons, on their feet. Talons are sharp claws used for catching prey. Owls also have hooked beaks for tearing prey apart.
Did you know that there are about 145 different types of owls in the world? The smallest is the Elf Owl which lives in the South West United States. He is only about 6 inches tall. The largest owl is the Great Grey Owl which lives in Canada and Alaska. He grows as big as 30 inches tall and has a wingspan of up to 60 inches. Find a measuring tape and see how long that is.
Owls are solitary creatures. That means they usually live on their own. They are also nocturnal, which means that they are awake and hunt at night. Although they can see during the day, their eyesight is very good in the dark. | <urn:uuid:1f5270bf-a4ac-405a-b63d-e2ed770e0714> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lessonsnips.com/lesson/learningowls | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971761 | 262 | 3.828125 | 4 |
A LIBOR Scandal Primer
A LIBOR Scandal Primer
What does the acronym, “LIBOR,” stand for?
The “London Inter-bank Offered Rate.”
What does LIBOR represent?
LIBOR is promoted as representing the average interest rate that large banks can borrow from one another. LIBOR is not the interest rate on any single loan. Rather it is an index intended to reflect average interbank interest rates as determined by a defined procedure.
LIBOR is not a single interest rate, but is approximately 150 interest rates.
There is a separate set of interest rates for each major currency. LIBOR rates, representing the cost of acquiring funds for a time period, are unique for each currency because relative currency values differ over time. For example, the value in euros of one US dollar changes continuously. The difference in euro LIBOR rates and US dollar rates brings borrowings in the two currencies into equilibrium.
Within each set of LIBOR rates for a given currency, there are different rates for different durations (the term of a fixed period of interest rate). For instance, one day LIBOR represents a loan with an interest rate which is reset (or is repaid) every day. Three-month LIBOR represents a loan with an interest rate that is reset (or is repaid) every three months, and so on.
Why is the cost of inter-bank borrowing important to banks?
When banks lend money to individuals, companies or governments, the fundamental cost of lending the money is the cost of acquiring the funds to lend. On the margin, the cost of acquiring funds is the interest rate needed to procure funds from another bank.
Why is an index reflecting average intra-bank borrowing cost important to borrowers?
Banks sensibly price funds loaned at the cost of the funds plus an increment that reflects the risk of failure to repay that is peculiar to the borrower. For example, in some markets, a relatively creditworthy borrower might be able to borrow at an interest rate of 0.50% over LIBOR; while a riskier borrower might only be able to borrow at an interest rate of 1.00% over LIBOR. The increment over LIBOR is often referred to as the “spread.”
If loan bears interest that resets (or floats), the spread generally stays the same. The lending bank might require the interest rate to reflect its actual cost of funds, but that puts the borrower at risk for the changing credit quality of the bank – as the credit quality of the bank deteriorates, its cost of borrowing money increases. Borrowers generally prefer the cost of funding the loan reflect changing, average inter-bank borrowing rates. These are both standard and not tied to the individual lending bank’s credit standing.
What is the process for calculating the LIBOR index?
A number of large banks are surveyed and report interest rate for currencies and durations. For the most frequently used LIBOR, the three-month US dollar LIBOR, there are 18 banks surveyed. For lesser used LIBOR currencies and terms, fewer banks are surveyed.
The survey poses a very brief question:
At what rate could you borrow funds, were you to do so by asking for and then accepting inter-bank offers in a reasonable market size just prior to 11 am?
It is notable that the question is not closely tied to actual lending offers at the 11:OO a.m. (London time) target time.
The highest 25% percent responses and lowest 25% responses are eliminated from the data set and the remaining responses are averaged. The average of the rates equals LIBOR for the particular currency and duration.
Who performs the procedure?
Because it formalized the procedure in 1986, the British Bankers Association is responsible for the calculation and publishing of LIBOR each day. The BBA is an association of banks that, in addition to having responsibility for the LIBOR index calculation process, also represents the interests of its members to UK and international lawmakers and regulatory agencies. Its members govern its policies.
The BBA has contracted out the daily operations required to complete the process to Thomson Reuters.
To what regulatory regime is the LIBOR-setting procedure subject?
However, LIBOR is so central to financial systems of nations throughout the world, it is obvious that various regulators track changes.
How significant is LIBOR to the financial markets?
The Bank of England has estimated that approximately $500 trillion of loans, debt instruments and derivatives are linked to LIBOR. Other estimates are as high as $800 trillion. Both numbers are extraordinarily large, especially given the annual productivity of the world economy measured by GDP, on the order of $70 trillion in 2011, according to the World Bank. Many of the loans are to consumers, including mortgage loans. Many of the instruments are owned by pension funds, endowments and money market mutual funds in which individual savings are invested. And many governmental agencies issue instruments that are indexed to LIBOR to fund capital and operating needs.
Yet these figures exclude a significant asset class that does not index by reference to LIBOR. As pointed out before, inter-bank lending rates are hydraulically related to the currencies that are “lent.” Similarly, relative currency values are hydraulically related to LIBOR. To the extent that LIBOR rates do not reflect legitimate inter-bank lending rates, relative currency values will be skewed. For example, assume that the three-month US dollar LIBOR is skewed low and the three-month euro LIBOR more accurately reflects higher inter-bank borrowing costs. Banks will borrow in US dollars at a low rate and use the funds to buy euros for 3 months duration (by promising to repurchase the US dollars with euros in 3 months). They would then lend the euros at the relatively high rate. The currencies would revalue in the market to restore equilibrium.
Thus, LIBOR affects the lending, securities, derivatives and currency markets. The effects of manipulating LIBOR, even in small amounts, are massive.
Finally, LIBOR reflects the general credit quality of the lending banks in the survey. Interest rates on bank loans to individual banks that report via the LIBOR survey offer an insight into the banking sectors views of the credit quality of the individual reporting bank. These are important data points for regulatory agencies. They are also important data points for investors in bank stocks and debt securities. | <urn:uuid:c0b2d82f-caeb-4bd9-8d15-509a78e9290a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.demos.org/publication/libor-scandal-primer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941456 | 1,315 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Provides Mars Rover
The ChemCam instrument has completed the first short leg of its long trip to Mars, arriving at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory from Los Alamos National Laboratory for installation aboard the next Mars rover, due to launch in late 2011. The NASA Mars Science Laboratory project's rover, named Curiosity, will carry the newly delivered laser instrument to reveal which elements are present in Mars' rocks and soils up to 7 meters (23 feet) away from the rover.
By firing intense pulses of laser light at distant targets, the ChemCam instrument uses a technique called laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to measure the chemical content of the target samples. The laser beam vaporizes a pinhead-sized area on the target. A spectral analyzer then peers closely at the flash of light from the vaporized sample. Atoms ablated in ionized states emit light and each sample yields spectral emissions at unique wavelengths, revealing the elements present in the material.
Like fingerprints, the emission line wavelengths can be matched to a library of known chemical compounds. Even dust-covered rocks will reveal their inner secrets to the ChemCam interrogation. On such samples, the laser first cleans away the dust or weathering coatings before performing the rock analysis. There is no need to drive the rover to within reach of the target rock.
ChemCam is the first instrument of its kind. "We brought together a lot of new ideas to make this instrument a reality. It has been exciting to see this invention come together," said Los Alamos National Laboratory's scientist Roger Wiens, the instrument's principal investigator.
The goal of Curiosity, a rolling laboratory, is to assess whether Mars ever had an environment capable of supporting microbial life and conditions favorable for preserving clues about life, if it existed. Curiosity is by far the biggest and most capable robot ever destined for Mars. It is nuclear-powered and comparable in size to a small car. The capsule that will be used to carry the rover into the Mars atmosphere is even larger than the Apollo capsule that housed three astronauts for missions to the moon. ChemCam is one of 10 instrument packages contained on the rover. The other instruments are capable of identifying minerals, sniffing out organic materials, observing the weather and radiation environment, and drilling several centimeters into the Martian rocks.
The ChemCam instrument was conceived, designed, and built by a U.S.-French team, led by Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, and France's Centre for the Study of Radiation and space agency, Centre National d'Études Spatiales.
Curiosity is due to launch from Florida in November of 2011 and is expected to arrive at Mars in August 2012. | <urn:uuid:59d106f4-0084-41fc-aeac-8086088e6c10> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lanl.gov/science/NSS/issue1_2011/story2d.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922454 | 554 | 4.3125 | 4 |
You may have noticed a child in your class who has something called “Autism.” Although there are many different kinds of autism that span across a wide variety, autistics have many common characteristics. You may have noticed your classmate does not play with other kids, they may rock or spin a lot, they may flap their hands, they may not understand jokes your teacher says, and they may constantly talk about one subject constantly, even when you believe no one wants to listen. These are various characteristics of many autistic child; but what makes someone autistic?
Many studies of the brains of autistics have shown direct differences in parts of the brain. For example, there is an increase in the size of the parietal lobe which has to do with sensory information such as sight, sound, touch and taste. There was also an increase in the parieto-temporal lobe which controls language, speech and hearing. However, autistic’s brains are not larger overall, which means that other parts of their brain may be slightly smaller. Many scientists believe that these differences are ones that autistics are born with as it is unlikely that these changes would develop over time.
These brain differences may change the way an autistc views the world because they control how information from your environment is interpreted. These changes may result in the social differences many autistic children experience. They do not seem to have the ability to distinguish facial expressions or body language and therefore will not recognize when someone is joking or being sarcastic. They also may not realize when someone is being mean to them and take whatever is said to them at word value without any emotional connotation. The differences also result in autistics having communication differences where they may not be able to speak or get a message to someone who does not understand them. They therefore often use computers or writing to communicate. It is important for you to understand that although your classmate might have problems understanding you and communicating with you, they still have feelings that can be hurt and many of them want to have friends.
Is autism contagious?
No, autism is not contagious. It is a difference that is based on the brain and is a difference in the development of a child. You cannot get autistic tendencies from someone who is autistic just as you cannot break your arm just because you hang out with someone who has a broken arm. | <urn:uuid:37be2a49-a7fe-468a-b6bd-88843e7dd9fa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://autismmythbusters.com/classmates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980779 | 474 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Swine Flu: The Good, The Bad And The Ugly
the goodCases outside of Mexico seem mild
With only one confirmed death outside of Mexico — a 23-month-old Mexican infant who had been transferred to a hospital in Houston — the overwhelming majority of cases outside Mexico are seemingly mild, with most not even requiring hospitalization. More importantly, most cases seem to respond well to two anti-viral medications, Tamiflu and Relenza, which have been globally stockpiled in case of an influenza pandemic. However, one question remains: Why are cases in Mexico more severe than in other parts of the world? The most straightforward answer is that it’s a simple numbers game with the expectation that as the number of infections rise, so too will the number of severe cases and deaths. Some, however, blame Mexico City’s subpar sanitation and heavy air pollution, while others suggest that the virus may have mutated, becoming more mild, before it spread beyond Mexico’s border — a notion that seems unsubstantiated for now.
Seasonal influenza caused 36,000 deaths in the U.S. last year alone
36,000 deaths! This is good? Surprisingly, yes. Numbers such as these help to put things in perspective: Seasonal influenza, that flu that strikes each and every year, was to blame for roughly 36,000 death last year in the U.S. alone, a number that seems almost astronomical compared to the number of deaths caused by swine flu in Mexico City thus far (a “mere” 150 or so). Though this knowledge may put some minds at ease, it should be pointed out that 90% of deaths due to seasonal influenza were in those aged 65 or older. Swine flu, on the other hand, seems to target the young and healthy.
the badInitial reports suggest that swine flu is killing the young and otherwise healthy
Initial reports suggested that the majority of those dying in Mexico City were young, 20- to 40-year-olds who were otherwise healthy. While these reports still need to be fully corroborated by experts on the ground, when news of this broke, it caused immediate panic. The reason: The Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918 similarly targeted this age group.
Read on for the rest of the bad and ugly facts about swine flu...
Have a question? Get it answered by AskMen's guyQ. | <urn:uuid:5e8d04c5-a530-478c-8f23-02dfd13709a4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ca.askmen.com/sports/health_200/244_swine-flu-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969354 | 495 | 2.96875 | 3 |
BRISTOL, England, Dec. 11 (UPI) -- It may be time to shut down this whole science thing. Nothing can top the latest invention out of the University of the West of England.
Researchers there have created a pair of urine-pumping socks capable of powering a wireless transmitter. It's about time.
The socks utilize what's called microbial fuel cell technology, a process that uses bacteria to turn waste fluids into electricity. The socks are embedded with a miniaturized version of the technology. Urine is pumped across the fuel cells by the walking motion of the wearer. The fuel cells power a wireless transmitter that sends a signal to a nearby computer.
It's the first time microbial fuel cell technology has been used to build a wearable energy generator.
A new paper describing the technology was published this week in the journal Bioinspiration and Biomimetics.
"Having already powered a mobile phone with MFCs using urine as fuel, we wanted to see if we could replicate this success in wearable technology," study author Ioannis Ieropoulos, a professor at the Bristol BioEnergy Centre, said in a press release. "We also wanted the system to be entirely self-sufficient, running only on human power -- using urine as fuel and the action of the foot as the pump."
MFC isn't exclusive to urine. The technology harnesses the biochemical energy used for microbial growth -- any organic waste works.
"This work opens up possibilities of using waste for powering portable and wearable electronics," Ieropoulos added.
"For example, recent research shows it should be possible to develop a system based on wearable MFC technology to transmit a person's coordinates in an emergency situation," Ieropoulos continued. "At the same time this would indicate proof of life since the device will only work if the operator's urine fuels the MFCs." | <urn:uuid:b2760dc1-785f-48c8-836c-76b2f066ca75> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2015/12/11/Scientists-unveil-urine-powered-wearable-energy-generator/7221449853868/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932637 | 381 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Schizophrenia is the most debilitating form of a mental disorder that exists on a sort of spectrum, the least potent version of which can result in a uniquely beautiful mind. Schizophrenia has a significant genetic component; when relatives of those suffering from schizophrenia inherit some but not all relevant genes, they are classified as having this lesser form of schizophrenia, which is called schizotypy. Individuals can have low and high levels of schizotypy (depending on the proportion of relevant genes inherited), but no one with schizotypy suffers the debilitating hallucinations associated with schizophrenia. General symptoms include extreme attention to detail, and difficulty ignoring extraneous details. People with schizotypy may exhibit strange behavior or beliefs as well.
So where does “beautiful” fit into all of this? Well, research shows that schizotypy is strongly associated with artistic abilities; the higher the level of schizotypy, the more creative an individual tends to be. Scott Kaufman, a psychologist and writer for Scientific American, states:
“It seems that the key to creative cognition is opening up the flood gates and letting in as much information as possible…because you never know: sometimes the most bizarre associations can turn into the most productively creative ideas.”
I think the phenomenon of schizotypy can teach us a lot. You may notice that I used the word “disorder” in the beginning of this post, in describing schizophrenia. This word is troubling to me, because it has an extremely negative connotation. The word itself implies that there is something inherently wrong in any given bodily or mental structure. Of course there are drawbacks to every set of unusual symptoms we call a “disorder,” but there are benefits in those packages as well.
For example, people with Down’s syndrome are highly emotionally intelligent, unfailingly kind (something we could all learn from here in the Northeast), and are often passionate performers, whether in acting, public speaking, or any other form. Those who are autistic are often very gifted with numbers, and are strong visual learners whose insightful visions can and have illuminated many previously obscure elements of life on Earth.
It is certainly difficult to see past the drawbacks of “disorders,” but it is important to remember that every single person alive today has a range of problems and a set of activities they have difficulty completing. The only difference is that a person with a “disorder” is able to trace his or her problems back to a specific point in the brain, genes, or body.
The reason I find schizotypy so beautiful is that it isolates a group of positive elements of schizophrenia; when these elements are found in an individual, they shine through as the brightest part of that person’s being. If such a horrific and debilitating mental state as schizophrenia can come with such strong positive qualities, many other “disorders” must as well.
Next time you come across someone with a different set of abilities from yourself, try to look past the drawbacks to uncover the talents that individual holds. What you find may surprise you.
**If anyone would like to read more about the link between mental disorders and creative genius, read this article. | <urn:uuid:9b38eefa-d46e-4bbb-9f12-b7895561de03> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bucultureshock.com/schizophrenia-spectrum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958966 | 665 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What is 192.168.1.1?
Linksys, Netgear, Westell and some other smaller brands use the IP 192.168.1.1 as a default IP address for their broadband routers. However, not only broadband routers can use this IP address. The IP 192.168.1.1 is in the range between 192.168.0.0 and 192.168.255.255 which makes it a private IPv4 address. What does this mean?
Private IP addresses can’t be used on the Internet; they are intended to be used in home networks only. Private IPs can be used in different networks, unlike public IP addresses where every computer on the Internet has to have a unique IP. This means that you can use the 192.168.1.1 IP to access your own router, but you can’t access other people routers by typing that IP in your web browser.
In a network every machine also has to have a unique IP address, and there can’t be two machines with the same IP in one network. If that happens an IP conflict occurs. So in order to avoid IP conflicts, it is better to check if the IP address is already used by another machine in the network before we assign it to the desired computer.
How to Connect To A Router Using 192.168.1.1
If you are experiencing a problem in your home network or you want to set up your new router then you need to know its IP address. If the IP address of your router is 192.168.1.1 you can easily access the router’s configuration options. All you have to do is to type http://192.168.1.1 in the address bar of your preferred browser and you will be asked for username and password.
However, in some cases this will not succeed because your router uses another IP address depending on the manufacturer, or the router has failed and is not responsive. If the default IP address of your router is not 192.168.1.1 we recommend you to check the User’s manual or visit the producer’s website. You can also try the following to find your router’s IP:
1. In Windows 7, click the Start button and in the field “Search programs and files” type “run”. At the top of the menu you will see “Run” under Applications. Click it.
2. In the new window type “cmd” and press OK.
3. In the command prompt type “ipconfig” and hit Enter on your keyboard.
4. Look for Default gateway, and you will see your router IP there.
So, now when you are sure about your IP, if you know the username and password you will be able to access the router’s administrator console. If you don’t have or can’t remember the username and password you can always try the manufacturer’s default details. For example, if you own a Linksys router you can try to type “admin” in both username and password fields. If that doesn’t help, try to leave the username blank. In case your router is of another brand, or you can’t login after trying our suggestions you can always search the Internet for default passwords. Before you start searching, look at the following table and try these combinations first.
If someone has changed your default password and none of the given works you can always do a hardware reset of your router (put a paperclip in the pinhole in the router and hold the reset button for 10 seconds) and it will be reset to factory settings and hopefully the default username and password will work. | <urn:uuid:6cb6c692-3859-4b9b-8f32-83e2754ea91a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.192-168-11.org/192-168-1-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920831 | 774 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2004 April 19
Explanation: Today, Comet Bradfield is passing the Sun. The above image, taken yesterday in the direction of the Sun by the SOHO LASCO instrument, shows the comet and its dust tail as the elongated white streak. The Sun would normally be seen in the very center but has been blocked from view. Comet C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) was discovered just one month ago and has brightened dramatically as it neared the Sun. Careful sky gazers can see Comet Bradfield with the unaided eye near the Sun, although NASA's sun-orbiting SOHO satellite has the best view. During the day, Comet Bradfield will continually shift inside the LASCO frame as it rounds the Sun. There is even the possibility that the comet will break up. If not, the bright comet's trajectory will carry it outside the field of LASCO sometime tomorrow. Along with T7 and Q4, Comet Bradfield is now the third comet that is currently visible on the sky with the unaided eye, the most ever of which we are aware and quite possibly the most in recorded history.
Authors & editors:
NASA Web Site Statements, Warnings, and Disclaimers
NASA Official: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U. | <urn:uuid:fc795662-08ff-423a-8c4d-b2d91f7a9d62> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap040419.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936517 | 318 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Americans' concerns about environmental threats remain lower than in the past
PRINCETON, NJ -- Americans currently express record-low concern about both air pollution and pollution of drinking water. Thirty-six percent say they worry a great deal about air pollution and 48% about pollution of drinking water. Both figures are down more than 20 percentage points from the year 2000.
These results are based on Gallup's annual Environment poll, conducted March 8-11. The trends are part of a broader decline in worry about environmental threats documented in the poll.
Gallup asked Americans to say how much they worry about each of seven environmental problems. All show significantly less worry today than in 2000, when worry was at or near its high point for each item. The declines in concern about drinking-water pollution and air pollution are the largest for the problems included in this year's poll.
More broadly, worry about the seven issues is below the historical average for each. Most of the trends date back to 1989.
Concern about these environmental problems is down among most major subgroups since 2000. Across the seven items, the percentage worried a great deal is down an average 16 percentage points among Republicans, 18 points among independents, and 13 points among Democrats.
Americans Worry Most About Water Contamination, Least About Global Warming
On a relative basis, Americans tend to worry more about environmental threats to the nation's water supplies than those that affect other parts of the environment. The highest levels of worry this year are for contamination of soil and water by toxic waste, pollution of drinking water, and pollution of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
Concern about global warming is lowest of the seven environmental issues tested, even though it is up slightly this year from last year.
The relative rank order of these environmental issues has generally been consistent over time, with water-related problems at the top and global warming at the bottom. In fact, the three water concerns in this year's poll have ranked as the top three concerns over any other environmental problems nearly every time they have been asked since 1989. Pollution of drinking water has most often been the top concern.
Americans' concerns about environmental problems have dropped in recent years, coincident with their drop in support for various environmental policies and the higher priority they assign to economic growth than to environmental protection.
There are two likely explanations for the declining concern. First, Americans are a bit more positive now than they have been in the past about the quality of the environment. Second, the economic downturn has forced Americans to focus more on bread-and-butter economic issues than quality-of-life issues. It may be no coincidence that environmental concern was highest in 2000, when the U.S. was enjoying one of the strongest economies in recent memory, and that environmental concern has reached new lows recently, after the worst financial downturn in the last 25 years.
Results for this Gallup poll are based on telephone interviews conducted March 8-11, 2012, with a random sample of 1,024 adults, aged 18 and older, living in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.
For results based on the total sample of national adults, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum margin of sampling error is ±4 percentage points.
Interviews are conducted with respondents on landline telephones and cellular phones, with interviews conducted in Spanish for respondents who are primarily Spanish-speaking. Each sample includes a minimum quota of 400 cell phone respondents and 600 landline respondents per 1,000 national adults, with additional minimum quotas among landline respondents by region. Landline telephone numbers are chosen at random among listed telephone numbers. Cell phone numbers are selected using random-digit-dial methods. Landline respondents are chosen at random within each household on the basis of which member had the most recent birthday.
Samples are weighted by gender, age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, education, region, adults in the household, and phone status (cell phone only/landline only/both, cell phone mostly, and having an unlisted landline number). Demographic weighting targets are based on the March 2011 Current Population Survey figures for the aged 18 and older non-institutionalized population living in U.S. telephone households. All reported margins of sampling error include the computed design effects for weighting and sample design.
In addition to sampling error, question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of public opinion polls.
For more details on Gallup's polling methodology, visit www.gallup.com. | <urn:uuid:4eb52376-93b0-42ec-a8ec-1ff6edaa4964> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.gallup.com/poll/153875/worry-water-air-pollution-historical-lows.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949636 | 929 | 2.625 | 3 |
Private libraries of the Serbs in Middle Ages
Court, royal, aristocratic and other private libraries, such as the library of Emperor Constantine II, Patriarch Photius or his follower and disciple Aretas in Byzantium, were not unknown in the medieval Serbia. Attempts typological definition suggest the conclusion that, similar to the Byzantine and Western European medieval tradition, in the Serbian lands clearly stood out two types of libraries: private and monastic. In the first group there are included: royal libraries or the library collections of rulers, nobility, and later wealthy citizens, while the second group includes the collections at the churches, monasteries and their hermitages. The fall of Despotate (1459) and the Turkish yoke ended an announcement of the epoch of humanism and the Renaissance of the Serbs, which was reflected in the development of a number of private libraries.
THE AGE OF THE NEMANJICS
The ruling house of Nemanjics had no unique court library, which rulers enhanced from generation to generation. Moreover, there was even no capital, a permanent seat of the rulers, the royal palace, where such a library could be developed. From the oldest state seat in Ras, near Novi Pazar, which is the last mentioned in the gospel of Vukan in 1202 , through a residential complex of King Milutin, Paun - Stimlje - Svrcin - Nerodimlja, near Urosevac, Dušan's imperial palaces in Prizren and Skopje, until the main residence of Prince Lazar in Krusevac, there is little archaeological excavations and written materials that can provide clear and detailed picture of court life. Turbulent times filled with armed conflicts and frequent changes of residence, in which the whole court followed a ruler and moved from one place to another, are just some of the reasons that are not favorable to the emergence of libraries. However, in such circumstances, where books are easier to lose, destroy and decay than are to be saved, the Nemanjich were their great fans: purchasers, readers and writers of books.
Nemanja’s brother Miroslav and the firstborn Vukan were purchasers of the two oldest Serbian saved books, the Miroslav’s and Vukan’s gospel, and sons Stefan and Sava are the founders of the Serbian literature. Radoslav was theologically educated and he led in Greek outstanding scholarly correspondence with Archbishop Dimitrije Homatijan of Ohrid, and it is unlikely that he did not have its own library. From the library of his brother, king Vladislav, one Prologue is saved, written in the Mileseva monastery in 1263/64. When Vladislav’s spouse, queen Belosava, and son zupan Desa, deposited their assets in Dubrovnik, on the list is 30 books, including the four Gospels, with gold and silver reliefs on the cover and decorated with precious stones. On request of King Uros I hieromonk Domentian compiled Life of St. Sava and Life of St. Symeon and at the court of Uros’s wife, Helen, many copyists of books worked for her. The biographer, Archbishop Danilo II, records that made books, along with valuable icons, the queen sent then as a gift to churches in Italy. On her order in the Mileseva Monastery, in1294/95, rewritten Sava’s Nomokanon was rewritten and Archbishop Daniel II notes that in her court in Brnjaci, on the upper Ibar, organized a school for girls.
Constantinopolitan childhood of Emperor Dusan and the good conduct of the Greek language influenced his relationship to book. George Sp. Radojcic, in his article the Serbian libraries in the Middle Ages and the Turkish period (1954) gives one information about it. "Saro Crijević, a Dubrovnik historian (1686-1759), somehow knows that the Emperor Dusan, after his practice in Dubrovnik in 1350, wanted to create under his own name a library, and for the expensive money, collected and sent many Latin and Greek anthologies. We have no news about Dusan's work in his country itself. "Books in Greek, are rewritten for the emperor's wife, Empress Helena, who had his own library.
THE AGE OF DESPOTATE
Judging from the available material at the court of Despot Stefan Lazarevic, in Belgrade there was a real cult of learning and education. Despot himself wrote and read in the Serbian Slavonic language, translated from Greek, and because of intense communication that was held with European and Turkish rulers, it is believed that he understood Latin and Turkish at least understood. Contemporary writers left records of his relationship to book: monk Dositej says that Despot care about copying books and loved them like no other of the rulers and nobles, and monk Gregory that Despot, even though the ruler and the commander of the army, took care of the books like he had no other concerns. Djordje Trifunovic, in the book of Despot Stefan Lazarevic: literary works (1979), lists 18 manuscripts that are known to have been copied or translated for despot Stefan, and those among them who had sort of ex libris, as a mark of the despot’s ownership. Three, including 18 books, were commissioned as a gift to various churches, and for the salvation of the soul.
Other testify about despot’s literary interests and were most likely, owned by him. Record: "Shining book of pious Sir Despot Stephen” is on the four books (The Book of Kings, The Ladder of Jovan Lestvnicnik, Commentary on the Gospel of Mark by Theophylact of Ohrid and the rest of five pages of the former Minej for May), and although it is not written by the same hand, it is by the same type of script. Trifunovic allows the possibility that, during the despot's life or shortly after his death, the books were cataloged and uniformly marked. In other words, it is possible that these records are testimony to the efforts of creating the library. The collection, however, was not preserved as a whole, but parts of the manuscript and information on individual books are scattered on different sides.
And the Brankovics of Srem in a similar way, marked their books, as evidenced by several manuscripts preserved to our time. They are, for the most part, preserved in the Fruska Gora’s monastery Krusedol, raised by the Brankovics in 1502, and which even today are kept their relics. There are indications that a number of books they inherited from despot Djuradj Brankovic, who had in Smederevo a rich collection of manuscripts. Despot’s sons Gregory, Stephen and Lazar, were known as the purchasers of books, and Stephen's wife Angelina had its own library. It is the collection to which belonged several books of despot Djuradj Brankovic, just as, in the next generation, several books of Lazar Brankovic, and his spouse Angeline were found in the library of their son George, later Archbishop Maxim. Based on these data it is reasonable to assume that it is a hereditary sovereign’s library, where the library of Despot Djurdje was a base for it. List of books in the library can not be reconstructed, but in it, among other books, there are: the Munich Psalter with richly decorated miniatures, History of Justinian's wars of the Byzantine historian Procopius and lavishly illuminated Hungarian history, known as the the Painted Chronicle. Educated despot Djuradj did not, in his relation to book, lag behind Despot Stefan Lazarevic, but he gathered equally good scribes, cared about the quality of transcription, but also of their adornment. His library in Smederevo had to be broken at the first Turkish destruction of the town, in 1439, especially during his final fall. A small number of books was saved, probably, byDespot Stephen Brankovic, and in this way they become due in the possession of Despot’s wife Angelina and then Archbishop Maxim.
Private libraries were also owned in their own houses by magnates from the epoch of Nemanjics and dignitaries from the time of Despotate. Most data collection is preserved in the Collection of Kotor’s citizen Nicholas de Arhilupis, who led the Latin office of the Serbian despot over 20 years. He began his service at the court of Despot Stephen Lazarevic, in Belgrade, but he much longer worked for despot Djurdje in Smederevo, where he earned a great reputation and wealth.
He was educated, he knew well Latin and Italian, and as a skilled negotiator, took part in diplomatic missions undertaken by despot Djuradj. Nicholas de Arhilupis lived and died in Smederevo, certainly before July 1445 , and in his will, preserved in the archives of Dubrovnik, he left a collection of valuable information about the book he had in his home in Smederevo. Although this document is not a complete list of articles and does not reveal what they contained and multi libri who are molti italiani dotore, part of the fund, however, mentioned by name: Declamationes of speakers and literary historian Marco Fabio Quintiliano, De philosophiae Consolatione of the philosopher Boethius, De Medicina of Constantine the Monk, and Bellum Catilinae and Bellum Iugurthinum by Gaius Salustius Crispus, Bucolica by Francesco Petrarcha, an unnamed file by famous Roman historian Valerius Maximus, The Holy Scripture and various theological content. These titles clearly testify to the library that has been carefully filled with works of Roman classics, on the one hand, and the works of Italian humanists, on the other. Nicholas de Arhelupis could bring them from their travels, as he probably was on these trips, influenced by the ideas of European humanism. What was the range of influence of his ideas in Smederevo it can not be said for sure, but it is unlikely that they remained unknown to despot Djuradj and prominent members of the Dubrovnik colony in Smederevo. On the contrary, it seems that they had to fall to the rich ground, where a despot Stephen Brankovic encouraged their education, urban life and the middle class.
Private libraries of the Middle Ages were not, according to our criteria, libraries with massive funds. Nor readers, who read aloud and with finger underscore what was read, are not characteristic for our time. The last thing to our time are inherent in the manuscript collection of bookmarks with limited access. In their time, however, they were a huge range of civilization: they testified about the achieved level of material and spiritual development of society in which literacy and books have a definite and prominent place. Just as on the richness of its collections of books monasteries built their reputation, thus kings, emperors, princes and intellectual people confirmed their reputation.
Neither visual representation nor description of any of the Serbian medieval library was preserved. As the Serbian despots Stephen Lazarevic and DjuradjBrankovic, kept their books: in chests or on the shelves, portrait or landscape, we do not really know. When and who got the idea to list it? Is there any librarian? Is it inthe Serbian lands that books were chained to the counter? Have they always kept in the treasuries and perhaps, it was dedicated space for them? Are the inventory of the books were really an exception? All these questions return us to the problem of service: the history of libraries do not to testify only about the founders, but about the mechanisms that provide formed libraries provide (or not provide) duration.
Professor Dr. Gordana Stokic Simonovic,
author of the text is professor at the Department of Informatics and Librarianship of the Philological Faculty in Belgrade | <urn:uuid:6cbb5c1c-3d3b-4b0f-8eff-68e9ca1823a8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.spc.rs/eng/private_libraries_serbs_middle_ages | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975736 | 2,569 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Matthew Herper, Forbes Staff
I cover science and medicine, and believe this is biology's century.
The energy giant has become the biggest investor in some of the most out-there genetics research.
Oil companies are better known for burning fossil fuels than splicing genes. But
In the process, germs would be souped up to make ethanol, biobutanol or other fuels from plants like corn. Scientists would embed the genomes of bacteria with genes taken from termites, sheep guts or microbes that live on your lawn. The very plants they consumed would also be bioengineered, and even more re-engineered bacteria might produce gasoline or similar fuels directly.
Still more newly discovered microbes that live in oil or natural gas wells might increase the efficiency of existing drilling and mining. Our economy is based on fossil fuels, the remains of long dead organisms. But in the future we might rely on life forms that have never before existed. BP
“BP is not doing this because they want to fund basic research,” says Aristides Patrinos, the former director of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research and now president of biotech startup Synthetic Genomics. “This revolution in biology is ushering in new tools that, by revisiting old tricks, can make energy production a lot more effective.”
The most prominent bet being made by BP is a plan to spend $500 million over 10 years to fund the Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI), a proposed laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. The neighboring Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories and the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign are also involved in the project. The project will look at bioscience approaches from agriculture to economics, and will also study the ethical implications of all this new biotech work.
But already, before the institute is built or the contract even signed, the EBI is drawing controversy on the Berkeley campus.
One worry is that the new science of synthetic biology, the souped-up form of genetic engineering that involves radically modifying organisms or even someday designing them from scratch, is both more promising and more dangerous that the technology that has been around for two decades and gave birth to
But perhaps the biggest red flag is the potential for conflict of interest, as a small number of researchers look to start up what could be a big new research field for academics and industry alike.
Chris Somerville, the Stanford plant geneticist who has been tapped to run the big project, is himself the co-founder of two biotech firms that will work in the same field as the institute. In one, the plant biotech startup Mendel Biotechnology, he has a significant interest, he says; he has less interest in the second, a biofuel startup called LS9.
Somerville has given up any control in either and is in compliance with Berkeley’s conflict of interest policies. But he says he cannot afford to give up his stakes in the companies; they would be difficult to trade at a fair value because the firms are not public.
But the connections don’t end there. Mendel also has a deal with BP, as does another biofuels play, Amyris Biotechnologies, which was founded by Jay Keasling, a Berkeley synthetic biology whiz who initially sought to make cheaper malaria medicines. (That effort got him a $43 million grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.) But now Amyris is in the biofuels biz. John G. Melo, the former head of BP’s biofuels unit, is its chief executive.
Synthetic biology is such a small field right now that Keasling and Somerville were both initially involved with LS9, but left, leaving Harvard researcher George Church as the main scientific founder. Now Church says that LS9 is making significant progress, engineering E. coli to produce hydrocarbons. The idea is that bacteria could somehow efficiently make fuels that resemble gasoline, but with fewer environmental costs.
“These things don’t get immediately disentangled,” says Church, who worked in the medical biotech business as a researcher in the early days of Biogen, now part of
Another company that has a deal with BP is Synthetic Genomics, which was founded by human genome pioneer J. Craig Venter. The firm recently made headlines by showing that the genome of one bacteria species could be transplanted into a similar one–a step toward making a germ with entirely man-made genes.
But the company’s tie-up with BP focuses on another area: using the sequencing technologies that Venter has pioneered to examine the microbes that are found inside natural gas and oil wells. Jonathan Eisen, a researcher at UC-Davis who is not working on the project, says that although that might not produce new kinds of fuels, these undiscovered species could make the discovery of existing fuels more efficient.
Venter says the goal is to discover the “thousands and thousands” of different organisms found in fossil fuel sites, from coal beds to oil wells.
These environments are super-hot, and exactly what kinds of microbes live in them is basically unknown. Patrinos helped launch efforts to learn how to collect living things from such otherworldly environments while he was at the DOE.
Just because BP is being so public about its research by investing in biotech firms and academics doesn’t mean its rivals aren’t quietly making their own investments.
In the past, biotech has never succeeded in areas like mining or manufacturing in the same way it did in medicine. Now, with new technologies that allow scientists to find and alter microbes in ways that were never before possible, a new generation of biologists is looking to change that.
And BP is funding them. | <urn:uuid:ba912eba-1a1b-4cad-9774-0971d5d48883> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.forbes.com/2007/07/03/bp-genomics-energy-biz-sci-cx-mh_0703green_bp.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00110-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965609 | 1,187 | 2.953125 | 3 |
For years, the swine industry has remained burdened with the staggering $560-million price tag for production losses associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). But the real news is this — since the 2005 economic study was released, and despite numerous advancements in research and production schemes, the cost of this disease continues to rise.
A new study just released estimates the total tab to the industry at $664 million annually, based on a review of production records from 80 breeding herds and grower pig closeout data on more than 600 groups of pigs over the past 3-5 years.
That analysis also includes expert opinions from 26 swine veterinarians who provide services to 2.4 million U.S. sows — roughly 45% of the nation’s sow herd. Information for the report was collected from October 2009 to October 2010.
Lead researcher Derald Holtkamp, DVM, Iowa State University, says the economic impact breaks down to an annual loss of $302.06 million for the breeding herd, $52.19/breeding female or $2.36/pig weaned.
The majority of the loss in the breeding herd — $300.4 million — reflects the lost revenue resulting from weaning 8.3 million fewer pigs. Table 1 lists productivity estimates from a survey of expert opinions and production records for breeding herds by PRRS category.
For the growing pig herd, the estimated annual loss amounts to $361.8 million or $65.52/breeding female.
Accounting for higher mortality, lower average daily gain and a decrease in the percentage of pigs sold to the primary market meant 9.9 million fewer pigs, and 2.41 billion fewer pounds of pork sold annually, resulting in a total loss in potential revenue to the pork industry of well over $1 billion.
With PRRS, costs were lowered significantly to $361.8 million because fewer pigs and pounds of pork were produced during the grower period, thereby partially offsetting the
Table 2 depicts wean-to-finish productivity estimates. Both breeding herd and wean-to-finish estimates stem from a survey of expert opinion and production records for growing pigs by PRRS category.
Combined losses in the breeding and growing pig herds accounted for 9.9 million fewer pigs lost during the nursery and grow-finish phase, and 2.41 billion pounds of pork, carcass weight, sold per year in the United States.
The total direct cost of PRRS to the U.S. national breeding herd and growing pig herd of $664 million annually breaks down to a drain of $1.8 million/day.
One major difference in the two PRRS studies, 2005 vs. 2011, is in the allocation of losses between the breeding herd and the growing pig herd. Losses in the breeding herd accounted for 12% of the total cost of PRRS in the 2005 study, compared to 45% in the current analysis, Holtkamp explains.
“If you put that $560 million into today’s dollars, it would be about $40 million higher, so inflation explains about 40% of the difference in the cost of PRRS,” he adds .
Other reasons for higher costs in the 2011 study may be due to changes in the prevalence of PRRS virus, virus strains and the severity of disease they cause, and other pathogens that have emerged since 2005, such as porcine circovirus type 2.
Biosecurity, Outbreak Costs
Based on the expert opinion survey, animal health costs tack on another $140 million annually due to PRRS. The annual biosecurity and other outbreak-related costs attributed to PRRS were estimated to be $191.86 million and $145.82 million, respectively. Biosecurity costs include installation of air filtration systems, truck washes and other changes to transportation, added showers, changes in pig flow, etc. Total additional costs were pegged at $477.79 million annually, putting the cumulative cost of the disease at more than $1 billion/year when added to production-related losses, Holtkamp reports.
In addition to the expert opinion survey, the report also drew on a literature review related to the economic impact of PRRS virus and data compiled from swine health surveillance by USDA’s National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) of pork producers.
Surprising PRRS Results
With the magnitude of the PRRS problem, Holtkamp says it was also surprising to learn that 28% of U.S. breeding herds reported being PRRS virus-free (designated BH-A in Table 1) based on the expert opinion survey.
The current data also revealed that 42% of all breeding females were in herds that had a PRRS outbreak in the 12 months prior to Oct. 1, 2010 (BH-B and BH-D).
For the year-long study ending Oct. 1, 2010, 60% of weaned pigs in the United States were identified as negative at placement. That means that 40% of pigs were positive at placement (GP-C).
Of the 60% of pigs that were negative, 58% of them became infected before they were marketed, Holtkamp points out.
Further, in breeding herds that had an outbreak, productivity and economic losses in the 12 months after the outbreak were greater when the herd was PRRS virus-free before the outbreak, compared to herds that were PRRS virus-infected, he says.
Also, the timing of infection in growing pigs affected how the pigs performed, the study showed. Productivity was better in groups of growing pigs that were infected after weaning (GP-B), than those infected before weaning (GP-C).
“In 2005, the number of PRRS-positive pigs at placement would have been a lot higher, and that has been one of the advancements as reflected in this study. We have gotten a lot better at being able to wean groups of negative pigs,” Holtkamp says.
Using the survey of expert opinions to signify regional differences, 19% of herds were negative for PRRS (BH-A) in the east, 35% in the Midwest and 28% in the west.
Definitions for PRRS status of breeding herds and growing pig herds are provided in the sidebar below.
PRRS Elimination Plans
A net present value (NPV) economic analysis was performed to evaluate the costs and benefits of PRRS virus elimination from individual herds. This is the first analysis that accounts for the more severe negative production and economic consequences of a PRRS outbreak when a PRRS virus-free herd becomes reinfected, Holtkamp points out.
The analysis evaluated two approaches to eliminating PRRS virus from a herd: complete depopulation and repopulation (CDR) with PRRS virus-free breeding animals and herd closure and rollover (HCR).
Using HCR as the method of elimination, breeding herds needed to remain free of PRRS from four months to 26 months to break even on the cost of elimination. The exact time to break even depended on the PRRS status of the breeding herd when the elimination was started, how often negative pigs were weaned, when the breeding herd was infected and how much it cost to eliminate the virus.
When CDR was the method of elimination, the time needed to remain free of PRRS to break even ranged from 18 to 83 months.
The cost of CDR was significantly higher, ranging from $250 to $350/breeding female vs. $10 to $40/breeding female for HCR.
PRRS Still Has Upper Hand
Despite all of the innovations and advancements made in PRRS research and application of control strategies at the farm level, the virus appears to still be winning the battle and may be winning the war, Holtkamp says.
“Not only have we not beat PRRS, I think we are losing ground. In order to beat this disease, the only strategy that is going to be successful is to get ahead of it by eliminating it faster than we have outbreaks,” he says.
The dozen or so regional PRRS control projects are a way to get that job done. That is, dealing with the disease on a regional/community level, addressing routes of transmission and local risk factors, and getting people working together and sharing information, he says.
The research team that compiled the PRRS economic impact study consisted of Holtkamp, James Kliebenstein, Jeff Zimmerman, DVM, Tiffany Yoder, Chong Wang and Chris Mowrer, Iowa State University; Eric Neumann, DVM, Massey University (New Zealand); Hans Rotto, DVM, Innovative Agricultural Solutions, Ames, IA; Paul Yeske, DVM, Swine Veterinary Center, St. Peter, MN; and Charles Haley, DVM, USDA.
PRRS Herd Classifications Ease Analysis
The objectives of the National Pork Board’s $80,000 funding of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) economic impact study were to estimate the current costs of PRRS virus in the United States and to estimate the cost of eliminating the virus.
The goal was to provide data useful to local, state and national control/elimination efforts and for allocation of resources for swine health research.
Lead researcher Derald Holtkamp, DVM, of Iowa State University devised four categories of breeding herds based on their PRRS status. Definitions for these classifications were developed by the American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture PRRS Coordinated Agricultural Program (PRRS-CAP).
The four categories included herds that met the AASV/PRRS-CAP criteria for category I (positive unstable) or category II (positive stable) breeding herds, while PRRS virus-free breeding herds included those that met the classification criteria for category III (provisional negative) or category IV (negative).
Holtkamp explains that once herds were classified based on whether they were PRRS virus-infected or PRRS virus-free, breeding herds (BH) were further categorized by whether they had an outbreak within the last 12 months. Thus, the categories are:
- BH-A: herds that were PRRS virus-free, no outbreak;
- BH-B: herds with an outbreak in the last 12 months but were PRRS virus-free before the break;
- BH-C: herds that were PRRS virus-infected but had not experienced an outbreak for at least 12 months; and
- BH-D: herds that had experienced a PRRS outbreak within the last 12 months and were PRRS virus-infected when the outbreak occurred.
The PRRS category assigned to a breeding herd could change over time.
Since most growing pigs are confined in static groups rather than in a continuous-flow environment, Holtkamp’s team of researchers devised a simpler means of placing growing pigs into three categories, according to their PRRS status at placement and at the time of marketing, as follows:
- GP-A: growing pigs that were PRRS negative at weaning and remained negative until marketing;
- GP-B: growing pigs that were PRRS negative at weaning, but became infected prior to marketing; and
- GP-C: growing pigs that were PRRS positive at weaning and remained positive throughout the growing period.
Standardizing the terminology has helped clarify disease status for cleanup programs, and the breeding herd and growing pig classifications have been adopted for use in a number of the regional PRRS control projects, Holtkamp says. | <urn:uuid:ef01373a-c19d-4b39-bd26-cfb9dca2c097> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nationalhogfarmer.com/print/health-diseases/new-prrs-study-impact-0920 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962079 | 2,411 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Keep Pets and Humans Safe
National Dog Bite Prevention Week (May 17-23, 2015).
I always thought my dogs would not bite or fight. Only “bad” dogs bite.
Then a few years ago, my husband sustained an “accidental” bite on his hand when he tried to break up a fight between our two lovely, normally very gentle, well-trained dogs, Cookie and Isabelle. A few weeks later, without warning, a close friend’s dog attacked a little girl at a barbecue in their garden. She required 20 stitches and reconstructive surgery on her face. We had known the dog since birth and he had seemed fine with kids. He had to be put down and the emotional and financial cost to everyone involved was awful, especially the little girl.
Now I have Kilo the Rescue Pug. Pugs are usually thought of as one of the least likely dog breeds to bite. They are friendly little lap dogs and love to cuddle. Kilo is very loving with me and with my family. We all adore him.
However I suspect Kilo might bite another dog or human under certain conditions, so I am very grateful for National Dog Bite Prevention Week. We have to take every precaution possible to keep him and the people and dogs around him safe. He looks so cute, people always want to pat him on our walks. Luckily, I have been pleasantly surprised. Most kids ask first and are very understanding and respectful. Our neighbours have all been very good about helping him too.
Kilo considers the postman and certain strangers that come to the house or pass on the street very serious threats. He is not alone. The U.S. Postal Service reports that 5,581 postal employees were attacked by dogs in 2013, and I bet many more smaller incidents went unreported.
According to the AVMA Dog Bite Prevention webpage:
- Each year, more than 4.5 million people in the U.S. are bitten by dogs.
- Almost 1 in 5 people bitten by dogs require medical attention.
- Every year, more than 800,000 Americans receive medical attention for dog bites; at least half of them are children.
- Children are, by far, the most common victims of dog bites and are far more likely to be severely injured. According to the Center for Disease Control, dog bites were the 11th leading cause of nonfatal injury to children ages 1-4, 9th for ages 5-9 and 10th for ages 10-14 from 2003-2012.
- Most dog bites affecting young children occur during everyday activities and while interacting with familiar dogs.
- Senior citizens are the second most common dog bite victims.
What can you do to prevent dog bites?
- Do your research before getting a puppy. Make sure you understand the responsibilities and choose the breed that is right for your lifestyle. Dogs that do not get appropriate attention, mental stimulation and exercise may be more likely to develop behavioural issues. Check out our breed library and quiz.
- Socialize your puppy well with other puppies, dogs, people and situations. Get more information on socialization.
- Train your puppy in obedience using positive reinforcement (see Training Tuesday posts for tips).
- Take your puppy/dog to the vet regularly and make sure they are healthy. Some dogs may act out if they have pain or medical issues.
- Always supervise children, especially small children around dogs. Never leave them alone. Train both the children and the dog how to interact politely and respectfully.
- Never approach someone else’s dog and try to pat it without asking.
- Be alert to dangerous situations. Be calm.
- Do not reach towards dogs tied up, in crates or behind fences. They may feel threatened or territorial.
- If you do reach out to let a dog sniff your hand with permission, it may be safer to pat under the chin first. Some dogs get frightened by hands coming down above their heads.
- Do not run past a dog off leash as some dogs like to chase.
- Do not disturb a dog that is caring for puppies, sleeping or eating.
- Do not take things away from dogs without precautions (trading, saying drop etc). Some dogs will guard their resources.
- If a dog looks threatening, avoid eye contact, keep still or back away very slowly. Do not scream. (Having said that, I have seen some trainers use very loud noises as an interruption to distract and sometimes stop an aggressive small dog effectively)
- If a dog does attack you and you are on the ground, curl in a ball and protect your face.
Find out more about why dogs bite and what you can do to prevent dog bites in this AVMA article: | <urn:uuid:37b2f467-bf39-40eb-a8b8-8e447ad58e2d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://talenthounds.ca/news/wordless-wednesday/dog-bite-prevention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965542 | 975 | 2.625 | 3 |
A description of the Q3VM architecture and operations.
The Q3VM is a virtual machine used by Quake III to run the game module. The VM is a sort of sandbox to limit the damage a rogue or malicious QVM program can wreak. Though not perfect, it certainly is much safer than full access to native machine language, which could otherwise more easily allow the spread of viruses or the corruption of system resources. In addition, Q3VM programs, similar to JVM's, are write-once run-on-many-platforms (at least for which a Q3VM interpreter or compiler exists).
The instruction set for the Q3VM is derived from the bytecode interpreter target of LCC, with minor differences. The VM heavily relies on stack operations (stack-based machine).
Memory bus of little-endian, unsigned 32 bits, flat memory space, zero-based addressing, octet-accessible.
Memory is accessible in words of 4 octets (32 bits), 2 octets (16 bits), and single octect (8 bits).
Code and data occupy distinct address spaces. Thus code address 0 is not the same as data address 0. This separation also precludes self-modifying code.
Q3VM is CISC-like in the sense that opcodes do not occupy equal amounts of space. Some opcodes take a parameter embedded in the code segment. As a result, the length of the code segment has no bearing on the number of instructions in the code segment. The QVM file format header manifests this distinction.
Jump addresses are specified in terms of instructions, rather than bytes. Thus, the VM code memory requires special processing when loading the code segment to identify instruction offsets.
While the Q3VM is currently implemented only in emulation, the concept of a VM's CPU is a convenient notion.
Theses are guesses derived from modern machines, other fictional machines, and Forth.
List of opcodes recognized by the Q3VM. All opcodes occupy one octet, and take 1 or 4 additional octets as parameters. All multi-octet values are treated as little-endian (a legacy of Id's MS-DOS days).
Opcode mnemonics ("names") follow a pattern (intriguingly, the opcode values don't, as they do on other architectures). Up to four letters for the operation name, then a letter indicating a data type, then a digit indicating data size (usually the number of required octets).
Data type and size codes:
Generalized opcodes list (lcc bytecode):
List of assembly directives:
Specific opcodes (Q3VM bytecode): (TOS = Top Of Stack; NIS = Next In Stack (next value after TOS)) (Hack syntax: $PARM = code parameter)
|1||IGNORE||-||no-operation (nop) instruction.|
|3||ENTER||4||Begin procedure body, adjust stack $PARM octets for frame (always at least 8 (i.e. 2 words)). Frame contains all local storage/variables and arguments space for any calls within this procedure.|
|4||LEAVE||4||End procedure body, $PARM is same as that of the matching ENTER.|
|5||CALL||-||make call to procedure (code address <- TOS).|
|6||PUSH||-||push nonsense (void) value to opstack (TOS <- 0).|
|7||POP||-||pop a value from stack (remove TOS, decrease stack by 1).|
|8||CONST||4||push literal value onto stack (TOS <- $PARM)|
|9||LOCAL||4||get address of local storage (local variable or argument) (TOS <- (frame + $PARM)).|
|10||JUMP||-||branch (code address <- TOS)|
|11||EQ||4||check equality (signed integer) (compares NIS vs TOS, jump to $PARM if true).|
|12||NE||4||check inequality (signed integer) (NIS vs TOS, jump to $PARM if true).|
|13||LTI||4||check less-than (signed integer) (NIS vs TOS, jump to $PARM if true).|
|14||LEI||4||check less-than or equal-to (signed integer) (NIS vs TOS, jump to $PARM if true).|
|15||GTI||4||check greater-than (signed integer) (NIS vs TOS), jump to $PARM if true.|
|16||GEI||4||check greater-than or equal-to (signed integer) (NIS vs TOS), jump to $PARM if true.|
|17||LTU||4||check less-than (unsigned integer) (NIS vs TOS), jump to $PARM if true.|
|18||LEU||4||check less-than or equal-to (unsigned integer) (NIS vs TOS), jump to $PARM if true.|
|19||GTU||4||check greater-than (unsigned integer) (NIS vs TOS), jump to $PARM if true.|
|20||GEU||4||check greater-than or equal-to (unsigned integer) (NIS vs TOS), jump to $PARM if true.|
|21||EQF||4||check equality (float) (NIS vs TOS, jump to $PARM if true).|
|22||NEF||4||check inequality (float) (NIS vs TOS, jump to $PARM if true).|
|23||LTF||4||check less-than (float) (NIS vs TOS, jump to $PARM if true).|
|24||LEF||4||check less-than or equal-to (float) (NIS vs TOS, jump to $PARM if true).|
|25||GTF||4||check greater-than (float) (NIS vs TOS, jump to $PARM if true).|
|26||GEF||4||check greater-than or equal-to (float) (NIS vs TOS, jump to $PARM if true).|
|27||LOAD1||-||Load 1-octet value from address in TOS (TOS <- [TOS])|
|28||LOAD2||-||Load 2-octet value from address in TOS (TOS <- [TOS])|
|29||LOAD4||-||Load 4-octet value from address in TOS (TOS <- [TOS])|
|30||STORE1||-||lowest octet of TOS is 1-octet value to store, destination address in next-in-stack ([NIS] <- TOS).|
|31||STORE2||-||lowest two octets of TOS is 2-octet value to store, destination address in next-in-stack ([NIS] <- TOS).|
|32||STORE4||-||TOS is 4-octet value to store, destination address in next-in-stack ([NIS] <- TOS).|
|33||ARG||1||TOS is 4-octet value to store into arguments-marshalling space of the indicated octet offset (ARGS[offset] <- TOS).|
|35||SEX8||-||Sign-extend 8-bit (TOS <- TOS).|
|36||SEX16||-||Sign-extend 16-bit (TOS <- TOS).|
|37||NEGI||-||Negate signed integer (TOS <- -TOS).|
|38||ADD||-||Add integer-wise (TOS <- NIS + TOS).|
|39||SUB||-||Subtract integer-wise (TOS <- NIS - TOS).|
|40||DIVI||-||Divide integer-wise (TOS <- NIS / TOS).|
|41||DIVU||-||Divide unsigned integer (TOS <- NIS / TOS).|
|42||MODI||-||Modulo (signed integer) (TOS <- NIS mod TOS).|
|43||MODU||-||Modulo (unsigned integer) (TOS <- NIS mod TOS).|
|44||MULI||-||Multiply (signed integer) (TOS <- NIS * TOS).|
|45||MULU||-||Multiply (unsigned integer) (TOS <- NIS * TOS).|
|46||BAND||-||Bitwise AND (TOS <- NIS & TOS).|
|47||BOR||-||Bitwise OR (TOS <- NIS | TOS).|
|48||BXOR||-||Bitwise XOR (TOS <- NIS ^ TOS).|
|49||BCOM||-||Bitwise complement (TOS <- ~TOS).|
|50||LSH||-||Bitwise left-shift (TOS <- NIS << TOS).|
|51||RSHI||-||Algebraic (signed) right-shift (TOS <- NIS >> TOS).|
|52||RSHU||-||Bitwise (unsigned) right-shift (TOS <- NIS >> TOS).|
|53||NEGF||-||Negate float value (TOS <- -TOS).|
|54||ADDF||-||Add floats (TOS <- NIS + TOS).|
|55||SUBF||-||Subtract floats (TOS <- NIS - TOS).|
|56||DIVF||-||Divide floats (TOS <- NIS / TOS).|
|57||MULF||-||Multiply floats (TOS <- NIS x TOS).|
|58||CVIF||-||Convert signed integer to float (TOS <- TOS).|
|59||CVFI||-||Convert float to signed integer (TOS <- TOS).|
QVM file format. Multi-octet words are little-endian (LE).
|0||4||magic (0x12721444 LE, 0x44147212 BE)|
|8||4||length of CODE segment|
|12||4||offset of CODE segment|
|16||4||lenth of DATA segment|
|20||4||offset of DATA segment|
|24||4||length of LIT segment|
|28||4||length of BSS segment|
Following the header is the code segment, aligned on a 4-byte boundary. The code segment can be processed octet-by-octet to identify instructions. For bytecodes that take a multi-octet parameter, the parameter is stored in LE order. Big-endian machines may want to byte-swap the parameter for native-arithmetic purposes. The instruction count field in the header identifies when the sequence of instructions end. Comparisons of code length, instruction counts, and file positions can be used to verify proper processing.
The data segment follows the code segment. The assembler (qvm generator) needs to ensure the data segment begins on a 4-octet boundary (by padding with zeroes). The data segment consists of a series of 4-octet LE values that are copied into VM memory. For big-endian machines, each word may be optionally byte-swapped (for native arithmetic) on copy.
The lit segment immediately follows the data segment. This segment should already be aligned on a 4-octet boundary. The lit segment consists of a series of 1-octet values, copied verbatim to VM memory. No byte-swapping is needed.
The bss segment is not stored in the qvm file, since this segment consists of unitialized values (i.e. values that don't need to be stored). The VM must ensure there is still sufficient memory to accomodate the bss segment. The QVM header specifies the size of the bss segment. The VM may optionally initialize the bss portion of memory with zeroes.
Updated 2011.07.11 - change of contact e-mail | <urn:uuid:81d3778f-e7f9-4c8f-812b-1e97f2c3f78e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.icculus.org/%7Ephaethon/q3mc/q3vm_specs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.658086 | 2,699 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Posted By admin on December 9, 2010
• Hardcover: 416 pages
• Publisher: Penguin Press HC, The (February 17, 2011)
A multigenerational saga of three American families crossing the racial divide, written by one of our most accomplished historians of race and the law.
In America, race is a riddle. The stories we tell about our past have calcified into the fiction that we are neatly divided into black or white. It is only with the widespread availability of DNA testing and the boom in genealogical research that the frequency with which individuals and entire families crossed the color line has become clear.
In this sweeping history, Daniel J. Sharfstein unravels the stories of three extraordinary families from different eras of American history to represent the complexity of race in America and to force us to rethink our basic assumptions about who we are. The Gibsons were wealthy landowners in the South Carolina backcountry who became white in the 1760s, ascending to the heights of the Southern elite and, ultimately, to the United States Senate. The Spencers were hardscrabble farmers in the hills of eastern Kentucky, joining an isolated Appalachian community in the 1840s and for the better part of a century hovering on the line between white and black. The Walls were fixtures of the rising black middle class in post-Civil War Washington, D.C., only to give up everything they had fought for to become white at the dawn of the twentieth century. Together, their interwoven and intersecting stories uncover a forgotten America in which the rules of race were something to be believed, but not necessarily obeyed.
Defining their identities first as people of color and later as whites, the families provide a lens for understanding how people thought about and experienced race and how these ideas and experiences evolved-how the very meaning of black and white changed-over time. The Invisible Line will cut through centuries of myth and amnesia and poisonous racial politics and change how we talk about race, racism, and civil rights.
Daniel J. Sharfstein is an associate professor of law at Vanderbilt University. Sharfstein graduated from Yale Law School and from Harvard College, summa cum laude in History and Literature and Afro-American Studies. He has been awarded fellowships in legal history from Harvard, New York University, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Sharfstein has written for the Yale Law Journal, New York Times, Economist, Washington Post, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and Legal Affairs.
Daniel’s Tour Stops
Thursday, February 17th: That’s What She Read
Monday, February 21st: My American Melting Pot
Thursday, February 24th: Regular Rumination
Monday, February 28th: Mocha Dad
Tuesday, March 1st: Bloggin’ ‘Bout Books
Thursday, March 3rd: BookNAround
Monday, March 7th: Scraps of Life
Tuesday, March 8th: Book Club Classics!
Friday, March 11th: The Brain Lair
Monday, March 14th: Chaotic Compendiums
Tuesday, March 15th: A Few More Pages
Tuesday, March 15th: Gun Fighter
Wednesday, March 16th: Rhapsody In Books
Friday, March 18th: 1330v
Thursday, March 24th: Reading Through Life | <urn:uuid:665b8b1a-f661-4bc4-a185-6b201bf08b97> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://tlcbooktours.com/2010/12/daniel-sharfstein-author-of-the-invisible-line-on-tour-februarymarch-2011/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964753 | 691 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Often considered irredeemably conservative, the US working class actually has a rich history of revolt. Rebel Rank and File uncovers the hidden story of insurgency from below against employers and union bureaucrats in the late 1960s and 1970s.
From the mid-1960s to 1981, rank-and-file workers in the United States engaged in a level of sustained militancy not seen since the Great Depression and World War II. Millions participated in one of the largest strike waves in US history. There were 5,716 stoppages in 1970 alone, involving more than 3 million workers. Contract rejections, collective insubordination, sabotage, organized slowdowns, and wildcat strikes were the order of the day.
Workers targeted much of their activity at union leaders, forming caucuses to fight for more democratic and combative unions that would forcefully resist the mounting offensive from employers that appeared at the end of the postwar economic boom. It was a remarkable era in the history of US class struggle, one rich in lessons for today’s labor movement.
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Rent Rebel Rank and File 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Mike Davis. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Verso.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now. | <urn:uuid:02dc87ff-66ba-473f-8e3d-d2807c4af9e6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/rebel-rank-and-file-1st-edition-9781844671748-1844671747 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958756 | 287 | 3.078125 | 3 |
By Alex Trukan
Passing is recognised as one of the core skills in football. This pattern practice focuses on improving this component altogether with anaerobic endurance. That will enable players to sustain the quality of actions throughout the whole match.
Set up and directions:
Organise four cones (2 cones and 2 markers) 20-25 yards apart from each other diagonally as shown on the diagram. Divide players into two groups and set one group on one marker and the second group on the opposite marker. Only one ball will be used in the practice but min. of 4 balls should be placed around and supplied immediately when needed. The practice starts as the first player passes the ball to the opposite group.
After the pass is made, opposite player plays the ball back (one or two touches) and the game continues. Player who has made a pass sprints to the cone on his right hand side and then jogs to the back of the opposite group. Sprinting player should try to touch the red cone before the next pass is made.
Progression can include different running shape. As we can see on the diagram below, after the pass is made, player sprints to the cone on his right side and then returns (backwards) to the same group.
Each sprint should last 2-4 seconds (20-25 yards) with 10 seconds rest in between. That should be repeated 6-10 times in 2-4 series (4 min. rest between). Sprint or dribbling (variation) should be performed on maximal speed (>180 bpm.)
- Change shape and direction of sprints
- Dribble/RWTB to the cone before passing
- Introduce passive defenders to dribble past
By Alex Trukan, Development Coach, Nottingham Forest | <urn:uuid:fa6b1aa1-d4df-4b5b-8557-9151c6acce89> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://coachingsoccerconditioning.com/passing-and-anaerobic-endurance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00124-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940121 | 363 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In music theory when naming intervals, a lowered diminished interval is a doubly diminished interval (dd) and a raised augmented interval is a doubly augmented interval (AA). One example is a C♯ to a G♭ would be a doubly diminished 5th (dd5) and a C♭ to a F♯ would be a doubly augmented 4th (AA4). However, these intervals can be converted to their enharmonic equivalent so the make more sense so instead of having a C♯ to a G♭ you could write it as C# to F# and have it be a P4 and instead of having a C♭ to F♯ you could write a B to F# and have it be a P5.
I have never actually seen a naturally occurring doubly diminished or doubly augmented interval I have only isolated examples in theory books. Is there ever any scenario where any doubly diminished or doubly augmented intervals are used in melodies or chords? | <urn:uuid:ea094439-9396-4eb2-8380-c3e7420d881a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://music.stackexchange.com/questions/15430/are-doubly-augmented-and-doubly-diminished-intervals-practical | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949958 | 204 | 2.875 | 3 |
"Master" is the word that all cultures use to describe
someone who has attained high levels of skill. A Taiji (T'ai
Chi ) master is generally one who has exceptional skill in
doing the form or in using the Taiji principles in boxing
(kung fu, martial arts) and in life. A Qigong (Ch'i Kung)
master is generally someone who has exceptional skill in
teaching the arts of self healing and performance
A master may also have the skills of special insight,
spiritual transcendence or projecting healing energy to
others. Mastery is the presence within the individual of
qualities that are generally considered unattainable or
Rarely, if ever, will a true master call himself or
herself a master. So, one quick test for mastery is whether
the individual self describes their self using the word
master. True mastery is recognizable, there the true master
will be acknowledge as such without having to declare
Mastery is frequently associated with non touch
healing (Qi emission), psychic knowing or walking on sharp
swords. Mastery is as often expressed as warm, supportive,
loving energy as it is expressed as Qi "phenomena" like
moving objects without touching them, shrinking tumors or
conducting high voltage electricity.
Two critical aspects regarding Taiji and Qigong
- Their skill is the expression of either a
profound gift or deep devotion to practice.
- Their abilities can be radically distracting to
your own empowerment. If the master heals you the
message is that the healing came from outside
yourself. This is an illusion.
The beauty of mastery is that it shows where we can
go, mastery inspires by demonstrating the possibilities.
The downside of the "master" allure is that it can put
those of lesser skill into a vulnerable position. Believing
that they have to get the benefits from a master they live
in the illusion that they can't get the benefits themselves.
Because so many people have lost access to self reliance the
excitement of finding a master replaces the profound power
of personal practice. | <urn:uuid:9c465d9e-47a8-4210-b90e-27b830a3734b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.healthy.net/Health/Article/Choosing_your_Path_What_is_a_Qigong_or_Taiji_Master/281 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00094-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931457 | 445 | 2.53125 | 3 |
South Carolina Aquatic Plant
The S.C. Department of Natural Resources in conjunction with the Aquatic Plant Management Council is responsible for the management of nuisance aquatic vegetation in public waters. Each year an Aquatic Plant Management Plan is developed which identifies aquatic weed problem areas, describes management objectives, prescribes management strategies, and determines funding needs and sources.
To view the current plan, click on the appropriate section below. Part I is the Procedural Plan that provides an overview of the program and describes the planning process. Part II is the Annual Management Plan that lists water bodies to receive management efforts and describes in detail proposed control strategies.
2016 S.C. Aquatic Plant Management Plan | <urn:uuid:b7a96af6-21fe-4f95-b5d6-ba34db48744d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dnr.sc.gov/water/envaff/aquatic/plan.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878527 | 138 | 2.625 | 3 |
According to NASA, 2010 has been the hottest year on record. Atmospheric CO2 is at an all time high and global warming is rearing its sweltering head. How can we prevent this from accelerating to the point of no return?
Tragically, the December, 2009 UN Climate Change negotiations in Copenhagen failed, leaving no serious global plan or commitment in place. Fortunately in California, we have AB32 (the Global Warming Solutions Act), which sets greenhouse gas emission reduction goals for the state and SB 375 (the Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act), which connects them to land use and transportation planning.
The California Air Resources Board (ARB) and the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) recently held a target setting public workshop in Los Angeles on greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Under SB 375 the ARB is required to set passenger vehicle greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for 2020 and 2035 for each of the 18 metropolitan planning organizations in the state like SCAG. Since approximately 40 percent of greenhouse gases nationally come from passenger vehicles and light trucks, ways must be found to reduce the number of vehicle miles traveled, as well as increase efficiency and the use of cleaner, renewable fuels.
The ARB has set a draft 5-10 percent statewide reduction goal in per capita emissions relative to 2005 levels for 2020 and a 3-12 percent reduction for Southern California for 2035. Given the severity of the climate change crisis and the need to substantially reduce total, not just per capita emissions, is this enough?
The ARB spoke of the time needed to change land use forms and transportation infrastructure, and to account for the recession and economic recovery. Jacob Lieb of SCAG reported on our region’s progress and outlined five scenarios that vary in the intensity of land use and transportation system components. The goal he said is to find a scenario that is both “achievable” due to economic constraints and “ambitious” because of the urgency of the crisis.
We can’t afford to be anything less than ambitious. Polls consistently show large majorities of Americans believe the Earth is warming precipitously as the result of human activity and they want the government to act. Yet too often government does not. Why? We have to look at the way we elect people and the rules under which they govern.
Despite the recent eco-catastrophe in the Gulf (that should remind us how dangerous and unsustainable our climate change-inducing fossil-fuel dependence is), efforts to pass a federal climate change bill in 2010 are going nowhere, in part because of the filibuster rule in the U.S. Senate. Here the minority prevents the majority from acting.
To control foreign oil, incredible sums are spent in Iran and Afghanistan, even though most Americans would prefer they be spent at home. For what the US spends in a few weeks on war, not only could the Exposition Rail Line to Santa Monica have already been funded and built, but an entire regional rail network across Southern California. In that case, the ARB/SCAG workshop could have focused on complementary local land use patterns and transit connections to already existing regional public transportation corridors, and we’d be 20 to 30 years ahead of where we are now.
Part of the reason we are behind is that our electoral system is 100 years behind. Supermajority contortions like the 60 vote U.S. Senate filibuster and the two-thirds vote of the California Legislature required to pass a budget are understandable responses, however ultimately flawed, to the inflexibility of an electoral system based upon singe-seat, winner-take-all districts and the kind of government that results from them.
It’s not a surprise that Europe is far ahead of the U.S. on climate change. They use systems of proportional representation to elect their legislatures, where if a party gets 20 percent of the vote they get 20 percent of the seats. These systems bring all points of view to the table in government and have allowed Green Parties and others who embrace climate change solutions to be elected, raise issues and shift debate. The German Green Party made climate change its number one issue for federal elections in 1990. As a result, a later Green-Social Democratic coalition government enacted a successful carbon tax that discourages greenhouse gas emissions by creating a tax on the carbon content of fossil fuels, while incentivizing employment by reducing taxes on labor.
It’s fantastic that AB32 passed in 2006. But it needed to have come 15 years earlier, along with the move to create jobs through a green economy. We need a political system that gives voice to these cutting edge ideas sooner than later.
California took a backwards step with the passage of Proposition 14, which would raise the cost of elections and limit voter choice. But Proposition 14 was also a frustrated response to the under-representative nature of government via winner-take-all, single-seat districts. If it is thrown out in the courts, and there are good reasons to believe it will be, if we want to really deal with climate change, it will be time to change the political climate, through electoral reform that more fully represents the people. A system like that is the kind I would trust more to care for the people and the planet.
Linda Piera-Avila is currently running as the Green Party candidate for the 41st Assembly District. She resides in Santa Monica where she works as a physical therapist and serves as a member of the Urban Forest Task Force. Linda can be contacted on Facebook and at www.linda-piera-avila.org. | <urn:uuid:1c5b2c89-d70a-4d31-b0f2-dc095ee176ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://smdp.com/changing-the-political-climate/77109 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00177-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949992 | 1,137 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Brief SummaryRead full entry
G. G. Erdmann
Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) is the most valuable of the native birches. It is easily recognized by the yellowish-bronze exfoliating bark for which it is named. The inner bark is aromatic and has a flavor of wintergreen. Other names are gray birch, silver birch, and swamp birch. This slow-growing long-lived tree is found with other hardwoods and conifers on moist well-drained soils of the uplands and mountain ravines. It is an important source of hardwood lumber and a good browse plant for deer and moose. Other wildlife feed on the buds and seeds. | <urn:uuid:6011e1dc-404b-486f-ad5f-87776a962751> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eol.org/pages/1149474/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941946 | 150 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The Wall exists (1963-89)
East Germany proceeds with the perfection of the border system. Meanwhile the West remains passive.Until 1989, almost 5000 escapes are attempted. Among those, 3000 lead to injury and arrest and 239 result in death.
June 21th 1963 ______________________________
The East German government establishes a 100-yard border zone between East Germany and West Berlin.East German citizens need a special permit to enter this zone.Foreign nationals are prohibited from entering the zone.
June 21th 1963 _______________________________
John F. Kennedy Visit
The US President, John F. Kennedy, receives a triumphal welcome by the citizens of West Berlin.However, the hopes to see a change for the divided city are not fulfilled.
December 17th 1963 _________________________
East German border guards begin the construction of watchtowers to better control the death zone and stop the escape attempts.
December 1966 ____________________________
Negotiations on further permit regulations break down. Visitor traffic slows down.
East German border guards begin the installation of additional Wall segment made of concrete and topped with pipe-shaped elements, making any escape attempts nearly impossible.
A new fence made of closed knit barbered wire is added.
February 1971 _______________________________
In order to increase effectiveness, the East German border guards are restructured.
May 3rd 1971 _________________________________
Honecker becomes the new
Erich Honecker replaces Ulbricht as head of the Communist Party. However, the hopes of reforms under the new leadership are soon doomed. Honecker strengthens both the ideology of the SED regime and the border system (1974 - 1976).
December 17th 1971 _________________________
The Treaty for Transit between East and West Germany is signed.
June 3rd 1972 ________________________________
Four Powers Agreement
The Four Powers Agreement becomes effective. The status of Berlin remains unchanged.
December 21th 1972 _________________________
East and West Germany sign the Basic Treaty. This represents the de facto recognition of East Germany by the West German Government.
1974 - 1976 _________________________________
Installation of the second wall, deeper into East German territory takes place. It includes a touch-sensitive, self-firing fence. The first Watchtowers become operational one year later.In 1976, the construction of Generation 4 of the Wall begins. (Grenzmauer 75) The Wall becomes harder to penetrate. Nevertheless, the chain of escape attempts does not end. The East Germans have an untamed desire for freedom and are constantly devising new, smart plans to escape. As a result, East German authorities increase their control of the border structures. The drowning incident of two young West Berliner kids in the Spree River shows the ruthlessness of the East German border guards. At first, the prevent West German rescuers from saving the children. Eventually they make their own efforts to help them, but it is too late.
October 7th 1977 ____________________________
East Germans do not back the policy and measures of the SED - Regime.Especially among the younger adults, there is increasing opposition. On October 7, 1977 - the National Holiday - heavy clashes are reported between younger attendants and the Police Forces.The crowd demands: "Down with the Wall!" To subdue the crowd, however, the police force responds with lethal force. Three teenagers die.
October 13th 1980 ___________________________
Mandatory currency exchange
East Germany's economic situation is more difficult than ever. Hard currency is needed to pay for vital raw materials and consumer goods from the West. In order to fill the empty treasury, the Eastern government alters the currency exchange and increases it to an artificially high rateIn turn, he visitors stop coming. | <urn:uuid:1536c67a-78f3-4b1c-ab76-b3e16ebd663c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.die-berliner-mauer.de/en/history/the-wall-exists-1963-89 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892753 | 758 | 2.859375 | 3 |
On August 5, 2010, U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu announced the awarding of $1 billion in Recovery Act funding to the FutureGen Alliance, Ameren Energy Resources, Babcock & Wilcox, and Air Liquide Process & Construction, Inc. to build FutureGen 2.0, a clean coal repowering program and carbon dioxide (CO2) storage network.
The project was designed to test advanced oxy-combustion technology to capture approximately 1.3 million tonnes of CO2 each year. Oxy-combustion burns coal with a mixture of oxygen and CO2 instead of air to produce a concentrated CO2 stream for safe, permanent, storage. In addition, oxy-combustion technology creates a near-zero emissions plant by eliminating almost all of the mercury, SOx, NOx, and particulate pollutants from plant emissions. The Office of Fossil Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory studies have identified oxy-combustion as potentially the least cost approach to clean-up existing coal-fired facilities and capture CO2 for geologic storage.
Morgan County, Ill. was selected as the preferred location for the FutureGen 2.0 CO2 storage site, visitor center, research, and training facilities.
PHASE II BEGINS
On February 4, 2013, following the successful completion of the first phase, the Energy Department announced the beginning of Phase II of project development with a new cooperative agreement between the FutureGen Industrial Alliance and the Department of Energy for an innovative carbon capture and storage (CCS) project in Illinois.
DRAFT EIS ISSUED
On April 25, 2013, a draft Environmental Impact Statement for the FutureGen 2.0 project was released.
FINAL EIS ISSUED
On October 25, 2013, the Department of Energy released the final Environmental Impact Statement for the FutureGen 2.0 project.
RECORD OF DECISION ISSUED
On January 15, 2014, the Department of Energy released the Record of Decision for the FutureGen 2.0 project. DOE has decided to proceed with cost-shared funding for the FutureGen 2.0 Project, providing the Alliance with $1 billion through cooperative agreements to support the planning, design, construction, and operation of a prototype power plant, including the capture, conveyance, and sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2).
CLOSEOUT OF FEDERAL SUPPORT
Due to statutory restraints under The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the Department of Energy initiated a structured closeout of federal support for the FutureGen 2.0 project in February 2015. Although federal support for the project has ended, FutureGen 2.0 provided tangible benefits and valuable information, particularly with regard to oxy-combustion technology and storage site characterization. | <urn:uuid:809d3a19-2f24-4483-beca-e54db1955289> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/clean-coal-research/major-demonstrations/futuregen-20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91515 | 564 | 2.609375 | 3 |
At Spire Cambridge Lea Hospital, expert Neurophysiologist Dr Andrew Michell carries out testing to help diagnose nerve problems including EMG. The treatment and studies are carried out in a clean and safe private hospital environment.
What are nerve conduction studies and EMG?
They are tests of the peripheral nerves and muscles that are commonly used to help diagnose weakness, numbness and other symptoms. The term EMG (electromyography) is often used by clinicians to refer to both nerve conduction studies and EMG. There are many causes of weakness or numbness, so sometimes these tests need to be interpreted alongside scan results or other investigations. Not all of the conditions that have an abnormal EMG are serious.
What happens before the investigation?
There are no special precautions required. It is helpful to wear loose fitting clothing as Dr Michell will generally need to examine your arms or legs. Please avoid moisturising creams for the day of the test as they can interfere with the recordings. A partner or family member is very welcome to accompany you during testing.
Dr Michell will need to be aware if:
- If you have a pacemaker or implanted cardioverter or cardiac defibrillator
- If you are taking warfarin or heparin medication
- If you have an increased risk of bleeding or infection
What will happen during testing?
Nerve conduction studies are generally performed first. Small sticky electrodes are attached to the skin to measure the ability of your nerves to conduct electrical signals. A very short electrical pulse is applied to the nerve (lasting a split second – in fact less than one thousandth of a second) and the response is recorded. During this you feel a tapping sensation which is over very briefly. Dr Michell records the size, shape and speed of responses from nerves that go to supply muscles and others from the skin.
Sometimes Dr Michell will also need to perform EMG using a single very fine sterile electrode inserted into the muscle to record the electrical activity when it contracts. The electrode is very thin, like an acupuncture needle, electrical stimulation is not used at all – it is simply recording. It is only used on one patient so can not transmit infection. You generally feel a scratch when the electrode is inserted but the needle is very small and with experience this can be made as painless as possible.
The whole consultation generally takes about 30 minutes, but testing takes only part of this time.
Are there any risks?
There are no side effects or complications following routine nerve conduction studies. After an EMG the muscle may feel slightly itchy or ache for a few minutes, and you may notice a small bruise. It is a very safe procedure, and infections have not been reported. You can return to your normal activities immediately after the investigation. Should you be concerned about pain, swelling or bruising please contact Dr Michell via his secretary (07762 430 754) or your GP.
The results of the investigation are sent to the referring consultant within a couple of days. It is often possible to discuss preliminary results at the time of testing. However, in many instances the overall interpretation of the results needs to be performed by the consultant that referred you for the test, who will have access to other investigations such as scans or blood tests. | <urn:uuid:f70ac67d-a0fd-4fd3-9142-66eed9b98999> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.spirehealthcare.com/cambridge/our-facilities-treatments-and-consultants/our-treatments/nerve-conduction-studies-and-emg/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956153 | 673 | 2.734375 | 3 |
These "molecular fossils" also revealed that viruses and proteins of immune system share the same structure. One plausible explanation may be that viral building blocks served as precursors for the evolutionary more recent immune system of animals.
These results are an outcome of recent advances in structural biology, a new discipline integrating applied physics, biochemistry and biology, which have permitted detailed comparison of viral structures in atomic detail. Such comparison led to the discovery that viruses without any sequence homology may be related.
Earlier approaches to delineate evolutionary history of viruses have failed. Since Charles Darwin evolutionary history of multicellular organisms has been delineated using fossils, e.g. physical remains of animals and plants. Later genome sequencing provided support for this framework at the molecular level. However, as virus sequences diverge rapidly and they do not leave behind physical fossils due to their small size, these methods could not be used in studies of the evolution of viruses. | <urn:uuid:44f8f770-f94b-4e84-ac14-e442e5a7381d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Molecular-fossils-uncover-link-between-viruses-and-the-immune-system-649-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929042 | 189 | 3.71875 | 4 |
The treatment -- called MultiStem® and manufactured by Athersys, Inc. -- uses a collection of stem cells derived from a bone marrow aspirate taken from a single adult donor. Using special technology, the cells have been multiplied to allow for easy availability and immediate usage.
Pierre Fayad, M.D., the Reynolds Professor of the UNMC Department of Neurological Sciences and director of The Nebraska Medical Center Stroke Center, will serve as principal investigator for UNMC's portion of the study.
"Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in adults with very limited treatment options," Dr. Fayad said. "We're excited to be selected as one of the centers for this study. It will allow us to offer our patients a completely new approach to treating stroke."
The study is being conducted nationwide through leading stroke centers across the country.
"Stroke causes inflammation in the brain. If you can block the inflammation, you may improve the patient outcome." Pierre Fayad, M.D.
Pierre Fayad, M.D.
UNMC will be responsible for enrolling between six and 10 patients over approximately the next 18 months, Dr. Fayad said.
For information on patient eligibility for the study, see sidebar.
The study is a double blind, placebo controlled Phase II clinical trial. The purpose of the Phase II study will be to determine the safety and tolerability of MultiStem®. In tests on rodents that have undergone an experimentally induced stroke, one treatment of MultiStem® produced significant improvement in motor skills and reduced inflammatory damage in the brain without causing any serious side effects.
"Stroke causes inflammation in the brain," Dr. Fayad said. "If you can block the inflammation, you may improve the patient outcome. This is a novel way of modifying the body's response to inflammation when someone has a stroke, without taking apparently significant risks. The cells have a significant effect on the immune system's reactions that are not attainable with existing pharmaceuticals."
When someone has a stroke, the person's spleen shrinks as inflammatory cells migrate to the site of the stroke. In rodents treated with MultiStem® following a stroke, the spleen size remained normal and increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were found in the blood.
In response to the question below: UNMC annually has an average of over 700 patients with stroke, TIA, or cerebrovascular disease every year.
Hi, Tom, a very informative article. How many patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes are treated annually at UNMC? Thanks! | <urn:uuid:98dace82-93ca-46c0-9f25-1ad028492876> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://app1.unmc.edu/PublicAffairs/TodaySite/SiteFiles/today_full.cfm?match=11263 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939818 | 535 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This article appears courtesy of Lasse Skjoldan, Copenhagen Climate Council
In two Tokyo train stations, steps are under way to generate electricity from the floors of the ticket gates and staircases. If successful, passengers could help provide the train stations with 1,400 kilowatts per second each day.
Tokyo train station, 8 a.m. One of the 400,000 daily commuters passes through the ticket gate and walks the stairs to the train platform, as he has always done. But, for the moment, this walk is different. For each step the commuter takes, he generates electricity. The floors have been outfitted with power-generating mats that capture the vibrations of the pedestrian and transforms them into electricity.
So far, the power-generating floors are only on trial in two Japanese train stations – the Tokyo station and Shibuya station, which is used by about 2.4 million people on an average week day. When the test period ends in February 2009, the makers – Soundpower Corp. and East Japan Railway Company (JR East) – hope the floors have improved to the point that they can provide all the electricity needed to run the automatic ticket gates and electronic display systems.
Ten steps at a time
The technique behind the power-generating floors is called piezoelectricity, and comes from the ability of some materials to generate an electric potential when stressed or squeezed. When a person steps on one of the mats, the piezoelectric elements beneath it are stretched a little by the weight to produce a small electric current, which is captured by a mini-generator that turns it into electricity. (Read more about piezoelectricity here).
In late 2006, when JR East and Soundpower Corp. first put the piezoelectric floor to a test in the Tokyo train station, one average person with the weight of 60 kg (approx. 130 lbs.) generated 0.1 watt stepping across the tile. When the experiment was repeated in 2007, this power generating capacity had increased tenfold to 1 watt per second, along with an improvement in the resilience of the floor.
After the current trial period ends, in February 2009, construction engineers expect another tenfold increase in the generating capacity per passenger – with an aim of 10 watt per second, as well as a two-month capacity decrease of "only" 90%.
If these figures hold, an average of 1,400 kilowatts per second will be produced by the power-generating tiles covering 25 square meters of floor at Tokyo station's Yaesu ticket exit and seven steps of a staircase inside the gate each day. According to JR East, this will be sufficient to run the automatic ticket gates and the electronic display systems.
Dance floors, shopping malls, roads
While the idea of power-generating floors seems especially well suited for train stations where there are always people walking around, it is also being tested elsewhere. All that is required is some sort of kinetic power – someone or something moving to produce "good vibrations."
In Israel, "energy-harvesting" firm Innowattech is paving the way for power-generating roads, as well as power-generating railways and airport landing and takeoff runways. According to Innowattech, on a busy expressway with 20 cars and trucks passing per minute, one kilometer of road (0.62 miles) could produce up to 1 megwatt per hour.
In the UK, British engineer David Webb of the consultancy Scott Wilson says the "heel strike mechanism" – a technology related to piezoelectricity – is likely soon to be installed in railways, supermarkets, shopping malls, etc., as the technology proves more viable. According to Webb, the probable place to start will be the touristy Spinnaker Tower in Portsmouth.
New Technologies Cut the Cost of Solar
William Ford Talks Up Energy Independence and Electric Cars | <urn:uuid:2268e538-dd4a-4851-8ced-a259fb550a52> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.celsias.com/article/foot-powering-tokyo-train-station/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934162 | 808 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Position:Home>General - Arts & Humanities > What does the poem Romance by Edgar Allan Poe mean?
What does the poem Romance by Edgar Allan Poe mean?
Including figurative language and a theme.
Best Answer - Chosen by Asker:
- by Edgar Allan Poe.
Romance, who loves to nod and sing,
With drowsy head and folded wing,
Among the green leaves as they shake
Far down within some shadowy lake,
To me a painted paroquet
Hath been- a most familiar bird-
Taught me my alphabet to say-
To lisp my very earliest word
While in the wild wood I did lie,
A child- with a most knowing eye.
Of late, eternal Condor years
So shake the very Heaven on high
With tumult as they thunder by,
I have no time for idle cares
Through gazing on the unquiet sky.
And when an hour with calmer wings
Its down upon my spirit flings-
That little time with lyre and rhyme
To while away- forbidden things!
My heart would feel to be a crime
Unless it trembled with the strings.
this is a lyrical poem about romance/passionate feelings. romance is likened toa drowsy state as when one's head is bowed down and full of imaginations sitting by the lake shore, watching leaves sway as birds fly up above. The condor bird was "extinct" for many years. Condor years means many years. that is an instance of figutative language. The condors shake the heavens with tumult as they flap wings (thunder by). The persona is disturbed gazing at the unquiet sky waiting for calmer wings. Romance is likened to this state. In love, there are ups and downs. Moments of pain and sadness have to be endured but surely peace and calmness often follow.
'Xcuse me pliz, gotta to rush now. If you are good at reading lengthy critical literary material, welcome to read more about Poe and the finer aspects of his poetry in the fairly excellent and exhaustive essay below.
Copyright @ 2006-2007 Questionhome.com | <urn:uuid:414edc0f-a7df-40ed-a060-921f24a656b8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.questionhome.com/html/g_a/20070709/99059.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934821 | 453 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Click above for a 700 x 700 pixel version
A computer rendering made from a 3D model of Michelangelo's David. The model
was built by scanning the statue using a laser triangulation rangefinder and
assembling the resulting range images to form a seamless polygon mesh. The
mesh contains 8 million polygons, each about 2.0 mm in size. The raw data from
which the mesh was built contains 2 billion polygons, representing range
samples spaced 0.25 mm apart on the statue surface. Although we also digitized
the statue's color, the veining and reflectance shown here are artificial. The
rendering includes simulated subsurface scattering, but with arbitrary
parameters. Thanks to Henrik Wann Jensen for computing this image.
Proc. SIGGRAPH 2000
We describe a hardware and software system for digitizing the shape and color of large fragile objects under non-laboratory conditions. Our system employs laser triangulation rangefinders, laser time-of-flight rangefinders, digital still cameras, and a suite of software for acquiring, aligning, merging, and viewing scanned data. As a demonstration of this system, we digitized 10 statues by Michelangelo, including the well-known figure of David, two building interiors, and all 1,163 extant fragments of the Forma Urbis Romae, a giant marble map of ancient Rome. Our largest single dataset is of the David - 2 billion polygons and 7,000 color images. In this paper, we discuss the challenges we faced in building this system, the solutions we employed, and the lessons we learned. We focus in particular on the unusual design of our laser triangulation scanner and on the algorithms and software we developed for handling very large scanned models. | <urn:uuid:a1c0d2e0-cef0-4ede-810c-411ba094b5be> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/dmich-sig00/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883497 | 369 | 3.125 | 3 |
Topic IndexLibrary Index
Click a letter to see a list of conditions beginning with that letter.
Click 'Topic Index' to return to the index for the current topic.
Click 'Library Index' to return to the listing of all topics.
Liver, Biliary, and Pancreatic Diagnostic Procedures
How is a liver, biliary, or pancreatic disorder diagnosed?
In order to reach a diagnosis for liver, biliary, or pancreatic disorders, a thorough and accurate medical history will be taken by your doctor, noting the symptoms you have experienced and any other pertinent information. A physical examination is also done to help assess the problem more completely.
The most commonly performed diagnostic procedures include the following:
Cholecystography (also called oral cholecystography or gallbladder series). A series of X-rays are taken of the gallbladder after a special contrast dye is swallowed, making it possible to detect gallstones, cholecystitis, and other abnormalities, although this is not commonly used.
Computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan). A diagnostic imaging procedure using a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images (often called slices) of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general X-rays.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). A procedure that allows the doctor to diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. The procedure combines X-ray and the use of an endoscope, which is a long, flexible, lighted tube. The scope is guided through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The doctor can examine the inside of these organs and detect any abnormalities. A tube is then passed through the scope, and a dye is injected which will allow the internal organs to appear on an X-ray.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (also called EGD or upper endoscopy). A procedure that allows the doctor to examine the inside of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. A thin, flexible, lighted tube, called an endoscope, is guided into the mouth and throat, then into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The endoscope allows the doctor to view the inside of this area of the body, as well as to insert instruments through a scope for the removal of a sample of tissue for biopsy (if necessary).
|Click Image to Enlarge
Hepatobiliary scintigraphy. An imaging technique of the liver, bile ducts, gallbladder, and upper part of the small intestine.
Laparoscopy. Use of a viewing tube with a lens or camera (and a light on the end), which is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen to examine the contents of the abdomen and remove tissue samples.
Liver biopsy. A procedure in which tissue samples from the liver are removed (with a needle or during surgery) from the body for examination under a microscope.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body.
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). A special type of MRI that uses radio waves and magnets to obtain pictures of the bile ducts and internal organs.
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). A needle is introduced through the skin and into the liver where the dye (contrast) is deposited and the bile duct structures can be viewed by X-ray.
Ultrasound (also called sonography). A diagnostic imaging technique, that uses high-frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. Ultrasounds are used to view internal organs of the abdomen, such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys, and to assess blood flow through various vessels.
X-ray. A diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film.
Online Medical Reviewer:
Berry, Judith, PhD, APRN
Online Medical Reviewer:
MMI board-certified, academically affiliated clinician
Date Last Reviewed:
© 2000-2016 The StayWell Company, LLC. 780 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional's instructions. | <urn:uuid:9dc5fb4a-0242-4204-9220-85b102b47539> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://healthlibrary.rsfh.com/library/diseasesconditions/adult/85,P00666 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912291 | 995 | 3.125 | 3 |
The “Benefits Of Organic Food Consumption On Physical And Cognitive Development” report penned by Kendra Wright provides people with tips on how to use organic fruits and vegetables properly.
Seattle, Wa (PRWEB) May 14, 2014
Benefits Of Organic Food Consumption On Physical And Cognitive Development, a new report created by Kendra Wright on the site Vkool.com uncovers to readers advantages and disadvantages of organic foods. In the first part of this report, people will discover some benefits of growing organic foods such as:
- Organic produce contains fewer pesticides;
- Organic food is often fresher;
- Organic farming is better for the environment;
- Growing organic foods can protect the environment from pollution;
- Organic farming may help conserve the soil and water.
In the second part of this article, Kendra Wright reveals to readers some reasons to eat organic foods including:
- Organic food is a rich source of antioxidants, which help prevent many cancers;
- Organic food may help prevent certain diseases such as stroke and heart attacks;
- Organic food contains salicylic acids that help prevent hardening of arteries;
- Organic food contains more mineral salts and other healthy chemicals than non-organic foods;
- It has a better effect on animal reproduction;
- It can help people control or even lose unnecessary weight.
The author also uncovers to readers some disadvantages of organic foods such as:
- Organic foods are more expensive than non-organic foods;
- Organic foods do not last long since they do not contain preservatives.
In the final part of the “Benefits Of Organic Food Consumption On Physical And Cognitive Development” report, the author uncovers to readers some fruits and vegetables that have the lowest levels of pesticides such as: onion, papaya, pineapple, sweet peas, sweet potatoes, grapefruit, cantaloupe, asparagus, avocado, mushrooms, cabbage, sweet corn, eggplant, kiwi, and mango. The author also recommends people to limit eating fruits and vegetables that have the highest pesticide levels on average including:
- Summer squash
- Hot peppers
- Sweet bell peppers
- Cherry tomatoes
Huy Pham from the site Vkool.com says, “Benefits Of Organic Food Consumption On Physical And Cognitive Development is a good report that helps readers understand more about organic food and its benefits on health. This report also uncovers to people some simple and easy tips to get cheap organic food such as buying organic food directly from farmers, or buying it online, or buying it at its peak season.”
If people want to get more detailed information from the “Benefits Benefits Of Organic Food Consumption On Physical And Cognitive Development” article, they should visit the website: http://vkool.com/benefits-of-organic-food/.
About Kendra Wright: Kendra Wright is an editor of the website Vkool.com. In this website, Kendra Wright provides people with a collection of articles on advantages and disadvantages of organic foods. | <urn:uuid:71afdd3b-8328-43d7-952c-3afec8259937> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.prweb.com/releases/benefits/of-organic-food/prweb11848562.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00131-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914972 | 632 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Low fat, reduced sodium, and trans fat free are all nutrient claims that you may see describe some of the food products you purchase. While these claims are regulated by the FDA to ensure that they are consistent among all food products, they don't always mean what you might think and often cause confusion amongst consumers.
It is important to understand what these claims mean and compare them to the food label on the product. If you don't know how to read a food label, learn how here.
Calorie Free: Less than 5 calories per serving.Fat
Low Calorie: 40 calories or less. For meals and main dishes, 120 calories or less per 100g.
Reduced/Less Calorie: At least 25% fewer calories than original reference food. Beware that whenever you see "Reduced" or "Less," this is does not necessarily mean it is a health food; it is just less than the original/reference food product.
Fat Free: Less than 0.5g per serving. If a serving is very small and you eat several servings, the fat amounts will add up. Just because something is low in fat, it does not mean that you can eat unlimited amounts. Keep in mind that calories are important, too. Some fat-free foods can be high in calories.Saturated Fat / Trans Fat
Low Fat: 3g or less per serving, or no more than 30% of calories from fat.
Reduced Fat: At least 25% less fat than the reference food. The word "reduced" does not mean it is healthy; keep in mind that this means it contains less fat than a referenced food.
Saturated Fat Free: Less than 0.5g per serving. To identify trans fats that may be hiding in a "trans fat-free" food, look on the ingredients label for the word "hydrogenated." This means the food has trans fats. Instead of using this food, try to find a comparable alternative without hydrogenated oils in it.Cholesterol
Low in Saturated Fat: 1g or less per serving and 15% or less of calories from saturated fat.
Reduced Saturated Fat: At least 25% less saturated fat per serving than a referenced food.
Cholesterol Free: Less than 2mg per serving.Sodium
Low Cholesterol: 20 mg or less per serving.
Reduced Cholesterol: At least 25% less cholesterol per serving than a referenced food.
Sodium Free: Less than 5mg per serving.Sugar
Low Sodium: 140 mg or less per serving.
Very Low Sodium: 35 mg or less per serving.
Reduced Sodium: At least 25% less per serving than a referenced food.
Sugar Free: Less than 0.5g per serving.Other Claims
Low Sugar: There is no definition for this claim and may not be used by food companies.
Reduced Sugar: At least 25% less sugar per serving than a referenced food.
No Added Sugars or Without Added Sugars: No sugar or sugar-containing ingredient is added during processing.
High, Rich In, Excellent Source of: Contains 20% or more of the daily value per serving.
Good Source of, Contains, or Provides: 10-19% of the daily value per serving.
More, Fortified, Enriched, Added, or Extra: 10% or more, per serving, of the daily value for vitamins, minerals, protein, fiber and/or potassium.
Lean: Seafood or meat products that contain less than 10g total fat, 4.5g or less of saturated fat and less than 95mg cholesterol per serving.
Extra Lean: Seafood or meat products that contain less than 5g total fat, less than 2g saturated fat and less than 95mg cholesterol.
Mandy Seay is a bilingual registered and licensed dietitian who holds both a bachelor's degree in nutrition and in journalism. After gaining 30 pounds while living abroad, Mandy worked to lose the weight and regain her health. It was here that she discovered her passion for nutrition and went on to pursue a career as a dietitian. Mandy currently works as a nutrition consultant and freelance writer in Austin, Texas, where she specializes in diabetes, weight management and general and preventive nutrition. She recently published her first book, Your Best Health, a personalized program to losing weight and gaining a healthy lifestyle. Please visit Mandy's website at Nutritionistics.com. | <urn:uuid:b3d73b17-df5d-40a5-af71-1b70091c9a8c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/healthy-living-101-understanding-nutrient-content-claims.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940731 | 915 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Your baby's lungs won't be fully developed until late in pregnancy, but the foundations are being laid down right now.
In this 7th week of pregnancy, your baby's lungs are starting to develop. This begins with a small lung bud branching out from the upper part of the tube (esophagus) between your baby's mouth and stomach. This lung bud forms the main windpipe or "trachea," which then divides into two main branches (bronchi) that will eventually form your baby's right and left lungs. These bronchi continue to branch into smaller tubes, a process that will be repeated many times.
Your baby's gut is also starting to develop, from the mouth downward. At the beginning of this week, his future digestive system consisted of a simple tube that lay along the length of the embryo; this tube was closed at each end. The tube remains closed but the esophagus has now started to separate from the trachea and connect to the stomach. The swelling that will become your baby's stomach forms around the center of his body, but undergoes a 90-degree rotation to lie more on the left-hand side.
Buds arise from the duodenum (the first part of the bowel that leaves the stomach) that will form the pancreas and bile duct to the gall bladder.
In just a couple of weeks, your baby will have all its major organs and body systems.
As A Matter Of Fact
Music therapy is a highly effective way to reduce stress.
A study found that pregnant women who listened to music that mimicked the human heartbeat had reduced stress levels compared to those who did not receive the treatment.
An ectopic pregnancy can cause abdominal pain on one side and irregular vaginal bleeding. Some women get shoulder-tip pain, thought to be caused by internal bleeding. An ectopic pregnancy can rupture the fallopian tube causing severe pain. Emergency medical attention is essential.
If an ectopic pregnancy is suspected, you will be given a scan. Sometimes the pregnancy will naturally regress; if not medication or surgery will be necessary.
Excerpted from Pregnancy Day by Day.
Copyright © 2008 Dorling Kindersley Limited.
Buy this book now! | <urn:uuid:e115bab2-c3e1-4c84-977b-c486f00d5018> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://pregnancy.familyeducation.com/first-trimester/6-weeks-4-days.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948433 | 456 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Westonbirt, The National Arboretum, is full of magnificent trees.
As part of our half term Wooden Wonders event taking place from 14 – 16 February, Kate Cashmore from Westonbirt’s learning team has created a trail which will help you find out about our hidden wonders.
Here, she highlights some of the Wooden Wonders that you can discover when you follow the trail.
The giant redwoods or Wellingtonia that you’ll find at Westonbirt grow naturally in California, and have evolved to cope with the forest fires that occur naturally every few years.
The thick fibrous bark is fire-resistant, and the huge mature trees are seldom killed by fire.
The cones need the heat of the fire to make them open, and then the light seeds are released after the fire has passed, onto the burned but richly fertile soil, without competition from other plants.
Nowadays, we also use wood for its fire-resistance. Fire doors are made of wood – usually blockboard or plywood.
Heavy beams in aircraft hangars are also wooden, as timber burns at 1mm per minute, so firemen can predict how long a door or beam will last in a fire, whereas with concrete or metal, you cannot predict the moment of collapse. | <urn:uuid:38c706e9-6af6-4260-bb2b-c5bda28d391a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fowa.org.uk/your_westonbirt/blog/?p=1415 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947557 | 266 | 3.296875 | 3 |
CAUTION TO STUDENTS
CAUTION TO STUDENTS:
(1) voluntary individual choices including people making mutually beneficial buying decisions according to their own preferences or in giving charity, private ownership and control, allowing freely set prices to convey information to organize society ("economic freedom"); or,The founders of the United States were very much afraid of coercive big government doing the latter, and did their best to limit government to a very few enumerated powers. George Washington said it best, that: "Government is not reason, it is not eloquent, it is force. Like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master." But, Karl Marx later wrote the Communist Manifesto advocating the second approach, which he said would require mass killings to achieve, with the result that more than a hundred million people were murdered in failed experiments in socialism/communism and fascism in Russia, Germany, China, and elsewhere in the twentieth century.
(2) using force, coercion, or deception to compel people to do things that they don't want to do, such as taxing/inflating and spending, government ownership [also called "socialism" or "communism"] or government planning and regulation [also called "fascism" or "crony capitalism"], i.e., (the "road to serfdom").
Populists and Progressives (now called "liberals," reversing the original definition to co-opt the language) in the United States follow the second approach but by misleading and blaming instead of by violent revolution, especially by falsely portraying people who are successful or rich as evil, greedy, exploitive, anti-environment, or racist. (Which is why this caution is needed.) A common trick is to misrepresent economics as if when someone wins, someone else has to lose which is completely false because a growing free economy creates wealth that benefits everyone. (It's really a con and the trick is to hope that you won't notice what could have happened but didn't ("the unseen"), for example, that if a century of income taxes had not squandered vast wealth to "help poor people," instead, everyone would be so much richer today that there would be no more poor people left to need assistance.)
Another common deception is when government regulation creates a spectacular failure, to try to deflect blame onto the industry that was regulated (for example, attempt to blame the banks when government controlled low interest rates and tax laws caused a housing bubble and after the Community Redevelopment Act required banks to lend to people who could not possibly afford to repay, for a spectacular housing crash and defaults of mortgages and mortgage insurance that threatens to take down the entire interdependent global banking, insurance, securities, and monetary systems; or to blame oil companies for oil spills after environmentalist promoted government regulations forced drilling in the most dangerous possible location while government encourages corruption and also fails to enforce safety regulations).
Don't believe that wasting more dollars on welfare than it would take to give every poor person enough money to instantly eliminate all poverty is for the benefit of the poor. The huge tax and spend U.S. government of today is largely the legacy of a hundred years of effort to undo the constitution, starting in the progressive era which re-instituted race segregation and, contrary to the original U.S. constitution, eliminated the States' check and balance against Congress and federal tyranny, and started government on taxing income, and creating increasingly worthless money. Government keeps expanding so fast that we could eliminate the income tax and replace it with nothing just by going back to the government budget of a decade earlier.
So do redress injustices, but when you see questions which imply exploitation, racism, evil business practices, harm to people, etc., often used as an excuse to take away your money and your freedom, be sure to double check the facts using original primary sources to see if what is being portrayed in the question actually happened, why, and what was left out. It is not an accident that you get the impression that life is getting worse, when actually, life is rapidly getting very much better, so much so that even poor people today live longer and better lives, and have more than did the royalty of past centuries. | <urn:uuid:8f10679c-d6a1-47c7-9dbd-c2ea3f1ed06e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://discussion.cprr.net/2010_01_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972372 | 857 | 2.796875 | 3 |
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