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At 37 miles long and averaging seven miles wide it’s easy to see how Vermillion County earned the nickname “the shoe string county.”1 The narrow county boasts a rich history of agriculture, coal mining, and immigrant traditions. Vermillion County history also holds a devastating record of courthouse fires.
The first Vermillion County Courthouse—a frame structure a mere 36 feet long by 24 feet deep—served from 1825 until 1831.2 While spared from fire, Commissioners claimed this early courthouse simply did not meet their specifications and refused to award the contractor his full payment. However, the Indiana Supreme Court found the building satisfactory and ordered Commissioners to pay the full amount plus court fees.3
A second incarnation—constructed in 1832 and made of brick—lasted until destroyed by fire in 1844. County records are unclear about whether the 1832 building was repaired or fully replaced, but the County Commissioners accepted the courthouse from the contractor in January 1845. Fire struck again in 1866, completely destroying the building. In 1867 a new courthouse constructed of brick and accentuated by Romanesque arches opened and served the county until 1923 when lightening struck, causing yet another fire.
County commissioners quickly selected H.L. Fillinger of Dana and John B. Bayard of Vincennes as architects for the fourth and current courthouse. Its three stories are clad in Indiana limestone. The building’s symmetry and details such as the Corinthian columns highlighting the upper stories of the façades, and the decorated cornice, are hallmarks of the Neoclassical style. The courthouse is located in a Shelbyville Square plan, with streets intersecting at each corner.
In 1996 the Vermillion County Commissioners took steps to preserve and modernize the courthouse for future generations. In addition to a new roof, rehabilitation work included the installation of a new elevator, upgraded heating and air conditioning system, new windows, exterior lighting, a generator, and sidewalks. While pouring the walk on the west side of the building, part of the foundation from the courthouse that burned in 1923 was discovered. Future plans include the restoration of the original clocks on each of the courthouse’s four faces.
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In part, these efforts were taken to ensure the security and health of courthouse staff in the event of the release of VX nerve gas into the air. This gas is stored in the nearby Newport Army Ammunition Plant and is in the process of being destroyed. The courthouse has annual “lockdown” training to prepare for this type of emergency. All of the doors and windows in the courthouse have airtight seals, and all outside air can be blocked by closing down the ventilation system and using the building’s own generator.
Robert M. Taylor, Jr., et al, ed., Indiana: A New Historical Guide, (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1989), p. 307.
Harold L. O’Donnell. Newport and Vermillion Township: The First 100 Years, 1824-1924. (Danville: Interstate Printers and Publishers, 1969), p. 26.
Ibid., page 26.
The above information taken from the Indiana Courts Vermillion County web page, located here
Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities Wheelchair ramp at the WEST entrance. Handicap accessible buttons are available to open all doors.
Parking Free curbside parking around the courthouse.
Courthouse Hours Monday through Friday 8:00a.m. to 4:00p.m. Closed on major holidays (see calendar above)
255 S. Main St. [map] Newport, IN. 47966 South County Residents Use: (800) 340-8155 All others please use: (765) 492-5345 | <urn:uuid:ea3e4940-eea8-4e1b-b58f-77663eff07bf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://vermilliongov.us/24/moving-hypnotic-spiral | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900044 | 1,444 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What are “Cookies”?
When you hear the term “cookies” applied to the internet, it’s generally not in reference to the gooey chocolate chip variety. A cookie used on the internet is basically a small text file that is placed on your hard drive by a web server. They are used to keep track of various aspects of your travels through the site in question.
They can be used to keep track of passwords, shopping patterns, what type of pages you like, your preferences for that particular site, and more.
For example, if you’ve ever “joined” any kind of site that requires a login and password, you’ve probably noticed a “click here to remember your login information” checkbox (not all sites have it, but most do). The site remembers this info by using cookies.
Another example would be a site that you can customize to your liking. If you have a site that “remembers” what type of news, sports ,weather or other preferences you like, they are probably using cookies to do this.
The disadvantage of course is that these sites get a little bit of information about you, especially how you are moving through the site. Remember: A cookie by itself can’t read (or damage) your hard drive. They only way a site gets personal information about you is if YOU provide it.
OK, I may take a little heat for this, but my personal recommendation is not to worry too much about cookies. In general they are more helpful than harmful. If you’re worried about your privacy, don’t give out any personal information. It’s that simple! | <urn:uuid:35fe198d-3903-4808-a6f2-5d44678a57cd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.worldstart.com/what-are-cookies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928996 | 356 | 3.25 | 3 |
Posted by: MACKINAC2
N 46° 16.783 W 103° 46.560
13T E 594298 N 5125854
Quick Description: On this site in 1864, a wagon train party under the command of Capt. James L. Fisk, was besieged by Sioux Indians. An interpretive plaque on site commemorates the event.
Location: North Dakota, United States
Date Posted: 3/18/2010 1:15:44 PM
Waymark Code: WM8DR3
The following story is from the book, Encyclopedia of Indian Wars, by Gregory F. Michno.
2 September 1864, Marmarth, North Dakota: Capt. James L. Fisk was leading 200 emigrants and gold-seekers in 88 wagons to the mines of Montana. At Fort Rice, on the Missouri River, Fisk begged for an escort, and 47 soldiers, led by a Lt. Smith of Company A, Dakota Cavalry, headed out with the train on 23 August. Brig. Gen. Alfred Sully was not happy to be responsible for yet another group of emigrants and feared trouble.
On 2 September, about 130 miles west of Fort Rice, Sully's fear was realized. In the gully of Deep Creek, about 12 miles east of present-day Marmarth, North Dakota, a wagon turned over, and two other wagons stopped to assist. Leaving nine soldiers behind as guards while repairs were made, the rest of the train moved on. Soon Sitting Bull and 100 Hunkpapa Sioux attacked the isolated wagons, cutting down most of the defenders in the first fe minutes. One soldier did manage to put a bullet into Sitting Bull's hip, and White Bull and Jumping Bull pulled their chief to safety.
A mile ahead on the trail, Fisk and the others heard the gunfire. After corralling the train, Fisk hurried back with 50 soldiers and civilian volunteers. A scout, Jefferson Dilts, moet one of the survivors running toward the wagon train. By the time Dilts reached the scene, the Hunkpapas were looting the wagons. Recklessly Dilts charged. Blasting away with a carbine and a six-gun, he shot six Hunkpapas before reining his horse around. He did not retreat fast enough, however, and took three arrows in the back.
Fisk and the rest of the rescuers, running square into the Hunkpapas, quickly forted up and fought until sunset. After dark they crept back to the corralled wagons. The Indians did not show up.
Ten soldiers and two civilians, including Dilts, were killed. Six Hunkpapas were killed, most or all by Dilts, and Sitting Bull was wounded. From the wagons, the Hunkpapas looted rifles and 4,000 bullets, plus liquor and cigars.
The wagon train continued a few miles the next morning, but the Indians attacked again. Fisk corralled the wagons again and the soldiers and emigrants built sod walls for cover, naming their fortification Fort Dilts after the brave scout. They stayed holed up for several days, suffering no casualties. On 5 September, over 400 Indians probed the earthworks, but the defenders held out. That night, Lt. Smith and 13 men crept out and rode to Fort Rice for help. The train members waited at Fort Dilts for two more weeks before an angry Sully dispatched 900 men to rescue them. On 20 September, the Fisk party was escorted back to Fort Rice.
Roadside: Not Listed
City: Not Listed
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Posted Oct 11, 2012 11:15 am CDT
Companies looking to reduce the stress of their employees are turning to “mindfulness-based stress reduction.”
The technique, pioneered by the University of Massachusetts Medical School, is being adapted for the office, the Wall Street Journal reports. The eight-session program, which ends with a full-day retreat, teaches meditation techniques, stretching, yoga and “body scans” in which participants tune in to their stress and learn to lessen their response. Studies show the program is associated with increased activity in brain regions involving self-control.
Dow Chemical Co. tried an adapted version of the program for the workplace, using online webcasts and exercises to teach employees how to cope with stress, the story says.
One part of the program taught employees the art of “mindful communication” to prepare them for stressful meetings with bosses. The workers were taught to visualize meetings in which they paid attention to the conversation and asked questions rather than becoming defensive. The results are being tested by a corporate-health research firm.
The Union Pacific Corp. trained employees in another increasingly popular technique—cognitive-behavioral skills—taught through telephone coaching and online training. The idea is to reduce negative thoughts and focus on the positive.
In one part of the program, coaches helped employees explore whether negativity was holding them back. In another, employees were asked to identify a major life goal, and then to examine whether their daily actions were helping or hurting their ability to achieve it. The stress-busting results are being monitored by a company that offers health and wellness programs. | <urn:uuid:12896ab7-1a72-4492-a8e9-2169aa0deb2d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/companies_try_tested_techniques_to_cut_employee_stress/stay_connected/newsletter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974492 | 333 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Astronomers have found a new exoplanet for the first time using a method
that relies on physicist Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. These distant worlds are usually discovered by looking for stars that wobble or that dim, and identifying the orbiting planets that cause those effects.
The newly-discovered planet - formally known as Kepler-76b - was detected from three small effects that occur simultaneously as it orbits its star. One is subtle changes in the star's brightness as the planet's gravitational field causes shifts in the speed and direction of its light, as seen from Earth. This is known as Einstein's "beaming" effect.
The scientists at Tel Aviv University and the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics also looked for signs the star was physically deformed by the planet's gravitational tides, and for reflected starlight from the planet itself.
Kepler-76b is about 25 percent larger than Jupiter and it weighs twice as much. It is located about 2,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cygnus.
The new planet-hunting technique cannot find Earth-sized worlds with current technology, but Avi Loeb, who first proposed the method, said it adds to astronomers' arsenal as they continue to scour the cosmos for planets that might support life as we know it. | <urn:uuid:7fea1c91-920b-4e32-ae36-100b451eadd7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.voanews.com/content/new-method-of-finding-planets-scores-first-discovery/1660802.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968587 | 269 | 3.984375 | 4 |
The Kalash (Nuristani: Kasivo) or Kalasha, are an ethnic group of the Hindu Kush mountain range, residing in the Chitral district of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. They speak the Kalash language, a member of the Dardic family of Indo-Aryan.
There is some controversy over what defines the ethnic characteristics of the Kalash. Although quite numerous before the 20th century, the non-Muslim minority has seen its numbers dwindle over the past century. A leader of the Kalash, Saifulla Jan, has stated, "If any Kalash converts to Islam, they can't live among us anymore. We keep our identity strong." About three thousand have converted to Islam or are descendants of converts, yet still live nearby in the Kalash villages and maintain their language and many aspects of their ancient culture. By now, sheikhs, or converts to Islam, make up more than half of the total Kalasha-speaking population.
Contents[hide] 1 Name 2 Culture 2.1 Language 2.2 Customs 2.3 Festivals 2.4 Religion 2.4.1 Ritual
3 Location, climate and geography 4 Genetic origins 5 Economy 6 Notes 7 References 8 See also 9 External links 9.1 General Information 9.2 Media
Name According to the linguist Richard Strand, the people of Chitral apparently adopted the name of the former Kafiristan Kalasha, who at some unknown time extended their influence into Chitral. A reference for this assumption could be the names kâsv'o respectively kâsi'o, used by the neighboring Nuristani Kata and Kom for the Kalash of Chitral. From these the earlier name kâs'ivo (instead Kalasha) could be derived.
Culture Two Kalash women who are polytheistic. The culture of Kalash people is unique and differs drastically from the various ethnic groups surrounding them. They are polytheists and nature plays a highly significant and spiritual role in their daily life. As part of their religious tradition, sacrifices are offered and festivals held to give thanks for the abundant resources of their three valleys. Kalash mythology and folklore has been compared to that of ancient Greece, but they are much closer to Indo-Iranian (Vedic and pre-Zoroastrian) traditions
Language Main article: Kalash language The language of the Kalash is a Dardic language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian group; itself part of the larger Indo-European family. It is classified as a member of the Chitral sub-group, the only other member of that group being Khowar. The Norwegian Linguist Georg Morgenstierne who studied both languages wrote that in spite of similarities Kalasha is an independent language in its own right, not a mere dialect of Khowar.
Until the latter 20th century, Kalash was an undocumented language. More recently, through the work of a Greek NGO and local Kalash elders seeking to preserve their oral traditions, a new Kalasha alphabet has been created. Taj Khan Kalash has also been influential in the development of the new alphabet. Having moved to Thessaloniki, Greece to study linguistics in the Aristotle University, he and the Greek NGO Mesogaia took on the task of compiling the script and creating The Alphabet Book, a primer used to teach the alphabet to the Kalash children. Badshah Munir Bukhari unicoded the Kalasha Language in 2005.
Customs A young kalash toddler. Kalash women usually wear long black robes, often embroidered with cowrie shells. For this reason, they are known in Chitral as "The Black Kafirs". Men have adopted the Pakistani shalwar kameez, while children wear small versions of adult clothing after the age of four.
In contrast to the surrounding Pakistani culture, the Kalash do not in general separate males and females or frown on contact between the sexes. However, menstruating girls and women are sent to live in the "bashaleni", the village menstrual building, during their periods, until they regain their "purity". They are also required to give birth in the bashaleni. There is also a ritual restoring "purity" to a woman after childbirth which must be performed before a woman can return to her husband. The husband is an active participant in this ritual.
Marriage by elopement is rather frequent, also involving women who are already married to another man. Indeed, wife-elopement is counted as one of the "great customs" (ghōna dastūr) together with the main festivals.
Girls are usually married at an early age. If a woman wants to change husbands, she will write a letter to her prospective husband offering herself in marriage and informing the would-be groom how much her current husband paid for her. This is because the new husband must pay double if he wants her. For example, if the current husband paid one cow for her, then the new husband must pay two cows to the original husband if he wants her.
Wife-elopement may lead in some rare cases to a quasi-feud between clans until peace is negotiated by mediators, in the form of the double bride-price paid by the new husband to the ex-husband.
Kalash lineages (kam) separate as marriageable descendants have separated by over seven generations. A rite of "breaking agnation" (tatbře čhin) marks that previous agnates (tatbře) are now permissible affines (därak "clan partners). Each kam has a separate shrine in the clan's Jēṣṭak-hān, the temple to lineal or familial goddess Jēṣṭak.
Festivals The three main festivals (khawsáṅgaw) of the Kalash are the Joshi festival in late May, the Uchau in autumn, and the Caumus in midwinter.
The pastoral god Sorizan protects the herds in Fall and Winter and is thanked at the winter festival, while Goshidai does so until the Pul festival (pũ. from *pūrṇa, full moon in Sept.) and is thanked at the Joshi (joṣi, žōši) festival in spring.
Joshi is celebrated at the end of May each year. The first day of Joshi is "Milk Day", on which the Kalash offer libations of milk that have been saved for ten days prior to the festival.
The most important Kalash festival is the Chaumos (cawmōs, ghona chawmos yat, Khowar "chitrimas" from *cāturmāsya, CDIAL 4742), which is celebrated for two weeks at winter solstice (c. Dec. 7-22), at the beginning of the month chawmos mastruk. It marks the end of the year's fieldwork and harvest. It involves much music, dancing, and the sacrifice of many goats. It is dedicated to the god Balimain who is believed to visit from the mythical homeland of the Kalash, Tsyam (Tsiyam, tsíam), for the duration of the feast. Food sacrifices are offered at the clans' Jeshtak shrines, dedicated to the ancestors.
A Kalash Man Dances during the Uchau Festival At Chaumos, impure and uninitiated persons are not admitted; they must be purified by a waving a fire brand over women and children and by a special fire ritual for men, involving a shaman waving juniper brands over the men. The 'old rules' of the gods (Devalog, dewalōk) are no longer in force, as is typical for year-end and carnival-like rituals. The main Chaumos ritual takes place at a Tok tree, a place called Indra's place, "indrunkot", or "indréyin". Indrunkot is sometimes believed to belong to Balumain's brother, In(dr), lord of cattle. Ancestors, impersonated by young boys (ōnjeṣṭa 'pure') are worshipped and offered bread; they hold on to each other and form a chain (cf. the Vedic anvārambhaṇa) and snake through the village.
The men must be divided into two parties: the pure ones have to sing the well-honored songs of the past, but the impure sing wild, passionate, and obscene songs, with an altogether different rhythm. This is accompanied by a 'sex change': men dress as women, women as men (Balumain also is partly seen as female and can change between both forms at will).
This includes the Festival of the Budulak (buḍáḷak, the 'shepherd king'). In this festival, a strong prepubescent boy is sent up into the mountains to live with the goats for the summer. He is supposed to get fat and strong from the goat milk. When the festival comes he is allowed for a 24-hour period only to have sexual intercourse with any woman he wants, including even the wife of another man, or a young virgin or his own mother if he wants her. Any child born of this 24-hour rampage is considered to be blessed. The Kalash claim to have abolished this practice in recent years due to negative world-wide publicity.
At this crucial moment the pure get weaker, and the impure try to take hold of the (very pure) boys, pretend to mount them "like a hornless ram", and proceed in snake procession. At this point, the impure men resist and fight. When the "nagayrō" song with the response "han sarías" (from *samrīyate 'flows together', CDIAL 12995) is voiced, Balumain showers all his blessings and disappears. He gives his blessings to seven boys (representing the mythical seven of the eight Devalog who received him on arrival), and these pass the blessings on to all pure men.
In myth, Mahandeu had cheated Balumain from superiority, when all the gods had slept together (a euphemism) in the Shawalo meadow; therefore, he went to the mythical home of the Kalash in Tsiyam (tsíam) , to come back next year like the Vedic Indra (Rigveda 10.86). If this had not happened, Balumain would have taught humans how to have sex as a sacred act. Instead, he could only teach them fertility songs used at the Chaumos ritual. He arrives from the west, the (Kati Kafir) Bashgal valley, in early December, before solstice, and leaves the day after. He was at first shunned by some people, who were annihilated. He was however, received by seven Devalog and they all went to several villages, such as Batrik village, where seven pure, young boys received him whom he took with him. Therefore, nowadays, one only sends men and older boys to receive him. Balumain is the typical culture hero. He told people about the sacred fire made from junipers, about the sowing ceremony for wheat that involved the blood of a small goat, and he asked for wheat tribute (hushak) for his horse. Finally, Balumain taught how to celebrate the winter festival. He was visible only during his first visit, now he is just felt to be present.
Religion Kalash culture and belief system differs drastically from the various ethnic groups surrounding them but is similar to that of the neighboring Nuristanis in northeast Afghanistan, before their enforced Islamization in the last decade of the 19th century. Kalash religion, mythology and ritual strongly resemble those of the Vedic Indo-Aryans and the pre-Zoroastrian Iranians..
There is a creator deity called Dezau (ḍezáw) whose name is derived from Indo-European *dheig'h 'to form' (cf. Vedic dih, Kati Nuristani dez 'to create', CDIAL 14621); he is also called by the Persian term Khodai (Khodáy, Paydagaráw, Parwardigár, Malék). There are a number of other deities, semi-gods and spirits. The Kalash pantheon is thus one of the last living representatives of Indo-European religion, along with Hinduism and Zoroastrianism.
There is the prominent Indr or Varendr (Warín, Werín from *aparendra); the rainbow (indré~ CDIAL 1577) is called "Indra's bow" as in Vedic; when it thunders, Indra plays Polo. Indra is attested both in Vedic and Avestan texts and goes back to Indo-Iranian deity Vṛtrahan the 'slayer of vṛtra' (resistance).
Indra appears in various form, such as Sajigor (Sajigōr), also called Shura Verin (Šúra Werín from *śūra *aparendra 'the hero, the unrivaled Indra'). Warén(dr-) or In Warīn is the mightiest and most dangerous god. The location of his shrine was assigned by bow shot, which recalls the Vedic Indra's Bunda bow . Another one of his forms is the recently popular Balumain (Baḷimaín). Riding on a horse, comes to the Kalash valleys from the outside at winter solstice. Balumain is a culture hero who taught how to celebrate the Kalash winter festival (Chaumos). He is connected with Tsyam, the mythological homeland of the Kalash. Indra has a demon-like counterpart, Jeṣṭan (from *jyeṣṭha? 'the best'), who appears on earth as a dog; the gods (Devalog, Dewalók) are his enemies and throw stones at him, the shooting stars.
Another god, Munjem Malik (munjem from *madhyama 'middle'; malék from Arab. malik 'king'), is the Lord of Middle Earth and killed, like the Vedic Indra, his father, a demon. Mahandeo (mahandéo, cf. the Nuristani Mon/Māndi, from *mahān deva), is the god of crops, and also the god of war and a negotiator with the highest deity.
Jestak (jéṣṭak, from *jyeṣṭhā, or *deṣṭrī?) is the goddess of domestic life, family and marriage. Her lodge is the women's house (Jeṣṭak Han).
Dezalik (ḍizálik), the sister of "Dezau" is the goddess of childbirth, the hearth and of life force; she protects children and women. She is similar to the Kafiri Nirmali (Indo-Iranian *nirmalikā). She is also responsible for the Bashaleni lodge.
There also is a general pattern of belief in mountain fairies, Suchi (súči, now often called Peri), who help in hunting and killing enemies, and the Varōti (~ Sanskrit Vātaputra), their violent male partners (echoing the Vedic Apsaras and Gandharvas). They live in the high mountains, such as Tirich Mir (~ Vedic Meru, *devameru: Shina díamer, CDIAL 6533), but in late autumn they descend to the mountain meadows. The Jach (j.ac. from *yakṣ(inī), are a separate category of female spirits of the soil or of special places, fields and mountain pastures.
Ritual These deities have shrines throughout the valleys, where they frequently receive goat sacrifices. In 1929, as Georg Morgenstierne testifies, such rituals were still carried out by Kalash priests, "ištikavan" 'priest' (from ištikhék 'to praise a god'). This institution has since disappeared but there still is the prominent one of shamans (dehar) The deities are temporary visitors. Kalash shrines (dūr 'house', cf. Vedic dúr) are a wooden board or stone altar at juniper, oak, cedar trees, in 1929 still with the effigy of a human head inside holes in these shrines. Horses, cows, goats and sheep were sacrificed. Wine is a sacred drink of Indr, who owns a vineyard that he defends against invaders. Kalash ritual is of potlatch type; by organizing rituals and festivals (up to 12; the highest called biramōr) one gains fame and status. As in the Veda, the former local artisan class was excluded from public religious functions.
However, there is a special role for prepubescent boys, who are treated with special awe, combining pre-sexual behavior and the purity of the high mountains, where they tend goats for the summer month. Purity is very much stressed and centered around altars, goat stables, the space between the hearth and the back wall of houses and in festival periods; the higher up in the valley, the more pure the location.
By contrast, women (especially during menstruation and giving birth), as well as death and decomposition and the outside (Muslim) world are impure, and, just as in the Veda and Avesta, many cleansing ceremonies are required if impurity occurs.
Crows represent the ancestors, and are frequently fed with the left hand (also at tombs), just as in the Veda. The dead are buried above ground in ornamented wooden coffins. Wooden effigies are erected at the graves of wealthy or honoured people.,
History The Kalash were ruled by the Mehtar of Chitral from the 1700s onward. They have enjoyed a cordial relationship with the major ethnic group of Chitral, the Kho who are Sunni and Ismaili Muslims. The multi-ethnic and multi-religious State of Chitral ensured that the Kalash were able to live in peace and harmony and practice their culture and religion. The Nuristani, their neighbors in the region of former Kafiristan west of the border, were invaded in the 1890s and converted to Islam by Amir Abdur-Rahman of Afghanistan and their land was renamed Nuristan.
Prior to that event, the people of Kafiristan had paid tribute to the Mehtar of Chitral and accepted his suzerainty. This came to an end with the Durand Agreement when Kafiristan fell under the Afghan sphere of Influence. Recently, the Kalash have been able to stop their demographic and cultural spiral towards extinction and have, for the past 30 years, been on the rebound. Increased international awareness, a more tolerant government, and monetary assistance has allowed them to continue their way of life. Their numbers remain stable at around 3,000. Although many convert to Islam, the high birth rate replaces them, and with medical facilities (previously there were none) they live longer.
Allegations of "immorality" connected with their practices have led to the forcible conversion to Islam of several villages in the 1950s, which has led to heightened antagonism between the Kalash and the surrounding Muslims. Since the 1970s, schools and roads were built in some valleys.
Rehman and Ali (2001) report that pressure of radical Muslim organizations is on the increase:
Ardent Muslims on self-imposed missions to eradicate idolatry regularly attack those engaged in traditional Kalash religious rituals, smashing their idols. The local Mullahs and the visiting Tableghi Jammaites remain determined to 'purify' the Kafirs.
Location, climate and geography A map of the valleys Located in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, the Kalash people live in three isolated mountain valleys: Bumboret (Kalash: Mumret), Rumbur (Rukmu), and Birir (Biriu). These valleys are opening towards the Kunar River, some 20 km south (downstream) of Chitral,
The Bumboret and Rumbur valleys join at (1640 m), joining the Kunar at the village of Ayrun ( , 1400 m) and they each rise to passes connecting to Afghanistan's Nuristan Province at about 4500 m.
The Birir valley opens towards the Kunar at the village of Gabhirat ( , 1360 m). A pass connects the Birir and Bumboret valleys at about 3000 m. The Kalash villages in all three valleys are located at a height of approximately 1900 to 2200 m.
The region is extremely fertile, covering the mountainside in rich oak forests and allowing for intensive agriculture, despite the fact that most of the work is done not by machinery, but by hand. The powerful and dangerous rivers that flow through the valleys have been harnessed to power grinding mills and to water the farm fields through the use of ingenious irrigation channels. Wheat, maize, grapes (generally used for wine), apples, apricots,and walnuts are among the many foodstuffs grown in the area, along with surplus fodder used for feeding the livestock.
The climate is typical of high elevation regions without large bodies of water to regulate the temperature. The summers are mild and agreeable with average maximum temperatures between 23° and 27°C (73° - 81°F). Winters, on the other hand, can be very cold, with average minimum temperatures between 2° and 1°C (36° - 34°F). The average yearly precipitation is 700 to 800mm (28 - 32 inches). | <urn:uuid:c6a2dab6-c043-4bfb-904b-f154fc8b9b26> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://chitral1.weebly.com/kalash-valley.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956936 | 4,608 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Following up on the recent post on T follicular helper cells (TFH), a study published on December 17 in the Journal of Experimental Medicine reports that TFH represent a major site of HIV replication and persistence. The finding is not necessariy surprising, because lymph node studies conducted in the late 1980s and early 1990s showed that CD4 T cells in areas named germinal centers bore a great burden of HIV infection, and it is now known that this is where TFH locate during an immune response. But it was not previously understood that these CD4 T cells comprise a discrete subset, and TFH are now becoming increasingly well characterized in terms of both identifying features (such as surface markers and cytokine secretion) and their function in providing help to B cells.
Matthieu Perreau and colleagues from the University of Lausanne investigated TFH in three different groups of HIV-positive individuals:
- 23 with untreated chronic infection and viral load >5,000 copies/mL
- 14 on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with viral load <20 copies/mL
- 3 long-term nonprogressors (LTNP) with low viral load (<1,000 copies/mL)
A control group of 13 HIV-negative individuals was also included. The study confirmed the prior finding that TFH are significantly expanded in the lymph nodes of people with HIV compared to controls and that this expansion correlates with alterations in B-cell subsets (a decline in long-lived resting naive and memory B cells and an increase in short-lived activated B cells). The percentage of TFH correlated significantly with peripheral blood HIV viral load (R = 0.6035, P = 0.002). Suppression of HIV replication by ART reduced TFH levels and shifted B-cell subsets back toward the distribution observed in controls. Echoing and extending the previous research by Madelene Lindqvist, a substantial proportion of the TFH were found to be specific for HIV, with responses to Gag and Pol proteins more commonly detected than those against Env (based on a test evaluating cytokine production after stimulation with Gag, Pol, or Env peptides).
An analysis of the different CD4 T-cell populations present in lymph nodes revealed that TFH contained the greatest amount of HIV DNA: assuming one HIV DNA copy per cell, approximately five percent of the TFH population was infected. After 72 weeks of ART there was a 1.5–2 log drop in the number of TFH containing HIV DNA, but a reservoir of infected cells remained detectable. Cell culture experiments showed that TFH were highly susceptible to HIV infection and replication compared to other CD4 T-cell subsets, with the difference being most notable among the LTNP. The expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 by TFH was found to correlate with HIV DNA levels and ability to support HIV replication in vitro. Consistent with the elevation in immune activation that occurs in HIV, the proportion of TFH expressing Ki67 was 50 percent higher in the untreated HIV-positive individuals than in HIV-negative controls.
The discussion section of the paper highlights several implications of the results, including:
- HIV itself—as opposed to other potential factors, like microbial translocation—appears to be the main driving force behind TFH activation and expansion, and the associated dysregulation of B cells.
- The preferential infection of TFH likely contributes to viral persistence, because germinal centers have been shown to offer limited access to CD8 T cells (which might otherwise kill HIV-infected cells). Follicular dendritic cells in lymph nodes have also long been known to be sites of extensive trapping of HIV virions, providing an ongoing source of viruses to infect TFH.
- The involvement of TFH in responses to new pathogens and vaccines offers an explanation for the reported association between intercurrent infections and vaccinations and transient HIV viral-load increases (activation of TFH by these stimuli provides additional targets for HIV replication).
- The expression of certain cell-surface markers (such as PD-1) by TFH may offer a means of targeting this population with interventions designed to reduce HIV persistence. A human trial of an antibody targeting PD-1 is currently in the works at the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (for more background, see this recent short review "Novel Approaches to Curing HIV" by the principal investigator for the trial, Hiroyu Hatano).
Journal of Experimental Medicine
Published December 17, 2012
The Rockefeller University Press, doi: 10.1084/jem.20121932
Matthieu Perreau1, Anne-Laure Savoye1, Elisa De Crignis1, Jean-Marc Corpataux2, Rafael Cubas5, Elias K. Haddad5, Laurence De Leval3, Cecilia Graziosi1, and Giuseppe Pantaleo1,4
1Divisions of Immunology and Allergy and 2Thoracic Surgery, 3Institute of Pathology, and 4Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
5Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida
M. Perreau and A.-L. Savoye contributed equally to this paper.
In the present study, we have investigated the distribution of HIV-specific and HIV-infected CD4 T cells within different populations of memory CD4 T cells isolated from lymph nodes of viremic HIV-infected subjects. Four memory CD4 T cell populations were identified on the basis of the expression of CXCR5, PD-1, and Bcl-6: CXCR5−PD-1−Bcl-6−, CXCR5+PD-1−Bcl-6−, CXCR5−PD-1+Bcl-6−, and CXCR5+PD-1+Bcl-6+. On the basis of Bcl-6 expression and functional properties (IL-21 production and B cell help), the CXCR5+PD-1+Bcl-6+ cell population was considered to correspond to the T follicular helper (Tfh) cell population. We show that Tfh and CXCR5−PD-1+ cell populations are enriched in HIV-specific CD4 T cells, and these populations are significantly increased in viremic HIV-infected subjects as compared with healthy subjects. The Tfh cell population contained the highest percentage of CD4 T cells harboring HIV DNA and was the most efficient in supporting productive infection in vitro. Replication competent HIV was also readily isolated from Tfh cells in subjects with nonprogressive infection and low viremia (<1,000 HIV RNA copies). However, only the percentage of Tfh cells correlated with the levels of plasma viremia. These results demonstrate that Tfh cells serve as the major CD4 T cell compartment for HIV infection, replication, and production. | <urn:uuid:3b341692-2520-462c-87a4-0ad990c58a89> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://tagbasicscienceproject.typepad.com/tags_basic_science_vaccin/2012/12/hiv-replication-and-persistence-in-t-follicular-helper-cells.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93022 | 1,451 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Introduction In Removable Partial Denture.ppt
PowerPoint lecture slide
Size: 904 KB
Removable partial denture
Denture replaces one or more teeth in the same arch. It can be removed from the mouth and replaced by the patient.
Partially Edentulous patient
Classification of partially edentulous arches
Kennedy method of classification
k. Class I
k. Class II
k. Class III
Bilateral edentulous areas located posterior to the remaining natural teeth
Unilateral edentulous areas located posterior to the remaining natural teeth.
A unilateral edentulous area with natural teeth remaining both anterior and posterior to it
A single ,but bilateral (crossing the midline) edentulous area located anterior to the remaining natural teeth
Indications for a Removable Partial Denture
To replace several teeth in the same quadrant or in both quadrants of the same arch
.As a temporary replacement for missing teeth in a child.
To replace missing teeth for patients who do not want a fixed bridge or implants
.For the patient who finds it easier to maintain good oral hygiene.
.To serve as a splint to support periodontally involved teeth.
Contraindications for a Removable Partial Denture
A lack of suitable teeth in the arch to support, stabilize, and retain the removable prosthesis
or severe periodontal conditions that threaten the remaining teeth in the arch
.A lack of patient acceptance for esthetic reasons.
.Chronic poor oral hygiene.
Components of a Partial Denture
The cast metal skeleton that provides support for the remaining components of the prosthesis.
Join various parts of the partial together
Known as a clasp, it supports and provides stability to the partial denture by partially circling an abutment tooth.
A metal projection designed to control the seating of the prosthesis.
Constructed from either acrylic or porcelain.
Parts of the baseplate
. Occlusal rest
Materials of the baseplate
alloys used for partial denture fabricating: cobalt-chrome alloys, gold alloys type IV and titanium
Appointment Sequencing for a Partial Denture
Appointment 1: Records
Updated health and dental history.
Appointment 2: Preparation
Prepare the teeth.
Take the final impression.
Take the occlusal registration.
Select the shade and mold of the teeth.
Prepare the laboratory prescription.
Appointment 3: Try-in
Evaluate the fit, comfort, and function of the appliance.
Evaluate the shade, mold, and arrangement of the teeth.
Take new occlusal registration.
Note any changes on the laboratory prescription.
Appointment 4: Delivery
– Placement of the partial denture by the patient.
– Check occlusion.
– Detect any pressure points.
– Check retainers for tension on the natural abutment teeth.
– Polish partial.
– Give patient home instructions.
Appointment 5: Postdelivery check
Evaluate the fit.
Check the mucosa for pressure areas and sore spots.
Evaluate the function of the prosthesis.
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For a willing music audience, the art of drawing emotion from notes is classic.
Composers play with subtle, intricate changes and rates of change to try and elicit emotion. In recent studies, scientists found that people already familiar with the music are more likely to catch a chill at key moments:
- When a symphony turns from loud to quiet
- Upon entry of a solo voice or instrument
- When two singers have contrasting voices
People covered in goose bumps also tend to be driven more by rewards, and less inclined to be thrill- and adventure-seekers, according to research conducted at the Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine in Hanover, Germany.
"Our results suggest that chills depend very much on our ability to interpret the music," said Oliver Grewe, a biologist and musicologist at the institute. "Music is a recreative activity. Even if it is relaxing to listen to, the listener has to recreate its meaning, the feelings it expresses. It is the listener who gives life to the emotions in music."
The researchers' latest findings are currently being reviewed for journal publication, while their previous research has been published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Music can do more than just give you goose bumps. A melody can:
Listening to your favorite hits can shift your breathing pattern and speed up your heart rate.
Shivers down the spine even show up in brain scans, according to research at McGill University. As chills grow in intensity, bloodflow increases between areas of the brain associated with euphoria-inducing vices like food, sex, and drugs.
In the near future, the German research team plans to further study the central nervous system's reactions to music that gives fans the chills. | <urn:uuid:db796cd0-c460-43e6-9a87-655a3c1dfbe9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.livescience.com/1139-music-chills.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951359 | 364 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Avoiding climate catastrophe will probably require going to near-zero net emissions of greenhouse gases this century. That is the conclusion of a new paper in Geophysical Research Letters (subs. req’d) co-authored by one of my favorite climate scientists, Ken Caldeira, whose papers always merit attention. Here is the abstract:
Current international climate mitigation efforts aim to stabilize levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. However, human-induced climate warming will continue for many centuries, even after atmospheric CO2 levels are stabilized. In this paper, we assess the CO2 emissions requirements for global temperature stabilization within the next several centuries, using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. We show first that a single pulse of carbon released into the atmosphere increases globally averaged surface temperature by an amount that remains approximately constant for several centuries, even in the absence of additional emissions. We then show that to hold climate constant at a given global temperature requires near-zero future carbon emissions. Our results suggest that future anthropogenic emissions would need to be eliminated in order to stabilize global-mean temperatures. As a consequence, any future anthropogenic emissions will commit the climate system to warming that is essentially irreversible on centennial timescales.
Since the rest of the article is behind a firewall, let me extract a couple of key findings:
… our results suggest that if emissions were eliminated entirely, radiative forcing from atmospheric CO2 would decrease at a rate closely matched by declining ocean heat uptake, with the result that while future warming commitment may be negligible, atmospheric temperatures may not decrease appreciably for at least 500 years.
In short, the time for dramatic action is upon us. The study concludes:
In the absence of human intervention to actively remove CO2 from the atmosphere, each unit of CO2 emissions must be viewed as leading to quantifiable and essentially permanent climate change on centennial timescales. We emphasize that a stable global climate is not synonymous with stable radiative forcing, but rather requires decreasing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. We have shown here that stable global temperatures within the next several centuries can be achieved if CO2 emissions are reduced to nearly zero. This means that avoiding future human-induced climate warming may require policies that seek not only to decrease CO2 emissions, but to eliminate them entirely.
Bottom line: Stopping global warming is very hard — easily the greatest challenge the human race has ever faced. The best we can hope for at this point is to limit warming to below the threshold where the carbon-cycle feedbacks kick into overdrive, bringing about catastrophe (80 feet of sea level rise, widespread desertification, >50% species loss).
In all likelihood we need to slow cut emissions deeply and quickly enough that we get to the point this century where we can actually have net negative emissions, by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while emitting almost none. | <urn:uuid:b4630ba2-5fb6-4c43-90c1-4a6c799fb5f7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2008/02/28/202398/stabilizing-climate-requires-near-zero-emissions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934642 | 580 | 3 | 3 |
We learned before t hat the square root of a number is never negative. It is always positive. Nevertheless, mathematicians have invented such a number. So for the purpose of mathematicians, they do exist. These are called complex numbers. The square root of -1 is particular important for us. It is denoted i. When we see i^2, we must keep in mind that the answer is -1. Nevertheless, i can be used generically to represent the square root of any negative number. We use i to represent the square root of -b, which is the square root of any negative number.
The function of i is to help us to determine the square root of negative real numbers. Keeping in mind that i represents the square root of negative 1, we can use it to help determine the square root of negative numbers by writing -b under a square root sign, which represents the square root of a negative real number, and then write that this is equal to bi. As an example, we can write -4 under a square root sign, representing the square eroot of negative three, and then we can write that this is equal to 4i, which is equal to 2. Thus, keep in mind what we have said before about how a square has both a negative and positive square root. This is the case because we can obtain 4 by multiplying either 2 by itself or also -2 by itself.
We represent complex numbers with the expression a + bi, where a and b are real numbers. These can be either integers or fractions. Where a is a 0, as in the example of 0 + 5i, we can simply write 5i. When we lack the i, this means the expression of the complex number is 0. Thus, if we were to simply write 5, this would be the equivalent of 5 + 0i. | <urn:uuid:688e2ddf-783c-4571-9b10-f41637b41f1e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.examiner.com/article/an-introduction-to-complex-numbers?cid=rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946514 | 378 | 3.765625 | 4 |
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In our analysis of this quote, let us remember the overall thrust of Thoreau's argument and what he is trying to suggest. Thoreau went to the woods to escape what he saw as the insincerity and superficial nature of civilisation. He found that living by himself forced him into a deeper relationship with himself, with nature and with his mystical awareness of divine realities. In conflict with this, he thought that society, with its focus on gaining love, money and fame, was something that detracted from the ultimate realities of life and the truth of our existence as humans. These frivolous, passing emotions and feelings only serve to distract us as humans from what, in Thoreau's opinion, we should be focusing on, which is ourselves and the ultimate truth of our identities.
This quote therefore plays an important part in making the strident call in Thoreau's "Conclusion" for humanity to live to the beat of a different drum and to reject the superficial values of society. Let us remember the image that Thoreau uses to point out this different way of living:
If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away.
Following truth as opposed to love, money and fame, which Thoreau saw as being in conflict with the pursuit of truth, is something that was essential for man if he is to live in harmony with himself, with nature, and with God.
We’ve answered 327,820 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:69be5ccf-bcd3-4d24-a0d5-650c475cea05> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-went-woods-what-does-he-mean-when-he-says-292342 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979637 | 335 | 2.625 | 3 |
Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
You may have
type 2 diabetes
for years before you start to have symptoms. Symptoms may be difficult to notice if they are mild. High blood glucose levels may cause the symptoms, or they may be due to complications from diabetes.
Symptoms may include:
- Weight loss
- Increased urination
- Increased thirst
- Increased hunger
- Blurry vision
- Frequent or recurring infections
- Slow wound healing
- Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
- Problems with gums and teeth
Diabetes mellitus type 2. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated July 29, 2013. Accessed August 28, 2013.
Your guide to diabetes: Type 1 and type 2. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Available at:
http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/your-guide-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx. Updated August 29, 2012. Accessed August 28, 2013.
Type 2. American Diabetes Association website. Available at:
http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-2/?loc=util-header%5Ftype2. Accessed August 28, 2013. | <urn:uuid:be141c14-384f-46e8-9a2a-aadb9373dafd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=20261 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.792754 | 290 | 2.640625 | 3 |
For the past few years, Davis and colleagues from Harvard and Boston University have been perusing the notebooks of the famous naturalist and philosopher Henry David Thoreau, using his notes about his sanctuary at Walden Pond to uncover the drastic effects of climate change. With his graduate student, Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Primack stumbled upon Thoreau’s observations of changes in plant flowering times and species occurrences over time. “It became the gold mine,” Primack said. “What was great was that Thoreau was so famous and that his records were the oldest we found in the United States.” Together with his graduate students, Charlie G. Willis and Brad R. Ruhfel, Davis compiled an evolutionary tree of the entire community of flora that had existed in the Concord area in the mid-19th century. “Using phylogenies to think about interesting patterns of bioevolution and global [climate] change just seemed like a perfect avenue to think about this pattern of species loss using a novel evolutionary perspective,” Davis said. Primack and Miller-Rushing had observed that the plants around Walden Pond were producing flowers on average more than a week earlier than they were in Thoreau’s time, when temperatures were 4.3 degrees Fahrenheit lower. The shift in flowering times, however, was not uniform—some species groups were flowering more than three weeks earlier, while others were flowering “like clockwork around mid-May,” Davis said. Applying these data to an evolutionary perspective, the researcher--s found that the species that adjusted to the changing climate survived, while the “clockwork” plants had declined in number. “The real downer about this all is that the groups that are being hardest hit are our most cherished temperate flowering species: orchids, buttercups, roses, dogwoods, violets,” Davis said. “These are the kind of species that people go out on botanical forays to see, and now they can’t see them.” Davis said that about one-quarter of the plants Thoreau observed in his notebooks have become extinct, and that 36 percent now are in such low abundance that they are “hanging by a thread.”
Walden; Or, Life in the Woods.
White Pond and Walden are great crystals on the surface of the earth, Lakes of Light. If they were permanently congealed, and small enough to be clutched, they would, perchance, be carried off by slaves, like precious stones, to adorn the heads of emperors; but being liquid, and ample, and secured to us and our successors forever, we disregard them, and run after the diamond of Kohinoor. They are too pure to have a market value; they contain no muck. How much more beautiful than our lives, how much more transparent than our characters, are they! We never learned meanness of them. How much fairer than the pool before the farmers door, in which his ducks swim! Hither the clean wild ducks come. Nature has no human inhabitant who appreciates her. The birds with their plumage and their notes are in harmony with the flowers, but what youth or maiden conspires with the wild luxuriant beauty of Nature? She flourishes most alone, far from the towns where they reside. Talk of heaven! ye disgrace earth..
1. An individual is the spiritual center of the universe - and in an individual can be found the clue to nature, history and, ultimately, the cosmos itself. It is not a rejection of the existence of God, but a preference to explain an individual and the world in terms of an individual.
2. The structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self - all knowledge, therefore, begins with self-knowledge. This is similar to Aristotle's dictum "know thyself."
3. Transcendentalists accepted the neo-Platonic conception of nature as a living mystery, full of signs - nature is symbolic.
4. The belief that individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-realization - this depends upon the reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies:
a. the expansive or self-transcending tendency - a desire to embrace the whole world - to know and become one with the world.
b. the contracting or self-asserting tendency - the desire to withdraw, remain unique and separate - an egotistical existence.
This dualism assumes our two psychological needs; the contracting: being unique, different, special, having a racial identity,ego-centered, selfish, and so on; the expansive: being the same as others, altruistic, be one of the human race, and so on.
The transcendentalist expectation is to move from the contracting to the expansive. This dualism has aspects of Freudian id and superego; the Jungian shadow and persona, the Chinese ying/yang, and the Hindu movement from Atman (egotistic existence) to Brahma (cosmic existence).
Thoreau's clay-mixed graphite wasn't entirely original. The Germans had used something like it a few years earlier. It's not clear whether Thoreau had any inkling of the German process. But what is clear is that he transcended it. He developed a new grinding mill. He developed all sorts of process details. Historian Henry Petroski adds to the list of Thoreau's inventions -- a pipe forming machine, water wheel designs. They probably never told you in your English class that Thoreau often signed the words "Civil Engineer" after his name. Yet Thoreau was content to walk away from an invention without making personal profit of it. He was, after all, the same man who wrote ;... the seventh day should be man's day of toil ... and the other six his Sabbath of the affections and the soul -- in which to range this widespread garden, and drink in the soft influences and sublime revelations of Nature ...
Many readers mistake Henry's tone in Walden and other works, thinking he was a cranky hermit. That was far from the case, as one of his young neighbors and Edward Emerson attest. He found greater joy in his daily life than most people ever would. He traveled often, to the Maine woods and to Cape Cod several times, and was particularly interested in the frontier and Indians. He opposed the government for waging the Mexican war (to extend slavery) eloquently in Resistance to Civil Government, based on his brief experience in jail; he lectured against slavery in an abolitionist lecture, Slavery in Massachusetts. He even supported John Brown's efforts to end slavery after meeting him in Concord, as in A Plea for Captain John Brown.
Referring to the American government, the greatest American Anarchist, David Thoreau, said: "Government, what is it but a tradition, though a recent one, endeavoring to transmit itself unimpaired to posterity, but each instance losing its integrity; it has not the vitality and force of a single living man. Law never made man a whit more just; and by means of their respect for it, even the well disposed are daily made agents of injustice."
Ziga Vodovnik interviews Howard Zinn — Rebels Against Tyranny.
There is, of course, much with which to disagree, but overall, it's a valuable read, especially the parts about the philosophy's American history:
One of the problems with dealing with anarchism is that there are many people whose ideas are anarchist, but who do not necessarily call themselves anarchists. The word was first used by Proudhon in the middle of the 19th century, but actually there were anarchist ideas that proceeded Proudhon, those in Europe and also in the United States. For instance, there are some ideas of Thomas Paine, who was not an anarchist, who would not call himself an anarchist, but he was suspicious of government. Also Henry David Thoreau. He does not know the word anarchism, and does not use the word anarchism, but Thoreau’s ideas are very close to anarchism. He is very hostile to all forms of government. If we trace origins of anarchism in the United States, then probably Thoreau is the closest you can come to an early American anarchist. You do not really encounter anarchism until after the Civil War, when you have European anarchists, especially German anarchists, coming to the United States. They actually begin to organize. The first time that anarchism has an organized force and becomes publicly known in the United States is in Chicago at the time of Haymarket Affair.[....]Well, the Transcendentalism is, we might say, an early form of anarchism. The Transcendentalists also did not call themselves anarchists, but there are anarchist ideas in their thinking and in their literature. In many ways Herman Melville shows some of those anarchist ideas. They were all suspicious of authority. We might say that the Transcendentalism played a role in creating an atmosphere of skepticism towards authority, towards government.
Traditional individualist anarchism
Theorists in traditional American individualism (historically called "Boston anarchism" at times, often derogatorily) include Josiah Warren, Ezra Heywood, William B. Greene, Benjamin Tucker, Lysander Spooner,Stephen Pearl Andrews, and Henry David Thoreau. Josiah Warren is commonly regarded as the first individualist anarchist in the American tradition. He had participated in a failed collectivist experiment called "New Harmony" and came to the conclusion that such a system is inferior to one where individualism and private property is respected. He details his conclusions in regard to this collectivist experiment in Equitable Commerce. In a quote from that text that illustrates his radical individualism, he says: "Society must be so converted as to preserve the SOVEREIGNTY OF EVERY INDIVIDUAL inviolate. That it must avoid all combinations and connections of persons and interests, and all other arrangements which will not leave every individual at all times at liberty to dispose of his or her person, and time, and property in any manner in which his or her feelings or judgment may dictate. WITHOUT INVOLVING THE PERSONS OR INTERESTS OF OTHERS" (Tucker's emphasis). Warren coined the phrase "Cost the limit of price" to refer to his interpretation of Adam Smith's labor theory of value. The labor theory holds that the value of a commodity is equal to the amount of labor required to produce or acquire it. Warren maintains, therefore, that the price of labor of one individual must be equal to the production of the equivalent amount of labor of every other individual. And, consequently, that an employer who labors not, but retains a portion of the produce of an employee as profit is guilty of violating the "cost principle" --he recieves payment without cost to himself. Warren regards this practice as "invasive." If an employer is to be paid, he must not be paid unless he labors. In 1827, Warren put his theories into practive by starting a business that he called a "labor for labor store" in Cincinatti, Ohio. Warren, like all the American individualists, that followed was a strong supporter of the right of individuals to retain the product of their labor as private property. Josiah Warren (1799-1874) was an American social reformer and commonly regarded as the first individualist anarchist. ... Ezra Heywood was a 19th century North American individualist anarchist, slavery abolitionist, and feminist. ... Benjamin Tucker (April 17, 1854 - 1939) was Americas leading proponent of individualist anarchism in the 19th century. ... Lysander Spooner (January 19, 1808 - May 14, 1887) was an American political philosopher, abolitionist, and legal theorist of the 19th century. ... Stephen Pearl Andrews (March 22, 1812 - May 21, 1886) was an anarchist. ... Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862; born David Henry Thoreau) was an American author, pacifist, tax resister and philosopher who is most famous for his essays Walden on appreciation of nature and Civil Disobedience (available at wikisource) on civil disobedience. ... New Harmony is a town located in Posey County, Indiana. ... His Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was one of the earliest attempts to study the historical development of industry and commerce in Europe. ... The labor theory of value (LTV) is a theory in economics and political economy concerning a market-oriented or commodity-producing society: the theory equates the value of an exchangeable good or service (i. ...
Find blog posts, photos, events and more off-site about:Walden, individualist anarchism, capitalism, industrialization, envrionment, mass-extinction, flowers, species, biology, ecology, David Henry Thoreau, American Transcendentalism | <urn:uuid:7ee4edd9-b867-4e8c-82b4-14138325a2f7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://plawiuk.blogspot.com/2008/11/henry-david-thoreau-weeps.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964216 | 2,704 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Ito (伊藤) family name, Seiu (晴雨) first name, (male, 1882-1961)
Seiu Ito was a major figure in the SM world in Japan during the Showa era (1925-1989) and his influence continues to the present day. Born in 1882, he was strongly attracted from an early age to scenes of torture in stories and theater plays and he produced a large body of art (paintings and drawings) as well as photographs depicting scenes of torture and kinbaku, often using his wife or his mistress as his model.
He started as an illustrator working for newspapers at the end of the Meiji era but later became a theater critic. He then became the head of the Performing Arts section as well as the main illustrator for the Yomiuri newspaper. At the beginning of the Taisho period (1912), he met Kaneyo Sasaki (Oyou) and Kise Sahara, two women who had an appreciation of kinbaku, and he deepened his study of torture art and photography. In the closing years of the Taisho era (around 1926), he rode the wave of the eroguro movement and attracted attention as a “painter of perversion”. In 1928, he published the first photo book of kinbaku (Seme no Kenkyu – Research on Torture), which was soon after banned by the authorities.
Before World War II, through editor Suikodo Shoten, he published a large number of collections of graphic works. But this period, with Ito at the height of his career, was interrupted by the war. With the cessation of hostilities, he became active as a writer in the castori magazines such as Ningen Tankyu, Kitan Club and Fuzoku Soushi. In addition, he organized frequent photo sessions and the resulting photos can be seen as “photos in the Seiyu way” in magazines such as Fuzoku Soushi, Fuzoku Kitan and Uramado. During the Taisho period (1912-1926) he established theater groups whose plays centered on torture scenes and, in 1953, he started the Seme no Gekidan (Torture Theater Group) which performed at Ichikawa Suzumoto theater in Tokyo and others.
He was also an historian and his lifelong research culminated in the book Iroha Nikki -- Edo to Tokyo Fuzoku Yashi which details the tools and crafts of old Tokyo.
伊藤晴雨(Japanese), Hajime Ito (伊藤一, real name)
Born March 3rd 1882, in Tokyo, Asakusa district, Kinryusan Kudarikawara 5 as the eldest son of Ito Kintaro a metal engraver.
1890: Accepted as an apprentice by Nozawa Teiu, a member of the Edo based Korinha school of drawing; At about nine years of age, discovers his obsession with the perfume of women’s hair as well as punishment scenes in theater plays.
1891: Receives a copy of the story of Chujou Hime (Princess Chujou) from his mother, the scene of torture in the snow leaving a strong impression.
1892: Goes with his parents to the theater Honjo Kotobukiza and watches a performance of Yoshida Otono’s Maneku Furusode (An Inviting Kimono Sleeve); the scene of torture leaves a profound mark.
1894: Becomes the apprentice of ivory carver Naito Yasukazu in the district of Honzo Ku Aioi-cho, Tokyo.
1895: Starts to collect pictures related to torture.
1896: Starts to draw advertisements for theater plays.
1896 (June): Goes to the Haruki theater in the district of Hoingo, Tokyo to watch Nisshin Senso Youchi no Ada Tan (Raid Nocturne During the Nishiin War), a play in the Soushi Shibai (Outlaw Theater) where a scene of a nurse being tortured leaves a deep impression.
1898: While still an apprentice ivory carver, uses his free time to draw ropes of illustrations of women published in the Tokyo Asahi newspaper.
1899: In the Tokiwa Theater in Asakusa, is strongly impressed by the torture chamber in the play Akumabarai (Sweep Away the Demons) of Mizuno Yoshimi.
1905: With the intention of becoming a painter, terminates his apprenticeship with the ivory carver and moves to Kyoto; tries different occupations in succession but then returns to Tokyo.
1907: Joins the Mai-Chou Shinbun published in the Nihonbashi, Tokyo district as an artist/journalist. He is put in charge of illustrating Yomashima (Ghost Island) by writer Arigawa Akikusa.
1909: Joins the Yamato Shinbun Sha located in Kyobashi, Tokyo in charge of illustrations, while continuing as theater critic at the Maiseki Shinbun; he then joined the Yomiuri Shinbun where he was promoted to head illustrator.
1909: Through an arranged introduction, he marries Takeo, the younger sister of the wife of Tamaki Terunobu (1879-1953), a scenery painter of the Shinpa (new school) movement. Around that time, having gained a steady income and numerous commissions for illustrations, most of his money was spent on entertainment.
1916: Starts a relationship with his model Sasaki Kaneyo (Oha) and starts drawing his first torture illustrations.
1918: Sasaki Kaneyo starts living with Takehisa Yumeji (1884-1934), painter and poet.
1919: Starts the Kaidan Kai (Ghost Stories Society) in Hyakkaen park in Mukojima, Tokyo along with Hirayama Rokko (1881-1953) writer, Miyake Kogen (1886-1951) writer, (Izumi Kyoka (1873-1939) writer, Kubota Mantaro (1889-1963) writer, Kinjo Saitenzan III (1863-1935), Kaidanka, Ii Yoho (1871-1932), Hanayagi Shotaro (1894-1965) actor.
1919: Divorces Takeo and marries Sahara Kisei.
1919: With Kisei, takes photos of snow torture in his garden; the photographer is YuuKa.
1920 (autumn): Makes his fist attempt at suspension with his wife Kisei; also suspends his wife’s younger daughter in his workshop and takes photos.
1921 (June): With Kisei now pregnant, makes the Rinketsu Bijin Sakasa Tsuri no Shashin (photo in inverted suspension of a beautiful woman in her last month of pregnancy).
1921: Suzuki Senzaburo (1893-1924), a theater writer, publishes Hi Aburi (Burnt by Fire), a play based on the life of Seiu Ito.
1923: Borrowing a farmer's house in Shimotakaido from his student Sakamoto Gajou, takes, with photographer Suzuki Kaminarisui, photos of snow torture. The location was noted for the plum tree in the garden, a feature important to Ito.
1923: Great Kanto Earthquake occurs; Ito's residence avoids fire damage; at this time he had lent the Rinketsu Bijin Sakasa Tsuri no Shashin to his friend, Tomitsuka Kenzo, which is eventually published in the December 1936 issue of Hentai Shiryou; the same he year publishes Iroha Hiki – Edo to Tokyo Fuzoku Noshi (Private History of Edo and Tokyo Customs, Taken From the Iroha).
1924: Publishes in the Sunday Mainichi photos of torture of Kisei; acquires a reputation for perversion.
1925 (summer): Starts a theater group which concentrates on torture scenes.
1926 (December): Publication of Rinketsu Bijin Sakasa Tsuri no Shashin in the magazine Hentai Shiriou (Pervert Documents) without his authorization. Accompanied by Rinketsu no Josei no Tsukasazuri (inverse suspension of a woman in her last month of pregnancy) by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892), ukiyoe artitst.
1927: Publication of the first volume of Iroha Hiki, Edo to Tokyo Fuzoku Noshi by publisher Hirobunkan.
1928: Publishes the first known photo book of kinbaku, Seme no Kenkyuu<'i> (Research on Torture) which is quickly banned by the authorities.
1930: Works as contributor and editor for the <i>Kodanzasshi.
1931: Now married for a third time, Ito's wife suffers from mental illnes and he goes into debt.
1932: Publishes Bijin Ranpu (Ecstatic Dance of Beautiful Women).
1932: Publishes the sixth volume of his Iroha Hiki – Edo to Tokyo Fuzoku Noshi.
1933: Starts his second theater group
1945: His home is destroyed during the Great Tokyo Air Raid
1947: In the fourth issue of the magazine Rioki publishes “Shitagerataru Nijon Fujin” “The Japanese married woman who wanted to be oppressed”
1950 In Asakusa (Tokyo) Hyakumandoru Gekijo (million dollars theater) gives representations of torture theater
1951(April) Until at least January 1954 exchange letters with Suma Toshiyuki (aka Kita Reiko)
1951 Publishes a series of essays in the magazine Ningen Tankyuu
1951 To celebrate the launch of the magazine Amatoria takes part in a group travel (80 person) to the onsen resort of Rendaiji Onsen in Izu. Among the participants Nakada Masahisa (1922-) editor of noir literature, Miyake Ichirou expert on Japanese politics, Kawakami Santaro (1891-1968) writer of comic haikus, Okada Hiroshi, Ikeda Bunchian (1902-1972) one of the first specialist of popular culture in Japan, Hayashiya Shouraku (the 6th) (1896-1966) rakugoka, Kitasato Toshio (1913-1980), Nanbu Kyoichiro (1904-1975) Movie critic, Takeno Tosuke (1889-1966) writer、Ono Joutoku.
1951 “Mezoku Uramono Jo” (Book on secret things in women jail) edited by Ito Seiu and intended as a supplement to be published inside Amatoria becomes a problem and is finally detached from the magazine.
1953 Edits a photo supplement to the January issue of the magazine Yomikiri Romance titled Etsugyaku Koukotsu To (graphic depiction of ecstasy in pleasure and pain) with mainly kinbaku photos. It is the second such supplement by the magazine, the first one being published in August 1952, titled "Nudo Fuzoku Arubamu " (various nude album) and edited by Ueda Seijiro who is generally considered as having been strongly influenced by Seiu. These 2 supplements represent the first 2 publications entirely devoted to kinbaku in the period following the second world war. The photos included in "Nudo Fuzoku Arubamu"are seen as pre-dating the first SM works published in Kitan Club.
1953 In the January issue of Kitan Club publishes a short piece describing his thoughts about Kita Reiko
1953 Starts his fourth “Seme No Gekidan” Torture Theater Group with its activity centered around the Nakamura Za (theatre Nakamura).
1953 (June 4th) the group gives its first representation in the theater Ishikawa Suzumoto
1953 (July) second group of representations at the theater Nakamura Za
1954 Meets for the first time in person with Suma Toshiyuki
1954 (28 January) The NHK makes an interview about “Seme no Kenkyuu" (research on torture) which is broadcasted on radio on the 29 January on the NHK first channel.
1955 Photographer Kawaguchi Hiroshi pays a visit to Itou Seiu which is the start of amicable relationship.
1956 Enters in relation with Tsujimura Takashi
1960 Receives as illustrator a price from the Federation of Fine Art Publishers.
1961 Passes away. At his funeral Takahashi Tetsuo, Suma Toshiyuki, Ueda Seijiro, Tanaka Masahisa are present
1966 Oniroku Dan novel “Ryoki no Hate” (At the extreme of hunting for the bizarre) takes Itou Seiu as model.
1969: Some discussions are held with the Toei film Company by Oniroku Dan to make a movie on the life of Ito Seiu. An agreement is not reached.
1977 Movie company Nikkatsu produces the movie “Hakkinhon Bijinranpu Yori Semeru” (from the forbidden book “ecstatic dance of the beautiful women” Torture!)
1978 In the theater Jiyu Gekijo (Free theater), Tamai Keiyu puts out the play “Kiden Itou Seiu” (Bizarre stories Itou Seiu)
1996 Oniroku Dan publishes a chronic of Itou Seiu “Sotomichi no Mure” (the heretical crowd)
2002 "Gedou no Mure"is adapted to the movies under the title “Oyou”
- Irohahiki Edo to Tokyo Fuzoku Noshi 6vols 1922-1932
- Seme No Kenkyu (Research on Torture) 1928
- Seme no Hanashi (Histories of Torture) 1929-9
- Rongo Tsukai (Explanation of Text)) 1930
- Onna Sanjuroku Kioku (36 remembrances of women)1930
- Bijin Ranmai (Ecstatitc Dance of Beautiful Women)1932
- Nihon Hentai Keibatsu Gabu (Perverse images of punishment in Japan) 1930
- Hitoniku Shijo (Human flesh market) 1947
- Nihon Taibatsu Fuzoku Toshi (上、下) (Graphic History of Punishment in Japan (in 2 volumes) in collaboration with Fujisawa Ehiko) 1948
- Seme no Kenkyu 1950 ( a reprint of the 1928 book)
- Seizetsu Jotai Komon Shikei Higashu” (Image Collection of Extreme Torture and Private Punishment of Women Bodies)
- Seme No Korekushon
- Bijin Juniji Sene Emaki (Scroll of Twelve Beauties in Torture)
There is a full bibliography in Japanese in the related article on Ito Seiu in SMpedia. We have listed here books on Ito Seiu, which are likely to be of value for the reader who does not read Japanese text.
伊藤晴雨集 (Ito Seiu Collected Images) March 1997 ISBN: 978-4107200433
伊藤晴雨・晴雨秘帖 The Secret Noteboks of Seiu ed: 二見書房 May 2002 ISBN: 978-4576020891
江戸と東京風俗野史 (Private History of Manners in Edo and Tokyo) A re-edition of Seiu’s work on Tokyo craftsmen and daily life, not SM related ed: 有光書房 1997 ASIN: B000JA9AFW
日本刑罰風俗図史 (上、中、下) Graphic History of Customs relative to Punishment in Japan in 3 volumes ed: 粋古堂1948 ASIN: B000JB9BSC The same book in modern re-edition in one volume ed: 国書刊行会 April 2010 ISBN: 978-4336052179
安田コレクション5 地獄の女 論語通解 The Yasuda Collection Vol 5 A reproduction of “Woman From Hell” and “Rongo tsukai” The 5th tome of a series of 9 books dedicated to the collection of erotic books amassed by Yoshida Ashiaki (1918-2008) one of the foremost expert on Japanese erotica in the 20th century (only the 5th volume contains works by Itou Seiu). Private printing, no ISBN.
Sawada Joujirou (1892-1929) Actor and theater administrator, founder of the Shinkokugeki a theater group
Zoganoya Goro (1877-1948) Actor and dramaturge.
Ichimura Uzaemon (the 15th) 1874-1945 One of the representative Kabuki actor of the Taisho and early Showa period.
Onoe Keigo (1870-1934) (the 6th) Famous Kabuki Onnagata actor.
Natsumi Ryutarou (1905-1989) Actor, belonged to the Shinkokugeki movement.
Kitamura Rokurou (1871-1961) Kabuki onnagata actor and member of the Shinpageki, a theater genre established in 1888.
Mizutani Yaeko (1905-1979) Actress, representative of the Shinpageki, which she headed after the death in 1965 of Hanayagi Shoutarou.
Hasegawa Shin (1884-1963) Novelist and theater writer.
Edogawa Ranpo (1894-1965) Novelist, first and foremost Japanese crime novel writer.
Iwata Sentaro (1901-1974) Painter, illustrator, Adviser for period movies.
Shikiba Ryusaburo (1898-1965) Psychiatrist, art critic and close friend of Mishima Yukio.
Miyao Shigeo (1902-1982) Illustrator and Specialist of Edo culture.
Konkontei Imasuke the 5th (1998-1976) Rakugoka. | <urn:uuid:bf2a70d1-67f2-4b53-b4f7-6c5dc9a09060> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nawapedia.com/index.php?title=SandBox | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00177-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921856 | 4,014 | 2.65625 | 3 |
How does a GPS work?
GPS is a series of satellites that send out a radio signal. The signal can be detected by GPS satellite receivers. The receivers then use the information to perform trilateration. This is a mathematical process that allows a GPS receiver to find out the position of the object. On the other hand, the GPS device gives the location of the phone on the map in cell phones. This can get very confusing but you need some information about how GPS devices function before installing it in your cell phone.
Why do you need GPS tracking devices?
When majority of the people think of GPS, they want to install them in a car to search for a short cut to a particular place or to find the closest petrol pump. Nevertheless, you do not need a car to avail the benefits of this service anymore. Sometimes you only wish to find a new place nearby to munch. Maybe you are a family person and you need to find where your kids are in an emergency situation.
A number of parents add GPS tracking device and software in their kid’s cell phone to know their locations at all times. This allows them to check on them if they were in a danger locality. The technological advancements make the device friendlier and affordable than previous times. Therefore, you do not need to be a technology geek to navigate and install the system.
Install the software directly to your phone
You can track a cell phone without installing a GPS tracking device. You can do this by downloading GPS software to your cell phone in order to make them a GPS tracking device. Most phones have a GPS receiver installed on them to let the phone track it through the satellite. | <urn:uuid:bad0e1e6-4b65-4784-a1e4-9a381a628598> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.stepbystep.com/how-to-install-gps-tracking-devices-in-cell-phones-41177/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938182 | 339 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A new study out of the CDC finds that 82.5% of firefighters in the U.S. are overweight or obese, a figure alarmingly higher than the rest of the general population, which hovers around 67%. The study found that, of 1,002 firefighters who participated, 854 had a BMI over 25%. A BMI under 25% is considered to be “normal.”
The main purpose of the Centers for Disease Control’s study was to determine whether firefighters were receiving recommendations from their health care providers regarding their weight and whether they needed to gain weight, lose weight, or simply maintain their current weight. The study found that 69% of them, despite having visited their physician in the last 12 months, received no recommendations or advice.
This is especially problematic, considering that data from earlier this year by Johns Hopkins University found that cardiovascular problems are the leading cause of death (45%) for active duty firefighters. They attribute that staggering statistic to the high stress factor of the job and poor lifestyle habits surrounding it.
What can be done to reduce obesity in our first responders?
That’s tough to say, claims Dr. Sue Day, author of the CDC’s report. She says the biggest change that needs to be made is the implementation of better guidelines to maintain health and change behaviors. Even still, the guidelines aren’t laws, and fire departments nationwide are known for being very lax when it comes to enforcing them. Part of that may be because 70% of fire departments in the United States are made up of volunteers who choose to be there and that by implementing and enforcing stricter guidelines, “up to half” may just not show up.
In the U.K., a policy was implemented two years ago that requires police officers to submit to an annual fitness test. If they don’t pass three consecutive tests, they face an 8% dock in pay. At that time, 65% of their force was overweight or obese, nearly 15% lower than firefighters in the U.S.
Looking at other first responders, a 2011 study found that 40.5% of U.S. police are overweight and have a greater risk of cardiovascular disease, suicide, and colon cancer. A study in 2012 found that 44% of new EMS recruits were overweight and 33% were obese, accounting for 3 out of every 4 new personnel.
Clearly, something must be done to help protect our emergency responders — those volunteering and those who draw a paycheck — before they find themselves in need of the same emergency services they dedicate their lives to providing.
One retired fire chief, Kevin Quinn, found that giving healthier food choices in the firehouse helped reduce the weight of his crew. Instead of ordering pizza during department meetings, he started bringing fruits and vegetables. He also started sending some of the younger members to conferences focused on firefighter health and fitness. As part of the initiative, they’ve also seen a decline in smoking and alcohol consumption. Quinn now works for the National Volunteer Fire Council, a nonprofit organization representing the interests of volunteer fire, EMS, and rescue services. | <urn:uuid:06512ec2-d981-4085-a928-cfb5a024d9c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dietsinreview.com/diet_column/08/more-than-80-of-firefighters-in-the-u-s-are-overweight-or-obese-but-whats-being-done/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00029-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96974 | 633 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A small red alga (up to 17 cm in length), the fronds are channelled with a thickened edge and widen from a narrow stipe with disc-like holdfast. The channelling is often slight and is most noticeable at the base of the frond. Mature plants have conspicuous growths of short, shout papillae (reproductive bodies) on the fronds. The plant is dark reddish-brown to purple in colour and may be bleached. The common name false Irish moss is used as it may be confused with Chondrus crispus (Irish moss). The main features separating the two species being the channelled frond and appearance of reproductive bodies on mature plants.May be collected with Chondrus crispus as a source of 'carrageen', which is used to make soups and jellies, and also as a remedy for respiratory disorders in Ireland ('Carrageen' is a hot water extract of red algae).
No one has provided updates yet. | <urn:uuid:a8669804-9ea7-484e-a93c-a6d1a3ccdb6a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eol.org/data_objects/10658099 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935799 | 210 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The population of earth is approximately seven billion. Interestingly, all of us appear to descend from a group of hunter-gatherers living in Africa around seventy thousand years ago.
The most recent genetic research suggests that a tribe of about 200 migrated from Africa, crossed the Red Sea, and gradually colonised the planet.
Homo Sapiens were not alone. As they continued to push further into new territory, they became increasingly exposed to Homo Neanderthalensis and possibly Homo Erectus.
Despite this, it was not long before our ancestors, either by displacement or eradication, had eliminated all competition.
Some scientists have suggested that it was the ability of complex speech that gave Homo Sapiens the edge over the larger brained and more physically powerful Homo Neanderthalensis.
Clearly the ability to communicate is important, but how important is communication in rugby?
It’s well established that successful teams possess strong communicators. Being able to provide economical, clear and precise information under fatigue and stress is a hallmark of good players and teams.
It’s also critical to be able communicate openly with team-mates in the time away from the training field. No team can prosper without developing a culture of honesty and trust.
These are well understood and accepted truisms, but what about communication between the coaching staff and players during a match?
All teams utilise an array of strategies that allow coaches to send messages onto the field during a match. The most common method seems to be to radio messages to water boys, physios and doctors, who are then able to relay them whilst on the field during breaks in play.
As coach of the Free State Cheetahs, Rassie Erasmus had a large panel of “disco lights” fitted directly above the coach’s box. From there Rassie would vary the colour of the lights to instruct his players from up in the stands.
Technology will continue to play an ever increasing role in the game.
The amount of information that players and coaches are now able to access is impressive. When I first arrived at the Brumbies, matches were still recorded on VHS. By the time I left, we had software that made it possible to know if an opposing player folded or scrunched.
Or so it seemed.
As coaches have access to more information, it becomes inevitable that they will be best equipped to identify the strategies for a given field position or set piece. Real time data analytics will make it easy to imagine a scenario whereby a coach will know precisely what the best on-field options are.
This will likely give rise to a host of creative yet subtle strategies that allow coaches and players to communicate during a match.
On a basic level, this is already occurring. It’s not uncommon for players to attempt to “run off” an injury during a match.
This info is usually communicated from the sidelines in the hope that there might be an opportunity to target a weakness in the defensive line.
There are a lot of qualities that made Steve Larkham a great player, but one thing that really stood out for me was his ability to make consistently good decisions.
Bernie could make a snap assessment of a number of factors: our position on the field, the score line, time remaining, which plays he’d previously used during the match, the chance of us winning clean ball from the set piece, where the opposing D-line was most vulnerable, and so on.
From there, he would mentally select a play from a long list of choices best designed to get us out of our defensive zone, produce a line break, go forward ball or a score.
I wonder, though, if a future technology trend has the potential to make a Larkham-type player less special. Will the next generation of on-field generals simply execute orders rather than steer the ship?
I’m not sure I believe that even the current ability to so closely scrutinise the opposition has led to better outcomes for rugby. It’s fairly difficult to genuinely surprise another team these days.
The opposition has poured over countless hours of footage readying themselves for any eventuality.
Innovation is still most certainly possible in the game. It’s just that much more difficult to get any sustained benefit from it.
If a new strategy is successful, it’s quickly adopted by all. Which brings me to the Brumbies.
At the hight of their dominance, they were playing a style of rugby unseen before: sustained ball retention, quick ruck ball, and building pressure made them trendsetters.
Which team will be the next to produce a truly unique strategy? | <urn:uuid:2387e445-5ff8-4d51-8577-4c455dbb2499> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theroar.com.au/2012/04/05/rathbone-is-modern-rugby-stifling-the-talents-of-quick-thinking-players/comment-page-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967911 | 966 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Countess of Roussillon
The countess is Bertram's mother and Helen's guardian (sort of like a foster mother). She's also a widow, but Shakespeare makes it pretty clear that her most important job in this play is being a mom.
A Suffocating Mother?
In fact, some literary critics think the countess puts the mother in smother. Think about it. The countess is always up in her son's business and basically helps Helen get hitched to Bertram. When she hears about Helen's plan to marry her son, she says "Why, Helen, thou shalt have my leave and love [...] What I can help thee to thou shalt not miss" (1.3.268, 273). Later, when the countess finds out that Helen and Bertram just got hitched and that Helen is returning to Roussillon, she says "It hath happened all as I would have had it, / save that he comes not along with her"(3.2.1-2). Yikes! She might as well rub her hands together and proceed with her best evil cackle. The Countess puts Helen's happiness before her own son's, which seems like a pretty odd thing for a mom to do.
This is why feminist Shakespeare scholar Janet Adelman writes about the countess as one of Shakespeare's "suffocating mothers." Adelman points out that, at the play's beginning, Bertram is excited about leaving the nest and becoming a man at the king's court in Paris. Then, as the play progresses, Bertram's mom totally schemes with Helen. What’s the end result? Bertram ends right back at home with his mommy (and his new wife) in Roussillon. (Source).
The Countess vs. Gertrude and Lady Macbeth
That said, the countess isn't all bad, especially when we compare her to some of Shakespeare's other moms. Unlike Hamlet's famous mom (Gertrude), the countess doesn't run out and marry her son's uncle right after her husband dies. Plus, it's not like she goes around talking about bashing in the heads of babies like Lady Macbeth. Remember her? She spends all her time praying that some "murderous spirits" will "unsex" her so she won't ever be mistaken for somebody's mother.
Our point? The countess isn't perfect, but she's no Lady Macbeth either.
That said, the countess is also considered one of Shakespeare's strongest female roles. (That's why the part has attracted award-winning actresses like Dame Judi Dench and Peggy Ashcroft.) In Shakespeare After All, scholar Marjorie Garber writes that she's "brilliant, complicated, [and] strong" and George Bernard Shaw famously said that the countess of Roussillon is "the most beautiful old woman's part ever written." (Source).
Helen's Biggest Fan
We see a tender side of the countess when she overhears Helen talking about her love for Bertram:
Even so it was with me when I was young.
If ever we are nature's, these are ours. This thorn
Doth to our rose of youth rightly belong. (1.3.130-132)
The countess may be an old woman, but she remembers what it was like to be young and in love. She also remembers just how painful it can be. This is pretty remarkable, Shmoopers. It's not every day that you see one of Shakespeare's parents siding with the younger generation. (In Romeo and Juliet, for example, the young lovers' parents are a major obstacle to their kids' happiness.)
The countess's compassion may be why she is always building up Helen's self-esteem and trying to help her get Bertram. This actually has a big impact on the way the audience experiences the play. Because the countess is always telling us how great Helen is, we're encouraged to identify and sympathize with Helen, even if we might question the girl's actions or motives. | <urn:uuid:9d2502d7-7dd4-41cf-86f9-abb1b65dd78e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.shmoop.com/alls-well-that-ends-well/countess-roussillon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96671 | 854 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Attracting Hummingbirds to you is important and a lot easier than trekking across fields with a pair of Binoculars.
A good way to attract the hummingbirds is to plant a hummingbird garden following the instructions in the Garden section of this website. A hummingbird garden can be rather large rolling across several acres, to very small such as a window-box planter or a couple of plants and feeder on a porch. Hummingbirds have no sense of smell, so what the flower smells like doesn't really matter. Choose trumpet flowers like those on Honeysuckle plant, or a Trumpet Vine. If you don't know the name of a particular flower, don't worry. We have compiled a Hummingbird Garden Catalog with photos that will help you choose the best flowers for your location.
Hummingbirds love to drink nectar from flowers and feeders. Hummingbird feeders can be purchased and come in all shapes and sizes, or, you can make your own hummingbird feeder using old bottles and other things around your home. We have listed our favorite feeders and recommendations in the Feeders section of this website. The recipe for hummingbird nectar can be found in the Nectar section of this site.
As much as hummingbirds need nectar as part of their daily diet, you will also need water to attract them. Hummingbirds need water to drink and bathe. It is easy to incorporate water into your hummingbird garden by adding a water mister that will not only water the plants, but allow the hummingbirds to take a quick shower. Hummingbirds are also attracted to birdbaths with fountains. There are some really nice hummingbird birdbaths in our hummingbird shop. A solar fountain added to a birdbath will not only make the hummingbirds happy, but your pocketbook as well.
Hummingbirds are attracted to an area that has lots of little bugs to eat. Hummingbirds need protein to survive and eating tiny bugs like gnats and spiders give them that needed protein. Don't use pesticides around hummingbirds; let the hummingbirds will take care of those annoying little bugs for you. If you want to try to attract more bugs, see the Bugs section of this website.
Hummingbirds love to play around in the sunshine and even take a little sun bath, however, they also need shade and wind protection. Hummingbirds are attracted to areas that have both. They need the sunshine just like we do. However they need the shade to rest, perch, and nest.
Hummingbirds can feel more fearless than other birds simply because of their speed. Hummingbirds can even become accustom to certain people they know. They can, in time, zip all around someone's heads and ankles without a care.
To a hummingbird, you are a 90 foot tall monster that can eat them. Hummingbirds don't know that you would never hurt them until you can prove it. When you move, make sure your movements are slow and deliberate. Try sitting out with the hummingbirds on a daily basis (like morning Coffee time). Change the feeders during daylight hours so they can see who is providing such good nectar. After a while, sit with a feeder right next to you and watch them drop by for a drink. Eventually, they may start to think of you as a perch. See also the Bugs section of this website.
If you are having problems attracting hummingbirds, be patient. Hummingbirds will be in virtually every part of the Americas at one time or another. Here are some other tips you might want to try to help you attract the most hummingbirds.
- Try placing your hummingbird feeders near flowers that hummingbirds like.
- Run strings or line to create a place for the hummingbirds to perch.
- Spread feeders out, or place a lot of feeders bunched together so that a territorial hummingbird cannot monopolize all of them.
- Place the feeders as a variety of heights. Some hummingbirds feel more comfortable feeding at higher levels of fourteen (14) feet or so, while others like to feed at ground level.
- Try to decorate your feeder and surrounding areas with Color-Coded Flagging Tape. The florescent tape mimics the reflections of the hummingbird's iridescent coloring.
As you can see, with a little thought and patients attracting hummingbirds is not all that hard. | <urn:uuid:1fcbae2b-bc97-4a1d-9079-21eb164a7592> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.worldofhummingbirds.com/attracting.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95393 | 920 | 2.703125 | 3 |
|Sediment Sampling||2005 Results||2006 Results||2007 Results|
Sediment samples were collected as part of the 2005 and the 2006 Snapshot Day events as part of a two part sediment analysis. Part 1 involves carefully describing the sediments for color, grain size, composition and moisture content, and Part 2 involves sending the sample to Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) scanning to determine the amount of lead and other metal concentrations found in the river sediments.
Why are we looking at sediments? Trace metals can bind to sediments. Many of these metals are naturally occuring, but increased or heightened levels of some metals can suggest anthropogenic (human) influences. So the level or amount of metal bound to the sediments in an area can be used as an indicator of outside "inputs". For example, lead occurs naturally at rates of approximate 20 ppm in the sediments, but large increases in lead levels are associated with industrialization and leaded gasoline, paint pigments and incinerators. If we find a sample with high levels of lead we would assume it was deposited in the river after 1900, while samples with just background levels of lead would be believed to have been deposited prior to 1900. Zinc is another industrially connected metal, and it would not be surprising to see similar trends in the lead and zinc readings.
We also look at the type of sediment that exists in each area. Sediments are often described by their grain size - from fine grain to sandy or course grain. The larger the grain size the lower the surface area in the sample! While that might not sound logical think of it this way - if you are only comparing surface area in two grains of sediment, one small and one large, the larger grain would have more surface area. BUT if you were to collect two equal amounts of fine grain and large grain sediments in a container, the fine grain sample would have more overall surface area since more of the fine grains could be collected in the same overall sample size. Therefore the grain size in an area is important to consider when looking at the results.
These Snapshot Day sediment samples are from different locations in the river and have different color, grain size and overall composition.
The samples were collected by push cores with collection sleeves 14 inches long (35.56 cms). The actual samples collected were a third to half this length. Prior to anaysis with the XRF the samples were visually reviewed for the:
After recording the physical description of the core, as defined above, XRF measures were made of each of the cores for a wide range of metals. We selected Lead, Zinc, Manganese and Iron to record and discuss. | <urn:uuid:4cbc9f20-6916-4654-896b-aa248645ef91> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/k12/snapshotday/Sediments.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961829 | 559 | 3.546875 | 4 |
This is the free student devotional for Resilient Faith, Session 1: Focused Faith.
Take a walk, paying careful attention to the sunlight and shadows. Thank God that there are no shadows in Him.
Think about situations and circumstances in this world where you see darkness (evil, poverty, abuse, etc.). Jot down a few of the things that came to mind.
The sun will no longer be your light by day, and the brightness of the moon will not shine on you; but the Lord will be your everlasting light, and your God will be your splendor. Your sun will no longer set, and your moon will not fade; for the Lord will be your everlasting light, and the days of your sorrow will be over. —Isaiah 60:19-20
Now, read Isaiah 60:1-3,19-20 in your Bible. Underline the words or phrases that bring light and hope into the situations you just listed.
Ponder these questions:
Why is it important that God’s light is everlasting?
In this passage, “light” refers to God’s presence. How do the light of the sun and the moon pale in comparison to the light of God’s perpetual presence, promised to us in Scripture?
It’s easy to let the world’s darkness creep into your life. Thankfully, God is the everlasting light.
Behind the Story
Isaiah was a bold man of God who proclaimed the coming Messiah to the Israelites. Some scholars believe these verses make reference to the condition of the Jews after their return from captivity, but it’s certainly more than that. These verses are also prophetic, pointing to Christ and His coming kingdom.
• Look over the list of you created earlier. How does knowing that God’s glory will one day overshadow all the world’s darkness cause you to praise Him?
• Write the names of those in your life who need the hope of an everlasting light. Pray for intentional opportunities to share Christ with them.
• For further study, read Revelation 21:23-26 and 22:25 to find out more about the everlasting light of God’s glory we will someday see.
Read over 1 John 1:5-7 carefully, pausing to consider and think through what each phrase means. Use mystudybible.com to guide you. Repeat the verses aloud several times as you study. | <urn:uuid:9204dc15-5b8a-4088-a5c4-685f6fcb215c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.lifeway.com/biblestudiesforlife/resilient-faith-session-1-free-student-devotion-everlasting-light/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899791 | 507 | 3 | 3 |
History of Automata General Robotics Robot Wars\Competitions, etc. Lego Mindstorms Robotics Resources Telerobotics Other Robot Link Sites Nanomachines Download Robot Movies Film or Entertainment Engineering Tools Miscellaneous, Fun! Jeff's Robots Contact
The History of Automata -return to top-
The beginnings of robotics started with clock and music box makers incorporation of their craft in toy dolls of mind-blowing intricacy between the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The Jaquet-Droz Writer, for example, would actually write. The Vaucanson's Duck would preen it's feathers and simulate eating. For more fascinating details, please check the links below.
Maillardet's Automaton--Franklin Institute Science Museum
The Jaquet-Droz Automatons' Inards
Jessica Riskin: Historian of Science Looks at Automata and the Quest for 'Artificial Life'
Adelmous Fey Home Page, the mechanical doll- Influenced by Historical Automates
General Robotics -return to top-
Android World - Anthropomorphic Robots & Animatronics
Animated Objects Inc.
The Ants: A Community of Microrobots
ASPCR- American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Robots
Athena Mission To Mars
Australian Centre for Field Robotics
Autonomous Search of Antarctic Meteorites
Biped Robot (V-3)
Boilerplate: Mechanical Marvel of the 19th Century, & Prototype Soldier!
Boadicea, A Small Pneumatic Walking Robot
CareBot PCR 1.1- Helps you care for your family, home, and business!
Case Western Reserve University: Robot III
CNN- Floating 'Droids' to Roam Space Corridors of the Future
CNN- Meat-Eating Robot Has (G)astronomic Potential
The Cog Shop
Continual Robot Learning Project
Cool Robot Of The Week
EXPO21XX - AUTOMATION 21XX - HALL 05 : Universities and Research
EyeBot - Online Documentation- These are neat!
Garry's Robot Projects
Heathkit Virtual Museum
Home Is Where the Robot is- Strange
The Honda Humanoid Robot
The juggling robot
Kismet: A Robot for Social Interactions with Humans
Lee's Robo Gallery
Lunar Rover Initiative
The MAD ROBOT Moving Target System
Making Robots Conscious of their Mental States
Manchester Robotics: Research Overview
Mars Polar Lander
The Mechanical Insect, "Entomopter" Project (worth the loading time!)
Micromechanical Flying Insect (MFI) Project
Mobile Ball-Shaped Robot
Multipurpose Security and Surveillance Mission Platform (MSSMP)
NASA's AERCam Sprint- Neat!
Natural Communication with Mobile Robots
NEPTUNE: Above ground Storage Tank Inspection Robot
Nova: Bomb Squad
The Nursing Robot
PAKY Robotic Surgical Device
Probotics.com- Need help selecting a robot that will make your life easier?
RIA ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Robot Fish to Resurrect Fossils, Sci/Tech
Robots and Stuff
Robot Vision Group
Robot Lawnmower- Friendly Robotics Homepage
Robotic Lawnmower- Palomar Robotics Southern California's First Official Friendly Robotics Robomow Dealer Fully Authorized in Sales and Service
Robotic Lawn Mower- Robomower and ★Lawnbott★ Robot Lawn MowersRobotics - Building the Ultimate Computer
Robotic Control & Automation
The Robots at LAMI
Robots at Taygeta Scientific Inc.
Robots Wanted Dead or Alive
RobotWorx, Inc low cost robotic systems new and used buy and sell
Sarcos: High Performance Robots ( this is really neat! )
Spot- a seeing robot
ST Robotics Low Cost Industrial Arms
Stanford Robotics Laboratory
SubjuGator, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
A Submersible Robot Vehicle
Surfing the Net with Kids: Robots
Swiss scientists warn of robot Armageddon- This is Funny!
The TinMan Supplementary Wheelchair Controller
Tracking and Grasping Moving Objects
URBIE - urban robot project - JPL Machine Vision Group
The Yoda Project- AI
Robot Wars, Battlebots\ Competitions, etc. -return to top-
Click to Enter
Click to Enter
BatteryMart.com- Batteries for robots at reasonable prices
Arizona Battery- for your low price needs
The BioHazard Page
C2 Robots - Carlberg Creations
The DREAMTEAM Project
PARex Bot Bash! ( these guys are in Phoenix where I'm from! )
RobotCombat.com Team Hercules- Awesome, because they linked me!
Robot Rumbles, "Robot Builders needed, start building yours today"
Robot Wars Webring
Shadow Robot Wars Team Page (Wedgehog)
Southampton Masters Engineering Group - Botweiler
SUMO robot,Design, construction, and implementation
Survival Research Laboratories (SRL)
Team Delta Engineering
Team Nitros Home Page
Team Saber Competitive Robotics
Team Thud- Project Atlas
Thumper, Robot Wars 1997 Autonomous Class Champion
Trinity College Fire Fighting Robot Contest
Unknown AK's Battlebot World!
Lego Mindstorms -return to top-
Lego Mindstorms Homepage
Brick Labs: where the "big kids" go to play!
JP Brown's Serious LEGO - CubeSolver. YOU MUST SEE THIS!
Creating a Spider Robot using LEGO-Mindstorms
Lego Robot Pages
FIRST LEGO League
Mobile Robotics Research Group
Lego Mindstorms Internals
Robotics Resources -return to top-
Aerotech Motion Controllers- Dedicated to the Science of Motion
All Electronics - New/Surplus Electro-Mechanical, Electronic Parts & Supplies
All On Robots - types, history, industrial, toys and more!
Arrick Surplus Robotics Supplies
Automatrics- Specializing in new, used, and refurbished robotic parts and repairs
BatteryMart.com- Every Type of Battery Imaginable! Great Resource!
Buffaload- Palletizing Robots A first in robotic palletizing
Cricket the Robot- cool robot to build!
Find me a Robot
Firgelli Automations- DC Linear Actuators and Remote Control Actuators
GadgetMaster II: Control all of your gadgets from your PC!
GNU Robots- Construct a program for a little robot, watch him explore a world
Hing Lung Motor Mfy- Motors for Toys, Household Appliances etc. Nice Selection!
Industrial Robot Supply, Inc.
IntelLiDrives Inc. "Linear Motion in its Simplest Form"
KC Robotics: New Robots, Used Robots, Industrial Automation, Fanuc Robot Parts
Lab-Volt Armdroid robot 5100
Learn About Robots
Lynxmotion Series of Robot kits
Machine Grid: a very nice resource
Machinist looking to construct robot parts, I have alot to offer at a reasonable cost
Mondo-Tronics Robot Store
Motion Control Book Store & Discussion Groups!
Norland Research: Home of the SAM kit
Nuts and Volts Magazine. The Hobbyist Magazine for Electronics and Technology.
OOPic- More than just another Programmable Micro-controller, it's a Programmable Virtual Circuit!
Pi-tronics - Build the Photovore, a light-eating robot!
PPRK: Palm Pilot Robot Kit- way cool!
Robix RCS-6, Build Excitement in Your Classroom, Lab, or Home...
Robohoo! - World's Largest Index of Robotics Resources
Robot Project Bookmarks
Servo Robot Sensors
Trend Robotics - Buy Robot Parts, Teach Pendants, Servo Amps, Power Supplies and more!
Weird Science Projects
Telerobotics (the fun stuff!) -return to top-
Minerva- Smithsonian's National Museum of American History Tour Guide Robot
Tele-operate RHINO the Tour Guide Robot in A Museum
Australia's Telerobot On The Web
Interactive Model Railroad
Telerobotic, Live Internet Camera In The San Francisco Bay
NASA Space Telerobotics Program
Java-Based Harmonic Potential Path Planner
Nanomachines-return to top-
Biomolecular Motors and Nanomachines: the 1997 Albany Conference
Engines of Creation
The Mesicopter: A Meso-Scale Flight Vehicle
Molecular Nanotechnology: Giant Amoebas Invade Cities?
Nanosystems: molecular machinery, manufacturing, and computation
Nanotechnology without Genies
Download Robot Movies!-return to top-
Sony SDR Real Video- You MUST See This! (may be a little choppy with a slower connection, try different times of the day if you experience problems)
Spot- a seeing robot
Other Robot Link Sites -return to top-
Dave Cary's robot Links (this is huge! A great resource site)
Tom Duffey's WWW Links- A little bit of everything, but tons of cool tech links!
Other interesting links
Engineering Tools -return to top-
Kwik Trig II, Solutions for Right Triangles by John Fracaro This program does all the trigonometry for you! Forget cosines and tangents. Just input your numbers. It even does bolt circles. I use this at work all the time. John has sent me a letter informing me of his updated version. Click the link above and get your free copy. Thank you John.
Convert 4.10 by Joshua F. Madison This is an extremely handy utility that would be useful for engineers, students, or anyone that wishes to convert measurements of distance, weight, electricity, light, power, speed, you get the idea. It does everything! This extremely easy to use as well as elegant. I think you should download it to see for yourself. You can always delete it!
RJ's Calculator 1.5a Need a calculator? This is a scientific calculator for your computer. Sometimes a real calculator can be misplaced or lost between the couch cushons, just when you needed it the most. No need to worry now! See Picture There is also RJ's Hexedit as well for all of you hexidecimal programmers.
Robots in Film or Entertainment-return to top-
Ping Pong and Table Tennis Robot Training Machine Company : Newgy Industries
Fred Barton's Robby The Robot- Get Your Own Lifesize Robby!
Robot Builders.Net (awesome!)
John Riggs Robot Hut
Lost in Space Robot scratch built by Douglas P. Vaters
Bob May's Home Page- The actor inside the Lost In Space Robot!
Battlestar Galactica Costume and Prop Museum by Chris Pappas
Actor Robert Llewellyn's Kryten of Red Dwarf Home Page
Miscellaneous (sometimes not related, but neat!) -return to top-
I'm not a member, but I love this stuff!
Tribute to Commodore 64's Repton, Greatest Shoot 'em Up Ever! (Yes, This is my page also!)
Femisapien.org, Wowee's new female robot (creators of Robosapien and others)!
Boogie Bass Hack- make the obnoxious fish say other things like "Pork!"
The Ghost Watcher Webcam Site
The Big and Bizarre Webcam List
John Mann's Wacky Packages Web Page- Remember these?
Grit Truck- What is Grit Truck you ask?
Let's Toast the Robot! Become educated while torturing a robot with heat
The Constructor: Grab and flail this thing around a bit! Then make your own right on the web!
Cat Dynamics - Cat Technology Specialists (Funny!)
Where's George?- track currency travel, cool! (U.S. and Canada only)
The Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC)
Molecular Expressions Photo Gallery: The Chip Shots Collection
Robo Rally Game!
SETI Screensaver- Help the Search for Extraterrestrial Life From Your Home Computer, For Real!
Videotopia- A Real Video Game History Museum!
Intellivision Game System- Resurrected from the Early 80's!
Coca-Cola Pachinko Game Simulation
Onlive Traveler- Experience Virtual Communities With Real People!
Infiltration: the zine about going places you're not supposed to go
The Contact Consortium- Virtual Communities in Digital Space!
The Magic 8 Ball- Ask It A Question, powered by Lego Mindstorms!
Welcome to Simeon's World of Magic!
Slow Wave Comic Strip ( my dream is in there somewhere )
Coast to Coast with George Noory- Just For Fun!
CONTACT: Cultures of the Imagination ( I was part of Contact 8, although I'm not in the credits! I was part of the Amiga graphics team )
JibJab- Funny Web Animations!
Artists At Heart- We bring the party to you!
Okay, time for my friend's pages!
OptiBoard- The Premier Online Community for Eyecare Professionals
Bartholomew Wastewater Services, Inc.
Craven Angel Photography- Photography in a different light!
www.robertsampler.com: AKA Skrooz Lewis from Dr. Demento
Crosley's Page, my friend Tony's site
Dale Novak's Monty Python Page
Valley Machine Works
ValleyMachine Works Official Page
Fantasy Futons, this is my friend Allen's business
Justin's Home Page | <urn:uuid:4822ecbd-5878-47f3-913f-4172ad3a0afb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jeffbots.com/realbots.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.729135 | 2,890 | 2.75 | 3 |
"We can not have anything like an adequate democracy unless we have racial equality," Francis O. Matthiessen, professor of History and Literature, stated yesterday, as he prepared for tonight's speech before the Harvard Liberal Union and the Radcliffe League for Democracy.
Professor Matthiessen will lead the forum-entitled "Democracy in The Harvard Community," which is scheduled to begin at 7:30 o'clock in the Lowell House Junior Common Room. "Democracy begins at home," he points out, in calling for liberalism in the college as well as in America. "Race prejudice, lack of tolerance--all these can exist in a college community."
Realism in Literature
Appraising the contribution of literature to the liberal cause in America, Professor Matthiessen commented on the advance of realism since 1900.
"The dominant movement of our time," he explains, "has been the realistic novel. It has given us a greater understanding of America."
"But the people in the community concerned with freedom of speech are concerned when a book dealing seriously with contemporary social history is confused with ostensibly obscene literature. In the case of "Strange Fruit," he added, "certainly the fact that it was an argument against racial prejudice has caused some people to disapprove of it. If we are not careful, Massachusetts is going to be increasingly difficult for adult, intelligent books."
Active in Test Case
Professor Matthiessen is chairman of the Committee against Censorship of the Massachusetts Civil Liberties Union, and he played an important role in the fight against the banning of "Strange Fruit." Although it has been a losing battle so far, Professor Matthiessen adds that "the fight has been valuable in serving to crystalize public opinion," and he reveals that the case is being appealed to the Massachusetts Supreme Court. | <urn:uuid:e102278b-658d-4a49-a20f-9e12663b5e74> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1944/12/8/matthiessen-calls-tolerance-a-necessity-for/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966195 | 365 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This is a test that uses orange dye (fluorescein) and a blue light to detect foreign bodies in the eye. This test can also detect damage to the cornea, the outer surface of the eye.
A piece of blotting paper containing the dye will be touched to the surface of your eye. You will be asked to blink. Blinking spreads the dye around and coats the "tear film" covering the surface of the cornea. (The tear film contains water, oil, and mucus to protect and lubricate the eye.)
A blue light is then directed at your eye. Any problems on the surface of the cornea will be stained by the dye and appear green under the blue light.
The health care provider can determine the location and likely cause of the cornea problem depending on the size, location, and shape of the staining.
You will need to remove your contact lenses before the test.
If eyes are extremely dry, the blotting paper may be slightly scratchy. The dye may cause a mild and brief stinging sensation.
This test is useful in identifying superficial scratches or other problems with the surface of the cornea. It can also help reveal foreign bodies on the eye surface. It can be used after contacts are prescribed to determine if there is irritation of the surface of the cornea.
If the test result is normal, the dye remains in the tear film on the surface of the eye and does not adhere to the eye itself.
Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
Additional conditions under which the test may be performed:
If the fluorescein touches the skin surface, there may be a slight, brief, discoloration.
This test is very useful for detecting injuries or abnormalities on the surface of the cornea.
Knoop KJ, Dennis WR, Hedges JR. Ophthalmologic procedures. In: Roberts JR, Hedges JR, eds. Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2004: chap 64.
Hurwitz JJ. The lacrimal drainage system. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, Augsburger JJ, Azar DT, eds. Ophthalmology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2004: chap 98. | <urn:uuid:3ca0e361-c4bb-4848-8890-d24aa5b0a05c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.northside.com/HealthLibrary/?Path=HIE+Multimedia%5C1%5C003845.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86734 | 497 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In a small study, miniaturized heart pumps helped keep children alive who were awaiting a heart transplant.
The devices are not approved for general use in the United States.
DALLAS, Sept. 30 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- In a recent study, nine pediatric patients with severe heart failure were successfully kept alive for an average of 35 days with miniaturized heart assist pumps while awaiting a heart transplant, according to a report in the Cardiovascular Surgery Supplement of Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association.
"It is not unusual for a child at the top of the transplant candidate list to wait several months before an organ becomes available," said Sanjiv K. Gandhi, M.D., lead author of the study, cardiothoracic surgeon, and Surgical Director of the Heart Failure program at Saint Louis Children's Hospital in Missouri.
Researchers implanted biventricular assist devices, known as BiVADs, in seven girls and two boys ranging in age from 12 days to 17 years. All had severe heart failure due to cardiomyopathy or complex congenital heart defects and weighed less than 40 kilograms (88 pounds). One child died from kidney failure before receiving a heart transplant. After 19 months of follow up, the other eight were alive with new hearts.
Children who need heart transplants and are very ill can be placed on external circulatory support machines, but their long-term use is associated with significant risks. Patients also must be immobilized, which impairs physical rehabilitation efforts.
The ventricular assist devices allow for physical rehabilitation that improves the patient's overall condition and likelihood of successful transplantation, researchers said. In this study, complications such as postoperative bleeding and blood clots blocking a blood vessel occurred infrequently, but there was a high incidence of blood clotting in the pumps.
Small heart pump devices have been available in Europe for many years, but they are not approved for use in North America. However, the miniaturized Berlin Heart EXCOR(R) ventricular assist device recently became available in North America on a compassionate use basis, meaning patients can be approved for the pumps if they have no other treatment options.
The data emphasize the importance of continued development and refinement of mechanical ventricular assist devices in the pediatric population, researchers said.
Statements and conclusions of study authors published in American Heart Association scientific journals are solely those of the study authors and do not necessarily reflect the association's policy or position. The association makes no representation or guarantee as to their accuracy or reliability. The association receives funding primarily from individuals; foundations and corporations (including pharmaceutical, device manufacturers and other companies) also make donations and fund specific association programs and events. The association has strict policies to prevent these relationships from influencing the science content. Revenues from pharmaceutical and device corporations are available at http://www.americanheart.org/corporatefunding.
|SOURCE American Heart Association|
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:2b0cc486-3426-48e9-9b9b-100ad61b4630> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-technology-1/American-Heart-Association-Journal-Report-3A-Miniaturized-Heart-Pumps-May-Be-Effective-for-Children-Awaiting-Transplant-3181-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932371 | 615 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The festival of Bhau-beej or Bhai Dooj or Bhai Phota is celebrated by Hindus on the last day of the five-day-long Diwali festival. This is the second day of the bright fortnight or Shukla Paksha of the Hindu month of Kartika. On this day, sisters pray for their brothers to have long and happy lives by performing the Tikaceremony, and brothers make gifts to their sisters.
The festival is known as:
Bhai Phota in Bengal and it takes place every year on the first or the second day of the Kali Puja festival.
Bhai Bij, Bhau-beej or Bhav Bij amongst the Marathi and Konkani-speaking communities in the states of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka;
Bhai Tika in Nepal, where it is the second most important festival after Vijaya Dashami.
In Manipur this festival is celebrated under the name Ningol Chakuba. Brother-Sister bonding is present here also.
Another name for the day is Yamadwitheya or Yamadvitiya, after a legendary meeting between Yama the god of Death and his sister Yamuna (the famous river) on Dwitheya (the second day after new moon).
Other names include Bhai Dooj, Bhathru Dwithiya, Bhai Tika and Bhatri Ditya.
According to another popular legend in Hindu mythology, after slaying the evil demon Narkasur, Lord Krishna visited his sister Subhadra who gave him a warm welcome with sweets and flowers. She also affectionately applied tilak on Krishna's forehead. Some believe this to be the origin of the festival
Legend says Yamraj, the God of Death visited his sister Yami on this particular day. She put the auspicious tilak on his forehead, garlanded him and fed him with special dishes. Together, they ate the sweets, talked and enjoyed themselves to their heart's content. While parting Yamraj gave her a special gift as a token of his love and in return Yami also gave him a lovely gift which she had made with her own hands. That day Yamraj announced that anyone who receives tilak from his sister will never be thrown. That is why this day of Bhai Duj is also known by the name of Yama Dwitiya
On the day of the festival, sisters invite their brothers for a sumptuous meal often including their favorite dishes. The whole ceremony signifies the duty of a brother to protect his sister, as well as a sister's blessings for her brother.
Carrying forward the ceremony in traditional style, sisters perform aarti for their brother and apply a red tika on the brother's forehead. This tika ceremony on the occasion of Bhai Bij signifies the sister's sincerest prayers for the long and happy life of her brother. In return brothers bless their sisters and treat them with gifts or cash.
As it is customary in Maharashtra to celebrate the auspicious occasion of Bhau-beej, women who do not have a brother worship the moon god instead. They apply mehendi on girls as their tradition.
The sister, whose brother lives far away from her and cannot come to her house, sends her sincerest prayers for the long and happy life of her brother through the moon god. She performs aarti for the moon. This is the reason why affectionately Hindu children call the moon Chandamama (Chanda means moon and mama means mother's brother).
Bhai Phota in Hyderabad is celebrated with much splendor. The ceremony is marked with many rituals along with a grand feast arranged for the brothers.
The festival of Bhai Bij is popular in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa and is celebrated with great fervour and gaiety. Brothers and sisters look forward to the occasion with immense enthusiasm. To add charm to the occasion, Bhai Bij gifts are exchanged between brothers and sisters as a token of love and appreciation.
Bhav Bij is a time for family reunions as all brothers and sisters in the family get together. Close relatives and friends are also invited to celebrate the Bhav Bij in many families.
Special dishes for the festival include the Maharashtra sweet called basundi poori or kheerni poori. | <urn:uuid:332835eb-d89f-43fe-9ce4-2ce420ed75fd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bestastroguru.com/Festival_Bhai_Dooj(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C).htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961475 | 896 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Clay County, Texas
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.|
Clay is a county in Texas. It was formed in 1857 (organized 1861;disorganized 1862;reorganized 1873) from the following county/ies: Cook. Clay began keeping birth records in 1903, marriage records in 1874, and death records in 1903. It began keeping land records in 1830, probate records in 1873, and court records in 1873. For more information, contact the county at P.O. Box 548, Henrietta 76365-0548. On the attached map, Clay is located at L11.
For information about the state of Texas see Texas Family History Research. | <urn:uuid:e551e3fb-b7b9-4c37-91a0-80a212883cc8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ancestry.com/wiki/index.php?title=Clay_County,_Texas&redirect=no | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913921 | 169 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The following tip was excerpted from Chapter 8, 'Building Fast-Performing Data Models,' from the book "Beginning Database Design" by Gavin Powell, courtesy of WROX Publishing. Click here for the complete collection of book excerpts.
Filtering with the WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause can be used either to include wanted records or exclude unwanted records (or both). The WHERE clause can be built in specific ways, allowing for faster execution of SQL code. Use of the WHERE clause can be applied to tune SQL statements simply by attempting to match WHERE clause specifications to indexes, sorted orders, and physical ordering in tables. In other words, filter according to how the metadata is constructed.
The WHERE clause is used to filter records and can, therefore, be placed in all three of SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands.
There are numerous points to keep in mind when building efficient filtering:
- Single record searches: The best filters utilize a primary key on a single table, preferably finding a single record only, or a very small number of records. This query finds the only author with primary key identifier as 10:
SELECT * FROM AUTHOR WHERE AUTHOR_ID = 10;
- Record range searches: Using the >, >=, <, and <= operators executes range searching. Range searches are not as efficient as using equality with an = operator. A group of rows rather than a single row are targeted. Range searching can still use indexing and is fairly efficient. This query finds the range of all author records, with identifiers between 5 and 10, inclusive:
SELECT * FROM AUTHOR WHERE AUTHOR_ID >= 5 AND AUTHOR_ID <= 10;
- Negative WHERE clauses: Negative filters using NOT, !=, or <> (an operator that is different in different databases) try to find something that is not there. Indexes are ignored and the entire table is read. This query reads all records, excluding only the record with author identifier as 10:
SELECT * FROM AUTHOR WHERE AUTHOR_ID != 10;
- The LIKE operator: Beware of the LIKE operator. It usually involves a full scan of a table and ignores indexing. If searching for a small number of records, this could be extremely inefficient. When searching for 10 records in 10 million, it is best to find those 10 records only using something like equality, and not pull them from all 10 million records, because all those 10 million records are read. The following query finds all authors with the vowel "a" in their names, reading the entire table:
SELECT * FROM AUTHOR WHERE NAME LIKE '%a%';
- Functions in the WHERE clause: Any type of functional expression used in a WHERE clause must be used carefully. Functions are best not to be used where you expect a SQL statement to use an index. In the following query, the function will prohibit use on an index created on the PRINT_DATE field:
SELECT * FROM EDITION WHERE TO_CHAR(PRINT_DATE,'DD-MON-YYYY')='01-JAN-2005';
- Utilize the index by not applying the function to a field in a table, but using the literal value on the opposite side of the expression:
SELECT * FROM EDITION WHERE PRINT_DATE=TO_DATE('01-JAN-2005','DD-MON-YYYY');
- Small and large tables: Very small tables are often more efficiently read by reading only the table, and not the index plus the table. The same applies when large portions of a single table are read. If enough of the table is read at once, the index may as well be ignored. Reading an index involves scanning an index and then passing pointers through to a table, scanning the table with index values found. When enough of the table is read, index scanning activity to find table records can become more time-consuming than reading only the table (ignoring the index).
- Composite index field sequence: In many databases, the sequence of fields in a WHERE clause can determine if an index is matched or missed. For example, create a composite index with three fields, indexed as follows:
CREATE INDEX CAK_EDITION_1 ON EDITION (PUBLISHER_ID, PUBLICATION_ID, ISBN);
- When a table is accessed with the following WHERE clause, the index will be used because all fields are included, and in the indexed field sequence:
SELECT ... WHERE PUBLISHER_ID=1 AND PUBLICATION=10 AND ISBN='1555583059';
- When a table is accessed with the following WHERE clauses, the composite index may not be used (depending on the database):
SELECT ... WHERE ISBN='1555583059' AND PUBLISHER_ID=1 AND PUBLICATION=10;
SELECT ... WHERE ISBN='1555583059';
SELECT ... WHERE PUBLISHER_ID=1;
Some databases may allow index use of composite indexes for the previous queries, but it is unusual.
The first query above does not match the sequence of indexed fields. The second query contains only the last field in the index. The last query contains only the first field in the index.
- IN and EXISTS set operators: IN is often used to test a single value against a list of literal values, as in the following query:
SELECT * FROM AUTHOR WHERE AUTHOR_ID IN (1,2,3,4,5);
- EXISTS is used to check against a dynamic set of values, such as that produced by a subquery, as in the following example:
SELECT * FROM AUTHOR WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT AUTHOR_ID FROM PUBLICATION);
- IN and EXISTS can be efficient, depending on how they are used. In other words, performing an IN check against a non-indexed field forces a full table scan. The IN operator query above checks literal values against a primary key and, thus, uses an index. The EXISTS operator full scans two tables. This can be made more efficient by incorporating a WHERE clause in both queries and by using a correlation between the calling query and subquery.
- Using AND and OR: AND and OR allow logical combination of multiple expressions, such as in a WHERE clause:
SELECT * FROM AUTHOR
WHERE NAME LIKE '%a%' OR (AUTHOR_ID >= 5 AND AUTHOR_ID <= 10);
Matching indexes where AND and OR operators are used is important because anything missing in an index field use could result in a full table scan.
Some databases allow for use of specialized built-in functions, very similar to regular programming CASE statements. Sometimes these CASE statement, much like functions, can be used to more efficiently replace expressions logically joined with AND and OR operators. The UNION clause is another option to consider. UNION merges two separate queries into a single set of records and can be equivalent to an OR logical operation.
The above tip was excerpted from Chapter 8, 'Building Fast-Performing Data Models,' from the book "Beginning Database Design" by Gavin Powell, courtesy of WROX Publishing. Click here for the complete collection of book excerpts. | <urn:uuid:1d1991fb-507c-4457-8aaf-7ae75cba1eed> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/feature/Filtering-with-the-WHERE-clause | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889909 | 1,475 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Constantine the Great
Constantine I (27 February 272 – 22 May 337 AD) was a powerful general who reigned over the Roman Empire as emperor, until his death. He made the previously named city Byzantium (now Istanbul, Turkey) capital of the whole Roman Empire. As emperor, he named the city Constantinople, which means "City of Constantine" in Greek.
Before Constantine became Emperor, he was fighting for the throne at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. When he saw a cross in the sky with the words in hoc signo vinces (Latin for "in this sign you shall conquer"), he changed his deity from Apollo to Jesus and won the battle.
In pagan Rome before this, it had been against the law to believe in Christianity, and Christians had been tortured or killed, but Constantine protected them. He went on to organize the whole Catholic Church at the First Council of Nicea, even though he himself did not get baptized until near the end of his life.
Constantine was also a big part of the beginning of the Orthodox religion, after changing the point from which he ruled from Rome to Byzantium.
Religious rules[change | change source]
Constantine is perhaps best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor. His rule changed the Church greatly. In February 313, Constantine met with Licinius in Milan where they made the Edict of Milan. The edict said that Christians could believe what they wanted. This stopped people from punishing Christians, who had often been martyred. It also returned the property which had been taken away from them. The edict not only protected Christians, but gave freedom of religion to all, allowing anyone to worship whatever they wanted. In 311, Galerius had made a similar edict, though it did not return any property to them.
Constantine did not support Christianity alone. After winning the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, he built the Arch of Constantine) to celebrate, but the arch was decorated with pictures of sacrifices to gods like Apollo, Diana, or Hercules. It had no Christian symbolism. In 321, Constantine said that Christians and non-Christians should all join the "day of the sun" (the eastern sun-worship which Aurelian had helped him introduce). His coins also had symbols of the sun-cult until 324. Even after pagan gods disappeared from the coins, Christians symbols never appeared on the coin, either. Even when Constantine dedicated the new capital of Constantinople, he was wearing the Apollonian sun-rayed Diadem.
References[change | change source]
- Bowder, Diana. The Age of Constantine and Julian. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1978
- See Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 34–35.
- Cf. Paul Veyne, Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien, 163.
Other websites[change | change source]
- Media related to Constantine the Great at Wikimedia Commons
- Firth, John B. "Constantine the Great, the Reorganisation of the Empire and the Triumph of the Church" (BTM). http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/CONSTANTINE_THE_GREAT/constantine_DOOR.html.
- Letters of Constantine: Book 1, Book 2, & Book 3
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Constantine I
- 12 Byzantine Rulers by Lars Brownworth of Stony Brook School (grades 7–12). 40 minute audio lecture on Constantine.
- Constantine I in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
- Constantine the Great A site about Constantine the Great and his bronze coins emphasizing history using coins, with many resources including reverse types issued and reverse translations.
- House of Constantine bronze coins Illustrations and descriptions of coins of Constantine the Great and his relatives.
- BBC North Yorkshire's site on Roman York, Yorkshire and Constantine the Great
- This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Constantine I relating to Christianity.
- Professor Edwin Judge discusses Constantine's legacy for a Centre for Public Christianity vodcast
- Constantine's time in York on the 'History of York' | <urn:uuid:2d562f5e-bff5-4c9f-8d44-c168a6665959> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00179-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949628 | 883 | 3.328125 | 3 |
With each passing day, computers--and their capabilities--are becoming more impressive and complex. If you're fascinated by computers and want to learn more about code, programming, and even robotics, check out the Complete Raspberry Pi 3 Starter Kit.
A compact computer designed by computer science educators, the Raspberry Pi 3 is a fun platform that lets you build projects like music makers and even weather stations. This complete starter kit takes the Raspberry Pi further, allowing you to pentest, build Beowulf clusters, and even program a robot.
The complete bundle includes the following:
- Raspberry Pi 3
- Quick Starter Kit for Raspberry Pi 3: Model B
- Wireless Penetration Testing with Kali Linux & Raspberry Pi
- Cluster Pi: Build a Raspberry Pi Beowulf Cluster
- Raspberry Pi Essentials & Extras
- PiBot: Build your own Raspberry Pi Powered Robot
- Raspberry Pi: Full Stack
- Raspberry Pi & The Internet of Things
The world of computer science may seem complex and intimidating, but the Complete Raspberry Pi 3 Starter Kit provides a fun and accessible way to learn more about it. Normally $271.95, TweakTown readers can pick up the kit at 50% off for $119.99. | <urn:uuid:0b732f08-c66e-42e8-b3c8-5b3a16d06f39> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tweaktown.com/index60.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852422 | 250 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Global Warming Forecasts | Climate Change
Global warming forecasts trace their history back to the works of Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius (1890s), American geologist Thomas Chamberlain (1890s) and British engineer Guy S. Callendar (1930s and '40s).
In the 1950s, after oceanographers Roger Revelle and Hans Suess published research findings concluding that "human beings are now carrying out a large-scale geophysical experiment" by discharging greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, Revelle, director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, recruited geochemist Charles David Keeling to begin the process of taking long-term measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere.
When Keeling started taking CO2 measurements at the weather observatory at the top of the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii and on the continent of Antarctica, he established the baseline for collecting the data that would begin the modern era of global warming forecasting.
Since Revelle’s and Keeling’s landmark work in the 1950s, global warming forecast research has expanded to develop projections based on concentrations of other greenhouse gases such as methane (the principal component of natural gas), carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide as well as temperature data, precipitation, weather patterns and specific ecosystems.
Global warming forecasting and research formats, however, have tended to be linear or vertical in nature, i.e., focusing on observations of singular data sets over time such as:
- Carbon dioxide concentrations,
- Temperature trends,
- Wildfire frequency,
- Heat wave frequency,
- Water scarcity and water stress,
- Polar ice thickness,
- Permafrost melt rates,
- Arctic sea ice melt rates,
- Snowpack levels,
- Snow melt,
- Sea level rise rates, or
- Frequency and severity of floods and hurricanes.
Here and on the pages that follow is a look at global warming forecasts from a "confluence forecast" or "convergence forecast" perspective. Rather than the conventional vertical format, we look at multiple converging forecasts presented in a horizontal or more integrated "side-by-side" context.
Forecasts from 2015 to 2100 are juxtaposed to other same period forecasts to illuminate converging trajectories, potential colliding events, compounding multiple stress events, synergies as well as research, information gaps or gaps in the availability of remedial resources and assets.
- Disease rates, extreme weather events and heat wave forecasts presented alongside forecasts of skilled workforce availability and the capacity to meet demand for health, medical and first-responder emergency services.
- Projections of hospital and medical personnel shortages occurring concurrently with heat wave induced power outages and water shortages.
- Water demand strains from droughts occurring simultaneously with wildfire mobilization and suppression efforts that drain water from reservoirs dedicated to meeting fresh drinking water and agriculture requirements.
- Grid, energy and water infrastructure expansion forecasts juxtaposed to forecasts competing for the availability of sufficient-sized workforce resources for infrastructure construction, repair and maintenance.
- Food shortages alongside forecasts of feedstocks and raw materials for fertilizers necessary to meet food demands.
- Critical and raw materials availability forecasts overlaid on projections for clean technology markets and the greenhouse gas control technologies required to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
- Technology commercialization progress and market penetration forecasts juxtaposed to accelerating climate change impact forecasts.
IPCC 5th Assessment Report (AR5) Summary
Synthesis Report on Climate Change, Copenhagen
Percentage of Americans Who Believe
Global Warming Has Been Happening
Click to Enlarge. Source: Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Jon Krosnick and Bo MacInnis, Survey Analysis Contradicts Common Climate Perceptions - Has Global Warming Been Happening?, Stanford Geospatial Center, Stanford, California, November 13, 2013.
NASA Finds Sustained Long-Term Warming Trends
NASA Finds 2012 Sustained Long-Term Climate Warming Trend. NASA's analysis of Earth's surface temperature found that 2012 ranked as the ninth-warmest year since 1880. NASA scientists at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) compare the average global temperature each year to the average from 1951 to 1980. This 30-year period provides a baseline from which to measure the warming Earth has experienced due to increasing atmospheric levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases. While 2012 was the ninth-warmest year on record, all 10 of the warmest years in the GISS analysis have occurred since 1998, continuing a trend of temperatures well above the mid-20th century average. Source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
NASA Computer Model Provides a New Portrait of Carbon Dioxide
2000 | 2010 | 2013 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | 2030 | 2035 |2040 | 2050 | 2060 | 2070 | 2080 | 2085 | 2090 | 2100
Heat Waves Global Warming | Energy Workforce Shortages | Water Shortages | Methane Carbon Dioxide | Arctic Global Warming | Wildfires | Climate Change Cost
Global Warming Underestimated | CO2 CH4 | Permafrost | Global Warming Sea Levels Rising | Sea Level Rise Maps | Global Warming Deaths
Melting Ice Caps | Kilimanjaro Melting | China Global Warming | Climate Refugees | <urn:uuid:3dd7cea2-8ee3-4f3a-950f-1d3ac1ea715c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.global-warming-forecasts.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.864795 | 1,096 | 3.75 | 4 |
Tutorial: How do I search for scores using uniform titles? Part II: Distinctive Titles
Searching for music materials is often challenging due to the variety of languages involved. Should you search for works in the original composer’s language or by the titles in English?
Lucky for you, librarians have created “uniform” titles. Uniform titles are assigned to each musical work and if you know how to search for a work by a uniform title, you can find every score for that work no matter how many languages it is published in.
There are two types of uniform titles-- form titles, used for works with a set instrumentation, and distinctive titles, used to find works with specific titles such as operas or orchestral works. Today we’ll look at one type of uniform title, the distinctive title.
Distinctive uniform titles have titles specific to their work and do not follow a set form. The Rite of Spring, Pictures at an Exhibition, and Prelude of the Afternoon of a Faun are examples of works that have distinctive titles. Most distinctive titles are created in the native language of the composer. Let’s take a look at how to find the distinctive title for Prelude of the Afternoon of a Faun.
I’ll start with an author search in the library catalog for “Debussy, C.” Next, I’ll look for the Claude Debussy with the highest number of entries found.
Once I’ve selected the appropriate Debussy, I’ll see a list of results. Notice the results that are “see references” with a link. These see references are linking to the distinctive uniform title of a work!
The good news is that you don’t have to scroll through pages and pages of results looking for the right see reference. Simply scroll to the very bottom of the page and use the search box next to “locate in results” to type the English title of the work. In my case I’ll type “prelude of the afternoon of a faun” and click the locate in results button.
A number of promising results appear but I still want to find the appropriate “see reference” to make sure I’m not missing anything. Once I locate it, I’ll click on it.
From here I’ll use the limit button to limit my material type to printed music scores. I’ll change the System sort drop box to sort by title. This will prevent the same item from showing up multiple times in my list.
Now I have a full list of scores for “Prelude to the afternoon of a faun”!
For more information on searching for scores using uniform title searching, please see our tutorial on How do I…find scores for symphonies, concertos, quartets and trios? If you still have questions, click on the “Ask Us!” link located on each library webpage to email, chat with, or text a librarian. | <urn:uuid:b160b1c2-1a67-41ac-81a2-ea09c25bccf6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.lib.washington.edu/music/howdoi/tutorial-how-do-i-search-for-scores-using-uniform-titles-part-ii-distinctive-titles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914911 | 642 | 2.9375 | 3 |
7 May 2012 Close to 2,000 indigenous representatives from around the world have gathered at UN Headquarters for the latest session of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, aimed at advancing the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples, who number some 370 million worldwide.
Established by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in 2000, the Forum is comprised of 16 independent experts who provide advice and recommendations on indigenous issues to the UN system, raises awareness and promote integration within the UN system, and disseminate information on indigenous issues.
One of those experts, Mirna Cunningham – who hails from the indigenous Miskita people of the Waspan community in Nicaragua and served as the Forum’s Chair until this past weekend – spoke with the UN News Centre about the session and the issues to be discussed.
UN News Centre: What will be the main focus of the discussions at this year’s session of the Forum?
Mirna Cunningham: The main theme of this session is the 'Doctrine of Discovery.' Although we recognize the importance of analyzing the philosophies and ideology that oriented or supported the colonization of indigenous territories, we believe that the main focus should be on what are the good practices that we are promoting in countries to change this historical relationship of oppression against indigenous people.
We will be focusing on constitutional reforms and what are the challenges that we are facing to make these constitutiona... the main focus should be on what are the good practices that we are promoting in countries to change this historical relationship of oppression against indigenous people.l reforms be respected, be implemented, be enforced; but also, in countries in which there are still no reforms, how we can promote them.
The second aspect that we trying to highlight in the session is related [to] processes of peace, negotiation and reconciliation. There are very good practices in regions in different parts of the world in which indigenous peoples have played a very important role in peacebuilding, in reconciliation-building, in trying to build a dialogue between indigenous people and governments.
The other aspect that we will be discussing in this session is related [to] violence against indigenous women and girls. This is a theme that we included as a priority for this year, and our expert group meeting in January was focused on this theme. We will be sharing the results of this meeting.
We will also be discussing the right to food and food sovereignty. This is a very important problem in communities especially because it is related to land rights, to the control of indigenous peoples over natural resources, to self-determination. We do not believe in the concept of food security. We promote the concept of food sovereignty. We believe we should have, as indigenous people, control over all of the different steps that guarantee food in homes.
And of course related to food, there are some emerging problems. For diabetes in indigenous communities, it is a pandemic… this is related to the fact that we are not using traditional foods any more. So nutrition, diabetes and non-communicable diseases [form] an area that is related to food and the right to food.
UN News Centre: How has the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples advanced issues of concern to indigenous communities globally?
Mirna Cunningham: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People is becoming like an international customary law, because although it is a declaration, it has enormous weight at the international level – what we are trying to do is to promote the use of the UN Declaration as an international standard.
The second thing we are trying to promote is that parliaments use the declaration as an instrument when they are approving legislation. Only two governments have recognized the Declaration as a national legislation – Bolivia and Nicaragua – but we want other governments, other parliaments, to recognize the UN Declaration.
I do believe that we have an opportunity to continue promoting our model of self-determined development, but we are facing big challenges… The Permanent Forum is so important because it is a forum that brings governments, UN agencies and indigenous people together to discuss issues that are so relevant, not only for indigenous people but for everybody else.
Read related news story: | <urn:uuid:89289799-0dc7-4175-91ab-e66eb1cc0594> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.un.org/apps/news/newsmakers.asp?NewsID=52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950578 | 847 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Before Christ (B.C.) or Before the Common Era (B.C.E.)
4.5 billion – 1B.C. World History
The Great Pyramid at Giza
(c. 2680 B.C.)
Stonehenge (c. 3000–1500 B.C.)
Peter F. Harrington
(427?–348 or 347 B.C.)
(63 B.C.–A.D. 14)
(c. 200 B.C.)
- 4.5 billion B.C.
- Planet Earth formed.
- 3 billion B.C.
- First signs of primeval life (bacteria and blue-green algae) appear in oceans.
- 600 million B.C.
- Earliest date to which fossils can be traced.
- 4.4 million B.C.
- Earliest known hominid fossils (Ardipithecus ramidus) found in Aramis, Ethiopia, 1994.
- 4.2 million B.C.
- Australopithecus anamensis found in Lake Turkana, Kenya, 1995.
- 3.2 million B.C.
- Australopithecus afarenis (nicknamed “Lucy”) found in Ethiopia, 1974.
- 2.5 million B.C.
- Homo habilis (“Skillful Man”). First brain expansion; is believed to have used stone tools.
- 1.8 million B.C.
- Homo erectus (“Upright Man”). Brain size twice that of Australopithecine species.
- 1.7 million B.C.
- Homo erectus leaves Africa.
- 100,000 B.C.
- First modern Homo sapiens in South Africa.
- 70,000 B.C.
- Neanderthal man (use of fire and advanced tools).
- 35,000 B.C.
- Neanderthal man replaced by later groups of Homo sapiens (i.e., Cro-Magnon man, etc.).
- 18,000 B.C.
- Cro-Magnons replaced by later cultures.
- 15,000 B.C.
- Migrations across Bering Straits into the Americas.
- 10,000 B.C.
- Semi-permanent agricultural settlements in Old World.
- 10,000–4,000 B.C.
- Development of settlements into cities and development of skills such as the wheel, pottery, and improved methods of cultivation in Mesopotamia and elsewhere.
- 5500–3000 B.C.
- Predynastic Egyptian cultures develop (5500–3100 B.C.); begin using agriculture (c. 5000 B.C.). Earliest known civilization arises in Sumer (4500–4000 B.C.). Earliest recorded date in Egyptian calendar (4241 B.C.). First year of Jewish calendar (3760 B.C.). First phonetic writing appears (c. 3500 B.C.). Sumerians develop a city-state civilization (c. 3000 B.C.). Copper used by Egyptians and Sumerians. Western Europe is neolithic, without metals or written records.
- 3000–2000 B.C.
- Pharaonic rule begins in Egypt. King Khufu (Cheops), 4th dynasty (2700–2675 B.C.), completes construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza (c. 2680 B.C.). The Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2540 B.C.) is built by King Khafre. Earliest Egyptian mummies. Papyrus. Phoenician settlements on coast of what is now Syria and Lebanon. Semitic tribes settle in Assyria. Sargon, first Akkadian king, builds Mesopotamian empire. The Gilgamesh epic (c. 3000 B.C.). Systematic astronomy in Egypt, Babylon, India, China.
- 3000–1500 B.C.
- The most ancient civilization on the Indian subcontinent, the sophisticated and extensive Indus Valley civilization, flourishes in what is today Pakistan. In Britain, Stonehenge erected according to some unknown astronomical rationale. Its three main phases of construction are thought to span c. 3000–1500 B.C.
- 2000–1500 B.C.
- Hyksos invaders drive Egyptians from Lower Egypt (17th century B.C.). Amosis I frees Egypt from Hyksos (c. 1600 B.C.). Assyrians rise to power—cities of Ashur and Nineveh. Twenty-four-character alphabet in Egypt. Cuneiform inscriptions used by Hittites. Peak of Minoan culture on Isle of Crete—earliest form of written Greek. Hammurabi, king of Babylon, develops oldest existing code of laws (18th century B.C.).
- 1500–1000 B.C.
- Ikhnaton develops monotheistic religion in Egypt (c. 1375 B.C.). His successor, Tutankhamen, returns to earlier gods. Greeks destroy Troy (c. 1193 B.C.). End of Greek civilization in Mycenae with invasion of Dorians. Chinese civilization develops under Shang Dynasty. Olmec civilization in Mexico—stone monuments; picture writing.
- 1000–900 B.C.
- Solomon succeeds King David, builds Jerusalem temple. After Solomon's death, kingdom divided into Israel and Judah. Hebrew elders begin to write Old Testament books of Bible. Phoenicians colonize Spain with settlement at Cadiz.
- 900–800 B.C.
- Phoenicians establish Carthage (c. 810 B.C.). The Iliad and the Odyssey, perhaps composed by Greek poet Homer.
- 800–700 B.C.
- Prophets Amos, Hosea, Isaiah. First recorded Olympic games (776 B.C.). Legendary founding of Rome by Romulus (753 B.C.). Assyrian king Sargon II conquers Hittites, Chaldeans, Samaria (end of Kingdom of Israel). Earliest written music. Chariots introduced into Italy by Etruscans.
- 700–600 B.C.
- End of Assyrian Empire (616 B.C.)—Nineveh destroyed by Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians) and Medes (612 B.C.). Founding of Byzantium by Greeks (c. 660 B.C.). Building of the Acropolis in Athens. Solon, Greek lawgiver (640–560 B.C.). Sappho of Lesbos, Greek poet (fl. c. 610–580 B.C.). Lao-tse, Chinese philosopher and founder of Taoism (born c. 604 B.C.).
- 600–500 B.C.
- Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar builds empire, destroys Jerusalem (586 B.C.). Babylonian Captivity of the Jews (starting 587 B.C.). Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Cyrus the Great of Persia creates great empire, conquers Babylon (539 B.C.), frees the Jews. Athenian democracy develops. Aeschylus, Greek dramatist (525–465 B.C.). Pythagoras, Greek philosopher and mathematician (582?–507? B.C.). Confucius (551–479 B.C.) develops ethical and social philosophy in China. The Analects or Lun-yü (“collected sayings”) are compiled by the second generation of Confucian disciples. Buddha (563?–483? B.C.) founds Buddhism in India.
- 500–400 B.C.
- Greeks defeat Persians: battles of Marathon (490 B.C.), Thermopylae (480 B.C.), Salamis (480 B.C.). Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta (431–404 B.C.)—Sparta victorious. Pericles comes to power in Athens (462 B.C.). Flowering of Greek culture during the Age of Pericles (450–400 B.C.). The Parthenon is built in Athens as a temple of the goddess Athena (447–432 B.C.). Ictinus and Callicrates are the architects and Phidias is responsible for the sculpture. Sophocles, Greek dramatist (496?–406 B.C.). Hippocrates, Greek “Father of Medicine” (born 460 B.C.). Xerxes I, king of Persia (rules 485–465 B.C.).
- 400–300 B.C.
- Pentateuch—first five books of the Old Testament evolve in final form. Philip of Macedon, who believed himself to be a descendant of the Greek people, assassinated (336 B.C.) after subduing the Greek city-states; succeeded by son, Alexander the Great (356–323 B.C.), who destroys Thebes (335 B.C.), conquers Tyre and Jerusalem (332 B.C.), occupies Babylon (330 B.C.), invades India, and dies in Babylon. His empire is divided among his generals; one of them, Seleucis I, establishes Middle East empire with capitals at Antioch (Syria) and Seleucia (in Iraq). Trial and execution of Greek philosopher Socrates (399 B.C.). Dialogues recorded by his student, Plato (c. 427–348 or 347 B.C.). Euclid's work on geometry (323 B.C.). Aristotle, Greek philosopher (384–322 B.C.). Demosthenes, Greek orator (384–322 B.C.). Praxiteles, Greek sculptor (400–330 B.C.).
- 300–251 B.C.
- First Punic War (264–241 B.C.): Rome defeats the Carthaginians and begins its domination of the Mediterranean. Temple of the Sun at Teotihuacán, Mexico (c. 300 B.C.). Invention of Mayan calendar in Yucatán—more exact than older calendars. First Roman gladiatorial games (264 B.C.). Archimedes, Greek mathematician (287–212 B.C.).
- 250–201 B.C.
- Second Punic War (219–201 B.C.): Hannibal, Carthaginian general (246–142 B.C.), crosses the Alps (218 B.C.), reaches gates of Rome (211 B.C.), retreats, and is defeated by Scipio Africanus at Zama (202 B.C.). Great Wall of China built (c. 215 B.C.).
- 200–151 B.C.
- Romans defeat Seleucid King Antiochus III at Thermopylae (191 B.C.)—beginning of Roman world domination. Maccabean revolt against Seleucids (167 B.C.).
- 150–101 B.C.
- Third Punic War (149–146 B.C.): Rome destroys Carthage, killing 450,000 and enslaving the remaining 50,000 inhabitants. Roman armies conquer Macedonia, Greece, Anatolia, Balearic Islands, and southern France. Venus de Milo (c. 140 B.C.). Cicero, Roman orator (106–43 B.C.).
- 100–51 B.C.
- Julius Caesar (100–44 B.C.) invades Britain (55 B.C.) and conquers Gaul (France) (c. 50 B.C.). Spartacus leads slave revolt against Rome (71 B.C.). Romans conquer Seleucid empire. Roman general Pompey conquers Jerusalem (63 B.C.). Cleopatra on Egyptian throne (51–31 B.C.). Chinese develop use of paper (c. 100 B.C.). Virgil, Roman poet (70–19 B.C.). Horace, Roman poet (65–8 B.C.).
- 50–1 B.C.
- Caesar crosses Rubicon to fight Pompey (50 B.C.). Herod made Roman governor of Judea (37 B.C.). Caesar murdered (44 B.C.). Caesar's nephew, Octavian, defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Battle of Actium (31 B.C.), and establishes Roman empire as Emperor Augustus; rules 27 B.C.–A.D. 14. Pantheon built for the first time under Agrippa, 27 B.C. Ovid, Roman poet (43 B.C.–A.D. 18). | <urn:uuid:b272007d-f6de-4ce4-baa6-8c1b535c15a6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001198.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.786791 | 2,643 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Upson County, in west central Georgia, was established by an act of the state legislature on December 15, 1824. The Treaty of Indian Springs (1821) between the United States and the Creek Indians gave the government the land that extended from the Ocmulgee River to the Flint River through middle Georgia. Upson County was created from Pike and Crawford counties. Many settlers were drawn to the area by the lottery system used to settle the acquired lands. The state's fifty-ninth county was named in honor of the noted Georgia lawyer Stephen Upson (1784/5-1824) just four months after his death. It is also the birthplace of John B. Gordon, a major general in the Confederate army and a governor of Georgia.
In March 1825 the justices of the inferior court bought land lot 217 in the Tenth District to build the courthouse and the jail. Around this lot grew Thomaston, the county seat. Incorporated June 11, 1825, the town was named for General Jett Thomas, a hero of the War of 1812 (1812-15).
The majority of the settlers to Upson County Augusta. Some were wealthy plantation owners who also owned many slaves. Farming the rich soil of the eastern section of Upson County, around the town of The Rock and along the Flint River, they primarily grew cotton. Other settlers came from North Carolina and South Carolina. The first cotton mill in Upson County, the Waymanville or Franklin Factory, was built on Tobler Creek in 1833, and in 1835 a group of New Englanders arrived to manufacture textiles.
The Old Alabama Stagecoach Road, a well-traveled stagecoach and wagon-freight line between Augusta and Columbus, ran from the northeastern section of Upson County, crossing the Flint River at Double Bridges Civil War (1861-65) cavalry skirmish took place there. On April 18, 1865, Union raiders began three days of devastation in Upson County. Major General James Harrison Wilson's cavalry was headed toward Macon; its task was to destroy the agricultural and industrial facilities in the South. Fifty men of the First Battalion Georgia Cavalry Reserves stood to defend the bridges. The defenders fired a few scattered shots at the larger Union forces before fleeing. Homes were pillaged and burned, and several factories were destroyed, including the Waymanville cotton mill.
After the war mills continued to be an important part of the county's economy. peach industry thrived in Upson County, but peaches all but vanished in the county with the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, as orchard laborers found work in the mills. Peach orchards were cut down to make room for timber stands.
In 1930 a history of the county, History of Upson County, Georgia, was sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution and coauthored by Evelyn Hanna, a well-known author of romantic fiction.
Upson County Southern Crescent Technical College, and several sites draw tourism to the area. Sprewell Bluff is a 200-acre area of climbing river bluffs formed by the Flint River as it cuts through Oak Mountain. A three-mile trail winds along the bank. The Sprewell Bluff State Park offers 1,372 acres for fishing, hiking, picnicking, horseshoes, and volleyball. Auchumpkee Covered Bridge, located in the southeastern part of the county, is an exact replica of the 1892 bridge that was destroyed in the floods that swept through the state in 1994. Federal disaster-relief money paid for covered-bridge craftsman Arnold M. Graton to reconstruct the bridge.
According to the 2010 U.S. census, the population of Upson County was 27,153, a slight decrease from the 2000 population of 27,597.
Media Gallery: Upson County | <urn:uuid:acb1e51c-365c-4756-8d53-689a8575161d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/counties-cities-neighborhoods/upson-county | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969897 | 792 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Between 2008 and 2012, institutions and individuals in Colorado received $7.7 million from the National Endowment for the Humanities and Colorado Humanities for projects that explore the human endeavor and preserve our cultural heritage.
Below are some examples.
- Three grants totaling $478,500 enabled 130 teachers to attend workshops at the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center in Cortez on the archaeology, history, and culture of the Pueblo Indians, focusing on tribes in the Mesa Verde region.
- A $100,000 grant enabled the Molly Brown House Museum, Denver, one of the most visited historic house museums in the West, to produce a short documentary film, present interpretive panels, and place interactive multimedia kiosks for the permanent exhibition Molly Brown: The Biography of a Changing Nation.
- The University of Denver’s Museum of Anthropology received a $6,000 grant for a preservation training workshop and to rehouse the Franktown and Kenton Caves Organic Archaeological Collections, which consist of 670 rare and fragile archaeological objects.
- Colorado libraries received $17,500 to help defray programming and exhibition expenses incurred in bringing three traveling exhibitions to local public and university libraries: Lincoln: The Constitution and the Civil War, Pride and Passion: The African American Baseball Experience, and Manifold Greatness: The Creation and Afterlife of the King James Bible.
- The Bessemer Historical Society received $510,000 to process, arrange, and describe records on the mining and steel industries between 1872 and 1993 from the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, the American West’s first iron and steel mill.
- The Colorado Historical Society received a $367,000 grant to expand “Old Stories New Voices Intercultural Youth Program,” developing the award-winning program for use in Texas, Pennsylvania, and Nebraska. Over the three years of the grant, the camp for underserved 9- to 12-year-olds hosted nearly two hundred at-risk youth.
- How did colonists choose which side to support in the American Revolution? This question is explored by Virginia Anderson, a scholar at the University of Colorado, Boulder, in her forthcoming book The Martyr and the Traitor: Choosing Sides in the American Revolution. Research for this study has been supported by two fellowship awards totaling $55,400.
- Every February, Colorado Humanities sponsors Black History Live, a touring program featuring Hasan Davis, a noted poet, storyteller, and scholar, who does live interpretations of prominent African Americans such as York, the only black member of the 1803 Lewis and Clark expedition, and boxer Joe Louis. This free public program reaches more than 2,000 children and adults annually.
- Libraries in Greeley, Littleton, Denver, and Garfield County, through Colorado Humanities, have hosted “Making Sense of the Civil War,” a five-part, scholar-led reading and discussion series developed by NEH and the American Library Association. | <urn:uuid:9938e1d0-92ba-46d4-8525-ebfafab28eef> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.neh.gov/news/talking-point/colorado | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917785 | 608 | 2.671875 | 3 |
PDB file 1GTR
This file depicts the E. coli glutamine Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase (GlnRS) complexed with tRNAGln and the substrate ATP. The structure was determined by M. A. Rould, J. J. Perona, & T. A. Steitz in 1995.
Suggested display options:
Select nucleic and change display to sticks to make the rRNA more prominent.
Select protein and color chain.
Select residue atp, display as ball & stick and color CPK.
Note how the acceptor stem of the tRNA extends into the enzyme active site, where ATP is bound.
Using the command line, enter select 76b.
Display as ball & stick and zoom in to visualize the terminal residue (A) in the acceptor stem of tRNA.
Identify the ribose hydroxyl to which the amino acid would be esterified. Note its proximity to ATP.
To distinguish the 3 residues of the anticodon, select 34-36b, display as ball & stick, and color CPK.
The anticodon is part of an identity element recognized by this enzyme. Anticodon bases are splayed in different directions, due to adjacent modified bases promoting interactions with the protein.
Question: Are identity elements expected to be touching the enzyme?
Now select all and display spacefill.
Separately select HOH and select display as wireframe to eliminate waters.
Note how amino acid residues interdigitate with the anticodon bases.
Return to Lecture
on tRNA & Ribosomes
Or press Back button
at top twice
to return to your place in the notes. | <urn:uuid:45e04b3f-0a0f-4c59-a77b-42ac5c3366e2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/chime/aatrna/trna-main.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851392 | 355 | 2.9375 | 3 |
CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICAL THEORIES
A (PURELY) CONSEQUENTIALIST Ethical Theory is a general normative theory that bases the moral evaluation of acts, rules, institutions, etc. solely on the goodness of their consequences, where the standard of goodness employed is a standard of non-moral goodness.
A NON-CONSEQUENTIALIST Ethical Theory is a general normative theory that is not (purely) consequentialist.
A UTILITARIAN Ethical Theory is a (purely) consequentialist theory according to which the morality of an act depends solely on some relation (specified by the theory) that it has to the maximization of total or average utility (a measure of non-moral goodness). Utilitarians can differ on the definition of utility, giving rise to three varieties of Utilitarian theories.
Like the individual hedonist, the hedonistic utilitarian claims that we can define the net hedonic value of a life =df the sum of all pleasures (which have positive hedonic value) and pains (which have negative hedonic value) contained in the life, where it is assumed that pleasures and pains can all be measured on a single scale.
HEDONISTIC UTILITARIANISM: Utility is defined in terms of net hedonic value. Utility of a life =df net hedonic value of the life(e.g., Bentham and Mill [but note that Mill distinguished higher from lower pleasures]).
PLURALISTIC UTILITARIANISM: Utility is defined in terms of whatever has intrinsic (non-moral) value, not just pleasure and pain--including, for example, knowledge, love, friendship, courage, health, beauty, states of consciousness other than pleasure and pain (e.g., Moore). Utility of a life = the sum of all of these factors produced during the life, again measured on a single scale.
PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM: Utility is defined in terms of the degree to which one's actual (non-moral) preferences are satisfied, whatever those preferences may be (e.g., Harsanyi). Utility of a life =df the degree to which it satisfies the preferences of the person whose life it is, whatever those preferences may be.
TOTAL UTILITY AND AVERAGE UTILITY
1. Of Acts
Utilitarians can evaluate the TOTAL or AVERAGE Utility of any possible action as follows:
(1) For any possible individual, i, the theory defines, in non-moral terms, the utility to i of each of the various possible alternative lives that i might lead. These utilities are assumed to be representable as numerical quantities, and, at least in theory, to be measurable and to be interpersonally comparable. (For example, in Hedonistic Utilitarianism, the utility of a life is a measure of the amount of happiness, or the sum or pleasure over pain, contained in the life.)
(2) It is assumed that, on the basis of (1), for each possible action A and possible individual i affected by A, it is possible to define ui(A), the utility to i of i's life given that A is performed (which may be positive or negative). Again, ui(A) is assumed to be a measurable, inter-personally-comparable quantity.
(3a) The TOTAL UTILITY of an act A is the sum of the utility to each possible individual i affected by the act, given that A is performed--that is, the sum, over all possible individuals i affected by the act A, of ui(A).
(3b) The AVERAGE UTILITY of an act A is the average utility to each possible individual i affected by the act, given that A is performed--that is the sum, over all possible individuals i affected by the act A, of ui(A), divided by the total number of individuals affected by the act.
ACT, RULE, AND SOCIAL PRACTICE UTILITARIANISM
It is possible to rank acts on the basis of their (total or average) utility, to rank rules on the basis of their total or average utility, and to rank social practices generally on the basis of their (total or average) utility. However, a moral theory is a theory about what one ought to do. We will distinguish three different kinds of Utilitarian moral theory as follows:
ACT UTILITARIANISM refers to a family of Utilitarian theories according to which a moral act is one that maximizes (total or average) utility.
RULE UTILITARIANISM refers to a family of Utilitarian theories according to which a moral act is one that is prescribed by the rule (or set of rules) that, if generally applied, would maximize (total or average) utility.
SOCIAL PRACTICE UTILITARIANISM refers to a family of Utilitarian theories according to which a moral act is one that is prescribed by a social practice (e.g., a rule or system of rules, custom or system of customs, or institution of system of institutions) that, if generally followed or respected, would maximize (total or average) utility.
ACT vs. RULE UTILITARIANISM
1. Act Utilitarianism (e.g., J.J.C. Smart) = When circumstances allow time for deliberation, always apply the AU Rule [AU Rule = Choose an act that maximizes utility].
a. All other rules are merely rules of thumb--to be applied when there is not time for deliberation.
2. Rule Utilitarianism (e.g., Brandt) = Apply the Ideal Utilitarian System of Rules--that is, the system of rules which, if generally applied, would maximize utility.
AN APPARENT DILEMMA FOR RULE UTILITARIANS
1. Rule Utilitarianism "Collapses" into Act Utilarianism [the Ideal Utilitarian System of rules is equivalent to (i.e., prescribes the same acts as) the AU Rule].
2. Rule Utilitarianism Becomes Rule "Fetishism" [It prescribes adhering to rules when there is no good Utilitarian reason to do so (other than possibly some perverse pleasure that one derives from adhering to the rules)].
DAVID SHAPIRO'S EXAMPLE
Consider the rule: ALWAYS STOP AT A STOP SIGN, and do not proceed until the way is clear.
Consider what the rule would be if the AU exception were added to it: : ALWAYS STOP AT A STOP SIGN, and do not proceed until the way is clear, UNLESS BY NOT STOPPING YOU WOULD MAXIMIZE UTILITY.
Fallible human beings would not satisfy either rule if they applied it, but if they APPLIED (i.e., tried to satisfy) the first rule they would have fewer auto accidents (and produce more utility) than if they APPLIED (i.e., tried to satisfy) the rule with the AU exception.
Further exceptions could be built into the first rule, to make it better from a Rule Utilitarian point of view, but the AU exception would not be one of them! For example:
EXCEPT FOR EMERGENCY VEHICLES USING SIRENS AND FLASHING LIGHTS WHILE RESPONDING TO AN EMERGENCY CALL, always stop at a stop sign, and do not proceed until the way is clear.
SAMPLE PROMISE-KEEPING RULES
1. ALWAYS Keep Your Promises, if it is Physically Within Your Power to do so. [NO EXCEPTIONS].
2. Keep Your Promises, Except When You Believe That to do so Would Fail to Maximize Utility [equivalent to the AU RULE].
3. Keep Your Promises, Except When Failing to Keep Your Promise Will Only Cause the Promisee [i.e., the Person to Whom You Made the Promise] Losses That are Reimbursable, and You Are Willing to Reimburse the Promisee for All Losses That She Can Show to Have Reasonably Resulted from Your Failing to Keep Your Promise. [may require an impartial Judge to adjudicate disputes]
SOME (POTENTIAL) PARADOXES FOR HUMAN BEINGS
PARADOX OF ACT UTILITARIANISM: For human beings, everyone's attempting to maximize overall happiness (utility) may not maximize overall happiness (utility). (There might be a different set of rules that, if generally APPLIED by humans, would produce greater overall happiness.)
PARADOX OF ALTRUISM: For human beings, everyone's attempting to maximize the happiness of others might not maximize overall happiness. (There might be greater overall happiness if people pursue a mixture of egoistic and altruistic goals and desires.)
DOES ANY FORM OF UTILITARIANISM PROVIDE A SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR MORAL WRONGNESS?
Three proposed sufficient conditions for moral wrongness (one for each type of utilitarianism):
(1) AU: A does not maximize overall utility from among the available acts ® A is wrong.
-MOU ® W
Is there a counterexample to this claim of implication: Is it possible for there to be an act A such that -MOU & -W?
(2) RU: There is a Rule Utilitarian ideal system of rules RUISR that, if generally applied by human beings, would maximize utility, and RUISR requires doing something other than A ® A is wrong.
-[Permitted by RUISR] ® W
Is there a counterexample to this claim of implication: Is it possible for there to be an act A such that -[Permitted by RUISR] & -W?
(3) SPU: There is an ideal Utilitarian system of social practices IUSSP that, if generally followed by human beings, would maximize utility, and doing A conflicts with IUSSP ® A is wrong.
-[Permitted by IUSSP] ® W
Is there a counterexample to this claim of implication: Is it possible for there to be an act A such that -[Permitted by IUSSP] & -W?
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS FOR UTILITARIANISM
1. Problems in Measuring Goodness and Comparing Utilities (A Technical Problem)
2. The First Problem of Requiring Too Much: Supererogatory Acts
3. The Second Problem of Requiring Too Much: Too Much Impartiality
4. The Third Problem of Requiring Too Much: Too Much Sacrifice of Individual Autonomy
5. The First Problem of Permitting Too Much: Punishing the Innocent. Contrast Nozick's conception of morality as side constraints.
6. The Second Problem of Permitting Too Much: The Distribution Problem | <urn:uuid:24783308-a8ca-4e2d-a526-6235184e8627> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://faculty.washington.edu/wtalbott/phil240/trconseq.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897335 | 2,301 | 2.703125 | 3 |
How to Promote Literacy Using Interactive Multimedia With Students in the Elementary Grades
This screencast demonstrates how students can create online original artwork, pictures, animated movies, stories, and more using Kerpoof.com. This web-based kid-friendly interactive multimedia site allows students to share their work collaboratively with others in a safe environment. While designed primarily for the elementary grades, this tool can also be used successfully with special-needs students at all levels.
Renny Fong teaches information technology to elementary school students at PS130 The Hernando DeSoto School. | <urn:uuid:87e67c2e-3d76-499f-8aa8-5a2b3cd94f3c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://teachersnetwork.org/TNLIScreenCasts/ScreenCast_RennyFong.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882976 | 119 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Social Justice Education (SJE) is an interdisciplinary concentration of study with a focus on social diversity and social justice as they apply to formal and informal educational settings. It uses and generates research and theory to understand the sociocultural and historical contexts and dynamics of specific manifestations of oppression. These include, but are not limited to, racism, classism, ableism, sexism, heterosexism, religious oppression, transgender oppression and youth oppression. SJE brings together faculty and students with interests in issues of social diversity, inclusion, equity, social justice, critical theories, cultural studies, ethnic studies, feminist studies, critical pedagogies, critical methodologies, dialogues across differences, and youth and community-based research and practice.
The goal of SJE concentration is to prepare educational leaders who can promote social diversity and social justice in educational settings through the development of theoretical and practical knowledge, empirical research, and the use of effective social justice education practices. It engages students in the interrogation and further theorizing of social justice issues and social justice education practices for the purpose of developing knowledge capable of fostering educational environments that are socially just, diverse, inclusive, and equitable.
Graduates are employed in formal and informal educational settings such as anti-bias education programs, youth-based organizations, as classroom teachers in public and private schools, and as educators and student affairs practitioners in university and college settings.
Ten (10) required core courses totaling 31 credits
Two (2) elective courses toward specialization totaling 6 credits
The total number of required credits to degree is 37.
M.Ed. candidates are required to take two graduate level electives (inside or outside of the College of Education) in consultation with the faculty advisor to support their program of study. Students take courses in Afro-American studies, anthropology, women, gender and sexuality studies, sociology, psychology, higher education, international education, and teacher education and curriculum studies. At least one of these electives will be site specific (K-12 and/or higher education) in a formal or an informal educational setting.
For more information contact: | <urn:uuid:3825fdcc-23dc-4bbc-b38b-0fec8b5b9287> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.umass.edu/education/departments/sd/social-justice-master | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939099 | 430 | 2.75 | 3 |
Everything you need to know about SEO, delivered every Thursday.
The Long Road To The Debate Over “White Hat Cloaking”
I really hate arguments over
really hate them. But Rand Fishkin recently
did a chart outlining the degrees of "safeness" to cloaking that in turn
riled up Google’s Matt Cutts in comments there. No doubt others at search
engines also dislike the idea that any cloaking is "white hat." So I wanted
to revisit some of the things that Rand outlined about cloaking plus the
guidelines Google updated last month. Over the years, content delivery
methods that were once considered cloaking have become acceptable. This is a
look at what those are and how we need a new name for them.
How Does Google Define Cloaking?
First, if you want to understand how many tiring debates we’ve had over
cloaking issues, I strongly urge you to read my
YADAC: Yet Another
Debate About Cloaking Happens Again post from last year. One of the
things it discusses is how Google dropped its definition of what cloaking
was in 2006. Before then, it was:
The term "cloaking" is used to describe a website that returns altered
webpages to search engines crawling the site. In other words, the
webserver is programmed to return different content to Google than it
returns to regular users, usually in an attempt to distort search engine
rankings. This can mislead users about what they’ll find when they click
on a search result. To preserve the accuracy and quality of our search
results, Google may permanently ban from our index any sites or site
authors that engage in cloaking.
We were left with
this on another page:
Make pages primarily for users, not for search engines. Don’t deceive
your users or present different content to search engines than you display
to users, which is commonly referred to as "cloaking."
Then around June of last year,
as best I can tell, we got this:
Cloaking refers to the practice of presenting different content or URLs
to users and search engines. Serving up different results based on user
agent may cause your site to be perceived as deceptive and removed from
the Google index.
Some examples of cloaking include:
- Serving a page of HTML text to search engines, while showing a page
of images or Flash to users.
- Serving different content to search engines than to users.
If your site contains elements that aren’t crawlable by search engines
content to search engines. Rather, you should consider visitors to your
site who are unable to view these elements as well. For instance:
- Provide alt text that describes images for visitors with screen
readers or images turned off in their browsers.
Ensure that you provide the same content in both elements (for
Including substantially different content in the alternate element may
cause Google to take action on the site.
Then in June of this year, Google did a
major blog post on the topic, which along with cloaking covered topics
- IP delivery
- First Click Free
Much of what’s in the blog post has yet to migrate to the help pages,
though I’m sure it will. But the more important point to me is that over
time, things that people might have once considered cloaking have become
acceptable to Google — and get named something other than cloaking in the
Let’s take geolocation as an example of that. Years ago when Google would
campaign against cloaking, those who disagreed would argue that Google
itself cloaked. For example, go to Google.com from outside the US and
you’ll see a
different page than someone in the US sees. Cloaking! No, Google eventually
argued — that’s not cloaking. It’s geolocation and perfectly fine for
anyone to do.
OK, how about showing Google content that human users only see if they
register with a site and/or pay for access. Cloaking! Well, here Google took
some time to clarify things for web search. Google informally said that
users shouldn’t have to pay to see content if they came from Google. In
Google News search, this is called
First Click Free, and it’s a formalized process for news publishers to
follow (that’s why you can
read the Wall Street Journal for free via Google News). But for web
search, we never got a formal program or formal mention that this was allowed
until the June 2008 blog post.
Along the way, we’ve also had more advice about doing things to make
today’s excellent post,
Google Now Crawling
And Indexing Flash Content, from Vanessa Fox on those methods plus the
new Flash reading that Google’s doing). We’ve also had advice about
rewriting URLs to make them more search engine friendly — good advice —
but also a situation that in some cases can be URL cloaking. We’ve also had
situations where the search engines have absolutely known someone was
cloaking — no ifs, ands or buts — but decided the intent wasn’t bad so let
it go through (which is fine for me — I care more about intent than
kneejerk reaction to a bad "tactic").
It’s confusing. Very confusing. Now what was cloaking again?
To help, Rand put out a tactics chart with things rated from "pearly
white" to "solid black." That’s nice, but it’s also debatable. In fact, it
IS being debated! So I wanted to go back to what Google itself is saying and
work from that.
The most important thing is that Rand takes a "tactics" approach — are
you using IP detection, cookie detection, and so on — then suggests that as
you add things like user agent detection or other tactics, you tip into the
In contrast, Google is less about how you physically deliver content and
more focused on the user experience — the end result of what a user sees.
The bottom line in that remains quite simple — Google generally wants to be
treated the same as a "typical" user. So if you typically use cookie
detection to deliver content, Google’s got no real issue with that — as
long as it sees what a typical user might see who doesn’t accept cookies.
Below, some content delivery methods now acceptable to Google that might
have once been considered cloaking:
|Content Delivery Method||Description||How Done||OK With Google If…|
|Geolocation||Users see content tailored to their
|IP detection, cookies, user login||Don’t do anything special just for
|First Click Free||Users clicking from Google to a listed
page can read page without having to pay or register with the hosting
site [if they try to click past that page, it’s then OK to toss up a
|IP detection, cookies, user login||You let Googlebot through as if it
were a paid/registered member and also allow anyone coming from Google’s
search listings through
textual information within a Flash or other multimedia element
|Landing Page Testing||Using tools like Google Website
Optimizer to change pages that are shown
|URL Rewriting||Stripping out unnecessary parameters
and other URL "garbage" not needed to deliver a page
& you aren’t just detecting Googlebot to do it
Where am I getting the info for the chart above?
- Geolocation & First Click Free come from Google
Webmaster Central’s June 2008
blog post. The post talks about Google’s First Click Free as if it is
only for news content. That’s not correct. You can use this method for
Google web search, as was covered by Google reps speaking at SMX Advanced
2008 last month.
page on cloaking addresses this, plus reps have covered this advice in
many public forums.
- Landing Page Testing:
Optimizer Now Available, But Is It Cloaking? covers the issues here,
How does Website Optimizer fit in with Google’s view of cloaking? from
Google AdWords help has detailed advice on how it is acceptable (and when
it is not)
- URL Rewriting:
Evil Cloaking & Detection from Stephan Spencer last year talked about
the ways to strip down URLs so they appear "nicer" in search results. He’d
surveyed the major search engines that emphatically told him this was OK,
even if their spiders were detected in order to do it. I believe this is
still fine as long as the content itself isn’t changing.
And what’s not OK?
|Content Delivery Method||Description||How Done|
|Cloaking||Showing Google content that typical
users do not see
|IP, User Agent Detection|
|Conditional Redirects||Showing Google a redirect code (301)
that is different from what someone else sees
|IP, User Agent Detection|
Cloaking comes from Google Webmaster Central’s June 2008
blog post and its help
page on the topic. If you’re delivering content to users that’s
different than what Google sees — and it’s not listed on the first chart
— you’re probably cloaking.
- Conditional Redirects: AKA, cloaking redirects. Discussed at
SMX Advanced 2008, especially
how Amazon has been doing it. Google
conditional redirects might be risky.
I said I’m pretty tired over the cloaking debate, right? That’s because
way back when the debate started, we had search engines that DID allow
cloaking via XML feeds or other methods – or they turned blind eyes to
cloaking they knew about — or they had programs like Google Scholar that
sure felt like cloaking before guidelines caught up to say no, those aren’t
These exceptions made it difficult to say cloaking was "bad" when clearly
some of it was allowed. That’s why I urged the search engines — Google in
particular — to update the guidelines to say that any type of "unapproved"
cloaking might get you banned. My thought was that we could maybe skip past
the debate over tactics (and finger-pointing — ah-ha!!!! — this major site
is cloaking, ban them!) and focus more on the user experience.
Things have changed since then. The guidelines, as I’ve explained, have
gotten more detailed — and exceptions have been spun off into new names. As
part of this, the idea of "white hat cloaking" has come out, the "good"
cloaking that’s now acceptable.
I can tell you firsthand that Google doesn’t like the phrase "white hat
cloaking" at all. To Google, there’s cloaking — it’s always bad — and there are the other
content delivery methods I’ve outlined above.
OK, I’ll roll with that. Personally, I’ll avoid talking about "white hat"
or "good" cloaking if it helps improve relations between webmasters and
the search engines AND helps newbies avoid getting into trouble. But
I do think we need a term to encompass content delivery methods that do
target spiders or consider them in some way.
you don’t do something special for the search engines as part of them —
you’re still considering them. Indeed, part of what you consider is to ensure
that you might NOT do something special.
If cloaking is a bad word to the search engines that can never be
redeemed, we still need a name for the "good" things that are out there.
I’ve got my thinking cap on, and if you’ve got ideas, let me know by
I’ll close by saying that my list above is not complete, in terms of the
various content delivery methods that are out there. I hope to grow this
over time — and you can help with your comments, as well. | <urn:uuid:86942e6b-45fe-4b1a-83d8-70e91d9ee060> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://searchengineland.com/the-long-road-to-the-debate-over-white-hat-cloaking-14306 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913622 | 2,645 | 2.515625 | 3 |
North Carolina farmers will have more specific guidelines for acceptable outdoor burning under an agreement that state environmental and agricultural officials signed recently.
The memorandum of understanding between the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources — Division of Air Quality and the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services sets guidelines for acceptable burning on farms, primarily to control diseases or pests as well as some crop residues. Although it remains illegal to burn man-made materials, the state open burning rule allows some exceptions for the burning of plant materials — such as land-clearing and acceptable agricultural practices.
“The purpose of this agreement is to better manage agricultural burning so we can minimize the effects of air pollution on people,” said DAQ Director Keith Overcash. “Smoke is unhealthy to breathe and harms the environment, but we recognize there are situations where farmers may need to burn crop debris in order to control diseases, pests and other problems.”
Under the state open burning rule, it is always illegal to burn man-made materials such as trash, paper, lumber, tires, plastics and chemicals. The rule allows exceptions for certain burning of trees, crop residues and other vegetative matter but doesn’t provide specific guidelines on acceptable agricultural burning.
Under the new agreement signed by DAQ and NCDA&CS, it remains illegal for anyone to burn man-made materials. However, farmers may burn crop residues, tree trimmings and other vegetative matter to control diseases and pests. Farmers also may be able to burn crop residues when NCDA&CS considers it an acceptable practice, but the agreement discourages burning when better alternatives such as no-till agriculture are available.
“This agreement provides clear guidance about the acceptable uses of burning for agronomic purposes,” said Dewitt Hardee, NCDA&CS environmental programs manager, who worked on the agreement with DAQ staff.
North Carolina law prohibits most open burning because the smoke from outdoor fires can cause serious health problems and pollute the air. For example, a recent study by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency found that backyard burning of trash from a family of four can emit as much of some toxic pollutants, such as dioxin and furan, as a well-controlled municipal incinerator serving tens of thousands of households.
Homeowners can burn yard trimmings — excluding stumps and logs over 6 inches in diameter — if it’s allowed under local ordinances, no public pickup is available and it doesn’t cause a public nuisance. Other allowable burning includes fireplaces, campfires, outdoor barbecues and bonfires for festive occasions. Landowners may be allowed to burn vegetation to clear land or clean up storm debris, but they should check first with the nearest DAQ regional office. People seeking to burn also may need permits from the Division of Forest Resources.
Under the open burning rule, the DAQ can assess fines as high as $25,000 per violation, but most fines are less than $1,000 for first-time offenders. Larger fines can be assessed in cases involving repeat violations, and people who knowingly violate the law.
A free brochure describing what is allowed and prohibited under the open burning rule can be obtained by calling (919) 733-3340, or writing to the Division of Air Quality at 1641 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1641, or visiting the DAQ Web site at www.ncair.org. | <urn:uuid:5a4fcc11-0c0d-4086-8b2b-b79ec882ece6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://southeastfarmpress.com/management/north-carolina-updates-ag-burning-rules | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921007 | 711 | 2.734375 | 3 |
End vs Finish
End and Finish are two words that are used in the English language with some of sort of difference in their meanings. The word ‘end’ is used in the sense of ‘got to a close’ as in the sentence ‘The play ended on a high note’. Here the sense of ‘got to a close’ can be felt by the use of the word ‘end’. The meaning of the sentence would be ‘The play got to a close on a high note’.
On the other hand the word ‘finish’ is used in the sense of ‘completion’ as in the sentence ‘Finish the job quickly.’ In this sentence you can find that the word ‘finish’ is used in the sense of ‘complete’ and the meaning of the sentence would be ‘Complete the job quickly’ This is primarily the difference between the two words ‘end’ and ‘finish.’
It is important to know that both the words can be used as verbs too as in the sentences
1. He ended the batsman’s innings.
2. He finished his meals.
In both the sentences mentioned above you can find that the two words ‘end’ and ‘finish’ are used as verbs. In the first sentence the verb ‘end’ refers to a bowler who has had the batsman’s innings closed. In the second sentence the verb ‘finish’ indicates that the person completed taking his meals.
The word ‘end’ is often used in phrases such as ‘put an end to’, ‘at the end’, ‘in the end’, ‘at the end of the day’ and the like as in the sentences
1. He put an end to the atrocities of the thief.
2. He wrote a book at the end of his life.
3. He achieved his goal in the end.
4. At the end of the day you will get to know the truth. | <urn:uuid:fb50deb1-3316-424a-ae56-1123f80fd6e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-end-and-vs-finish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982808 | 449 | 3.625 | 4 |
Statcast Number 9 Transcript
DATE: October 22, 2008
PUBLICATION: "Food Allergy Among U.S. Children: Trends in Prevalence and Hospitalizations"
SPOKESPERSON: Amy Branum, a statistician with the CDC National Center for Health Statistics, discusses the findings in the first-ever NCHS report on food allergies among children in the U.S.
BRANUM: Approximately three million children under age 18 in the U.S. had a reported food allergy in 2007...
ANNOUNCER: "StatCast... October 22, 2008..."
ANNOUNCER: We're joined by Amy Branum, a health statistician with the National Center for Health Statistics. Amy is the lead author on the first-ever NCHS report on food allergies among children in the U.S. Amy, how many kids in the U.S. have food allergies?
BRANUM: Approximately three million children under age 18 in the U.S. had a reported food allergy in 2007....
ANNOUNCER: Years ago, we never heard much about a lot of these food allergies. Is this a relatively new phenomenon?
BRANUM: What we know from what the data show us, is that there has been an 18% increase in reported food allergy among children. And this goes back to 1997, which is the first year we have available data on the national estimate of food allergies in children.
ANNOUNCER: And do we know why there's been an increase?
BRANUM: Well our data can not tell us for sure why food allergy appears to increasing and it's possible that this increase has been due to increasing awareness among parents due to the amount of food allergy reported in the media in recent years. However, more research will be needed to determined what might be contributing to this increase.
ANNOUNCER: What are the most common foods associated with food allergies and kids?
BRANUM: There's about eight types of food that make up about 90% of all the allergies, and those include milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy and wheat.
ANNOUNCER: What are some of the health risks associated with food allergies?
BRANUM: Well, our data show there is a very high co-occurrence of conditions such as asthma, skin allergy or eczema, and respiratory allergies that co-exist with food allergy.
ANNOUNCER: Do we know how many children will continue to have these food allergies as they mature into adulthood?
BRANUM: Clinical studies show us that the majority of children diagnosed with food allergy at a young age will go on to outgrow it. However, more research is needed to understand the types of children who do or do not outgrow their food allergies.
ANNOUNCER: Are there certain populations or groups more prone to these food allergies?
BRANUM: Up till now we haven't really had good data on differences in food allergey according to race/ethnicity or even age groups. But our data show us that young children have a higher prevalence of food allergy compared to older children, and non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black children have higher prevalences of food allergy compared with Hispanic children.
ANNOUNCER: Any other findings of significance in the study that you'd like to mention?
BRANUM: We also have data in the Brief from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, which also shows that any diagnosis related to food allergy have also increased in recent years. This could actually support the evidence we have about increasing food allergies as these trends come from different data sources and both show increases over time.
ANNOUNCER: So are food allergies then causing a big strain on the health care system?
BRANUM: We don't know that by the data we have, but given the large increases, particularly in recent years, it can be assumed that this would be putting a larger burden on the health care system.
ANNOUNCER: Our thanks to Amy Branum for joining us on this edition of "StatCast." "StatCast" is produced by the Public Affairs Office at the National Center for Health Statistics.
- Page last reviewed: November 17, 2009
- Page last updated: January 28, 2010
- Content source: | <urn:uuid:8f31d04d-4002-4b11-a667-479f8a2d2bb7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/STATCASTS/statcast_09.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960461 | 901 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A trilateral agreement pledges collaborative implementation of science-based conservation initiatives that secure and connect jaguars and their habitats in Belize and beyond its borders, facilitate land development that is both ecologically sustainable and economically profitable, and mitigate human-jaguar conflict throughout the country.
New strides for the future of the jaguar were made at the end of February 2014 with the signing of a critical conservation agreement between the government of Belize, Panthera, a global wild cat conservation organization, and the Environmental Research Institute (ERI) of the University of Belize.
This trilateral agreement represents a pledge by all parties to collaboratively implement science-based conservation initiatives that secure and connect jaguars and their habitats in Belize and beyond its borders, facilitate land development that is both ecologically sustainable and economically profitable, and mitigate human-jaguar conflict throughout the country.
“The signing of this historic agreement epitomizes conservation action and partnerships coming full circle,” Dr. Rabinowitz explained.
Panthera’s Vice President, Dr. George Schaller, and Dr. Howard Quigley, Director of the Jaguar Program, began the first comprehensive, ecological study of jaguars in the Brazilian Pantanal in the late 1970's.
Almost a decade later, Dr. Alan Rabinowitz, Panthera’s CEO, radio-collared the first jaguars in Belize, leading the country to establish the world’s first jaguar preserve and Belize’s first wildlife protected area – the Cockscomb Jaguar Preserve.
“Nearly thirty years ago, I studied the jaguars of Belize, and today we return to the birthplace of jaguar research and conservation to reignite and strengthen the commitment, strategy and resources required to ensure this species lives on, for the next thirty years and beyond, ” said Dr. Rabinowitz.
His studies illuminated new insights into the ecology of the species, and setting the stage for subsequent research which demonstrated that Belize’s Cockscomb Basin contained the highest density of jaguars ever recorded at the time, anywhere in the wild. This research was instrumental in establishing the world’s first jaguar preserve in 1986 – the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary.
“The jaguar is an iconic species of Belize,” said Belize’s Minister of Forestry, Fisheries & Sustainable Development, the Honorable Senator Lisel Alamilla. “Their survival is dependent on our willingness to seek solutions that balance human interest and protection of their habitat. I am convinced that Belize, along with all its partners, can find win-win solutions for us to co-exist."
Panthera’s Jaguar Corridor Initiative (JCI) is the largest and most effective carnivore conservation program in existence; spanning nearly six million square kilometers, the JCI seeks to connect and protect jaguar populations from Mexico to Argentina to ensure the species’ genetic diversity and survival. Belize is one of 13 countries with which Panthera is implementing strategic jaguar conservation science, and now, along with Belize, Panthera has solidified MOUs in Latin America with the governments of Panama, Guyana, Costa Rica, Honduras and Colombia.
“Our team will continue to work, country by country, to build partnerships with all nations home to the jaguar, connecting and protecting the entire eighteen-nation mosaic that is the jaguar’s range,” Dr. Rabinowitz said.
Buttressing the southern tip of Mexico and eastern border of Guatemala, Belize serves as an integral link connecting jaguars within these countries, and all jaguar populations south of Belize. As a stronghold for jaguars in Mesoamerica, Belize is also highly unique in that it protects a greater proportion of land (43%) through national parks and private reserves than any other nation in Central America.
Panthera’s jaguar conservation initiative in Cockscomb and the Maya Mountains is the world’s longest-running scientific study of the species’ population dynamics, ecology and behavior. A testament to the strict and effective protections afforded for the species, Cockscomb still shelters one of the highest densities of jaguars anywhere in the wild.
Panthera’s unique camera trap data has documented the presence of 131 jaguars in the Cockscomb study area over 11 years, and uncovered new findings about the species, among them that wild jaguars can live at least 13 years.
Since 2008, Panthera has also partnered with the Ministry of Forestry, Fisheries and Sustainable Development, ERI and Belize Audubon Society to implement environmental education projects, monitor jaguar populations and their prey, reduce jaguar-livestock conflict, and maintain critical connectivity of these populations in and between the Central and Southern Belize Corridors, which touch the borders of Mexico and Guatemala.
“This MOU will result in strategic action plans to reduce tension among humans and wildlife and allow us to better contribute to the sustainable development of Belize,” said University of Belize Interim President, Dr. Wilma Wright.
Panthera’s Jaguar Vision:
“Jaguars, like many large, free-ranging wildlife species, are not constrained by political boundaries, nor are they as challenged as we might think by physical ones. Jaguars use and require protected areas, where their core populations can thrive. But they move beyond protected areas, through landscapes, across rivers and canals, over hills and mountain passes; even through marginally developed areas, in search of food, space, and security, and in order to breed, to pass along their genes, into the future.
Playful Noca – the First Female Jaguar Collared by Panthera in the Pantanal
Taken in late 2012 by Panthera’s research collaborator, Ailton Lara of Pantanal Nature Tours, this video features Noca – the first female jaguar collared as part of Panthera’s Pantanal Jaguar Project – playing with her new mate, a resident male jaguar, in the Brazilian Pantanal. Panthera’s jaguar scientists first collared Noca in late 2010 when the CBS ’60 Minutes’ crew was on location to document Panthera’s innovative jaguar conservation work in the Pantanal. Noca’s collaring was later aired on the ’60 Minutes’ program, In Search of the Jaguar: Up Close and Rare, in January of 2011.
In February 2013, ’60 Minutes’ aired an update on Noca’s latest activities, including the birth of at least one new cub. After this cub dispersed, the video above was filmed of Noca with her new mate, preparing for another litter.
Click here to watch the one minute ’60 Minutes’ update.
“A jaguar corridor is a cattle ranch, a citrus plantation, someone’s backyard – a place where jaguars can pass through safely and unharmed. Panthera’s Jaguar Corridor Initiative seeks to realize this vision of linking core jaguar populations within the human landscape from northern Argentina to Mexico, preserving their genetic integrity so that jaguars can live in the wild forever.
“Through multilateral partnerships, government support, and local buy-in, Panthera is the driving force behind this unique initiative, ensuring safe passage for the majestic and mysterious jaguar across its entire range.
“Saving jaguars range-wide is a winning strategy for conserving vast landscapes and ecosystem functions, and preserving human health and livelihoods. While Panthera’s Jaguar Corridor Initiative is streamlined and focused on jaguars, the impacts go far beyond.”
A Male Jaguar in the Brazilian Pantanal
This crystal clear video shows a male jaguar walking in the Brazilian Pantanal. If you are in awe of this incredible species, like we are, educate yourself about what Panthera is doing to protect jaguars through the Pantanal Jaguar Project & consider making a contribution to support this program.
Click on cover picture to read Panthera's: Jaguar Corridor Initiative Brochure
Learn more about Conservation Corridors: http://www.conservationcorridor.org/corridor-science/
Learn more about the Key Activities of the Jaguar Corridor Initiative.
Panthera works in 13 of the 18 jaguar range states. Click here to read more about the work Panthera is doing in these countries.
Read Panthera's Jaguar Report Card: The State of the Jaguar.
Please check back shortly for more detailed information on each country in which Panthera is implementing the Jaguar Corridor.
Click here to: Meet the Jaguar
Click here for The American Society of Mammalogists species account
Unless otherwise indicated, the information and the images in this article are courtesy of Panthera. This article was published on the Horizon International Solutions Site on 14 March 2014. | <urn:uuid:306bd532-bd2b-4f92-be44-3a25159b47fe> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.solutions-site.org/node/1292 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902331 | 1,893 | 3.140625 | 3 |
In a relatively short number of years the largest privately-owned chain of schools in India has been established, setting a new direction in education that is an example to all other countries of the world.
Maharishi Vidya Mandir, public school system for boys and girls, is a legacy of Vedic scholar, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1917-2008) who actively promoted education for enlightenment – full inner development of each individual.
Over 200 Maharishi Vidya Mandirs have been established in 17 states in just a couple of decades, indicating a deep appreciation on the part of the public for the quality and proven effectiveness of the knowledge and teaching available at these schools.
Many of the schools are already affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and the remaining schools will be affiliated soon. All schools are following the normal curriculum of Hindi/Regional Language/English medium public schools, and in addition to this, provision has been made for learning Sanskrit as a compulsory subject.
What Makes These Schools Special?
They are pioneers in the world of education today, as they provide students with a natural way to develop their consciousness and thereby unfold their full creative potential. Through the approach of Maharishi's Vedic Science and Technology based education, students not only learn all the traditional academic disciplines, but they also experience growth of consciousness, the basis of the whole learning process.
The principal aspect of this technology is Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation technique, or TM for short, which is used by all staff and students for a period of about 15 minutes at the start and end of each school day. Many published scientific research findings have shown how the TM technique enlivens the total functioning of the brain and expands the learning ability and general awareness of the individual.
Also the school curriculum is more holistic in that it takes in the relationship between the student and what he or she is learning. Education in the past has focused mainly on the object of study, the known. For education to be complete, it must fully develop all three aspects of knowledge: the knower, the process of knowing, and the known. By enlivening their common basis in pure consciousness with the TM technique, Maharishi Vidya Mandirs unfold the full value of knower, process of knowing, and known, the thereby make knowledge complete. These schools say that their students display a remarkable eagerness for knowledge, and with their happiness and profound grasp of the deepest principles of life, they exhibit a beautiful balance and wholeness that is rarely seen in other schools.
For educators worldwide this is definitely a new paradigm and this system known as Consciousness Based Education has started in other countries, either as private institutions in their own right, or as part of the programme of an existing state school.
Maharishi established his first tertiary institution, known as Maharishi International University, in California in the early 1970’s. Its motto was “Knowledge is Structured in Consciousness.”
He maintained that to gain the full value of knowledge, one must develop the full value of consciousness. If the student's consciousness is dull, if full potential is not being used, then receptivity and creativity are cramped. If the student's consciousness is wide awake, receptivity to knowledge is maximum and learning is most efficient and most complete.
That University is now known as Maharishi University of Management and is situated in the state of Iowa, USA. It has helped many thousands of graduates to successful careers in their chosen fields. (See: www.mum.edu)
Full Range of Subjects
At Maharishi Vidya Mandir, the following subjects are offered: Science, Social Studies Mathematics, Language Arts, Music, Dance, Painting and Vedic Science and physical education.
Computer Science is also introduced at class-3 stage provided student strength is sufficient to support the introduction of the programme. Throughout the school, there is an emphasis on developing writing, speaking and communication skills for students of all ages.
Faculty also share a commitment to cross-curricular focus on writing, grammar, and spelling abilities.
The administrators say that their students develop their creativity and skills to a high degree of competence, distinguishing themselves in competitions, exhibitions, and performances, and winning many honours. On a national level, Maharishi Vidya Mandir sponsors various All-India competitions, bringing together students from all parts of the country.
This system believes that education should be defined as the process of culturing the individual to display perfection in life.
Education should enable any individual to spontaneously utilise the total Creative Intelligence of Natural Law, and as a result, all his thought, speech, and action will be spontaneously upheld by the silent power of peace that permeates all activity in the universe. The potential of every human brain is unbounded, infinite.
With the aid of the TM technique everyone is equipped with the physical machinery in his brain physiology to experience that level of intelligence which is the ocean of all knowledge, the ocean of all energy, intelligence, and bliss.
By starting the school day with group practice of TM in the classrooms, an environment is created that is ideal for the learning process. The students gain a natural orderliness and coherence; they become more receptive to knowledge; they exhibit greater alertness; and they radiate bliss and friendliness to their classmates and their teachers.
This is just a short introduction to a profound subject and more on Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools can be studied at: www.maharishividyamandir.com and more about Consciousness Based Education including in New Zealand at: www.stressfreeschools.co.nz | <urn:uuid:05d56b2d-aefe-4b6e-aebf-8e18130276b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/32/2280/Courses/Education-pioneers-of-India | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959019 | 1,160 | 2.5625 | 3 |
|Ah. ok. I was under the impression that variables declared within a function are 'created', and the memory for them is not un-allocated after it is complete.|
AFAIK, your understanding is correct.
for local variables is "allocated" upon function entry. However objects are not constructed
until the actual declaration line. Therefore it is typically more efficient to declare variables/object in the smallest scope possible, that way their construction/destruction can be skipped if the object is never used.
There are exceptions, of course. Constructing an object inside of a loop body would result in repeated construction/destruction which is usually very wasteful.
I put the term "allocated" in quotes above because it's not what you think. Local variables are put on the stack. They're not allocated on the heap.
The stack operates differently from the heap. Heap memory is requested as needed, so the more you consume, the more memory your program uses.
Stack memory is taken from a pre-allocated block of memory that has been designated for stack space. Consuming more stack space does not cause your program to use more memory in the eyes of the OS. It's more like you're making use of memory your program has already allocated. Therefore it is not at all inefficient for the program to "allocate" space for all local vars up front.
Reducing the amount of stack space used by your program is not really an optimization. It will not increase speed or reduce memory consumption. Stack space is practically free and there is no downside to using more of it.
Until, of course, you run out. But that typically doesn't happen unless you are doing very deep recursion and/or putting ridiculously large arrays/objects on the stack. | <urn:uuid:644f0c5a-c597-453b-b1d9-a0a0034402d3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cplusplus.com/forum/windows/93031/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952401 | 367 | 2.8125 | 3 |
As a parent, it doesn’t take much to detect when something’s different about your child. While not all issues are apparent, if your gut is telling you that something’s wrong, then it’s time to inquire.
The health issues that children experience when involved in bullying – as the bully, bullied or bystanders – are significant. Your child may experience headaches, stomachaches, and sleep problems if bullying is in her life. Many parents are the most anxious, however, when they are concerned their child is the target of bullying behavior.
If you suspect that your child is being bullied, there are certainly reasons to be concerned. Academically, bullying can take a toll on your child. Research has shown that children who are excluded from their peers are at a greater risk of academic difficulties over time (Buhs). Children who are targeted at school can also become withdrawn from school or other activities they used to love, and show slight to significant declines in grades.
In addition to the physical symptoms listed above, mental health issues may also present themselves. Watch your child for signs of anxiety, depression or other mood disorders. These can be common among children who are bullied (Fekkes). Gradual avoidance of friends or withdrawal from social situations can also be warning signs.
Know these signs and begin the conversation with your child. Often, just talking with children helps. They aren’t always looking for us to solve the problem; it helps to be an empathetic listener, and to share your own experiences from school. Telling them to fight back or to ignore the bully are pieces of bad advice.
Bullying is a systemic problem. There could be a lot going on, from inadequate supervision at school to deeper behavioral health problems with the aggressor. It’s unlikely, and unfair, for your child to attempt to stop the bullying on his or her own. As parents it’s our responsibility to stay tuned into our children and to take active measures to help when signs indicate that bullying is taking a toll on them.
Are you concerned that your child is being bullied? What are the warning signs you’re noticing? | <urn:uuid:57c026f3-85db-4d99-a88c-b56290ca8a26> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.drgreene.com/perspectives/is-your-child-being-bullied-know-how-to-spot-the-signs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967242 | 445 | 3.25 | 3 |
The USDA, the American Academy of Pediatrics and other august institutions recommend that calorie-containing beverages should be limited in people's diets. Pretty much all, that is, except for low-fat milk. The U.S. dairy industry made the “Got milk?” slogan one of the most famous of all time—and standard dietary guidelines embrace that entreaty: three cups a day, less the saturated fat, do well by both child and adult.
Experts are starting to have second thoughts about that recommendation. Less milk than what current daily requirements call for may in fact be more healthful, and forgoing milk altogether may be fine. What's more, even low-fat milk may not be as healthy as commonly believed.
The latest broadside against the most wholesome of foods appeared in July's JAMA Pediatrics, in a commentary from nutrition scientists David Ludwig and Walter Willett of Harvard Medical School. Their rationale is simple: foods with less fat often make you feel less full. The child who drinks low-fat milk but then grabs an extra cookie because of lingering hunger pangs winds up consuming more refined carbohydrates and risks gaining extra pounds. As for the cholesterol-raising saturated fat in whole milk, Ludwig and Willett note that milk fat increases both artery-clogging cholesterol as well as the more beneficial kind, making the whole thing somewhat of a wash.
The authors' antimilk manifesto also has an evolutionary component. Grazing animals evolved to supply milk to their young, keeping them close to protect against predation. But this necessary closeness stops when calves and kids turn into cows and goats. Human adults who chug the preferred drink of suckling grazers thrice daily for decades may not fare so well. A hormone called insulinlike growth factor 1 that is found in milk products has been tied to prostate and other cancers. If bone-strengthening calcium is what you seek, the researchers suggest, you can meet your daily requirements by eating leafy greens, nuts and seeds.
More work remains to be done, but until then, Ludwig and Willett say that milk drinking should not be mandated. And there's no need to seek out the skim carton on the market shelf.
Adapted from Talking Back at blogs.ScientificAmerican.com/talking-back | <urn:uuid:f55cba4f-4dfa-4f07-9177-c84f7f2e381d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/prescriptions-for-three-glasses-of-low-fat-milk-a-day-should-be-scaled-back/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947106 | 470 | 2.765625 | 3 |
With how frequently a single sock goes missing in my house, I’m not sure what good a sock matching robot would be, but the concept is a novel one. UC Berkeley researchers programmed the PR2 robot to not only match up pairs of socks, but to also flip the inside out socks back to their outside in form.
The robot is first trained on how to identify whether the sock is inside or outside. After determining the condition, the robot then flips the socks to an outside condition using a pole. The robot then recognizes if both the socks are good to go or not. If they are, it goes ahead and pairs them up.
Now all I need is for some team of researchers to create a washer and dryer that doesn’t torment me by sending 80% of my socks to wherever it is that lost socks go. I mean, my last resort is cutting off one of my feet. And I’m not ready to take that step yet. | <urn:uuid:e66726c0-b740-4a15-9843-ce01ad374e81> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.gearfuse.com/the-incredible-sock-matching-robot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93259 | 200 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Recently I attended a Classroom2.0 Live session where Barbara Bray was the featured guest. Barbara, a learning strategist from California, spoke on the topic of “Joy in Learning” (session recording here)and the importance of play in the learning process. In her post Full Steam Ahead: The Power of Play, she says:
Schools in the US are designed around the industrial model where the teacher is the all-knowing expert delivering instruction to meet the standards and tests. With this model, students are learning the same thing at the same time. If schools are going to produce a new type of worker who can deliver what people need on-demand where they personalize each situation for each user, they will need a different kind of education system than we are delivering now. Students will be active learners designing their own learning environments based on their needs and finding the most creative learning environments that build on their strengths.
Play and bringing back joy to learning is what schools have to do to prepare our future citizens. When you are involved in playing a game with your friends, how do you feel? Watch children play and interact with other children. They are fully engaged and probably remember those activities for a long time. Ask a child if they remember the worksheet they filled out last week. Was that fun? Do they remember the answers? Schools need to provide engaging activities that turn students into critical thinkers, researchers, and designers.
A few posts later she also mentions Sir Ken Robinson’s “Changing Education Paradigms” (love those RSAnimate videos!) which addresses the same concerns.
A sad contrast was shared by David Warlick in his October 27 post Confidence Lost. He wrote of conversations with faculty and administration of a local university who were wondering how they could affect change and move schools forward. From their conversations he said he felt that we in education have lost our confidence and our sense of educational entrepreneurship, that sense of freedom and encouragement to “innovate” in order to motivate our students. Especially telling was a comment shared by one of the professors who said that his daughter, coming home from her first day in sixth grade, said that the principal had told the students that they will not be having fun. They will be learning. Warlick said, “Not only are we losing our confidence, but our students are losing their childhood.”
Fun and learning can not be opposites. We need to find ways to engage our students the same way that their out of school activities engage them. Perhaps we can take some lessons from gaming strategies.
Tom Chatfield, in his TED talk of July 2010, says we can learn things about “learning” by studying video game strategies. The seven lessons he sees in video games are:
1. Experience bars that measure progress – Players associate themselves with this progress; they take ownership of it.
2. Multiple long and short term aims – Goals are varied.
3. Rewards just for trying – Failure is not punished.
4. Feedback – rapid, frequent, and clear
5. An element of uncertainty – This “lights up” the brain and the concept is a “neurological gold mine”.
6. Production of dopamine in the brain – Studies of dopamine levels predict how memory and confidence figure into learning.
7. Other people! Collaboration with other gamers, working as a team is a big turn on.
Wanting something + liking the activity = ENGAGEMENT.
Game designer David Perry in 2006 said the average age of gamers was about 30, and 43% of them were women. There are millions of adults involved in World of Warcraft, for example, and adults are paying thousands of dollars for virtual property in online games and virtual worlds. He also asserted that 83% of games have no violence or mature content. Another fun and thought-provoking presentation on the power of games was that of Jane McGonigal “Games Can Make a Better World“. According to McGonigal, “ In the best-designed games, our human experience is optimized: We have important work to do, we’re surrounded by potential collaborators, and we learn quickly and in a low-risk environment. ” Sounds like a great description for school.
Perhaps educators would do well to investigate what games their students are playing and why they find them so engaging. I asked some seventh grade students recently about their gaming interests, and the serious “gamers” were about falling out of their chairs to tell me about them, they were so excited to share. On the other hand, one boy said he was not allowed to do any gaming (Also not allowed to blog in school, but that is another story!). I asked a fifth grader when he wanted to title his blog “Spore Guy” if he meant “Sport Guy”. I thought it was a misspelling. He actually meant “Spore”, a virtual gaming environment about evolution created by Will Wright, and that he really was good at that game. Needless to say, I had to check out Wright’s explanation of Spore.
Can we find ways to take the ideas of not punishing failure but instead rewarding effort, of scaffolding so that challenges we present are not too difficult but also not too easy for the individual learner, and get students excited about engaging in collaborative activities not only with classmates but with other students around the globe? Maybe by getting involved in some gaming ourselves and trying it out, we can sense the power of these activities and see how we can up the engagement level of our students.
There are many great ideas being shared in the Global Education Conference going on this week (Nov. 15- 19) for ways to have our students collaborate and engage in real world problem solving. ISTE’s Don Knezek had a great presentation (archive here) on Nov. 15 regarding using digital learning environments to engage students in authentic projects and solving problems that really matter. One of his “Many Faces of Innovation” – a list of ideas that we can be incorporating into 21st century education – is “students learning through simulations and serious games”.
Whether it be collaboration and creation in virtual worlds such as Reaction Grid or Quest Atlantis, or something as simple as creating a glog in the classroom, students need to buy into the goal and enjoy doing the activities that help them reach it. I missed the session by Peggy Sheehy and Lucas Gillispie on World of Warcraft in Education yesterday during the Global Education Conference (archive here) but I am hoping to catch the presentation “live” on ISTE Island in Second Life tonight (Nov. 16) at 5 SLT (8 pm Eastern). I confess to having lost track of time myself when creating things in that virtual world.
Do you play any online games? Participate in virtual worlds? Feel a sense of immersion and a rush when accomplishing a goal or mastering a level in a game? Maybe you get that same sense of accomplishment and exhilaration after a great round of golf or a completing a do-it-yourself project.
My post title is from a quote attributed to George Bernard Shaw: We do not stop playing because we grow old; we grow old because we stop playing. Let the games begin! | <urn:uuid:9b37c05f-e040-4877-bedb-a6d12f9e11dc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.discoveryeducation.com/blog/2010/11/16/we-grow-old-because-we-stop-playing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970264 | 1,511 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Every one of you must have dealt with dehydrated skin at some point of your life. If skin is dehydrated it can scale or crack. Skin hydration is often needed during the winter time when there is less humidity.
Causes of Dry Skin
1. Environmental Factors: Environment greatly contributes to skin hydration, including humidity levels, coldness, pollution and sun exposure.
2. Lifestyle: Your lifestyle and hygiene habits also play a role.
3. Excess Cosmetic Use: Excessive use of cosmetics and harsh soaps affect the hydration levels of your skin.
4. Dehydration: If the body does not have sufficient water, then metabolic wastes will not be removed as efficiently and the body will hold the toxins instead of expelling them.
5. Deficient Vitamins: Deficiency in vitamins (like vitamin E, A or B) makes the skin dry.
6. Hormonal Factors: Many medical conditions like hormonal imbalances also cause dry skin. Consult your doctor for specific medical conditions.
7. Clothings: Itchy or uncomfortable clothing can cause dry skin.
Tips for Dry Skin Hydration
1. Always use Lukewarm Water for Your Shower as hot water robs moisture in the skin causing dryness.
2. Use a Good Moisturizer after showers and hand washing to keep your skin soft.
3. Drink around 7-8 Cups of Water on a daily basis to keep the skin hydrated.
4. Limit Alcohol and caffeine beverages as they dehydrate the body.
5. Get a Good Night Sleep as during sleep your skin rejuvenation takes place and the cells undergo a process of repair. Remove all the make-up before going to bed.
6. Practice Yoga and pranayama as it will help you in keeping the skin hydrated and glowing. It also improves the quality of skin by increasing blood circulation.
7. Exfoliate on a weekly or semi-weekly basis.
8. Invest in a Good Humidifier during winter as it retains the moisture in air.
9. Avoid Soaps and Cleansers with Fragrance as it can dry out and irritate your skin.
10. Let the early Morning Sun Rays fall on you as it is the natural source of obtaining Vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a vital role in skin cell metabolism and growth, also an effective treatment for itching and flaking.
11. Maintain a Healthy Diet which includes lot of fresh vegetables and fruits. Avoid foods that have a dehydrating effect on your skin like junk food with refined sugar, foods high in Trans fatty acids and high sodium potato chips, pretzels and crackers.
Home Remedies for Dry Skin Hydration
1. Split a fresh Aloe Vera leaf so that you can apply the gel inside on your dry skin for a soothing massage that fights dryness.
2. Add few drops of lavender oil or oat extract in the bathing water as this will help in moisturizing the skin.
3. Regular application of almond oil is good for skin as it is easily absorbable and gives the skin a healthy look. | <urn:uuid:6297b98b-2cdb-49a7-8573-16841c07332d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.skinsheen.com/skin-dry-skin-hydration-1814.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919599 | 645 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Cherry breeding at East Malling Research Center in the United Kingdom will continue thanks to a three-way partnership involving East Malling Research, an international nursery group, and a produce marketing company.
Dr. Felicidad Fernández Fernández, plant breeder and molecular geneticist at East Malling Research, said that public funding for cherry breeding at the center ended in 2009 and without the new arrangement, it would not be possible to continue the effort to develop new cherry cultivars. The other two organizations involved in the new agreement are the Associated International Group of Nurseries, Inc., and Univeg Katopé UK Limited.
East Malling has a long history of cherry breeding, starting with a focus on rootstocks in the 1920s, Fernández reports. Four cherry rootstocks were developed from that effort: F12/1, which was released in 1924; Colt, released in 1977; Cob, released in 1980; and Charger, released in 1986.
Between 1981 and 1984, the cherry scion-breeding program at the John Innes Institute in Norwich, England, was transferred to East Malling where Dr. Kenneth Tobutt supervised the establishment of a diverse gene bank for sweet cherry. The scion program, funded by the U.K. Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, aimed to introduce varieties that would be self fertile and resistant to pests and diseases, and would extend the cherry season. Penny, a large, black cherry that ripens in late August, was released in 2001 and is extensively planted in the United Kingdom. Zoe was released in 2009.
Fernández said demand for U.K.-grown cherries continues to increase, and growers and retailers would like to supply the market with U.K. cherries for as long as possible. Breeding program objectives are being developed in conjunction with growers and retailers.
East Malling Research uses conventional breeding techniques, but uses DNA markers to determine the pollination group, which indicates whether genotypes are self compatible or not. DNA markers are also used for fingerprinting, to confirm the pedigree and verify propagation. Fernández hopes in the future to use markers when selecting for certain traits, also.
The AIGN will have exclusive rights to propagate varieties coming from the program in the regions where it has member nurseries: Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa, China, and the United States. For other regions, the management team (AIGN, Univeg, and EMR) will decide who will propagate them.
Richard Isaacs, spokesperson for Univeg, which supplies fresh fruit and vegetables to major retail, foodservice, and wholesale companies in the United Kingdom, said when varieties are released, his company will have a big input in decisions about how they are commercialized, but the three members of the management team will make the decisions together.
“Growers should know that they will have priority access to future East Malling varieties if they are working with Univeg,” Isaacs said, “but it should also be made clear that they will not have unrealistic or unworkable restrictions placed on them if they do plant these varieties on a commercial scale.
“It has to work for all parties, and we will work out the details for each region/ grower when the time comes to make licensing agreements,” he added. | <urn:uuid:c0ca233b-820a-4cf8-818b-3c8adc5c48bb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.goodfruit.com/british-cherry-breeding-to-continue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945533 | 705 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Super-hydrophilic nanoparticles dispersed in a conventional polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membrane allow dramatically better water permeability than possible with conventional membranes while maintaining comparable salt rejection, according to researchers at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). The particles provide a preferential flow path for the water, while also enhancing the membranes resistance to organic and bacterial adhesion, explains Eric Hoek, an assistant professor in the civil and environmental engineering department, who heads the research team.
The thin polymer film itself cant be changed much without sacrificing its stability and salt rejection, he explains. So, the key to better performance is uniformly incorporating the nanoparticles within the membrane. They attract the water and provide a more regular pore structure than the film, leading to higher throughput, Hoek notes. The result is a membrane that requires significantly less energy consumption for a given flux. Sometimes, the reduction can amount to as much as 50%, he adds.
Hoek hasnt identified any tradeoffs or limitations with the use of the nanoparticle membranes, as yet. While the nanoparticles are expensive, only small amounts are required. So, the impact on membrane cost is almost insignificant, he claims.
The UCLA researchers are developing technology to synthesize the specialized nanoparticles and to integrate them in the RO film. A whole family of tailored nanoparticles is possible, Hoek notes, adding that biocidal particles already can be generated. Existing commercial membrane-product lines should require only modest modifications to be able to produce the membranes, he says.
NanoH2O LLC, Santa Monica, Calif., holds exclusive rights to commercialize the technology. Field trials of conventional-size spiral-wound nanoparticle RO membranes should begin in 2008, says Jeff Green, the companys CEO. If the trials go as hoped, the firm may commercially launch membranes early in 2009.
The commercial membranes will be drop-in replacements. They will boast a dramatic increase in permeability, Green says NanoH2O is targeting twice the throughput. Despite the higher flux, the membranes fouling resistance will allow the service period to match that of conventional units, he adds. A single version of nanoparticle will initially be offered. Later, a biocidal particle may be introduced, once its long-term performance is assessed, says Green, and then perhaps particles tailored to specific applications.
The membranes should cost 1% to 5% more than conventional units, reckons Green. However, they will provide significant savings in operating and capital costs, he says. | <urn:uuid:9333f765-4fd0-4dde-99bf-7f56aa30e2a4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chemicalprocessing.com/industrynews/2007/001/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00171-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908711 | 516 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Hepatitis, or inflammation of the liver, can be caused by many things, which is one reason why it is takes so long to become a doctor: You have to at least know the most common causes and most facts about these causes, which, along with anatomy, burns a lot of time.
Hepatitis C (thank God not named after some obscure European dude with a horribly long, difficult to spell last name) afflicts many Americans. It is caused by a nasty virus, which can be transmitted through sex, blood and blood products, and sharing of needles. It is one of the leading causes of liver failure requiring liver transplantation.
Unfortunately, by some estimates, almost 50% of people with Hepatitis C have no idea that they are infected. One would think that in this day, when you could theoretically tweet an Amazon rain forest Indian, infected people would at least know that they have the disease.
However, the early stages are truly asymptomatic and routine tests for Hepatitis C, according to the experts are not a good idea: the cost would be huge and there would be a lot of false positives, or positive tests in people who really don’t have the disease. Furthermore, infection could have occurred decades earlier-who remembers each and every crazy thing he or she did twenty years ago?
The problem is that the virus relentlessly attacks the liver. The liver regenerates pretty well, until a certain threshold is reached. After this, the liver scars and cirrhosis develops. The cirrhosis in turn causes a whole slew of horrible side effects. Eventually, a liver transplant is needed or the sufferer will die.
Recent statistics show that the death rate from Hepatitis C has actually become higher than the death rate for HIV. To make matters worse, if you happen to have Hepatitis B or HIV and Hepatitis C, then the death rate skyrockets. Also, if you are middle aged you will have a higher mortality risk.
Recently, new treatments have been developed. Unfortunately, unlike Hepatitis B, there are no effective vaccines for Hepatitis C.
Still, there is hope that one day such a vaccine will be developed. Until then, use your head: If you shoot up, don’t share needles and practice safe sex at all times. | <urn:uuid:4f2d2b53-1ec9-4419-a82d-8fbeffb7106a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://doctordude.blogs.petaluma360.com/11004/hepatitis-c-a-future-tsunami/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961352 | 481 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In this algorithm keynote, Kevin Slavin discusses how the world needs to reconsider the contemporary role of math and its transition of being something we derive from the world to something that actually starts to shape and control the world.
Computer programs and algorithms are now being used in every facet of life including the film industry, on Wall Street to the type of information we read on the Internet.
Slavin uses the algorithm of Netflix to demonstrate how algorithms are becoming more and more complicated and "unreadable." 60 percent of the movies a user will or will not watch is dependent on one line of code on Netflix.
As Slavin puts it, the world is "no longer able to read the things [it] wrote." His algorithm keynote is an interesting discussion that draws serious conclusions about the world today.
Writing the Unreadable
More Stats +/-
The Capacity of Social Media
The Power of the Internet Over Brands
Ideas and Technology
Making Ideas Spread
Mobile Data Retention
Kevin Slavin Keynotes
The evolution of algorithms and the notion that humans no longer have control over the technologies...
Get inspired by our collection of 2,000+ keynote speaker videos and 100+ courses of innovative content. | <urn:uuid:ebbc58ea-3b39-4cf2-b8f2-3d6de86e9cdf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.trendhunter.com/keynote/algorithm-keynote | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895689 | 243 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Online mass spectrometric aerosol measurements during the MINOS campaign (Crete, August 2001)
1Cloud Physics and Chemistry Dept., Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
2Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
3ICG-1, Research Center Jülich, Germany
4now at: Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado, USA
5now at: Hochschule Niederrhein, Mönchengladbach, Germany
6University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete
7LSCE, Bat 709, CEA Orme des Merisiers, Gif/Yvette, France
8Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
9Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
Abstract. Mass spectrometric analysis of volatile and semi-volatile (=non-refractory) aerosol particles have been performed during a field study in the summer Eastern Mediterranean. A size-resolved, quantitative mass spectrometric technique (the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, AMS) has been used, and the results are compared to filter sampling methods and particle sizing techniques. The different techniques agree with the finding that the fine particle mode (D<1.2 mm) consisted mostly of ammonium sulfate and of organic material. The aerosol sulfate ranged between 2 and 12 mg/m3. On most days, ammonium was closely correlated with sulfate, suggesting ammonium sulfate as the major aerosol component, but on days with high sulfate mass concentrations, the sulfate was not fully neutralized by ammonium. Trajectories indicate that the aerosol and/or its precursors originate from South-Eastern Europe. The source of the ammonium sulfate aerosol is most likely fossil fuel burning, whereas the organic aerosol may also originate from biomass burning. Ion series analysis of the organics fraction in the mass spectrometer indicated that the major component of the organics were oxygenated organics which are a marker for aged, photochemically processed aerosol or biomass burning aerosol. The non-refractory aerosol compounds, measured with the Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, contributed between 37 and 50% to the total aerosol mass in the fine mode. A second mass spectrometer for single particle analysis by laser ablation has been used for the first time in the field during this study and yielded results, which agree with filter samples of the coarse particle mode. This mode consisted of sea salt particles and dust aerosol.
Schneider, J., Borrmann, S., Wollny, A. G., Bläsner, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Oikonomou, K., Sciare, J., Teller, A., Levin, Z., and Worsnop, D. R.: Online mass spectrometric aerosol measurements during the MINOS campaign (Crete, August 2001), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 65-80, doi:10.5194/acp-4-65-2004, 2004. | <urn:uuid:4adfdd92-8011-4459-bcc8-7fabaf31473e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/65/2004/acp-4-65-2004.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00168-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.840524 | 672 | 2.734375 | 3 |
DNA Replication/Repair/Recombination III
1. Eukaryotic DNA replication is coordinated tightly with the cell cycle. Checkpoints during the cell cycle ensure that progression through the cell cycle does not occur if there are problems with the DNA. When such conditions arrive, the repair process can be initiated and if repair cannot be performed, a series of events resulting in cellular death may start to occur.
2. Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic DNAs in being linear. The linear ends of the chromosomes are called telomeres. Telomeric sequences have thousands of copies of repeats of short sequences.
3. The enzyme that builds telomeres is called telomerase and is found predominantly in fetal and cancer cells, as well as fertilized eggs. Differentiated cells for the most part do not appear to have an active telomerase.
4. With each round of DNA replication, linear chromosomes in eukaryotes shorten. Thus, the more telomeric sequences a chromosome has, the more divisions it can undergo before the telomeres are "eaten up".
5. Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase - an enzyme that uses an RNA template (a circular RNA that it carries) to synthesize DNA. Other reverse transcriptases are found in retroviruses, such as HIV.
6. Damage to DNA can occur chemically (deamination of adenine to form hypoxanthine), by oxidation (creation of 8-oxo-guanine by reactive oxygen species reaction), by reaction with an aflatoxin metabolite, by reaction with a cross-linking reagent, such as psoralen, and by dimerization of adjacent thymines stimulated by ultraviolet light. These systems require repair - deescribed below. Another system requiring repair is DNA sliding, which can occur amid repeating sequences. Lack of a repair system for these leads to Huntington's disease.
7. DNA Repair systems to repair damage include
8. In E. coli, mismatch repair occurs as a result of action of the proteins MutS (recognizes mismatch), MutL (recruits MutH), and MutH (nicks newly synthesized strand of DNA to allow exonucleolytic removal of nucleotides around the mismatch).
9. Nucleotide excision repair can be used to repair thymine dimers. Here, a segment of DNA containing the damage is removed by uvrABC excinuclease. The gap is then filled in using DNA Polymerase I and DNA ligase.
10. Base excision repair (uracil repair) involves removal of uracil from DNA by Uracil DNA glycosylase followed by nicking by AP endonuclease, followed by repair by DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase. | <urn:uuid:7dad3381-90a9-466e-a051-e0d50fe550d7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/bb451/winter12/lectures/highlightsdnareplic3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936851 | 578 | 4 | 4 |
Browse Results For:
Russian Empire and Nationalism in the 19th Century
This pioneering work treats the Ukrainian question in Russian imperial policy and its importance for the intelligentsia of the empire. Miller sets the Russian Empire in the context of modernizing and occasionally nationalizing great power states and discusses the process of incorporating the Ukraine, better known as "Little Russia" in that time, into the Romanov Empire in the late 18th and 19th centuries. This territorial expansion evolved into a competition of mutually exclusive concepts of Russian and Ukrainian nation-building projects.
Since its introduction to Hawai‘i in 1879, the ‘ukulele has been many things: a symbol of an island paradise; a tool of political protest; an instrument central to a rich musical culture; a musical joke; a highly sought-after collectible; a cheap airport souvenir; a lucrative industry; and the product of a remarkable synthesis of western and Pacific cultures. The ‘Ukulele: A History explores all of these facets, placing the instrument for the first time in a broad historical, cultural, and musical context.
Drawing on a wealth of previously untapped sources, Jim Tranquada and John King tell the surprising story of how an obscure four-string folk guitar from Portugal became the national instrument of Hawai’i, of its subsequent rise and fall from international cultural phenomenon to “the Dangerfield of instruments,” and of the resurgence in popularity (and respect) it is currently enjoying among musicians from Thailand to Finland. The book shows how the technologies of successive generations (recorded music, radio, television, the Internet) have played critical roles in popularizing the ‘ukulele. Famous composers and entertainers (Queen Liliuokalani, Irving Berlin, Arthur Godfrey, Paul McCartney, SpongeBob SquarePants) and writers (Rudyard Kipling, Jack London, P. G. Wodehouse, Agatha Christie) wind their way through its history—as well as a host of outstanding Hawaiian musicians (Ernest Kaai, George Kia Nahaolelua, Samuel K. Kamakaia, Henry A. Peelua Bishaw). In telling the story of the ‘ukulele, Tranquada and King also present a sweeping history of modern Hawaiian music that spans more than two centuries, beginning with the introduction of western melody and harmony by missionaries to the Hawaiian music renaissance of the 1970s and 1980s.
Custodians of Change
From the cleric-led Iranian revolution to the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan, many people have been surprised by what they see as the modern reemergence of an antimodern phenomenon. This book helps account for the increasingly visible public role of traditionally educated Muslim religious scholars (the `ulama) across contemporary Muslim societies. Muhammad Qasim Zaman describes the transformations the centuries-old culture and tradition of the `ulama have undergone in the modern era--transformations that underlie the new religious and political activism of these scholars. In doing so, it provides a new foundation for the comparative study of Islam, politics, and religious change in the contemporary world.
While focusing primarily on Pakistan, Zaman takes a broad approach that considers the Taliban and the `ulama of Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, and the southern Philippines. He shows how their religious and political discourses have evolved in often unexpected but mutually reinforcing ways to redefine and enlarge the roles the `ulama play in society. Their discourses are informed by a longstanding religious tradition, of which they see themselves as the custodians. But these discourses are equally shaped by--and contribute in significant ways to--contemporary debates in the Muslim public sphere.
This book offers the first sustained comparative perspective on the `ulama and their increasingly crucial religious and political activism. It shows how issues of religious authority are debated in contemporary Islam, how Islamic law and tradition are continuously negotiated in a rapidly changing world, and how the `ulama both react to and shape larger Islamic social trends. Introducing previously unexamined facets of religious and political thought in modern Islam, it clarifies the complex processes of religious change unfolding in the contemporary Muslim world and goes a long way toward explaining their vast social and political ramifications.
An Egyptian Perspective
The status of the Sunni Ulama (religious scholars) in modern times has attracted renewed academic interest, in light of their assertiveness regarding moral and sociopolitical issues on the Arab-Muslim agenda. This has led to a reassessment of the narrative of historians and social scientists, who usually depicted the Ulama as marginal players in comparison with the new lay Islamists, and certainly with the Shia Ulama. The Sunni 'Ulama'’s vitality is undoubtedly related to the continuing Islamic resurgence, which since the 1970s has forced the political elites to rely increasingly on the religious establishment in order to neutralize the Islamist challenge, thus allowing the Ulama greater freedom of activity.
Hatina’s study returns to an earlier period and shows that such vitality has its roots in the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. Hatina traces the diverse Ulama reactions to this period of accelerated state building and national cohesion.
The Autobiography of Art Cinema
Since 1974, German filmmaker Ulrike Ottinger has created a substantial body of films that explore a world of difference defined by the tension and transfer between settled and nomadic ways of life. In many of her films, including Exile Shanghai, an experimental documentary about the Jews of Shanghai, and Joan of Arc of Mongolia, in which passengers on the Trans-Siberian Express are abducted by Mongolian bandits, she also probes the encounter with the other, whether exotic or simply unpredictable.
In Ulrike Ottinger Laurence A. Rickels offers a series of sensitive and original analyses of Ottinger’s films, as well as her more recent photographic artworks, situated within a dazzling thought experiment centered on the history of art cinema through the turn of the twenty-first century. In addition to commemorating the death of a once-vital art form, this book also affirms Ottinger’s defiantly optimistic turn toward the documentary film as a means of mediating present clashes between tradition and modernity, between the local and the global.
Widely regarded as a singular and provocative talent, Ottinger’s conspicuous absence from critical discourse is, for Rickels, symptomatic of the art cinema’s demise. Incorporating interviews he conducted with Ottinger and illustrated with stunning examples from her photographic oeuvre, this book takes up the challenges posed by Ottinger’s filmography to interrogate, ultimately, the very practice-and possibility-of art cinema today.
Laurence A. Rickels is professor of German and comparative literature at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the author of several books, including The Case of California, The Vampire Lectures, and the three-volume Nazi Psychoanalysis (all published by Minnesota). He is a recognized art writer whose reflections on contemporary visual art appear regularly in numerous exhibition catalogues as well as in Artforum, artUS, and Flash Art.
The Scots-Irish Migration Experience, 1680–1830
For years, immigrants from Ulster have been viewed through a monochromatic lens as hard living, hard fighting, individualistic, elitist, and resistant to authority. This groundbreaking new collection of essays challenges that entrenched view, presenting a more nuanced perspective on the Scots-Irish settlers and the crucial role they played in shaping the broader American culture. In Ulster to America: The Scots-Irish Migration Experience, 1680–1830, editor Warren R. Hofstra has gathered contributions from pioneering scholars who are rewriting the history of the Scots-Irish. In addition to presenting fresh information based on thorough and detailed research, they offer cutting-edge interpretations that help explain the Scots-Irish experience in the United States. In place of implacable Scots-Irish individualism, the writers stress the urge to build communities among Ulster immigrants. In place of rootlessness and isolation, the authors point to the trans-Atlantic continuity of Scots-Irish settlement and the presence of Germans and Anglo-Americans in so-called Scots-Irish areas. In a variety of ways, the book asserts, the Scots-Irish actually modified or abandoned some of their own cultural traits as a result of interacting with people of other backgrounds and in response to many of the main themes defining American history. While the Scots-Irish myth has proved useful over time to various groups with their own agendas—including modern-day conservatives and fundamentalist Christians—this book, by clearing away long-standing but erroneous ideas about the Scots-Irish, represents a major advance in our understanding of these immigrants. It also places Scots-Irish migration within the broader context of the historiographical construct of the Atlantic world. Organized in chronological and migratory order, this volume includes contributions on specific U.S. centers for Ulster immigrants: New Castle, Delaware; Donegal Springs, Pennsylvania; Carlisle, Pennsylvania; Opequon, Virginia; the Virginia frontier; the Carolina backcountry; southwestern Pennsylvania, and Kentucky. Ulster to America is essential reading for scholars and students of American history, immigration history, local history, and the colonial era, as well as all those who seek a fuller understanding of the Scots-Irish immigrant story.
Here is the definitive new edition of the hugely popular collection of Einstein quotations that has sold tens of thousands of copies worldwide and been translated into twenty-five languages.
The Ultimate Quotable Einstein features 400 additional quotes, bringing the total to roughly 1,600 in all. This ultimate edition includes new sections--"On and to Children," "On Race and Prejudice," and "Einstein’s Verses: A Small Selection"--as well as a chronology of Einstein’s life and accomplishments, Freeman Dyson’s authoritative foreword, and new commentary by Alice Calaprice.
In The Ultimate Quotable Einstein, readers will also find quotes by others about Einstein along with quotes attributed to him. Every quotation in this informative and entertaining collection is fully documented, and Calaprice has carefully selected new photographs and cartoons to introduce each section.
why is there anything at all rather than nothing whatsoever?
This volume gathers studies by prominent scholars and philosophers about the question how have major figures from the history of philosophy, and some contemporary philosophers, addressed "the ultimate why question": why is there anything at all rather than nothing whatsoever? | <urn:uuid:8e59d435-a91e-4962-827b-96ed5bf15dff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://muse.jhu.edu/browse/titles/u?items_per_page=10&browse_view_type=default&m=31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00131-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931846 | 2,169 | 2.796875 | 3 |
|Home > Floripedia > The Seminole War|
The Seminole WarJames D. Elderkin, 4th U.S. Infantry
In 1841, the Fourth United States Infantry was ordered to Florida to take part in that war. From Fort Gibson we went to New Orleans. There we took a steamer, which landed us at Tampa Bay, where we remained about two months, and then took up our line of march in our first campaign in the Florida war.
I am inclined to think if our boys who were engaged in the recent little affair with Spain could taste a bit of our Florida experience they would think their recent war experience was quite a pleasant picnic in comparison. Let it be remembered, at that early day, Florida was, for the most part, a howling wilderness, and indescribable in its wild yet horrible and beautiful grandure. For the most part, it was a succession of swamps, ridges, lagoons and low hills, called hummocks. The timber land, except for a trail here and there, was an impenetrable jungle. Especially was this the case in the swamps, where the mighty cypress often from four to five feet in diameter, raised its giant head high above the dense and tangled thorn-clad vine and shrubbery beneath, as if its mighty foliage was not enough to shut out the sunlight, each limb being hung heavy with Spanish moss, shutting out every ray of light, bringing the gloom of night over a trail beset with thorns, rattlesnakes and deadly moccasins gliding over your feet and ready to strike if trod upon.
Not only this, but every leaf seemed to bear some poisonous insect as dangerous as the serpents under foot, and still more dangerous than all the rest, the cunning redskins had slowly retreated before the United States army; for this war had been going on for years, and they had penetrated the jungles deep, and here and there cleared the hummocks of timber and built themselves comfortable homes from the bark of the cypress tree; and they defended those homes with that fury that only men driven to desperation can do. Concealing themselves under the dense foliage, covered with Spanish moss, they were undiscernable until they revealed their position by a rifle shot. This, of course, was often too late for some poor comrade who was pushing his way determindly through the tangle, and with death lurking on every hand. Wherever there had chanced to be a clearing of some daring settler's once happy home, now nothing remained but blackened ruins, a standing chimney or, perchance, here and there an orange grove, laden with fruit, as it peeped above the tangled underbrush, seemingly arising to strangle every relic of civilized man.
The night was made hideous by the howl of wolves, the scream of the panther, the bull-like bellow of the alligator and the dismal cry of the loon, interspersed here and there by the sweet notes of the whippoorwill, or the song of the American nightingale, that most beautiful of all songsters, the mocking bird. (The mocking bird often sings in the night.)
All of these sounds, whether dismal or sweet, were heeded with the greatest precaution, as it might be real or might be the signal of a wily savage to his cohorts to join in an onslaught that would end in a massacre or death-struggle of extermination for one side or the other.
Wherever clearings were found, or the higher ground lessened the density of the foliage, the graceful magnolia spread her beautiful branches of velvet leaves and magnificent blossoms, which ladened the air with perfume so sweet and heavy that it could be scented miles away; and high among the branches carroled the sweetest songsters man ever heard as they flitted from limb to limb under the glorious sunlight overhead, as if to emphasize to man that a glowing picture of hell and heaven might exist on earth before his very eyes.
The above is a weak attempt to describe the awful grandeur of Florida in those terrible times of savage warfare.
It was in 1841 we went to Florida, where we remained for one year. Of all my experience of hardships in three wars that which I experienced in Florida was the worst.
We left Tampa Bay and took our line of march to the Everglades. We were accompanied by our wagons bearing provisions and camp equipage as far as it was possible for wagons to go, then they were left behind and pack mules substituted to carry the absolute necessities, which was chiefly powder and lead and some extra rations of hardtack and pork. We were soon compelled to abandon our mules and load ourselves down with ammunition and provisions. With this tremendous load of ammunition equipments and five days' rations of pork and hardtack, we wallowed through the brier and bush and mud and water day after day.
We, of course, had no tents, and when the storms appeared to be likely to be too heavy we cut down palm trees and used the branches to build shelter, while we used the cabbage-like top for food to stretch out our rations as far as possible, and only for that, I think, we should have starved. Though there was not much neutriment to it, it furnished the bulk, so we did not feel so gaunt. The palm was cut in small pieces and boiled as you would boil cabbage, though it did not require so much boiling as cabbage.
We had a number of Indian guides, who followed the trail of the Indians as unerringly as a hound would follow a deer. They were always in advance until they noticed the water ran roily, knowing thereby the retreating Indians were near, when the Indian scouts would drop to the rear and we were pushed to the front to give battle.
Our first engagement will forever remain as fresh in my memory as the day it occurred.
We were about to enter the fight when Capt. L---, of Company I, whom I have mentioned before, was suddenly taken sick. As he was not liked at all, the boys would have it that he showed the white feather. Eight men were detailed to take him back to the depot where we left the mules. This was done by constructing a stretcher by binding a blanket on two poles and leaving the ends of the poles projecting out for handles, two men carrying him some distance, when they would be relieved by two other, and so on. We were now fully fifty miles in the heart of the great cypress swamp. Sergt. Douain and ten men were detailed to take the advance. I chanced to be one of those men, Sergeant Douain taking the lead and I following. We had not advanced far when the sergeant was shot and killed. He was the first man killed in that campaign. He was a member of my company. We were marching in the water knee deep when we were fired upon. Though we lost several men, not an indian could be seen. We pushed on to the dry land as fast as possible, but when we got there the Indians had concluded to retreat farther into the wilderness. We followed them some distance, and then returned to the island, where we buried our dead by carrying them out into deep water and driving stakes over them to keep the bodies down so in case the Indians did come back they could not find them and mutilate the bodies.
James D. Elderkin. Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of a Soldier of Three Wars, as Written by Himself. (Detroit: 1899), pp. 16-22.
|Home > Floripedia > The Seminole War|
Florida: A Social Studies Resource for Students and Teachers
Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology,
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(Of a lichen or alga) forming or resembling a crust.
- This tome includes detailed entries on more than 800 foliose, fruticose, and crustose lichens; essays on the biology, structure, uses, and ecological significance of these plants; and hundreds of color photographs.
- These two genera are common crustose lichens on coniferous tree trunks.
- In foliose lichens, there is a second cortex below the medulla, but in crustose and squamulose lichens, the medulla is in direct contact with the underlying substrate, to which the lichen is attached.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of crustose in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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A planetary nebula forms when a star can no longer support itself by fusion reactions in its center. The gravity from the material in the outer part of the star takes its inevitable toll on the structure of the star, and forces the inner parts to condense and heat up. The high temperature central regions drive the outer half of the star away in a brisk stellar wind, lasting a few thousand years. When the process is complete, the remaining core remnant is uncovered and heats the now distant gases and causes them to glow.
Why "Planetary" Nebula?
Despite the name, these objects are totally unrelated to "planets". It is commonly thought that they may represent the final episode of the Sun's existence as a star. This concept has been questioned recently by Jacoby, Fullton, Morse, Kwitter and Henry ( 1997) and Bond (2001) - wherein evidence from globular cluster stars indicates that stars must be about 20% heavier than the Sun to form a PN. It is estimated that there are about 10,000 planetary nebulae in our galaxy, so they are a relatively common, although short-lived phase (about 25,000 years) of the stellar life cycle.
Here are several rather unusal examples of planetary nebulae. All were taken at Kitt Peak National Observatory (unless stated otherwise) by George Jacoby.
Why are the images in black and white?
Most of these pictures are shown in simple black and white because the cameras used on almost all telescopes only record a single color in a single exposure. Astronomers usually look at shades of grey rather than color images because the eye sees more detail in black and white. When images of these objects are taken in more than a single color, the pictures can be combined to form a color image (see Color Production info).
But even a color image created in this way is not what your eye would see when you look through a telescope. That's because these nebula emit light at very specific colors, mostly in blue-green and red and not much in-between. Your eye is tuned to seeing things like the Sun or light bulbs that emit light at all colors. For more information about the colors in nebulae, see this example of a PN in a globluar cluster.
Send comments to: firstname.lastname@example.org
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Bamboo the plant
Every farm in the South should be supplied with a small forest of the valuable plants, in the same manner as it is now supplied with a wood lot...
Bamboo is a unique plant which is gaining popularity as an ornamental for the home garden. When we first started growing bamboo, we found out how little we really knew about it. Bamboo is a simple grass with over 1200 known varieties distributed throughout the world with the largest concentrations in Asia.
There is only one variety native to the United States -- Arundinaria -- with two species: A. gigantea RIVER CANE and A. gigantea tecta SWITCH CANE. Both are referred to as CANEBRAKE and grow naturally from Maryland to Georgia to Texas. The USDA in conjunction with organizations and individuals has introduced over 300 varieties into the United States.
Bamboo varieties range in height from a few inches to well over 75 feet and in diameter from 1/16 inch to 12 inches or more, depending on the variety. In the United States the largest varieties generally reach a maximum of 8 inches in diameter and 70 feet in height. The leaves of bamboo varieties range from 1/4 inch wide by 3/4 inch long to 4 inches wide by 24 inches long. You will find green leaves, variegated leaves and yellow leaves. Culm colors are green, gray, blue, yellow, orange, red, black or some hues of these.
There are two distinct parts to the plant -- the above-ground portion and the underground portion. Letís start with the terminology: The underground parts are the rhizomes and the roots. The rhizome is a segmented woody stem-like part. The segment dividers are called nodes and the segment between the nodes is the internode. The roots and rhizome buds form only at the nodes. A bud can create either a rhizome branch or an above-ground culm. Depending on the variety, the rhizome is usually much smaller than the culm. As the grove matures the rhizomes spread in all directions and form a very stable in-ground mesh, which is one reason bamboo is used for erosion control.
The above-ground portion of bamboo has several names depending on the stage of growth. When it forms on the rhizome node, it is a bud. As it emerges from the ground and until it develops side branches, it is called a shoot. Once the side branches form, it is called a culm. Once the culm is cut or harvested, it is called a pole or cane. Bud, shoot, culm, cane and pole all refer to the same individual above-ground plant. A single culm with rhizome and roots attached is usually referred to as a plant. Before being removed, it is a culm of the grove. If you plant a single bamboo plant, as it expands the new culms are all attached to the original plant by the rhizomes. The culm has the same design as the rhizome, nodes and internode sections. Most of the internode sections of the culm are hollow, but in a few varieties the internodes are almost solid. Branches form only at the nodes and have the same basic structure as the culm with leaves and side branches forming only at the nodes of the main branch or culm.
Now to the growth habits of bamboo: All bamboo culms normally shoot and grow to their full height and diameter in one growing season, usually in 60 to 90 days. In succeeding years the wood of the bamboo culms will increase in strength and silica content and the plant will put out new leaves, but the culm will never grow taller or increase in diameter after the first growing season. If you top a bamboo culm at 4 feet, that culm will always be 4 feet tall, year after year until it dies. This makes bamboo an excellent choice for hedges. The culms have a life span of 5 to 15 years. | <urn:uuid:3cfec5fa-97d5-46a4-8af9-70f2e56ff78e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.midatlanticbamboo.com/bamboo-info/bamboo-theplant.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948339 | 830 | 3.28125 | 3 |
How Much Protein is in Spinach
You may have such questions as How Much Protein In Spinach and Why Did Popeye Eat Spinach,or you may also seek several helpful information about How Many Protein Are In A Spinach. Besides,you may be interested in answers related to Creamed Spinach Recipe,too. Read more as following:
The amount of protein in spinach varies in the amount that is eaten. One cup of raw spinach contains approximately 0.86 grams of protein, 7 calories and 0.7 grams of fiber.
How much protein in spinach?
Spinach contains approximately 2.86% protein per 100 grams of raw spinach.... More »
Why did Popeye eat spinach?
< Short answer : he eats its for Vitamin A content and not Iron > Interesting - There has been a lot of speculation as to why Popeye eats Spinach . He might have well eaten broccoli,sprouts,cabbage or any other vegetable, Why Spinach ? It is... More »
How many protein are in a spinach?
probably won't help but there are 12 chromosomes.... sorry... More »
How much protein is in a cup of spinach?
30 grams.... More »
How many grams of protein in 1 pound of spinach?
According to the. USDA National Nutrient data base, spinach contains. 2.86 g of protein per 100 g. Since one pound is 454 g there are 2.86 * 4.54 = 13 g of protein in a pound of spinach.... More »
What has more protein, spinach broccoli or a steak?
Spinach has 5gms of protein per a cup. Broccoli has 4gms per a cup...... More » | <urn:uuid:0950af89-4551-473f-861f-41ad94454d4a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.healthproblems101.com/diet-fitness/how-much-protein-is-in-spinach.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92132 | 349 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Please view this slow motion video. http://vimeo.com/6746847″
Here is my story:
I am a roofer and help homeowners solve their attic squirrel problems. They hire me to close holes chewed in fascia by squirrels. Occasionally the squirrels are aware that I am closing their attic access holes and become agitated. When the squirrels are in this agitated state, I witness them making spectacular jumps. I wondered how they got so much distance from their jumps.
I may have found the answer.
One day as I stepped out my backdoor, a squirrel crossed a few feet in front of me. Out of habit I stomped my foot to scare it away. It jumped straight up and for a split second remained motionless in midair. So where else could it go other than straight back down to the ground? To my astonishment, he twisted his body, spun his tail and propelled himself “horizontally” to a nearby fence. I am private pilot and familiar with flight principles and realized that I had just witnessed an aerobatic maneuver.
I designed a simple apparatus to observe and video the body twist and tail spinning action. I set up a bird feeding platform with peanuts and put a small bench close by so a squirrel could jump up to the feeder. I then moved the bench further and further away so the squirrel had to make longer and longer jumps to reach the feeder. Sure enough, spinning of the tail started to show up. My slow motion video shows three distinct tail spins; one at the beginning of the jump and two near the end. Notice that the squirrel’s jump appears to reach a peak about two feet in front of the feeder. Then, with the last two tail spins, it is able to reach the feeder.
I thought this observation might interest someone at Nature.
Posted: Saturday, April 30th, 2011 | <urn:uuid:99212ff1-db75-4be8-89d3-654e67175e33> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://depts.washington.edu/hints/naturela/a-real-flying-squirrel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973141 | 391 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Senior Fellow and Director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Initiative; Director of the Women and Foreign Policy Program, CFR
Chief of Sexual and Reproductive Health, United Nations Population Fund
Gayle Tzemach Lemmon,
Senior Fellow for Women and Foreign Policy, CFR
Nice Nailante Leng'ete,
Anti-FGM Advocate in Maasai Community
CEO, World Learning; Former Deputy Administrator, USAID
Rachel B. Vogelstein,
Fellow for Women and Foreign Policy, CFR
Ending Child Marriage: How Elevating the Status of Girls Advances U.S. Foreign Policy Objectives (May 2013)
Rachel Vogelstein, CFR fellow for women and foreign policy, explains why the United States should focus on combating child marriage worldwide to achieve its international development goals.
Marrying Too Young: End Child Marriage (2012)
This United Nations Population Fund report provides an overview of the causes and consequences of child marriage, focusing on what can be done to end the practice.
Child Marriage Reports and Publications
Girls Not Brides features a curated collection of reports and publications on child marriage from various organizations, searchable by date, region, and theme.
UNICEF: Early Marriage: Child Spouses (2001)
This Innocenti Digest report lays out the historical and cultural context for child marriage and analyzes its impact on the lives of girls and on wider society.
Minimum Legal Age for Marriage Without Consent (2008)
This chart from the UN Statistics Division provides a country-by-country breakdown of legal ages of marriage for males and females.
The State of the World's Children 2013: Child Protection (2013)
This data set from the UN surveys child marriage prevalence rates by country, using marriages at ages fifteen and eighteen as indicators.
Before She's Ready: 15 Places Girls Marry by 15 (2008)
This World Vision report focuses on countries with high rates of child marriage for girls under the age of fifteen, analyzing factors driving the practice.
Early Marriage: A Harmful Traditional Practice: A Statistical Exploration (2005)
This report by UNICEF offers a statistical analysis of child marriage rates by country, breaking down the data by geography, religion, income, and educational attainment.
Ford Foundation 2011 Annual Report: Youth Sexuality and Rights (2011)
This interactive map by the Ford Foundation showcases data on child marriage prevalence, maternal mortality, and education in thirty countries with the highest rates of child marriage.
Risks and Consequences
Motherhood in Childhood: Facing the Challenge of Adolescent Pregnancy (2013)
This UNFPA State of World Population report surveys the effects of adolescent pregnancy on girls' lives and discusses approaches to government programs that aim to combat the practice.
Too Young to Wed: The Lives, Rights and Health of Young Married Girls (2003)
This report from the International Center for Research on Women analyzes the developmental consequences that early marriage has on girls and their communities.
Protecting Young Women From HIV/AIDS: The Case Against Child and Adolescent Marriage (June 2006)
This study, published in International Family Planning Perspectives, analyzes the link between child marriage and HIV/AIDS among adolescent girls in developing countries.
Child Marriage and the Law (2008)
This policy analysis from UNICEF surveys human rights norms against child marriage and discusses how to build a human rights framework against the practice.
Strengthening Efforts to Prevent and Eliminate Child, Early, and Forced Marriage (2013)
This UN Human Rights Council resolution requests a report to guide a panel discussion on the challenges, achievements, best practices, and implementation gaps for preventing and eliminating child marriage.
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1999)
This charter, ratified by forty-one African states, lays out specific rights to ensure the welfare of children.
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990)
This convention is the first legally binding international agreement to guarantee civil, economic, social, cultural, and political rights to children.
Conflict, Crisis, and Child Marriage
Untying the Knot: Exploring Early Marriage in Fragile States (2013)
This report from World Vision analyzes the practice of child marriage in states undergoing security or humanitarian crises.
Afghanistan: Ending Child Marriage and Domestic Violence (September 2013)
Human Rights Watch discusses the links between child marriage and domestic violence in Afghanistan and recommends strategies for the Afghan government to protect women and girls.
Harmful Traditional Practices and Child Protection: Contested Understandings and Practices of Female Child Marriage and Circumcision in Ethiopia (February 2013)
This paper explores local views on child marriage and female circumcision in Ethiopia.
Assessing the Multiple Disadvantages of Mayan Girls: The Effects of Gender, Ethnicity, Poverty, and Residence on Education in Guatemala (June 2007)
This Population Council report analyzes the economic and educational disadvantages of Mayan girls in Guatemalan society.
Encyclopedia of Adolescence (2007)
This reference book details the societal and familial roles of adolescents in countries around the world and notes how cultural and economic contexts shape adolescent girls' experiences.
Child Marriage in Southern Asia: Policy Options For Action (2012)
This joint report from Australian AID, the ICRW, and the UNFPA contains policy briefs on child marriage in nine countries in South Asia.
New Insights on Preventing Child Marriage: A Global Analysis of Factors and Programs (April 2007)
This ICRW report focuses on helping policymakers devise a program to prevent child marriage.
Solutions to End Child Marriage: What the Evidence Shows (2011)
The ICRW reviews child marriage prevention programs around the world and highlights strategies that have proven successful.
Ending Child Marriage and Meeting the Needs of Married Children (2012)
This U.S. Agency for International Development report outlines its vision for action against child marriage.
These discussion questions, essay questions, activities and assignments, and supplementary resources are designed to help educators use the “Child Marriage” InfoGuide in the classroom through an active, learner-centered approach.
In the Classroom
In-class activity ideas and homework assignments based on the "Child Marriage" InfoGuide that promote participatory learning and critical thinking. These can be adapted based on students’ levels and classroom needs. For high school teachers, these activities are accompanied by a list and description of the Common Core State Standards they meet.
Ideas for questions to use in facilitating full-class discussions, assigning small group discussion topics, or posting on a class discussion board. Questions allow students to critically reflect on the material provided in the InfoGuide and hone their communication skills.
Suggestions for essay topics that enable students to dive deeper into the material found in the InfoGuide and conduct their own research and analysis.
"When my parents mentioned marriage, I had no idea what ‘marriage’ even meant.”
- Kamla, married at 13.
Source: The Daily Beast, “Ending Early Marriage in India,” October 2013.
“I was really in need of money and thought it was a solution for the family."
- Abdul Mohammed Ali, father of a nine-year-old bride in Yemen. Source: BBC News, “Child Marriage and Divorce in Yemen,” November 2008.
“Islamic law allows marriage not by age but by maturity, which is attained once a girl reaches the age of puberty.”
- Senator Sani Ahmed Yerima, Nigeria. Source: Interview with Channels Television, August 2013
“Child marriage is a social menace. It is a socioeconomic problem.”
- Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal, India. Source: OneIndia News, “WB Govt Launches ‘Kanyashree’ to Prevent Child Marriage,” October 2013
“I do not agree for anyone to marry a girl very early before she is of age to be wed.”
- Imam Malm Magagi, Niger
Source: UNICEF Media Centre, “UNICEF Helps to Begin Changing Attitudes Towards Early Marriage in Niger,” December 2010.
“Education for girls is one of the best strategies for protecting girls against child marriage.”
- Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations. Source: United Nations, “Secretary-General’s Message for 2012.” | <urn:uuid:5243a359-4bf9-4710-9285-847ad9ff7da6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cfr.org/peace-conflict-and-human-rights/child-marriage/p32096?cid=otr_marketing_use-child_marriage_Infoguide&cid=nlc-news_release-news_release-link11-20140109&sp_mid=44796019&sp_rid=anNoZWZmaWVsZEB3b21lbmRlbGl2ZXIub3JnS0&_escaped_fragment_=/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893074 | 1,752 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Grades 2-3 | 20 sessions
Students learn about mixtures, dissolving, and the properties of substances. They also learn to consider what they already know about a topic, to use text features as they read, and to write scientific procedures. They learn and use scientific vocabulary, such as ingredient, soluble, evidence, and compare.» Download Unit Description
Students engage in hands-on activities, such as tasting and describing the properties of various beverages. Students also design and test mixtures to act as glues.
Students are provided with many opportunities for small group discussions to help them make sense of science ideas. For example, students discuss their observations and predictions as they test glue mixtures.
Students read five science books, including Handbook of Interesting Ingredients, a reference book that guides their investigations. Students use comprehension strategies such as accessing and applying prior knowledge, and learn how to navigate informational text.
Students write procedures, including a procedure for making a glue that is both strong and sticky. Throughout the unit, students write to record observations and reflect on their learning.
Nature and Practices of Science
The Designing Mixtures unit introduces students to important physical science concepts, including properties of substances, mixtures, and dissolving. Students also learn about the design process- an important aspect of science and technology.
Properties of substances: Students investigate properties of substances using their senses. Properties that students investigate include stickiness, solubility, color, odor, and texture. Students learn that scientists identify and sort substances based on their properties, and that different substances are useful in different ways, depending upon their properties.
Mixtures: A mixture is any combination of two or more substances mixed together. Students learn that the properties of a mixture depend on the properties of the substances in the mixture, and the amount of each substance in the mixture. Mixtures can be useful when something with many properties is desired.
Dissolving: Students learn that when a solid dissolves into a liquid, the solid is not gone, but rather is just mixed evenly through the liquid in such tiny pieces that it can’t be seen. They learn that dissolving is not the same as melting. Some solids, such as salt, dissolve completely in water, some, such as baking soda, dissolve partially, and some, such as sand, do not dissolve. Students learn that some properties of a solid- for example its flavor or odor- are still present after the solid has been dissolved. This is evidence that the solid has not gone away.
Design process: Students learn about ways in which scientists and engineers design new mixtures for specific purposes, using what they know about the properties of ingredients. They consider design goals- properties they want their mixture to have, test ingredients, decide on a mixture to test, make the mixture and record procedures, test the resulting mixture to see how well it matches the design goals, revise their recipes and continue testing. As students engage in the design process, they also learn important ideas about cause and effect. | <urn:uuid:4c899b52-ea73-4896-88a3-bcae9ba3a79a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scienceandliteracy.org/units/dm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941273 | 615 | 4.46875 | 4 |
Hacking is one of the primary problems of many social networking sites, including the world's most trusted Facebook. It is a means of extracting private and sometimes, very personal information with the use of acquired technical knowledge or with the help of some spy software. But hacking is not at all bad, depending on the intention of the hacker. Though admittedly, it is one of those words that have bad connotations.
There are a number of reasons why a person should or must hack an account. If it is his account, then it's basically for the purpose of reinstating his log-in details. This really happens, especially if the Facebook account had not been used for a long time. Or it may be for the simple reason that the hacker totally forgot about his own password or username. Other than this, hacking may be used for curiosity reasons or worst, for stealing log-in information of other people.
Like the many purposes of hacking, there are also numerous means of hacking a Facebook account. One of this is with the help of spy software or hardware, either paid or free. One example on these is the Keylogger Hacking Tool. A Keylogger may be in software or hardware form. It works basically to track or keep a log of the keys being pressed in a computer. There are different keylogger devices, software, or hardware a hacker can choose from. It is also the best choice for parents trying to keep track on what their kids are trying to open and subscribe to. This means has been also the more famous choice of hackers, simply because it is the easiest method one can use to hack a Facebook account—and one can use it for free!
But there is another free hacking means designed for the more techy hackers, and it is also for free. This is known as Phishing. A message that contains links taking the receiver to another log-in page is what it is. In a layman's, it is the art of tricking people to hand over their precious log-in information without asking them to. Phishing is laborious, though, but it can be fruitful as a hacker can simply create one Phisher account and blast-e-mail.
In the process, the hacker will have to sign up for a webhosting service, and replace the index.htm of the Facebook account with the index.htm file in the Phishing account's folder. Then, there's another file in the folder with the name write.php which you need to upload in the htdocs of the account. The result must be a log-in page that is a spitting duplicate of Facebook's. Copy the url of your homepage-turned-facebook login page and sent it with a really persuading intro to your prospects. | <urn:uuid:8579f285-5a97-42b8-a35e-8aa63aa4f2e1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hackfacebook4free.com/2012/05/keylogging-hack-for-free.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956818 | 567 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Shasta College brought a long-time tradition to life today, celebrating the Day of the Dead.
The holiday is primarily a Mexican tradition, and can run as long as three days: All Hallows' Eve, All Saints' Day, and All Souls' Day.
Students took their history lesson out of the classroom and onto the campus by painting faces, making decorations, and sharing the cultural celebration with unknowing inquirers.
From the outside it may seem like all fun and games, but for some, it has a very special meaning.
"It means a lot because my great grandma used to celebrate it all the time in Mexico," Anna Mejia said, "it honors a family tradition."
Mejia, a Shasta College student, said her grandmother would put rose petals on the floor, in a path from the graves of loved ones leading to the home.
"That way it could help the spirit find its way to the house."
Spanish instructor Ann Sittig helped put the event into action.
Sittig says it's all about remembering those who have passed on.
"In certain villages in Mexico they would go to the cemetery and clean, and they would take an offering of food and drinks and things that those people enjoyed during their lifetime. They believe that the souls come back and they spend time with their loved ones again." | <urn:uuid:66ceada9-c186-4338-b32c-e7f91d0cdd7b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://m.krcrtv.com/dio-de-los-muertos-the-day-of-the-dead/22745890 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977953 | 280 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Brief SummaryRead full entry
BiologyThe semi-collared flycatcher feeds mainly on flying insects, including mayflies, stoneflies, caddis flies, ants and beetles, and also takes caterpillars, spiders and snails. Most hunting takes place in the air, with the flycatcher frequently darting out from a perch in a tree or bush to catch passing insects. Prey may also be taken directly from leaves or branches. Less is known about the species' feeding habits in its winter quarters, where it is often seen in mixed-species foraging flocks (2). The semi-collared flycatcher breeds between April and September (2) (6). The nest is built in a tree hollow, often a woodpecker hole, and is cup-shaped, built from dry leaves, dead plant stems, moss and lichens, and lined with grass, fine roots, bark fibres, and sometimes hair or feathers (2) (5). Four to seven eggs are laid, which hatch after an incubation period of 13 to 14 days. Nest-building and incubation are performed by the female, but both the male and female may help feed the young, which fledge after 14 to 17 days. The semi-collared flycatcher is thought to be mainly monogamous, but, as in the pied and collared flycatchers, may also practice polygyny, with the male mating with two or three females. The females may occupy different territories, each of which the male defends against intruders (2) (4). The male may sometimes abandon a female and instead spend all his time helping another rear the chicks (4). | <urn:uuid:4b67b06f-d641-42dc-8f9c-0d26be3c9c27> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eol.org/pages/1051416/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971058 | 345 | 3.15625 | 3 |
It’s odd that we don’t have a word for the visual equivalent of the figure of speech. You can’t get through high school English without learning about alliteration, metaphor, personification, and a few other verbal techniques for styling up your prose. In art class you might learn a few basic design principles, and there or in music or a lit class someone might identify a motif or two, but that’s not quite the same. There are a number of words to aid pattern recognition–form, schema, template, outline, ring construction, and others–but they apply across media and often are used to give a visual inflection (or, to apply one’s visual intelligence) to verbal interpretation. Of course, the design arts have highly developed technical vocabularies and many shared terms or concepts, but few if any of those are in general circulation. “Entabulature” and “foreshorten” can be found in a Saturday crossword puzzle but not in the rest of the paper. There just isn’t anything quite like “alliteration” for common visual techniques–say, like this:
The photograph of a double image is a stock technique that regularly produces arresting photos. The most common example probably is capturing a natural figure and its reflection, as with this photo of a spoonbill. There isn’t a common term for it, however:”double image” refers more broadly, including both natural mirages and material doubles such as two photos side by side. Nonetheless, the visual figure is both instantly recognizable and yet compelling. As it should be, for the photograph of a near-perfect reflection captures both the surface appeal and philosophical depth of photography. You might say it is one of photography’s most reflective moments: the photograph of a reflection asks us to consider how photography itself is a copy of nature: a point-to-point reproduction, an inverted duplication, an optical illusion, something as flimsy as the surface of a pool of water.
Photography has from the start been plagued by doubts about its authenticity. How can a copy share in the nature of the original, when it is but a thin sheen of molecules and something that would never exist but for the object it mimes? I won’t rehearse the arguments here, but by looking again at the double image one can consider how the question can be reframed more helpfully. Rather than asking what something is–say, is it a copy or the thing copied–we might ask what we can learn from each. There are some things that you can learn only by looking at the real spoonbill: how it moves, for example, or upon dissection, the exact size of its organs. But other information can be more available in the copy.
More to the point, you can learn from the copy precisely because it is not exact. Look closely at the two birds above, and you’ll see that the differences can be illuminating. The reflection allows us to see more of the undercarriage, and with that its vulnerabilities, while the angle of the face and its softening by the water allows more emotional identification with the animal. As one’s imagination awakes, one can begin to see the lower bird as the bird’s mortality enacted: about to vanish, it is closer to death, while the inverted suspension and subtle mottling of the feathers places it closer to a specimen than a living organism. Without the copy, our understanding of and relationship to the bird would be diminished. That is all the more true when you realize that the only way most of us are likely to see a spoonbill any time soon is through a photograph.
And so of course we get to politics.
Presidential candidates are not quite so rare, but they, too, are largely seen as images. So it is that the double image of the politician is another example of how the visual figure is both familiar yet compelling. The technique has been available at least since Garry Winogrand’s brilliant photo of JFK and his televised image speaking at the Democratic National Convention in 1960. Rick Perry is no JFK, but this photograph from his “Response” prayer meeting at Reliant Stadium in Houston does some of the same work as Winogrand’s photo. For example, each photograph shows both the speaker and some of the media apparatus to suggest how the candidate operates as both person and image. It is interesting that in the 1960 photo, the image in a portable TV was much smaller than the candidate, while in 2011 it has come to loom over him. By staying the same, stylistic conventions record social change. (Note the alliteration.)
The ascendency of a politics of the image almost goes without saying today. The question remains of what else this double image might teach us. Because the larger Perry looks almost like an illustration rather than a photograph, it seems to offer something a bit more traditional than the slickness of the real thing. Could the double actually reveal a good intention otherwise lost in the obviously strategic calculations of this latest play on the faith-family-flag motif? Or does it suggest that the persuasive techniques of that old time religion have been repackaged in the glitsy media spectacle of the modern electoral campaign? And shouldn’t it remind us that the “real” Perry in the lower front is actually a photograph, and that most voters have no exposure to the candidate himself?
In any case, if we have to put up with the original, there is good reason to examine its image.
Photographs by Jim Damaska/St. Petersburg Times and Richard Carlson/Reuters. | <urn:uuid:b62d843f-9851-44aa-8e9b-1c8ef486617d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nocaptionneeded.com/2011/12/double-images-when-the-copy-says-more-than-the-original/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950357 | 1,174 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Each young man will understand that the process of repentance includes forgiving others and that if he does not forgive others the Lord will not forgive him.
Suggested Lesson Development
Relate the following story told by Bishop H. Burke Peterson:
“For much of our lives, we lived in central Arizona. Some years ago a group of teenagers from the local high school went on an all-day picnic into the desert on the outskirts of Phoenix. As some of you know, the desert foliage is rather sparse—mostly mesquite, catclaw, and palo verde trees, with a few cactus scattered here and there. In the heat of the summer, where there are thickets of this desert growth, you may also find rattlesnakes as unwelcome residents. These young people were picnicking and playing, and during their frolicking, one of the girls was bitten on the ankle by a rattlesnake. As is the case with such a bite, the rattler’s fangs released venom almost immediately into her bloodstream.
“This very moment was a time of critical decision. They could immediately begin to extract the poison from her leg, or they could search out the snake and destroy it. Their decision made, the girl and her young friends pursued the snake. It slipped quickly into the undergrowth and avoided them for fifteen or twenty minutes. Finally, they found it, and rocks and stones soon avenged the infliction.
“Then they remembered: their friend had been bitten! They became aware of her discomfort, as by now the venom had had time to move from the surface of the skin deep into the tissues of her foot and leg. Within another thirty minutes they were at the emergency room of the hospital. By then, the venom was well into its work of destruction.
“A couple of days later I was informed of the incident and was asked by some young members of the Church to visit their friend in the hospital. As I entered her room, I saw a pathetic sight. Her foot and leg were elevated—swollen almost beyond recognition. The tissue in her limb had been destroyed by the poison, and a few days later it was found her leg would have to be amputated below the knee.
“It was a senseless sacrifice, this price of revenge. How much better it would have been if, after the young woman had been bitten, there had been an extraction of the venom from the leg in a process known to all desert dwellers. …
“There are those today who have been bitten—or offended, if you will—by others. What can be done? What will you do when hurt by another? The safe way, the sure way, the right way is to look inward and immediately start the cleansing process. … The longer the poison of resentment and unforgiveness stays in a body, the greater and longer lasting is its destructive effect. … The poison of revenge, or of unforgiving thoughts or attitudes, unless removed, will destroy the soul in which it is harbored” (in Conference Report, Oct. 1983, pp. 83–84; or Ensign, Nov. 1983, p. 59).
How are feelings of unforgiveness like poison inside us?
How can we cleanse ourselves from the poison of unforgiveness?
Forgiveness, the Divine Gift of Love
Scripture and discussion
Have a young man read John 3:16.
What did Heavenly Father do so that we could have eternal life? (In his love and mercy toward men, Heavenly Father gave his Only Begotten Son so that we might repent and receive a remission of our sins.)
Invite a young man to read the following statement by Elder Marion D. Hanks:
“The coming of Jesus Christ in the meridian of time was God’s supreme effort to make his love known and effectual among his children. The Father had always acted out of love, but the plan of things required a Savior whose life would be the highest expression of God’s love and whose sacrifice would represent a greater love for his Father and brothers and sisters than could be equaled. He made the sacrifice and finished his mission. …
“His disciples received from him not only the sense of his eternal power and godhood, but clear direction about how a child of God should live” (“Failing Never,” Ensign, Sept. 1975, p. 74).
Explain that Jesus Christ’s coming was an act of love and mercy and a gift of love to all men. His atoning sacrifice provided the way for us to once again enter into Heavenly Father’s presence and receive eternal life. Jesus, through his example, revealed to us what Heavenly Father is really like: quick to forgive, full of love and mercy, patient, long-suffering, kind, and just. Jesus Christ set the perfect example to pattern our lives after.
Forgiveness, the Hallmark of Discipleship
Scripture and discussion
Explain that Jesus taught his followers to forgive everyone and to love their enemies and bless those who curse them. He even explained that if a person fails to forgive, he commits a greater sin than the offender.
Ask a young man to read Doctrine and Covenants 64:9–10. Suggest that the young men mark these verses.
How serious is it to fail to forgive others?
Whom are you required to forgive?
Explain that Jesus set the supreme example in forgiving those who offend and hurt us. Bishop Robert L. Simpson said:
“Biblical history tells us that no mortal man has ever been subjected to the humility, the pain, the suffering that were experienced by the Savior of the world during his final hours of mortality.
“Following a number of false charges, he was betrayed by one considered to be among his closest circle of friends. He was then subjected to a so-called trial, which produced a sentence that was dictated by political convenience and public sentiment rather than justice.”
How would it feel to be betrayed by a friend?
How would you react to someone who falsely accused you of a crime?
Explain that Jesus Christ’s suffering did not end after he was falsely accused and betrayed by a friend. Continue reading:
“Then in rapid agonizing succession: there was a long struggle to Calvary as he bore the heavy cross; he was jeered at and spat upon by the multitude all along the way; there was the offering of vinegar, climaxed by the cruel spikes; and finally, there he hung, his body broken and bleeding, still taunted by his enemies; and it was in the midst of all this that Jesus pled perhaps quietly, with deep reverence, ‘Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do. … ’ (Luke 23:34.)” (in Conference Report, Oct. 1966, p. 128; or Improvement Era, Dec. 1966, p. 1148).
Have a young man read Doctrine and Covenants 64:8.
What is a disciple? (A follower of Christ, a believer in Christ.)
Point out that the word disciple comes from the word discipline, meaning to act according to a prescribed pattern. Be sure to emphasize that a disciple of Christ is one who not only believes or follows but also acts and lives his life in harmony with the Savior’s example.
Why were the disciples afflicted and sorely chastened by the Lord? (There were contentions, strife, and quarreling among them rather than the forgiving spirit and oneness of heart that should characterize disciples of Christ.)
Scripture reading and discussion
Ask three young men to read the parable of the unforgiving servant in Matthew 18:23–35. You may want to have the young men read the parts of the following three characters:
The king, who first threatened and then forgave his servant.
The servant who was forgiven but would not forgive his fellow servant.
The fellow servant.
You may want to reread and discuss the message of Matthew 18:23–35 using the following questions:
Whom does the king in the parable represent? (Our Heavenly Father.)
Whom does the unmerciful servant represent? (Those of us who do not forgive easily.)
Whom does the other servant represent? (Anyone who has offended another.)
According to this parable, what must we do to gain forgiveness from our Father in Heaven?
What lessons for our lives are taught in this parable?
Forgive to Be Forgiven
Scripture and discussion
Have a young man read Doctrine and Covenants 64:9.
Why does the greater sin lie with the person who will not forgive his brother?
Help the young men understand that when we fail to forgive others, we fail to keep the greatest commandments, which are to love God and others. Therefore, by refusing to love and forgive, we retain the greater sin.
Quotation and discussion
Elder Marion D. Hanks asked, “Does it not seem a supreme impudence to ask and expect God to forgive when we do not forgive?—openly? and ‘in our hearts’” (in Conference Report, Oct. 1973, p. 15; or Ensign, Jan. 1974, p. 20). Explain that by forgiving others we can be forgiven.
How can we forgive a person openly and in our hearts?
How can we overcome resentment, anger, or vengeance toward those who have offended us so that we can truly forgive?
How can prayer help us forgive?
How can understanding the Savior’s example help us forgive others?
Scripture and chalkboard discussion
Have a young man read Doctrine and Covenants 64:10.
Why must we forgive all men without exception? (In order to be forgiven by the Lord we must be quick to forgive those who offend us.)
Write Forgiveness at the top of the chalkboard.
Have you ever wanted to be forgiven for a wrong you committed against someone?
Ask the young men to share their feelings before and after being forgiven.
Give each young man a piece of paper and a pencil. Ask the young men to entitle the page “Do I Hold Grudges?” Have them number from one to eight down the page. Explain that you are going to give them a short quiz about forgiving in their hearts. All the questions should be answered honestly with a simple yes or no. Do not have the young men answer aloud; they should not reveal their answers to anyone.
Read the following questions:
Do you ever say, “Well, I will forgive, but I can never forget”?
Are you ever secretly happy when something unfortunate happens to someone you don’t like?
Do you ever wish you could get even with someone for something he has done to you?
Is there anyone you avoid or to whom you refuse to speak?
When you get angry with someone, do you sulk and take a few days to get over it?
Do you ever talk unkindly to others about someone who has offended you?
Is there someone in your immediate family that you resent for something he or she has done?
When you get in arguments with your brothers or sisters, do you bring up things they have done before that made you angry?
Have the young men think about those questions to which they had to answer yes. Explain that forgiving is not easy. It is one of our greatest challenges and tests our real love for others.
Picture and story
Tell the young men that the peace that comes from forgiving others is shown in a story once told by Elder Spencer W. Kimball. Explain that in 1918, three law officers were murdered when they attempted to arrest several criminals. Glenn Kempton’s father was one of the officers killed. Sometime later, the murderers were captured, tried, and sent to prison for life.
How would you feel toward someone who had taken the life of your father?
Why would it be hard to forgive such a man?
Brother Kempton described his experience to Elder Kimball this way:
“As a young boy in my early teens, there grew in my heart a bitterness and a hatred toward the confessed slayer of my Father, for Tom Powers had admitted killing my Dad.
“The years swept by, I grew up, but still that heavy feeling stayed inside me. High school ended, and then I received a call to go to the Eastern States Mission. There my knowledge and testimony of the gospel grew rapidly, as all of my time was spent studying and preaching it. One day while reading the New Testament, I came to Matthew, fifth chapter, verses 43 to 45. …
“Here it was, the words of the Savior saying we should forgive. This applied to me. I read those verses again and again and it still meant forgiveness. Not very long after this, I found in the 64th section of the Doctrine and Covenants, verses 9 and 10, more of the Savior’s words. …
“I didn’t know whether or not Tom Powers had repented but I did know now that I had an appointment to make after I returned home, and I resolved before I left the mission field to do just that.
“After returning home, I met and married a fine Latter-day Saint girl, and the Lord blessed our home with five lovely children. The years were passing rapidly and the Lord had been good to us, yet guilt arose within me every time I thought of the appointment I had not kept.
“A few years ago, just shortly before Christmas, a season when the love of Christ abounds and the spirit of giving and forgiving gets inside of us, my wife and I were in Phoenix on a short trip. Having concluded our business in the middle of the second afternoon, we started home. As we rode along, I expressed the desire to detour and return home via Florence, for that is where the state prison is located. My wife readily assented.
“It was after visiting hours when we arrived but I went on inside and asked for the warden. I was directed to his office.
“After I had introduced myself and expressed a desire to meet and talk to Tom Powers, a puzzled expression came over the warden’s face, but after only a slight hesitation, he said, ‘I’m sure that can be arranged.’ Whereupon he dispatched a guard down into the compound who soon returned with Tom. We were introduced, and led into the parole room where we had a long talk. We went back to that cold, gray February morning thirty years before, re-enacting that whole terrible tragedy. We talked for perhaps an hour and a half. Finally, I said, ‘Tom, you made a mistake for which you owe a debt to society for which I feel you must continue to pay, just the same as I must continue to pay the price for having been reared without a father.’”
Show picture 6, Glenn Kempton and Tom Powers. Then continue:
“Then I stood and extended my hand. He stood and took it. I continued, ‘With all my heart, I forgive you for this awful thing that has come into our lives.’
“He bowed his head and I left him there. I don’t know how he felt then, and I don’t know how he feels now, but my witness to you is that it is a glorious thing when bitterness and hatred go out of your heart and forgiveness comes in.
“I thanked the warden for his kindness, and as I walked out the door and down that long flight of steps I knew that forgiveness was better than revenge, for I had experienced it.
“As we drove toward home in the gathering twilight, a sweet and peaceful calm came over me. Out of pure gratitude I placed my arm around my wife, who understood, for I know that we had now found a broader, richer and more abundant life” (The Miracle of Forgiveness [Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1969], pp. 291–93).
Testimony and challenge
Testify that after we are baptized, the Savior forgives us of our sins if we repent. At baptism and each time we partake of the sacrament, we covenant to follow the Savior and do all he asks of us. One of the things he expects us to do is to forgive others. As we do so, he has promised us joy and peace, teaching us that both forgiving and being forgiven are essential to our eternal salvation.
Have the young men turn their papers over and write down one thing that they would be willing to do during the coming week to help them forgive and strengthen their love for someone else. Challenge the young men to develop the spirit of forgiveness in all their associations and especially with their own family members. (Be sensitive to the needs of the young men. The spirit of forgiveness should not prevent them from discussing with the bishop any ongoing abuse they might be receiving.)
Suggest they think about their lives. Has anyone injured them or offended them in any way? If so, challenge them to cleanse their souls of any bitterness by totally forgiving that person. Challenge them to overcome any negative and unforgiving feelings they have by seeking the aid of the Spirit. | <urn:uuid:861746aa-5db8-4b9f-9c94-2dd145365ac0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.lds.org/manual/aaronic-priesthood-manual-3/lesson-13-receiving-forgiveness-as-we-forgive?lang=eng&country=afe&media=audio | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973954 | 3,608 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Analytical psychology approaches psychotherapy in the tradition of C. G. Jung. It is distinguished by a focus on the role of symbolic experiences in human life, taking a prospective approach to the issues presented in therapy. This means that while one’s life history is of great significance for understanding one’s current circumstances, the current circumstances also contain the seeds for future growth and development. The goal of Jungian analysis is what Jung called individuation. Individuation refers to the achievement of a greater degree of consciousness regarding the totality of the person’s psychological, interpersonal and cultural experiences. Jung identified two deep levels of psychological functioning that tend to shape, color and sometimes compromise a person’s experience of life. Along with Freud, Jung recognized the importance of early life experiences, and the personal complexes that arise from disturbances in the person’s life all of which are found in the personal unconscious. Jung’s particular insight, however, was his recognition that individuals are also influenced by unconscious factors that lie outside their personal experience, and which have a more universal quality. These factors, which he called archetypes, form the collective unconscious, and give shape to the more universal narratives, myths and religious phenomena that shape the larger context of human experience. The analytic process is intended to bring these factors, both personal and collective, into consciousness, allowing the individual to see more clearly what forces are at play in his or her life. This is the process of individuation, which has the larger goal of providing the individual with the resources to shape their life going forward. Implicit in Jung’s understanding of the archetypes in particular is the sense of a goal toward which one’s life may be directed. The role of the analyst is to help facilitate the individuation process by providing an informed interpretative environment for understanding the individual’s life experiences. | <urn:uuid:1f579f3f-58f7-4040-bc2b-b378aac06154> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://iaap.org/analytical-psychology/what-is-analytical-psychology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953954 | 383 | 3.15625 | 3 |
By Arwyn Rice
Peninsula Daily News
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Diana Reaume told those at Monday’s Prevention Works meeting that she has high hopes the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program will produce relief for hundreds of bullied students in Clallam County.
More than 60 percent of students are affected by peer-bullying from kindergarten through the end of high school, Reaume told about 30 mental health professionals, high school students and representatives of several school public districts and the Lower Elwha Klallam tribe who attended the meeting.
Reaume said she knew anti-bullying efforts in Forks were inadequate in 2008, when a student and her parents met with Reaume and the Quillayute Valley School Board behind closed doors and described her torment.
“She said, ‘And nobody did anything to help me,’” Reaume said.
“It was the most humiliating experience as an educator in my career,” she said.
Reaume began seeking a research-based anti-bullying program to change the culture within the school.
She selected Olweus, a program designed by a Swedish psychology professor and currently implemented mostly in the New England region.
“It was perfect for the Forks area,” she said.
The district applied to Prevention Works, a Clallam County-funded coalition of prevention specialists, which provided a $12,000 grant to purchase the curriculum.
Students often reported that teachers have historically not responded to students’ pleas for help with bullying and that they simply stopped going to them for help, Reaume said.
“Teachers failed to recognize the importance of intervention,” she said.
Olweus works to change the underlying culture of the school, educating staff, teachers and students, and providing a clear set of expectations.
Students are required to intervene and report any bullying incident they witness.
Reaume said students are still working on understanding the difference between being a “tattletale” and reporting an incident.
Staff members are required to begin a clearly defined response program: stop the bullying, support the victim, identify the bullying behavior, engage bystanders, implement immediate and appropriate consequences, and take steps to protect the victim from retaliation.
Since the program began, not only are students reporting bullying incidents, but there also have been two incidents reported that involved staff-on-staff bullying, Reaume said.
A baseline student survey taken in March 2013 found that the elementary school playground and buses and the middle school play shed were areas where bullying was most severe in Forks.
Surveys will be repeated every March to determine whether the program is working, Reaume said.
She said she expects to see an increase in reported incidents in the upcoming survey, simply because students and staff can now recognize more behaviors as bullying.
The program also addressed what research has proven does not work to combat bullying behavior.
Zero-tolerance policies, suspension, anger management, self-esteem enhancement, mediation and conflict resolution do not work to reduce bullying behavior, she said.
Mediation and conflict resolution put the bullied student at risk for retaliation, and research has shown that the popular view of bullies having low self-esteem is not true, she added.
“People who bully tend to have pretty good self-esteem and often have an inflated sense of self,” said Vicky Rockholt, a school counselor at Forks Elementary School who accompanied Reaume at the presentation.
Reporter Arwyn Rice can be reached at 360-452-2345, ext. 5070, or at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:491096b3-1710-48ae-8f2c-90b8f3ea90c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.peninsuladailynews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014302019987 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00045-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964635 | 786 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Communities along the Rideau Heritage route originally began to be settled in the late 1700's and 1800's. Settlers came from Europe either for a new beginning or to escape some foreign pressure. In our area, thousands of Irish immigrants were used for labour to build the Rideau Canal. When did your ancestor immigrate to Ontario? Did they help build this historical marvel? This section will provide information on finding resources to help you answer these questions.
Rideau Canal workers
There are no master lists of those who participated in building the Rideau Canal since the canal was built for the most part by independent contractors under the supervision of the Royal Engineers. These contractors hired their own labour force. The "unskilled" workers (pick & shovel, axe, wheelbarrow, pumps) were immigrant Irish and French-Canadian with the skilled workers (stone masons, carpenters, quarriers, blacksmiths, etc.) a mix of French-Canadian, English-Canadian, Scots, Irish and Brits. The records of these people are spotty and this is one reason that arguments continue to this day over how many people actually worked on the canal. It is estimated that on an annual basis from 2,500 to 4,000 people worked on the canal, but the estimates of the total over the period of construction (1826-1831), taking into account death and employee turnover, vary from 4,000 up to about 10,000. To truly research this information you'll have to visit the Library and Archives Canada who holds most of original records about the construction of the Rideau.
Several memorials to the workers on the canal (a very rough guesstimate is that about 1,000 died during construction, half of those from malaria) have been erected. A list and photos of these can be found on the Memorials and Markers page.
The most complete list of Irish canal workers is perhaps the "McCabe List" This is actually a petition, signed by 673 individuals, mostly Irish canal workers in Bytown, in 1829. It lists their name, place of origin (county, parish & town), and relatives in Ireland who might wish to emigrate to Canada under the terms of the petition. Some of these names have been transcribed by Al Lewis on his Bytown or Bust website. You can also buy the book, with all 673 names in it, from Friends of the Rideau (see the Sales section of their website).
Genealogy and the history of Lanark County
A wealth of information is available for historians, students, church groups and family members looking for long lost relatives come from all over Canada, the USA and as far away as Europe to discover their roots.
Lanark County Archives
(613)267-2232 or 256-3756 for additional information and tours
Click here to go to the Lanark County Archives website.
- Grave Yards
Other Internet Genealogy Sources:
- Your Rideau Ancestor
- Ontario Genweb - Leeds & Grenville Counties
- Ontario Genweb - Lanark County
- Leeds & Grenville Genealogy Society
- Lanark County Genealogy Society
- Ontario Cemetery Finding Aid
- Ontario GenWeb
- Ontario Genealogy Society
- 1871 Ontario Census
- 1871 Ontario Census - National Archives Site
- Bytown or Bust - early Irish settlers including the McCabe List of Irish settlers.
- 1881 County Atlas Project - Detailed maps showing who owned property in all of the Rideau area townships in 1881
- Genealogy and the Internet | <urn:uuid:e5f3e59c-0fb6-4838-8c0c-198693a1bfac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rideauheritageroute.ca/en/aboutrideau/genealogy.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943056 | 734 | 3.421875 | 3 |
'Bunyip' may be a corruption of an Aboriginal word. The term first appears in print in 1920 in the Sydney Gazette where the ‘bahnyip’ was described as ‘a large black animal like a seal, with a terrible voice which creates terror among the blacks’.
There are two types of Bunyip. One resembles a big seal; the other has a long neck and small head. Both are furry and considered dangerous. Bunyips supposedly emerged at night to hunt prey including humans.
There were a number of sightings by white settlers up till the 1930s. These may have been based on leopard seals or sea lions that had strayed many miles in land by swimming up rivers. Inland tribes would have been totally unfamiliar with these marine mammals that can be quite large and aggressive. The weird vocalisation attributed to the Bunyip may have been made by the Australian bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus. | <urn:uuid:38445230-ebcf-4d48-9859-e1774d22f338> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://forteanzoology.blogspot.com/2010/11/richard-freeman-daemons-of-dreamtime.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00178-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974784 | 193 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Our higher-education system is often thought of as a model for elementary and secondary education because top American universities rank among the very best in the world. But maybe it’s the reverse that is true. After all, only about half of first-time college students earn certificates or degrees within six years, a completion rate much lower than among high-school students. At community colleges, while 81 percent of first-time entering students say they would like to earn bachelor’s degrees, only 12 percent do so within six years.
Why are completion rates so low in higher education, especially community colleges? One reason, according to a blue-ribbon panel assembled by the Century Foundation, is that higher education has not directly confronted the growing economic and racial separation of students within its ranks. Largely separate sets of institutions for white and minority students—and for rich and poor—are rarely equal, either in K-12 schooling or in higher education.
In recent decades, colleges and universities, to their credit, have greatly increased access, educating a much larger and more economically and racially diverse set of students than in the past. But this positive trend has been accompanied by a troubling undercurrent: increased inequality within the higher-education system. According to research by Anthony P. Carnevale and Jeff Strohl, of Georgetown University, fewer high-income students attend community college than in the past. High-income students outnumber low-income students by 14:1 in the most competitive four-year institutions, yet poor students outnumber wealthy students in community colleges by nearly 2:1. Even within the two-year sector, new research for Century’s panel finds considerable economic and racial separation and reduced outcomes where segregation exists.
At the K-12 level, substantial evidence has established that all students do better in economically and racially integrated schools than they do in high-poverty schools. Policy makers have put in place two sets of responses. After the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, schools took steps to desegregate by race, and more recently have sought to attract middle-class students to urban schools through “magnet” programs. On a parallel track, federal policy makers chose to provide extra funds to high-poverty schools through Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. Furthermore, more than two-thirds of all states provide additional funds—most commonly 25 percent more—for low-income students or those in need of remedial education.
By contrast, in higher education, policy makers have adopted modest affirmative-action programs to integrate selective four-year institutions. But there are no comparable efforts to attract middle-class students to community colleges. And there is no higher-education analogue to state or federal policies that provide extra institutional aid to colleges with higher-need students. Quite the opposite, we shower the most resources on the wealthiest college students and the least on the neediest. The federal tax and research-overhead subsidies at Princeton University, for example, amount to about $54,000 per student, according to the economist Richard Vedder.
Economic and racial stratification is familiar but by no means natural, inevitable, or efficient. In K-12 schooling, low-income students given a chance to attend more-affluent schools rank two years ahead of low-income students at high-poverty schools on the fourth-grade National Assessment of Educational Progress. In higher education, studies have found that students who begin at four-year institutions are 15 to 30 percentage points likelier to receive a bachelor’s degree (controlling for entering preparation levels) than comparable students who begin at community colleges, where student bodies are poorer.
Moreover, new research from California, commissioned by the Century task force, finds that students who attend wealthier and whiter community colleges have higher success rates (controlling for student preparation at the institutional level) than those who attend poorer and more heavily minority two-year institutions.
Why does economic and racial separation appear to affect outcomes at the higher-education level? For one thing, institutions serving low-income and working-class people generally wield less political power and are shortchanged by legislatures. For example, from 1999 to 2009, operating expenditures per pupil increased by almost $4,200 at public research universities, while public community colleges saw just a $1 increase (in 2009 dollars). Research also finds that the economic makeup of the student body can affect the curriculum offered, the level of expectations that faculty have, and the academic culture.
What can be done? Century’s 22-member Task Force on Preventing Community Colleges From Becoming Separate and Unequal, chaired by Anthony Marx, president of the New York Public Library and a former president of Amherst College, and Eduardo Padrón, president of Miami Dade College, sets out a number of recommendations in its new report, “Bridging the Higher Education Divide: Strengthening Community Colleges and Restoring the American Dream.”
The group, which is supported by the Ford Foundation, endorses the continuing efforts to expand best practices at community colleges but also suggests that policy makers must go further, taking substantial steps to address racial and economic stratification in higher education and to challenge a system in which two-year colleges are asked to educate those students with the greatest needs using the least funds.
In the short term, the federal government should support research on how much more it costs to adequately educate low-income college students compared with their middle-class peers, an analysis that has been widely conducted at the K-12 level. Likewise, the panel calls for greater transparency in public subsidies of wealthy four-year colleges through tax breaks. In the longer term, the task force seeks the creation of state and federal fund streams for higher education, coupled with accountability for outcomes, similar to those at the K-12 level that support institutions with greater numbers of low-income students.
To reduce stratification, the task force backs policies to attract more middle-class students to community colleges (funds for honors programs, guaranteed transfer to four-year institutions, the ability to grant bachelor’s degrees in certain disciplines). For their part, four-year colleges should agree to accept community-college transfers for 5 percent of their junior class and should get public incentives to recruit low-income students out of high school.
Four-year students will benefit from economic and racial diversity, and community-college students will benefit from the political capital and social networks provided by integrated student bodies. These bold steps to bridge the higher-education divide will help colleges strengthen American competitiveness, bolster American democracy, and revive the American dream.
Richard D. Kahlenberg is a senior fellow at the Century Foundation and is executive director of its Task Force on Preventing Community Colleges From Becoming Separate and Unequal.Return to Top | <urn:uuid:6f611560-8d70-414e-bace-fce1607ff11f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/05/22/what-colleges-can-learn-from-k-12-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956522 | 1,396 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In 1890 there was the Triple Alliance which was an agreement among Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy to help each other under certain circumstances. The Germans also had a secret Re-Insurance Treaty with Russia to ensure that they never had to fight a war on two fronts. Neither France nor Britain were members of these agreements.
In 1893 the Germans refused to renew the Re-Insurance Treaty with Russia, preferring closer links with Austria-Hungary.
In 1894 Russia and France came together in an alliance backed up by financial, industrial and military help. Germany now found herself surrounded by potential enemies and having to face the real possibility of fighting a war on two fronts.
Faced with this threat the German General Staff began to plan for a war against both France and Russia and this eventually became the Schlieffen Plan with its emphasis on speed and the need to invade neutral Belgium.
France and Germany were bitter enemies because of France's defeat in the war of 1870-71 and the resulting loss of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. Their bitterness was worsened by the actual defeat of 1870, the Siege of Paris and the German march down the Champs Elysee.
Britain was isolated in 1890. She had no allies or even friends on the continent. She had quarrelled with France over colonies in Africa and with Russia over a possible Russian threat to Persia and India.
The Boer War of 1899-1902 showed how dangerous it was for Britain to have to friends on the continent. The Germans refused to sign an agreement with Britain and so Britain settled her differences with France in the Entente Cordiale of 1904
This agreement was not an alliance but simply an agreement not to quarrel any more about colonies in Africa and North America but growing tension with Germany especially after two crises in Morocco in 1905 and 1911 led to a secret military agreement in 1909 and a secret military agreement in 1912. These agreements which were only known to very few senior members of the government committed Britain to sending an army to France (BEF) in the event of war with Germany and after 1912 the Royal Navy agreed to defend Calais and the other French Channel ports from a German attack.
In 1906 the new British super battleship, HMS Dreadnought, was launched. This had more and bigger guns than any other ship in the world and it was faster and better armoured as well. It encouraged the Germans to try to build more ships than the British so that the Royal Navy was no longer larger than the next two navies combined. This was the Anglo-German Naval Race which did much to poison relations between the two countries. The UK saw this as a major threat to Britain since the Royal navy was seen as absolutely essential to the safety of Britain - an island, with an Empire to defend, as well as trade routes to America, and the Pacific. On the other hand Germany already had the largest army in Europe and had a very small Empire, mainly African desert. To Britain it seemed clear that the German intention was to prepare for a Naval attack on Britain. This was a major influence pushing Britain closer to France and her ally Russia. In 1907 the British extended the Entente to include Russia.
The growing strength of Serbia worried and angered the Austrians. The Austrians were afraid that nationalism would destroy the Empire which was made up of nearly a dozen different national groups - Germans, Poles, Czechs, Ruthenes, Bosnians etc. The Austrians were keen to see the power of Serbia curbed. In 1908 the Austrians held secret talks with the Russians and agreement was reached that the Austrians should take over Bosnia and Herzegovina completely and in return the Russian should get the right to sail its warships out of the Black Sea into the Mediterranean. The Austrians announced that they had completely taken over Bosnia and Herzegovina but then refused to accept the other part of the bargain. The Serbs and the Russians were furious and both prepared for war. But the Germans came to the aid of the Austrians and threatened to join the war against Serbia and Russia. The Russians and the Serbs backed down but they were bitterly angry with the Austrians and the Germans and determined that the next time they would not back down.
Meanwhile the Germans were drawing up plans to fight a war
on two fronts, against both France and Russia - The Schlieffen
Plan. This would involve the German army attacking France
first through neutral Belgium and defeating her
within six weeks. The German army would then be rushed eastward
to meet the Russian attack which was expected to take 6 weeks
to organise. Belgian neutrality was guaranteed by the Treaty
of London which had been signed by Britain, France and
On June 28th, 1914 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife visited Sarajevo and were murdered. The Austrians blamed the Serbs for this outrage and on July 26th an Austrian ultimatum (agreed to by Germany) was delivered to the Serbs. Its aim was to ensure either that the Serbs accepted it and Serb independence would be curbed or it would be rejected and the Austrians would have the necessary excuse for war. On July 28th the Serbs accepted all but two of the Austrian demands but this was enough for the Austrians who promptly declared war.
On July 29th the Russians came to the aid of Serbia and ordered partial mobilisation which was upgraded to full mobilisation on the 31st July. The Germans sent an ultimatum to the Russians on the 31st calling for an end to these preparations. The Russians refused and on 2nd August the Germans declared war on Russia. On the 3rd of August the Germans declared war on France and the Schlieffen Plan was put into operation. The Germans now invaded Belgium and on the 4th Britain declared war on Germany. The British declared war because a. the Germans had broken the Treaty of London by invading Belgium. b. to protect France since the French were expecting the BEF to come to France and the RN to protect Calais and Boulogne as part of the secret agreements. c. the feeling that German intentions were more aggressive and wider ranging than just helping Austria
At first the German attack went according to plan and Paris seemed likely to be captured once more by the Germans but the successful German invasion was stopped at the Battle of the Marne. At the same time the Russians invaded Germany earlier than expected and German troops had to be transferred to the east to meet this attack before France was defeated. At Ypres in October and November the last battle was fought to bring victory before Christmas 1914. It was a desperate struggle but ended in stalemate. For the next three and a half years trench warfare was to be the norm.
The initial reaction to the war was enthusiasm and some fear of spies and saboteurs. The general belief in all countries was that the war would be over by Christmas since the governments could not afford to pay for the war beyond that date. In Britain only Field Marshal Kitchener argued that the war would be at least three years and that 100,000 new recruits were needed immediately. A highly successful campaign was launched and thousands flocked to the colours, many in Pals battalions and many under age, under height and generally unfit for battle.
Christmas came and went but the war went on. | <urn:uuid:1d610ed1-235c-4f80-ab63-e5a677575151> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.historyman.co.uk/ww1/Europe1890-1914.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985559 | 1,489 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The literal meaning of the Hebrew word “kephele” is the head on ones shoulders. Metaphorically, it can be used in a variety of ways (to be determined contextually) or it can mean literally the head on one’s shoulders.
Gordon Fee pg. 149, “Discovering Biblical Equality”.
Kephale in 1 Cor. 11:3, Paul metaphorical use of “head” in verse 3 ………………
1. This is both its first occurrence in Paul’s writings and its only appearance in a context where “the body” is not mentioned or assumed. Later when Paul speaks of Christ as “head” in relationship to the church (Eph. 4:15-16; Col 2:19) it is a metaphor not for “lordship” but for the supporting, life-giving role that in ancient Greek thought the (literal) heas was understood to have in relationship to the physical body.
2. ……….at issue, finally, in this whole passage is the nature of the relationship perceived between God and Christ.
3. What we know from the evidence is that when the Jewish community used this metaphor, as they did frequently in the OT, it most often referred to a leader or a clan chieftain. On the other hand, although something close to this sense can be found among Greeks, they had a broader range of uses, all of which can be shown to arise out of their anatomical understanding of the relationship of the head to the body (its most prominent or important part; the “source” of the body’s working systems, etc).
4. The earliest extant consistent interpretation of the metaphor in this passage is to be found in a younger contemporary of Chrysostom, Cyril of Alexandria (d.444?), who explicitly interprets in terms of the Greek metaphor: “Thus we can say that ‘the head of every man is Christ’, for he made by (dia) him…as God:’but the head of the woman is the man’, because she was taken out of his flesh…Likewise ‘the head of Christ is God, because he is of him 9ex autou) by nature” (Ad Arcadiam et Marinam 5.6). That is , as with Chrysostom’s understanding of the two pairs (God-Christ, Christ-man), Cyril is ready to go this way with all three pairs because of what is said in ver 8: that the woman was created from the man. Not only was the idea that the head is the source of supply and support for all the body’s systems a natural metaphor in the Greek world, but in this case it also supported Cyril’s Christological concern (not to have Christ “under” God in a hierarchy), just as it did for Chrysostom.
To put an interpretation of “authority over” for the man toward the woman in 1 Cor. 11, is to do the same with God and Christ, which was a heretical understanding which Athanasia fought hard against. | <urn:uuid:74df7da4-4df4-4080-8809-6a275774e085> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://exegetist-theberean.blogspot.com/2007/05/kephale.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958315 | 661 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Inverse proportion animation
The heights of these two bars vary in inverse proportion to one another.
When one gets large, the other gets small; when one gets small, the other gets large - but in a special way.
When the blue bar grows so that it doubles (times 2) its size, the green bar shrinks to half (times 1/2) its size.
If the green bar shrinks so that its height is cut to one third (times 1/3), then the blue bar grows to triple (times 3) its height.
The height of one of the bars will change by the inverse of the factor by which the other bar's height changes.
Further explanations follow.
It is probably best to understand direct proportions first.
If you are not familiar with direct proportions, perhaps it would help to see that material before going further here. You can find an explanation of direct proportions here.
Inverse proportions have reciprocal factor changes.
Probably better stated as a reciprocal proportion, the inverse proportions relates two quantities through factors that are multiplicative inverses. That is, through factors that are reciprocals, such as 3 and 1/3.
Drive the same distance in twice (2) the time at half (1/2) the speed.
For example, let us say that you are driving a car and you are going to travel 60 miles. Consider this to be a constant distance throughout the following discussion.
Suppose that you spent 1 hour driving. Your average speed would be 60 mph.
Suppose that you spent 2 hours driving. Your average speed would be 30 mph.
So, changing the number of hours that you drive will change the average speed that you will travel.
Notice that the number of hours, the time, that is, changed by a factor of 2, since 1 hour times 2 is 2 hours.
Also, notice that the speed at which you were traveling changed by a factor of 1/2, since 60 mph times 1/2 is 30 mph.
The two quantities, time and speed, changed by reciprocal factors. Time changed by a factor of 2; speed changed by a factor of 1/2.
Definition of Inverse Proportion
When quantities are related this way we say that they are in inverse proportion. That is, when two quantities change by reciprocal factors, they are inversely proportional.
In the above example the time is in inverse proportion to the average speed. One could also say that the average speed was in inverse proportion to the time.
The formal definition of inverse proportion:
|Two quantities, A and B, are in inverse proportion if by whatever factor A changes, B changes by the multiplicative inverse, or reciprocal, of that factor.| | <urn:uuid:31727df2-952a-49b2-8500-1016608fa7c2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://zonalandeducation.com/mstm/physics/mechanics/forces/inverseProportion/inverseProportion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958093 | 564 | 4.25 | 4 |
SANTA FE, New Mexico -- The dangers posed by a major earthquake in the New Madrid and Charleston, South Carolina zones in the Midwestern and Southern parts of the United States may be noticeably lower than current estimates if seismologists adjust one of the major assumptions that go into calculating seismic hazard, according to a study presented at the Seismological Society of America.
The study revolves around this question: is it unlikely that one major earthquake will follow directly on the heels of a big quake, or are other major earthquakes equally likely to occur any time after a major quake" Hazard estimates for a seismic zone depend on which scenario seismologists choose to plug into their hazard calculations.
The present hazard maps for New Madrid and Charleston use the second assumption. However when seismologist Seth Stein of Northwestern University and Northwestern senior James Hebden chose the first scenario--that a quake is unlikely to occur right after another quake, but that the likelihood of a new quake increases over time--they found that the seismic hazard maps of the New Madrid and Charleston areas looked a lot less dire than current predictions for the regions.
Their "time-dependent" model suggests that the likelihood of another earthquake is relatively low for the first two-thirds of the predicted average interval between earthquakes, after which the likelihood of another quake begins to climb.
The New Madrid and Charleston zones are still in the early years of their earthquake cycle, so the hazard may not be as great as suggested by the prevailing "time-independent" models that assume another quake is equally likely to occur at any moment, according to the researchers.
Stein says the idea behind the study is not to dismiss the risk of a major earthquake in the two regions, but to shed light on the assumptions that go into making hazard maps, which ultimately affect a region's building codes and other costly preparations.
"We want to know how well we can predict that shaking. If we overpredict, communities could be spending enormous amounts of money [on earthquake preparation] that they could be spending on other things," Stein said. "We look at it as whether you're going to spend money putting steel in your schools that might be better spent hiring teachers."
"What we're saying is that this may be nowhere as serious a problem as you've been told, and you don't need to prepare in St. Louis the way we do in Los Angeles, because that may be doing more harm than good," he added.
The desire to prepare is understandable, given the devastation caused by the last major earthquakes in the New Madrid zone in 1811 and 1812, and in Charleston in 1886. The 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes uprooted entire forests and changed the course of the Mississippi River. The Charleston earthquake killed more than 60 people and caused damage to nearly every structure in the city, traces of which can still be seen today.
To prepare for the potential dangers of similar severe quakes in the future, seismologists construct hazard maps, which predict the extent of earthquake shaking that has a certain probability of occurring in a geographical area. The hazard maps take into account the possible magnitude of the next earthquake, the likely ground shaking, the time window in which the next quake is likely to occur, and whether earthquakes are time-dependent or time-independent processes.
It's an admittedly "squishy" calculation, Stein says, even in places like California's San Andreas zone that have experienced many more earthquakes in recent years and have been monitored by a blanket of instruments.
Stein and his colleagues have tested each of these variables, from magnitude to timing, to explore which factors may have the greatest effect on hazard mapping for the central U.S.. But he says that the question of time-dependent or time-independent earthquakes is "the meatiest scientific question" among the mapping variables.
The question goes to the heart of how earthquakes work. For instance, most seismologists think there is a buildup of elastic strain in the earth before a quake occurs, and that the strain is relieved for a time by the quake. Under this scenario, a time-dependent model of earthquakes might make more sense to use in hazard maps. But it's far from clear that the popular strain buildup model completely describes the physics of earthquakes, Stein says.
"It's actually kind of embarrassing that we don't know the answer to this," Stein jokes. "But when you do this kind of thing, you want to have a healthy humility in the face of the complexities of nature."
"Time-Dependent Seismic Hazard Maps for the New Madrid Seismic Zone and Charleston, South Carolina Areas" Hebden, J.S. and Stein, S., Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 | <urn:uuid:e9bc87fe-84cb-4aea-b693-b2ca95470de6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-04/ssoa-nhe040708.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952019 | 962 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Portrait in Georgia Appearances Quotes
How we cite our quotes: (Line)
coiled like a lyncher's rope, (1-2)
The long chestnut hair is good evidence that the person described is a white woman, but an argument can be made that the poem is merging the male victim and a female. In any case, it's clear from the get-go that this speaker is interested in how things look—not how this figure feels.
This is by far the shortest and strangest image in the whole poem. It's just two words, and yet somehow, Toomer has managed to pack in a number of possible meanings. "Fagots" are bundles of sticks, often used for burning. So if we're just talking appearances here, this figure's eyes look on fire. But the word itself also means "death by fire," which alludes to a whole tradition of fiery deaths throughout world history. But it also alludes to the fact that many lynching victims were set on fire as they were hanged. And all that meaning is contained within this woman's eyes. So yeah, we'd say there's more than meets the eye here (insert groan).
Lips—old scars, or the first red blisters, (4)
The "first red blisters" bit is a little confusing, but it could refer to how skin blisters when burned, which would fit in nicely with the image in line 3. In some ways, it's a shocking comparison. We could see how eyes could be described as "fagots," as if they're afire with passion. But lips as scars or blisters? Yeah, that's not exactly a flattering metaphor. | <urn:uuid:35ff3975-cc65-4576-948a-c9a1aa319ecc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.shmoop.com/portrait-in-georgia/appearances-quotes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978272 | 352 | 2.984375 | 3 |
A communication plan should be created before radios are needed. In case immediate family members are separated when an emergency arrives, each member must know what to do and where to meet in case communications are lost. Have a primary plan and contingency plans.
Communications During An Emergency A short article about home telephones, cell phones, FRS radios and HAM radio. Home phones and cell phones are the most vulnerable during an emergency. FRS and HAM radios will be working long after other electronic devices have failed.
How to communicate when the world goes silent. by graywolf.
A wealth of information, educational material and more can be found at the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) website. Founded in 1914, The ARRL is the national association for Amateur Radio in the USA. Membership in the ARRL is not required for Amateur Radio operators.
New Amateur Radio licenses, in order of increasing privileges, are the Technician, General and Extra. No new licenses are being issued for the Novice or Advanced class of license.
Amateur radio has a history of providing communications during many emergencies. Some Hams routinely train to efficiently handle emergency traffic. Communication may be point to point, or may be relayed through a repeater (point-repeater-point) for extended range. Repeaters can be located almost anywhere including a mountain top or earth satellite. The more elevated the repeater, the greater the range. Here in central Virginia the 147.075 MHz repeater on Afton mountain provides extensive coverage on both sides of the Blue Ridge mountains.
Small hand held transceivers (HT) and base/mobile radios offer relatively noise free and clear communications on the popular 144 MHz (2 meters), 220 MHz (1.25 meters) and 440 MHz bands (70 centimeters). The entry level Technician license grants privileges to operate on these frequency bands and more. There is no longer a requirement to learn Morse code for any class of license.
Handheld transceivers are popular as first radios for newcomers to Amateur Radio. The HTs can be used stand alone, or in a vehicle, or at home. Connecting an HT to an elevated external antenna can dramatically increase signal strength and range. Some HTs are designed for use on a single frequency band. More expensive HTs are designed for use on more than one frequency band. Kenwood, ICOM, Yaesu and Alinco are top brand names for modern HTs.
Owner reviews of many HT are here.
The No-Nonsense, Technician Class License Stiudy Guide by Dan Romanchik KB6NU
A question and answer pool is maintained by a group of volunteer examiner coordinators (VEC). The questions used for the exam are taken from that pool. A score of 75% is a passing grade. Practice exams, with questions taken from that Q&A pool, are available at:
Passed the tests? Find out when you can operate using your new privileges here.
Suggestions of how to prepare and use Amateur Radio during a emergency are available at Emergency Preparedness, Simplex Operations, Procedures and Equipment.
- Morse Code Translator (Code tests have been eliminated, but you can learn Morse code here.)
- ARRL chart of Amateur Radio Frequencies
Alternative power for cell phones
Survival channels and downloadable csv file for the Baofeng radio. | <urn:uuid:72c0df75-4a98-42ef-b2ae-2f012de39d23> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ronmauer.net/blog/?page_id=2004 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916346 | 690 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Happier Students, Higher Scores: The Role of Arts Integration
The arts have always had a secondary place in K-12 learning. If you doubt that statement, think of the first programs to go whenever budget cuts are implemented - music, fine arts and even physical fitness which includes dance. I've yet to hear of a school board or administrators discussing the way cutting math programs could help the school's bottom line. There is a hierarchy of academics in America, and arts education tends to fall pretty low on the totem pole.
That's why some districts are implementing arts integration in their curriculum. Instead of treating the arts like a separate, distant relative to other classroom endeavors, these programs integrate musical instruments, painting, dancing, drawing, singing and more into traditional subjects like science, math and language. When implemented correctly, these programs are enthusiastically received by students who learn comprehensively.
Arts integration success stories
Take a look at the West Michigan Academy of Arts & Academics in Ferrysburg, Michigan. The charter school has found ways to make stale topics like economics interesting through dance, music and visual art learning components. WMAAA may appear to be a "fun" learning environment, but its arts integration actually has legitimate outcomes. The test scores of WMAAA students rival the highest-rated traditional public schools in its district and in neighboring ones too. By allowing students to be active, instead of burying them in text books or regular written assignments alone, learning moves from a place of isolation to one that has other applications beyond the topic at hand.
Public Middle School 223 in the Bronx is another example of a school using arts integration methods effectively. Students in the school - the lowest income district in all of New York - participated in a four-year arts integration program that took students from basically no arts learning to multi-faceted lesson plans with arts inclusion. The results? An 8 percent improvement in Language Arts scores, 9 percent improvement in math scores and less absenteeism. Whether the last point impacted the higher scores is irrelevant. If students want to be in school more because of arts integration, and their test scores improve as a result, that is reason enough to call a program a success.
Why does art integration work?
The science behind arts integration is solid. Simply put, more of the brain is at work when the arts are part of the learning process, strengthening attentiveness, reaction time and comprehension. There is also plenty of research to suggest that arts education methods improve long-term retention. In other words, what the students learn through arts integration will stay in their memories for longer than that year's standardized test. When students are allowed academic expression through artistic means, like drawing a picture or writing a song, the information is embedded in their minds. Long-term learning and practical application of knowledge are both supported when the arts are integrated.
Teachers' role in arts integration
It's wonderful if a school has the money to support an official arts integration program, but even if that is not the case, teachers can make arts integration a reality on their own. Teachers do not need to be artistic to successfully use arts integration - they need to be innovative enough to merge art concepts with other content. Social media is an amazing platform for teaching ideas, particularly when it comes to the arts, and teachers should use these available resources from around the world to integrate arts and traditional academics. Teachers should also seek out partnerships with other departments to make the most of arts learning in the classroom. Come up with a themed learning module, then reach out to the art teacher or music teacher for ideas on partnering for a greater learning experience for the students. Bottom line: Even without the cash in hand, teachers can and should seek out arts integration initiatives in their classrooms.
Dr. Matthew Lynch is the author of the recently released book, The Call to Teach: An Introduction to Teaching. To order it via Amazon, please click on the following link. | <urn:uuid:cb8ada7a-91e1-4cb7-bc8e-d17d247ed3d5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/education_futures/2014/01/happier_students_higher_scores_the.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951761 | 796 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Definition: father; become the father of; produce; give rise to
Definition: father; become the father of; produce; give rise to
Sentences Containing 'beget'
Thy purpose was to return to thy country; to relieve thy kinsmen's fears for thee; thyself to discharge the duties of a citizen; to marry a wife, to beget offspring, and to fill the appointed round of office.
For that Thou didst beget me, I thank Thee for that Thou hast given: for the time during which I have used the things that were Thine, it suffices me.
Use thine opinative faculty with all honour and respect, for in her indeed is all: that thy opinion do not beget in thy understanding anything contrary to either nature, or the proper constitution of a rational creature.
For there is nothing so effectual to beget true magnanimity, as to be able truly and methodically to examine and consider all things that happen in this life, and so to penetrate into their natures, that at the same time, this also may concur in our apprehensions: what is the true use of it?
For as for the things and objects themselves, they of themselves have no such power, whereby to beget and force upon us any opinion at all.
Beget thyself by continual pains and endeavours to true liberty with charity, and true simplicity and modesty.
For what thou dost conceive of these, of a boy to become a young man, to wax old, to grow, to ripen, to get teeth, or a beard, or grey hairs to beget, to bear, or to be delivered; or what other action soever it be, that is natural unto man according to the several seasons of his life; such a thing is it also to be dissolved.
When thou shalt have content in thy present estate, and all things present shall add to thy content: when thou shalt persuade thyself, that thou hast all things; all for thy good, and all by the providence of the Gods: and of things future also shalt be as confident, that all will do well, as tending to the maintenance and preservation in some sort, of his perfect welfare and happiness, who is perfection of life, of goodness, and beauty; who begets all things, and containeth all things in himself, and in himself doth recollect all things from all places that are dissolved, that of them he may beget others again like unto them.
For this being the common privilege of all natures, that they contain nothing in themselves that is hurtful unto them; it cannot be that the nature of the universe (whose privilege beyond other particular natures, is, that she cannot against her will by any higher external cause be constrained,) should beget anything and cherish it in her bosom that should tend to her own hurt and prejudice.
For there is not anything more effectual to beget true magnanimity.
To be thus affected she must consider all worldly objects both divided and whole: remembering withal that no object can of itself beget any opinion in us, neither can come to us, but stands without still and quiet; but that we ourselves beget, and as it were print in ourselves opinions concerning them.
But I could not counteract Nature's law that everything shall beget its like; and what, then, could this sterile, illtilled wit of mine beget but the story of a dry, shrivelled, whimsical offspring, full of thoughts of all sorts and such as never came into any other imagination--just what might be begotten in a prison, where every misery is lodged and every doleful sound makes its dwelling?
A stone or piece of metal raised into the air, and left without any support, immediately falls: but to consider the matter _a priori_, is there anything we discover in this situation which can beget the idea of a downward, rather than an upward, or any other motion, in the stone or metal?
These principles of connexion or association we have reduced to three, namely, _Resemblance_, _Contiguity_ and _Causation_; which are the only bonds that unite our thoughts together, and beget that regular train of reflection or discourse, which, in a greater or less degree, takes place among all mankind.
As a great number of views do here concur in one event, they fortify and confirm it to the imagination, beget that sentiment which we call _belief,_ and give its object the preference above the contrary event, which is not supported by an equal number of experiments, and recurs not so frequently to the thought in transferring the past to the future.
A hundred instances or experiments on one side, and fifty on another, afford a doubtful expectation of any event; though a hundred uniform experiments, with only one that is contradictory, reasonably beget a pretty strong degree of assurance.
There is no lane so vile that the scream of a tortured child, or the thud of a drunkard's blow, does not beget sympathy and indignation among the neighbours, and then the whole machinery of justice is ever so close that a word of complaint can set it going, and there is but a step between the crime and the dock.
This doctor therefore proposed, “that upon the meeting of the senate, certain physicians should attend it the three first days of their sitting, and at the close of each day’s debate feel the pulses of every senator; after which, having maturely considered and consulted upon the nature of the several maladies, and the methods of cure, they should on the fourth day return to the senate house, attended by their apothecaries stored with proper medicines; and before the members sat, administer to each of them lenitives, aperitives, abstersives, corrosives, restringents, palliatives, laxatives, cephalalgics, icterics, apophlegmatics, acoustics, as their several cases required; and, according as these medicines should operate, repeat, alter, or omit them, at the next meeting.” This project could not be of any great expense to the public; and might in my poor opinion, be of much use for the despatch of business, in those countries where senates have any share in the legislative power; beget unanimity, shorten debates, open a few mouths which are now closed, and close many more which are now open; curb the petulancy of the young, and correct the positiveness of the old; rouse the stupid, and damp the pert.
And about this harpooneer, whom I have not yet seen, you persist in telling me the most mystifying and exasperating stories tending to beget in me an uncomfortable feeling towards the man whom you design for my bedfellow--a sort of connexion, landlord, which is an intimate and confidential one in the highest degree.
Though the long period of a Southern whaling voyage (by far the longest of all voyages now or ever made by man), the peculiar perils of it, and the community of interest prevailing among a company, all of whom, high or low, depend for their profits, not upon fixed wages, but upon their common luck, together with their common vigilance, intrepidity, and hard work; though all these things do in some cases tend to beget a less rigorous discipline than in merchantmen generally; yet, never mind how much like an old Mesopotamian family these whalemen may, in some primitive instances, live together; for all that, the punctilious externals, at least, of the quarter-deck are seldom materially relaxed, and in no instance done away.
He called it the SLEET'S CROW'S-NEST, in honour of himself; he being the original inventor and patentee, and free from all ridiculous false delicacy, and holding that if we call our own children after our own names (we fathers being the original inventors and patentees), so likewise should we denominate after ourselves any other apparatus we may beget.
aye, he did beget ye, ye young exiled royalties; and from your grim sire only will the old State-secret come.
As for the sons and the daughters they beget, why, those sons and daughters must take care of themselves; at least, with only the maternal help.
Such an abounding, affectionate, friendly, loving feeling did this avocation beget; that at last I was continually squeezing their hands, and looking up into their eyes sentimentally; as much as to say,--Oh!
Nor, at the time, had it failed to enter his monomaniac mind, that all the anguish of that then present suffering was but the direct issue of a former woe; and he too plainly seemed to see, that as the most poisonous reptile of the marsh perpetuates his kind as inevitably as the sweetest songster of the grove; so, equally with every felicity, all miserable events do naturally beget their like.
For, not to hint of this: that it is an inference from certain canonic teachings, that while some natural enjoyments here shall have no children born to them for the other world, but, on the contrary, shall be followed by the joy-childlessness of all hell's despair; whereas, some guilty mortal miseries shall still fertilely beget to themselves an eternally progressive progeny of griefs beyond the grave; not at all to hint of this, there still seems an inequality in the deeper analysis of the thing.
Ye did beget this luckless child, and have abandoned him, ye creative libertines.
As a former soldier he was a practical man, and he agreed with Catesby that should the plot succeed, it would "breed a confusion fit to beget new alterations".
The word "indigenous" comes from the Latin "indigena", meaning "native," formed from "indu" "in" and "gen-" "beget."
Nietzsche forthrightly declared, "Man shall be trained for war and woman for the procreation of the warrior, anything else is folly"; and was indeed unified with the Nazi world-view at least in terms of the social role of women: "They belong in the kitchen and their chief role in life is to beget children for German warriors."
(For example, in modern English, nearly all words that do not have accents on the first syllable—except when they have unaccented prefixes as in "beget" or "forgive"—are borrowed from other languages.)
Don't forget to visit the world's best grammar check website (it's FREE)
More Vocab Words::: annals - records arranged in yearly parts; history
::: paroxysm - fit or attack of pain, laughter, rage; sudden outburst
::: inasmuch_as - since; owing to the fact that
::: beatific - giving or showing bliss; blissful
::: philatelist - stamp-collector; N. philately: stamp collecting
::: ovoid - egg-shaped; CF. ovum; CF. ovulate
::: embezzlement - taking for one's own use in violation of trust; stealing (of money placed in one's care)
::: prosperity - good fortune and financial success; physical well-being
::: recast - reconstruct (a sentence, story, statue, etc.); fashion again
::: blasphemy - irreverence; sacrilege; cursing; bad language about God or holy things; V. blasphem; ADJ. blasphemous; CF. sacrilege | <urn:uuid:b11368f7-9727-46aa-93ba-c366898199e1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.paperrater.com/vocab_builder/show/beget | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953207 | 2,454 | 2.625 | 3 |
Mar 17 2015
GUEST: Janet Redman, director of the Climate Policy Program at the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, DC.
Social media accounts of Californians were abuzz over the weekend with the shocking news that a NASA scientist warned that the nation’s largest state had only one year’s worth of water left. Now in the fourth year of one of the most severe droughts in recent history, California has yet to adopt tough conservation measures. There’s a major blame game at play: vegans blame meat eaters, Bay area residents blame the water guzzling lawns of Southern Californians, factory farms and water intensive crops also get heaped major blame. In reality, what’s playing out in California is being replicated in other parts of the world.
Sao Paulo, the largest city in Brazil, and in South America as a whole, has only enough water left through this June! In fact last August, authorities even temporarily turned off water supplies in some areas of the city. What Sao Paulo residents will do this June, and what Californians will do in a year is anyone’s guess at this point.
But one part of the world that got more than its fair share of water this week was the tiny Pacific nation of Vanuatu, a series of small islands. Tropical Cyclone Pam was one of the most powerful storms to ever hit the planet and has so far resulted in growing numbers of dead. Major portions of Vanuatu’s infrastructure have been severely damaged. One journalist described the damage as “quite apocalyptic…like a bomb has gone through.” While the reasons behind each of these three disasters are varied, one common thread is of course climate change.
To learn more about the Climate Policy Program, go to www.ips-dc.org.
One Response to “California, São Paulo, and Vanuatu: Casualties of Climate Change” | <urn:uuid:c10815d6-e6c0-48c4-af08-fd9e537767fd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://uprisingradio.org/home/2015/03/17/california-sao-paulo-and-vanuatu-casualties-of-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954985 | 401 | 3 | 3 |
Over the course of six weeks during the height of the Cold War, almost three million Soviets visited an exhibition that celebrated America. American kitchens, American art, American cars, and most especially American capitalism. The American National Exhibition in Moscow was a full-court press to convince the Soviet people of American superiority.
It was supposed to be a showcase for how Americans of the 1950s were living and prospering. But like nearly everything American during this time, it was really about selling the future.
Soviet visitors stream into the American National Exhibition in Moscow in July 1959
The short version: The United States hosted an exhibition in Moscow during the summer of 1959 that was supposed to showcase the best of the American free enterprise system. The Americans showed off a lot of consumer goods because—unlike heavy industry and space exploration—products like dishwashers and soda pop were areas where the U.S. was way ahead of Communist Russia. Largely unimpressed, Soviet leaders claimed that it was merely a bunch of gadgets. And in some ways they were right. But, oh how glamorous those gadgets were. Even if they weren't actually in American homes yet.
Americans caught a glimpse of the Moscow exhibit through flashy pictorials in the pages of popular magazines like Look. But there's one thing noticeably absent from the magazines: the most futuristic appliances on display, like what we might today call the Roomba of 1959, pictured below.
Unpublished photo of a robot floor cleaner originally intended for Look magazine (1959)
Was this an effort to manage expectations at home (as American home builders did after WWII) while showing off a glitzy robot-filled future abroad? Possibly. Would Americans mind? Probably not. They were getting plenty of futuristic gadget-filled promises elsewhere. They just obviously couldn't be sold as the present reality like they were to the Soviets, who were largely ignorant of how the average American lived.
Planning the Exhibition
Illustration of plans for the American National Exhibition in Sokolniki Park, Moscow
The American National Exhibition was ostensibly a cultural exchange program. The two countries publicly decided that the best way ease tensions (of which there were many) was to put on different exhibitions showing how each lived. The Soviets would bring an exhibition to New York in June of 1959, and the Americans would put on an exhibition in Moscow in July of the same year. This being the Cold War, each side also saw this as an opportunity to send plenty of spies to gather whatever intelligence they could.
The Soviets came to New York with their machines of industry and Space Age satellites, proudly displaying the tech that had beat America into space. The Americans went to Moscow with their shiniest cars, art, and appliances—many real, and some very much a magic trick.
What were the real reasons for this diplomacy, outside of the fuzzy feel-goody buzzphrase of "cultural exchange?" The Soviets wanted liberalized trade with the West. And the Americans wanted an ideological foot in the door to convince the Soviets that Communism was a failure. Neither got everything they wanted. But at least folks got some Pepsi along the way. Oh, and probably a fair amount of intelligence from spies.
Interior of the American National Exhibition in Moscow (1959)
About 450 companies made contributions to the Moscow exhibition. Sears, IBM, General Mills, Kodak, Whirlpool, Macy's, Pepsi, General Motors, RCA, and Dixie Cup all had a presence, despite the fact that none of their products could be purchased in the Soviet Union.
In asking for their help with the exhibition, the American government appealed to the companies' sense of patriotism, but of course, also their pocketbooks—at least in the long term sense. The U.S. government knew that these companies wouldn't see any immediate return on their investment, but it certainly paid off eventually for some of them. For instance, just 15 years later Pepsi would become one of the rare outside companies allowed to sell soda in the Soviet Union.
Racists and Redbaiters Object
Strom Thurmond after his record-breaking 24-hour filibuster of a civil rights bill in 1957
The American Exhibition in Moscow opened 55 years ago today—July 24, 1959—but it was almost completely derailed before it even began.
Unsurprisingly to anyone familiar with American political conflicts of the 1950s, the Moscow exhibit was not without controversy on Capitol Hill. Everything from how race relations were depicted to the kind of American art that was planned to be on display became a point of controversy for conservative politicians.
Four of the 75 American guides headed for Moscow were African American. President Eisenhower was apparently concerned about how the black guides might represent the United States and its systemic violations of civil rights in 1959. So when Eisenhower invited all 75 of the guides to the White House for a meet-and-greet on June 15th, according to historian Walter L. Hixson, the President quizzed the black guides about how they came to be fluent in Russian.
According to Hixson's book Parting The Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945-1961, Eisenhower was "satisfied" by their responses, and safely assumed they weren't going to criticize America and its atrocious treatment of black people in the 1950s. America's subjugation of blacks was the one big thing that the Soviets could and would continually point to whenever questions of personal freedom in the USSR were raised.
"And you are lynching Negroes," (А у вас негров линчуют, A u vas negrov linchuyut) was a popular trope that permeated Soviet/U.S. relations. Sadly, they weren't wrong. But it was obviously a deflection from their own human rights abuses.
As if on cue in the lead-up to the Exhibition, segregationist politicians in the U.S. protested when they learned that white people and black people would be depicted in normal social situations together. South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond (a man who after his death would be revealed to have fathered a child with his family's 16-year-old black maid) was outraged by a fashion show planned for the exhibition. The show was going to depict a black couple getting fake-married in front of a crowd of white attendees of a fake-wedding ceremony. Thurmond's protestations caused that portion of the fashion show to be cut.
The latest American fashions are showed off in Moscow during the Exhibition (1959)
Then there was the problem of what kind of American art would be on display for the Soviets. Despite hearings in front of the House Un-American Activities Committee and demands from influential American conservatives that certain art—including works by Jackson Pollock, Willem De Kooning, and Jack Levine—be removed from the planned display, even the most controversial art remained.
But it wasn't exactly a victory for modern art. The supposed compromise was to make the art exhibit even bigger, so that the modern art which conservatives found so objectionable would only comprise a significantly smaller portion of the exhibit's total works.
Of course, the great irony of all this was that Soviet officials also saw modern art as dangerous, only theirs was from a decidedly communist perspective. They felt modern art reflected a bourgeois culture, and Nikita Khrushchev railed against Soviet artists who deviated from representational art in the late 1950s. Modern art's abstract nature was to be feared and suppressed, as far as Khrushchev was concerned. At least the Americans and the Soviets had that in common: their leaders thought modern art was a great threat to their own ideologies.
With the benefit of hindsight, it's somewhat amusing that so many objections were made by American conservatives of the art exhibits. As it's now known, the CIA was at the same time using modern art as a cultural weapon to fight communism. Paintings, photography and sculpture that challenged the status quo in various abstract forms was promoted with what was called a "long leash." American individualism and self-expression shined through, even if it made so many older people uncomfortable.
American Ambassadors: Students and Spies
An American guide answers questions at the Family of Man exhibit (1959)
Even more so than art and fashion, it was the on-the-ground guides that would act as America's face at the exhibition, goodwill ambassadors who earnestly answered questions and actively engaged in humble debate with the Russian attendees.
Seventy-five Americans would go to Moscow to act as guides and ambassadors at the Moscow exhibition. The group included 27 women and 48 men, all of whom were between the ages of 20 and 35. America was being sold as a young country, because it was one. All guides were fluent in Russian and some were (almost certainly) trained in intelligence gathering.
Dan Slobin, a retired professor from UC-Berkeley, digitized his journal from when he worked at the exhibition. He was just 20 years old at the time, one of the youngest guides in the bunch, and his journal (complete with photographs) provides a fascinating look into what it was like working there. I spoke with Slobin over the phone this past fall.
Left: Dan Slobin on July 24, 1959; Right: President Eisenhower with student ambassadors
As Slobin tells it, he worked six days a week; three days from 11am until 10pm, and three days from 2-10pm. One of the things that seemed to shock Soviet visitors the most was that there wasn't a discernibly consistent party line being spouted from exhibit to exhibit.
If a visitor asked an American guide at the car exhibit a politically loaded question they could receive a completely different answer at the book exhibit. According to Slobin he could proudly respond that he had no idea what the other guides were telling Soviet visitors to the Exhibition. It was his own opinion that he was giving, and not some official government statement.
"That was the best propaganda that the USIA [United States Information Agency] could devise, because then people would say, 'but you're not answering the same question as that guide over there,'" Slobin told me.
But it's not like they weren't coached in some capacity. On the long ship voyage from Montreal to Russia, guides were put through different sessions, anticipating how their Soviet audience might respond. One by one they would be put on the spot in front of their peers and asked difficult questions, like why America has racism or why America has economic inequality. The guides were allowed their own responses, but there was no question where their loyalties were, and each guide was clearly chosen for their diplomatic nature.
Slobin said that once he got on the boat it became clear that only about half of the American guides traveling to Moscow were students like himself. "The other half were from the RAND Corporation or CIA or various government agencies who were planted in there as if they were other student guides," Slobin told me.
Of course, the Soviets were keeping a close eye on the student ambassadors as well. "We were all tailed by the Soviets all the time. We learned how to recognize that after a while. And you never knew if somebody who befriended you was honest or was trying to entrap you."
"It was a totally different era," Slobin explained. "It was like the first American adventure behind what we called the Iron Curtain. It wasn't all darkness and despair there and that was big news in the United States."
Some elements of Soviet society were surprisingly pleasant, according to Slobin. In his view they had a lot of social and educational issues worked out, and were ahead of the Americans in some ways. Slobin was surprised to find that many people seemed genuinely happy with their lives, even if they struggled or felt oppressed sometimes. They had hope for the future, and faith that their government would deliver on its promises.
"And then when I got back [to the United States] there were heavy interviews by the FBI," Slobin said. "We had a few days of debriefing when we landed before they let us go home."
This, of course, was natural and expected given the spy tactics of each superpower during the Cold War. Approaching visitors to spy on their own countries was not unusual for either side, so it only made sense that the FBI would want to know things like if he'd been in contact with any Soviets since returning. Slobin told me he hasn't yet requested his own FBI file to see what it contained, but that he'd like to one day.
"Is This Typical?"
Soviet onlookers check out the latest in American automobiles (1959)
The April 10, 1959 issue of Pravda magazine didn't mince words when it ran the headline "Is This Typical?" This was only the start of the Soviet propaganda offensive against what was seen as manipulation by the U.S. exhibit to depict a lifestyle far outside the means of the average American. The show hadn't even started yet, but the magazine raised a valid point that would be repeated throughout the six weeks of the exhibit. The Americans were in many ways showing off the two things it sold best: consumer goods, and the future.
According to the Associated Press, the TASS news agency took many issues with the "typical" American homes on display at the exhibition. Special attention was paid of the $13,000 American house (about $100k adjusted for inflation) which was being planned and furnished by Macy's for an additional $5,000 (about $39k adjusted for inflation).
TASS explained, "Many wives of American workers will be surprised indeed to learn that their 'typical' kitchen is fully equipped with the most marvelous latest automatic devices." TASS contended that even if the average worker had $5,000 to spend at Macy's, "he could hardly succeed even for this sum in buying such furniture as is shown by the firm of Macy with the air or propaganda."
"Actually," TASS wrote, "there is no more truth in showing this as the typical home of the American worker than, say, in showing the Taj Mahal as the typical home of a Bombay textile worker, or Buckingham Palace as the typical home of an English miner."
While the furnishings on display may have been a bit extravagant, American home ownership was indeed soaring. In 1960, median household income for American families was $5,620, meaning that a $13,000 house was well within the middle class's reach when they took out a mortgage.
The Soviets may have been correct when they asserted that much of the furniture on display was not within reach of most Americans. But that average house, believe it or not, was actually the norm. Behind the scenes, this fact terrified Soviet officials.
Battle Over Books and Brownies
American literature display at the American National Exhibition in Moscow (1959)
What was ignored in the Soviet press was the incredible amount of censorship that occurred across all forms of media in the Soviet Union. The American book display was a particularly sensitive point of negotiation in the lead up to the Exhibition. There were vicious fights over what books were allowed, nearly derailing the mutual cultural exchange in its early days.
Books were a powerful weapon during the Cold War. We know now that the CIA was actively printing and distributing copies of the novel Doctor Zhivago throughout the Soviet Union in the late 1950s and 60s. The book was officially banned by the Soviets, though there's no indication that it was openly on display at the Exhibition.
"This book has great propaganda value," a CIA memo from 1958 said, "not only for its intrinsic message and thought-provoking nature, but also for the circumstances of its publication: we have the opportunity to make Soviet citizens wonder what is wrong with their government, when a fine literary work by the man acknowledged to be the greatest living Russian writer is not even available in his own country in his own language for his own people to read."
Marylee Duehring of General Mills in the Betty Crocker Kitchen (1959)
Books would often go missing from the displays, just as the food baked in the kitchens (officially off-limits for sampling by order of Soviet officials) would mysteriously disappear. But the Americans didn't worry too much about the stolen books; they'd brought plenty to replace them with.
The same went for the food. As General Mills notes on its blog, the company shipped seven tons of food to Moscow for the exhibition. A missing plate of brownies here and there was seen by the Americans as a welcome introduction into the world of easy-bake products. To get around the ban on handing out samples, the demo women learned that they could simply turn their back on finished desserts and the crowd would descend on them quickly.
IBM's Answer Computer
IBM's RAMAC 305 computer in a business setting in an undated photo
One of the more popular exhibits around was the IBM RAMAC 305 computer. It could answer over 4,000 questions within a wide range of topics—some of them quite uncomfortable for Americans to address.
Not only were common questions like "What is the price of American cigarettes?" and "What is jazz music?" answered with a printout in just 90 seconds, thornier questions about race relations and lynching were also pre-programmed to give diplomatic responses.
"How many Negroes have been lynched in the U.S. since 1950?" was one of the difficult questions that the computer was often asked. With an answer coming from a machine, it's unclear if the Soviets would've trusted the response more or less than a human. Perhaps we intrinsically trust machines to be less biased and shed any emotional baggage when answering tough questions. Or perhaps that's just an anachronism that 21st century Americans so tuned into the internet may concoct as we use Google and Wikipedia like intellectual crutches.
As James Schwoch describes in his book Global TV: New Media and the Cold War, 1946-69, this wasn't the first time that IBM's RAMAC had interacted with the public—that would be at the World's Fair in Brussels the previous year—but it was a milestone for what's now called "information diplomacy."
Glimpses of the U.S.A.
The multi-screen film Glimpses of the USA being shown to Soviet visitors in 1959
Soviet visitors wanted to see what real America looked like. And the Eames design team, in some capacity, delivered.
Glimpses of the U.S.A. was a film by Charles and Ray Eames that depicted life in America as told through still images projected onto seven giant 20 by 30 foot screens. It was shown in a theater designed by Buckminster Fuller, and above we see the "highway interchange" portion of the film—or, if not film, multimedia experience?
As much art as instructional commentary on what life was like in the U.S., the film is composed of about 2,200 images and runs for 12 minutes. Viewers are inundated with images carefully curated by the Eames design team, some photos shot by Charles and Ray themselves.
You can watch a short excerpt from the film on YouTube.
It should probably be noted that I submitted FOIA requests to the FBI for any files on both Charles and Ray Eames, yet have been informed that they don't have any. I find this incredibly hard to believe, given their involvement with the Exhibition and their influence on the world of design in general, but will update this story if my FOIA appeals are granted.
The Kitchen Debate
Khrushchev and Nixon discussing the common American household via translator (1959)
Arguably one of the most seminal non-combat moments of the Cold War happened at the Exhibition on opening day. Today, it's known as the Kitchen Debate, and it was broadcast the following day on all three major American networks, as well as on Soviet TV. But the debate that aired, videotaped in color (very high-tech for the time!) was of course just one part of many debates waged between Nixon and Khrushchev as they toured the Exhibition together.
The two men sparred over everything on display, with Nixon insisting that American capitalism allowed for a much higher standard of living. Khrushchev oscillated between insisting that the average American couldn't afford the things that Nixon was showing him and then saying that even if they could, the Soviet people would have those same consumer goods soon.
That was Khrushchev's promise to the Soviet people, proclaimed for all the world to see. The Soviet Union would not only meet, but exceed the consumer-driven wealth of postwar America, he insisted. Interestingly, it was the Soviet Union's youth as a country that Khrushchev saw as its greatest strength in making that happen.
"America has been in existence for 150 years, and this is the level she has reached. We have existed not quite 42 years and in another seven years we will be on the same level as America. When we catch you up, we will wave to you as we pass you by."
Nixon ever so diplomatically disagreed.
Vice President Nixon and Premier Khrushchev debating in front of color TV cameras
According to the FBI file on Khrushchev, President Eisenhower wasn't that enthusiastic about engaging with the bombastic Soviet leader. As we can see from an excerpt of the July 20, 1959 FBI memo below (just four days before the Exhibition was to open), Nixon was very much pro-engagement, and wanted to extend an invitation for Khrushchev to come to the United States. Eisenhower, on the other hand, was "dead opposed."
Nixon seemed to earnestly believe that as long as people were presented with capitalism and communism openly and honestly, American-style capitalism would win out.
But Nixon's trip to Moscow was as much about running for President as it was for cultural exchange. The August 10, 1959 issue of Life magazine devoted nearly as many pages of photos to he and his wife's trip as they did to the Russian response to the Exhibition. Nixon, the fervent anti-communist, was no doubt campaigning with every step and calculating with every seemingly good-natured laugh at Khrushchev's boisterous antagonism.
The 1959 Roomba That Never Was
A demonstrator sits in the Miracle Kitchen (July 21, 1959 issue of Look magazine)
Today the autonomous robot vacuum cleaner is passé. Or at the very least, no longer representative of something terribly futuristic. iRobot, the Boston-based company that makes the Roomba, has been churning those things out for over a decade. But in 1959, there was nothing more techno-utopian. The Exhibition had one, thanks to RCA/Whirlpool and a little bit of trickery.
The Exhibition had four demonstration kitchens, but the RCA/Whirlpool Miracle Kitchen was by far the most futuristic. It promised super-fast meal preparation, push-button everything, and automatic robot cleaners. There were even large TV monitors for monitoring different parts of the home, which reportedly impressed Khrushchev. But not everything worked exactly as the exhibitors claimed.
"They had a two-way mirror with a person sitting behind it that could see the room," Joe Maxwell told me over the phone in his light southern drawl. "And they radio-controlled the vacuum cleaner and the dishwasher."
Now in his 80s, Maxwell talked to me about his work at one of America's most influential design firms in the 1950s, Sundberg-Ferar. Maxwell was in his mid-20s when he moved from Auburn, Alabama to Detroit, and loved working for the firm that had its focus on the future. I called up Maxwell to learn about his work on Whirlpool's Miracle Kitchen, which amazed Soviet visitors. It was indeed a miracle, in the sense that what people saw was rightly hard to believe.
Here in the United States, the Miracle Kitchen was sold as just around the corner. But in Moscow, it was presented as the American kitchen of today.
From the promotional film, which was adapted for live demos in Moscow:
In this kitchen you can bake a cake in three minutes. And in this kitchen the dishes are scraped, washed and dried electronically. They even put themselves away. Even the floor is cleaned electronically.
"We didn't try to predict things. We were trying to show off things that we knew were coming," Maxwell told me.
As he spoke I couldn't help but imagine what he and the city must've looked like when he arrived in Detroit in the mid 1950s. Detroit was a destination city then. People came from all over the United States and the world to work as Detroit grew fat and happy, churning out car after car. Culturally, the city was a billion miles away from the Soviet Union. Today, one can't help but think that Detroit has more in common with the rougher parts of Moscow than we'd care to admit. Each, a crumbling monument to the harshest elements of 20th century extremist ideology.
"The technology for a lot of that stuff was on the verge of being there, but not all of it was there," Maxwell continued. "And Whirlpool was interested in getting some stuff out, like getting ready to issue refrigerators that were frost-free."
What's the height of refrigerator advancement in the late 1950s? Frost-free design.
A demonstrator demos the Miracle Kitchen (July 21, 1959 issue of Look magazine)
I asked Maxwell about the robot again, curious about how it worked compared with how it was depicted in films and at the American National Exhibition in Moscow.
"They said it was sniffing a wire in the floor, which it could have been," Maxwell told me. "But it was easier just to have a person behind this mirror that could make all the things happen—from opening the doors and lowering the shelves and all of those different things. It was easier to do that than to put in all of those sensors all over the place, and do what the push-button said to do. It was simpler just to have a person operating that stuff remotely. That was for expediency more than it was for lack of technology."
Maxwell paused to correct himself a bit. "But there was a lack of technology. We did not have anything near what we have today. We had computers, but they were big boxes."
Pepsi and that American Flavor
Young Soviet visitor to the American National Exhibition sampling Pepsi-Cola
Coca-Cola declined to participate in the Exhibition, but Pepsi dove in with both feet. The most common question from Soviet men about Pepsi seemed to be whether it contained alcohol. Many were disappointed when they were informed that it did not. But Nixon and Khrushchev posed for a photo together, each drinking Pepsi, in a photo that was distributed around the world.
A group of men drinking Pepsi at the American National Exhibition (1959)
This no doubt greased the wheels for Pepsi's entrance into the Soviet Union in 1972, after Nixon's re-election. Detente was succeeding in the early 1970s and there was a kind of swap: Pepsi would be introduced to the Soviet Union if Russian vodka could enter the American market.
According to academic Ludmilla Grincenko Wells at the University of Tennessee, the two countries signed a 10-year countertrade agreement, allowing Stolichnaya vodka in the U.S. and Pepsi into the USSR. It's fair to say we got the better end of the deal.
High-tech heart-lung machine on display for Soviet visitors (1959)
The Soviet reaction to the six-week exhibition was filled with contradictions. Some people were impressed (however stoically), while others dismissed the entire show as frivolous. What mattered, according to many of them, were the machines of industry that would catapult the Soviet Union into the future, not "mere gadgets."
In her 2008 paper on the Soviet public's response to the exhibit, Susan E. Reid, a professor of Russian studies in the UK, examined the varied takes, trying to delicately parse honest opinions from available documents. The visitors' books were perhaps most useful in this exercise, giving a peek at what the average attendee might be thinking—even if Soviet agents may be looking over their shoulders.
Some of the responses in the visitors' books betrayed the conflicting ideas behind present and future communism. As much as the Americans may have been "cheating" with some of their futuristic displays, the Soviets were just as confused in their own responses to American superiority in some areas.
For example, one teacher wrote, "The exhibition displays kitchens, a house, frigidaires, vacuum cleaners—all of which we have. If we don't have enough of these things at present we will have more of them in the near future."
Another commenter wrote, "The Miracle kitchen is very interesting but improbable."
"A shortcoming you show what you produce, but you do not show what you produce it with," wrote another. This was a common complaint.
Soviet onlookers take in the American fashion show (1959)
When it came to fashion and music, Soviet visitors were intrigued, but when it came to attractiveness, many Soviet men were frankly not impressed by the American women who were modeling their clothes.
"There were fashion models and they felt sorry for them, and they would come up to me and say, 'they're all so skinny, why do you starve your women like that?'" Slobin the former American guide in Moscow told me over the phone.
Curious Soviets check out the latest in American cars (1959)
So what were the Soviets most impressed with? Apparently the cars. "I want to buy your cars!" one commenter wrote. This was seen as perhaps a natural reaction since the engineering behind Soviet-built automobiles was often the butt of jokes, even inside the USSR. Russians couldn't help but be impressed with Detroit's latest models and everyone wanted a peek under the hood.
Americans who combed through the pages of those visitors' books (the Soviet exhibition in New York also had visitors' books, with similarly negative feedback sometimes) were no doubt delighted to hear that General Motors was considered a point of envy.
The Competing Soviet Exhibition Next Door
Russians examine the TV sets on display at the competing USSR exhibit next door (1959)
The Soviet government had already done their best to show Americans what the country had to offer in New York a month prior, but they were nearly as eager to show their own people. They set up a competing exhibition next door in the summer of 1959, but it likely did more harm than good. The products on display were far less flashy, and sometimes simply served as a reminder of what consumer goods the common Russian didn't have access to in the late 1950s. The severe housing shortage in the Soviet Union caused many to wonder when they might have their own apartment — for many Russians, their own TV set was a futuristic fantasy.
"That the Soviet people now may know more about the U.S. than they did prior to the Exhibition puts a greater strain on the regime to make its propaganda more credible," one social scientist for RAND who worked as an ambassador wrote in a 1960 report.
If the Americans could fudge their way through a meticulously planned trade show, presenting new products that the average citizen hadn't been exposed to thanks to censorship of Western media, then there was no way for the Soviets to hide what was missing from their own lives. Just another few years, they were told by their government, not unlike the American government had done during times of particular duress. Just another few years. Be patient, and the techno-utopian world of tomorrow will be here.
But the mistrust between the two countries was too great for either to learn much from the other. The incredible amount of spying probably didn't help.
"It turns out that some of the former guides had been arrested in the Soviet Union as American agents," Slobin told me. "And one of them was a student [...] who, in fact, came back in an exchange of spies and confessed that he had been a spy sent back into the Soviet Union."
The U.S. and Soviet Union would never again have a similar cultural exchange on such a scale during the Cold War. But ideas had been planted. The future—whatever that meant to the average citizen—was coming, and it was filled with washing machines, robots, Pepsi, and the fervency of the Space Race.
Russians walk by the wares displayed at the competing USSR exhibit (1959)
But this leads us to the fundamental question that is perhaps at the heart of all studies of old futurism: "What time is the future?" And I don't write that to be glib or weird. I mean it quite literally. What time is the future? And for whom is the future built?
Most of us here in the early 21st century simply sit watching Cold War 2.0 slowly bubble up to the surface with every political tweet from each side, every pointed finger thrust into an opponent's chest by way of ones and zeroes zipping around the world. But for better and for worse, we are living in the future, if only from a chronological perspective with one year quickly fading into the next. We are in Khrushchev's future and Nixon's future, even if it's not the ones they planned for us.
When is the future? With the New Cold War™ in full swing, here's hoping we get our answer before things get as nasty as they once were. The two exhibitions in New York and Moscow served as only a brief moment of pause and cautious cultural exchange before things went south yet again. The Cuban Missile Crisis was just three years away.
"Report on Service with the American Exhibition in Moscow" by John R. Thomas, Social Science Division The RAND Corporation (1960); As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s by Karal Ann Marling (1996); Cold War Kitchen: Americanization, Technology, and European Users edited by Ruth Oldenzeil and Karen Zachmann (2009); "Exhibiting Art at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, 1959" by Marily S. Kushner (2002); Parting The Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945-1961 by Walter L. Hixson (1997); "Who Will Beat Whom? Soviet Reception of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, 1959" by Susan E. Reid (2008); "The Khrushchev Kitchen: Domesticating the Scientific-Technological Revolution" by Susan E Reid (2005); "Selling a New Vision of America to the World: Changing Messages in Early U.S. Cold War Print Propaganda" by Andrew L. Yarrow (2009); "Moscow ’59: The 'Sokolniki Summit' Revisited" by Andrew Wulf (2010); "Displaying American Abundance Abroad: The Misinterpretation of the 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow" by Barrie Robyn Jakabovics (2007)
Entrance to the American Exhibition via PepsiCoDigital on Flickr; Map of the proposed exhibition grounds, scanned from the 1997 book Parting The Curtain by Walter L. Hixson; Robot vacuum cleaner can be found at Shorpy, though it's from the Library of Congress collection of Bob Lerner's photos taken at the exhibition; American guide talks to Russian visitors at the Family of Man exhibit via PepsiCoDigital on Flickr; The Whirlpool Miracle Kitchen, scanned from the July 21, 1959 issue of Look magazine; IBM's RAMAC 305 computer via the Associated Press; Nixon and Khrushchev examine an American kitchen display, scanned from the 2007 book Birth of the Cool: California Art, Design and Culture at Midcentury; Nixon and Khrushchev debate, via the Library of Congress; Young man drinking Pepsi, screenshot from the 1998 CNN documentary mini-series Cold War; Men drinking Pepsi, scanned from the 1997 book Parting The Curtain by Walter L. Hixson; Crowds viewing the art exhibit via Archives of American Art; Marylee Duehring, General Mills’ supervisor of product counselors in the Betty Crocker Kitchens does a demonstration via the General Mills blog; Temporary Russian exhibition from the Library of Congress | <urn:uuid:97d99a2e-3e35-421b-b409-ae85c14cfb7c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/the-all-american-expo-that-invaded-cold-war-russia-550628823 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984302 | 7,505 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Nuts in a healthy diet
Nuts are excellent sources of many nutrients and are worthy of being included in most diets on a regular basis. Peanuts are a legume but are classed as nuts.
Nuts provide protein and are a source of dietary fibre, as well as contributing many vitamins and minerals. They also provide a range of antioxidants that may be valuable for health. Some people avoid nuts because they also contain fat. However, the fats in nuts are predominantly either mono- or polyunsaturated, often dubbed ‘good’ fats. Many studies attest to nuts being beneficial to health, with special benefits for heart health.
Coconut and palm nuts are different in that their fat is mainly saturated. Saturated fats are a recognised risk factor for heart disease. Being plant foods, nuts (like all plant foods) do not contain cholesterol.
Because of their high kilojoule content (due to their fat) nuts should be eaten in moderation as part of a healthy diet. Chestnuts contain very little fat and have less than 30 per cent of the kilojoules of other tree nuts.
Health benefits of nuts
A small handful of raw, unsalted nuts (about 30 grams) makes a satisfying, nutritious snack and studies show many health benefits.
- Lower cholesterol: Eating nuts regularly can lower your LDL-cholesterol – the so-called “bad cholesterol”.
- Weight: Despite their high kilojoule content, nuts can be a useful component of a weight loss program because they satisfy the appetite. Because of their high satiety value, researchers sbow that consuming nuts does not lead to weight gain.
- Diabetes. Studies show that people who consume nuts, especially as part of a Mediterranean diet, have a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
- Heart health – arteries: Nuts are rich in vitamin E and magnesium, which can help keep arteries supple and help reduce the risk of heart disease. Other compounds in nuts, including arginine and some naturally occurring plant sterols, may also assist with heart health.
Eat a variety
Nuts all contain protein and dietary fibre, but different nuts also contribute high levels of specific nutrients. For example:
- Almonds are high in calcium.
- Brazil nuts are a particularly rich source of selenium.
- Pine nuts are high in iron and zinc.
- Pistachios are a good source of potassium.
- Macadamias are high in manganese.
- Walnuts provide an omega 3 fatty acid called alpha linolenic acid.
To get the best array of nutrients, choose a variety of nuts.
Buying and storing nuts
Unsalted raw or dry roasted nuts are the best choice. When nuts are roasted, their flavour is more intense and they are more crunchy, however, salt may be added, which could negate some of their health benefits.
Due to their high content of unsaturated fats, nuts can become rancid quickly and develop an unpleasant ‘sour’ taste. It is important to buy them fresh. Store shelled nuts in sealed containers in a cool place.
Most nut bars will not have the health benefits of raw nuts, because they contain ingredients such as sugar, honey, cereal, processed fruit pastes, fats and various additives.
Despite all their health benefits, some people are allergic to nuts. This can be to any one or more of the tree nuts, such as almonds, Brazil nuts, macadamias, cashew nuts or pecans, or to peanuts.
Nut allergy seems to be on the increase in Australia and people who are affected should carry adrenaline prescribed by their doctor.
2. Nutrition Australia. Nuts and health. Last revised Dec 2009. http://www.nutritionaustralia.org/sites/default/files//Nuts_Printable%20Detailed%20Summary_0.pdf (accessed July 2013).
3. Dietitians Association of Australia. Nuts. http://daa.asn.au/for-the-public/smart-eating-for-you/nutrition-a-z/nuts/ (accessed July 2013).
4. Mayo Clinic. Nuts and your heart: Eating nuts for heart health. Last updated Feb 2011. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/nuts/HB00085 (accessed July 2013). | <urn:uuid:8ed6882f-9602-467c-b4d0-38160a56c9e7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mydr.com.au/nutrition-weight/nuts-in-a-healthy-diet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930004 | 911 | 3.71875 | 4 |
A little wiggle on a graph, representing just a handful of particles, has set the world of physics abuzz. Scientists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Switzerland, the largest particle accelerator on Earth, reported yesterday that their machine might have produced a brand new particle not included in the established laws of particle physics known as the Standard Model. Their results, based on the data collected from April to November after the LHC began colliding protons at nearly twice the energy of its previous runs, are too inconclusive to be sure—many physicists warned that the wiggle could just as easily represent a statistical fluke. Nevertheless, the finding has already spawned at least 10 new papers in less than a day proposing a theoretical explanation for the particle, and has the halls and blackboards of physics departments around the world churning.
“This is something that we’ve been waiting for for a long time,” says Adam Falkowski, a physicist at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Warsaw and a member of the CERN Theory Group. “Of course we are aware this could be nothing. But for my generation, this is the first time there is a very large, quite reliable signal of physics beyond the Standard Model, so it’s definitely very exciting.” Of course, others echoed the usual refrain of caution: “Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, and this is not that,” Columbia University physicist Peter Woit wrote on his blog.
If the LHC truly has seen a new particle, however, the question looming large is: What is it? From its signature at the LHC, the particle must weigh roughly 750 giga-electron volts (GeV), around 750 times the mass of the proton, and would fall into the class of bosons, meaning its spin has an integer value. Some theorists say the newcomer looks like a heavier cousin of the Higgs boson, which similarly first showed up at the LHC as a highly intriguing blip in the data about four years ago. Or it could be a kind of portal particle into the dark matter sector—because this particle decays almost immediately, on its own it cannot account for the invisible matter that seems to be ubiquitous in space, but it may be a messenger that communicates with the dark matter particle, theorists suggested. Another hypothetical alternative is that it is a graviton, the predicted carrier particle for the force of gravity.
“There’s a long list of possible things it could be beyond what we already know the universe contains,” says Jim Olsen, a Princeton University physicist who presented the CMS results. “Before today there was no theory paper that predicted we would find this.” Many scientists have been hoping the LHC would manifest proof of a theory called supersymmetry, which predicts many additional “partner” particles to match the ones we already know of. The 750-GeV particle, however, would not be one of these partners. “Even if this signal turns out to be right, it does not yet obviously tell us anything about whether there is supersymmetry,” says Peter Graham, a theorist at Stanford University.
The most striking thing about the results, scientists say, is that two experiments at the LHC—ATLAS and CMS (for Compact Muon Solenoid)—which use different setups and conduct wholly separate analyses of their independent sets of data, saw signs of roughly the same thing. “It’s a significant excess in ATLAS alone and that would be interesting by itself, however additional credence is given by the fact that two experiments see it in the same place,” Falkowski says. “It reduces the chance that it’s a random fluctuation by a large factor.” There is still cause, however, for skepticism. “If you look in a lot of places there’s a decent chance you’ll see a fluctuation in at least one place,” says Ken Bloom of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, a member of the CMS team. “My own personal guess is that it’s most likely a fluctuation. We see relatively low-significance things like this all the time.” Physicists also say that such a particle probably should have shown up in the earlier runs at the LHC. Although those runs were operating at lower energies, they still would have been sufficient to create a particle in the 750-GeV mass range, but researchers saw only a very minor hint of anything there. Statistical flukes, however, run both ways, and perhaps those runs just happened to come up relatively empty.
The signal ATLAS saw amounted to about 10 particles more than would be expected from “background”—that is, normal particles within the standard canon—after around a billion proton collisions. CMS saw roughly three, according to plots scientists presented yesterday. Those tallies may sound meager, but the experiments are so sensitive, and have such precise predictions for the number of particles of any given mass they expect to see, that the results were statistically significant. Still, “it is not a discovery—it’s a potential discovery,” Olsen says.
Impatient physicists will not have to wait long to learn the truth. The data coming back from the LHC next year should soon either confirm or disprove the possible new particle. “I certainly hope we’ll get something interesting in the future, but we don’t know,” Bloom says. “If these results turn out to be the first hint of that, then we’ll look back on this day a few years from now and say, ‘that’s when we first started seeing things.’ I consider this something of a teaser.” | <urn:uuid:afcd9ee0-b4f4-4400-9480-92ed6b67d5d4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/potential-new-particle-shows-up-at-the-lhc-thrilling-and-confounding-physicists1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963215 | 1,205 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A factory uses 2 machines to fill cartons with washing powder.
The cartons are labelled 'minimum contents 1.5kg'.
The mean mass delivered per carton by each machine is 1.515kg.
The median for machine A is 1.510kg, for machine B is 1.520kg.
Checks show that some cartons contain less than 1.5kg.
Which machine is likely to have filled them? Explain you reasoning.
There is not enough information to say either way without some additional
Originally Posted by GAdams
That's how it came on the past exam paper | <urn:uuid:993699ee-ced4-4fde-858a-085c542bcbc1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathhelpforum.com/statistics/16621-mean-medians-print.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891484 | 125 | 2.921875 | 3 |
December 23, 2003
National Archives to Display Emancipation Proclamation on Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday
Washington, DC. . . On Monday, January 19, for one day only, the original Emancipation Proclamation will be on display in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in observance of the Martin Luther King, Jr., holiday and in conjunction with the National Archives' special exhibition "The People's Top 10 Selections of Documents That Shaped America". The Emancipation Proclamation, which was most recently displayed at the National Archives in 2001, was voted as the 6th most important document in American history by thousands of Americans nationwide in The People's Vote: 100 Documents That Shaped America.
The special display of the Emancipation Proclamation is free and open to the public. The National Archives Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom is located on Constitution Avenue between 7th and 9th Streets, N.W., and is open from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily except Christmas Day.
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War, formally proclaiming the freedom of all slaves held in areas still in revolt. The issuance of this Proclamation clarified and strengthened the position of the Union government, decreased the likelihood of European support of the Confederacy and, as the Union armies extended their occupation of the southern states, brought freedom to the slaves in those states. The Proclamation invited black men to join the Union Army and Navy, resulting in the enlistment of approximately 200,000 freed slaves and free black people before the War's end.
Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in the nation, it placed the issue squarely on top of the wartime agenda. It added moral force to the Union cause and was a significant milestone leading to the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, formally outlawing slavery throughout the nation.
The Emancipation Proclamation linked the preservation of American constitutional government to the end of slavery and has come to take its place with the great documents of freedom.
For PRESS information contact the National Archives Public Affairs Staff at 301-837-1700. | <urn:uuid:71033167-826c-4a42-bab5-5dfe5ff5b1f5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2004/nr04-26.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930649 | 461 | 3.3125 | 3 |
A new and more virulent strain of a potentially fatal hospital infection is being seen in the NHS.
Elderly hospital patients are more at risk
At one trust - Stoke Mandeville in Buckinghamshire - 12 patients have died and 300 have been infected since 2003.
Clostridium difficile, which causes severe diarrhoea, mainly affects elderly people, although the new strain has also affected younger patients.
Health experts said measures to stop the bug spreading amongst patients have been introduced.
Over the period in which the 300 cases have been seen, 225,000 patients were seen at Stoke Mandeville.
The most recent death of a patient affected by C.difficile occurred in January this year.
The Health Protection Agency said it was keeping a "watching brief" on the new strain.
C. difficile, the most common cause of diarrhoea among hospital patients, was discovered in 1978.
It usually affects the elderly, and can prove fatal if antibiotic treatment fails to kill all the spores in the gut, and they take hold again before the patient's own gut bacteria has had chance to mount a resistance.
C.difficile is also very difficult to eradicate from the ward environment, which means it is easy for other patients to become infected.
Experts say new strains, such as the one being seen now, do develop from time to time.
The bacteria is naturally present in the intestine but kept under control by other bacteria
Antibiotics can kill some of these, allowing C.difficile to take hold
Overuse of antibiotics is linked to the infection's rise
C.difficile is not resistant to treatment, but some cases are difficult to treat
The strain seen at Stoke Mandeville hospital is related to one which has emerged in the US and Canada
Keeping them contained involves measures such as ensuring all affected patients are in the same ward, and preventing them from moving around the hospital and potentially spreading the infection to others.
The most well-known hospital-acquired infection is the superbug MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus).
But, while it has received the most attention, it only accounts for around 7,000 of the 300,000 hospital-acquired infections each year.
In 2004, there were 43,672 cases of C.difficile, a 98% increase from 2001.
However, experts stress that much of this increase is due to the fact that mandatory reporting of cases was introduced last year.
The spores of C.difficile are very hardy, and cannot be destroyed by hand gels, as the MRSA can.
'Harder to control'
Healthcare staff must use soap and water to get rid of the bug, and hospital wards must be cleaned using more powerful disinfectants than usual to eradicate the bug.
Liz Morgan-Lewis, a spokeswoman for the HPA, said it was hard to know how prevalent the new strain of C.difficile was, because comprehensive data was not available.
She added: "It is not a new phenomenon to have a new strain, but this one had not been seen prior to the last two years.
"This type is harder to control and does spread more rapidly."
She added: "It's not something to panic about, but we are addressing the situation."
A Department of Health spokesperson told the BBC News website: "The HPA has received some reports of this new strain and is keeping a watching brief on this but the available information indicates that this new strain is rare in the UK.
"We are committed to reducing the level of healthcare associated infections including C.difficile associated diarrhoea."
Dr Graz Luzi, of Buckinghamshire NHS Trust which runs Stoke Mandeville hospital - known for its spinal injuries unit, said the strain of C.difficile which had been seen at the hospital was very unusual in the UK.
"We know that we are dealing with a very unusual and more difficult strain of C.difficile than has been seen in the similar outbreaks previously in the UK.
"The trust continues to give this top priority in terms of getting on top of the problem."
Stoke Mandeville has set up a helpline for any worried patients or their relatives. The number is (01296) 315539. | <urn:uuid:df3afcb2-d699-44bb-a3d4-c5e691188e5b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4612779.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970552 | 903 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The radio tower located in Gliwice, Poland (pronounced Glee Veet Say) is believed to be the tallest wooden structure in the world at 387 feet. Constructed in 1935 by the German company Lorenz, with help from Siemens, Telefunken, and others, it went into service on December 23, 1935 to replace a smaller transmitter located on Raudener Street in Gliwice.
The tower is a masterpiece of wood engineering, constructed with impregnated Larch wood with a fascinating lattice structure of beams. All connections were made with bolts made of ore, because bolts of iron would have absorbed the transmitter signals. The larch wood was chosen for it's resistance to vermin and atmospheric conditions. There is not a single iron nail in the tower.
Most radio towers built in Germany before 1945 were built of wood and the Gliwice tower is the only still standing. The rest were demolished between 1945 and 1983. Today the tower supports multiple transmission antennas for mobile phone services and a low power FM transmitter.
The tower is diligently maintained, preserved and repaired every year. To reach the top, workers must climb a ladder with 365 steps. Scientists from the Silesian University of Technology expect the tower to last another 20 years. The tower looks especially attractive after dusk, illuminated with eight massive spotlights and is visible for many miles creating a lasting impression with visitors.
On August 31, 1939, the Germans staged a fake "Polish" attack on the station which was later used as justification for the Invasion of Poland. During the cold war the Gliwice tower was used for jamming western medium wave transmitters broadcasting in Polish. | <urn:uuid:2f808f15-aa0a-468a-b5d4-27bf18682f1a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.modestoradiomuseum.org/wooden%20tower.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00068-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975284 | 339 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Hunger in the classroom means children in Ireland are missing out on 6 weeks if their education per year
Published 26/08/2014 | 09:46
Teacher opinion poll reveals worrying consequences of children arriving at school hungry.
As a result, Kellogg’s have announced Europe’s largest ever food donation by a single manufacturer to help tackle food poverty
Almost 1 in 5 (19%) teachers have seen an increase in children arriving at school hungry1 – a problem so severe that over 39% of teachers have taken food into school for a specific child who is regularly hungry according to the ‘Lost Education’ study, commissioned by Kellogg2, which polled over 500 primary and secondary school teachers in Ireland.
“Hunger in the classroom is a growing problem that brings with it negative, long-term implications,” according to Jim McNeill, Managing Director, Kellogg’s Ireland, “It is worrying that in this day and age there are children arriving at school hungry every day, our research demonstrates that it is an ongoing problem which will have long term implications for the current generation.”
1 in 5 (19%) teachers said they see children arrive hungry for lessons every day, which according to the teachers can result in poor concentration and an increased demand on their time. 30% of teachers have even seen children fall asleep in the classroom due a lack of food, and 76% believe children who miss breakfast are less likely to perform as well in exams.
Teachers say that children who come to school hungry are losing an average of 57 minutes of learning time each day, with the net result being 6 weeks of learning time lost over the course of an academic year.
According to Kellogg’s Ambassador Catherine Fulvio, “Every child deserves to start their day with a nutritious breakfast, but the reality is that many children across the country are missing out in the morning. Hunger in the classroom is a problem that will impact the prospects of the current generation if we don’t do something about it now.”
Half of respondents (50%) believe that children who arrive at school hungry are more likely to have issues socialising, while 71% think they are more likely to experience behavioural problems.
Kellogg’s is today announcing a new partnership with Barnardos in Ireland. Barnardos provide family support and education-focused services to children and families living in disadvantaged communities. This partnership will help children’s charity to provide breakfast to children attending their services and also to school children who attend Barnardos Breakfast Clubs. Kellogg’s will also be supporting Barnardos in setting up a new breakfast club.
Ruth Guy, Director of Fundraising and Marketing, Barnardos, said: “We provide breakfast to children attending Barnardos services and in our Breakfast Clubs in schools to support children’s attendance and participation in education. By ensuring children have a nutritious breakfast each morning, we are helping them to concentrate throughout the day, enabling them to learn and achieve their potential in life. We are delighted to receive Kellogg’s generous support and would like to thank the team in Kellogg’s and their customers for their commitment to supporting Barnardos and changing children’s lives.”
The research findings were announced to coincide with Kellogg’s largest ever food donation across Europe which will help provide breakfast to millions of children and families who would otherwise go without. As part of its Breakfast for Better Days initiative, Kellogg aims to donate 1 billion servings of cereal and snacks worldwide by the end of 2016. This year Kellogg is running a “Buy a Box – Give a Bowl” promotion which means that every time a consumer buys a special pack of Kellogg cereal, Kellogg’s will donate one 30g serving of Kellogg’s Cornflakes or Kellogg’s Rice Krispies (excluding milk) to someone who might otherwise go without. The food will be distributed through their food banks and charity partners, Crosscare and Barnardos. Kellogg expects to donate up to 57 million servings of cereal across Europe in this way by the end of 2016. These donations will be in addition to the regular donations of food which Kellogg’s makes to food banks in a dozen European countries.
Jim McNeill, Managing Director, Kellogg’s Ireland, said: “Kellogg commissioned the research to uncover the impact of hunger on children in the classroom. The findings show just how vital Breakfast Clubs and Food Banks now are. Working with our partners Barnardos and the Crosscare Foodbank, we are determined to reach even more children and families.
Over the last 3 years Kellogg’s has helped provide 4 million breakfasts for children in school and community breakfast clubs all over the UK and Ireland. As well as providing cash donations and cereal vouchers, Kellogg’s has also helped provide equipment and training.
The vital role of Breakfast Clubs, Food Banks and local charities in alleviating food poverty has also come under the spotlight. 57% of teachers believe families in their community would go hungry without donations from their local Food Bank, and 91% say that a Breakfast Club in their school has had a positive impact on their ability to teach their class. Yet three quarters (77%) of teachers believe some of the families are not aware of this type of support on their doorstep.
Michael McDonagh, Senior Manager for Food Services with the Crosscare food bank said: “Across the Island of Ireland, over a quarter of children under 18 are nowliving below the poverty line. We work with state agencies and registered charities that identify individuals or families and refer them to the food bank. We see families visit us on a weekly basis, and the demand is getting bigger. Our idea of what food poverty is has completely changed, we meet families in which both the husband and wife are working but they have to pay a mortgage and keep their car on the road and it’s the family’s food that suffers.”
Find out more at www.kelloggs.ie
1. Teachers were asked if they’ve seen an increase in the number of children who arrive at school hungry over the past year.
2. European research carried out by Opinion Matters. Total sample size was 500. Fieldwork was undertaken in July 2014. | <urn:uuid:db25d208-2d92-4fce-a6ca-b0645b14ecbe> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.independent.ie/sponsored-features/hunger-in-the-classroom-means-children-in-ireland-are-missing-out-on-6-weeks-if-their-education-per-year-30537777.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968161 | 1,317 | 2.625 | 3 |
Full Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland and Pineal Gland Description
[Continued from above] . . . releases many hormones which affect growth, sexual development, metabolism and the system of reproduction. The pituitary gland has two distinct parts, the anterior and the posterior lobes, each of which releases different hormones which affect bone growth and regulate activity in other glands. This gland was once believed to be the main controlling gland of the body, but we now know that, important as it is, it is subservient to a master gland called the hypothalamus, which is the needed link between the pituitary gland and the brain. This master gland is really a way station between the body and the brain and sorts out messages going to and from the brain. It responds to the body through the pituitary gland, which is suspended just below it. It sometimes replies by nerve impulses and sometimes with needed hormones. The pituitary gland then makes hormones of its own in answer to the body's needs. These are then circulated in the blood to a variety of the body's tissues.
The pineal gland (or pineal body) is an important endocrine gland. It is a small, oval structure descending from the roof of the diencephalon, a section of the brain which relays sensory information between the brain's different regions. Although it's very tiny - only about six millimeters long - the pineal gland produces several important hormones. The most significant of these is melatonin, a hormone which regulates the circadian rhythm, or sleep cycle. In some of the lower vertebrates this gland grows into an eyelike structure; in others, although it isn't a fully developed eye, it is still able to act as a light receptor. Because of this, the pineal gland is also known as the 'third eye'.
Along with secreting melatonin, the pineal gland also regulates other endocrine functions and converts signals from the nervous system into endocrine signals. Melatonin production (or the lack of it) can contribute to a person feeling awake or becoming sleepy, and the pineal gland's endocrine function regulation can also influence sexual development. | <urn:uuid:b91ba18a-7028-42a1-b238-08f7c4c0acb7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.innerbody.com/image_endoov/endo03-new3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946288 | 444 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Organizations and information about the Commonwealth of Nations.
The Commonwealth Secretariat
Administrative organization of the Commonwealth. History, organizations and programs, contacts, and links.
BBC Online: Commonwealth of Nations
Current facts about the Commonwealth includes history, leaders, member countries, chronology and current issues.
Canada and the Commonwealth
Contains reference and general information regarding the Commonwealth and information and upcoming events. It also showcases Commonwealth initiatives.
Commonwealth Development Corporation
Private equity investors in emerging markets.
The Commonwealth Foundation
Funding organization in support of collaboration within the non-governmental sector of the Commonwealth, includes programs, events, and contacts..
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative
Human rights reform and advocacy.
Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF)
Promotes effective and democratic practices in local governments throughout the Commonwealth. News releases, conference and program information, events, and contact information available online.
Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan
Information for application for scholarships for international students.
The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics
Scholarly journal, includes order information and abstracts.
Wikipedia - Commonwealth of Nations
Extensive encyclopedia entry provides hyperlinked information about its history, membership, organization, objectives and benefits.
A guide for youth including FAQ and quiz.
Other languages 1
Last update:May 5, 2016 at 14:24:04 UTC | <urn:uuid:16b30646-0fb5-4f6d-93ec-135781cdee5b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Government/Multilateral/Commonwealth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.816712 | 279 | 2.546875 | 3 |
ALTERNATIVE Sentence, Example and UsageExamples and usage of ALTERNATIVE in prose and poetry
Usage of "ALTERNATIVE": Examples from famous English Poetry
To better understand the meaning of ALTERNATIVE, certain examples of its usage are presented.Examples from famous English prose on the use of the word ALTERNATIVE
"He could not bear to contemplate the alternative"- The word/phrase 'alternative' was used by 'J. K. Rowling' in 'Harry potter and the deathly hallows'.
"He had been thinking about it for a fortnight and could come up with no alternative"- 'J. K. Rowling' has used the alternative in the novel Harry potter and the order of the phoenix book.
"I have no alternative but to force you"- To understand the meaning of alternative, please see the following usage by J. K. Rowling in Harry potter and the order of the phoenix book.
Usage of "ALTERNATIVE" in sentences
"A great alternative to a poem"
- This term alternative was used by Stephen Cohen in the Poem Valentines day poem ideas.
"Ielding an alternative to hate"
- This term alternative was used by Fugue in F# major. in the Poem Tolerance is hard to tolerate.
"There is no other alternative"
"An alternative plan"
"A person is blind to the extent that he must devise alternative techniques to do efficiently those things he would do with sight if he had normal vision" | <urn:uuid:c74234e1-b05c-4a7b-a219-710c2c88e7c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-ALTERNATIVE-in-Hindi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939416 | 316 | 3 | 3 |
A collaborative research team, led by researchers from the Institut Hospital del Mar, recently announced that they have decoded a gene regulation circuit that plays a significant role in the production of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The study has implications for creating lab-grown HSCs, useful for research and therapeutic purposes, such as in the case of cancer patients that can't find a matching donor for a hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
According to the study,Notch proteins are responsible for Gata2 and Hes1 transcription. These two in turn activate the production of the hematopoietic stem cells. Anna Bigas, one of the chief authors, says that they have only discovered one of the many different "basic circuits" involved in HSCs production, with many more to be found. Their final goal is to confirm the results from their rodent model and to use them to create lab-grown hematopoietic stem cells.
The 4-year study is the result of team work from many different researchers, with many of the experiments being conducted in the USA, Holland and Japan. It was carried out on mouse embryonic stem cells.
Notch proteins are a family of transmembrane proteins involved in the creation and development of most tissues during embryogenesis. There are 4 types of notch proteins:
|Computer generated image of Human Notch-1 Protein|
Guiu J, Shimizu R, D'Altri T, Fraser ST, Hatakeyama J, Bresnick EH, Kageyama R, Dzierzak E, Yamamoto M, Espinosa L, & Bigas A (2013). Hes repressors are essential regulators of hematopoietic stem cell development downstream of Notch signaling. The Journal of experimental medicine, 210 (1), 71-84 PMID: 23267012 | <urn:uuid:e1420bb1-121f-4869-9e1d-976a579d0b1f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.stemcellsfreak.com/2013/02/notch-protein-activates-hematopoietic-stem-cells.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918902 | 393 | 3.265625 | 3 |
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