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A popular question many ask is, “It would take 4.4 billion cubic kilometers of water to cover Mt. Everest. Where did the water come from to flood the earth?”
This question assumes that the pre-Flood world was like the world is today. It would only take one inch of water to cover Mt. Everest if the earth were smooth. The Bible states clearly that the water was 15 cubits over the tallest mountain. Seashell fossils have been found on top of mountain ranges all over the world. The top of Mt. Everest is covered with sedimentary rock containing petrified, closed clams. Since clams open as soon as they die, they had to have been buried alive to be petrified in the closed position. There was definitely a worldwide Flood. The Bible says in Psalm 104:5-9 that, as the Flood ended, the mountains lifted up and the valleys sank down and the water hasted away. Today’s mountain ranges are well above sea level, but this was not the case before the Flood. If the earth were smoothed out (that is, the mountains pressed down and the ocean basins lifted up), there is enough water in the oceans right now to cover the entire earth 8,000 feet deep (approximately 11/2 miles).
All of the water ran off rapidly through the soft sediments into the ocean basins during the last few months of the Flood. This would explain the rapid carving of features such as the Grand Canyon and the Bad lands.1 | <urn:uuid:1f771055-586f-4e03-b7b6-890ff02e2411> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://creationtoday.org/where-did-the-water-come-from-to-flood-the-earth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98374 | 312 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Jan, Kate, Mike, and Sam have lots of shells and many pails. They put groups of 10 shells in each pail.
How many shells does each have?
- Kate has 2 pails and 3 more shells left over.
- Sam has 1 more pail than Kate, but no shells left over.
- Jan has 4 more shells than Sam.
- Kate has 2 more shells than Mike. | <urn:uuid:70342507-7275-46d5-996e-b6ae760d7777> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eduplace.com/kids/mhm/brain/gr1/ch05/bt_1_05_q.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95205 | 87 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The bombing of the Golden Mosque in Samarra, one of Shiite Islam's holiest shrines, ushered in one of the bloodiest episodes of the Iraq war. After its gilded dome was ripped open to the sky, sectarian strife exploded. The day after the bombing in February 2006, dozens of Sunni mosques were attacked, many people were killed and a period of massive displacement began. Millions of Iraqis fled to Syria and Jordan if they could, or relocated within Iraq if they could not.
Today, almost four years later, the International Rescue Committee estimates that there are still between 1 million and 2 million Iraqi refugees outside the country and another 2 million displaced people inside. As the United States winds down its presence, many of these Iraqis can't go home because of continuing suicide bombings and other violence, but have yet to resettle elsewhere. Particularly vulnerable if they try to return are those who allied themselves with the U.S., working as translators, cooks, drivers, assistants or in any capacity with the military, contractors or businesses.
The United States was embarrassingly slow to help this category of refugees resettle, dragging its feet until Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) insisted the nation had a moral obligation to do so and spearheaded bipartisan legislation to facilitate the process. President Bush signed the 2008 Defense Authorization Act, which established a special immigrant visa for Iraqis targeted because of their affiliation with the United States. | <urn:uuid:5604c1ef-bf7c-4fdd-bf8d-4d82223cc98f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://articles.latimes.com/2009/dec/30/opinion/la-ed-refugees30-2009dec30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965823 | 285 | 2.671875 | 3 |
When you cite well-known, classical works like ancient Greek and Roman stories and religious pieces, you do not need to give an author and date like most APA citations include. However, you do need to clearly indicate where you got the information in order to avoid plagiarism. To cite the Quran, include slightly different information than what you would use for other works.
According to the "Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association," 6th edition, although page numbers vary, classical works like the Quran use consistent numbering for specific portions, regardless of the edition referenced. Therefore, write the name of the chapter, or Surah, and verse, or Ayaat, in a parenthesized in-text citation for the Quran passage that you quoted or paraphrased. Write "Quran," without the quotation marks, a space, the number of the chapter, a colon and the verse or verses. Include information to explain which version or edition you used after a comma. For example: (Quran 2:4-5, Oxford World's Classics edition).
Typically, all works cited within the text of your paper must have an entry on the reference page at the end. References to classical religious works, such as the Quran are exceptions to this rule. Your citation includes all the essential information for your reader to find the particular passage you quote or paraphrase, chapter and verse, from the book, so the additional bibliographical information usually included on the reference page becomes unnecessary.
Style Your World With Color
Let your clothes speak for themselves with this powerhouse hue.View Article
See how the colors in your closet help determine your mood.View Article
Let your imagination run wild with these easy-to-pair colors.View Article
Explore a range of beautiful hues with the year’s must-have colors.View Article
- Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition); American Psychological Association
- Al Islam: The Holy Quran
- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:969ec1d2-a570-4331-a93b-11f5fca56efe> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://classroom.synonym.com/cite-holy-quran-apa-1217.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87566 | 409 | 3 | 3 |
Historical Cold Snap Freezes South America
A brutal and historical cold snap has so far caused 80 deaths in South America, according to international news agencies. Temperatures have been much below normal for over a week in vast areas of the continent. In Chile, the Aysen region was affected early last week by the worst snowstorm in 30 year. The snow accumulation reached 5 feet in Balmaceda and the Army was called to rescue people trapped by the snow.
In Argentina, the snow in the region of Mendoza, famous for its winery, was described by local meteorologists as the heaviest in a decade. The temperature in the morning of July 16th was the lowest in the city of Buenos Aires since 1991: -1.5C. The cold snap caused a record demand for energy and Argentina had to import electricity from Brazil. Many industries in Argentina were shut down due to gas shortage.
It snowed in nearly all the provinces of Argentina, an extremely rare event. It snowed even in the western part of the province of Buenos Aires and Southern Santa Fe, in cities at sea level. The most famous beach of Argentina, Mar del Plata, was whitened by the snow in the morning of July 15th, a scene only seen in recent memory in 1991, 2004 and 2007.
The snow was heavy even in Northern Argentina. In Santiago Del Estero, according to media reports, some areas experience snow for the first time in living memory. In the province of Tucuman, some town saw snow for the first time since 1921 (Gaceta de Tucuman newspaper).
In Uruguay, there were widespread reports of sleet and even snow mixed with rain in towns in the Southern and Eastern part of the country, even in the capital Montevideo. At leas two deaths have been blamed in Uruguay on the low temperatures. Hospitals were packed with patients with respiratory illness.
In Paraguay, at least nine people died due to the cold weather in only 3 days. Cattle were very affected and one thousand animals died of hypothermia. In Bolivia, dozes of people died in consequence of the very low temperatures. In some areas of the nation the cold period was described as the worst in 15 years. It even snowed in the Chaco of Bolivia, one of warmest areas of South America, where the local population never saw snow before. Classes were suspended in Bolivia for three days to prevent more cold related deaths (El Nacional newspaper from Bolivia).
Southern Brazil was also very affected by the cold air eruption from the Southern Pole. Last week the temperature dropped to -7.8C in the city of Urupema, Santa Catarina. In Rio Grande do Sul, in the hills of the state, temperature felt to -4.9C in the city of Cambara. In the state of Paran�, the low was -6C. Only the nights were freezing, but the afternoons were very cold. In some days, temperature failed to reach 5C in many towns, the first time in a decade. Flurries observed in towns of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Parana and sleet was also reported in Western Santa Catarina.
The most striking scenes came from the top of Morro da Igreja, a 1800 meters elevation in the state of Santa Catarina. The area recorded snow and freezing rain. As anyone can imagine, freezing rain is extremely rare in Southern Brazil. The event was witnessed and photographed by weather observers from MetSul Marcelo Albieri and Caio Souza.
On July 14th, in the afternoon hours, temperatures in the hills of Rio Grande do Sul state in Southern Brazil were lower than in Marambio, the main polar base of Argentina in Antarctica. In Central Brazil, in the tropics, the long streak of cold days was considered extremely rare. It was so cold that thousand of animals died in this region of Brazil known for its cattle, just South of the Amazon basin.
Maybe the most notable fact took place in North South America. The cold reached Amazon and temperatures felt to as low as 7C in towns in the Amazon Forest in the states of Acre and Rondonia. Temperature even felt in Roraima, where the state capital Boa Vista record 20C (normal lows are 25C) and the wind were blowing from the South. Boa Vista is located at 2 degrees North of latitude, so the influence of the Antarctic cold blast crossed the Equator line and reached towns in the Northern Hemisphere. It would be the same of a cold snap from the Arctic crossing the entire North America continent, the Caribbean and reaching North Brazil in cities at 2 degrees South of latitude as Santarem, a bizarre situation.
(maps, photos and charts for this story at icecap.us) | <urn:uuid:b49f4109-b940-4c7b-ac43-836a7315018d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wtvy.com/weather/headlines/98941849.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97327 | 991 | 2.71875 | 3 |
O'Reilly Book Excerpts: Programming Visual Basic .NET
ADO.NET, Part 1
This excerpt is Chapter 8 from Programming Visual Basic .NET, published in December 2001 by O'Reilly.
A Brief History of Universal Data Access
Database management systems provide APIs that allow application programmers to create and access databases. The set of APIs that each manufacturer's system supplies is unique to that manufacturer. Microsoft has long recognized that it is inefficient and error prone for an applications programmer to attempt to master and use all the APIs for the various available database management systems. What's more, if a new database management system is released, an existing application can't make use of it without being rewritten to understand the new APIs. What is needed is a common database API.
Microsoft's previous steps in this direction included Open Database Connectivity (ODBC), OLE DB, and ADO (not to be confused with ADO.NET). Microsoft has made improvements with each new technology.
With .NET, Microsoft has released a new mechanism for accessing data: ADO.NET. The name is a carryover from Microsoft's ADO (ActiveX Data Objects) technology, but it no longer stands for ActiveX Data Objects--it's just ADO.NET. To avoid confusion, I will refer to ADO.NET as ADO.NET and to ADO as classic ADO.
If you're familiar with classic ADO, be careful--ADO.NET is not a descendant, it's a new technology. In order to support the Internet evolution, ADO.NET is highly focused on disconnected data and on the ability for anything to be a source of data. While you will find many concepts in ADO.NET to be similar to concepts in classic ADO, it is not the same.
When speaking of data access, it's useful to distinguish between providers of data and consumers of data. A data provider encapsulates data and provides access to it in a generic way. The data itself can be in any form or location. For example, the data may be in a typical database management system such as SQL Server, or it may be distributed around the world and accessed via web services. The data provider shields the data consumer from having to know how to reach the data. In ADO.NET, data providers are referred to as managed providers.
A data consumer is an application that uses the services of a data provider for the purposes of storing, retrieving, and manipulating data. A customer-service application that manipulates a customer database is a typical example of a data consumer. To consume data, the application must know how to access one or more data providers.
ADO.NET is comprised of many classes, but five take center stage:
- Represents a connection to a data source.
- Represents a query or a command that is to be executed by a data source.
- Represents data. The DataSet can be filled either from a data source (using a DataAdapter object) or dynamically.
- Used for filling a DataSet from a data source.
- Used for fast, efficient, forward-only reading of a data source.
With the exception of DataSet, these five names are not the actual classes used for accessing data sources. Each managed provider exposes classes specific to that provider. For example, the SQL Server managed provider exposes the SqlConnection, SqlCommand, SqlDataAdapter, and SqlDataReader classes. The DataSet class is used with all managed providers.
Any data-source vendor can write a managed provider to make that data source available to ADO.NET data consumers. Microsoft has supplied two managed providers in the .NET Framework: SQL Server and OLE DB.
The examples in this chapter are coded against the SQL Server managed provider, for two reasons. The first is that I believe that most programmers writing data access code in Visual Basic .NET will be doing so against a SQL Server database. Second, the information about the SQL Server managed provider is easily transferable to any other managed provider.
Pages: 1, 2 | <urn:uuid:fabc15f6-e90f-407a-bbae-13b2a2bc44f8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/dotnet/excerpt/progvisbasic_ch08/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891217 | 839 | 2.984375 | 3 |
On the ground: Tracking the Great Indian Bustard
A new project aims to track the movement of the critically endangered species in a last ditch effort to help save it
Bilal Habib is closely tracking the flight of a bird. Six times a day he gets its location, within a few hundred feet, through a GPS monitoring device attached to its body. One of the last members of its species, of which today less than 200 remain, this Great Indian Bustard is part of the latest effort to save its kind from joining the ranks of other extinct birds like the dodo and the passenger pigeon.
On Christmas day, last year, a Great Indian Bustard was fitted with a radio tracking device in a small town in the Western plains of India. Habib, a scientific researcher at the Wildlife Institute of India in Dehradun, who was recently awarded a Young Scientist Award from UNESCO for his work in involving local communities to conserve a Biosphere reserve in Northern India, is heading the project. “We know a lot about the ecology of this species, that it lives on grasslands and so on,” Habib says. “But, interestingly the bird is seen only for four to six months of the year. Nobody knows where they go for the rest of time.”
Locally known as “Maaldhok” or ‘’Yerbhoot” or “Ghorad,” the Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) was a relatively common sight five decades ago in the semi-arid regions and crop fields across parts of Central and Western India. “The Bustard is a very difficult species, since like most birds of arid and semi-arid regions, they move around a lot to better pastures, because rainfall is not uniform in all areas,” says Asad Rahmani, director of the 130-year-old Bombay Natural History Society who has been actively campaigning for the conservation of the Great Indian Bustard for over three decades. “If they stick to one area, they have an innate tendency to move for newer pastures, more suitable habitats,” added Rahmani who had also authored a report ‘Need to start Project Bustards’ in 2006.
The species has been dwindling in number for a long time, despite having designated sanctuaries across the country, with a few of these sanctuaries being bereft of even a single Bustard today. “Sometimes such sanctuaries are not useful for particular species. There is a need to take a drastically different approach, which most people don’t understand” says Rahmani.
One of the challenges in protecting this species has been the fact that it is generally found in grasslands and farmlands, areas that are difficult to designate as protected areas due to their economic importance. Large-scale agriculture and destruction of grasslands by overgrazing along with hunting in certain areas threatened the species, prompting BirdLife International to declare it as a critically endangered species in 2011.
Wildlife tracking using satellites has been available for almost two decades now, and has been used for other endangered birds in India like the bar-headed goose or black-necked cranes. However, this is the first time that it will be used for a critically endangered species in India. The solar powered transmitter on the GPS tracker attached to this Great Indian Bustard has the potential to send back valuable information for the next three to four years. “Through this project, more information about the migratory patterns of the bird can be ascertained, which can then be used in its conservation,” says Habib.
The Great Indian Bustard is one of the four species of bustards found in India, all of which are dwindling in number. It is quite sad that this was the same species under consideration for the status of India’s national bird when the topic was up for consideration in the 1960s. The title eventually went to the prettier and commonly found peacock. Lack of media attention or government apathy toward conserving this large bird, as compared to the case of the Bengal Tiger or the Asian Elephant, is largely blamed for the current dire state.
Examples like that of the California condor, which was bought back from the brink of extinction hold out hope for the Great Indian Bustard. However, many biologists believe this effort might be 20 years too late, making it tougher to know if this species can truly be saved. The direct and indirect involvement of local people along with setting up protected areas in existing farmlands will be absolutely essential for any effort to be successful. Habib hopes the study will help answer a few questions. “This study will tell us, what habitats they are using and help us evaluate the current protected areas. Can we combine these particular characteristics and conserve this species. Can we bring them back?”
Editor’s note: This post is the final in a mini-series in which Scienceline reporters write on location from around the globe during winter break. See related posts for a story on a pig farm on a pristine river in Arkansas and a look at how climate change will affect London’s most famous river. | <urn:uuid:18cb4d0f-acf5-4ee7-b049-fb8a89dd9867> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://scienceline.org/2014/01/on-the-ground-tracking-the-great-indian-bustard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956068 | 1,072 | 3.5 | 4 |
Dakar (AFP) March 22, 2010
More than 155 million people, or 39 percent of the population in West and Central Africa, do not have access to potable water, the UN's children's agency UNICEF said Monday on World Water Day.
This region has the lowest coverage of potable water in the world, housing 18 percent of the world's population with no access to drinking water.
"Five years to the 2015 deadline for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), the water and sanitation situation in West and Central Africa remains a major concern," UNICEF said in a statement.
According to the organisation only eight of 24 countries in the region are on track to meet water target goals -- Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cap Verde, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea et Mali)
"The total number of people in the region without access to improved drinking-water sources actually increased over the 1990-2008 period from 126 million people to 155 million."
This means that despite an improvement in coverage from 49 percent in 1990 to 61 percent in 2008 -- countries needed to reach 75 percent by 2015.
"More than 155 million people (39 percent) were without access to improved drinking-water sources in 2008 and the small pace of increase failed to keep pace with the expanding population in the region," read the statement.
Six countries have less than 50 percent drinking water coverage: Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Niger, Mauritania and Sierra Leone
Also of concern is the fact that 291 million people in West and Central Africa have access to no sanitation at all - in the region with the highest under-five mortality rate of all developing regions at 169 child deaths per 1,000 live births.
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Water News - Science, Technology and Politics
In rainy Gabon, some seek water 'like in the desert'
Libreville (AFP) March 22, 2010
Gabonese mother Jeannine Bibila is exasperated by constantly dry taps in a country that has tremendous potential for water supply. "Here, to have water, you need to search. It's like being in the desert." "In the desert, you don't find water easily. Sometimes, we go two weeks or even a month without water," explains Bibila, washing a huge pile of laundry at a public fountain in Kinguele, nor ... read more
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The Hunterian Medical School was founded in 1769 by William Hunter (1718-1783) at his home on Great Windmill Street in the Soho region of London. William and his younger brother John (1728-1793) were Scottish pioneers of medicine and surgery, and were enthusiastic collectors of paintings and scientific instruments, much of which is now exhibited at the Hunterian Museum near Glasgow, Scotland.
William Hunter was born in 1718 in Long Calderwood, East Kilbride, near Glasgow, Scotland. He first attended Glasgow University and then studied medicine at Edinburgh. In 1741 he settled in London, taught anatomy and surgery, and made a special study of the lymphatics and the gravid uterus (i.e., with a developing egg). In 1769 he moved to 16, Great Windmill Street, where he created a museum and the Hunterian School of Medicine.
By 1836 when John Snow arrived in London, the metropolitan area housed 21 schools that offered courses and experience in surgery and medicine. To become a a surgeon-apothecary, Snow needed to fulfill the licensing requirements of the Royal College of Surgeons and the Society of Apothecaries. The Hunterian School of Medicine was well-known for having dedicated instructors, including John Epps who also was involved in the temperance movement. Finally, the school was the lowest priced among institutions that offered courses necessary for surgeon and apothecary licensure. Being of poor background, the cost likely influenced his decision.
When John Snow attended the Hunterian Medical School in 1836-37, courses were given daily either in six month sessions (chemistry and medical jurisprudence) or three month sessions (anatomy and physiology, practical anatomy and demonstrations, surgery, medicine, and botany). The cost of each course varied from 2-5 pounds ($400-1,000 in 1999 US dollars). More likely John Snow paid 34 pounds ($6,800 in 1999 US dollars) which allowed him to attend all lectures required by the Hunterian Medical School, and any lectures on midwifery that were conducted in the neighborhood near the school.
The Hunterian Medical School remained active until 1839 when it finally closed its doors after 70 years of existence. The premises have now been demolished, and on its site stands the Lyric Theater (on Great Windmill Street between Archer Street and Shaftesbury Avenue in the Soho region of London).
At the rear portion of the Lyric Theater, a plaque was erected in 1952 that reminds visitors of Dr. William Hunter and his home and museum, but not his medical school, nor his distant connection via his institution to Dr. John Snow.
The Lancet 1: 14-15, 1837/38.
Sakula A. J Medical Biography 3: 160, 1995.
Vinten-Johansen P et al. Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine: A Life of John Snow, 2003. | <urn:uuid:9f0f532e-0eea-449f-afe3-be2a5295b0ad> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/hunterian.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970457 | 614 | 2.6875 | 3 |
SPAGYRIA AND SPAGYRICS
Therefore, learn Alchimiam, otherwise called Spagyria, which teaches you to separate the false from the true.
In the word spagyria two Greek words are hidden: spao, to draw out, to divide; and ageiro, to gather, to bind, to join. These two concepts form the foundation of every genuine alchemical work, hence the often-quoted phrase “Solve et coagula, et habebis magisterium!” (Dissolve and bind, and you will have the magistery).
The alchemical work always takes place in three stages: (1) separation, (2) purification, and (3) cohobation (recombination, or the “chymical wedding”). In the spagyrist’s view, these actions lead to an increase and a release of certain curative powers in the initial species.
Spagyrics is the application of alchemical working methods to the production of medicaments.
When we learn that the famous physician Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, better known as Paracelsus (c. 1493–1541), prepared a large part of his famous medicines according to spagyric methods, we must thereby understand a very high level of the hermetic art. This hermetic art has little in common with vulgar alchemy, which is often disparagingly called “the art of goldmaking.”
The beginnings of this true hermetic art are to this day shrouded in obscurity. We know that the hermetic-spagyric method of preparation was known to many ancient cultures. In ancient China, in India, and among the ancient Egyptians, we find important contributions to alchemical medicine. Between the ancient Indian and Chinese alchemy there exist many parallels. In India, alchemical preparations are part of the southern Indian siddha medicine, of Ayurvedic medicine and also of Unanı medicine, which came later to India through the Muslims and represents a further development of ancient Greek medicine.
The alchemy of the Western schools is chiefly based on the Egyptian tradition. In ancient Egypt, hermetism was taught in the temples of Memphis and Thebes. From the writings of Zosimos of Panopolis (Akhmin, A.D. 300) we learn that alchemy was practiced in Egypt under the supervision of kings and priests, and that divulging the secrets of this art was against the law. The hermetic art was taught exclusively by oral transmission.
The Arabs were the chief agents for transmitting theoretical and practical alchemy to the Europeans, who then merged it with the Christian tradition.
Among the historically accessible European sources, special mention must be made of the writings of Paracelsus. Before the much older Indian and Chinese traditions became known in the West, the Paracelsian writings constituted the earliest information that could be dated with certainty. In his book Paragranum, Paracelsus says: “The third foundation upon which medicine rests is alchemy. If the physician does not have good ability and experience in it, his art is in vain.”
How do spagyric plant remedies differ from nonspagyric ones? Ordinary tinctures, infusions, decoctions, and the like, utilize in part the curative powers of the plants from which they are prepared. The spagyric preparation “opens” the plant and by its own process liberates stronger curative powers. It is in principle synergistic, and less interested in isolated pharmacologically active principles. We cannot do justice to the methodology of spagyrics if we measure it according to the standards of analytical chemistry or pharmacology, even if these sciences can explain in their own way part of the effects of spagyric remedies. Just as homeopathy has its own findings, experiences, and laws, which cannot be comprehended solely by the prevailing chemical-analytical knowledge, so, too, does spagyrics insist on its own standards, for which it has its own conceptions and symbols. In the case of many of these conceptions and ideas we are dealing with analogies, which, however, prove to be extremely valuable.
We must not consider spagyrics and alchemy as a whole merely a preliminary stage of the later scientific chemistry. It is rather another way of looking at nature and its powers. We easily succumb to the temptation to judge the whole alchemical knowledge of the past by the criteria of the current stand of Western science, which leads to a distortion or an incomplete perception of genuine connections.
Analysis can never lead to a complete perception, because the whole is always greater than its parts. Thus, for instance, analytical examinations of old Italian master violins have never been able to unveil the secret of the famous violin makers of Cremona. The whole scientific examination of the old violin making, including the analysis of the famous varnishes, could never lead to new heights of violin making, because it solely undertook the “solve” but not the “coagula.” The quality of the master instruments of Stradivari and Guarneri del Gesù has remained unattainable to this day. I once asked a famous contemporary violin maker, who could literally awaken an old instrument to new life, to tell me the “secret” of the old masters of Cremona. His reply was clear: “There are no secrets in the sense of tricks, as you might think. The ‘secrets’ consist of the true knowledge of natural laws and their bases, which the old masters understood better than we today.”
It is similar with spagyrics. The spagyrist has to “stand in the light of nature,” to quote once more from Paracelsus.
As Nature is extremely subtle and penetrating in her manifestations, she cannot be used without the Art. Indeed, she does not produce anything that is perfect in itself, but man must make it perfect, and this perfecting is called alchemy. . . .
And as medicine must not act without the participation of heaven, it must act together with it. Therefore you must treat it in order to free it from the Earth; and as the latter is not ruled by heaven, it must be removed in the preparation of the medicine. When you have separated the medicine from the Earth, it obeys the will of the stars, that is, it will be guided by them.
The Alchemical Preparation of Medicinal Essences, Tinctures, and Elixirs
The Alchemical Preparation of Medicinal Essences, Tinctures, and Elixirs
• Shows how spagyric methods “open” medicinal plants completely to release powerful healing properties
• Provides a history and philosophy of spagyrics that reveal why Western medicine fails to recognize the full benefit to health offered by plants
• Connects spagyrics to classical alchemical, hermetic, and ayurvedic traditions
The practice of spagyrics is the application of ancient alchemical working methods to the preparation of tinctures, essences, and other products from medicinal plants. While ordinary tinctures and infusions use only a part of the great curative potential of plants, spagyric methods “open” medicinal plants completely to reveal their more powerful healing properties. Drawing on the rich imagery and symbolism of ancient source materials, Manfred M. Junius describes these methods in great detail, showing readers how to prepare plant remedies alchemically for their own use as well as imparting a knowledge of the ideological world in which alchemistic and hermetic thought flowered. Spagyrics includes the Plant Magistery of Paracelsus and the Life Elixir recipe of Andreas Libavius among its historic techniques as well as a wealth of scientific information that demonstrates the greater efficacy of alchemical methods of plant essence extraction. This classic source text preserves the nearly forgotten but highly valuable methods of this true hermetic art for preparing natural remedies.
- Healing Arts Press |
- 288 pages |
- ISBN 9781594771798 |
- February 2007 | <urn:uuid:79cca038-cdc4-4890-9cd8-fbda87f1de78> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://books.simonandschuster.com/Spagyrics/Manfred-M-Junius/9781594771798 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951278 | 1,693 | 2.75 | 3 |
Via Discovery News:
Eighty years after it sank in the Canadian Arctic, explorer Roald Amundsen’s three-mast ship Maud may once again sail across the Atlantic to become the centerpiece of a new museum in Norway.
Canada, however, must still agree to the repatriation plan hatched by Norwegian investors, amid strong opposition from locals in the Canadian territory of Nunavut who want the ship to stay for tourists to admire from shore.
The wreck now sits at the bottom of Cambridge Bay in Nunavut, but its hulk is partly visible above the frigid waters that preserved it for decades.
“The incredibly strong-built oak ship has been helped by the Arctic cold and clean water to be kept in a reasonably good shape,” said Jan Wanggaard, a Norwegian who recently visited the wreck to sort out technical problems with raising the ship as well as to survey the views from locals and officials.
[Continues at Discovery News] | <urn:uuid:2df60f95-7b8e-43d8-b9a9-034e3033e498> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://disinfo.com/2011/08/norway-wants-ship-back-80-years-after-sinking-in-canadian-arctic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967187 | 199 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Project Management Stakeholders
A stakeholder is someone that is involved in your project or has a vested interest in its success or failure. Knowing who your stakeholders are is important and the process begins by developing healthy relationships. They help decide on issues from the beginning, during planning and at execution of the project. Therefore, stakeholders should understand how the project functions, including the project scope, milestones and goals.
There are five major types of stakeholders:
Within the stakeholders, you have both internal and external classifications. Internal stakeholders are those directly affected by the project, such as employees. External stakeholders are not a part of the business, such as vendors or suppliers, but have an interest in its outcome.
Primary and Secondary Stakeholders
Primary stakeholders have a major interest in the success of a project because they are directly affected by the outcome. Customers and end users are primary stakeholders as well as some project sponsors, project managers, and team members.
Project sponsors are responsible for the overall success and vision of the project. They should provide feedback and make decisions regarding project implementation and assure that the project manager remains on the task. Sponsors allocate and supply resources and finances to fund the project. The sponsor should have a clear understanding of what's expected in accordance with the scope, schedule, and resources needed for the project. Success of a project is largely dependent on the project sponsor's leadership and support. The leadership provided by the sponsor helps identify cost overruns and provides alternatives in order to remain on budget.
Secondary stakeholders also help to complete the project. Though their role isn't primary, they assist with administrative processes, financial, and legalities. Communication between primary and secondary types of stakeholders will ensure that everyone is working toward the same goal. Lack of communication can cause a breakdown within the project.
Internal and External Stakeholders
Project managers are internal stakeholders because they are directly involved in developing the project. They have authority to manage the project by handling responsibility of work performance, organizing and planning; effectively ensuring that all phases of the project are done accurately and efficiently.
Vendors, suppliers, and outside organizations are external stakeholders because they supply needed elements for a project's success, they need to stay in communication at all times on goals, milestones and deliverables.
Direct and Indirect Stakeholders
Direct stakeholders are concerned with the day to day activities of a project. Team members are direct stakeholders as their workloads are scheduled around the project each workday. Indirect stakeholders are not impacted by the project. Those not affected are your customers and end users, because their concern is with the finished project. This would be the quality of merchandise, price, packaging, and availability.
The management of stakeholder responsibility is very important to the success of a project. It's important to define the various types of stakeholders, their needs or interests, and communicate with them effectively. | <urn:uuid:81c7f540-eb9f-4cb0-978d-72fbeb1d72be> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.brighthubpm.com/project-planning/93262-stakeholders-in-project-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965367 | 584 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Although life seems to have gotten a quick start on it, the early Earth was a nasty place. Very early on (and perhaps again later), meteors frequently peppered the surface. The atmosphere contained no oxygen, and consequently no ozone, to shield the surface from UV radiation. To top it off, the juvenile Sun burned about 25 percent less brightly than it does today, which should have put the average surface temperature below the freezing point of water.
Except it wasn't. Geological evidence indicates plentiful liquid oceans were present soon after the Earth’s formation, and the first one and a half billion years showed no signs of glaciation. This puzzle, dubbed the “faint young Sun paradox,” was recognized by Carl Sagan and George Mullen in 1972.
Various factors have been proposed to resolve the paradox. Some have suggested that the Earth was less reflective—due to a paucity of continental land area and decreased cloud cover—allowing it to absorb more incoming sunlight. Other answers have focused on greenhouse gases. A lot of effort has gone into investigating how much CO2 and methane were present, and researchers have proposed other, more exotic greenhouse gasses, like carbonyl sulfide (OCS) might have been present. The atmosphere was likely denser, which would enhance the effectiveness of greenhouse gases.
While combinations of these factors are potentially sufficient to solve the puzzle, plenty of questions remain. In a paper published in Science, Robin Wordsworth and Raymond Pierrehumbert of the University of Chicago have added another possible solution to the list—the interaction of hydrogen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
Neither hydrogen (H2) nor nitrogen (N2) is technically a greenhouse gas. They can’t absorb infrared radiation emitted by the Earth—a fact determined by their molecular structure. However, some odd things happen when they collide with each other. For a moment, the two colliding molecules behave as one larger one, allowing the absorption of infrared energy. This process is known to be an important part of the energy balance on Saturn’s moon Titan.
Until recently, it was believed that the early Earth’s atmosphere would have contained very little hydrogen, which can escape into space due to its light mass. But it has since been demonstrated that the escape rate would probably have been slower than initially expected, and hydrogen may actually have been plentiful.
When the University of Chicago researchers went about calculating the effect this would have, they found that it could have warmed the Earth by as much as 10 to 15°C. If that was the case, moderate contributions from other factors might have been more than enough to keep the Earth out of the deep freeze. (Then again, another recent study suggests the paradox might be even bigger than previously thought, requiring a larger warming effect to resolve it. In that case, large contributions all around might still be needed.)
Obviously, this collision-induced absorption would only be active as long as the atmosphere had significant amounts of hydrogen in it. When methane-producing bacteria (methanogens) came on the scene, that would have started to change. Methanogens take in CO2 and hydrogen and release methane and water. Of course, methane is also a greenhouse gas, so the story here is complicated.
Because of the specific wavelength of infrared radiation that methane absorbs, its greenhouse impact is easily saturated at the concentrations relevant to the early Earth. Beyond that point, additional methane won’t make much difference. When methanogens arose, they could have quickly driven the atmosphere to that point, so the consumption of hydrogen and CO2 would then have made the net result a cooling one. (In addition, high methane concentrations lead to the formation of a reflective haze that causes some more cooling.)
The researchers suggest it’s possible that the widespread glaciation that occurred about 2.9 billion years ago could have counter-intuitively been caused by the biological production of methane. There are a lot of important unknowns in that scenario, however, and the authors note it’s “an important topic for future study.”
Writing in a perspective that accompanied the paper in Science, Penn State Professor James Kasting noted that the implications of the study extended beyond the Earth. “[T]he realization that H2 can warm terrestrial planet climates could be important for the prebiotic Earth, early Mars, and young Earth-like exoplanets. Large amounts of H2 in a planet’s atmosphere could allow it to remain habitable out to as far as [ten times the distance from the Earth to the Sun] around a star like the Sun,” he wrote. “[W]e will… need to keep this H2 greenhouse warming mechanism in mind as we decipher our own solar system’s history and search for other habitable planets like our own.” | <urn:uuid:29c0ccc1-8335-4a2d-8ed9-7e1b6fa5dfc2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/01/another-try-at-explaining-how-the-early-earth-avoided-a-deep-freeze/?comments=1&post=23664351 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965439 | 992 | 4.5625 | 5 |
First Italian Campaign |
The Egyptian Campaign |
Second Italian Campaign |
The Ulm-Austerlitz Campaign |
The Prussian Campaign |
The Peninsular War |
The Austrian War |
The Russian Campaign |
From Lützen to Elba |
The Waterloo Campaign
Peninsular War, 1808-1813
by Portugal's defiance of his Continental Blockade against
trade with Great Britan, Napoleon ordered General Jerot
to march French troops over the Pyrenees.
November 30, French troops entered the Portuguese capital of Lisbon
and closed the country's ports to English ships. Spain,
alarmed at France's aggression, began to question their
alliance with Napoleon.
1808, Napoleon had installed his brother Joseph as the
king of Spain and sent 118,000 soldiers across into
Spain to insure his rule. Determined to bend the Spanish
people to his will, he had decided to make Spain a part
of his empire. He imagined they would be welcomed.
my banner bearing the words 'Liberty and Emancipation
from Superstition,'" he said, "I shall be regarded as
the liberator of Spain."
Spain at that time was far behind all the other
countries in Europe. Napoleon considered the Iberian
Peninsula another world with people from
the Dark Ages - dominated by clergy, according to
Napoleon, who were illiterate, ignorant, and fanatical.
He thought that there would be no resistance whatsoever.
Napoleon didnt take the trouble to study the
country he was going to invade. He didnt think
the Spanish people had the will to hold on to their
could never imagine that some people loved their countries
as much as he loved his own. It was a failing, compounded
by arrogance and pride, that would bring about his downfall.
May 2, the Spanish people rose up against the French
army in Madrid. By nightfall, 150 French soldiers were
dead. The French retaliated, killing thousands of Spaniards.
It was the start of a brutal, no-holds-barred war,
marked by savagery on both sides. The French tortured
and mutilated their prisoners; the Spanish did the same.
Its a war of atrocities. Its guerilla
war the word comes from this time. The French
army has never fought this kind of war
not at all the glorious war that they fought elsewhere.
At this point you begin to see a failure of Napoleon's
judgment. He had somehow lost his sense of proportion.
He gets into Spain and he won't give up.
died, but there was no decisive victory. Napoleon would
keep his armies in Spain for five years, unable to break
the will of the Spanish people.
Napoleon no longer accepts advice. Napoleon only
believes in himself. He only has confidence in his
star. So, he is going to be blinded. | <urn:uuid:9b8fe823-a0a2-46f6-9d12-24d13baffab5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/flash/n_war/campaign/page_9.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975725 | 622 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Many English verbs take two objects – one direct object and one indirect object. The direct object usually refers to an object. The indirect object usually refers to a person and comes first.
- He gave his daugther a camera for Christmas. (Indirect object – his daughter, direct object – camera)
- Could you lend me some money? (Indirect object – me, direct object – money)
- Let me get you a cup of coffee. (Indirect object – you, direct object – a cup of coffee)
Some common verbs which can be followed by two objects are given below:
Bring, buy, cost, get, give, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, refuse, send, show, sing, take, teach, tell, wish, write
Position of the direct and indirect objects
The indirect object usually comes before the direct object. We can also put the indirect object after the direct object. When the indirect object comes after the direct object, it usually has the preposition to or for before it.
- She sent the flowers for me, not for you.
- I handed my credit card to the salesman.
When both objects are pronouns
When both objects are pronouns, it is common to put the indirect object last. In informal style, to is occasionally dropped after it.
- Lend them to her.
- Send some to him.
It is also possible to put the indirect object first.
- Send him some.
The verbs explain, suggest and describe
The verbs explain, suggest and describe are not used with the structure indirect object + direct object.
- Please explain your decision to us.
- Can you suggest a good cardiologist to me? (NOT Can you suggest me a good cardiologist?)
One object or two
Some verbs can be followed by either a direct object, or an indirect object, or both.
- I asked him.
- I asked a question.
- I asked him a question. | <urn:uuid:673b1506-8bc8-4112-b7c3-24f711db493b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.englishgrammar.org/verbs-objects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00094-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954757 | 422 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament, by Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsh, [1857-78], at sacred-texts.com
Jonah's Preaching in Nineveh - Jon 3:1-10
After Jonah had been punished for his disobedience, and miraculously delivered from death by the mercy of God, he obeyed the renewed command of Jehovah, and preached to the city of Nineveh that it would be destroyed within forty days on account of its sins (Jon 3:1-4). But the Ninevites believed in God, and repented in sackcloth and ashes, to avert the threatened destruction (Jon 3:5-9); and the Lord spared the city (Jon 3:10).
The word of the Lord came to Jonah the second time, to go to Nineveh and proclaim to that city what Jehovah would say to him. קריאה: that which is called out, the proclamation, τὸ κήρυγμα (lxx). Jonah now obeyed the word of Jehovah. But Nineveh was a great city to God (lē'lōhı̄m), i.e., it was regarded by God as a great city. This remark points to the motive for sparing it (cf. Jon 4:11), in case its inhabitants hearkened to the word of God. Its greatness amounted to "a three days' walk." This is usually supposed to refer to the circumference of the city, by which the size of a city is generally determined. But the statement in Jon 3:4, that "Jonah began to enter into the city the walk of a day," i.e., a day's journey, is apparently at variance with this. Hence Hitzig has come to the conclusion that the diameter or length of the city is intended, and that, as the walk of a day in Jon 3:4 evidently points to the walk of three days in Jon 3:3, the latter must also be understood as referring to the length of Nineveh. But according to Diod. ii. 3 the length of the city was 150 stadia, and Herodotus (v. 53) gives just this number of stadia as a day's journey. Hence Jonah would not have commenced his preaching till he had reached the opposite end of the city. This line of argument, the intention of which is to prove the absurdity of the narrative, is based upon the perfectly arbitrary assumption that Jonah went through the entire length of the city in a straight line, which is neither probable in itself, nor implied in בּוא בעיר. This simply means to enter, or go into the city, and says nothing about the direction of the course he took within the city. But in a city, the diameter of which was 150 stadia, and the circumference 480 stadia, one might easily walk for a whole day without reaching the other end, by winding about from one street into another. And Jonah would have to do this to find a suitable place for his preaching, since we are not warranted in assuming that it lay exactly in the geographical centre, or at the end of the street which led from the gate into the city. But if Jonah wandered about in different directions, as Theodoret says, "not going straight through the city, but strolling through market-places, streets, etc.," the distance of a day's journey over which he travelled must not be understood as relating to the diameter or length of the city; so that the objection to the general opinion, that the three days' journey given as the size of the city refers to the circumference, entirely falls to the ground. Moreover, Hitzig has quite overlooked the word ויּחל in his argument. The text does not affirm that Jonah went a day's journey into the city, but that he "began to go into the city a day's journey, and cried out." These words do not affirm that he did not begin to preach till after he had gone a whole day's journey, but simply that he had commenced his day's journey in the city when he found a suitable place and a fitting opportunity for his proclamation. They leave the distance that he had really gone, when he began his preaching, quite indefinite; and by no means necessitate the assumption that he only began to preach in the evening, after his day's journey was ended. All that they distinctly affirm is, that he did not preach directly he entered the city, but only after he had commenced a day's journey, that is to say, had gone some distance into the city. And this is in perfect harmony with all that we know about the size of Nineveh at that time. The circumference of the great city Nineveh, or the length of the boundaries of the city of Nineveh in the broadest sense, was, as Niebuhr says (p. 277), "nearly ninety English miles, not reckoning the smaller windings of the boundary; and this would be just three days' travelling for a good walker on a long journey." "Jonah," he continues, "begins to go a day's journey into the city, then preaches, and the preaching reaches the ears of the king (cf. Jon 3:6). He therefore came very near to the citadel as he went along on his first day's journey. At that time the citadel was probably in Nimrud (Calah). Jonah, who would hardly have travelled through the desert, went by what is now the ordinary caravan road past Amida, and therefore entered the city at Nineveh. And it was on the road from Nineveh to Calah, not far off the city, possibly in the city itself, that he preached. Now the distance between Calah and Nineveh (not reckoning either city), measured in a straight line upon the map, is 18 1/2 English miles." If, then, we add to this, (1) that the road from Nineveh to Calah or Nimrud hardly ran in a perfectly straight line, and therefore would be really longer than the exact distance between the two parts of the city according to the map, and (2) that Jonah had first of all to go through Nineveh, and possibly into Calah, he may very well have walked twenty English miles, or a short day's journey, before he preached. The main point of his preaching is all that is given, viz., the threat that Nineveh would be destroyed, which was the point of chief importance, so far as the object of the book was concerned, and which Jonah of course explained by denouncing the sins and vices of the city. The threat ran thus: "Yet forty days, and Nineveh will be destroyed." נהפּך, lit., overturned, i.e., destroyed from the very foundations, is the word applied to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. The respite granted is fixed at forty days, according to the number which, even as early as the flood, was taken as the measure for determining the delaying of visitations of God.
(Note: The lxx, however, τρεῖς ἡμέρας, probably from a peculiar and arbitrary combination, and not merely from an early error of the pen. The other Greek translators (Aquil., Symm., and Theodot.) had, according to Theodoret, the number forty; and so also had the Syriac.)
The Ninevites believed in God, since they hearkened to the preaching of the prophet sent to them by God, and humbled themselves before God with repentance. They proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth (penitential garments: see at Joe 1:13-14; Kg1 21:27, etc.), "from their great one even to their small one," i.e., both old and young, all without exception. Even the king, when the matter (had-dâbhâr) came to his knowledge, i.e., when he was informed of Jonah's coming, and of his threatening prediction, descended from his throne, laid aside his royal robe ('addereth, see at Jos 7:21), wrapt himself in a sackcloth, and sat down in ashes, as a sign of the deepest mourning (compare Job 2:8), and by a royal edict appointed a general fast for man and beast. ויּזעק, he caused to be proclaimed. ויּאמר, and said, viz., through his heralds. מפּעם הם, ex decreto, by command of the king and his great men, i.e., his ministers (פעם = פעם, Dan 3:10, Dan 3:29, a technical term for the edicts of the Assyrian and Babylonian kings). "Man and beast (viz., oxen and sheep) are to taste nothing; they are not to pasture (the cattle are not to be driven to the pasture), and are to drink no water." אל, for which we should expect לא, may be explained from the fact that the command is communicated directly. Moreover, man and beast are to be covered with mourning clothes, and cry to God bechozqâh, i.e., strongly, mightily, and to turn every one from his evil ways: so "will God perhaps (מי יודע) turn and repent (yâshūbh venicham, as in Joe 2:14), and desist from the fierceness of His anger (cf. Exo 32:12), that we perish not." This verse (Jon 3:9) also belongs to the king's edict. The powerful impression made upon the Ninevites by Jonah's preaching, so that the whole city repented in sackcloth and ashes, is quite intelligible, if we simply bear in mind the great susceptibility of Oriental races to emotion, the awe of one Supreme Being which is peculiar to all the heathen religions of Asia, and the great esteem in which soothsaying and oracles were held in Assyria from the very earliest times (vid., Cicero, de divinat. i. 1); and if we also take into calculation the circumstance that the appearance of a foreigner, who, without any conceivable personal interest, and with the most fearless boldness, disclosed to the great royal city its godless ways, and announced its destruction within a very short period with the confidence so characteristic of the God-sent prophets, could not fail to make a powerful impression upon the minds of the people, which would be all the stronger if the report of the miraculous working of the prophets of Israel had penetrated to Nineveh. There is just as little to surprise us in the circumstance that the signs of mourning among the Ninevites resemble in most respects the forms of penitential mourning current among the Israelites, since these outward signs of mourning are for the most part the common human expressions of deep sorrow of heart, and are found in the same or similar forms among all the nations of antiquity (see the numerous proofs of this which are collected in Winer's Real-wrterbuch, art. Trauer; and in Herzog's Cyclopaedia). Ezekiel (Eze 26:16) depicts the mourning of the Tyrian princes over the ruin of their capital in just the same manner in which that of the king of Nineveh is described here in Jon 3:6, except that, instead of sackcloth, he mentions trembling as that with which they wrap themselves round. The garment of haircloth (saq) worn as mourning costume reaches as far back as the patriarchal age (cf. Gen 37:34; Job 16:15). Even the one feature which is peculiar to the mourning of Nineveh - namely, that the cattle also have to take part in the mourning - is attested by Herodotus (9:24) as an Asiatic custom.
(Note: Herodotus relates that the Persians, when mourning for their general, Masistios, who had fallen in the battle at Platea, shaved off the hair from their horses, and adds, "Thus did the barbarians, in their way, mourn for the deceased Masistios." Plutarch relates the same thing (Aristid. 14 fin. Compare Brissonius, de regno Pers. princip. ii. p. 206; and Periz. ad Aeliani Var. hist. vii. 8). The objection made to this by Hitzig - namely, that the mourning of the cattle in our book is not analogous to the case recorded by Herodotus, because the former was an expression of repentance - has no force whatever, for the simple reason that in all nations the outward signs of penitential mourning are the same as those of mourning for the dead.)
This custom originated in the idea that there is a biotic rapport between man and the larger domestic animals, such as oxen, sheep, and goats, which are his living property. It is only to these animals that there is any reference here, and not to "horses, asses, and camels, which were decorated at other times with costly coverings," as Marck, Rosenmller, and others erroneously assume. Moreover, this was not done "with the intention of impelling the men to shed hotter tears through the lowing and groaning of the cattle" (Theodoret); or "to set before them as in a mirror, through the sufferings of the innocent brutes, their own great guilt" (Chald.); but it was a manifestation of the thought, that just as the animals which live with man are drawn into fellowship with his sin, so their sufferings might also help to appease the wrath of God. And although this thought might not be free from superstition, there lay at the foundation of it this deep truth, that the irrational creature is made subject to vanity on account of man's sins, and sighs along with man for liberation from the bondage of corruption (Rom 8:19.). We cannot therefore take the words "cry mightily unto God" as referring only to the men, as many commentators have done, in opposition to the context; but must regard "man and beast" as the subject of this clause also, since the thought that even the beasts cry to or call upon God in distress has its scriptural warrant in Joe 1:20.
But however deep the penitential mourning of Nineveh might be, and however sincere the repentance of the people, when they acted according to the king's command; the repentance was not a lasting one, or permanent in its effects. Nor did it evince a thorough conversion to God, but was merely a powerful incitement to conversion, a waking up out of the careless security of their life of sin, an endeavour to forsake their evil ways which did not last very long. The statement in Jon 3:10, that "God saw their doing, that they turned from their evil ways; and He repented of the evil that He had said that He would do to them, and did it not" (cf. Exo 32:14), can be reconciled with this without difficulty. The repentance of the Ninevites, even if it did not last, showed, at any rate, a susceptibility on the part of the heathen for the word of God, and their willingness to turn and forsake their evil and ungodly ways; so that God, according to His compassion, could extend His grace to them in consequence. God always acts in this way. He not only forgives the converted man, who lays aside his sin, and walks in newness of life; but He has mercy also upon the penitent who confesses and mourns over his sin, and is willing to amend. The Lord also directed Jonah to preach repentance to Nineveh; not that this capital of the heathen world might be converted at once to faith in the living God, and its inhabitants be received into the covenant of grace which He had made with Israel, but simply to give His people Israel a practical proof that He was the God of the heathen also, and could prepare for Himself even among them a people of His possession. Moreover, the readiness, with which the Ninevites hearkened to the word of God that was proclaimed to them and repented, showed that with all the depth to which they were sunken in idolatry and vice they were at that time not yet ripe for the judgment of extermination. The punishment was therefore deferred by the long-suffering of God, until this great heathen city, in its further development into a God-opposing imperial power, seeking to subjugate all nations, and make itself the mistress of the earth, had filled up the measure of its sins, and had become ripe for that destruction which the prophet Nahum predicted, and the Median king Cyaxares inflicted upon it in alliance with Nabopolassar of Babylonia. | <urn:uuid:c3352322-eece-436e-a62d-3593b7c821a7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/kad/jon003.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977549 | 3,561 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Negotiation > Negotiation Tactics
In negotiation, there are many tactics that you may meet or use. They can be fair,
foul or something in between, depending on the
collaborative style of
the people involved and the seriousness of the outcomes.
All I've Got: Limit apparent availability.
- Auction: Set sellers or buyers against one
- Bad Publicity: Indicate bad publicity of not agreeing.
Labeling: Saying what you will do.
- Better Offer: indicate a better offer from the competition.
- Better Than That: Just say 'You'll have
to do better than that...'.
- Biased Choice: Offering choices that
already include your biases.
- Big Fish: Show you're the big fish and they
could get eaten.
- Blackmail: Threaten negative consequences.
- Bluff: Assert things that are not true.
- Breaking it Off: Walking away from the
Bribery: Do that and I'll give you this.
- Brooklyn Optician: price or negotiate
- Call Girl: Ask to be paid up front.
- Cards on the Table: State your case,
clearly and completely.
- Challenge Cause: Ask why, reframe
- Change the Negotiator: New person can reset the rules.
- Changing Standards: Change the
benchmarks of good and bad.
- Check the Facts: Bring up new information
you have found.
- Control the Agenda: And hence what is
- Credentials: Show how clever you are.
- Deadlines: Push them up against the wall of
- Delays: Buying time and building tension.
- Disruption: Break up their thinking and
- Divide and Conquer: Get them arguing with
- Doomsday: paint an overly black picture.
- Double Agent: Get one of their people on
- Dry Well: Show you've nothing left to exchange.
- Empty Pockets: Say you can't afford it,
don't have it, etc.
- Empty Promises: Make promises that you
know you will not keep.
- Escalating Demand: the more you get
the more you require.
Expanding the Pie: Ensuring there's more for
- Fair Criteria: Set decisions criteria such
that is is perceived as fair.
- False Deadline: Time limitation on their
- Faking: Letting them believe something about you
that is not true.
- Fame: Appeal to their need for esteem from others.
- Flattery: Make them look good and then ask for
a Coin: Suggest random chance.
Control: Control what and when they eat and drink.
- Forced Choice: Subtly nudging them toward
- Funny Money: Financial games, percentages,
- Fragmentation: Breaking big things into
lots of little things.
Go For A Walk: Take time out to change.
- Good Guy/Bad Guy: Hurt and rescue by
- Highball: Sellers--start high and you can always go
- Hire an Expert: Get an expert negotiator or
subject expert on your team.
- Incremental Conversion: Persuade
one person at a time. Then use them as allies.
- Interim Trade: Make an exchange during
negotiation that will not get into the final contract.
Invoke Rules: Bring up standards they should
Alright on the Night: Promise future success.
- Lawyer: Use survey results, facts, logic, leading question.
- Leaking: Let them find out 'secret' information.
- Linking: Connect benefit and cost, strong and
Log-rolling: Concede on low-priority items.
- Lowball: Buyers--start low and you can always go
- Make a Mountain out of a Molehill:
Amplify small things.
Misleading Information: Lead them up the wrong path.
- New Issue: Introduce a new key issue during
- New player: Another person who wants what you
have appears on the scene.
- Nibbling: constant adding of small requirements.
- No Authority: refuse to agree because you
are not allowed to.
- Non-negotiable: Things that cannot be
Not Happy: Say you're not happy.
Odd One Out: Show they're they only one who wants
Off the Record: Make things informal.
- Overwhelm: Cover them in requests or
- Padding: Make unimportant things 'essential'
then concede them.
- Phasing: Offer to phase in/out the unpleasant
- Plant: A 'neutral' person who is really working
Play Dumb: Act stupid to avoid clever stuff.
Using Policy: Is it your policy to...
Negotiable: So focus on other things.
- Quivering Quill: ask for concession just before signing.
- Red Herring: leave a false trail.
- Russian Front: Two alternatives, one
- Reducing Choice: Offering a limited set
Rollercoastering: Taking them on an up and down ride.
- See You in Court: Threatening to go to a
higher or public forum.
- Shotgun: Refusal to continue until a concession
Side Payments: Add a cash balance.
- Slicing: Break one deal down into multiple
- Split the Difference: Offer to agree on
a half-way position.
Facilitation: Get a third party involved.
a Break: Step out, change the flow.
- Take It or Leave It: Give only one option.
- Trial Balloon: Suggest a final solution
and see if they bite.
Understanding, Not Agreement: Say you understand but don't agree.
- Undiscussable: Things that cannot even be discussed.
- War: Threaten extreme action.
- What If: Introduce possibility.
- Widows and Orphans: show the effect on the weak and innocent.
- Wince: Repeat price loudly, then silence.
The Zone Defense: Individuals each have areas of
Resistance to change, Defensive body | <urn:uuid:48bbaa0c-d532-4ce7-9fe2-ad819f5e5268> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://changingminds.org/disciplines/negotiation/tactics/tactics.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.824525 | 1,285 | 2.78125 | 3 |
There are four main constituents of the living environment that form the freshwater ecosystem, they are as follows.
- Elements and Compounds of the ecosystem that are absorbed by organisms that are required as a food source or for respiration. Many of these compounds are required by plants and passed along the food chain.
- Plants which are autotrophic by nature, meaning that they synthesize food by harnessing energy from inorganic compounds (plants do so by photosynthesis and the sun); this is done via photosynthesis. These plants (and some bacteria) are the primary producers, as they produce (and introduce) new energy into the ecosystem.
- Consumers, which are the organisms that feed on other organisms as a source of food. These may be primary consumers who feed from the plant material or secondary consumers who feed on the primary consumers.
- Decomposers attain their energy by breaking down dead organic material (detritus), and during this reaction, release critical elements and compounds which in turn are required by plants.
This simple classification of life in the ecosystem indicates a simplified relationship where each pass on energy in the food chain allowing one another to survive.
An ecological pyramid indicates energy passing along from autotrophic organisms to carnivores at the top of the chain. Those at the bottom of the food chain are usually the smallest in size but not always, and are almost inevitably the largest in number. Those who feed off these primary producers are less in number, usually because they are larger and require more than one portion of prey per meal as a means of fulfilling nutritional requirements for a larger organism. This situation continues to the top of the chain, where few secondary consumers are eaten by an even smaller amount of tertiary consumers.
This is typical of a food chain in a freshwater community. Sometimes the pyramid diagram of a food chain can be inversed, usually in the case of parasites and hyper-parasites, where many smaller organisms rely on much larger organisms as a means of food and survival.
The next page continues looking at the relationship between organisms and how energy is passed on in the food chains, and looks at ecological pyramids. | <urn:uuid:bea65d24-f0c8-492b-a6d0-78f3c037c37c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.biology-online.org/6/1_producers_consumers.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960505 | 437 | 3.828125 | 4 |
The Nail in the Fence: A Story about the Scars Left by Words Said in Anger
This story, most recently posted on Sue Atkins’ (The Parenting Expert) website, reminds me of an activity I recently posted that teaches kids about the impact of bullying words. The basic message of “The Nail in the Fence” is the same: words can wound, so use them with care.
If you are living or working with kids and teaching important lessons about anger management, this is a great read:
The Nail in the Fence
There once was a little boy who had a bad temper. His Father gave him a bag of nails and told him that every time he lost his temper, he must hammer a nail into the back of the fence. The first day the boy had driven 37 nails into the fence.
Over the next few weeks, as he learned to control his anger, the number of nails hammered daily gradually dwindled down. He discovered it was easier to hold his temper than to drive those nails into the fence.
Finally the day came when the boy didn’t lose his temper at all. He told his father about it and the father suggested that the boy now pull out one nail for each day that he was able to hold his temper. The days passed and the young boy was finally able to tell his father that all the nails were gone.
The father took his son by the hand and led him to the fence He said, “You have done well, my son, but look at the holes in the fence. The fence will never be the same. When you say things in anger, they leave a scar just like this one.” | <urn:uuid:28bb449b-a491-4c45-83dc-27a63d7938ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://signewhitson.com/2011/11/the-nail-in-the-fence-a-story-about-the-scars-left-by-words-said-in-anger/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.99097 | 351 | 3.171875 | 3 |
NASA's Mars rover Opportunity will back its way out of a crater it has spent four months exploring after reaching terrain that appears too treacherous to tread.
Sitting at an incline inside "Endurance Crater" in Meridiani Planum, Opportunity has apparently reached in impasse. To the rover's right, slopes are too steep to pass, while on the left the terrain appears to contain sandy patches where Opportunity could bog down.
A move in either direction could prove mission-ending for a rover that has performed well-beyond its nominal six-month mission. With other science targets still remaining outside of "Endurance," flight controllers have decided to leave the crater after looking - but not touching - an area dubbed "Burns Cliffs," a 33-foot (10-meter) high scarp that has tantalized researchers since Opportunity first entered the crater on June 8.
"We wanted to get a little closer than we are but this is what we can get safely," said Joy Crisp, project scientist for the rover mission at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), in a telephone interview. "Really what we want to see is the structure and textures of the layers in the cliff."
The rover is still 50 feet (15 meters) from the a region at the base of the cliff where two layers of rock meet at different angles. Opportunity will use its mast-mounted panoramic camera and miniature thermal emission spectrometer (Mini-TES) - both remote sensing instruments - to collect information researchers hope will show whether the Burns Cliff's layers were formed by water or deposited by wind.
"But after we're done here, it'll be time to turn around," said Steve Squyres, principal investigator for the rover mission at Cornell University, in a statement. "Going any farther could cut off our line of retreat from the crater, and that's not something anybody on the team wants to do."
Other attractive sites await Opportunity outside the stadium-sized "Endurance Crater." They include the heat shield that protected the rover when it slammed into the Martian atmosphere during landing and "Victoria Crater," a depression six times larger than Endurance sitting three miles (5 kilometers) south of Opportunity's current position.
Rover engineers have also completed troubleshooting efforts with Opportunity's robotic twin Spirit, which is currently exploring the Columbia Hills on the other side of Mars.
The rover has been intermittently sending out signals indicating the brakes on two of its wheels were functioning properly. But after a series of tests and analysis, engineers have determined that the rover sensor charged with checking Spirit's brake release is most likely sending out a false indication. In the future, rover drivers will disregard the alert and presume Spirit's brakes are releasing as expected.
Some Mars researchers hope the rover may even summit one of the Columbia Hills.
"I would like to get to the top and get to look down," said Jim Erickson, rover project manager at JPL, in a telephone interview. "I don't know what we're going to see."
- Mars Exploration Rovers: Complete Coverage | <urn:uuid:835812b5-245d-4001-803a-f3116cda5b48> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.space.com/499-opportunity-rover-pack-leave-crater.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954721 | 630 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Richard Dawkins (Photo by Shane Pope)
Richard Dawkins did a video. In the video he says “ ”Something Pretty Mysterious MUST have given rise to the origin of the universe.”
But it cannot. And it seems like Richard Dawkins is admitting that.
Evolution as a model for the origin of life does not work, from a purely biological scientific basis. Scientific models for the origination of the universe without a Creator God also do not work as they rely on unproven assumptions and/or violate currently understood scientific laws of physics and/or chemistry.
As a scientist, I have long known that proponents of evolution treat the subject more like a religious view than a scientific theory. It is in the Bible that we are told that when God made the universe and the life on this planet (Genesis 1). The idea of an ‘intelligent design’ by a Spirit being is the only explanation that does not defy scientifically provable knowledge–for all other explanations result in violations of known science.
By the way, God apparently expects humans to realize that He exists through various aspects of His creation. Notice:
20 For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead, so that they are without excuse (Romans 1:20).
Evolution has led to the intentional ignorance of appropriate scientific methods. It became a religion for many in the 19th century, and remains one for many today.
Some items of possibly related interest may include the following:
Is God’s Existence Logical? Some say it is not logical to believe in God. Is that true?
Is Evolution Probable or Impossible or Is God’s Existence Logical? Part II This short article clearly answers what ‘pseudo-scientists’ refuse to acknowledge. Here is a link to a YouTube video titled Quickly Disprove Evolution as the Origin of Life.
How Old is the Earth and How Long Were the Days of Creation? Does the Bible allow for the creation of the universe and earth billions of years ago? Why do some believe they are no older than 6,000 years old? What is the gap theory? Where the days of creation in Genesis 1:3 through 2:3 24 hours long?
Where Did God Come From? Any ideas? And how has God been able to exist? Who is God?
How is God Omnipotent, Omnipresent, and Omniscient? Here is a biblical article which answers what many really wonder about it.
Has time been lost? It Saturday the seventh day of the week?
Why Were You Born? Why did God make you? Herbert W. Armstrong wrote this as a booklet on this important subject. You may also wish to read the article What is Your Destiny? or watch the video, also titled What is Your Destiny?
What is the Meaning of Life? Who does God say is happy? What is your ultimate destiny? Do you really know? Does God actually have a plan for YOU personally? There is also a video titled What is the meaning of your life? | <urn:uuid:616c87e0-8e7e-4030-87c9-3a8e2b21f0ef> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cogwriter.com/news/doctrine/richard-dawkins-refers-to-mysterious-origin-of-the-universe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00041-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953674 | 648 | 2.65625 | 3 |
"Can the real Constitution be restored? Probably not. Too many Americans depend on government money under programs the Constitution doesn't authorize, and money talks with an eloquence Shakespeare could only envy. Ignorant people don't understand The Federalist Papers, but they understand government checks with their names on them." ~ Joseph Sobran
Thoughts on Piracy
Exclusive to STR
'Prior to the development of international law among European nations, there was no legal recourse for minor grievances. Privateering was a form of covert operation used to resolve these matters without open warfare. The government of a country provided a letter of marque and reprisal to a shipowner that allowed him to arm his ship and attack other ships sailing under a particular flag. In return he received a share of the seized cargo, while the rest went to the government as payment for the grievance.
To the target country, a privateer looked very much like a pirate, and indeed this was the intention. The only difference was that pirates were considered outlaws by all nations, while privateers had immunity from the country that commissioned them, and were considered as prisoners of war if caught by other countries. Privateers were sometimes known as 'gentleman pirates'.
This is perhaps one way to keep the Western powers, who after all are the only ones routinely interfering in Somali affairs, at bay. That is to set privately owned armed ships against their ships when they enter the traditional territorial waters around Somalia .
European powers renounced privateering' the article cited goes on to say, 'in the 1856 Declaration of Paris . Other countries (including the United States ) also renounced it under the Hague Conventions (1899/1907).'
Which is of course claptrap, as we all know. Many, many are the examples of the CIA and other state-run intelligence agencies using mercenaries, private parties and other cats-paws to do their bidding upon the chessboard of international affairs, eh?
Once again we see here the peculiar mindset of statist thinking. The aggressive action that is undertaken by a state, (border guards, naval patrols, customs inspectors, immigration police, tax collectors, etc.) is considered useful, necessary, and proper by people who accept statism as normal and proper. And yet if private parties undertake the exact same behavior, statists then believe it illegal. Or at least suspect. Why is that, anyhow? Armed men using or threatening to use force to accomplish their will are somehow moral and legitimate when sanctioned by a state? Why is that? Who sanctions the state then?
In the end, seagoing public safety is the same as on land. If you want maximum liberty to conduct your affairs, you provide what you need or want for yourself. Setting up a state that then creates a navy and/or other armed forces gives one little better actual safety or security. Just a more regularized form of theft is all that the state-sanctioned form provides. Pay the 'pirates' shakedown money, arm your vessels and crews, or pay the state's tax collectors their claimed share of your funds and cargo whilst under the menacing gaze of their deck guns. No perfect choices here obviously, but at least with the first two, you know full well what you are in for. The third state-approved option is simply a cleaned up parody of the first two. And of liberty and order as well.
The burglar or hold-up man who is obviously using force to steal from you is different from the taxman with a crew of ski mask-wearing and machine gun-toting police exactly how? Answer: No different. The only difference is in perception. The state-sanctioned robbery has the law (meaning the state), behind it for its ultimate justification and nothing more. Theft is theft after all.
So when I see a headline like 'Somali Pirates 'Demand $1M for Ship'', and then another like US 'Seizes al-Qaeda Drugs Ship' or 'Palestinian Ship That Ferried Arms Seized by Israel', or this blast from the past from 2003, 'US Navy Seizes Smuggled Iraqi Oil', it occurs to me that what is seized by a state for being illegal contraband or by pirates using robbery is only a matter of perception. The underlying objective reality of what occurred, that is to say armed ships interfering with commerce, is fundamentally no different except in how one views it.
If a private party wants to ship arms to Israel and Palestinians seized it, that would be piracy most would say. But not the reverse however. That is seagoing law enforcement, which to my mind is utter nonsense. I doubt that even the ghost of Hugo de Groot (1583-1645) (more commonly known to history as Grotius), the grandfather of modern international law of the sea theory could show me what the difference is other than statist memed semantic word-games. Or the modern UN-instigated Ocean and Law of the Sea Treaty too, for that matter. The UN's and the nations of this world's collective take on piracy versus 'law enforcement' comes down to this: If a state robs you, it's cool. If 'private' (that is to say non-state) actors do the exact same thing, well that is piracy, and so is not cool.
If I buy a cargo of cigarettes and sail to another place to sell them and a rival band of cigarette sellers attacks me or threaten to while on the high seas unless I pay them money or a portion of my smokes, this is merely internecine criminal activity, say the statists. However, if a navy, customs officers, police, or others in the pay of a state and acting under its sanction do the exact same thing, only calling it 'tax collection,' how is it any different in practice?
And to beat a dead horse still further, who pulls the state's strings here? The rival cigarette smugglers' operatives are in the pay of my business competitors. If instead of taking action directly my competitors bribe or otherwise influence the rulers of a state to build a navy or create a border police or a tariff collection apparatus in order to squelch their competitors, this now is the 'rule of law'? I think not. To paraphrase von Clauswitz, it is really commercial 'warfare by other means.'
And so let me end with this summary of my conclusions. I stipulate that there are no perfect answers here and there never have been. However, alternatives and solutions exist and always have. Commerce is better when it is unrestrained by states or by private parties using force. If someone has a product to sell and there is someone else who wishes to buy it, who then are the navies of this world to interfere? What is their right to do so? They have none, say I. Navies are merely pirates by another name and with different flags than the Jolly Roger. | <urn:uuid:07ee614c-b9fa-40d8-9bb4-1977f44898e0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://strike-the-root.com/61/massoud/massoud2.html?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957769 | 1,422 | 2.640625 | 3 |
BY SISTER HILDEGARD RYAN OSB
It is the time of the Passover. People are coming to Jerusalem for the Passover. The most important word is "hour".
This is the culmination of His mission on earth. His "hour" has come. At the wedding feast in Cana, He told His Mother that His HOUR had not yet come.
The "hour" has now come for the Son of Man to be glorified. We need also to note that while this "hour" is the culmination of His mission, it is also the condemnation of "this world" and its ruler. Jesus will conquer sin and death. His "hour" has come.
And then there is the much quoted "grain of wheat" text. Do we know what it means? The same image is used in 1 Corinthians 15:37 and speaks of the Resurrection. For believers, the message is that the plant which emerges has a body different from the seed that was buried.
I am called to respond to the word "hour", firstly because it refers to the culmination of Christ's mission on earth, secondly because it refers to the definite conquering of sin and death, and thirdly because it is linked directly to the words which John's gospel puts on Christ's lips on the Cross: IT IS ACCOMPLISHED.
Lectio - The hour has come | <urn:uuid:7c00a8c8-dfcc-4f24-8a00-c21eee5575a4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://cathnews.com/archives/the-faith-project-archive/1551-the-hour-has-come | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96637 | 285 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A North American plant with dark green round or heart-shaped leaves and slender stems of tiny flowers.
- Genus Heuchera, family Saxifragaceae: many species, including the white-flowered alpine heuchera (H. glabra) of the Pacific Northwest. See also alumroot, coral bells.
- Ferns, hostas, camellias, pieris, heucheras and many others can provide foliage interest, while flowering interest can come from fuchsias, lilies and impatiens.
- Even though they have small flowers, hummingbirds like heucheras.
- In the bed above, deep pink primroses play off the purple-leafed heuchera, pale yellow daffodils, and pink azaleas.
Modern Latin, named after Johann H. von Heucher (1677–1747), German botanist.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of heuchera in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:0a1f1de3-3a79-49e1-897c-0c0ca893cffa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/heuchera | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.815764 | 238 | 3.171875 | 3 |
November 16, 2004
Ground-Level Ozone Linked to Increased Mortality
Study Examined Ozone Levels in 95 U.S. Cities
Changes in ground-level ozone were significantly associated with an increase in deaths in many U.S. cities, according to a nationwide study conducted by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. The risk of death was similar for adults of all ages and slightly higher for people with respiratory or cardiovascular problems. The increase in deaths occurred at ozone levels below the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) clean air standards. The study appears in the November 17, 2004, edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA.)
Ground-level ozone is a pollutant in the Earth's lower atmosphere that is formed when emissions from cars, power plants and other sources react chemically to sunlight. Stratospheric ozone, which is higher in the atmosphere, is the “ozone layer” that protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation.
“This is one of the largest ozone pollution studies ever conducted,” said lead author Michelle Bell, PhD, who was previously with the Bloomberg School of Public Health and is now an assistant professor at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.
The ozone study was part of the ongoing National Morbidity Mortality and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) at the Bloomberg School of Public Health, which routinely assesses health effects of air pollution on a national scale. To determine the association between ozone and mortality, the researchers looked at the total number of non-injury-related deaths and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in the 95 largest U.S. communities from 1987 to 2000. Air pollution data were supplied by the EPA. Mortality data were supplied by the National Center of Health Statistics. The researchers accounted for variables such as weather, particulate matter pollution and seasonality, which could impact mortality rates.
The researchers found that an increase of 10 parts per billion (ppb) in weekly ozone levels was associated with a 0.52 percent daily increase in deaths the following week. The rate of daily cardiovascular and respiratory deaths increased 0.64 percent with each 10 ppb increase of weekly ozone. The average daily ozone level for the cities surveyed was 26 ppb. The EPA’s maximum for ground-level ozone over an 8-hour period is 80 ppb. The researchers calculated that a 10 ppb reduction in daily ozone, which is roughly 35 percent of the average daily ozone level, could save nearly 4,000 lives throughout the 95 urban communities included in the study.
“Our study shows that ground-level ozone is a national problem, which is not limited to a small number of cities or one region. Everyone needs to be aware of the potential health risks of ozone pollution,” said Francesca Dominici, PhD, senior author of the study and associate professor in the Department of Biostatistics at the Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The data and statistical models used to complete the study are available on the Health and Air Pollution Surveillance System website at www.ihapss.jhsph.edu. The site is maintained by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and sponsored by the Health Effects Institute.
“Ozone and Short-Term Mortality in 95 U.S. Urban Communities, 1987-2000” was written by Michelle L. Bell, PhD; Aidan McDermott, PhD; Scott L. Zeger, PhD; Jonathan M. Samet, MD; and Francesca Dominici, PhD.
Funding was provided by grants from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Institutes for Environmental Health Sciences, NIEHS Center for Urban Environmental Health and the Health Effects Institute.Public Affairs media contacts for the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Tim Parsons or Kenna Lowe at 410-955-6878 or email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:54a460de-98b6-469b-b65d-de919d5607d0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jhsph.edu/news/news-releases/2004/dominici-ozone.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945717 | 810 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Today, an engineer is a century ahead of his time.
The University of Houston's College of Engineering
presents this series about the machines that make
our civilization run, and the people whose
ingenuity created them.
A hint of graininess warns
that this photo is a century old. The setting is a
spacious field with mansions in the background.
It's an upscale neighborhood in Cleveland, Ohio --
But the foreground! It looks like science fiction.
Sitting on a concrete pad is a giant windmill. The
40-ton tower that holds it is 60 feet tall. The
great wheel has 140 blades.
What can this be? Well, it's a domestic electric
generator. It's what many Americans only think
about making today, as fuel becomes more precious.
The builder was Charles Brush. Years before, he'd
given the valedictory address at Cleveland High
School. He spoke on "The Conservation of Force." In
that talk, he traced the sun's energy through plant
life, coal and oil, steam, power, and light. After
that, he'd gone on to study engineering.
By 1880 he'd become wealthy by creating an arc
lighting system for Cleveland. That was the very
modern form of electric lighting before Edison.
In the early 1880s Brush went back to the cycle of
energy from the sun. How do you best capture the
sun's energy and hold it? His answer was to take
energy from the wind and store it in electric
batteries. So he began work on this great windmill.
The huge slow-moving blades drove a 50-to-1 gear
train. It turned an electric dynamo. The dynamo, in
turn, fed 400 battery cells. They powered 350
incandescent lamps in Brush's mansion. They also
supplied various arc lights and electric motors.
It was hardly a system that John Q. Citizen would
go out to buy for his home. It didn't just take
more money than most of us see in a lifetime. It
also took Brush's enormous expertise to build and
But run it did. For 20 years it supplied power
flawlessly. Of course, toward the end, the city of
Cleveland was selling cheap electricity. Brush used
more and more public power until, in 1908, he quit
using the windmill. After that it fell into
disrepair and finally into ruin.
But, for a time, Brush had created visionary
high-technology in his back yard. He'd set up a
capital cost vs. running cost equation that we're
still trying to solve.
Maybe, one day, we shall learn to make cheap
generators and storage batteries. Maybe we shall
refine propellers to take more power from the
breezes. Maybe we'll yet have windmills in our back
yards. Maybe, one day, Brush will look down from
that great empyrean powerhouse in the sky and
smile. For everything that is old shall be new
I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston,
where we're interested in the way inventive minds | <urn:uuid:09a90c88-8a89-408b-8b86-86b74fa9cc6c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.uh.edu/admin/engines/epi552.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961591 | 670 | 3.609375 | 4 |
“’Kase ef dey is, you k’n des put my name down wid de migrashun niggers.”
XI. THE EMIGRANTS
WHEN Uncle Remus went down to the passenger depot one morning recently, the first sight that caught his eye was an old negro man, a woman, and two children sitting in the shade near the door of the baggage-room. One of the children was very young, and the quartet was altogether ragged and forlorn-looking. The sympathies of Uncle Remus were immediately aroused. He approached the group by forced marches, and finally unburdened his curiosity.
“Whar is you m’anderin’ unter, pard?”
The old negro, who seemed to be rather suspicious, looked at Uncle Remus coolly, and appeared to be considering whether he should make any reply. Finally, however, he stretched himself and said:
“We er gwine down in de naberhoods er Tallypoosy, an we ain’t makin’ no fuss ’bout it, nudder.”
“I disremember,” said Uncle Remus, thoughtfully, “whar Tallypoosy is.”
“Oh, hit’s out yan,” replied the old man, motioning his head as if it was just beyond the iron gates of the depot. “Hit’s down in Alabam. When we git dar, maybe well go on twel we gits ter Massasip.”
“Is you got enny folks out dar?” inquired Uncle Remus.
“None dat I knows un.”
“An’ you er takin’ dis ‘oman an’ deze chillun out dar whar dey dunno nobody? Whar’s yo’ perwisions?” eying a chest with a rope around it.
“Dem’s our bedcloze,” the old negro explained, noticing the glance of Uncle Remus. “All de vittles what we got we e’t ‘fo’ we started.”
“An’ you speck ter retch dar safe an soun’? Whar’s yo’ ticket?”
“Ain’t got none. De man say ez how dey’d pass us thoo. I gin a man a fi’-dollar bill ‘fo’ I lef’ Jonesboro, an’ he sed dat settled it.”
“Lemme tell you dis,” said Uncle Remus, straightening up indignantly: “you go an’ rob somebody an’ git on de chain-gang, an’ let de ’oman scratch ‘roun’ yer an’ make ‘er livin’; but don’t you git on dem kyars—don’t you do it. Yo’ bes’ holt is de chain-gang. You kin make yo’ livin’ dar w’en you can’t make it no whars else. But don’t you git on dem kyars. Ef you do, you er gone nigger. Ef you ain’t got no money fer ter walk back wid, you better des b’il’ yo’ nes’ right here. I’m a-talkin’ wid de bark on. I done seed deze yer Arkinsaw emmygrants come lopin’ back, an’ some un ’em didn’t have rags nuff on ’em fer ter hide dere nakidness. You leave dat box right whar she is, an, let de ’oman take wun young un an you take de udder wun, an’ den you git in de middle er de big road an’ pull out fer de place whar you come fum. I’m preachin’ now.”
Those who watched say the quartet didn’t take the cars.
XII. AS A MURDERER
UNCLE Remus met a police officer recently.
“You ain’t hear talk er no dead nigger nowhar dis mawnin’, is you, boss?” asked the old man earnestly. | <urn:uuid:1beed56f-06d8-4c23-80e8-b897157b495e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/2306/82.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.783247 | 991 | 2.9375 | 3 |
1 Answer | Add Yours
The main theme of the novel is centered around Sal's loss and acceptance of her mother's death. The setting of her journey to be accept her mother's death is found in beautiful natural objects and places. Sal's understanding of her past is linked to the trees, fields, wildberries, and lakes. The great emotion that Sal and her grandparents experience is among the natural beauty of Lake Michigan, the Badlands, Old Faithful, and the mountains of Idaho and Montana, just to name a few. Sal and her family respect and appreciate nature, realizing what nature offers is a blessing that is priceless.
The title of the book refers to putting yourself in another's shoes in order to understand them, another theme seen in To Kill a Mockingbird. Sal is able to make sense of her own life only by walking in the shoes of her mother, her dad, Phoebe, and Ben.
Sal is even named after an Indian tribe and trees. She has much of her mother's "Indianness" in her appearance and in the ways she acts. Nature provides Sal with a source of comfort and strength throughout the book. She realizes her mother lives on through nature in the trees and birds.
The trees are especially important. They surround her mother's gravesite, and birds sing their beautiful songs in the trees. In the end, they help Sal accept her mother's death. There are three "singing" trees in the novel. The first one is in Kentucky, the second is in the tree outside the hospital in South Dakota, and the third is near her mother's grave in Idaho. They express Sal's powerful reactions to the natural world, but they also respond to her changing emotions. They symbolize the generosity of the natural world, responding to Sal's loss and grief. They may not always sing, but they are always beautiful and are a source of joy for Sal.
Blackberries provide Sal with another memory of her mother. They symbolize the bounty and generosity of nature and Sugar's (Sal's mother) desire to share her love of nature and its goodness with her family. Blackberries are the unexpected sweetness nature gives us, even when we are faced with tragedy and loss.
We’ve answered 327,877 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:3076a25c-5a3f-4913-b013-8373652439d4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/when-you-remember-five-messages-walk-two-moons-3957 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00056-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974307 | 474 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Some scholars say that philosophical problems should be annihilated or killed off once they’ve outlived their usefulness. But Brian Glenney, assistant professor of philosophy, believes they live past their usefulness for philosophy and can be resurrected by scientific experiments. In fact, Glenney’s recent article “Philosophical Problems, Cluster Concepts and the Many Lives of Molyneaux’s Question” explores this in the December online issue of the top-tier journal, Biology and Philosophy. The article will also appear in a later print edition. Here’s Glenney’s abstract:
“Molyneux’s question, whether the newly sighted might immediately recognize tactilely familiar shapes by sight alone, has produced an array of answers over three centuries of debate and discussion. I propose the first pluralist response: many different answers, both yes and no, are individually sufficient as an answer to the question as a whole. I argue that this is possible if we take the question to be cluster concept of sub-problems. This response opposes traditional answers that isolate specific perceptual features as uniquely applicable to Molyneux’s question and grant viability to only one reply. Answering Molyneux’s question as a cluster concept may also serve as a methodology for resolving other philosophical problems.”
To read the rest of the article, click here. | <urn:uuid:eefc66f5-0811-4106-be90-d175f0f3a832> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.gordon.edu/facultycentral/2012/12/11/where-do-philosophical-problems-go-when-they-die/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946109 | 287 | 2.546875 | 3 |
How did electricity enter everyday life in America? Using Muncie, Indiana—the Lynds' now iconic Middletown—as a touchstone, David Nye explores how electricity seeped into and redefined American culture. With an eye for telling details from archival sources and a broad understanding of cultural and social history, he creates a thought-provoking panorama of a technology fundamental to modern life.
Emphasizing the experiences of ordinary men and women rather than the lives of inventors and entrepreneurs, Nye treats electrification as a set of technical possibilities that were selectively adopted to create the streetcar suburb, the amusement park, the "Great White Way," the assembly line, the electrified home, and the industrialized farm. He shows how electricity touched every part of American life, how it became an extension of political ideologies, how it virtually created the image of the modern city, and how it even pervaded colloquial speech, confirming the values of high energy and speed that have become hallmarks of the twentieth century. He also pursues the social meaning of electrification as expressed in utopian ideas and exhibits at world's fairs, and explores the evocation of electrical landscapes in painting, literature, and photography. Electrifying America combines chronology and topicality to examine the major forms of light and power as they came into general use. It shows that in the city electrification promoted a more varied landscape and made possible new art forms and new consumption environments. In the factory, electricity permitted a complete redesign of the size and scale of operations, shifting power away from the shop floor to managers. Electrical appliances redefined domestic work and transformed the landscape of the home, while on the farm electricity laid the foundation for today's agribusiness.
About the Author
David E. Nye is Professor of American Studies at the Danish Institute of Advanced Study at the University of Southern Denmark. He is the author of Technology Matters: Questions to Live With and When the Lights Went Out: A History of Blackouts in America, both published by the MIT Press, and other books.
—Dwight W. hoover, Director, Center for Middletown Studies, Ball State University
—Rolan Marchand, Professor of History, University of California, Davis. Author of Advertising the American Dream
—Rosalind Williams, Associate Professor, Humanities Dept., MIT
—G. Terry Sharrer, Curator of Agriculture, Smithsonian Institution
—David W. Nobble, Professor of American Studies and History, University of Minnesota | <urn:uuid:e0c3001e-1228-4559-82dd-6eeb8f9a7295> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/electrifying-america | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00111-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908265 | 520 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The most famous Native American book ever written, Black Elk Speaks is the acclaimed story of Lakota visionary and healer Nicholas Black Elk (1863–1950) and his people during the momentous, twilight years of the nineteenth century. Black Elk grew up in a time when white settlers were invading the Lakotas’ homeland, decimating buffalo herds and threatening to extinguish their way of life. Black Elk and other Lakotas fought back, a dogged resistance that resulted in a remarkable victory at the Little Bighorn and an unspeakable tragedy at Wounded Knee.Beautifully told through the celebrated poet and writer John G. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks offers much more than a life story. Black Elk’s profound and arresting religious visions of the unity of humanity and the world around him have transformed his account into a venerated spiritual classic. Whether appreciated as a collaborative autobiography, a history of a Native American nation, or an enduring spiritual testament for all humankind, Black Elk Speaks is unforgettable.This special edition features all three prefaces to Black Elk Speaks that John G. Neihardt wrote at different points in his life, a map of Black Elk’s world, a reset text with Lakota words reproduced using the latest orthographic standards, and color paintings by Lakota artist Standing Bear that have not been widely available for decades.
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Rent Black Elk Speaks 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by John G. Neihardt. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Bison Books.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now. | <urn:uuid:452dc877-4989-4b97-b76a-2192ce599523> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/black-elk-speaks-1st-edition-9780803283596-0803283598 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942707 | 360 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Quick Reference for the Google Glass Touchpad
Part of the Google Glass For Dummies Cheat Sheet
Google Glass requires you to use the touchpad to move around various screens, and though you can get by with the basics, the touchpad also has more than a few "hidden" gestures you can use to gain access to features more quickly. Each gesture requires you to use only one finger unless noted otherwise.
Here are some of the basic gestures you need to know so you can activate Glass and manipulate objects onscreen:
Activate Glass. Tap the touchpad once.
Move forward in the timeline. Swipe forward.
Move backward in the timeline. Swipe backward.
Go back to the timeline screen. Swipe down until you see the current time and "ok glass".
View Google Now cards and settings. Swipe backward on the first page within the timeline screen.
Go back to the previous screen or close a card. Swipe down.
Turn display off in a screen displaying "ok glass". Swipe down.
If you want to play videos on Glass and manipulate video playback, here are some useful touchpad gestures:
Play video. Tap the touchpad once.
Pause video while the video is playing. Tap the touchpad once.
Rewind video. Tap and hold the touchpad, and then drag your finger backward.
Fast-forward video. Tap and hold the touchpad, and then drag your finger forward.
When you navigate a website on Glass, here are the gestures you need to know:
Scroll up the page. Swipe backward.
Scroll down the page. Swipe forward.
Look around the page. Tap and hold the touchpad with two fingers, and then move your head around.
Zoom in. Tap and hold the touchpad with two fingers, and then slide your fingers backward.
Zoom out. Tap and hold the touchpad with two fingers, and then slide your fingers forward.
Select a link or button. Tap the touchpad once.
Select text or an image onscreen. Double-tap the touchpad.
Return to the timeline screen or the card screen. Swipe down.
You can employ other gestures to make some features of Glass move faster:
Skip the progress bar when sharing content. Tap the touchpad when you see the Sharing progress bar onscreen.
Skip the progress bar when deleting content. Tap the touchpad when you see the Delete progress bar onscreen.
Cancel an action that contains a progress bar. Swipe down.
Extend a video recording. Double-tap the touchpad. | <urn:uuid:b6244930-1c0a-4d00-ac61-9863d52f07b7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/quick-reference-for-the-google-glass-touchpad.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.818396 | 538 | 2.75 | 3 |
Sgt. 1st Class Raymond Drumsta
27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team
SARATOGA SPRINGS – New York Soldiers fought, some died, and others learned to fight better, at the First Battle of Bull Run, the bloody opening slugfest that foreshadowed future Civil War slaughter.
Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, who earned his own nickname at the battle, dubbed the Union's 14th Regiment New York State Militia "red legged devils" during one of their repeated charges against his troops.
Although these reputations lived on after Bull Run, about 3,500 Americans were killed or wounded there, along with the illusion of a quick, painless war.
Opposite flanking movements planned by the antagonists could have made the engagement into a savage do-si-do, but ill-timing and other factors turned it into a back-and-forth fight that ended in the utter route of the Union Army.
Bull Run was an innocuous watercourse before Confederate forces, under the command of Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard, dug in along it in July 1861. Bearing down on the 20,000 Confederates defending an eight-mile line were 35,000 Federal troops led by Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell, who intended to defeat the rebels, take the railhead at Manassas and push on to the Confederate capital of Richmond, thus ending the war.
Beauregard planned to attack north and west toward Federal forces massed at Centerville, while McDowell planned a shallow flanking attack on the Confederate left as a feint to draw rebel attention from his main effort – a wide, swinging, flanking move north, west and south around the Confederate left.
Union forces stole a march on the rebels, starting off around 2:30 a.m. July 21 and kicking off their diversionary attack on the Stone Bridge about 3 1/2 hours later. However, a bad road slowed the Union's main effort to the north, letting the rebels detect the move around 8:30 a.m. – a full hour before the Union troops even crossed Bull Run.
Abandoning their own flanking maneuver, the Confederates hastily shifted troops north, to Matthew's Hill, to meet the threat on their left. While Union troops assaulted the hill around 10 a.m., other Union troops at the Stone Bridge stopped their feint, crossed Bull Run at another fording site and joined the attack, leaving a third of their force to guard the bridge.
Confederates fought hard and reinforced their position, but Union troops eventually drove them off Matthew's Hill southeast to Henry House Hill. Jackson arrived there to reinforce the disorganized rebels around noon, and though the tone of the remark has been disputed, one of Jackson's fellow generals pointed to him and shouted, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer," thus giving Jackson his nickname.
The battle then evolved into a short-range artillery duel and a series of attacks and counterattacks for artillery positions on Henry House Hill. The 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment reinforced Union artillery positions, retreated after clashing with Jackson's troops, fought off a Confederate cavalry attack and joined the 14th Regiment New York State Militia, also called the 14th Brooklyn, for another assault on the hill.
Like the 11th, the 14th was a Zouaves unit, and they impressed W. W. Blackford, an aide of Col. J. E. B. Stuart, Confederate cavalry commander.
"Col. Stuart and myself were riding at the head of the column as the grand panorama opened before us, and there right in front, about 70 yards distant, and in strong relief against the smoke beyond, stretched a brilliant line of scarlet – a regiment of New York Zouaves in column of fours, marching out of the Sudley road to attack the flank of our line of battle," Blackford recalled. "Dressed in scarlet caps and trousers, blue jackets with quantities of gold buttons, and white gaiters, with a fringe of bayonets swaying above them as they moved, their appearance was indeed magnificent."
Jackson also seemed impressed, as the 14th, charging up the hill several times with the 11th and the 69th Infantry New York State Volunteers, exploited Confederate weaknesses, capturing and recapturing the artillery positions again and again.
"Hold on boys! Here come those red legged devils again!" Jackson said at one point.
While the Confederates were apt at reinforcing their positions, Union leaders fed their forces into the fray piecemeal, diminishing their effectiveness. These forces included the 79th and 13th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiments, and the 38th New York Infantry Regiment. During the last of its three charges, 79th Soldiers mistook a rebel flag for a union banner and stopped firing.
"As we lowered our arms and were about to rally where the banner floated, we were met by a terrible raking fire, against which we could only stagger," one veteran recalled. The Confederates advanced in the late afternoon, attacked Federal positions on Chinn Ridge, causing Union troops to retreat then flee pell-mell away from Bull Run, through Centerville and back to Washington.
The 69th, 79th and 11th fought a rear-guard action during the retreat. During this fight, the 11th suffered its heaviest casualties of the battle. About 450 Union Soldiers died in the battle, compared to about 390 rebels. The Union sustained 1,100 wounded and 1,300 missing or captured, while the Confederacy suffered 1,500 wounded and 13 missing.
After the battle, some of the New York Soldiers mutinied over poor conditions, pay and leadership that August, and almost two dozen 79th Soldiers were sent to prison for their part in it.
Although New York tried to change its designation to the 84th New York Volunteer Infantry after the battle, 14th Regiment New York State Militia Soldiers, Brooklynites and McDowell successfully fought the change.
"You were mustered by me into the service of the United States as part of the militia of the state of New York known as the 14th," McDowell said. "You have been baptized by fire under that number and as such you shall be recognized by the United States government and by no other number."
"Baptized by Fire" became the regiment's motto.
More than 500,000 New Yorkers enlisted in the Army and Navy during the four years of the Civil War and 53,114 New Yorkers died. Throughout the period of the Civil War Sesquicentennial observance, the New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs will produce short articles about New York's Civil War experience researched by the New York State Military Museum in Saratoga Springs.
For more information, visit the New York State Military Museum Civil War Timeline web site at http://dmna.state.ny.us/civilwar.
New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs | <urn:uuid:8d41a693-3ca1-422a-8d14-4744f2468680> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.drum.army.mil/mountaineer/Article.aspx?ID=5570 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965669 | 1,453 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Tom Standage, digital editor at the Economist, author of A History of the World in 6 Glasses and Writing on the Wall: Social Media - The First 2,000 Years (Bloomsbury USA, 2013), finds that papyrus rolls and Twitter have a lot in common as he traces the history of instant communication from ancient times to today.
→ Event: Tom Standage | Barnes and Noble Wednesday 6pm | Information
Excerpt: Writing on the Wall
INTRODUCTION: CICERO’S WEB
Not to know what has been transacted in former times is to be always a child. If no use is made of the labors of past ages, the world must remain always in the infancy of knowledge. —Marcus Tullius Cicero
IN JULY 51 b.c. the Roman statesman and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero arrived in Cilicia, in what is now southeast Turkey, to take up the post of proconsul, or regional governor. Cicero had been deeply reluctant to leave the bustle of Rome, where he was a central figure in the plotting and counterplotting of Roman politics, and he intended to return as soon as was decently possible. The burning question of the day was whether Julius Caesar, commander of Rome’s armies in the west, would make a grab for power by marching on the city. Cicero had spent his career trying to defend the political system of the Roman republic, with its careful division of powers and strict limits on the authority of any individual, from Caesar and others who wished to centralize power and seize it for themselves. But a new anticorruption law required Cicero and other trustworthy elder statesmen to take up posts as provincial governors. Fortunately, even in distant Cilicia, Cicero had the means to stay in touch with the goings- on in Rome— because the Roman elite had developed an elaborate system to distribute information.
At the time there were no printing presses and no paper. Instead, information circulated through the exchange of letters and other documents which were copied, commented on, and shared with others in the form of papyrus rolls. Cicero’s own correspondence, one of the best- preserved collections of letters from the period, shows that he exchanged letters constantly with his friends elsewhere, keeping them up to date with the latest political machinations, passing on items of interest from others, and providing his own commentary and opinions. Letters were often copied, shared, and quoted in other letters. Some letters were addressed to several people and were written to be read aloud, or to be posted in public for general consumption.
When Cicero or another politician made a noteworthy speech, he could distribute it by making copies available to his close associates, who would read it and pass it on to others. Many more people might then read the speech than had heard it being delivered. Books circulated in a similar way, as sets of papyrus rolls passed from person to person. Anyone who wished to retain a copy of a speech or book would have it transcribed by scribes before passing it on. Copies also circulated of the acta diurna (the “daily acts,” or state gazette), the original of which was posted on a board in the Forum in Rome each day and contained summaries of political debates, proposals for new laws, announcements of births and deaths, the dates of public holidays, and other official information. As he departed for Cilicia, Cicero asked his friend and protégé Marcus Caelius Rufus to send him copies of each day’s gazette along with his letters. But this would be just part of Cicero’s information supply. “Others will write, many will bring me news, much too will reach me even in the way of rumor,” Cicero wrote.
With information flitting from one correspondent to another, this informal system enabled information to penetrate to the farthest provinces within a few weeks at most. News from Rome took around five weeks to reach Britain in the west and seven weeks to reach Syria in the east. Merchants, soldiers, and officials in distant parts would circulate information from the heart of the republic within their own social circles, sharing extracts from letters, speeches, or the state gazette with their friends and passing news and rumors from the frontier back to their contacts in Rome. There was no formal postal service, so letters had to be carried by messengers or given to friends, traders, or travelers heading in the right direction. The result was that Cicero, along with other members of the Roman elite, was kept informed by a web of contacts— the members of his social circle— all of whom gathered, filtered, and distributed information for each other. To modern eyes this all seems strangely familiar. Cicero was, to use today’s Internet jargon, participating in a “social media” system: that is, an environment in which information was passed from one person to another along social connections, to create a distributed discussion or community. The Romans did it with papyrus rolls and messengers; today hundreds of millions of people do the same things rather more quickly and easily using Facebook, Twitter, blogs, and other Internet tools. The technologies involved are very different, but these two forms of social media, separated by two millennia, share many of the same underlying structures and dynamics: they are two- way, conversational environments in which information passes horizontally from one person to another along social networks, rather than being delivered vertically from an impersonal central source.
Cicero’s web is just one of many historical antecedents of today’s social media. Other notable examples include the circulation of letters and other documents in the early Christian church; the torrent of printed tracts that circulated in sixteenth- century Germany at the start of the Reformation; the exchange and copying of gossip- laden poetry in the Tudor and Stuart courts; the dueling political pamphlets with which Royalists and Parliamentarians courted public opinion during the English Civil War; the stream of news sheets and pamphlets that coursed through Enlightenment coffee houses; the first scientific journals and correspondence societies, which enabled far-flung scientists to discuss and build upon each other’s work; the pamphlets and local papers that rallied support for American independence; and the handwritten poems and newsletters of prerevolutionary France, which spread gossip from Paris throughout the country. Such social- media systems arose frequently because, for most of human history, social networks were the dominant means by which new ideas and information spread, in either spoken or written form. Over the centuries, the power, reach, and inclusivity of these social- media systems steadily increased.
But then, starting in the mid- nineteenth century, everything changed. The advent of the steam- powered printing press, followed in the twentieth century by radio and television, made possible what we now call “mass media.” These new technologies of mass dissemination could supply information directly to large numbers of people with unprecedented speed and efficiency, but their high cost meant that control of the flow of information became concentrated in the hands of a select few. The delivery of information assumed a one- way, centralized, broadcast pattern that overshadowed the tradition of two-way, conversational, and social distribution that had come before. Vast media empires grew up around these mass- media technologies, which also fostered a sense of national identity and allowed autocratic governments to spread propaganda more easily than ever before. In the past de cade, however, the social nature of media has dramatically reasserted itself. The Internet has enabled a flowering of easy- to- use publishing tools and given social media unprecedented reach and scale, enabling it to compete with broadcast media and emerge from its shadow. The democratization of publishing made possible by Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and other social platforms has been hugely disruptive for mass- media companies and, more importantly, is beginning to have far- reaching social and political effects. The reemergence of social media, now supercharged by digital networks, represents a profound shift not just within the media, but within society as a whole.
And it has raised a host of difficult questions. Have new forms of social media led to a trivialization and coarsening of public discourse? How should those in authority respond when they face criticism in social media? Does social media inherently promote freedom and democracy? What is the role of social media, if any, in triggering revolutions? Is it a distracting waste of time that prevents people doing useful work? Is the use of social media actually antisocial, as online that can be ignored?
This book will look for answers to these questions by considering a series of social- media systems that arose in very different times and places, but are linked by the common thread that they are based on the person- to- person sharing of information. These early forms of social media were involved in many of history’s great revolutions. Concerns about the trivialization of public discourse, and the belief that new forms of media are dangerously distracting, go back centuries, as do the debates about the regulation of social- media systems and their ability to bring about social and political change. By examining the analog antecedents of today’s digital social media, we can use history to cast new light on modern debates. At the same time, our modern experience of social media enables us to see the past with new eyes. Historical figures including Saint Paul, Martin Luther, and Thomas Paine are revealed as particularly adept users of social- media systems, with consequences that reverberate to this day.
All this will come as a surprise to modern Internet users who may assume that today’s social- media environment is unprecedented. But many of the ways in which we share, consume, and manipulate information, even in the Internet era, build upon habits and conventions that date back centuries. Today’s social- media users are the unwitting heirs of a rich tradition with surprisingly deep historical roots. Exposing these ancient precursors and tracing the story of the rise, fall, and rebirth of social media over the past two thousand years provides an illuminating new perspective on the history of Western media. It reveals that social media does not merely connect us to each other today— it also links us to the past.
From the book Writing on the Wall. Copyright (c) 2013 by Tom Standage. Reprinted by permission of Bloomsbury USA. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:18e2e351-9bdf-4064-8a5e-b2fcf63665db> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wnyc.org/story/social-media-pre-internet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958435 | 2,157 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Trip to Hazard, KY included finding many different plant fossils from the Pennsylvanian Breathitt Group near the "Four Corners" area at the intersection of Rt. 15 with the Daniel Boone Parkway (or Rt. 80). We searched large road cuts in the area and found Calamites, Annularia, Lepidodendron, Stigmaria, seed fern leaves, etc. This is coal country, and these types of plants formed the vast Eastern KY coal deposits about 300 million years ago. These are very well preserved as black carbon films on medium to light gray shale (so there is a lot of contrast). However, the films are delicate, so a light coating of hair spray is recommended before the shale dries out and the carbon film flakes off. Cheap, unscented Aqua-net works fine. On the return trip (heading west from Hazard on the Daniel Boone Parkway), there are several road cuts exposing dark marine Pennsylvanian shale (Magoffin Member of the Four Corners Fm., Breathitt Group). These road cuts yielded abundant brachiopods, nautiloids, gastropods, clams, and even the occasional stemless crinoid calyx and sea-urchin spine. The mollusks are very well preserved and are a spectacular snow-white color in very dark shale matrix.
On a second field trip to the Hazard, KY area, members of the KPS (as part of the 16th Annual Mid-American Paleobotanical Colloquium) visited the Leslie Resources Cockerell Fork Mine just north of Hazard. At this coal surface mine, Pennsylvanian rock from the middle and upper parts of the Four Corners Formation of the Breathitt Group were exposed (including Hazard Nos. 7, 8, and 9 coals). Many plant fossils were collected from the numerous spoil piles. These spoil piles are created by the tremendous amount of overburden (shale and sandstone) that must be removed to get at the coal. A quick glance at the mine high-wall revealed that shale and sandstone constituted a great majority of the total exposed strata, while the relatively thin coal layers were a decided minority. The plant fossils found were typical Pennsylvanain such as: Neuropteris, Calamites, Lepidodendron, Stigmaria, etc. In addition, beautiful Lingula inarticulate brachiopods were found with the plants indicating some marine or brackish influence. Most of the fossils probably were from the shales above the Hazard 8 coal seam.
The KPS trip to Morehead featured exploring hillsides in the area and wading in a shallow creek. The rock formations examined included the Mississippian Borden Formation (Nancy Member). Both in the creek and on the hillsides, one looked for nodules in the shale. Sometimes, upon breaking them open, these nodules will contain beautiful ammonoids (Muensteroceras) or even a vertebrate jaw fragment.
The trip to Winchester featured a visit to an outcrop on I-64 which exposed the Middle Ordovician Lexington Limestone (Millersburg Member). This roadcut yields many nice fossils including uncommon trilobite pieces, nice Cyclonema gastropods, Constellaria bryozoans, various brachiopods, and even a rare ecinoderm (cyclocystoid). Also, this trip included a visit to a roadcut on Rt. 627 in Winchester which exposes the Lexington Limestone (Strodes Creek Member). This exposure yields beautiful red algae deposits. The algae manifests itself in branching "fingers" of pinkish calcite "growing" through the gray limestone matrix. When cut with a slab saw and polished, they are beautiful, indeed. In addition, stromatoporoids can also be found here.
Just south of the town of Winchester on Rt. 627 there are a couple of roadcuts near a golf course. These cuts expose the Middle Ordovician Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone. On a thick slab with many Ambonychia molds was found a single specimen of a very rare class of echinoderm called a cyclocystoid. It is not a breathtaking fossil, as it consists only of a ring of plates. Since the central area of the animal is hardly ever preserved, not very much is known about this creature. They are much rarer than edrioasteroids, and it is likely that a fossil collector may never find one in his/her life. But...since you never know, it is best to be able to recognize one if you should see one! | <urn:uuid:77df81ee-4adc-40a6-849a-bc538123350d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.uky.edu/OtherOrgs/KPS/pages/hazard.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947388 | 963 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Don’t miss your chance to see Harvard geochemist Charles Langmuir, co-author of How to Build a Habitable Planet, this Thursday, September 13, 2012 at the Harvard Museum of Natural History. Since its first publication more than twenty-five years ago, How to Build a Habitable Planet has established a legendary reputation as an accessible yet scientifically impeccable introduction to the origin and evolution of Earth, from the Big Bang through the rise of human civilization. Now this great book has been made even better. Harvard geochemist Charles Langmuir has worked closely with the original author, Wally Broecker, one of the world’s leading Earth scientists, to revise and expand the book for a new generation of readers for whom active planetary stewardship is becoming imperative.
How to Build a Habitable Planet provides an understanding of Earth in its broadest context, as well as a greater appreciation of its possibly rare ability to sustain life over geologic time.
Date: Thursday, September 13th
Time: 7:00 p.m.
Location: Harvard Museum of Natural History, Geological Lecture Hall, 24 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA.
Tickets: Free and open to the public.
More Info: Here.
Be sure to check out official PUP Facebook Page for How to Build a Habitable Planet to see all upcoming events and book news! | <urn:uuid:fe936ad6-3207-49a9-a7cb-c42b4fdea919> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.press.princeton.edu/2012/09/11/charles-h-langmuir-at-harvard-museum-of-natural-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923572 | 282 | 2.828125 | 3 |
|Einstein field equations
A black hole is a region of space from which nothing, including light, can escape. According to the general theory of relativity, it is the result of the curving of spacetime caused by a very dense mass.
Around a black hole there is a position of no return, called the event horizon. It is called "black" because it absorbs all the light that hits it, reflecting nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics. Under the theory of quantum mechanics black holes have a temperature and emit Hawking radiation, which makes them slowly get smaller.
A black hole is found by its interaction with matter. A black hole can be inferred by tracking the movement of a group of stars that orbit a region in space. Alternatively, when gas falls into a black hole caused by a companion star or nebula, the gas spirals inward, heating to very high temperatures and emitting large amounts of radiation. This radiation can be detected from earthbound and Earth-orbiting telescopes.
Astronomers have identified numerous stellar black hole candidates, and have also found evidence of supermassive black holes at the center of every galaxy. After observing the motion of nearby stars for 16 years, in 2008 astronomers found compelling evidence that a supermassive black hole of more than 4 million solar masses is located near the Sagittarius A* region in the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
History[change | change source]
In 1783, an English geologist named John Mitchell wrote that it might be possible for something to be so big and heavy that the escape speed from its gravity is equal to the speed of light. Gravity gets stronger as something gets bigger or more massive. For a small thing, like a rocket, to escape from a larger thing, like Earth, it has to escape the pull of our gravity or it will fall back. The speed that it must travel upward to get away from Earth's gravity is called escape velocity. Bigger planets (like Jupiter) and stars have more mass, so have stronger gravity than Earth, so the escape velocity is much faster. John Mitchell thought it was possible for something to be so big that the escape velocity would be faster than the speed of light, so even light could not escape. In 1796, Pierre-Simon Laplace promoted the same idea in the first and second editions of his book Exposition du système du Monde (it was removed from later editions).
Some scientists thought Mitchell might be right, but others thought that light had no mass and would not be pulled by gravity. His theory was forgotten.
- Mass causes space (and spacetime) to bend, or curve. Moving things "fall along" or follow the curves in space. This is what we call gravity.
- Light always travels at the same speed, and is affected by gravity. If it seems to change speed, it is really traveling along a curve in spacetime.
A few months later, while serving in the war, the German physicist Karl Schwarzschild used Einstein's equations to show that a black hole could exist. In 1930, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar predicted that stars heavier than the sun could collapse when they ran out of hydrogen or other nuclear fuels to burn and died. In 1939, Robert Oppenheimer and H. Snyder calculated that a star would have to be at least three times as massive as the sun to form a black hole. In 1967, John Wheeler gave black holes the name "black hole" for the first time. Before that, they were called "dark stars".
In 1970, Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose proved that black holes must exist. Although the black holes are invisible (they cannot be seen), some of the matter that is falling into them is very bright.
Formation of black holes[change | change source]
Gravitational collapse[change | change source]
The gravitational collapse of high-mass ('heavy') stars is assumed to be responsible for the formation of "stellar mass" black holes. Star formation in the early universe may have resulted in very massive stars, which upon their collapse would have produced black holes of up to 103 solar masses. These black holes could be the seeds of the supermassive black holes found in the centers of most galaxies.
While most of the energy released during gravitational collapse is emitted very quickly, an outside observer does not actually see the end of this process. Even though the collapse takes a finite amount of time from the reference frame of infalling matter, a distant observer sees the infalling material slow and halt just above the event horizon, due to gravitational time dilation. Light from the collapsing material takes longer and longer to reach the observer, with the light emitted just before the event horizon forms is delayed an infinite amount of time. Thus the external observer never sees the formation of the event horizon; instead, the collapsing material seems to become dimmer and increasingly red-shifted, eventually fading away.
Explanation[change | change source]
Most black holes are made when a supergiant star dies, and leaves behind a mass that is at least one solar mass. Stars die when they run out of hydrogen or other nuclear fuel to burn and iron is produced. Iron does not give off energy and therefore the star has no fuel and in a short amount of time the star collapses.
A supergiant star's death is called a supernova. Stars are usually in equilibrium, which means they are making enough energy to push their mass outward against the force of gravity. When the star runs out of fuel to make energy, gravity takes over. Gravity pulls the center of the star inward very quickly (so quickly that it would have to be repeated several thousand times before it took up a single second), and it collapses into a little ball. This results in the restart of thermonuclear reactions. The star starts expanding again, but again the nuclear fuel goes out. This continues until the star cannot make any more energy and then comes the final collapse. The collapse is so fast and violent that it makes a shock wave, and that causes the rest of the star to explode outward. As the gravity pushes the star inward, the pressure in the center of star reaches to such an extreme level that it enables heavier molecules like iron and carbon to interact to release nuclear energy. The release of the energy from the star during a very short period of time (about one hour) is with such a high rate that it outshines an entire galaxy.
The ball in the center is so dense (a lot of mass in a small space, or volume), that if you could somehow scoop only one teaspoon of material and bring it to Earth, it would sink to the core of the planet. If the remaining mass is of below one solar mass it forms a white dwarf. If it is from 1-3 solar mass it forms a neutron star and if it is above 3 solar mass it forms a black hole.
Even without a supernova, a black hole will form any time there is a lot of matter in a small space, without enough energy to act against gravity and stop it from collapsing.
If supernovas are so bright, why do we not see them often? Actually, there are usually hundreds of years between naked-eye super nova sightings. It is because the period of being a super nova in a star life cycle is only a few hours out of the billions of years in a star's life span. The probability (chance) of looking at a star in sky and that being in super nova state is equal to the ratio of an hour over several billion years.
It is worth mentioning that all of the heavier materials like carbon, oxygen, all the metals, etc., that make the life on the earth possible and are ingredients of all living creatures, can only form in the extreme pressure at the center of a super nova. So we are all a remnant ash from one exploding star several billion years ago. Supernovas replenish the interstellar medium for the next generation of stars also.
Supermassive black holes[change | change source]
Black holes have also been found in the middle of almost every galaxy in the universe. These are called supermassive black holes (SBH), and are the biggest black holes of all. They formed when the Universe was very young, and also helped to form all the galaxies.
Quasars are believed to be powered by gravity collecting material into SBHs in the centers of distant galaxies. Since light cannot escape the SBHs are at the center of quasars, the escaping energy is generated outside the event horizon by gravitational stresses and immense friction on the incoming material.
Huge central masses (106 to 109 solar masses) have been measured in quasars. Several dozen nearby large galaxies, with no sign of a quasar nucleus, contain a similar central black hole in their nuclei. Therefore it is thought that all large galaxies have one, but only a small fraction are active (with enough accretion to power radiation) and so are seen as quasars.
Effect on light[change | change source]
At the middle of a black hole, there is a gravitational center called a singularity. It is impossible to see it because the gravity prevents any light escaping. Around the tiny singularity, there is a large area where light which would normally pass by gets sucked in as well. The edge of this area is called the event horizon. The gravity of the black hole gets weaker at a distance. The event horizon is the place farthest away from the middle where the gravity is still strong enough to trap light.
Outside the event horizon, light and matter will still be pulled toward the black hole. If a black hole is surrounded by matter, the matter will form an "accretion disk" (accretion means "gathering") around the black hole. An accretion disk looks something like the rings of Saturn. As it gets sucked in, the matter gets very hot and shoots x-ray radiation into space. Think of this as the water spinning around the hole before it falls in.
Most black holes are too far away for us to see the accretion disk and jet. The only way to know a black hole is there is by seeing how stars, gas and light behave around it. With a black hole nearby, even objects as big as a star move in a different way, usually faster than they would if the black hole was not there.
Since we cannot see black holes, they must be detected by other means. When a black hole passes between us and a source of light, the light bends around the black hole creating a mirror image. That effect is called gravitational lensing.
Hawking radiation[change | change source]
Hawking radiation is black body radiation which is emitted by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon. It is named after the physicist Stephen Hawking, who provided a theoretical argument for its existence in 1974.
Hawking radiation reduces the mass and the energy of the black hole and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation. Because of this, black holes that lose more mass than they gain through other means are expected to shrink and ultimately vanish. Micro black holes (MBHs) are predicted to be larger net emitters of radiation than larger black holes and should shrink and dissipate faster.
References[change | change source]
- How It Works (Imagine Publishing) (22): 21, 2011
- Davies P.C.W (1978). "Thermodynamics of black holes". Rep. Prog. Phys 41: 1313–1355. http://cosmos.asu.edu/publications/papers/ThermodynamicTheoryofBlackHoles%2034.pdf.
- Michell J. 1784. "On the means of discovering the distance, magnitude, &c. of the fixed stars, in consequence of the diminution of the velocity of their light, in case such a diminution should be found to take place in any of them, and such other data should be procured from observations, as would be farther necessary for that purpose". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 74 (0): 35–57. doi:10.1098/rstl.1784.0008.
- Gillispie C.C. 2000. Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1749–1827: a life in exact science. Princeton paperbacks. Princeton University Press. p. 175. ISBN 0-691-05027-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=iohJomX0IWgC&pg=PA175.
- Israel W. 1989. "Dark stars: the evolution of an idea". In Hawking, S. W.; Israel, W.. 300 years of gravitation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37976-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=Vq787qC5PWQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA199#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Hawking S.W. & Penrose R (1970). "The singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology". Proceedings of the Royal Society A 314 (1519): 529–548. doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021.
- Rees M.J. & Volonteri M 2007. "Massive black holes: formation and evolution". In Karas, V; Matt, G. Black holes from stars to galaxies—across the range of masses. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–58. arXiv:astro-ph/0701512. ISBN 978-0-521-86347-6.
- Penrose, Roger 2002. "Gravitational collapse:the role of general relativity". General Relativity and Gravitation 34 (7): 1141. doi:10.1023/A:1016578408204. http://www.imamu.edu.sa/Scientific_selections/abstracts/Physics/Gravitational%20Collapse%20The%20Role%20of%20General.pdf.
- Thomsen D.E. 1987. End of the World: you won't feel a thing. Science News 131 (25): 391.
- Charlie Rose: A conversation with Dr. Stephen Hawking & Lucy Hawking | <urn:uuid:6ad36c9a-a1fb-44d9-a1dc-24d0f0ef5fba> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922647 | 2,967 | 4.4375 | 4 |
Study: Supercontinent's Breakup Plunged Ancient Earth Into Big Chill
GAINESVILLE, Fla. — The breakup of the world’s original supercontinent, coupled with the breakdown of massive amounts of volcanic rock, plunged Earth into the deepest freeze it has ever experienced, new research shows.
In a paper set to appear today in the journal Nature, a group of scientists that includes a University of Florida geologist argue that the breakup of Rodinia, the first supercontinent and the mother of all modern continents, accelerated the breakdown of then-common volcanic rock, stripping carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and causing “Snowball Earth” – the massive and mysterious chill that froze the oceans and sent glaciers creeping across the equator 750 million years ago.
UF geologist Joe Meert said he and other scientists have long been puzzled by Snowball Earth because it occurred in an era of intense volcanic activity. Volcanoes burp enormous amounts of heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, yet to trigger a Snowball Earth, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere had to dip to about half that of today.
“Intuitively, the release of carbon dioxide via volcanic activity should warm things up, but what we get here as Rodinia comes apart is a geochemical cycle that actually cools things down,” said Meert, a UF assistant professor of geology and one of five authors of the paper.
The sun also played a role. Because stars become hotter as they age, the sun was about 6 percent weaker than it is today, which probably accounted for some of the cooling, Meert added.
Snowball Earth is one of at least three periods in the planet’s history during which it was entirely covered by glaciers. All took place in the Proterozoic eon, from 2.5 billion to 543 million years ago, before the dawn of modern life when only simple organisms, such as blue-green algae, were present. Some scientists have argued that the end of these Snowball or “Slushball” events – the latter applying to the not-quite-so-cold freezes before and after Snowball Earth – set the stage for the Cambrian radiation, an explosion of life that occurred about 543 million years ago.
Seeking a new approach to figuring out why these ancient temperatures dipped, Meert and four French scientists merged computer models of climate change, continental drift and carbon dioxide change during Snowball Earth, running the results simultaneously to see what patterns emerged.
No one had previously thought to put all the pieces together, Meert said. “This was a synthesis of existing data sets and a new way of thinking about the problem.”
The results revealed the breakup of Rodinia occurred over the same geological time period as carbon dioxide declined and temperatures fell. That, Meert said, pointed to Rodinia’s breakup as the cause of Snowball Earth.
Meert’s explanation: Just as shattering a rock into pieces increases its exposed surface area, so breaking up the supercontinent increased the amount of land exposed to the elements and resulted in a more active hydrological cycle. Because of the abundant volcanic activity, much of this exposed land consisted of volcanic rock or basalt, which erodes easily. When the rain, acidified by the volcanoes’ eruptions, fell on this rock, it rapidly dissolved, trapping the carbon dioxide in the land and surrounding waters, he said.
“You take carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, combine it with water, and basically produce carbonic acid or acid rain,” he said. “That rain then weathers the continent and the carbon dioxide gets bound back up in the rock and soil. So you’re removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere with an active hydrological cycle.”
Despite the release of the greenhouse gases from volcanic activity, the process was powerful enough to draw down the carbon dioxide level, triggering the deep freeze, he said.
Meert said the current proliferation of life probably would make it impossible for Snowball Earth-type events to recur, even though the continents continue to drift or break up. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, while animals do the opposite – processes that would ameliorate the geochemical cycles seen before the advent of modern life, he said.
While some might be tempted to think of the Snowball Earth as a radical solution to global warming, Meert said that notion is a dead end.
“I don’t think you can say that we’re ever going to see this again,” he said. “At the same time, we’ve shown that the breakup of continents into smaller pieces does influence global temperatures and results in significant drawdown of carbon dioxide.”
Gregory Jenkins, an associate professor of meteorology at Pennsylvania State University and an expert on early Earth climate simulation, called the research “good and exciting work” showing that the Earth’s climate is capable of massive and rapid change.
“The techniques applied in this paper will cause other researchers to rethink some of their ideas,” he said.
The research was funded by a grant from the Centre de la Reserche Scientifique in Gif sur Yvette, France. The other authors of the paper are Yannick Donnadieu and Gilles Ramstein, of the Laboratoire des Sciences due Climat et de l’Environnement; and Yves Godderis and Anne Nedelec, of the Laboratoire des Mecanismes et Transferts en Geologie, Universite Paul Sabatier, both in France.
Joe Meert, firstname.lastname@example.org, 352-846-2414 | <urn:uuid:4ae8c3ae-a81a-481f-872e-56f9715f5508> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.ufl.edu/archive/2004/03/study-supercontinents-breakup-plunged-ancient-earth-into-big-chill.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926661 | 1,207 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The third Constitution of the Commonwealth of Kentucky in 1850 established the position of the County Clerk.
The County Clerk answers to the Kentucky Constitution, and all the Kentucky Revised Statutes and Administrative Regulations.
Duties assigned to this position are varied and provides the link for the business world to operate, while protecting their interest. The Kentucky Courts, lending institutions, governmental agencies, automobile dealers, real estate agents, and mineral leasing agencies use our offices. We also operate the tax payer’s bank. Collection of taxes, not only for the Commonwealth and the County, but also for all the taxing entities that provide invaluable services to our communities.
The most vital role of the County Clerk’s office is to maintain the legal depository for all county records. Filing of deeds, mortgages, leases, lisp endings, wills, notary commissions, and many more records that are beneficial to our society.
County Clerks are responsible for all vehicle applications for titles and all boats, and also handle the registrations for all vehicles within our County.
We must maintain a close relationship with the Executive branch of State Government. As laws are passed we must all work together to meet the needs of our constituents.
The County Clerk performs 185 constitutional duties, including:
- Filing of Candidates
- Voter Registration
- Candidate Reports
- Marriage Licenses
- Fiscal Court Minutes | <urn:uuid:61310d24-3a3c-4f53-b65c-f0d268f0280a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nicholascounty.ky.gov/elected/CountyClerk/Pages/default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914977 | 282 | 2.84375 | 3 |
During an ordinary meeting, people come to the table with different agendas and different outcomes in mind. Without skillful facilitation, nothing really productive gets done. Remember the times that you’ve witnessed or participated in unproductive debates? Or hierarchical exercises in which one person speaks and everyone else listens?
Dialogue is a method for short circuiting the process. Participants begin by creating collaborative guidelines, such as suspending assumptions, listening deeply, and engaging with others in the spirit of exploration. Some groups add an experiential additional ground rule, encouraging each other to speak from personal experience, as opposed to what they’ve read or heard about from others. This process forms an invisible container and enables the group to engage in a kind of sacred conversation.
But dialogue is only the beginning. Participants transition to the “real world” by reflecting on what’s been learned from the process and how it applies to what’s going on with the group or organization. They then take on the day’s agenda, along with its decisions, take-aways and next steps.
The Dialogue Circle method is flexible.
It can serve as a 10-minute beginning to a regular meeting, a stand-alone team-building event, or as the cornerstone of problem-solving, organization development or community-building initiative.
To learn more about dialogue’s uses, go here.
To learn more about dialogue’s history, go here.
To learn about the originator of the Dialogue Circle method, go here. | <urn:uuid:ea9a16be-b6ed-40ba-8d86-bae4e193b22b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dialogue-circles.com/?page_id=46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933836 | 316 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Bahá'u'lláh, born Mírzá ?usayn-`Alí Núrí, was the founder of the Bahá'í Faith. He claimed to be the prophetic fulfilment of Bábism, a 19th-century outgrowth of Shí‘ism, but in a broader sense claimed to be a messenger from God referring to the fulfilment of the eschatological expectations of Islam, Christianity, and other major religions.
Bahá'u'lláh taught that humanity is one single race and that the age has come for its unification in a global society. His claim to divine revelation resulted in persecution and imprisonment by the Persian and Ottoman authorities, and his eventual 24-year confinement in the prison city of `Akka, Palestine, where he died. He wrote many religious works, most notably the Kitáb-i-Aqdas and the Kitáb-i-Íqán.
There are two known photographs of Bahá'u'lláh. Outside of pilgrimage, Bahá'ís prefer not to view his photo in public, or even to display it in their private homes. | <urn:uuid:ffa1303c-67ae-4055-8674-05263c1a9c83> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.worldofquotes.com/author/Baha'u'llah/1/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967271 | 236 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Date: May 2009
Creator: Williams-Rossi, Dara
Description: Despite the positive outcomes for inquiry-based science education and recommendations from national and state standards, many teachers continue to rely upon more traditional methods of instruction This causal-comparative study was designed to determine the effects of the Inquiry Institute, a professional development program that is intended to strengthen science teachers' pedagogical knowledge and provide practice with inquiry methods based from a constructivist approach. This study will provide a understanding of a cause and effect relationship within three levels of the independent variable-length of participation in the Inquiry Institute (zero, three, or six days)-to determine whether or not the three groups differ on the dependent variables-beliefs, implementation, and barriers. Quantitative data were collected with the Science Inquiry Survey, a researcher-developed instrument designed to also ascertain qualitative information with the use of open-ended survey items. One-way ANOVAs were applied to the data to test for a significant difference in the means of the three groups. The findings of this study indicate that lengthier professional development in the Inquiry Institute holds the most benefits for the participants.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries | <urn:uuid:95e59221-18e5-4e3f-9135-a7a28ec65b37> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/partners/UNT/browse/?fq=str_degree_discipline%3ACurriculum+and+Instruction&fq=str_degree_department%3ADepartment+of+Behavior+Analysis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922343 | 241 | 2.859375 | 3 |
… was established as Colonial National Monument on this date in 1930. It became a national historical park in 1936.
On May 13, 1607, Jamestown was established as the first permanent English settlement in North America. Three cultures came together – European, Virginia Indian and African–to create a new society that would eventually seek independence from Great Britain. On October 19, 1781, American and French troops defeated the British at Yorktown in the last major battle of the American Revolutionary War.
Walk in the steps of Captain John Smith and Pocahontas where a successful English colonization of North America began. Despite early struggles to survive, the 1607 settlement evolved into a prosperous colony. As the colony expanded, the Virginia Indians were pushed out of their homeland. In 1619, the arrival of Africans was recorded, marking the origin of slavery in English North America.
Discover what it took for the United States to be independent as you explore the site of the last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Here at Yorktown, in the fall of 1781, General George Washington, with allied American and French forces, besieged General Charles Lord Cornwallis’s British army. On October 19, Cornwallis surrendered, effectively ending the war and ensuring independence.
The Colonial Parkway is a twenty-three mile scenic roadway stretching from the York River at Yorktown to the James River at Jamestown. It connects Virginia’s historic triangle: Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown. Several million travelers a year use this route to enjoy the natural and cultural beauty of Virginia. | <urn:uuid:a3d9e7db-8d08-4ede-b4fe-d66adcfc19e4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://newmexiken.com/2012/12/colonial-national-historical-park-virginia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948438 | 320 | 4.25 | 4 |
This paperback edition is not available in the U.S. and Canada. This book offers a comprehensive presentation of the mathematics required to tackle problems in economic analysis. To give a better understanding of the mathematical concepts, the text follows the logic of the development of mathematics rather than that of an economics course. After a review of the fundamentals of sets, numbers, and functions, the book covers limits and continuity, the calculus of functions of one variable, linear algebra, multivariate calculus, and dynamics. To develop the student's problem-solving skills, the book works through a large number of examples and economic applications. The second edition includes simple game theory, l'Hôpital's rule, Leibniz's rule, and a more intuitive development of the Hamiltonian. An instructor's manual is available.
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Rent Mathematics for Economics 2nd edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Ray Rees. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by MIT Press.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our Economics tutors now. | <urn:uuid:2d7ca335-27a8-40d0-be84-a9d5f084f16c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/mathematics-for-economics-2nd-edition-9780262082945-0262082942 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896487 | 238 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Translation of "tooth" - English-Spanish dictionary
/tuːθ/ ( plural teeth /tiːθ/)
(Definition of tooth from the Cambridge English-Spanish Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
tooth noun /tuːθ/ ( plural teeth /tiːθ/)
› any of the hard, bone-like objects that grow in the mouth and are used for biting and chewing
He has had a tooth out at the dentist’s. › something that looks or acts like a tooth
the teeth of a comb/saw. teethe /tiːð/ verb › (of a baby) to grow one’s first teeth
salir los dientes
He cries a lot because he’s teething. toothed adjective › having teeth
a toothed wheel. toothless adjective › without teeth
a toothless old woman. toothy adjective › showing a lot of teeth
a toothy grin. toothache noun toothbrush noun › a brush for cleaning the teeth.
cepillo de dientes
toothpaste noun toothpick noun be/get etc long in the tooth a fine-tooth comb noun › a comb with the teeth set close together, for removing lice, dirt etc from hair etc.
a sweet tooth noun tooth and nail | <urn:uuid:c7758888-cf0f-4e6d-b0bb-e518e0e4b2ec> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-spanish/tooth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00151-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.748955 | 283 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Synonyms for proactive
WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University.
All rights reserved.
- 1. proactive (vs. retroactive)
- usage: descriptive of any event or stimulus or process that has an effect on events or stimuli or processes that occur subsequently; "proactive inhibition"; "proactive interference"
- 2. proactive, active (vs. passive)
- usage: (of a policy or person or action) controlling a situation by causing something to happen rather than waiting to respond to it after it happens | <urn:uuid:f820cf67-b65b-4b4f-8793-e60a118e50dc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thesaurus.infoplease.com/proactive | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91646 | 112 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- out (adv.)
- Old English ut "out, without, outside," common Germanic (Old Norse, Old Frisian, Old Saxon, Gothic ut, Middle Dutch uut, Dutch uit, Old High German uz, German aus), from PIE root *ud- "up, out, up away" (source also of Sanskrit ut "up, out," uttarah "higher, upper, later, northern;" Avestan uz- "up, out," Old Irish ud- "out," Latin usque "all the way to, without interruption," Greek hysteros "the latter," Russian vy- "out"). Meaning "into public notice" is from 1540s. As an adjective from c. 1200. Meaning "unconscious" is attested from 1898, originally in boxing. Sense of "not popular or modern" is from 1966. As a preposition from mid-13c.
Sense in baseball (1860) was earlier in cricket (1746). Adverbial phrase out-and-out "thoroughly" is attested from early 14c.; adjective usage is attested from 1813; out-of-the-way (adj.) "remote, secluded" is attested from late 15c. Out-of-towner "one not from a certain place" is from 1911. Shakespeare's It out-herods Herod ("Hamlet") reflects Herod as stock braggart and bully in old religious drama and was widely imitated 19c. Out to lunch "insane" is student slang from 1955; out of this world "excellent" is from 1938; out of sight "excellent, superior" is from 1891.
- out (v.)
- Old English utian "expel, put out" (see out (adv.)); used in many senses over the years. Meaning "to expose as a closet homosexual" is first recorded 1990 (as an adjective meaning "openly avowing one's homosexuality" it dates from 1970s; see closet); sense of "disclose to public view, reveal, make known" has been present since mid-14c.
Eufrosyne preyde Þat god schulde not outen hire to nowiht. [Legendary of St. Euphrosyne, c. 1350]
Related: Outed; outing.
- out (n.)
- 1620s, "a being out" (of something), from out (adv.). From 1860 in baseball sense; from 1919 as "means of escape; alibi." | <urn:uuid:8f4c6332-b59e-4f00-9001-ad170204cd8a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=out&allowed_in_frame=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952232 | 540 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The Hunger! The Hunger!
The world’s population is growing, yet world hunger is on the wane — a testament to the success of agriculture. But with the global population expected to increase 50 percent by mid-century, many doubt whether our current food system can continue to provide. The problem isn’t the ability to keep producing more food; the problem is the potentially serious ecological consequences of doing so. The last agricultural revolution, begun three centuries ago, resulted in the deforestation of much of the Earth and the cultivation of nearly a third of the planet’s land surface; it also resulted in polluted water from fertilizers and pesticides, increased pest resistance, and poor soil quality. The “next green revolution” can’t rely wholly on organic farming, which won’t produce enough to feed the world — and biotechnology, the only other option currently available, has raised grave fears in the minds of many.
Donate now to support our work. | <urn:uuid:1bc4102e-66c1-4263-bf08-d464f7a39816> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://grist.org/article/hunger/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922688 | 202 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Sunday, October 10, 2010
From the NY Times, about Robert G. Edwards winning the Nobel Prize for Medicine on October 4, 2010:
He is, figuratively, the father of the technology that, literally, has allowed four million babies to be born over the past three decades.
Edwards was a pioneer in the field of in vitro fertilization, or I.V.F. It was his work that led to the birth of the world’s first “test-tube baby” in England on July 25, 1978. The breakthrough — which came after 20 years of research — not only made childbirth possible for traditional couples who otherwise could not have biological children; it also made biological parenthood possible for same-sex couples, single parents, parents worried about passing genetic conditions to their children, parents who want to guarantee a child of a certain sex and parents who are desperate to have a sibling who can donate cord blood and save the life of an existing child. It changed the expectations of women, in the sense that they could pursue careers and still have “plenty of time” to become pregnant. It created myriad possibilities for what we call a family — egg donors, womb surrogates and more.
Upending so many assumptions inevitably creates controversy. I.V.F. has been criticized as much as it has been heralded, and the Nobel committee noted that Edwards, who is now based at Cambridge University in England, “battled societal and establishment resistance to his development of the in vitro fertilization procedure.” By increasing the likelihood of multiple births, critics still ask, are we increasing the likelihood of premature, and, therefore, more medically fragile, children? Is the ability to read DNA in a petri dish (a test tube was never really involved in the process) creating a portal to “designer babies”? Has the availability of a “solution,” albeit an expensive one, led couples to spend money they really do not have in order to have a child?
Read more here. | <urn:uuid:b9c9641b-2a92-4a35-9c35-4054352fe598> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/family_law/2010/10/ivf-creator-wins-nobel-prize.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964585 | 421 | 2.59375 | 3 |
HBD, text messaging! The first SMS text was sent 20 years ago today by Neil Papworth, then a 22-year-old communications engineer working in the United Kingdom. Papworth's SMS — Short Messaging Service — text was sent from a PC (phones didn't yet have keyboards) to a friend at a holiday party across town and read simply, "Merry Christmas." Here, a brief history of the humble beginnings and ensuing explosion of texting:
1984: An idea is born
Sitting at a typewriter at his home in Bonn, Germany, Friedhelm Hillebrand types random sentences and questions, counting every letter, number, and space. Almost every time, the messages amount to fewer than 160 characters — what would become the limit of early text messages — and thus the concept for the perfect-length, rapid-fire "short message" was born. "Perfectly sufficient," Hillebrand would recall later about his discovery, which came long before mobile phones were an everyday tool.
Dec. 3, 1992: The first text message
Papworth, a former developer at Sema Group Telecoms, sends the world's first SMS greeting to his friend Richard Jarvis, who at the time worked at U.K. service Vodafone. Jarvis couldn't say "Merry Christmas" back, because his brick-sized Orbitel 901 phone had no way of inputting text.
1993: Mobile phones get SMS
Finnish phone-maker Nokia debuts the first mobile phone that's able to send texts. Early text messages — which have to be painstakingly entered on numerical keypads — are free, but can only be sent between two people on the same network. This remains the standard for quite a few years.
1994: SMS as broadcast
Vodafone — one of only two mobile networks in the U.K. — launches a share-price alert system for business people.
1995: T9 debuts
The Tegic or "T9" system, which predicts texting based on what letters you're typing, first sees the light of day. Though confusing at first, the input method becomes popular among slick-fingered texters.
1997: Enter QWERTY
The Nokia 9000i Communicator becomes the first phone to come equipped with a keyboard. Future BlackBerry fans rejoice.
1999: Worlds collide
Text messages finally cross networks for the first time, and "a new fever" is born, says The Wall Street Journal. College kids begin latching onto the inexpensive, quick-fire technology as their communication medium du jour.
2000: Text messaging takes off
Now capable of texting with their friends on other networks, Americans begin sending (a now comically low) 35 texts per month.
2002: Text messaging really explodes
More than 250 billion SMS messages are sent worldwide.
July 2006: Enter Twitter
Twitter makes its debut as a text-message-based service in the summer of 2006. Its famous 140-character limit was set by SMS' own limitations pioneered by Hillebrand.
2007: Texting surpasses calling
NBD. The number of texts sent in a month passes the number of monthly phone calls placed by Americans for the first time ever.
2008: The texter-in-chief
Presidential candidate Barack Obama sends supporters a text message announcing Joe Biden as his vice-presidential running mate.
2010: The service peaks
The International Telecommunications Union reports that 200,000 text messages are sent every minute. 6.1 trillion texts are sent worldwide over the entire year.
June 2012: Evidence of a decline?
Although some 7.4 trillion SMS texts were sent in 2011, up 44 percent from the year before, texting in the U.K., Sweden, the U.S., and other countries begins to see a decline in 2012, according to several research firms. Some critics say that text messaging simply isn't evolving. Others point out that consumers still have to pay to use the service, and many are instead looking to free messaging options. "It comes down to cost," Chris Ziegler, a mobile phone expert and senior editor at The Verge, tells ABC News. There are more alternatives than ever with BBM, iMessage, WhatsApp, and more. A "savvy subscriber can dispense of their text messaging plan altogether." | <urn:uuid:938a6db4-eddf-4000-810d-25311c1024bd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://theweek.com/articles/469869/text-message-turns-20-brief-history-sms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939916 | 889 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Apostolic succession refers to the Christian doctrine that holds modern churches to be the descendants of the early apostolic church through the sacramental handing down of authority through the episcopate. Most significantly, it considers that the authority to celebrate sacraments is dependent on being able to trace such authority back to the first apostles, who in turn received it directly from Christ.
Churches in Apostolic Succession see in their doctrine and practice a sure and biblical, though not infallible, means of receiving and perpetuating the Faith from one generation to another. This is because Apostolic Succession requires a "tactile," person to person, conferring of authority from the Apostles onward. It requires the most heightened responsibility in the giving and receiving. The practice originated in the late first century. It is also believed that there is the grace of the Holy Spirit transmitted by the laying on of hands at the time of ordination. Proponents see Apostolic succession in both the Old and the New Testaments:
Joshua 34:9 And Joshua son of Nun was full of the Spirit and wisdom; for Moses had laid his hands on him: and the children of Israel hearkened unto him, and did as the LORD commanded Moses.
2 Timothy 1:6 (understood to be said by the Apostle Paul to a young bishop who himself is responsible for the choosing of others) Wherefore I put thee in remembrance that thou stir up the gift of God, which is in thee by the putting on of my hands.
Ordination to the Orders of Deacon, Priest, and Bishop are all done with the laying on of hands and prayer in those churches which adhere to Apostolic Succession.
This doctrine is most evident in the Catholic, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox and other Eastern Christian churches. Some Lutheran churches have either retained apostolic succession or restored it. A different but similar view is held by the Methodist churches. The Mormon church and a number of Pentecostal churches have their own bishops supported by alternate views of the meaning of Apostolic Succession. Most Protestant churches, on the other hand, reject this doctrine entirely.
The Roman Catholic Church recognizes the Eastern Orthodox succession as valid, but the Orthodox do not recognize the Catholic succession because, although the lineage is intact, the faith is thought not to be. Neither of them recognizes the Anglican succession, although the Orthodox have stated that Anglican orders would be valid if differences in doctrine were resolved.
Christian tradition has consistently seen the divine authority of the twelve apostles as the divinely established foundation of the temple of the Lord (Ephesians 2:20-22) to whom Christ has entrusted the authority of the judgments of God.
Luke 22:28-29, Matthew 18:18, Matthew 16:18. See Exodus 28:15-30.
Compare John 20:21-23, Romans 13:1-5, 1 Corinthians 5:1-5, 6:2, 3, 2 Corinthians 5:20, 10:2-11, 13:1-4, 1 Timothy 1:18-20, 1 Timothy 4:6--5:22, and Titus 2:15.
Martin Luther did not consider any one form of church government to be dictated by Holy Scripture. As a result, some Lutheran churches have continued the apostolic succession of their bishops while others have adopted a more presbyterian system, and still others are governed congregationally.
In the beginnings of the Methodist movement, adherents were instructed to receive the sacraments within the Anglican Church; however, the Methodists soon petitioned to receive the sacraments from the local preachers who conducted worship services and revivals. The Bishop of London refused to ordain ministers in the British American colonies. Rev. John Wesley, the founder the movement, was not prepared to allow unordained preachers to administer the sacraments:
We believe it would not be right for us to administer either Baptism or the Lord's Supper unless we had a commission so to do from those Bishops whom we apprehend to be in a succession from the Apostles.
In 1763, Greek Orthodox bishop Erasmus of the Diocese of Arcadia, who was visiting London at the time, consecrated Rev. John Wesley a bishop, and ordained several Methodist lay preachers as priests, including John Jones. However, Wesley could not openly announce his episcopal consecration without incurring the penalty of the Præmunire Act. In light of Wesley's episcopal consecration, the Methodist Church can lay a claim on apostolic succession, although not as understood in the traditional sense. Because Wesley ordained and sent forth every Methodist preacher in his day--those who preached and baptized and ordained--and since every Methodist preacher who has ever been ordained as a Methodist was ordained in this direct "succession" from Wesley, then the Methodist Church teaches that it has all the direct merits coming from apostolic succession, if any such there be. The validity of Methodist orders is not recognized by the Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Orthodox churches, but they have been accepted by the "Unity Catholic Church," a tiny autocephalous Catholic Church.
Most Methodists view apostolic succession as outside the Methodist system. This is because Rev. John Wesley believed that bishops and presbyters constituted one order, citing an ancient opinion from the Church of Alexandria. Since the Bishop of London refused to ordain ministers in the British American colonies, this constituted an emergency, and as a result, on 2 September 1784, Rev. John Wesley, along with a priest from the Anglican Church and two other elders, operating under the ancient Alexandrian habitude, ordained Rev. Thomas Coke a superintendent, although Coke embraced the title of "bishop." Today, the Methodist Church follows this ancient Alexandrian practice as bishops are elected from and by the order of the presbyterate: the Discipline of the Methodist Church, in ¶303, affirms that "ordination to this ministry is a gift from God to the Church. In ordination, the Church affirms and continues the apostolic ministry through persons empowered by the Holy Spirit." It also uses sacred scripture in support of this practice, namely, 1 Timothy 4:12, which states:
Neglect not the gift that is in thee, which was given thee by the laying on of the hands of the presbytery.
Older than either the Lutheran or Methodist churches, the Moravian Church counted over 100 congregations during the Seventeenth Century in what is now the Czech Republic. Much reduced in numbers because of the Thirty Years' War, these Christians experienced a new start following the 1737 consecration of Count Nicholas Zinzendorf of Saxony as a bishop. Zinzendorf had previously offered sanctuary to several Moravians who had fled their homeland seeking shelter in Saxony.
It was Zinzendorf who was responsible for the church beginning its work in America where it now has its strongest presence. The several branches of the Moravian Church are governed by bishops in apostolic succession, although they exercise only spiritual oversight, not financial or other control as is the rule in most other churches that hold to apostolic succession.
- Cf. the 1896 papal bull Apostolicae Curae
- Separated Brethren: A Review of Protestant, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox & Other Religions in the United States. Our Sunday Visitor. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “the Methodists were directed to receive baptism and Holy Communion from Episcopal priests. They soon petitioned to receive the sacraments from the same Methodist preachers who visited their homes and conducted their worship services. The Bishop of London refused to ordain preachers in the colonies, so in 1784 Wesley assumed the power to ordained ministers himself.”
- John Wesley in Company with High Churchmen [Parallel Passages, Selected by an Old Methodist [H.W. Holden].]. Church Press Company. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “In 1745 Wesley said, "We believe it would not be right for us to administer either Baptism or the Lord's Supper unless we had a commission so to do from those Bishops whom we apprehend to be in a succession from the Apostles." (xxviii. 348)”
- The life and times of the Rev. John Wesley, founder of the Methodists, Volume 2. Regent College Publishing. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “Just at this juncture, Erasmus a bishop of the Greek church, visited London.”
- Wesleyan-Methodist magazine: being a continuation of the Arminian or Methodist magazine first publ. by John Wesley. Wesleyan Methodist Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “Mr. Wesley thus became a Bishop, and consecrated Dr. Coke, who united himself with ... who gave it under his own hand that Erasmus was Bishop of Arcadia, ...”
- English Spirituality in the Age of Wesley. Regent College Publishing. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “By 1763, Wesley was desperate to obtain ordination for some of his lay preachers and when bishop after bishop refused, he took the dubious expedient -against the council of all his close friends and associates-of asking one Erasmus, who claimed to be bishop of Arcadia in Crete, to do the job. Erasmus knew no English, but agreed.”
- The Churchman, Volume 40. University of Michigan. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “Erasmus was the Bishop of Arcadia, in Crete. In 1763, he visited London. Wesley found his credentials unexceptionable, and Dr. Jones, one of the preachers whom he had ordained, obtained testimonials concerning him from Symrna.”
- The historic episcopate: a study of Anglican claims and Methodist orders. Eaton & Mains. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “Dr. Peters was present at the interview, and went with and introduced Dr. Seabury to Mr. Wesley, who was so far satisfied that he would have been willingly consecrated by him if Mr. Wesley would have signed his letter of orders as bishop, which Mr. Wesley could not do without incurring the penalty of the Præmunire Act.”
- Separated Brethren: A Review of Protestant, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox & Other Religions in the United States. Our Sunday Visitor. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “Today the World Methodist Council represents twenty-nine million members of some sixty churches that trace their heritage to Wesley and his brother Charles.”
- SWhy two Episcopal Methodist churches in the United States?: A brief history answering this question for the benefit of Epworth leaguers and other young Methodists. Publishing House of the M.E. Church, South. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “And since he himself ordained and sent forth every Methodist preacher in his day, who preached and baptized and ordained (except such as, like himself, had been ordained by a bishop), and since every Methodist preacher who has ever been ordained as a Methodist was ordained in this direct "succession" from Wesley, then have we all the direct merits coming from apostolic succession, if any such there be.”
- Constitution of the Unity Catholic Church. Unity Catholic Church. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “+John Wesley was consecrated by +Erasmus, Bishop in the Greek Orthodox Church, Diocese of Arcadia in 1763.”
- =&cd=21#v=onepage&q=alexandria%20wesley%20ordination&f=false Cyclopædia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature, Volume 6. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “Wesley had believed that bishops and presbyters constituted but one order, with the same right to ordain. He knew that for two centuries the succession of bishops in the Church of Alexandria was preserved through ordination by presbyters alone. "I firmly believe," he said, "I am a scriptural ἐπίσκοπος, as much as any man in England or in Europe; for the uninterrupted succession I know to be a fable which no man ever did or can prove;" but he also held that "Neither Christ nor his apostles prescrive any particular form of Church government." He was a true bishop of the flock which God had given to his care. He had hitherto refused "to exercise this right" of ordaining, because he would not come into needless conflict with the order of the English Church to which he belonged. But after the Revolution, his ordaining for America would violate no law of the Church; and when the necessity was clearly apparent, his hesitation ceased. "There does not appear," he said, "any other way of supplying them with ministers." Having formed his purpose, in February, 1784, he invited Dr. Coke to his study in City Road, laid the case before him, and proposed to ordain and send him to America.”
- Appleton's cyclopædia of American biography, Volume 6. D. Appleton & Company. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “Being refused, he conferred with Thomas Coke, a presbyter of the Church of England, and with others, and on 2 Sept., 1784, he ordained Coke bishop, after ordaining Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat as presbyters, with his assistance and that of another presbyter.”
- The historic episcopate: a study of Anglican claims and Methodist orders. Eaton & Mains. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “IN September, 1784, the Rev. John Wesley, assisted by a presbyter of the Church of England and two other elders, ordained by solemn imposition of the hands of the Rev. Dr. Thomas Coke to the episcopal office.”
- A compendious history of American Methodism. Scholarly Publishing Office. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “Wesley refers to the ordination of bishops by the presbyters of Alexandria, in justification of his ordination of Coke.”
- The Ministry of the Elder. United Methodist Church. Retrieved on 2007-12-31.
- Seven Days of Preparation - A Guide for Reading, Meditation and Prayer for all who participate in The Conversation: A Day for Dialogue and Discernment: Ordering of Ministry in the United Methodist Church. United Methodist Church. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “The Discipline affirms that "ordination to this ministry is a gift from God to the Church. In ordination, the Church affirms and continues the apostolic ministry through persons empowered by the Holy Spirit" (¶303).”
- Episcopal Methodism, as it was, and is;: Or, An account of the origin, progress, doctrines, church polity, usages, institutions, and statistics, of the Methodist Episcopal church in the United States. Miller, Orton & Mulligan. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “"Neglect not the gift that is in thee, which was given thee by the laying on of the hands of the presbytery." Here it is plain that the ministerial gift or power which Timothy possessed, was given him by the laying on of the hands of the body of the elders who ordained him. And in regard to the government of the church, it is equally plain that bishops, in distinction from presbyters, were not charged with the oversight thereof, for it is said - Acts xx. 17, 28, that Paul "called the elders (not the bishops) of the Church of Ephesus, and said unto them, 'Take heed therefore to yourselves, and to all the flock over the which the Holy Ghose hath made you overseers,' feed the church of God." On this passage we remark, 1st, that the original Greek term for the word "overseer" is "episcopos," they very word from which our term "bishop" is derived, and which is generally translated "bishop" in the English version of the New Testament. Now this term episcopos, overseer, or bishop, is applied to the identical persons called elders in the 17th verse, and to none other. Consequently, Paul must have considered elders and bishops as one, not only in office, but in order also; and so the Ephesian ministers undoubtedly understood him.”
- Episcopal Methodism, as it was, and is;: Or, An account of the origin, progress, doctrines, church polity, usages, institutions, and statistics, of the Methodist Episcopal church in the United States. Miller, Orton & Mulligan. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “But if Scripture is opposed to modern high church claims and pretensions, so is history, on which successionists appear to lay so much stress.” | <urn:uuid:5e9f071d-dfab-4d1e-b36d-9fdcad9f4d0e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.conservapedia.com/Apostolic_succession | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965298 | 3,535 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Deborah A Kimmey
Critical interpretation and meaning in works of prose fiction, representing a variety of types and periods.
English 242 sets as its primary goal reading fiction from a rather expansive historic trajectory, spanning "the medieval to modern periods." While covering such a broad sweep of time is a challenging feat for a single-quarter course, one field of critical work attempts to grasp the study of literature and culture at this scale: the study of "modernity." A central concept in nearly every discipline—from history and English to political science and anthropology—modernity is traced to a number of interrelated social processes: the rise of democracy, the emergence of the nation-state, the shift to urban industrial capitalism, the invention of new print technologies, and the secularization of knowledge, to cite but a few. Yet behind this blithe narrative of progress, "modernity" has served ideological ends: dividing the world between "modern" societies and those relegated to "the waiting rooms of history." The supreme contradiction about this division of the world -- developed and developing -- is that modernity itself was a necessarily global production. Slavery, colonization, and migration provided the material conditions for the "wealth of nations." The particular modernity heralded by the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries could not have been achieved without encounters across and between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
For Winter 2009, we will read Herman Melville's short story Bartleby, The Scrivener as an inroad for analyzing modernity and its discontents. Then, for the duration of the quarter, we’ll read short stories and novels that situate modernity within its global scale. The fiction selected will highlight what cultural theorist Lisa Lowe has termed "the intimacies of the four continents" -- those links, interdependencies, and intimacies between Europe and North America with Africa, Asia, and the creolized Americas.
Required course texts will likely include: Selections from Blake by Martin Delaney, Who Would Have Thought It by Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton, Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys, M. Butterfly by David Henry Hwang. There will also be a reader of selected short stories from the 18th – 20th century and possible critical selections from: Lisa Lowe, Paul Gilroy, Gloria Anzaldúa, Edward Said, Dipesh Chakrabarty, and Gayatri Spivak.
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
Some lecturing for historical framing and critical context. As a W-credit course, English 242 requires that students write and revise throughout the quarter. To meet this requirement, students will write a series of short writing assignments that will be revised and incorporated into a midterm essay. The final essay for the course may also revise, develop, and extend previous student writing. Additionally, there will be an in-class midterm and final exam, and students will sign-up to contribute to an online course archive.
Class assignments and grading
One of our main objectives for the course will be to collaboratively develop an essay on "history" as a keyword that will be published online. Selections from Keywords for American Cultural Studies (slavery, border, south, and modern) will provide models for constructing a keyword essay, as well as offer touchstones for the uses of history to each of these interrelated keywords. Students will be asked to: (1) post weekly comments to a class blog, (2) work in small groups to contribute to a 2500-word collaborative essay on "history" generated through a class wiki, (3) post and revise two short 4-page papers, and (4) write a 6- to 8-page final paper that draws upon the writing developed through the two short papers, as well as the course websites (blog and wiki). | <urn:uuid:750963da-c896-4210-a14f-796fff2a6031> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.washington.edu/students/icd/S/engl/242dkimmey.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00124-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918273 | 782 | 2.765625 | 3 |
EMIGRATE TO NORTH CAROLINA???
The North Carolina Scottish Heritage Society was established in 1992 as a non-profit incorporated organization to promote study, research and publication concerning the ancestry and heritage of North Carolina’s Scottish Settlers.
The Society publishes its journal, the Argyll Colony Plus, three times per year. It has been published since 1986. The Argyll Colony Plus has many articles of interest to people researching genealogy and history related to the early settlement of highland Scots in eastern North Carolina. It has won several awards and is a valuable resource.
The name, The Argyll Colony, derives from the emigration in 1739 of a group of settlers from Argyll, primarily Jura, Islay, Colonsay, Gigha and Kintyre, who settled in the Cross Creek area of North Carolina, now Cumberland and Harnett County. The "Plus" indicates our interest in opening our study to include all North Carolina families of Scottish descent.
articles published in past volumes include: "A Guide to the
Old Graveyard Of Kilmeny, Islay: Islay Graveyard Series No. 1"; "Were
your Ancestors Kintyre Smugglers? - Illicit Whisky Making in Kintyre";
"The Galbraith Poet-Harpers of Gigha"; "Index of Ruined Crofts, Farms
Dwellings and Former Inhabitants of Glassary Parish"; "The Mcleods of
Buffalo (Hoke Co., NC)".
You may also submit one query per year which will be published at no charge as space allows in the next available issue of the Argyll Colony Plus. A data base of ancestors and family names is being developed to assist members in connecting families and making connection with relatives.
In March of each year, the NCSHS collaborates with St. Andrews Presbyterian College in Laurinburg, NC to hold a symposium related to Scottish Heritage. There are speakers from the U. S. and from Scotland for this three-day event. Their topics vary from genealogy to other historically related subjects. This is a wonderful weekend of learning, sharing information, and fellowship.
Annual subscriptions are $30.00. Checks should be made payable to NCSHS
For more information, contact: Anne Landin Secretary-Treasurer
1690 Plainfield Church Road
Siler City, NC 27344 | <urn:uuid:0de31ebd-60b3-4e90-a1db-ee1de7e0e298> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~steve/islay/nc/nc_scots.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924156 | 506 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Primatologists often characterize learned behavioral differences as "cultural" traits, since they arise independently of genetic factors and can be passed on to succeeding generations. Such cultural traditions have been documented in African chimp populations (e.g. using stones to crack nuts). While most of these cases involve tool use, Robert Sapolsky and Lisa Share now provide evidence, in the latest issue of the open-access journal PLoS Biology, of a higher order cultural tradition in wild baboons in Kenya. Rooted in field observations of a group of olive baboons (called the Forest Troop) since 1978, they reveal the emergence of a unique pacific culture affecting this troop.
Typically, male baboons angle either to assume or maintain dominance with higher ranking males or engage in bloody battles with lower ranking males. Females are often harassed and attacked and internecine feuds are routine. However, in the mid-1980s an unexpected outbreak of TB infected and killed the most aggressive males of Forest Troop, drastically changing the gender composition and the behavior of the group; males were significantly less aggressive.
Surprisingly, even though no adult males from this period remained in the Forest Troop in 1993 (males migrate after puberty), new males were also less aggressive than both their predecessors before the outbreak and in comparison with a nearby 'control' troop. Sapolsky and Share also found that the Forest Troop males lacked the distinctive physiological markers of stress. The authors explored how the Forest Troop might preserve this peaceful lifestyle, including the potential impact that females could have in regulating male behaviour. Teasing out the mechanisms for such complex behaviors will require future study but, as Frans de Waal states in a related article in the same issue of PLoS Biol, "with the study by Sapolsky and Share we now have the first field evidence that primates can go the flower-power route". If aggressive behavior in baboons does have a cultural rather than a biological foundation, perhaps there's hope for us as well.
citation: Sapolsky RM, Share LJ (2004) A pacific culture among wild emergence and transmission. PLoS Biol 2(4):e106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020106
PLEASE MENTION PLoS BIOLOGY (www.plosbiology.org) AS THE SOURCE FOR THESE ARTICLES. THANK YOU.
All works published in PLoS Biology are open access. Everything is immediately available without cost to anyone, anywhere--to read, download, redistribute, include in databases, and otherwise use--subject only to the condition that the original authorship is properly attributed. Copyright is retained by the authors. The Public Library of Science uses the Creative Commons Attribution License.
Stanford, CA 94305
United States of America
415-723-2649 or 650-723-2649 | <urn:uuid:f92f3f01-9a1c-47a9-b4bd-abf607a2c73e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-04/plos-cop040604.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913217 | 581 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Joined: 30 Jun 2004
Location: The Portland Group Inc.
|Posted: Thu Oct 27, 2005 6:54 pm Post subject:
In basic asm statements, you can only use global C variables. Also, 'dec' only works with registers. Example:
printf("Before %d\n", y1);
__asm("mov y1, %eax");
__asm("mov %eax, y1");
printf("After %d\n", y1);
Note that we will support extened asm in our next major release (6.1) which will allow you do more advanced assembly coding, such as using local variables. For now, however we're stuck with basic asm. | <urn:uuid:fd3e6717-798e-4bf1-8e05-48f74ab3ea91> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pgroup.com/userforum/viewtopic.php?t=351 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.775699 | 154 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The purpose of this study guide is to help teachers prepare a unit using the information presented on this website. To explore some of the different approaches that can be taken, follow the links below.
The Jigsaw MethodUsing this method, students are assigned to investigate different aspects of the same problem or issue. For example, each team might analyze a different but related data set or read an article on different aspects or viewpoints on the same topic. Once each team member thoroughly understands his/her team's aspect of the problem, new groups are formed, with at least one representative from each original team. Each individual then explains her/his team's aspect of the problem to the new group. In this way, every student learns every aspect of the problem. Each group then uses combined information to evaluate a summary issue ([Tewksbury, 1995] ). This method could be used by dividing a class up into groups and assinging them to the different key points on the website.
- Is Yellowstone Volcanism Caused by a Deep-Seated Mantle Plume?
- Is there a present volcanic hazard
- What is the compositional diversity in volcanic suites, comparing the Yellowstone and Mt. Mazama calderas?
- Should geothermal energy resources around Yellowstone Park be developed?
- Snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park: An American Right, or Wrong?
Course Materials related to Yellowstone National Park
Yellowstone: A Natural Laboratory is an introductory course for non-majors that emphasizes modern research methods and results, taught by Dr. Cathy Whitlock, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Montana State University. Examples of course activities can be found by linking to
- Course Syllabus (Microsoft Word 64kB Jan7 08)
- Climate Change in Yellowstone National Park exercise (Microsoft Word 44kB Jan7 08)
- Group report exercise on topical research questions about Yellowstone National Park (Microsoft Word 30kB Jan7 08)
- Stream Data and Climate Change Exercise in Yellowstone National Park (Microsoft Word 29kB Jan7 08) with an Excel spreadsheet example of peak discharge data at a single location in Yellowstone National Park (Excel 121kB Jan7 08) | <urn:uuid:339a0a8d-f4d5-465f-b08a-e8e83fd27a17> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/yellowstone/studyguide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853394 | 440 | 3.375 | 3 |
The current mild winter, without the habitual annoyance of your feet tracking snow all over the apartment, could excuse some hard-nosed New Yorkers for not giving two hoots about global warming.
However today, Mayor Michael Bloomberg and City Council Speaker Christine Quinn announced that 29 recommendations aimed at making the city’s buildings more sustainable have been drafted into law. Eight more recommendations are currently being codified.
The initial green building report–commissioned by the Mayor’s office–was published all of two years ago by the Urban Green Council, a nonprofit whose goal is to lead sustainable urban design. The report contained 111 recommendations. The city claims that the implementation of the new laws will reduce those pesky greenhouse emissions by 5 percent citywide, making for a $400 million saving by the year 2030.
It is all part of the Mayor’s PlaNYC sustainability initiative. “When we launched PlaNYC five years ago, we put forward a bold vision to make our City more sustainable, and meeting those goals is now a part of how our city develops,” the mayor said in a statement.
Some of the laws include no use of artificial lighting where natural lighting is efficient, water fountains instead of vending machines and white roofs that reflect the suns heat, instead of those nasty heat gathering black ones. The city is also working on removing old red tape that used to impede green design.
“These simple changes are just the beginning of making our buildings more environmentally friendly and making New York one of the world’s greenest cities,” Buildings Commissioner Robert LiMandri said.
Challenges remain. With only two years left for the administration and the current council class, how many more of these initiatives will be passed? After all, much of what has been tackled so far is the low-hanging fruit—CFLs, anyone?—meaning that the road ahead will be a little rougher. | <urn:uuid:dbc93a9f-788e-413b-937e-f9f3bb248189> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://observer.com/2012/02/green-bureaucracy-in-two-years-city-has-passed-25-percent-of-its-sustainable-building-bills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929652 | 401 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Variety and quality are two essentials when it comes to eating well and reducing your risk of chronic diseases. In all of his books, Dr. Arthur Agatston explains that a healthy diet must feature a wide variety of nutritious foods, including vegetables, legumes, fruits, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats.
While the basic principles of healthy eating are quite simple, unfortunately the majority of Americans fail to follow them, and we’re paying the price in terms of our nation’s current epidemics of obesity, prediabetes, and diabetes. If you want to improve your eating habits, resolve to do the following:
Embrace variety. Don’t base your diet predominantly on just a few foods. Consuming a wide variety of healthy foods, especially nutrient-dense, high-fiber vegetables and fruits in a rainbow of colors, provides you with the phytonutrients (plant chemicals) you need to stimulate your body’s immune cells and infection-fighting enzymes and prevent a host of ailments.
Evaluate the foods you eat. Pay attention to the quality of the carbohydrates, protein, and fats you eat. Avoid refined starches and sugars and saturated fats from fatty meats and full-fat dairy. Choose high-fiber whole fruits, whole-grains, and legumes; lean meat, poultry, and seafood; and low-fat dairy products instead. And stick with the good unsaturated fats found in olive oil and canola oil.
Avoid empty-calorie foods and beverages. Some foods and beverages, such as packaged baked goods and sugary sodas, are filled with empty calories to begin with. Others, like white bread and white rice, are stripped of their nutrients and fiber during processing, destroying much of their nutritional value. And don't assume that products labeled “gluten free” are necessarily healthy. Many can be high in sugar, fat, and sodium. Always read the Nutrition Facts panel and the ingredients list on all packaged products before buying. And keep in mind that taking vitamin and mineral supplements is not a substitute for a healthy whole-foods diet.
Stop counting. Counting every calorie or gram of fat, protein, or carbohydrate, and weighing your food to the ounce, is simply not conducive to a pleasurable lifestyle or useful for keeping extra weight off over the long run. When you make healthy food choices most of the time for your meals and snacks, you will be satisfied with reasonable food quantities, and counting becomes superfluous. | <urn:uuid:24115687-abdc-4a4f-b3fd-386eefba05b4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.southbeachdiet.com/diet/some-basic-principles-of-healthy-eating | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00179-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940503 | 515 | 3.296875 | 3 |
How and When Vietnam's "Resistance
Movement Began" (part one)
When the young emperor, Ham Nghi, together with his court, fled
Hue in July 1885 for the security of the mountains of central
Vietnam, the Vietnamese resistance to French colonial rule began.
The decision to resist the imposition of the French protectorate
was sudden, but not unplanned. One of the regents responsible
for the government of the thirteen-year-old Ham Nghi was Ton That
Thuyet. He had long urged a more vigorous defense against French
force and had prepared a mountain retreat, supplied with food,
ammunition, and gold. But only a series of insults by French military
commanders and an attempt to deprive the court at Hue of all power
and influence finally convinced the royal family that its honor,
at least required an active military defense.
On his flight from Hue Nghi issued a royal declaration known as
the "Loyalty to the King Edict." True to Confucian belief, the emperor accepted full blame for
the calamities that had befallen the country but insisted upon
strict obedience to the new edict. Loyalty to the monarchy and
hatred of the French were sufficiently strong to produce a twelve-year
guerrilla resistance against the French. It drew its leaders from
loyal mandarins and other local scholars and has been named the
"Scholars' Revolt." Until the French captured Ham Nghi
in 1888, the Scholars' Revolt centered around him.
With the French in hot pursuit of the fleeing court, the would-be
rebels were unable to reach the mountain retreat they had selected
in advance. The supplies stored there fell, instead, into French
hands. The rebels moved farther into the mountains, quickly becoming
dependent upon the support of small villages.
THE GUERRILLA WAR BEGINS
In the early years the rebels were highly effective. Selective
Vietnamese ambushes prevented French troops from gaining a major
foothold in the mountains. Ton That Thuyet
reportedly had more volunteers than he could use. The classic pattern
of guerrilla warfare emerged. By day the forces kept to the security
of the mountains. At night they entered villages to resupply and
to gain new recruits. Everywhere the French appeared to be in control
of the villages, but nowhere were they safe.
With these early successes Ton left the young emperor in the care
of his sons and traveled to China, hoping in vain to enlist the
support of Peking. The French, too, began to seek support elsewhere.
Their demand for more money and more troops from France was met
in Paris by criticism from the Chamber of Deputies, which had
previously been so enthusiastic about the protectorates.
The French then turned south to their colony of Co-chin China,
in hopes of enlisting support. Twenty years of colonial rule had
its effect there. A large number of Vietnamese already held stakes
in the French rule. These tested collaborators proved willing
to raise armies to fight their fellow Vietnamese in the North.
One of the wealthiest of the Cochin Chinese, Tran
Ba Loc, also proved to be one of the most ruthless of the
antiguerrilla fighters. He literally wiped a score of villages
off the map.
The French also sought other allies. After Ham
Nghi's flight they had installed a new emperor, Dong
Khan. They called upon the mandarins to support this "rightful"
ruler, making a highly enticing offer: Rebels who voluntarily
surrendered would be pardoned; those caught would be summarily
executed. However, many mandarins refused to recognize the new
emperor and at best remained neutral. Much like the Americans
nearly a century later, the French also exploited the guerrillas'
reliance upon Vietnam's ethnic minorities in the mountains, especially
the Muong. Small bribes were often enough to gain the cooperation
and loyalty of the ethnic troops.
The French used this last connection to capture Ham
Nghi and strike a fatal blow to the resistance. While in
the care of Ton That Thuyet's sons, he
was guarded by Muong tribesmen. The French approached the Muong
chief, offering him opium and a military title in exchange for
his betraying the emperor. Ham Nghi was
captured in November 1888. True to the Confucian tradition of
obedience to the father, one of Ton's young sons fell in defense
of his monarch. The other, shamed by his inability to carry out
his father's instructions, committed suicide. The sixteen-year-old Ham Nghi behaved with dignity, refusing
to communicate even his name to his French captors. He would not
meet with relatives who had returned to the court at Hue and lived
the rest of his life in exile in the French colony of Algeria.
THE END OF THE SCHOLARS' REVOLT
The capture of Ham Nghi was a turning point in French pacification
efforts. More and more mandarins saw the wisdom of accepting the
French offer and returned to their duties, this time in the service
of the French. Others followed the Confucian tradition of retirement
to their home villages. It became increasingly easy for the French
to consolidate their rule without aid from Paris. Mandarins were
able to conscript native troops to battle the remaining insurgents,
and taxes were heavily increased to pay for the military campaigns.
For a minority, however, the capture of Ham Nghi only intensified
their efforts. Plans were laid for a long-term struggle. One guerrilla
group captured and beheaded the Muong betrayer of Ham Nghi. Others
developed increasingly sophisticated guerrilla tactics and began
the manufacture of replicas of the most advanced French weapons.
But the French developed a strategy that ultimately led to the
end of guerrilla resistance. Focusing their entire attention on
a particular area they built a series of fortifications around
the guerrillas' mountain base. Slowly moving in, they trapped
the guerrillas in an ever-tightening noose. Ultimately the guerrillas'
only hope was exactly what the French wanted: a frontal attack
at-tempting to break through the French ring. These tactics destroyed
the mass of the guerrilla movement. Those who were left fell victim
to disease, starvation, many committed suicide.
By 1897 the last of the guerrilla forces in the mountains of
Tonkin had been subdued. A decade of peace commenced, during which
the French could begin the process of developing their new possessions.
But the rebellion lived in the memory of the people, providing
lessons both by what it had accomplished and what it had not.
The Scholars' Revolt failed largely because of the limitations
of its guiding philosophy, Confucianism. The appeal to scholars
provided Ham Nghi's court with its only link to the masses and
gave the movement its popular appeal. But it was also the major
cause of its failure. The scholars commanded their own village
peasants' loyalties, but unlike the guerrillas of the 1950s and
1960s they had little support from other villages, much less a
national leadership. This localism made it difficult for guerrillas,
once forced from their native areas, to reestablish bases with
close ties to neighboring villages-an essential element in the
The Scholars' Revolt was also hampered by traditional Confucian
loyalty to the family. The French tactic of arresting and threatening
death to the parents of resistance leaders was cruel, but successful.
Those Vietnamese who chose the good of the country over their
filial responsibilities often went through extreme mental anguish.
One creative mandarin tried to convince his peers that Vietnam
was the parent of all its people and that fighting for one's country
was the equivalent of ancestor worship. "Now I have one tomb,"
he argued, "a very large one that must be defended: the land
of Vietnam.... If I worry about my own tombs, who will worry about
defending the tombs of the rest of the country?" But in 1890
he was a remarkable exception and convinced almost no one.
Finally, the Scholars' Revolt suffered from its conservative goals.
Its aim was the restoration of the Nguyen court and its mandarin
bureaucracy. Village loyalties were strong enough to enable local
scholars to raise small guerrilla armies. Ultimately, however,
peasant apathy and the promises of the French to bring the benefits
of "civilization" to the Vietnamese robbed the Nguyen
regime of its support.
Despite its failure, the Scholars' Revolt marked the beginning
of the Vietnamese resistance movement. The heroic deaths, such
as those of Ton's sons, in-spired by Confucian honor, became a
source of inspiration for the next generation of Vietnamese. Especially
among mandarin families, the wish to avenge the death of a father,
uncle, or older brother provided the psychological impetus for
the rebirth of the resistance movement after 1900.
While peace dominated the years following the repression of
the Scholars' Revolt, its glory was kept alive. Veterans told
stories of the revolt, stirring schoolboys. Inevitably a new generation
of scholars arose for whom the study of classical Chinese military
tactics attained an importance equal to the study of classical
Chinese philosophy. By 1903 these young men began plotting, with
independence as their goal The victory of the Japanese over the
Russian empire in 1904 was proof that an Asian country could defeat
a western power and stimulated the second generation of Vietnamese
resistance. The struggle of this new generation centered, above
all, around two men Phan Boi Chan and Phan Chu Trinh.
The birth of a revolutionary tradition
Phan Boi Chau was born in 1867 in the central province of Nghe
An. His father had passed the mandarin examinations but declined
government service. He chose instead the honorable but poor existence
of a village teacher. When the Scholars' Revolt began in 1885,
young Phan put his studies aside and organized his classmates
into a candidates corps. As the I French entered his home village,
the corps dissolved in panic. Phan felt that he was unable to
prevent the panic because he lacked the prestige of a mandarin's
degree, and he returned to his studies. His father's failing health
made it all the more important that he establish himself. In 1900
he passed his examinations. Later that year his father died, and
Phan was free to embark on his real career: organizing Vietnam's
True to his upbringing, Phan began his struggle with an entirely
traditional outlook. He first sought the support of leading veterans
of the earlier rebellion, receiving the blessing of the famous
Hoang Hoa Tham, whose defeat in 1897 marked the end of the Scholars'
Revolt. Tham encouraged Phan to find a royal pretender to the
throne around whom the resistance could gather a loyal following.
Ironically, Phan's choice was a direct descendant of Prince Canh,
the son of Gia Long, whom Pigneau de Behaine had brought to France
in 1784 to be educated as a pro-French ruler. In 1903 Prince Cuong
De accepted the offer and began a lifetime as the center of royalist
attempts to gain Vietnamese independence.
As Phan deepened his commitment to the past, he started reading
the works of Chinese mandarin reformers breaking away from their
own Confucian heritage. Some spoke only of a reformed Confucianism,
while others supported the republican ideas of Sun Yat-sen. Many
of them, unwelcome in China, had found refuge in Japan. When news
of its victory over Russia in 1904 reached Vietnam, the allure
of Japan grew. Phan and his small band of allies agreed that Vietnamese
independence could only be won with foreign support. Japan became
the most logical candidate.
In 1905 Phan sailed for Japan, having written ahead to the famous
Chinese reformer, Liang Ch'i Ch'ao. Liang warned Phan against
any reliance on Japanese aid. Japanese support, he argued, would
inevitably result in Japanese domination of Vietnam. Still, Liang
graciously introduced Phan to leading Japanese liberal politicians.
Japan's liberals disappointed Phan. They ruled out military
aid and suggested instead that Phan raise money to send young
Vietnamese to Japan for advanced study in both military arts and
modern technology. Liang urged Phan to accept the Japanese offer
as the best hope for the moment.
Returning to Vietnam, Phan Boi Chan organized the "Exodus
to the East," as the program to encourage study in Japan
was called. To raise funds and coordinate the program, the "Public
Offering Society" was formed. By the summer of 1908 two hundred
young Vietnamese were studying in Japan. Among the Vietnamese
in Japan was Prince Cuong De, by now hunted by the French because
of his claim to the Vietnamese throne.
To raise funds, Phan's fledgling movement depended upon more
than direct solicitation from wealthy Vietnamese. Sympamizers
to the cause began to develop commercial enterprises-hotels, restaurants,
even newspapers-and turned the proceeds over to the movement.
Given the traditional Confucian aversion to commercial ventures,
this in itself was a major break with the past.
Phan also began to reconsider his reliance on traditional philosophy.
While never disavowing his support for the monarchy and Prince
Cuong De, he gradually began to sympathize with the belief of
Chinese reformers in democracy. Phan became convinced that an
independent Vietnam required the active participation of its citizens,
rather than the restoration of the rigidly hierarchical mandarin
system. The resulting synthesis gave birth to Vietnamese constitutional
Vietnamese prisoners placed in stocks by the French after arrests
made during the poison plot." These participants and many
others involved in the plot ended up executed or behind French
The poison plot
Gradually the pieces began to come together. By late 1907 Phan
felt that the time was ripe for an attempt to force the French
out of Vietnam. His group developed a plan by which the French
officers of the Hanoi garrison would be poisoned by low-ranking
native troops, who would then seize crucial points in the capital.
Broader planning was limited to assurances of support by former
leaders of the Scholars' Revolt in central and southern Vietnam.
The French officers were poisoned as planned, but the French apparently
had some inkling of trouble. Their intimations were confirmed
when one of the poisoners headed straight for the confessional
after committing the deed. The Catholic priest immediately violated
his vow of confessional confidentiality and informed the French
authorities. Phan's plot was thwarted, and his supporters throughout
the country wisely canceled their planned attacks on the French.
In the aftermath, colonial authorities executed thirteen of
Phan's followers. Scores more were sent to prison. Phan himself,
already wanted by the French police avoided arrest by remaining
in Japan during the "revolt." The French, however, soon
discovered the connection between the aborted revolt and the "Exodus
to the East" program and prevailed upon the Japanese government
to deport the Vietnamese studying there.
By 1908 Japan was flexing its muscles as a new imperial power
more concerned with maintaining good relations with other great
powers than with supporting the independence movements of its
small neighbors. Japan's short-lived role as the benign liberator
of Asia was over. Most of the Vietnamese students in Japan avoided
deportation to Vietnam by finding refuge in China. Phan and a
small group of followers made their new home in Siam, where they
smuggled propaganda tracts back into Vietnam.
The misconceived alliance with Japan underscored a dilemma faced
not only by Phan Boi Chau but by all of his successors in the
independence movement. The small nation required substantial outside
assistance to regain its independence, but that assistance called
for dependence upon another country. Whether dealing with Japan,
the United States, China, or the Soviet Union, no Vietnamese ruler
was ever wholly able to walk this tightrope.
Phan played a major role in resistance politics for another
two decades. But 1908 marked the climax of his leadership. While
his belief in direct, violent action makes him, in many ways,
the father of modern Vietnamese revolutionary philosophy, his
political philosophy and tactics were largely from another era.
He felt that the masses still required the traditional symbol
of the monarchy. Although he recognized the need for mass support
in any anticolonial movement, he was unable to develop a modern
strategy. He still believed that the peasantry would follow the
scholar class out of a traditional sense of loyalty. Phan's mirror
image was found in his contemporary, Phan Chu Trinh, the other
father of modern Vietnamese nationalism.
Phan Chu Trinh and the western alternative
Phan Chu Trinh was born into a wealthy scholar's family in central
Vietnam. His father fought in the Scholars' Revolt but, suspected
of being a traitor, was killed by other leaders of the movement
in 1885. Orphaned at age thirteen, Phan relied on his elder brother
for education in the Chinese classics. By 1901 he had received
the highest mandarin degree, apparently on his way toward continuing
the family tradition. But he soon became attracted to the Chinese
reformers and met Phan Boi Chan in 1903. In 1905 he made the break,
resigning his post in the mandarin bureaucracy.
Whereas Phan Boi Chau considered the French the major enemy, Phan
Chu Trinh leveled his attacks against the traditional Vietnamese
court and mandarin bureaucracy. He rejected the monarchy in its
entirety and called for the establishment of a democratic republican
Vietnam. In Phan Chu Trinh's opinion, French rule was preferable
to a restored Nguyen regime. The two men respected each other,
but their divergent views prevented them from working together.
Phan Chu Trinh's beliefs enabled him to maintain communication
with the French. In 1906 he addressed a letter to Governor General
Paul Beau requesting that the French live up to their civilizing
mission. He called for the abolition of the vestiges of mandarin
rule and the development of modern legal, educational, and economic
institutions, including the industrialization of Vietnam. Phan
also charged the French with responsibility for what had transpired
in Vietnam, particularly the exploitation of the countryside by
Vietnamese collaborators. Phan's ideas soon won him a sympathetic
audience among progressives in France itself.
These links also enabled Phan to organize an open the Hanoi
Free School in 1907 with the permission of French authorities.
The Free School's theory held that scholars must renounce their
elitist traditions by learning from the masses and the peasants
be given a modern education. The school most successful enterprise
was a series of free public lectures which frequently resulted
in animated discussion by the audience. Hundreds in attendance
were exposed to western ideas while debating various theories
of modernization. To Phan, the major intent of these lectures
was to overcome the Confucian philosophy that dominated Vietnamese
Within a year, however, the French closed the school. The Free
School had scrupulously avoided any illegal activities, but the
colonial authorities were convinced that it had ties to the more
radical program of Phan Boi Chau. Peasant tax revolts had erupted
in 1908, and the French were not willing to take any chances.
Phan Chu Trinh was arrested the following spring charged with
inciting the tax riots. He was condemned to death, but his progressive
admirers in France intervened. The French resident superior commuted
his sentence to life imprisonment. In 1911 the French pardoned
him but placed him under house arrest. When Phan Chu Trinh then
requested return to prison rather than partial freedom, French
permitted him to travel to France.
In Paris Phan made contact with his French supporters who opened
their journals to his attacks on French colonial rule. To support
himself he found employment as a photo retoucher. He lived in
Paris for more than a decade as a symbol, rather than leader,
of resistance. His home became an important meeting place of anti-French
Vietnamese who made their way to France.
Phan Chu Trinh's more peaceful path to Vietnamese independence
proved to be no more successful than Phan Boi Chau's. His political
theory, never well developed, was unable to draw the fine line
between reliance on the French to modernize Vietnam and full acceptance
of the colonial regime. Not surprisingly many of his associates
eventually collaborated with the French rule. Like Phan Boi Chau,
Phan Chu Trinh was unable to mobilize the peasants against the
French. He was more concerned with reforming the scholars than
forming a mass political organization.
With the outbreak of World War I in 1914 another generation
of Vietnamese resistance leaders had passed from the scene, the
last group to enjoy leadership by virtue of its scholarly background.
But this generation provided an essential link between traditional
Vietnam and the modern political movements that followed in the
1920s. They began the process of sweeping away the ossified Confucian
ideology. Phan Boi Chau developed the first violent revolutionary
strategy; Phan Chu Trinh bequeathed his belief in a nonmandarin
republican form of government. Their failures, too, were important.
They taught the next generation the most important facet of modern
politics: the need for mass organization.
"He who enlightens"
The initial blow for Vietnamese independence after World War I
came from Paris. There, a twenty-nine-year-old Vietnamese by the
name of Nguyen Ai Quoc (Nguyen the Patriot) presented a petition
for Vietnamese independence to the Versailles Peace Conference,
deciding the fate of postwar Europe. The petition caused the French
government some embarrassment, but the peace conference quickly
dismissed it. Not so easily dismissed was the young petitioner,
Nguyen Ai Quoc. He had come to Paris as a ship's cook in order
to learn about the West. There he met Phan Chu Trinh who taught
him the trade of photo retouching and encouraged his patriotic
spirit. For the rest of his life Nguyen Ai Quoc relentlessly pursued
the goal of Vietnamese independence. A quarter of a century after
appearing at Versailles, he changed his name to Ho Chi Minh, "he
But the 1920s were not a decade for the likes of Nguyen the Patriot.
Anticolonial politics were dominated instead by Vietnam's new
elite -the increasingly wealthy urban middle class. As the worldwide
prosperity of the post-World War I period reached Vietnam, a new
generation emerged with closer cultural ties to the French. Many,
perhaps the majority, relied upon that regime for their wealth,
accepting the dependent status which French rule guaranteed. But
others, in one way or another, joined the nationalist cause.
The most moderate among them avoided politics altogether but
still made a valuable contribution to Vietnam's new sense of nationalism.
Especially in Cochin China, they established newspapers, journals,
and books, all published in quoc ngu. But these earliest ventures
were largely initiated with French support, often with French
capital, and limited to cultural and pedagogic themes. Still,
they continued the work of Phan Chu Trinh by attacking Confucian
philosophy and opening the minds of many Vietnamese to western
Other nationalists shared the beliefs of their apolitical countrymen
but could not keep silent about their political grievances. Prior
to World War I they coalesced around a French-language newspaper,
the Native Tribune. In the 1920s they emerged as the Constitutionalist
party, led by the Tribune's publisher, Bui Quang Chieu. By the
mid-1920s they had developed a platform for the political development
of the Vietnamese nation. Ultimately they hoped to achieve a separate
constitution for the country, with a relationship to France modeled
after Canada's dominion status in the British Empire. For this
the French colonialist branded them Bolsheviks.
The Constitutionalists' immediate demands included an expansion
of educational opportunities for Vietnamese and the development
of a university in Hanoi on equal footing with those in France.
They also called for the creation of a representative council
of Vietnamese elected through a wide suffrage. As an intermediate
step they called for equal representation among French and Vietnamese
within the Colonial Council.
The Colonial Council was, in fact, reformed in 1922, increasing
Vietnamese representation to ten of the twenty-four seats. In
the early 1920s the Constitutional party routinely won every Vietnamese
seat on the council. This was indicative of their support but
also resulted from the restricted suffrage laws. Only twenty-two
thousand Vietnamese had the right to vote.
The failure of the moderates
Post-World War I agitation reached an early climax in the years
1925 and 1926. In November 1925 Alexandre Varenne arrived in Saigon
as the new governor general of Indochina, appointed by the leftist
coalition that had just won the French elections. The Constitutionalists
presented him with a list of demands, insisting upon greater political
rights for Vietnamese and development Of their economic and cultural
Earlier in the year, Phan Chu Trinh had returned to Vietnam from
Paris, by then a sick man. He died in March 1926. His funeral
included a long procession from Saigon to Tan Son Nhut, where
he was buried. Thousands upon thousands of Vietnamese lined the
streets to pay tribute to the father of the Vietnamese independence
movement. Bui Quang Chieu of the Constitutionalists made a speech
but disappointed the crowd by calling for Franco-Vietnamese harmony.
It was a fatal mistake, revealing that the Constitutionalist party
had fallen behind the times.
In the aftermath of the funeral, student strikes erupted in
Saigon, Hanoi, and My Tho, which housed three leading secondary
schools of Vietnam. But there still existed no means of linking
this new urban unrest to the village masses. By mid-1926 this
small crisis had passed. Varenne's rule proved remarkably tranquil.
A few badly needed reforms were initiated, but the political forces
were dispersed The Constitutionalists had lost their dynamism
and posed no further threat to the French. One Vietnamese nationalist
asked in anguish, "Have we all forgotten Phan Chu Trinh?"
The Vietnamese Nationalist party and the Chinese model
Not all had. On Christmas night, 1927, a small group of anticolonialists
met in great secrecy near Hanoi to found the Vietnamese Nationalist
party. The party was a conscious imitation of the Chinese Kuomintang,
the Nationalist party of Chiang Kai-shek. Its major achievement
was the development of the first revolutionary organization in
Vietnam. Although it employed certain rituals traditional to Asian
secret societies, it also adopted Lenin's modern organizational
principles. An elected central committee issued orders down through
the party structure, organized into small cells, to diminish the
chances of detection by the French police. In political theory
the new party was less innovative. It simply adopted the platform
of Chinese Nationalists.
According to the French secret police, the party grew to fifteen-hundred
members in 120 cells by early 1929. It was the first party to
draw its membership from outside the scholarly or wealthy elite.
It encompassed students, small merchants, and a few landlords,
but few peasants. Still almost none were scholars or came from
The party's promising beginnings, however, were soon destroyed.
A group of Vietnamese workers approached the party asking that
the French supervisor of labor recruitment in Indochina be assassinated.
Labor recruitment, which was often forced, and the working conditions
on plantations had long been scandalous. Peasants complained that
those "recruited" never returned home. The Nationalist
party shared the hatred of the workers for the recruitment practices
but refused the assassination on strategic grounds: The recruiter's
death would not weaken French rule and would lead to reprisals.
Turned down by the party, the workers, who may have been party
members, assassinated the French bureaucrat on their own.
The French reacted by arresting every party member they could
find. Their lists were quite accurate. Eventually four hundred
arrests were made, resulting in seventy-eight convictions. The
leadership of the party was decimated. The party's founder, Nguyen
Thai Hoc, escaped and regrouped his forces in a village near Haiphong.
A heated discussion took place. Nguyen pointed to unrest among
Vietnamese troops in French regiments and called for a major uprising.
It appears, however, that he was aware that the up-rising would
not succeed. Instead, he was convinced that the French police
would soon destroy the remnants of the party. He wished to see
the Nationalist party end in action rather than through passive
The uprising was scheduled for February 9, 1930. At the last minute
Nguyen Thai Hoc attempted to postpone the uprising for a week,
but his messenger was captured by the French. Other forces, unaware
of the postponement, began the rebellion as planned. In several
garrisons native troops attacked French officers, but within nine
hours the French had restored order. Almost all of the remaining
party leaders were arrested. Nguyen Thai Hoc was beheaded. The
few members who escaped arrest headed for sanctuary in southern
China. There, riven with factionalism, they were unable to form
any alliance with other resistance fighters in exile. They played
only a small role in the 1930s but reemerged during World War
II, when their strength came almost entirely from an external
source-the Chinese Nationalists, after whom they had fashioned
The Constitutionalists were in many ways the heirs of Phan Chu
Trinh, although the party's attacks on French rule lacked the
sharpness and radicalness of his ideas. The Nationalists were
the heirs of Phan Boi Chan. Both parties advanced the development
of the prewar resistance movement and introduced new elements
of political thought and organization. But neither achieved a
synthesis between the ideas of the two fathers of Vietnamese nationalism.
More important, neither could reach the Vietnamese peasantry.
By the late 1920s, however, new organizations emerged, perhaps
less active politically than their forerunners but with roots
deep in village Vietnam.
The Vietnamese alternative
In the 1920s a true counter-culture emerged in the villages of
Vietnam. The spearhead of this alternative both to the French
and the traditional Vietnamese bureaucracy was various religious
movements, including a revitalized Catholic church. Later, in
the 1930s, the Communist party emerged out of this counter-culture,
offering not only a cultural and philosophical alternative to
French rule but a political one as well.
The emerging counter-culture was not really anything new. Rather,
it brought together elements long a part of traditional Vietnamese
life. Alongside the official mandarin scholars with their court-approved
interpretation of Confucius had stood the local village scholars.
These scholars had been trained like the mandarins in the Chinese
classics. But after failing their examinations or being dismissed
from government service they had returned to their home villages.
Some who were otherwise qualified had simply refused government
service. Many had chosen the career of village teacher.
Their presence always represented an unofficial alternative to
mandarin Confucianism. While a mandarin, for example, might emphasize
the heavenly mandate of the ruler and the necessity of strict
obedience, the local scholars would argue that the ruler's mandate
really came from the people and insist upon the right of rebellion
against an ineffective emperor. In Vietnam's times of crisis this
divergence often led to civil war: the Tay Son found substantial
support from among the local unofficial scholars.
Scholars who refused government service also found other occupations
as chiefs of bandit gangs. Banditry played a substantially different
role in Vietnamese society than the term implies. The French referred
to most of the guerrillas who opposed the establishment of their
rule as bandits, and they were not entirely wrong. Many bandits
in Vietnam traditionally played a semipolitical role. Peasants
forced to leave their villages, perhaps for unpaid debts during
bad harvests, frequently had no alternative but to join a bandit
One of the most famous of these gangs was led by Cao Ba Quat,
considered the most brilliant scholar of all Vietnam. Cao Ba Quat,
lacking the right contacts at the Nguyen court, was angered at
being refused a government post. In 1854 he led an uprising against
the Nguyen called the "Locust Revolt." Cao Ba Quat whipped
up support for his rebellion among discontented peasants in the
area of Son Tay, where locusts were ravaging the fields and inflicting
severe hardship. The bandits roamed the countryside for several
years before the Nguyen army could quell the revolt and finally
pacify Son Tay.
The increased landlessness and indebtedness of
the peasantry under French rule resulted in the growth of such
bands. Led by disaffected village scholars like Cao Ba Quat, they
contained the seeds of political opposition to French rule. They
were a constant headache to the French, but little more. They
lacked the means of organizing into larger groups or of making
their political opposition widely known. Still, the French could
not ignore the political side of banditry when the gangs robbed,
with substantial local peasant support, the warehouses of wealthy
The importance of banditry really lay in its leadership, made
up largely of well-educated men. Like the local schoolteachers,
the bandit leaders had sufficient knowledge of the ruling system
of government to exploit it for the advantage of the peasants
who followed them. That is, the bandit seemed to have many of
the attributes of the middleman who did so much to exploit the
peasantry. The two occupied roughly the same position in society,
but with a crucial difference. The middleman operated for his
own personal benefit, the local scholar and, often, the bandit
leader for the benefit of the community. The key to the organization
of an effective anticolonial movement proved to be the development
of a new class of middleman that could understand and manipulate
the French system for the welfare of the peasants. The pioneers
in this new form of organization were religious: the Cao Dai sect
in Cochin China and reformed Catholicism in Annam and Tonkin. | <urn:uuid:870a77bd-a723-4992-8fe7-f46a79964318> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.vwam.com/vets/history/history1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964229 | 7,434 | 3.984375 | 4 |
NEW YORK, October 1, 2010--A multi-institutional team led by investigators from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center has published a study that provides new insight into genetic changes that make some forms of glioblastoma, the most common type of primary brain cancer, more aggressive than others and explains why they may not respond to certain therapies. The research was led by senior author Eric C. Holland, MD, PhD,--an MSKCC surgeon, researcher and the Director of the Brain Tumor Center--and was published in the October 1 issue of the journal Genes & Development.
Glioblastoma has several subtypes, which are characterized by different genetic changes found in the tumor cells. One common subtype is characterized by cells with increased signaling from a protein called platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). In this study, which involved screening patients' tumor samples for PDGFR mutations, the researchers were surprised to find that almost half of all glioblastomas with excess copies of the PDGFR gene also had rearrangements in the gene itself, creating proteins that are continually turned on. These rearrangements were either shortened forms of the protein or involved the fusion of the protein to another receptor. Fusion genes have not been found in brain tumors previously but are well studied in certain types of leukemia, and more recently have been found in some solid tumors as well.
Much of the team's work was made possible by data coming from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), an effort funded by the National Institutes of Health to understand the molecular basis of cancer. Glioblastoma is one of three forms of cancer that has been studied in detail as part of TCGA's initial pilot phase, along with ovarian cancer and lung cancer.
The presence of the rearrangements in the PDGFR gene suggest that these specific tumors have evolved to be dependent on signaling through this receptor, a target for several drugs under development. According to the researchers, the recent study suggests that more effort needs to be put into identifying exactly which subtype of glioblastoma a patient has in order for therapies to be targeted appropriately.
|Contact: Jeanne D'Agostino|
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center | <urn:uuid:2667f0ca-22a4-49d8-8ed3-70b1ad39ee45> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/Researchers-discover-genetic-changes-that-make-some-forms-of-brain-cancer-more-aggressive-76093-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969947 | 464 | 2.5625 | 3 |
National Education Agreement
The National Education Agreement is one of six National Agreements.
The Agreement encompasses the COAG’s objectives for Australia’s school system. COAG recognises that ensuring all young people have the best possible start in life is vital to the well-being of families, communities and the nation as a whole. High-quality schooling supported by strong community engagement is central to Australia’s future prosperity and social cohesion.
The National Education Agreement is a schedule to the Intergovernmental Agreement on Federal Financial Relations (part of Schedule F: National Agreements), which came into effect on 1 January 2009.
View the National Education Agreement
All National Agreements, including the National Education Agreement, are available on the Standing Council for Federal Financial Relations website.
A fact sheet is available on this website. | <urn:uuid:d405fa6b-c84b-4e57-9fdb-737ac09686f3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.coag.gov.au/node/302 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906815 | 167 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Haunted castle: The ruin with a colourful past
- 14 May 2013
- From the section Highlands & Islands
In 1303, King Edward I of England was in Scotland with his army. The monarch's expedition to conquer the Scots is believed to have brought him to a Highland castle which 710 years later has its own fan club and a chilling ghost story.
Near the seaside town of Nairn are the impressive ruins of Rait Castle.
The lands on which it stands were first held by Mackintosh clan chiefs in the 13th Century. The territory was later seized by the Cummings, a family led by Norman knights that built Rait Castle.
The Cummings, who were also known by the name de Rait, were among Scottish supporters of Edward I. A prominent member of the family, Gervaise de Rait, attended a meeting of the Scottish Parliament with the king in Berwick in 1296.
Seven years later, Edward was back in Scotland leading a campaign to conquer the Scots. He passed through Nairn en route to another castle, Lochindorb.
Built on an island on a loch, Lochindorb was used by the king as a base. He hunted game in the nearby wooded hills while his troops launched raids against his enemies' strongholds in the Highlands.
According to the Save Rait Castle group, Edward is likely to have stopped off at Rait on the way to Lochindorb to spend time with the Cummings.
When Robert the Bruce became King of Scotland in 1306 the Mackintoshes, who had fought for Bruce at Bannockburn, sought to reclaim Rait Castle. But the Cummings, despite having been loyal to the Edward, the Hammer of the Scots, were allowed to stay on.
This only added fuel to the flames of the feud between the castle's rival claimants. The dispute also lies behind Rait's ghost story which tells of the ruins being haunted by a young woman with no hands.
In 1442, according to George Bain's 1923 book History of Nairnshire, the Cummings invited the Mackintoshes to Rait Castle for a lavish feast where they could set aside their differences.
A daughter of the Cummings' clan chief and a young Mackintosh were also said to have been lovers at the time.
But rather than seeking to resolve the feud peacefully, the Cummings plotted to murder their dinner guests.
The Mackintoshes were tipped off about the scheme and went ahead with the meal with dirks hidden in their clothing.
During a toast to the dead, the Cummings made to draw their swords and found themselves at the end of a bloody assault by the Mackintoshes.
The Cummings' clan chief is said to have escaped to an upper chamber where he found his daughter. He suspected her of alerting the Mackintoshes and in a rage attacked her with his sword. He cut off her hands as she jumped from a window.
The castle is believed to have been abandoned shortly afterwards and left to fall into a ruin haunted by the handless girl.
Alastair Cunningham is among members of Save Rait Castle fascinated with the building's history and stories.
"This is a seriously old and interesting building, uniquely surviving for 700 years," said Mr Cunningham.
He added: "The builder was Gervaise de Rait who was Edward I's man in Nairnshire.
"Edward stayed at Lochindorb for three weeks in 1303 during which time the castles at Nairn and Urquhart were destroyed. It would be odd if he never visited his loyal henchman Gervaise de Rait."
Volunteers and the owners of the castle, the Cawdor family, cleared weeds and other vegetation from around Rait in 2010.
Mr Cunningham said by cutting away more bushes in the future the castle's ruined outbuildings, which include a chapel, might be revealed.
The Cawdor family has owned Rait since 1532.
A family spokesman said: "It has been described as the best surviving example of its type, a Scottish hall castle, and is unusual for having gothic windows with red sandstone mullions (divisions between units of a window).
"The owners believe it is important that the castle is conserved in its undisturbed state and most recently undertook a major vegetation clearance of the site in consultation with Historic Scotland, and continue to maintain the site for its long term preservation."
He added: "The owners do not seek to exploit it as a tourist attraction, but maintain periodic contact with Historic Scotland which is not currently requiring the owners to undertake any work at the present time." | <urn:uuid:c66249e8-eb49-4a8c-bc75-e4a84bda01f0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-22351386 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982908 | 960 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Thrips are staking claim as the No. 1 cotton pest in west Tennessee. And the plant bug isn't that far behind. According to Cotton Insect Losses 2002, compiled by Mississippi State University Extension entomologist Mike Williams, thrips infested 97 percent of west Tennessee cotton acreage in 2002 and reduced yield by 15,543 bales, both tops in those categories in west Tennessee.
“Thrips is probably the most important early-season pest that we have,” said Scott Stewart, Extension cotton entomologist at the University of Tennessee's West Tennessee Experiment Station in Jackson. “Ninety percent of our acreage is treated every year for thrips. Most of the treatments are in-furrow insecticides and those are pretty expensive treatments.”
Damage from thrips, can be all across the board, Stewart said. “Very often, if thrips aren't controlled adequately, it can result in replanting (which occurred extensively in 2002). Yield losses can vary from none at all to 10 to 20 percent depending on the year.”
With cool weather almost a given at planting in west Tennessee and with so much acreage infested by thrips year after year, growers often go with preventative applications of a systemic in-furrow insecticide such as Cruiser or Gaucho seed treatments or Temik in-furrow, according to Stewart. “That prevents us from having to replant and limits the amount of damage that we take.”
Stewart noted that a few farmers don't use anything at planting and apply a foliar spray if thrips infest young cotton.
The problem with going with a foliar spray only is two-fold, notes Stewart. “One is that weather may not permit you to put on the application. Second, a lot of the data suggests that even if you wait for that first true leaf when that cotton is coming out of the ground, if you've had a heavy thrips year, you could have already sustained economic damage. It can occur very quickly.”
Stewart says the data he's seen indicates that a seed treatment or in-furrow insecticide for thrips control, are pretty comparable. It becomes a preference for the grower and what system he wants.
There are a few things to consider, however, according to Stewart. If a grower has a problem with reniform nematodes, they are going to be more inclined to use Temik because Temik does have some activity on nematodes and the seed treatments do not.
In addition, in cold, wet springs, the in-furrow insecticide can play out before the cotton begins to grow. It's very common in those environments to have to spray on top of an in-furrow or seed treatment, Stewart said.
“Once cotton gets past the thrips window, which is the first two to three nodes, we usually don t have a significant problem until we start putting squares on the plant,” Stewart said. “Then plant bugs are a primary concern up until about first bloom. It's a pest that sometimes we are over-concerned about, but it certainly can be very damaging in some years and in some fields.”
According to Williams survey, plant bugs infested 93 percent of west Tennessee cotton acreage in 2002, which was second only to thrips, and reduced yields by almost 6,000 bales, fourth behind thrips, budworm/bollworm and stinkbug.
Elizabeth Pugh, who farms 4,400 acres of cotton with her father, Eugene Pugh in Halls, Tenn., has seen plant bugs rise in importance, too. “We used to chase boll weevils and bollworms. But with the onset of Bt cotton and boll weevil eradication, that's really changed. Plant bugs and stinkbugs are becoming more and more important,” she said.
The Pughs went with Centric and Trimax for the pest in 2002. “We like both of those products,” Elizabeth said. “We also like the safety (handling) issue.”
The products, which are neonicitinoids, have the same active ingredient as Gaucho and Cruiser seed treatments, Stewart noted.
The Pughs aren't sure about a direct yield benefit from plant bug control. Rather, taking out the pest itself is helping, not delaying maturity or losing fruit, Elizabeth said. “We want to keep all the fruit on it that we can. Keep the plant on track instead of delaying maturity.”
Somerville, Tenn., consultants Len and Clint Doyle like the residual activity of the neonicitinoids. “We got control up to 10 days on plant bugs and 14 days on aphids, Len said. “So that gives us a bigger window for control. So whether they're feeding or breeding, we're going to get them.”
One concern is that growers could develop a potential for resistance by over-relying on any one class of chemistry, noted Stewart. “People need to be aware that if they are putting on sequential applications in the early season for plant bugs and aphids, they have several different classes of chemistries they can choose from.” | <urn:uuid:0dd310da-4923-49fe-b535-9be0117ad84c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://deltafarmpress.com/print/west-tennessee-thrips-most-damaging-cotton-pest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961238 | 1,097 | 2.546875 | 3 |
SAN DIEGO — A pilot study by a multi-disciplinary team of investigators at Georgetown University suggests that a simple dot test could help doctors gauge the extent of dopamine loss in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Their study is being presented at Neuroscience 2013, the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience.
“It is very difficult now to assess the extent of dopamine loss — a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease — in people with the disease,” says lead author Katherine R. Gamble, a psychology PhD student working with two Georgetown psychologists, a psychiatrist and a neurologist. “Use of this test, called the Triplets Learning Task (TLT), may provide some help for physicians who treat people with Parkinson’s disease, but we still have much work to do to better understand its utility,” she adds.
Gamble works in the Cognitive Aging Laboratory, led by the study’s senior investigator, Darlene Howard, PhD, Davis Family Distinguished Professor in the department of psychology and member of the Georgetown Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery.
The TLT tests implicit learning, a type of learning that occurs without awareness or intent, which relies on the caudate nucleus, an area of the brain affected by loss of dopamine.
The test is a sequential learning task that does not require complex motor skills, which tend to decline in people with PD. In the TLT, participants see four open circles, see two red dots appear, and are asked to respond when they see a green dot appear. Unbeknownst to them, the location of the first red dot predicts the location of the green target. Participants learn implicitly where the green target will appear, and they become faster and more accurate in their responses.
Previous studies have shown that the caudate region in the brain underlies implicit learning. In the study, PD participants implicitly learned the dot pattern with training, but a loss of dopamine appears to negatively impact that learning compared to healthy older adults.
“Their performance began to decline toward the end of training, suggesting that people with Parkinson’s disease lack the neural resources in the caudate, such as dopamine, to complete the learning task,” says Gamble.
In this study of 27 people with PD, the research team is now testing how implicit learning may differ by different PD stages and drug doses.
“This work is important in that it may be a non-invasive way to evaluate the level of dopamine deficiency in PD patients, and which may lead to future ways to improve clinical treatment of PD patients,” explains Steven E. Lo, MD, associate professor of neurology at Georgetown University Medical Center, and a co-author of the study.
They hope the TLT may one day be a tool to help determine levels of dopamine loss in PD.
In addition to Gamble, Howard and Lo other authors of the study include Thomas J. Cummings Jr., MD, assistant professor of psychiatry at Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC) and James H. Howard Jr., PhD, an adjunct professor of neurology at GUMC.
The study was supported by National Institutes of Health grant RO1AG036863. The authors report having no personal financial interests related to the study.
About the Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery
The Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, a Georgetown University and MedStar National Rehabilitation Network collaboration, focuses on the study of biological processes underlying the brain’s ability to learn, develop, and recover from injury. Through interdisciplinary laboratory and clinical research, the Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery aims to find ways to restore cognitive, sensory, and motor function caused by neurological damage and disease.
About Georgetown University Medical Center
Georgetown University Medical Center is an internationally recognized academic medical center with a three-part mission of research, teaching and patient care (through MedStar Health). GUMC’s mission is carried out with a strong emphasis on public service and a dedication to the Catholic, Jesuit principle of cura personalis – or "care of the whole person." The Medical Center includes the School of Medicine and the School of Nursing & Health Studies, both nationally ranked; Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, designated as a comprehensive cancer center by the National Cancer Institute; and the Biomedical Graduate Research Organization (BGRO), which accounts for the majority of externally funded research at GUMC including a Clinical and Translational Science Award from the National Institutes of Health. | <urn:uuid:f69861cb-0c7b-40b8-9b20-d8dbb3979d8b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=73186&PageTemplateID=295 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932062 | 922 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Grades K - 2
Grade level Equivalent: 3.3
Lexile® Measure: 570L
DRA: Not Available
Guided Reading: Not Available
- Ceremony and Tradition
- Irish American
- St. Patrick's Day
About This Book
Celebrate Irish heritage in this Rookie Read-About Holidays book about the holiday for wearing the green: St. Patrick's Day!
Bring the customs and cultures of celebrations from around the world into the library and the classroom with Rookie Read-About Holidays. Just right for emergent readers, this lively series supports primary-grade curricula.
• Ways to Celebrate: a new feature detailing ideas of how to mark the holiday
• How the holiday is celebrated in other parts of the world, or how it is celebrated by a variety of families in the US
• Updated photographs and updated calendar
• An excellent introduction to our multicultural world
• "Words You Know" section | <urn:uuid:5003f886-46a3-46a2-9fe3-3ba017b250ec> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/book/st-patricks-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.821884 | 196 | 3.546875 | 4 |
When thinking about the best time to visit Brazil, it’s worth bearing in mind that the country splits into four distinct climatic regions. The coldest part – in fact the only part of Brazil that ever gets really cold – is the South and Southeast, the region roughly from central Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul that includes Belo Horizonte, São Paulo and Porto Alegre. Here, there’s a distinct winter between June and September, with occasional cold, wind and rain. Although Brazilians complain, it’s all fairly mild to anyone coming from the US or UK. Temperatures rarely hit freezing overnight, and when they do it’s featured on the TV news. The coldest part is the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, in the extreme south of the country, but even here there are many warm, bright days in winter, and the summer (Dec–March) is hot. Only in Santa Catarina’s central highlands does it (very occasionally) snow.
The coastal climate is exceptionally good. Brazil has been called a “crab civilization” because most of its population lives on or near the coast – and with good reason. Seven thousand kilometres of coastline, from Paraná to near the equator, bask under a warm tropical climate. There is a “winter”, when there are cloudy days and sometimes the temperature dips below 25°C (77°F), and a rainy season, when tropical downpours are severe enough to kill dozens every year in flash floods and landslides. In Rio and points south, the rains last from October through to January, but they come much earlier in the Northeast, lasting about three months from April in Fortaleza and Salvador, and from May in Recife. Even in winter or the rainy season, the weather will be sunny much of the time, with rain usually falling in intense but short bursts.
The Northeast is too hot to have a winter. Nowhere is the average monthly temperature below 25°C (77°F) and the interior, semi-arid at the best of times, often soars beyond that – regularly to as much as 40°C (104°F). Rain is sparse and irregular, although violent. Amazônia is stereotyped as steamy jungle with constant rainfall, but much of the region has a distinct dry season – apparently getting longer every year in the most deforested areas. Belém is closest to the image of a humid tropical city: it rains there an awful lot from January to May, and merely quite a lot for the rest of the year. Manaus and central Amazônia, in contrast, have a marked dry season from July to October. | <urn:uuid:09369e5c-a9ce-42d8-a0b8-cab58c4de5c4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/south-america/brazil/when-to-go/?wpfpaction=add&postid=30577 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00178-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966104 | 565 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Exactly how long does HIV survive outside its host?
May 21, 2001
Hello. In several of yuor answers to the question on how long can HIV live outside the human body, it was stated ranging from few to several minutes. By how much is this 'few to several minutes'? How much constitutes few or several minutes? 1,5 or 20 minutes? Also, I read somewhere on the net that HIV survives for only a few seconds to several minutes, depending on the quanity of fliud. HIV in a drop of blood will last only a few seconds before dying completely, whereas HIV in a big pool of blood dies in a couple of minutes. Is this information reliable? Also, if infected fluid was left on a surface but wiped away promptly after, if an open sore came into contact with such a surface, is transmission still highly possible? One last question. Is any fluid more infectious than others? For example, is blood more risky than semen or are they all equally infectious? Thank you for looking through these queries and I would really appreciate if they can be answered as I really value your opinions.
Response from Mr. Kull
Unfortunately, there is no exact answer to your question. There are many different variables that will determine how long HIV infected fluid will remain infectious in the environment. The type of fluid, the quantity of fluid, the amount of virus in the fluid, the environment in which the fluid is exposed, the temperature of the environment, and other variables could influence viability. This makes it impossible to predict EXACTLY how long HIV will survive in every circumstance. One thing you can assume is that the greater the quantity of virus in fluid, the longer the fluid will remain infectious. For more information about this, please read through the CDC's publication "Survival of HIV in the Environment" (http://www.thebody.com/cdc/survival.html).
The important thing to remember is that, as far as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are concerned, people are not infected by contact with fluids in their every day environment. So, whether HIV survives for 1 minute or for 15 minutes is ultimately irrelevant. It is extremely unlikely that you will get infected unless you are engaging in sexual or needle-sharing contact.
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This forum is designed for educational purposes only, and experts are not rendering medical, mental health, legal or other professional advice or services. If you have or suspect you may have a medical, mental health, legal or other problem that requires advice, consult your own caregiver, attorney or other qualified professional.
Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material. | <urn:uuid:2291afe7-01b7-4ccd-bed2-b92bbce799fb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/SafeSex/Q26492.html?ic=4003 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00110-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95017 | 582 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Grief on the edge of the tar sands
One person's emotion speaks for millions.
Her sobs carried across the crowd. Propane cannons boomed to frighten wildlife away from the tailings pond. She was surrounded by First Nation chiefs and elders, people from Squamish, Fort McMurray, and Fort Chipewyan. They comforted her as she cried over what they described as the devastation of their land, culture, and "Mother Earth."
Her heart-wrenching weeping silenced the 400 or so people who had come from all parts of Canada to join the First Nations for the 2013 Healing Walk. They stood listening as a seemingly-endless convoy of trucks rolled slowly towards the Syncrude oil sands facility.
Her tears said more than all of the passionate and powerful speeches that had taken place over the last 24 hours combined: Bill McKibben, Naomi Klein, Wynona LaDuke, dwarfed by the white haired woman's raw grief.
No one explained. No one had to. It had already been said.
The marchers looked over to where she sat on the edge of the man-made body of water where oil sands waste ends up, a toxic pond deadly to ducks and birds who hazard into it.
As her sobs pierced the cloudy day, some demonstrators began to weep.
The woman stood. One chief wrapped his arms around her. Then another. Then another and another. An elder wiped tears from his deeply wrinkled face. They turned away from the tailings pond.
And the walk continued. | <urn:uuid:5bf5b1b0-8ed4-4651-b301-6f25a632f31c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.vancouverobserver.com/environment/grief-edge-tar-sands | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968223 | 321 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Through a NASA k12 grant, Linda Hamilton has been aiming toward student modeling of Mars missions. With the LEGO Red Rover model of a Mars rover for teleoperating the next step is to be able to bring back pieces of Mars.
Inside the class room is the computer with the Red Rover program that has the
controls for the LEGO Rover and the camera.
The camera and Rover go outside the window.
The rocket is on the inside of the fence of the track and football field.
Red Rover project at Davis Creek Elementary
has reached to Barboursville Middle and to Big Creek High.
Now the schools will be working together to launch rockets and many more science projects.
THIS ROBOT SET OFF THE ROCKET!!
This little rover has been our test rover for checking out the internet connection from Davis Creek Elementary to Barboursville Middle. | <urn:uuid:a1e4c72b-2339-496b-8348-a23164a685b3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.marshall.edu/lego/bville/fll/28March01/RoCketX.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896835 | 175 | 3 | 3 |
September 2, 2009
Methane Likely Spewing Into Oceans Through Sea Floor Vents
Scientists worry that rising global temperatures accompanied by melting permafrost in arctic regions will initiate the release of underground methane into the atmosphere. Once released, that methane gas would speed up global warming by trapping the Earth's heat radiation about 20 times more efficiently than does the better-known greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide.
An MIT paper appearing in the Journal of Geophysical Research online Aug. 29 elucidates how this underground methane in frozen regions would escape and also concludes that methane trapped under the ocean may already be escaping through vents in the sea floor at a much faster rate than previously believed. Some scientists have associated the release, both gradual and fast, of subsurface ocean methane with climate change of the past and future."The sediment conditions under which this mechanism for gas migration dominates, such as when you have a very fine-grained mud, are pervasive in much of the ocean as well as in some permafrost regions," said lead author Ruben Juanes, the ARCO Assistant Professor in Energy Studies in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
"This indicates that we may be greatly underestimating the methane fluxes presently occurring in the ocean and from underground into Earth's atmosphere," said Juanes. "This could have implications for our understanding of the Earth's carbon cycle and global warming."
Juanes explains that some of the naturally occurring underground methane exists not as gas but as methane hydrate. In the hydrate phase, a methane gas molecule is locked inside a crystalline cage of frozen water molecules. These hydrates exist in a layer of underground rock or oceanic sediments called the hydrate stability zone or HSZ. Methane hydrates will remain stable as long as the external pressure remains high and the temperature low. Beneath the hydrate stability zone, where the temperatures are higher, methane is found primarily in the gas phase mixed with water and sediment.
But the stability of the hydrate stability zone is climate-dependent.
If atmospheric temperatures rise, the hydrate stability zone will shift upward, leaving in its stead a layer of methane gas that has been freed from the hydrate cages. Pressure in that new layer of free gas would build, forcing the gas to shoot up through the HSZ to the surface through existing veins and new fractures in the sediment. A grain-scale computational model developed by Juanes and recent MIT graduate Antone Jain indicates that the gas would tend to open up cornflake-shaped fractures in the sediment, and would flow quickly enough that it could not be trapped into icy hydrate cages en route.
"Previous studies did not take into account the strong interaction between the gas-water surface tension and the sediment mechanics. Our model explains recent experiments of sediment fracturing during gas flow, and predicts that large amounts of free methane gas can bypass the HSZ," said Juanes.
Using their model, as well as seismic data and core samples from a hydrate-bearing area of ocean floor (Hydrate Ridge, off the coast of Oregon), Juanes and Jain found that methane gas is very likely spewing out of vents in the sea floor at flow rates up to 1 million times faster than if it were migrating as a dissolved substance in water making its way through the oceanic sediment "” a process previously thought to dominate methane transport.
"Our model provides a physical explanation for the recent striking discovery by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of a plume 1,400 meters high at the seafloor off the Northern California Margin," said Juanes. This plume, which was recorded for five minutes before disappearing, is believed not to be hydrothermal vent, but a plume of methane gas bubbles coated with methane hydrate.
The Jain and Juanes paper in the Journal of Geophysical Research also explains the short-term consequences of injecting carbon dioxide into the ocean's subsurface, a method proposed by some researchers for reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas. Juanes found that while some of the CO2 would remain trapped as a hydrate, much would likely spew up through fractures just as methane does.
"It is important to keep both methane and carbon dioxide either in the pipeline or underground, because the consequences of escape can be quite dangerous over time," said Juanes.
This research was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.
By Denise Brehm, MIT Civil & Environmental Engineering
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:f9b2c18a-be48-4e6c-b629-15efd47f3eb8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1746914/methane_likely_spewing_into_oceans_through_sea_floor_vents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949833 | 915 | 3.75 | 4 |
“If your child suffers from symptoms that could be attributed to CFS, you should talk to your child’s pediatrician about Gene-Eden-VIR. This natural remedy was clinically proven to reduce symptoms in EBV infected individuals.– Mike Evans, polyDNA
Rochester, NY (PRWEB) January 04, 2014
A study found an association between an infection with the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) in kids (2). The study was published on June 16, 2013 in the International Journal of Pediatrics. Study authors wrote that for these children, “Having a disabling condition like CFS in childhood and adolescence may pose major consequences regarding mental health, personal relationships, school attendance and participating in social life (2).” An article in Parenting and Child Health agreed. The authors of that article said that children 12 and under, “often have a gradual onset of symptoms so it might seem that they are 'not coping', or 'complaining' or 'lazy' rather than unwell (1).” polyDNA recognizes that CFS symptoms are very real, and recommends that parents ask the pediatrician about Gene-Eden-VIR. This natural EBV remedy was clinically proven to reduce viral symptoms in a study that followed FDA guidelines.
Over the past few years, healthcare professionals have identified a growing number of children with EBV infections that show symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. As study authors noted “During the last years an increased focus on fatigue symptoms/syndrome among children has been observed, together with an increase in referrals to our hospital (2).” CFS in kids can be just as crippling as the syndrome is in adults. In fact, “Krilov et al. found that children and adolescents with chronic fatigue have a syndrome that is similar to that described in adults but that the syndrome presents earlier in the course of the illness (2).”
Interestingly, abnormalities in the immune system have been reported in CFS patients and study authors specifically noted that “Almost all patients reported a previous infection as the onset of fatigue symptom (2).” Moreover, “Almost all patients reported themselves to be previously healthy prior to their fatigue and also ascribed the onset due to an infection (2).”
The CDC says that “Chronic fatigue syndrome, or CFS, is a devastating and complex disorder. People with CFS have overwhelming fatigue and a host of other symptoms that are not improved by bed rest and that can get worse after physical activity or mental exertion. They often function at a substantially lower level of activity than they were capable of before they became ill (3).” The CDC’s page was last reviewed on May 13, 2012.
“If your child suffers from symptoms that could be attributed to CFS, you should talk to your child’s pediatrician about Gene-Eden-VIR. This natural remedy was clinically proven to reduce symptoms in EBV infected individuals.” – Mike Evans, polyDNA
A study published on August 12, 2013 in the peer reviewed, medical journal Pharmacology & Pharmacy, in a special edition on Advances in Antiviral Drugs, showed that Gene-Eden-VIR reduced EBV symptoms. Study authors wrote that, “Individuals infected with the Epstein Barr Virus…reported a safe decrease in their symptoms following treatment with Gene-Eden-VIR (4).” The study authors also wrote that, “We observed a statistically significant decrease in the severity, duration, and frequency of symptoms (4).”
To learn more about Gene-Eden-VIR, and EBV, visit http://gene-eden-kill-virus.com/EBV.php. All orders of Gene-Eden-VIR are completely confidential, and no information is shared or sold to any third party. Privacy is assured.
(1) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Parenting and Child Health. Last Updated on November 15, 2013.
(2) CFS in Children and Adolescent: Ten Years of Retrospective Clinical Evaluation. Published on June 16, 2013.
(3) CDC - Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Last Reviewed on May 14, 2012.
(4) Gene-Eden-VIR Is Antiviral: Results of a Post Marketing Clinical Study. Published on August 12, 2013.
polyDNA is a biotechnology company that develops dietary supplements using the unique scientific method developed by Dr. Hanan Polansky, which is based on Computer Intuition.
In addition to his unique scientific method, Dr. Polansky published the highly acclaimed scientific discovery, called Microcompetition with Foreign DNA. The discovery explains how foreign DNA fragments, and specifically, DNA of latent viruses, cause most major diseases.
polyDNA developed Gene-Eden-VIR, an antiviral natural remedy that helps the immune system kill latent viruses. | <urn:uuid:cadb2698-dad9-4ac2-8bd4-a1fe8793e545> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/01/prweb11452814.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942774 | 1,031 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Lori Briggs Exercise 25: Swiss Ball Walk Around
Benefits: This is a great exercise for shoulder stabilization and core stability. The purpose is to load each shoulder independently while maintaining a strong core and contracting the postural muscles that keep the hips up strong and body aligned. Because of the difficulty of this exercise, young swimmers may not have the strength and coordination to control the movement and should not perform it.
Execution: Standing behind the ball crouch down and place your abdominals on top of the ball. Roll forward until your hands reach the floor in front of the ball. Walk your hands out until your hips are off the ball. Continue to walk your hands out away from the ball until only your feet remain on the ball. At this point, focus on maintaining a strong core and contracting the postural muscles to keep the hips up strong and the body in alignment. Prevent the hips from sagging, and avoid any hip or torso rotation. Maintaining a long lever (feet on the ball with body in a push-up position), walk your hands laterally to rotate your body around the ball in a clockwise direction. Pick up your right hand and move it away from your midline, supporting your body weight with your left arm until you replant the right hand. Next, pick up your left hand and move it in closer to the right hand. Alternate these steps so your hands complete a cycle around the ball. Maintain a strong body alignment as you move your hands. Movement is finished once you complete a 360-degree circle. Next, complete this pattern in a counterclockwise direction. | <urn:uuid:a6c6a652-2757-495e-9a59-bbdb7772e0d8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.usaswimming.org/ViewMiscArticle.aspx?TabId=1890&Alias=rainbow&Lang=en&mid=9410&ItemId=5177 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915756 | 327 | 2.765625 | 3 |
January 14, 2013
Coding for Cognitive Disorders
For The Record
Vol. 25 No. 1 P. 26
Cognition is the process of awareness or thought and includes memory, language, attention, perception, and reasoning. A patient with a cognitive disorder has difficulty with one or more types of mental tasks. Cognitive disorders are brain disorders that typically occur in patients after middle age.
Common cognitive disorders include the following diagnoses:
• attention-deficit disorder (314.00), with hyperactivity (314.01);
• autism (299.00), autistic disorders in residual state (299.01);
• dementia (294.20), with behavioral disturbance (294.21);
• Down syndrome (758.0);
• dyscalculia (315.1);
• dyslexia (784.61);
• traumatic brain injury (854.01);
• traumatic head injury (959.01); and
• learning disabilities.
Dementia is the progressive impairment of brain function that affects a person’s ability to function at his or her usual level. The following are the major stages of dementia:
• mild cognitive impairment (memory problems);
• mild dementia (impaired memory and thinking skills);
• moderate dementia (severe memory impairment and difficulty in communication);
• severe dementia (severe problems with communication and frequent incontinence); and
• profound dementia (bedridden).
Dementia is a collection of disorders rather than a specific disease and can be attributed to various causes. The following are some common causes of irreversible dementia:
• Alzheimer’s disease (331.0 + 294.1x): The most common cause of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive, degenerative brain disease characterized by the development of brain plaques consisting of a protein (beta amyloid). Treatment currently is directed toward symptom management and slowing disease progression by using cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), galantamine (Razadyne), and memantine (Namenda). Research is focused on a preventive vaccine plus many new treatments.
Alzheimer’s disease may be classified as early or late onset. Early onset Alzheimer’s disease typically is defined as occurring prior to the age of 65, but the specificity must be documented by the physician and not determined based on the patient’s age.
• Multi-infarct dementia (290.4x + 437.0): Also called vascular dementia, multi-infarct dementia is caused by strokes that stop blood flow to parts of the brain. The fifth-digit subclassification with code 290.4 identifies the presence of delirium, delusional features, or depressive features.
• Parkinson’s disease (331.82 + 294.1x): This is a progressive neurologic disorder in which dopamine-producing brain cells are lost. There are four primary symptoms of Parkinson’s: tremor in the extremities, face, and jaw; rigidity of the trunk and limbs; bradykinesia (slowness of movement); and impaired balance and coordination. As the disease progresses, it frequently is accompanied by depression; problems with chewing, swallowing, and speaking; problems with urination and constipation; sleep disturbances; and skin changes.
Treatment is symptomatic in nature. Medications to treat Parkinson’s include carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet, Stalevo), dopamine agonists (Mirapex, Neupro, Parlodel, Requip), anticholinergics (Artane, Cogentin), monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors (Azilect, Eldepryl, Carbex, Zelapar), and catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors (Comtan, Tasmar).
As the disease and its symptoms progress, a surgical procedure may be performed to insert a deep brain stimulator. There is abnormal firing of movement circuits in the brain caused by the decrease in dopamine-producing cells, which results in the four classic symptoms. The deep brain stimulator firings are thought to disrupt the abnormal circuits.
• Dementia with Lewy bodies (331.82 + 294.1x): This condition causes protein deposits (Lewy bodies) in neurons. A unique symptom for this condition is visual hallucinations.
• Frontotemporal dementia (331.19 + 294.1x): The main symptom of this condition is changes in personality or behavior, including displays of inappropriate social behavior.
• Pick’s disease (331.11 + 294.1x)
• Huntington’s disease (333.4 + 294.1x), a rare, hereditary condition
• Leukoencephalopathies (323.9 + 294.1x), which affects the deeper brain tissue (white matter)
• Binswanger’s disease (290.12), a type of vascular dementia
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (046.19 + 294.1x): This is a progressive degenerative brain disorder that ultimately leads to dementia. Symptoms are similar to those of Alzheimer’s or other types of dementia, but the disease progression is more rapid. It is an extremely rare disease with only one in 100 million individuals being diagnosed each year. Treatment is directed toward symptom management and comfort.
In the late 1990s, a variant of the disease attributed to infected cattle, broke out in Great Britain (mad cow disease). However, the classic form is not related to ingestion of meat products.
• Multiple sclerosis (340 + 294.1x)
• HIV disease (042 + 294.1x)
• Neurosyphilis (category 094 + 294.1x)
Code 294.1 requires a fifth-digit subclassification to identify whether the dementia was present with or without behavioral disturbances, such as aggressive, combative, or violent behavior.
The physician must link the patient’s type of behavior to the dementia. Query the physician for correlation if a patient with dementia demonstrates one of the behaviors listed above but this information is not documented by a physician or linked to the dementia. The physician must document the behavior (as opposed to a nurse or other nonphysician clinician) before the dementia with behavior disturbance (294.11) can be coded.
Wandering used to be considered a behavioral disturbance. However, because of recent changes in coding directives, it has been deleted. In addition, a coding note has been added that states, “Use additional code, where applicable to identify wandering in conditions classified elsewhere (V40.31).”
Coding and sequencing for cognitive disorders are dependent on the physician documentation in the medical record and application of the Official Coding Guidelines for inpatient care. Also, use specific AHA Coding Clinic for ICD-9-CM and American Medical Association CPT Assistant references to ensure complete and accurate coding.
— This information was prepared by Audrey Howard, RHIA, of 3M Consulting Services. 3M Consulting Services is a business of 3M Health Information Systems, a supplier of coding and classification systems to more than 5,000 healthcare providers. The company and its representatives do not assume any responsibility for reimbursement decisions or claims denials made by providers or payers as the result of the misuse of this coding information. More information about 3M Health Information Systems is available at www.3mhis.com or by calling 800-367-2447.
Coding for Dementia in ICD-10-CM
Several of the dementia categories are classified to the code range F01 to F09 in ICD-10-CM. Common to most of these categories is the code first note, which states to “code first the underlying physiological condition.”
Physicians should be encouraged to document a cause-and-effect relationship between the condition and the underlying cause. For example, physician documentation of “vascular dementia due to stroke six months ago” is more clear compared with “vascular dementia and a history of stroke” as final diagnoses without indicating cause and effect.
In ICD-10-CM, presenile and senile dementia are classified to the unspecified dementia category (F03).
ICD-10-CM maintains the ability to capture behavior disturbance in dementia as follows:
• F01.51, Vascular dementia with behavioral disturbance;
• F02.81, Dementia in other diseases classified elsewhere with behavior disturbance; and
• F03.91, Unspecified dementia with behavioral disturbance.
The behavioral disturbances are similar to ICD-9-CM and include aggressive, combative, and violent behaviors. As in ICD-9-CM, the physician must document the behavior and establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the behavior and the dementia. | <urn:uuid:e3f76749-18d3-4645-af12-011318f360a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fortherecordmag.com/archives/011413p26.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886362 | 1,841 | 3.828125 | 4 |
If the export ban remains, the US cattle industry stands to lose around four billion dollars a year.
But many believe the industry can overcome the problem.
The BSE crisis has affected exports of US beef
It had looked like being a good Christmas for American cattle ranchers.
Several lean years had forced so many out of business that there was a shortage of beef.
Increasing demand, fuelled by the meat-heavy Atkins diet, had driven prices up by 50% in one year.
Then came the discovery of the infected cow in Washington state. More than 30 countries halted imports of US beef.
Ships carrying some 40,000 tonnes of it had to turn back.
Prices fell by at least 50% per cent, and shares in major beef outlets such as McDonalds also suffered.
The US Department of Agriculture is fighting back.
On Monday it ordered the destruction of 450 calves in a herd containing one of the offspring of the infected cow.
And despite initial protests from cattlemen, it is banning the slaughter for human consumption of cattle too sick to walk to the abattoir - so-called downers, like the infected cow.
"We're doing everything we can to find the lineage of the cattle, traced back and traced forward," says Sarah Goodwin of the National Cattlemen's Beef Association.
"We have all confidence in our government and what they're doing.
"And we believe that consumers still think that US beef is safe and are still consuming it."
In the all-important domestic US market, which takes 90% of US beef, supplies are still short, especially since the United States banned Canadian beef imports in May after mad cow disease, or BSE, was found in a single calf there.
Holes in the brain
Financial analyst Adam Packard feels the outlook is not too gloomy.
"I think long term it's not the same situation that Canada had, because they export 50% of their meat. We only export 8 to 10% of ours.
"As long as consumers in the US eat beef like they are, this shouldn't have a major impact."
The United States has never had a single case of new variant Creuzfeld Jacob's Disease - the brain-rotting illness humans can catch from infected cattle.
But it is related to other diseases that do affect Americans, and scientists in Europe - where BSE ravaged the beef market in the 1990s - say their US counterparts should do more research.
Federal funding was halted last year for a US defence department project to find out more about prions, the misshapen proteins that make holes in brains.
And the $37m the US spends each year on such research is just a 10th of what Europe spends. | <urn:uuid:12d96ca8-2d04-4c17-b4cd-96187fd8e7eb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3371171.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966818 | 565 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Treasured by 19th century connoisseurs, prided by the Rothschilds, snatched by the Nazis, and subsequently lost behind layers of dirt, a hugely valuable Van Dyck painting recently re-discovered in a Parisian auction house will go on display to the public in the UK for the first time this Wednesday. It will be the centrepiece of an exhibition called Finding Van Dyck. which will run from 15 June - 13 July at Philip Mould Fine Paintings, 29 Dover Street, London, W1. Admission is free.
Van Dycks rediscovered work A Portrait of a Young Girl first caught the eye of fine art connoisseur, broadcaster and author Philip Mould
OBE when he and his co-director, Dr. Bendor Grosvenor, were flicking through a Christies catalogue for a Parisian house sale of the Rothschild banking family last autumn. The picture was called simply Flemish School and it had an estimate of 15,000-20,000 Euros.
Painstaking research began before the sale to piece together the paintings history. In the few weeks available Bendor Grosvenor managed to establish that it had, in fact, been sold by Christies before as a Van Dyck and had passed through the hands of many notable owners, including Prince Talleyrand, Napoleons foreign minister.
Other former owners included Emmerich Joseph, Duc Dalberg (1773-1833), a prominent German diplomat who served under Napoleon and later Louis XVIII, and Lord Charles Townshend, who paid Ł200 for it when it was sold to him in 1831 by a leading 19th century art dealer John Smith from Talleyrands collection. Later that century it came into the possession of the Rothschild family but was stolen from them by the Nazis in the Second World War. It was restituted in 1946.
However, when Mould and Grosvenor spotted the painting, listed among umbrella stands and drinks trolleys in Christies September 2010 catalogue, it was simply described as Flemish School, 17th Century, Portrait of a young girl with a fan. The only other information given was that the picture had previously been identified as Princess Henriette of France.
Mould was immediately able to rule out the previous identification of the sitter. Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I, was born in 1609, and would have been too old to appear in the portrait, which dates to 1630-34.
What I was certain of however was that beneath the dirt what I surmised was half a century of cigar and cigarette smoke generated at the Rothschilds Parisian soirees lay a genuine masterpiece, said Philip Mould.
Fighting off strong competition for the painting he eventually secured the portrait for 1,017,000 fifty times its upper estimate.
Cleaning dramatically revealed its former glory including previously obscured details, such as the ribbon in the girls hair and the usual range of colours, glazes and half tones one would expect to see in a Van Dyck, added Philip Mould.
The portrait, which is now accepted as a genuine work, has more than tripled in value.
In the exhibition Finding Van Dyck, Mould and Grosvenor will share some of the secrets of tracking down lost paintings. Other recently discovered works by Van Dyck will be on view, including Portrait of A Lady in a White Dress on loan from the Bowes Museum, County Durham. The portrait was previously thought to be a 19th Century copy. Also on display will be an important preparatory study by Van Dyck, Study for the head of St Joseph, which was acquired as Circle of Van Dyck in Christies secondary saleroom in South Kensington, London.
The exhibition will be open from 15th June to 13th July, Mon-Fri 10am-5pm, Sat 12pm-4pm. Entry is free. | <urn:uuid:fb99c97e-2fa7-49c7-9a26-e8bdfcd98066> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=48222 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980233 | 812 | 2.671875 | 3 |
It's great to see several children's movies coming out based on classic children's stories. Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs opened recently at the theaters, Where the Wild Things Are opens on October 16th, and Fantastic Mr. Fox opens on November 13th. Alice in Wonderland will hit theaters on March 5, 2010.
Today in my primary school library, I read Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs to several classes. It was surprising (or not) to see that many of the young students did not realize that this story was actually a book before it became a movie! It was a great "teachable moment" where I could show the students several of the library books that have been made into movies that they all know. Some of the examples I used were The Polar Express, Jumanji, Curious George, Horton Hears a Who, The Cat in the Hat, and Harry Potter. I also explained that the movies adapt material from the book and that the movie and the book will have some differences. | <urn:uuid:e58b0aa0-68b4-4e83-8ddb-7db3b3b96ed0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://michelemusings.blogspot.com/2009/09/childrens-movies-from-classic-books.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98732 | 207 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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An antianginal is a medication which is used to treat angina, a form of chest pain which develops when the supply of blood to the heart becomes restricted. There are a number of drugs which fit into the antianginal drug class, and they can be used in a variety of different ways. These drugs are usually prescribed by a cardiologist, and must be taken under medical supervision which includes follow up appointments to monitor heart health and function. Failure to take the drugs properly can result in adverse effects.
In an episode of angina, the patient experiences chest pain because the heart is not getting enough blood, and it goes into distress as a result of not receiving the supply of oxygen it needs. Angina can take a number of different forms, and is often linked with cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease. The purpose of an antianginal is to either increase the supply of blood to the heart, or to decrease the heart's demand for oxygen.
One class of drugs which can be used as antianginals are vasodilators, such a nitrates. These drugs expand the blood vessels around the heart to allow blood to get through even if the vessels are occluded or narrowed. Antithrombotic drugs can also be used to treat angina, by breaking up clots and inhibiting clot formation. If a patient has a clotting disease, it is also important to take such drugs to reduce the risk that a clot will travel to the brain and cause a stroke. Drugs which inhibit heart function to reduce oxygen demands are also used in the management of angina. These antianginal drugs can include calcium channel blockers and beta blockers.
When a doctor recommends an antianginal, it is important to understand the indications for use. Some drugs need to be taken at set intervals on a regular schedule to provide continuous protection. Others need to be taken as needed. Patients should familiarize themselves with the recommended dosages, the daily limits on dosages, and the warning signs which indicate that it is time to take a trip to the hospital rather than attempting to manage the angina at home.
Patients should also make sure that their pharmacists are familiar with all of the drugs they take. Some medications may be contraindicated for a patient who is taking antianginal drugs, and a pharmacist can catch conflicting drug prescriptions which could lead to complications.
My grandfather was taking an antianginal drug for many years before he had his heart attack. One day we were eating lunch at a restaurant and he fell over on my grandmothers shoulder.
We immediately called 911 and he was taken to the hospital and had bypass surgery. He lived for many years after this surgery. I don't know if the drug postponed his heart attack or even helped keep him alive after he had the heart attack.
I am just thankful there are so many kinds of medications that can help when someone has heart problems like that.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:2c0553d3-b9d7-4efb-804e-8cc3bca60b40> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-antianginal.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970608 | 657 | 3.234375 | 3 |
|Renaissance Era Resources|
A site about Elizabeth I, including a biography, political history, daily life and much more.
The age of Shakespeare was a great time in English history. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) saw England emerge as the leading naval and commercial power of the Western world.
Eye Witness to The Middle Ages and Renaissance
Hustory through the eyes of those who experienced it.
A look at the clothing of the times.
During the Renaissance, there were many new inventions and discoveries made, which changed the way people worked or looked at things. This is the timeline of those inventions.
Modern History Sourcebook
Take a trip through Elizabethan England, 1577
Around the 1490's is when costume historians can agree that the new dress for Renaissance began. This was the period of clothing that could be said that excessiveness in all areas of costume began.
Accents, Costuming, etc., from Elizabethan times
Examines the cookery and food of the Renaissance; information about feasts and the availability of foods
Renaissance Era Sites and Elizabethan Resources
A plethora of links to Renaissance and Elizabethan sites.
The Renaissance was an age in which artistic, social, scientific, and political thought turned in new directions. This is a timeline of that era.
History of the Tudor dynasty with plenty of links and graphics.
The Monarchs, the people, the places and more...
A history of the Tudor dynasty including the clothes, people, monarchs, etc.
|Mideival Era Resources|
Medieval history, European Royalty, Camelot overview and peerages, with a searchable index
Glossary of Castle Terms
Huge A-Z listing.
How to Cook Medieval
Lots of good information on foods, cooking serving, etc. Site still in progress so some categories are not available yet.
Links to Medieval Resources
Life in a Medieval Castle
Descriptions of the different parts of a castle and their uses.
The Lifestyle of Medieval Peasants
Article describing the lives of peasants in Medieval England.
Medieval and Renaissance Wedding Page
Informative page about wedding customs and procedures.
Medieval castles and information. Everything about the dark ages.
A collection of articles on medieval and Renaissance names is intended to help historical re-creators to choose authentic names.
Links to history sites and other misc. sites.
The Sourcebook is specifically designed for teaching Medievel history. Offers many links to other sites for medieval information /p>
Medieval Technology Pages
The Medieval Technology Pages are an attempt to provide accurate, referenced information on technological innovation and related subjects in western Europe during the Middle Ages.
Outlaws and Highwaymen
The History of Highwaymen and their predecessors, the Medieval Outlaws
Rape in the Middle Ages
The reporting, treatment, and punishment of rape in the Middle Ages. | <urn:uuid:9a0c8298-7c6a-430a-aeb5-34e27eb9ea57> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ebookcrossroads.com/renaissance-era.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896076 | 609 | 3.375 | 3 |
Androgeos Linea Flyover
This animation showing a flyover of ridged plains on Europa was created using stereo imaging data obtained by NASA's Galileo spacecraft. This area was observed by Galileo at 66 feet (20 meters) per pixel, one of the highest resolution observations ever acquired of Europa. Several cross-cutting patches of ridged material of different ages are apparent, distinguished by different ridge orientations and spacing. The relatively young, prominent, double ridge Androgeos Linea stands 1000 feet (300 meters) above the surrounding plains. These ridges may have once been the sites of activity on Europa.
A greyscale image of this feature is available from NASA's Planetary Photojournal.
Video provided courtesy of Dr. Paul Schenk.
Credit: NASA/Lunar and Planetary Institute/Paul Schenk | <urn:uuid:e148935a-143e-49d8-86dd-26254eda9fa2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/europa/androgeos.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894166 | 171 | 3.53125 | 4 |
1.) Distinguish between species, populations, communities, ecosystems and biomes.
2.) Understand the factors that affect population size, density, distribution, and dynamics.
3.) Know the exponential growth (J)curve and S-curve.
4.) Know what factors control carrying capacity.
5.) Distinguish the following terms
6.) Describe species interactions
7.) Describe Succession in a community.
8.) Understand how materials and energy enter, are used and exit an ecosystem.
9.) Describe various trophic levels and their roles in an ecosystem.
10.) Compare and contrast terrestrial, aquatic and ocean ecocsytems. | <urn:uuid:9d7a1e62-45c6-4f0a-8f5d-018ee0801e3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://faculty.college-prep.org/~bernie/introbioweb/objectives/Ecology%20Objectives.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.672629 | 141 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The Mosque of Muhammad Ali Pasha
or Alabaster Mosque
: مسجد محمد علي, Turkish
: Mehmet Ali Paşa Camii
) is a mosque
situated in the Citadel of Cairo
and commissioned by Muhammad Ali Pasha
between 1830 and 1848.
Situated on the summit of the citadel, this Ottoman
mosque, the largest to be built in the first half of the 19th century, is, with its animated silhouette and twin minarets
, the most visible mosque in Cairo
.The mosque was built in memory of Tusun Pasha
, Muhammad Ali
's oldest son, who died in 1816.
This mosque, along with the citadel, is one of the landmarks and tourist attractions of Cairo
and is one of the first features to be seen when approaching the city from no matter which side.
The mosque was built on the site of old Mamluk
buildings in Cairo's Citadel between 1830 and 1848, although not completed until the reign of Said Pasha
in 1857. The architect was Yusuf Bushnak from Istanbul
and its model was the Yeni Mosque
in that city. The ground on which the mosque was erected was built with debris from the earlier buildings of the Citadel.
Before completion of the mosque, the alabastered
panels from the upper walls were taken away and used for the palaces of Abbas I
. The stripped walls were clad with wood painted to look like marble. In 1899 the mosque showed signs of cracking and some inadequate repairs were undertaken. But... Read More | <urn:uuid:c30e3e0b-5d43-4e33-9ccf-406df7846f10> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://pages.rediff.com/mosque-of-muhammad-ali/1605467 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976391 | 338 | 3.234375 | 3 |
This has been an especially active swarm season in southern Indiana, thanks to record high temperatures earlier this spring.
A new study from Purdue University looks at how non-crop plants expose honeybees to pesticides.
In this week's podcast, we follow a backyard beekeeper as he adopts a new colony. And, rethinking antibiotic use in livestock with Harvest Public Media.
Researchers explain that moving bee hives across long distances, as is common in the U.S. to pollinate crops, speeds up the process of disease spread.
In addition to some of our favorite stories from 2015, we examine the pros and cons of fertilizers. And, what we flush down the toilet could become energy.
Hotels are made for solitary bees that don't swarm or have a hive. Researchers hope they will preserve bee habitat and allow for research on population decline.
The White House's plan outlines how to save habitat and promote research. Some environmentalists wonder if it goes far enough to protect pollinators.
A Purdue University investigation found that about 29 percent of Indiana’s honeybees died off this past winter.
A day on, not a day off, for local food organizations. Haggis and mashed rutabaga for Burns Supper. And, ranchers get critical of federal beef checkoff program.
Farmers have used insecticides on their crops for decades, so many farmers are skeptical that these seed coatings are now killing bees.
A new Harvard study shows the strongest links yet between neonicotinoid pesticides and mass bee deaths over the last decade.
Over 23 percent of honeybee colonies died last year, an improvement from nearly 30 percent mortality previously.
Janisse Ray says every morsel of food we eat starts with a seed. Her new book "The Seed Underground" celebrates the labor of love of seed saving.
Volunteers for the Bloomington Community Orchard are working hard to attract pollinators by building honeybee hives, mason bee homes and bird houses.
Rob Green talks about the curious case of Colony Collapse Disorder. Then, two dishes with ingredients purchased from the Bloomington Winter Farmers Market.
Fruit lovers should be very concerned by the increasing number of bats dying from white nose syndrome.
Scientists from Columbia University are experimenting with more practical ways to make Manhattan roofs green. Really green. As in covered in vegetation! | <urn:uuid:dacd4d78-f91d-47cd-8706-c11131cf2086> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/eartheats/tag/honeybees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920334 | 484 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Scaling Up Local Food
Scaling Up Local Sustainable Foods
The State of Local Foods
Farmers markets, CSA farms, and other opportunities for consumers to buy fresh, local foods are popping up around every corner. Yet a 2010 USDA report found that direct-to-consumer sales accounted for only 0.4 percent of total agricultural sales in 2007, up from 0.3 percent in 1997.(1)
Recent research indicates that while the concept of '"local' has somewhat different meanings to different consumers, it appears to be one promising way for farmers to tap markets that may be more likely to reward them for stewardship and proximity. According to Catherine Woteki, USDA Chief Scientist and Under Secretary for Research, Education and Economics, local food systems are a small but rapidly growing segment of U.S. agriculture, representing approximately $4.8 billion in sales in 2008 (Low and Vogel, 2011). The number of farmers markets nearly doubled in 10 years to 5,247 in 2009 and the number of farm-to-school programs grew fivefold in 5 years to 2,095 in 2009 (Martinez et al., 2010). Understanding where and how regional food systems are a good fit and how they complement or compete with national and global supply chains is one area of active research. (2)
A growing group of people are interested in getting more local foods into the hands of more eaters -- and providing additional marketing channels for farmers to produce sustainable, local foods.
“Scaling Up” local food refers to the process of building the system necessary to make local food available to a wider segment of the population than currently possible. Key challenges to scaling up include ensuring a sufficient, high quality level of agricultural production, providing efficient storage and transportation, and developing marketing and sales relationships with wholesale buyers, distributors, and brokers.
NCR-SARE Explores Local Food Systems
To explore new ideas for creating local food systems on a grander scale, the NCR-SARE’s Professional Development Program (PDP) hosted a 2-day conference in Madison, WI, September 28-29, 2010.
The overall goal for the training was development of a regional network of educators, working on scaling up local, sustainable food systems, who could actively share information and as a result be more effective in efforts to scale up “good food” systems in their states. About 80 educators from the 12 North Central Region states attended in state teams. Twenty additional participants from other regions joined the training.
NCR-SARE PDP leaders asked state team members to make a one-year commitment to work on “scaling up,” starting with participation in a preconference webinar. The webinar, with 75 attendees, helped define “scaling up” and “sustainable foods” as well as introduced “Tiers of the Food System,” a conceptual framework for understanding different production and consumption relationships across food systems.(3)
Following the webinar, the conference in Madison provided participants with workshops and time to reflect, connect with educators in other states, and start on plans to scale up local foods in their own areas.
Michael Shuman, of the Business Alliance for Local Living Economies, offered a taped keynote on day one and joined the group live on day two to share his thought-provoking perspective on community food systems.A diverse panel took the stage on day one to address critical challenges in aggregating, processing, and distributing local foods. Breakout sessions took two tracks. The farm track addressed production issues, such as multi-farm collaboration and post-harvest handling as well as farm economic issues, such as costs, marketing, and tools available. The community track looked at the impact of local food systems on community economics as well as challenges with local food supply chains.
Day two of the conference took participants to a variety of tour stops, including an entrepreneurial cheese factory, a grocery store incorporating local foods, a local foods processor/distributor, a University of Wisconsin commissary serving local foods, and a food cooperative.The afternoon of day two allowed state teams to interact and plan, using the Healthy Food Systems Toolkit framework to discuss steps that teams and the regional effort can take to move ahead in the next year and the next five years.
The conference planning committee has continued their work with a thorough training evaluation and planning for additional webinars. Each state team is working on scaling up local sustainable food systems from their own unique perspective and with their own resources.
(1) Martinez, Steve; Hand, Michael; DaPra, Michelle; Pollack, Susan; Ralston, Katherine; Smith, Travis; Vogel, Stephen; Clark, Shellye; Lohr, Luanne; Low, Sarah and Newman, Constance. "Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues. Economic Research Report No. (ERR-97)". 87 pp, May 2010.
(2) Woteki, Catherine. "Sustainable Agricultural Systems Science White Paper". July 2012.
(2) Tiers of a Food System, click here to download PDF.
Resources for Scaling Up Local Sustainable Foods
This list of resources was assembled from the recommendations of several educators, but it is likely not complete, and new resources are sure to be developed. If you would like to add a resource, please send the information to Diane Mayerfeld.
This resource list was developed with support from the SARE program, which is funded by USDA-NIFA. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed within this resource list do not necessarily reflect the view of the SARE program or the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. | <urn:uuid:1014ab40-f306-44fd-86e5-515bd4f67040> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.northcentralsare.org/About-Us/Regional-Initiatives/Scaling-Up-Local-Food | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936951 | 1,181 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Image courtesy: The American Physical Society
By James Dacey
Any human activity leaves behind dust, and, if we look closely at this dust, it will always provide a clue to the activity that produced it. This is the idea of nuclear forensic scientist, Klaus Lützenkirchen, who draws an analogy between crime scene investigation and the need to monitor global nuclear activities in a more scientific fashion. Lützenkirchen was speaking today at the annual conference of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (the “triple A-S”), which kicked-off today in San Diego, California.
Earlier in the day, Vice President Joe Biden had addressed this same issue during a speech at the White House, and the American Physical Society (APS) has just released a report, Technical Steps to Support Nuclear Downsizing.
Lützenkirchen, who is head of the nuclear safeguards and security unit at the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), admits that his analogy does break down somewhat as nuclear fingerprints rarely tend to be unique. He proposes, therefore, building a profile of nuclear dust (actual, not figurative, dust), focused on the analysis of chemical, morphological and isotopic qualities. In this way, scientists can collect vital clues to the origins of intercepted nuclear material.
This discussion of international nuclear activities is strongly in keeping with the theme at this year’s AAAS meeting, “Bridging Science and Society”. I’m here in sunny San Diego (yeah, life’s cruel sometimes), so watch this space for more entries from the meeting in the coming days. | <urn:uuid:5ea01f06-f6ae-4eb0-896b-013957cbae7d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.physicsworld.com/2010/02/19/tracing-nuclear-dust/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930027 | 342 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Today’s Wonder of the Day was inspired by Karen from New Castle, VA. Karen Wonders, “Why are yawns contagious?” Thanks for WONDERing with us, Karen!
Yaaaaaaawn. When it comes to yawns, two things are certain: Everybody yawns — and nobody really seems to know why.
We begin yawning very early in life — before we've even entered the world, to be exact. Ultrasounds have discovered that fetuses begin yawning and hiccuping as early as 11 weeks into their development.
Scientists continue to study the “contagious yawn" phenomenon, but they've yet to conclude exactly what causes humans to yawn simply because they see another person yawning. Interestingly, their research has found that, like humans, chimpanzees will yawn when they see another chimpanzee do so.
The next time you get an urge to start a trend, just open up your mouth and yawn. You may be surprised to find the person next to you can't resist the urge to join in, too. | <urn:uuid:53e640e2-b7c9-4487-a40c-66b45a59fcd6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-do-i-yawn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974175 | 221 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In 1620, the Mayflower plowed across the Atlantic through headwinds and ocean currents at an incredibly slow two miles per hour. The overcrowded vessel’s crossing took more than two harrowing months. On the way, its 102 passengers witnessed an astonishing scene. During a fierce storm, an indentured servant named John Howland had come topside for fresh air when the ship rolled violently, casting him into the raging sea. He sank well beneath the waves. Such a fate almost certainly meant death by drowning. Yet, somehow, Howland had managed to grab a halyard on his way overboard, and desperately clung to it long enough for the crew to haul him back to safety.
Howland not only made it to America and worked off his indenture, but married a pretty young woman in the new colony named Elizabeth Tilley. They produced ten children, who begat 88 grandchildren, from whom an estimated two million Americans descended over the next four centuries. These included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Joseph Smith, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Humphrey Bogart, Chevy Chase, and both Presidents Bush.
Howland’s story suggests the seminal power of the handful of Pilgrims who landed in Plymouth, near Cape Cod, in the late fall of 1620. Every culture invents creation myths to answer the questions, Where did we come from, What got us here? Such myths mingle tall tales with, at times, a seasoning of fact.
For American culture, the story of the Pilgrims, including their “first Thanksgiving” feast with the local Native Americans, has become the ruling creation narrative, celebrated each November along with turkey, pumpkin pie, and football games. The Pilgrims and Plymouth Rock have eclipsed the earlier 1607 English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, as the place where America was born.
A new documentary, The Pilgrims, written and directed by Ric Burns and made with the help of a production grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, airs on PBS’s American Experience this November 24 and again on Thanksgiving night. Its retelling of the Pilgrims’ adventure and ordeal sheds new light on why their story became the creation myth that we, as a people, adopted. It draws on the unique, nearly lost history, Of Plymouth Plantation, written by William Bradford, the new colony’s governor for more than 30 years, whom the late actor Roger Rees portrays from a script derived from Bradford’s book.
Filmmaker Burns interviews several scholars, who show how the reality of the Pilgrim experience diverged in several ways from images embedded in the public imagination. For example, “the story of the Pilgrims’ Thanksgiving has Native Americans welcoming them with open arms,” says Kathleen Donegan, a Berkeley English professor interviewed in The Pilgrims whose book Seasons of Misery: Catastrophe and Colonial Settlement in Early America was a source for the film. “It has been translated into this multicultural festival. But just as the Pilgrims don’t represent all English colonists, the Wampanoags, who feasted with them, don’t represent all Native Americans. The Pilgrims’ relations with the Narragansetts, or the Pequots, were completely different.”
Clearly, the story of a “multicultural festival” happening in newborn America resonates with the national ideology of inclusiveness. The Pilgrims did embody elements that took root in American culture, and this helps explain why, in retrospect, we call them our founders. The forces that shaped their lives also remain in place today. In that sense they are almost modern characters: Replace their wide-brimmed hats, doublets, and petticoats with baseball caps, T-shirts, and jeans, and they might easily blend into a homeschooling support group or a Tea Party rally.
The image of intergroup harmony and tolerance is naturally appealing to an immigrant country like America. Many imagine that the Pilgrims left the Old World behind to worship as they pleased and start a new country imbued with religious freedom, an ideal later codified in the First Amendment. Nothing could be further from the truth.
“A big misconception is that they were for religious freedom and liberty,” says Donegan. “Actually, the Pilgrims saw the world as a wilderness, in which the one right way of practice toward God might cultivate a garden—and you needed a hedge around that garden to protect it from the wilderness. They were terrified of contamination. The Pilgrims were not for freedom of religion. Quite the opposite: They had very specific ideas about how to worship God, and were intolerant of deviations.” Historian Pauline Croft of the Royal Holloway University of London declares in the film, “One might say, if you wanted to be critical, they’re religious nutters who won’t settle for anything except the most literal reading of the Bible. They want to transform a nation-state into something that resembles what they take to be a Godly kingdom.”
Purists, by definition, are extremists, and it’s no accident that many in England dubbed those who wanted to reform the Church of England “Puritans,” which “was always a derisive term,” Donegan explains. “The Mayflower pilgrims were the most extreme kind of reformers. They called themselves Saints, but were also known as Separatists, for their desire to separate themselves completely from the established church. They were extremely hot Puritans who saw the Church of England as hopelessly corrupt and felt they had to leave it to get back to a pure and honest church.” Separatists viewed the church’s hierarchy—and its holidays, rituals, vestments, and prayers—as obstacles interposed between people and God. In truth, “they were on a journey towards purity,” historian Susan Hardman Moore of the University of Edinburgh says in the film. “That’s what they sought; that’s what took them out of England.” The Separatists’ devotion to Scripture as the untrammelled source of faith resembles that of today’s religious fundamentalists, who venerate the literal word of God as found in the Bible.
Ironically, the most popular translation of that Bible, the King James version, came to be under a monarch who, in a sense, drove the Pilgrims from England. It was one thing to disagree with the church hierarchy, but the political problem was that the head of the Church of England was also the reigning king. And James I, who came to power in England in 1603, was a strong believer in unity when it came to his church; he had no patience with religious rebels or heterodox churches. “Anyone who separates from the church is not just separating from the church, but they’re separating from royal authority,” explains Michael Braddick, a historian at the University of Sheffield, in the film. “And that’s potentially very dangerous.”
You could be fined 20 pounds—equivalent to $9,000 today—for not attending services at the official church. Those who persisted faced imprisonment. After the Act Against the Puritans of 1593, Queen Elizabeth added banishment. “I think, with James, the next step could have been death for these people,” historical novelist Sue Allan asserts in the film. “He was newly to the throne—not popular. He wasn’t going to have any dissenters. So I really think that these folk were risking everything.”
With the handwriting on the wall, in 1608, the future Pilgrims exiled themselves to Amsterdam, where the Dutch had greater tolerance for radical Protestants. Soon they decamped southward for Leiden, a textile center where they formed a little English-speaking immigrant community and worshiped God as they pleased, unmolested. But adults and children alike, who’d been farmers in England, now toiled from dawn to dusk, six or seven days a week, weaving cloth in the textile factories. Even with such hardships, the Pilgrims later regarded their Leiden years as a type of “glory days,” whose difficulties were nothing compared with the ordeals they faced in America.
By 1617, the Separatists were getting anxious to move again. “Their biggest concern after a decade in this foreign land was that their children were becoming Dutch,” Nathaniel Philbrick, the author of Mayflower, another source for The Pilgrims, explains in the film. “They were still very proud of their English heritage. They were also fearful that the Spanish were about to attack again.” Indeed, a conflict was building between Spain’s Catholic king and European Protestant powers, which would soon embroil the continent in the Thirty Years’ War. Radical Protestants viewed this as a battle between the forces of good (Protestantism) and evil (Roman Catholicism), little short of Armageddon. “Everything seemed to be on the edge of complete meltdown,” Philbrick says. “And so they decided it’s time to pull the ripcord once again. Even if it meant leaving everything they had known all their lives.”
Many in the Leiden group made the wrenching decision to leave all behind—even children, in some cases—and try for a new start across the ocean. They determined to settle near the mouth of the Hudson River, not far from present-day New York City. A London broker, Thomas Weston, approached them in early 1620 and said he’d arrange financing for a passage to the New World. His investors hoped the voyagers would harvest profitable resources like beaver pelts from the virgin territory. The commercial motives behind the Mayflower voyage receive fairly short shrift in most textbooks, but they may well be another aspect of the Pilgrims’ enterprise that dovetails with American society, given that the United States has become the most successful capitalist economy on earth.
The right time to sail would have been early spring, giving the voyagers time to sow crops and build shelters during warm weather. But, by June, Weston had not raised the money and announced that his backers were getting cold feet: They were insisting that dozens of non-Separatist outsiders go with them. This was, of course, appalling to the cultic Separatists, who divided their own from these others by the categories saints and strangers. Yet they had no resources, and no choice.
The Mayflower’s manifest made an unlikely expeditionary force. Fewer than fifty were adult men, many of mature years, while at least thirty were children and nearly twenty women, three of them pregnant. They did not sail from Plymouth harbor until the disastrously late date of September 6, assuring that they would arrive in America after the growing season and at the onset of winter. Two had died by the time the crew sighted Cape Cod—two hundered miles off course, with no reliable charts—on November 9.
Predictably, there had been friction between the saints and strangers. Nonetheless, before disembarking on November 11, 41 of the adult men signed a simple agreement, hardly more than a sentence long, to band together into a “civil body politic” with the power to enact laws. This document, known as the Mayflower Compact, became a touchstone, years later, for the Plymouth Colony’s Book of Laws, which affirmed that, in a time of crisis, a monarch’s authority could be set aside, but the consent of the governed could never be. A seminal document, indeed.
Right from the start, the death rate was awful. Mortality had been enormous at the Jamestown colony, where by 1620 nearly 8,000 people had arrived, although the settlement was struggling to keep its population above a thousand. Bradford’s history recalled the Pilgrims’ anticipation of “a hideous and desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men.” Ferrying in supplies from the ship meant wading through ice-cold water, at one point with sleet glazing their bodies with ice. The first winter, people died from dysentery, pneumonia, tuberculosis, scurvy, and exposure, at rates as high as two or three per day. “It pleased God to visit us then with death daily,” Bradford wrote.
The living were hardly able to bury the dead, let alone care for the sick. By spring, half of them had perished, and “by all rights, they all should have died, given how ill prepared they were,” says Philbrick. Yet they survived, and the Pilgrims’ story is as much one of survival as of origins. They were also inventive enough, as Donegan notes, to prop up sick men against trees outside the settlement, with muskets beside them, as decoys to look like sentinels to the Indians.
Early on, the settlers repelled an attack by Native American warriors—muskets against arrows, in a skirmish that presaged the continent’s future. Yet, in March, a lone Indian warrior named Samoset appeared and greeted the settlers, improbably, in English. Soon, the Pilgrims formed an alliance with the Wampanoags and their chief, Massasoit. Only a few years before, the tribe had lost 50 to 90 percent of its population to an epidemic borne by European coastal fisherman. Devastated by death, both groups were vulnerable to attack or domination by Indian tribes. They needed each other.
With spring, under the careful guidance of a Wampanoag friend, Tisquantum, the settlers planted corn, squash, and beans, with herring for fertilizer. They began building more houses, fishing for cod and bass, and trading with the Native Americans. By October they
had erected seven crude houses and four common buildings. And, as autumn came, the Pilgrims gathered to in a “special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruit of our labors,” wrote one of their number, Edward Winslow. Bradford made no mention of it.
That was the first Thanksgiving. There is no record of an invitation to the Wampanoags, but Massasoit appeared at the feast with ninety men. They stayed for three days, and went out and bagged five deer to add venison to the menu. They played games together. This was the humble affair that, centuries later, President Abraham Lincoln made an official American holiday, perhaps the most beloved one of all.
“We love the story of Thanksgiving because it’s about alliance and abundance,” Donegan says in the film. “But part of the reason that they were grateful was that they had been in such misery; that they had lost so many people—on both sides. So, in some way, that day of thanksgiving is also coming out of mourning; it’s also coming out of grief. And this abundance that is a relief from that loss. But we don’t think about the loss—we think about the abundance.”
“It’s a very humble story of people who don’t have much, who suffer, and who have a communitarian ideal,” she adds. “It’s a very interesting narrative for a superpower nation. There is something sacred about humble beginnings. A country that has grown so rapidly, so violently, so prodigiously, needs a story of small, humble beginnings.” | <urn:uuid:c1c8178e-1151-4431-8e23-1a59fe73d682> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2015/novemberdecember/feature/who-were-the-pilgrims-who-celebrated-the-first-thanksgiving | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978496 | 3,274 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Bird Sightings : Hebrides : Merlin
(Stone Falcon, Pigeon Hawk)
Photograph © Debbie Bozkurt
Vatersay - Barra - Outer Hebrides (Western Isles)
5th October, 2006
Our Merlin photographs
- Falco columbarius
- UK AMBER LIST (1,300 breeding pairs) RSPB
- WI: Uncommon resident or migrant Breeder (10-99 breeding pairs) and passage visitor (recorded in low numbers each year)
- Breeds: UK nest usually a scrape on upland rocky or scrub moor in long heather. Upland moorland, birch scrub, forest. North America, Asia, Europe
- Winter: In Aug - Oct birds resident birds come down to inland & lowland coast areas with open countryside & North European birds arrive. Some Icelandic breeding birds migrate to UK and some birds that breed here move further south. Africa, Asia, South America
- Habitat: Moor, heath, desert, open coniferous forest
- Diet: Mostly small birds - usually caught by dashing pursuit
- Smallest bird of prey. Male: 10-13in long, wingspan 24-27in. Female slightly larger. Compact, relatively long square-cut tail & fairly broad-based pointed wings (shorter than other falcons). Adult male: blue-grey above & orange-tinted below. Female & immature dark-brown above & whitish with brown spotting below. In flight looks a bit like a Pigeon hence old name Pigeon Hawk. Merlin often roost communally & with hen harriers.
- Max recorded age: 12yrs 8mths
- Listen to a Merlin (RSPB site)
- Similar birds: Kestrel, Sparrowhawk
Our smallest bird of prey.
Small but powerful...the hunting flight is a low-level glide,wings held close to body), pushed by occasional series of deft wingbeats (also hovers).
During a stoop the wings close and the bird becomes a missile that comes upon it's prey with such speed and power that the bird can take prey up to 4 times it's own weight. Dashing, agile aerial chases are a speciality. Will take a grouse but mainly feeds on pipits and larks.
Merlin records in the Western Isles
Uncommon resident or migrant Breeder (10-99 breeding pairs) and passage visitor (recorded in low numbers each year)
The Icelandic race Falco columbarius subaesalon is probably a regular migrant or winter visitor.
Source: Outer Hebrides Bird Report (2001)
Estimated 30 breeding pairs of Merlin in the islands TBC
On the chart below the darker the shade of blue the more abundant the Merlin is during a month or the more likely you are to see it.
(Source: Outer Hebrides Birds Checklist)
Threats to the Merlin population
Merlin are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. It is an offence to kill, injure or take an adult Merlin, or to take, damage or destroy an active nest or its contents.
Egg thieves are still a major problem for raptors. In 2001 an egg collector from London was arrested for disturbing Golden Eagles. He was trying to steal eggs from a nest on South Uist.
There is a BBC article written in 2008 about another egg-collector caught with more than 7,000 eggs in his collection, 653 of those eggs were from the UK's most protected species such as the Red-necked Phalarope. He also had eggs from Barn Owls, Golden Eagles, Ospreys, Choughs, Peregrine Falcons, and almost 40 Black-necked Grebe's eggs. (RSPB estimates there are only 40 - 60 breeding pairs of Black-necked Grebes in the whole of the UK....)
- Keep your eyes open for trouble.
- Quickly phone the police or RSPB if you are at all worried about the safety of the Merlin
- Don't tell people if you know where there are Merlin nests
- If you know where the Merlin are breeding do not take photographs of them on the nest. Disturb protected breeding birds and you are going to be arrested ...
- Don't mention where you have seen Merlin during breeding time - (locations where the birds of prey have been sighted at breeding time are kept vague on our bird sightings page).
A lot of people think that egg-collecting does not happen anymore, it is an archaic thing to do in these enlightened times - but sadly the rarer a species becomes the greater a target it is ...
Other local bird photographs
Sources of information for the bird sightings section
Debbie's online photo album | <urn:uuid:c5f24833-190c-48ac-8d76-2e87d459c3a8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thewesternisles.co.uk/birds/merlin.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914876 | 994 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Posted by Gina on Saturday, January 27, 2007 at 3:22pm.
I first went to a website to help me with clauses. It said that an example of a clause is:
"It is cold"
My definition says that a clause has a subject and a verb but no complete thought. Where is the subject and where is the verb.
I honestly dont understand it.
"is" is the verb.
However, there are two types of clauses.
1) independent clauses - they are complete thoughts having a subject and a verb.... in other words they make sense all by themselves. It is cold is an independent clause.
2) dependent clauses - they have a subject and a verb BUT they don't make sense all by themselves. They are used usually as modifiers...Example It is cold ( when the snow falls). When the snow falls doesn't make sense by itself....but, it tells WHEN it is cold.
Please let us know if you need further help with this. Thanks for asking Jishka.
A verb is an action word. Correct? What action is "is" doing?
There are kinds of verbs -- action and state of being verbs. State if being words include all forms of "BE" -- be, being, been, am, is, was, were. In the sentence It is cold,
IS shows state of being. COLD is an adjective, describing IT.
In addition, some words are also used as linking verbs -- for instance -- seem, feel. For example, It SEEMS cold
and It FEELS cold
have linking verbs.
Check this site for more information.
(Broken Link Removed)
Answer This Question
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Yosemite hantavirus: Mouse population may yield clues
As an investigation into the hantavirus cases traced to Yosemite National Park continues, public health authorities said they have learned more about the park's deer mouse population that could shed light on what prompted a recent outbreak of the rare rodent-borne disease.
Eight cases of the disease have been linked to the park since mid-June -- three of them fatal. Officials have called the Yosemite outbreak unprecedented -- more than one hantavirus infection from the same location in the same year is rare.
Authorities are looking into several factors that could have contributed to the outbreak, but recent trapping indicates that the park's deer mouse population is larger this year, said Dr. Vicki Kramer, head of the California Department of Public Health's vector-borne disease section. Deer mice are the primary carriers of hantavirus in the U.S.
Agency officials have twice set up peanut butter-laced traps for deer mice at the park, Kramer said. The first traps -- set out between Aug. 21 and Aug. 23 -- were centered on Curry Village, where seven of the eight hantavirus cases have been traced to the campground's signature tent cabins.
About 50% of the traps caught mice, Kramer said. Of the mice captured, 13.7% tested positive for antibodies of sin nombre virus, indicating they have or have had hantavirus.
That percentage is on par with the state average, which stands at about 14%, Kramer said.
After additional cases of hantavirus were linked to Yosemite -- including one traced to another area of the park, the High Sierra Loop -- public health officials returned to trap more mice, Kramer said. Between Sept. 4 and Sept. 6, traps were set in Curry Village and throughout Tuolumne Meadows, which covers part of the High Sierra Loop.
Some experts have wondered if more deer mice contributed to the Yosemite outbreak, as hantavirus cases in the past have been linked to an abundant population.
"That could be a contributing factor," Kramer said of the Yosemite cases. "This seems to be supporting that hypothesis."
The mice collected from Yosemite -- generally no more than 100 are studied at a time, Kramer said -- were taken offsite for testing. Kramer said they were then euthanized and stored in freezers in case experts need their blood or tissue for additional research.
"Our objective is not rodent reduction but risk assessment by trying to get a general idea of mice abundance," Kramer said.
Danielle Buttke, a veterinary epidemiologist with the National Park Service, said the multi-agency investigation into the park's outbreak could take months to complete. Officials are looking into a variety of factors that might have influenced the cases, including rodent population and environmental factors.
The development of Curry Village was also something to consider, she said. The popular campground offers more food for the mice, as well as protection -- their natural predators are more likely to be scared off by such a large human presence.
"It's a really unique opportunity to learn about hantavirus because it's so unprecedented," she said.
-- Kate Mather
Photo: The signature tent cabins in Yosemite National Park's Curry Village. Credit: Delaware North Companies Parks & Resorts | <urn:uuid:b484a0e6-b4c3-4cdf-8d11-f103b664177f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/09/hantavirus-yosemite-mouse-population-clues.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964616 | 680 | 2.78125 | 3 |
LECTURES ON HOMOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICAby JAMES TYLER KENT, A.M., M.D.
Late Professor of Materia Medica in Hering College, Chicago.
Presented by Dr Robert Séror
Most of the substances that are used on the table as seasoning in foods will in the course of a generation or two be very useful medicines because people poison themselves with these substances, tea, coffee, pepper, and these poisonous effects in the parents cause in the children a predisposition to disease, which is similar to the disease produced by these substances.
In the fat, flabby, red-raced children of beer drinkers and pepper eaters, with poor reaction, a relaxed and flabby constitution, red face and varicose condition, those that have been over stimulated, children of over stimulated men, we find the sphere ofCapsicum very often.
Mind: In those constitutions in which the face looks rosy, but it is cold or not warm, and upon close examination the face is seen to be studded with a fine system of capillaries. Plump and round, with no endurance, a false plethora like Cal.
The end of the nose is red, the cheeks are red, redness over the cheeks, red eyes, easily relaxed individuals. These constitutions react slowly after diseases and do not respond to remedies, a sluggish state, a tired, lazy constitution.
In school girls who cannot study or work, who get home-sick and want to go home. In gouty constitutions, with cracking of the joints and gouty deposits in the joints, stiff joints, clumsy, weak, give out soon. There is sluggishness of the whole economy. They are chilly patients, are sensitive to air, and what to be in a warm room. Even in the ordinary weather the open air causes chilliness. They are sensitive to cold and to bathing.
In the mental state there is no more striking thing than this symptom:homesickness. A sickness like homesickness runs through the remedy and is accompanied by red cheeks and sleeplessness, hot feeling in the fauces, fearfulness. They are oversensitive to impressions, are always looking for an offence or slight; always suspicious and looking for an insult.
Obstinate to the extreme; it is a devilishness. Even if she wants a certain thing she will oppose it if is proposed by some one else. After emotions red cheeks, yet with the red cheeks lack of heat, even with increased temperature; or one cheek pale and the other red, or the cheeks alternate red and pale. Children are clumsy and awkward.
TheCapsicum mind is almost overwhelmed by persistent thoughts of suicide. He does not want to kill himself, he resists the thoughts, and yet they persist, and he is tormented by these thoughts.
There are persistent thoughts in many remedies, and it is necessary to distinguish between impulses and desires.
If he desires to have a rope or a knife to commit suicide, that is altogether different from an impulse to commit suicide.
An impulse is sometimes overwhelming and overbalances the mind, and he commits suicide. You should always find out from a patient whether he loathes life and wants to die, or if he has impulses which he wishes to put aside. Some persons lie awake at night and long for death, and there is no reason for it. That is a state of the will, insanity of the will.
In another patient the thoughts jump into his mind and he cannot put them aside, and the thoughts are tormenting. The distinguishing feature of the remedy is often found by differentiating between the two. Desires are of the will; impulses come into the thoughts.
Head: Headaches as if the skull would split when moving the head, when walking or coughing. Feeling as if the head would fly to pieces; holds the head with the hand. Feeling as if the head were large, aggravated by coughing and stepping, ameliorated by lying with the head high.
Bursting pain and throbbing. Headache with pulsation in the forehead and temples. Headache as if the brain would be pressed through the forehead. On stooping, feeling as if the brain would be pressed out, as if the red eyes would be pressed out on stooping.
The senses are disturbed and are overacute; oversensitiveness to noise, smells, taste and touch, to impressions, to insults. The patient is excited.
Ears: Pains in the ears; itching pain; aching, pressing pain with cough, as if an abscess would burst. It has a peculiar action on the bones of the internal ear and mastoid process. Abscesses round about and below the car and caries; petrous portion of temporal bone necrosed. It has been a frequently indicated remedy in mastoid abscess.
Nose: Old catarrhs. The patient takes cold in the nose and throat and this is followed by a collection of mucus. Very often in stupid patients it is difficult to get symptoms, and you must depend on what you see, the character of the discharge and a few other things, and you will find that some of these cases will be cured and all the other symptoms will go away; but in some of these old catarrhs no reaction seems to come after the most carefully chosen remedies, and all at once the doctor observes that the patient has a red face and it is cold and the end of the nose is red and cold, and the patient is fat and flabby and yet has not much endurance, never could learn at school, and if she exerts breaks out into a sweat and freezes in the cold air.
He has a key to the patient and examines the patient by the key, that is, by the drug, a mad practice and never to be resorted to except as adernier resort and in stupid patients. When he gives Capsicum to that patient it arouses her, it may not cure; but after it the Silicea or Kali bich. or other remedy which was perhaps given before and did not act takes hold and cures.
In the text it says, "Nose red and hot."
The skin all over is red and burning, a capillary congestion.
Face: The cheeks are red and hot, and this alternates with paleness. Red dots on the face. Pains in the face like bone pains, from external touch. Pains are worse from touch. Pain in the zygoma, or the zygoma is sensitive. Sensitive to pressure over the mastoid. Swelling in the region of the mastoid.
Taste foul like putrid water. When coughing the air from the lungs causes a pungent offensive taste in the mouth.A hot pungent air comes up from the throat, tasting foul when coughing.
On the tongue and lips, flat, sensitive, spreading ulcers with lardaceous base. The mucous membrane of the lips and various parts of the body if pinched up with the fingers remain in the raised position, showing a sluggish circulation.
This is the flabbiness ofCapsicum. It wrinkles on pressure. It is a feeble circulation. The parts you touch are loose and flabby, red, fat and cold. That child will not react well if it has measles, until it gets Capsicum.
The skin is moist and cold, and there is a fine measly condition of the skin due to capillary congestion. If the child is old enough, it will complain of feeling cold. There is slow reaction after eruptive diseases, after glandular diseases, after bowel complaints. The child was fat and flabby, but now does not take on flesh.
He takes cold in the throat and nose, and the throat looks as if it would bleed, it is so red, a fine rash-like appearance - it is puffed, discolored, purple, mottled, flabby and spongy-looking; dark red. Burning soreness with ulceration in the fauces. Uvula elongated. Stitching in throat. Enlarged tonsils, inflamed, large and spongy.
The throat remains sore a long time after a cold or sore throat. Burning, pressing pain in the throat, the throat dark red; relaxed sore throat; pain on swallowing, dysphagia. Throat sluggish for weeks, a do-nothing state, does not get very bad, but gets no better, a lack of reaction.
When the chill begins there is thirst. Thirst after every dysenteric stool, a sudden carving for ice-cold water, which causes chilliness. Craving for water before the chill and when taken it hastens the chill; it feels cold in the stomach.
He desires something warm, something stimulating, craves pungent things. This is seen in whisky drinkers; they crave pepper, and the pepper, on the other hand, turns round and craves whisky. These diffusable stimulants crave some stimulating thing, crave support. Dipsomania.
Let me give you a hint inArsenic. In dipsomania the sinners who have been drinking a great many drinks in a day sometimes get to that state in which they must get up during the night for a drink or they will not be able to get up in the morning.
In the morning the first three or four drinks will be thrown up, but the next one will stay down; they must take a number until one sticks. They have got to that state in which they must keep on taking it. If they sleep too long the first few drinks will come up, and so they must get up in the night or the whisky will not stay down in the morning until they have taken a number of drinks.
You will see this in lawyers who do a great amount of work on stimulants.Nux, Ars., and Caps. will do something for them if they will co-operate with you. I remember saying to one old toper, who had kept up altogether on champagne, that he would have to stop it. He whined,
"I don't think it is worth while."
If he could not get his champagne he didn't think life worth living. if these people want to get benefit they must co-operate.
Abdomen: Dysentery. After stool, tenesmus and thirst, and drinking causes shuddering. Smarting and burning in anus and rectum. Violent tenesmus in rectum, and bladder at the same time. Haemorrhoids; protruding, smarting, burning; smarting like pepper; they sting and burn as if pepper had been sprinkled on them.
Tenesmus of the bladder; strangury. Burning, biting pain after urination, in old cases of gonorrhoea, in which there no reaction.
The discharge is creamy. You take a picture, of his face, you notice the plethora, but also that he has no endurance, plump, flabby, sensitive to cold, red face. He does not react after cold. He has the, last drop or a creamy discharge with burning on urination.
Capsicumwill sometimes stop it suddenly. Coldness of scrotum. Prepuce swollen, oedematous. Pain in the prostate gland after gonorrhoea.
Coldness of the affected part. Coldness in patches. Coldness of the whole body.
It is useful in perplexing and troublesome chronic hoarseness. He had had a cold and remedies for the acute condition have been given, perhaps two or three remedies,Acon., Bry., Hep., Phos., but all at once you wake up to the fact of his chronic constitutional state of hoarseness. He is rotund, chilly, red faced, and the hoarseness disappears under Capsicum.
It is the same with the cough. After making several blunders you wake up and see it is aCapsicum case and that you have never yet gotten at the root of the trouble. This shows the importance of getting at the things general first. If there is much acute suffering of course you must give an acute remedy, but if the patient has delayed recovery and convalescence is slow the next remedy should be the remedy for the patient.
Sometimes it isSulph., Phos., Lyc., and sometimes it is Caps. If the patient has a good constitutional state he will get over the told on -the acute remedy, but the old gouty, rheumatic, flabby patients need a constitutional remedy.
Cough in sudden paroxysms convulsing the whole body. Cries, after the cough from the headache. Stitches in the suffering part with the cough. Every cough jars the affected joint. The constitutional state comes first and the particulars must agree i. e., prescribe according to the totality.
Copyright © Robert Séror 2000
Mise en page Copyright © Sylvain Cazalet 2000 | <urn:uuid:68b2a18c-462f-4051-91d0-11bd2edbd252> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://homeoint.org/books3/kentmm/caps.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00054-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958515 | 2,704 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Madagascar's unique wildlife is facing an "ecological disaster" from an invasion of toxic toads that could devastate the island's native species.
It is thought the Asian common toads (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) arrived on the African island in shipping containers from their native home in Southeast Asia.
A relative of the poisonous amphibian, the cane toad, has decimated wildlife in Australia and now numbers in the millions there after it was introduced to control pests.
Approximately 95% of Madagascar's reptiles and 92% of its mammals exist nowhere else on Earth, according to the World Wildlife Fund.
In a letter to Nature magazine, 11 researchers warned that Asian common toads were spotted near Toamasina, Madagascar's largest seaport.
The females can lay 40,000 eggs a month and it is feared they will take advantage of the "ideal resources and climate" to establish themselves.
Jonathan Kolby, a wildlife health researcher at James Cook University in Australia, and his colleagues wrote: "Time is short, so we are issuing an urgent call to the conservation community and governments to prevent an ecological disaster."
He told Nature that iconic Madagascan species such as the cat-like fossa, lemurs and endemic birds could be threatened, because they are likely to eat the venomous toads.
More than 50 species of endemic snake - including the ground boa - are also in jeopardy.
The toads could also contaminate drinking water and transmit parasites to humans.
The potential catastrophe is not just restricted to Madagascar, said Mr Kolby.
"There is now a high dispersal risk of these toads spreading from Madagascar to other Indian Ocean islands such as the Mascarene Islands, Comoros and Seychelles," he said.
The 11 co-signatories of the letter are calling for an urgent hunting programme to wipe out the toads before they take hold - including draining ponds to stop their breeding. | <urn:uuid:e72700b0-a697-4bac-8056-626cffc6214c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.sky.com/story/1271502/toxic-toads-threaten-ecological-disaster | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95643 | 408 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Fire protection is serious business. Fire, smoke, and toxic fumes take a terrible toll in lives and property every year. Every major building code is meant to reduce the threat of fire.
Fire protection encompasses three broad areas: prevention, containment, and suppression. The distinction between containment and suppression is that between passive and active protection systems. Passive systems protect by virtue of their inherent properties, while active systems rely on external energy sources such as electricity, water pressure, or human intervention.
Firestops are an integral part of any fully implemented containment system. Containment is the principal strategy embodied in all building codes.
In building codes, safety and environmental issues have been handled as overlays or amendments, while fire safety is the fabric that binds the code requirements together.
Important sections of the codes deal with safe and acceptable methods of using energy sources or handling and storing dangerous materials. These sections focus on preventing fire through misuse of resources. For example, electrical codes specify the size of conductor, type of insulation, method of installation, location of disconnecting means, and overcurrent protection for various applications, in order to eliminate unsafe wiring practices that may result in fire. Other sections of building codes deal with furnaces, fireplaces, ducts, flues, kitchens, etc.
The codes also recognize that accidental and arson fires cannot be entirely prevented. Fire-rated walls, floors, partitions, shafts, columns, drop-ceilings, and related assemblies are required to limit the size and spread of fires. Some areas require sprinklers or other active systems to extinguish fires.
Fire-rated barriers provide the basic, passive protection necessary for fire safety. By definition, passive protection is independent of any outside agency or energy source.
Active systems, such as sprinklers, CO2 extinguishers, or gas suppression systems, rely at the very least on the availability of a water, CO2, or gas supply, and often also require electricity for pumps, valves, and detectors. Active systems frequently control or suppress fires before human firefighters can respond, but failure of the supporting utilities can make an active system inoperative. That’s why an active system can never be considered as an alternative to the passive fire barriers required by the codes.
Firestops are an integral part of every passive protection system. Passive fire barriers create isolated compartments, which effectively contain a fire, preventing it from spreading to adjacent areas. Openings in fire-rated barriers permit access to the area and admit utilities: electricity, water, heat, etc. Provision must be made to preserve the integrity of the barriers when openings are required. Fire-rated doors and windows must be installed to protect the normal access openings, while fire-rated penetration seals (“firestops”) are required to seal openings for building utilities.
A firestop must satisfy a number of requirements. First, it must be able to meet the same fire resistance rating as the barrier in which it will be used. Second, it must accommodate the penetrating items, including any requirements for motion, thermal expansion, or other functions. Third, it should function as a smoke barrier.
Fourth, it must be reasonably easy to penetrate again to accommodate building service modifications. Finally, it must be reasonably inexpensive.
F-ratings and T-ratings
Current test standards for firestop systems, ASTME814, UL1479, and CAN4-S115M, generate multiple ratings for each system design. The test specimen is subjected to a standard fire exposure, followed by a standard hose stream test. During the fire exposure, thermocouples measure temperatures on the test wall or floor, on the field of the firestop material, and on the penetrating item 1 inch away from the surface of the firestop. Based on evaluation of test data and observations, the laboratory assigns ratings as follows:
* An F (for fire exposure) rating, in full hours, indicates that the test assembly withstood the standard fire exposure without penetration of flame of spontaneous ignition on the unexposed side, for the indicated period. And, except in Canada, it also indicates that there was no passage of water to the unexposed side during the hose stream test.
* An H (for hose stream) rating, in Canada only, indicates separately that the assembly passed the hose stream test.
* A T (for temperature) rating, in full or fractional hours, indicates that no temperature on the unexposed side increased over ambient by more than 325 degrees F (180 degrees C) for the indicated period. Measurements include the penetrating item as well as the firestop seal itself. The T-rating can be rated as “0,” but can never exceed the F-rating.
The F (and H) ratings demonstrate the effective ability of the seal to prevent the spread of fire by breaching the rated barrier. F-ratings should always equal or exceed the required rating for the barrier being penetrated.
The T-rating was incorporated into the test procedure to aid in hazard assessment. Low T-ratings are nearly always associated with massive or thermally conductive penetrating items able to carry heat from the exposed to the unexposed side.
Under some conditions, high temperatures on the unexposed side could presumably result in self-ignition of adjacent combustible materials. This is clearly a function of the penetrating item rather than the seal design, and where such a hazard might exist, the engineer can recommend provisions to prevent close proximity of combustibles.
The obligation to specify and/or install “Qualified” firestops may not be your only concern. Did you specify the innerduct and cable jackets to be installed (by type and manufacturer)?
If so, your responsibility may not end when you “light-off” a system and leave the premises.
Authority Having Jurisdiction. The term used in model building codes to refer to the specific individual, agency, or department responsible for local code enforcement. In practical terms, this is the building inspector.
Classification. The method used by UL to rate application-oriented products like firestop materials, where the final configuration is different in each installation. Firestop materials are “UL Classified,” never “listed” or “approved.”
Assembly. A wall, floor, or other partition, with or without such things as receptacles, outlet boxes, recessed lighting fixtures, or penetrations. The details of the assembly must be spelled out in any approval.
System. The assembly, the penetrating item(s), and the firestop materials together all constitute the system. The system is the only basis for classification.
Penetrating Items. The specific cables, conduit, pipe, ductwork, etc. that pass through the opening in the assembly, and that are to be protected by the firestop.
Intumescence. The formation of a high-volume, insulating char upon exposure to fire or elevated temperatures, the key property of an important class of firestop materials. To be useful, the expansion should be at least 30 percent, with most commercial materials running 100 percent or more. The resulting char should be strong enough to resist the turbulence of a severe fire, and insulate well enough to protect the underlying surface.
O’CONNOR is product manager at Nelson Firestop Products, Tulsa, Okla. He can be reached at (800) 331-7325. | <urn:uuid:6216e81c-371b-4b16-8f2d-37d5f5d0bdcf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ecmag.com/section/systems/fire-safety-binds-all-code-requirements?qt-issues_block=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00166-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914029 | 1,519 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Germany: No prospect of shale gas fracking soon
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[February 11, 2013]
Germany's environment minister says he doesn't expect the extraction of natural gas by "fracking" will start any time soon in Europe's biggest economy.
Shale gas is located underground across Europe, but environmental concerns over extracting it are widespread. Hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking," frees natural gas from shale by injecting a well with chemically treated water and sand. Supporters say it can be an economic boon, but critics say it can pollute groundwater. | <urn:uuid:35471148-2f15-4bc2-ace9-592b2d502a73> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://archives.lincolndailynews.com/2013/Feb/11/News/business021113_A.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949308 | 117 | 2.921875 | 3 |
E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
Penelope (4 syl.).
The Web or Shroud of Penelope. A work never ending, still beginning; never done, but ever in hand. Penelopë, according to Homer, was pestered by suitors while her husband, Ulysses, was absent at the siege of Troy. To relieve herself of their importunities, she promised to make a choice of one as soon as she had finished weaving a shroud for her father-in-law. Every night she unravelled what she had done in the day, and so deferred making any choice till Ulysses returned, when the suitors were sent to the right-about without ceremony. | <urn:uuid:c01e1ea6-e27b-4411-9582-48bb7cf17539> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bartleby.com/81/12983.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976364 | 158 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Around 200 people gathered at the Saskatoon Farmers Market to protest violence in Saskatoon.
The 'Take Back The Night' march is an annual event to protest sexual and physical assault in the community.
What started as one march in 1975 has now become a global movement to protest assaults against women.
"I think marching in the city streets really brings visibility to our cause," said Coordinator of the University of Saskatchewan Students' Union Women's Centre Heather Kevill. "It brings visibility to the people and the activism, and I think it's really important."
According to Statistics Canada, around half of all Canadian women have experienced some form of sexual or physical violence.
The event is part of the University of Saskatchewan's Sexual Assault Awareness Week. | <urn:uuid:9e808bec-0381-4204-bfc7-1cdcf6a90584> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/hundreds-protest-violence-against-women-1.1867393 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96249 | 150 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The trademark Harley-Davidson v-twin debuts in 1909
1909 The trademark 45 degree Harley-Davidson V-Twin engine, introduced in 1909, displaced 49.5 cu in and produced seven horsepower, doubling that of their previous engines. Top speed: 60 mph. 1909 production: 1,149 motorcycles. By 1911 there were over 150 other brands of motorcycles competing for their share of the market.
1913 The original 28′ x 80′ factory had grown to 297,110 square feet. The Harley-Davidson v-twin began to dominate racing events. 1913 production: 12,904 motorcycles.
1916-18 A new use for motorcycles appeared on the battlefield. Already popular for police use, Harley-Davidson motorcycles supported the military in border skirmishes with Pancho Villa in the early 1900s. As motorcycles became more reliable, the United States called upon motorcycle manufacturers to support the infantry in World War I. By the end of the war, 20,000 Harley-Davidson motorcycles had been called into action.
1920 Harley-Davidson became the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world, boasting dealers in 67 countries. 1920 production: 28,189 motorcycles.
1921 In February 1921, on a Fresno, Calif., board track, a Harley-Davidson became the first motorcycle ever to win a race with an average speed over 100 mph. Boardtracks were old converted bicycle velodromes (banked oval tracks made with wooden slats). Now imagine in the beginning 10 or so years previous, you had these loud open pipe motorcycles that needed some traction on these round slatted tracks. Hence, the development of motorcycle tires.
1922-28 The Twenties were a decade of innovation for Harley-Davidson, following World War I there were major advancements in motorcycle design and leading the way was the 74 cu in. Harley-Davidson v-twin (1922), the Teardrop gas tank (1925) and the front brake (1928).
By 1911 There Were Over 150 Brands of Motorcycles
FACTOID In the early days of motorcycles, tires were seldom black. The rubber from which they were made was naturally colored off-white or tan. Today’s black tires owe their color to an accidental discovery. In 1885, the rubber tire company B.F. Goodrich decided to try black tires, thinking that they might not show the dirt as much. They added carbon black pigment to the rubber mixture. To their surprise, they discovered that the carbon-colored rubber tires were five times more durable than the uncolored ones. | <urn:uuid:981e930f-bc2d-4ef1-9507-50c1c444d838> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hdhistory.com/the-first-harley-davidson-v-twin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96217 | 535 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This evening at 9pm, the Gulfstream G450 airplane will become the first trans-Atlantic flight to be powered partially by biofuel (supplied by Honeywell). The flight will take off from Morristown, New Jersey and will land Saturday morning at Paris-Le Bourget, carrying pilot Ron Weight and two Honeywell executives. The airplane’s engines have not been refitted for the biofuel, making this flight an important test.
Honeywell is confident that the Gulfstream’s engine will perform normally with the biofuel. This flight will be the first trans-ocean biofuel flight, but in just two days time, it will not be the longest! A Boeing 747-8 taking off from Everett, Washington, will also make its way to Paris powered by biofuel (also from Honeywell). The longer distance and commercial sized aircraft will show the world just what alternative fuels can do.
Both planes are participating in the Paris air show, representing Boeing and Honeywell in an attempt to prove biofuel’s effectiveness and reliability. Aside from proving its equivalence to petroleum based fuels, the transition to biofuel would also drastically reduce the carbon footprint of the entire airline industry.
Still, the planes will not be powered by 100% biofuel. The Gulfstream will burn a 50% mix of biofuel and petroleum based fuel, and the Boeing will use only 15% biofuel. This is due to biofuel’s lack of certain aromatics that help tighten plastic seals in jet engines.
Taking these initial flights into consideration, the American Standards Body will give final approval or disapproval on biofuels for the airline industry by July 1, after which commercial flights could start using biofuels in their daily schedules.
Via The Guardian
Images © Wikimedia Commons | <urn:uuid:9237ecf0-2035-4d26-99b8-a707b25ed1c5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://inhabitat.com/first-trans-ocean-biofuel-powered-flight-to-take-off-tonight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935006 | 367 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Group questions DEQ approval of use of fracking fluids on roads
A group that wants to ban hydraulic fracturing in Michigan says the state didn’t follow its own rules in disposing fluid from wells that were fracked. The group, Ban Michigan Fracking, has learned the fluid was spread on public roads close to a lake and in a campground near the Mackinac Bridge last summer.
State officials have said the fluids used to fracture deep oil and gas wells are to be disposed of carefully. Those fluids typically are millions of gallons of water per well plus a mixture of chemicals necessary to the fracking process.
Last summer, the Department of Environmental Quality allowed 40,000 gallons of fluid from fractured wells to be spread on public roads.
Paul Brady drives Sunset Trail in Kalkaska County to get to work.
He noticed it stayed muddy during a dry period last summer so he traced the wet road directly to a well site.
"We know that tons of chemicals went down that well bore. And it came up and it was spread on our roads. And that is why we should be concerned," says Brady.
When the issue was raised, the DEQ tested the water coming out of the wells and tested the roadbeds.
Hal Fitch is in charge of oil and gas development in the state.
"It turns out there really wasn’t anything in that water that was deleterious above normal oil field brine. But still…" says Fitch.
Still, the state has decided not to allow brine from fracked wells to be spread on roads to keep dust down. But it says the group trying to ban fracking altogether is overblowing the issue.
Ban Michigan Fracking says it’s been waiting for months for the DEQ test data so it can confirm the results, and it questions how the state agency "can be trusted to protect the environment when it apparently can’t follow its own rules in treating the liquid waste." | <urn:uuid:cc06f68d-42cf-439b-8fc4-0f5917fd5ed2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://michiganradio.org/post/group-questions-deq-approval-use-fracking-fluids-roads | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96581 | 405 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Broodmares have specific nutritional requirements that differ from other classes of horses. There are differences both in the amount of feed mares need and the nutrient concentration needed in that feed. Throughout the year the broodmare goes through three different phases, each with a different nutritional demand. She is either in early gestation, late gestation or lactation. To keep this cycle going consistently requires that the mare receive the proper health care and nutrition.
Body Condition Affects Reproductive Performance
Body condition may be the single largest factor affecting the reproductive performance of mares. Mares maintained in moderate to fleshy condition cycle earlier in the year, require fewer cycles per conception, have a higher pregnancy rate and are more likely to maintain pregnancies than are thin mares. Because of the subjective nature of terminology such as “fleshy”, “good condition”, etc., researchers developed a numeric scoring system to objectively identify the body condition of a mare. Using this system, research has determined that a condition score of less than 5 in lactating mares indicates that they may not have enough stored body fat to support efficient reproductive performance. Those mares are more likely to skip a breeding season than are mares with a condition score of 6 or more. This is especially prevalent in mares that are 15 years of age or greater.
Reproductive performance often can be improved in thin mares when they are fed to gain weight. However, putting weight on a thin mare, particularly during lactation can be costly and dangerous due to the high levels of feed intake required to achieve gain. While no foaling difficulties have been shown in mares in obese condition, there are no reproductive advantages to keeping mares in condition scores of 8 or 9. Therefore, scores of 5.5 to 7.5 represent the optimum. Management of body condition should be supported by careful selection of feedstuffs and accurate ration formulation, because this is an important step in promoting normal foal growth (see Body Condition Scoring Chart).
Total Feed Intake
Total daily feed intake by mares (hay + concentrate) normally ranges from 1.5 percent to 3.0 percent of body weight, with 2 percent serving as an average. Actual daily feed intake depends on the type and quality of hay or grazing and on the crude fiber level and energy density of the concentrate. As the fiber level increases and energy density decreases, the amount of feed required to meet energy demands will go up. However, as forage quality decreases, voluntary intake often decreases as well. This can present a problem in providing enough energy to maintain the desired body condition. Furthermore, daily feed intake can vary between individuals. Feed intake may have to be increased for hard keepers or heavy milkers, and decreased for other mares who are easier keepers.
Early and Mid-gestation
A non-lactating, pregnant mare in the first 8 months of gestation has nutrient requirements very similar to those of any mature, idle horse. The developing foal gains only 0.2 pounds/day during this time and does not present a significant nutritional demand on the mare. It is usually considered sufficient simply to meet the mare’s nutrient requirements for maintenance.
This may be accomplished with free choice grazing of quality pasture. In this situation, mares may consume as much as 3 percent of their body weight, which can meet their needs for protein and energy during this stage. However, mineral requirements may not be met, particularly in mineral deficient pastures. Therefore, supplemental minerals will be necessary. This may be accomplished with a free-choice loose mineral or a mineral block for horses. A trace mineralized salt block will not provide sufficient mineral to meet requirements, therefore it is recommended that a free-choice mineral and a salt block be provided at this time. High quality hays can also be excellent for maintaining dry, pregnant mares in the early stages of pregnancy. As an average, mares will require around 2 percent of their body weight in high quality hay if no supplemental grain is used. Grazing and/or hay will usually maintain a mare that is already in acceptable body condition, but often will not put sufficient weight on mares that are in marginal condition.
When pasture or hay quality declines, or is not available in adequate amounts, mares will need supplemental concentrate to maintain body weight and condition. A quality concentrate fed at .5 to .75 percent of body weight will help keep mares in good shape.
As a mare enters the last 3-4 months of pregnancy, nutrient requirements increase because the unborn foal is growing more rapidly, averaging 1 pound/day. During this time the intake of protein, energy, vitamins and minerals needs to be increased. Even in situations where forage is sufficiently maintaining mares in acceptable condition, it is important that they receive quality concentrate supplementation. While forage may be able to provide sufficient calories to maintain the body condition of the mare, other nutrients, particularly protein and minerals, will be inadequate. Research has shown that foal birth weight can be adversely affected when mares do not receive adequate protein during late gestation, even when the mares maintain a condition score of 5.5 to 7.5. Therefore, simply having mares stay in good condition during late gestation does not guarantee proper foal development.
It is during the tenth month that the greatest amount of mineral retention occurs in the unborn foal. In addition to this, mares’ milk is practically devoid of trace minerals, such as copper, that are essential for proper bone development. Therefore, adequate mineral nutrition of the mare is critical for normal fetal development and to provide sufficient minerals for the foal to be born with stores of these nutrients to draw upon after birth. A supplemental feeding program that provides a good protein, vitamin and mineral balance is necessary to properly support the growth and development of the foal. Diets containing added fats or oils can be used to help mares in unsatisfactory condition gain the desired weight.
The advantage of feeding these diets is that body condition can be improved without having to feed excessive amounts of concentrate, since the higher fat diets tend to have a higher digestible energy level.
At foaling, a mare’s daily nutrient requirements increase significantly. The protein and energy requirements almost double from early gestation to lactation, as do requirements for calcium, phosphorus and Vitamin A. These nutrient needs must be met in order for the mare to recover from foaling stress, produce milk and to rebreed, all without losing body condition. This is a critical, nutritional period for the mare. Underfeeding of mares during early lactation will surely lower milk production and cause weight loss. This may not pose a problem if the mare is in fleshy to fat contition. However, early lactation weight loss in mares that foal in thin condition will often affect the mare’s ability to raise her new foal and become pregnant again.
Mares produce an average of 24 pounds (3 gallons) of milk daily during a 5-month lactation. This represents 450 gallons or 1 3/4 tons of milk over 150 days. High producing mares produce as much as 32 pounds (4 gallons) of milk daily. The average production in the first 22 days of lactation is 26.5 pounds per day. Production appears to reach a peak at 30 days and slowly decline from there. Nutrient content of mares’ milk follows a more drastic downward curve. In the fourth month of lactation, a mare’s milk provides less than 30 percent of the total energy needed by her foal. Providing lactating mares with a concentrate that includes added fats or oils and high quality protein can help slow the downward curve of production and improve nutrient content of the milk. This will translate into an early growth advantage for the nursing foal.
A lactating mare will usually consume between 2 and 3 percent of her body weight in total feed (hay + concentrate) daily. Because of the significant difference in nutrient requirements from gestation to lactating, it would be safer for a gradual increase in feed intake to begin prior to foaling. This would prevent a drastic change at foaling time, which could increase the risk of digestive disorders. Also, providing the total daily feed in two equal feedings allows mares to more safely consume the amounts needed during lactation. Heavy milkers may require as much as 1.75 percent of body weight in concentrate feed each day, depending on the quality and nutrient density of that concentrate.
When possible, mares fed in groups should be sorted according to feed intake or body condition to insure each mare receives the appropriate amount of concentrate to meet her needs. Providing individual feed troughs for each mare plus one extra trough for mares that get run off from their feed, or providing plenty of space at group troughs will help insure that mares consume the feed they need.
Free choice spring grazing will meet some of the mare’s nutrient requirements, but considerable amounts of supplemental concentrate will be needed. Less supplemental feed will be needed for mares grazing on small grain pastures. In most cases, body condition of mares on high quality pasture or hay can be maintained with concentrate provided at .75 to 1.25 percent of body weight daily. This will vary significantly depending on the quality and quantity of forage available and the nutrient content of the concentrate.
In the fourth, fifth and sixth months of lactation, daily requirements begin to decline. However, by this time many horsemen will have had foals on a good creep feed to prepare them for weaning and will be weaning by the fourth or fifth month of age. There is no advantage for the foal to remain on the mare past this time. It is more nutritionally accurate for the foal and more economical for the horseman to feed the foal a quality diet to meet his needs directly than it is to feed the mare to produce milk. Once the foal is weaned, the dry, pregnant mare can be managed as an early gestating mare once again. Through proper health care, feeding management and breeding techniques, the mare can produce a strong, healthy foal each year.
By Karen E. Davison, Ph.D., Managing Equine Nutritionist, Purina Mills, LLC | <urn:uuid:7db3e377-b4d6-4536-95e6-8d3e8e0c3bf6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.russellfeedandsupply.com/rfi-news/news-updates/lactating-pregnant-mares-2012-02-3009 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00175-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938057 | 2,124 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Employment and married-couple families in 2008
May 28, 2009
Both the husband and wife were employed in 51.4 percent of married-couple families in 2008, compared with 51.7 percent in 2007.
Married-couple families in which only the wife worked accounted for 6.9 percent of all married-couple families in 2008, compared with 6.6 percent in 2007.
The husband was the sole employed member in 19.5 percent of families in 2008, compared with 19.8 percent in 2007.
These data are from the Current Population Survey. To learn more, see "Employment Characteristics of Families in 2008" (PDF) (HTML), news release USDL 09-0568. A family is a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Employment and married-couple families in 2008 on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2009/may/wk4/art03.htm (visited June 27, 2016).
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