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UDPCast allows for the sending of data simultaneously to many destinations on a local net. This can for instance be used to install an entire classroom's PCs at once. The advantage over using other methods (nfs, ftp, whatever) is that udpcast uses Ethernet's multicast abilities: it won't take longer to install 15 machines than it would to install 2. The tool comes with a busybox bootdisk for easy loading of the tool. However, udpcast can also be started from the command line of an already installed system, and can be used for purposes other than just system installation.
released on 10 July 2011
|License||Verified by||Verified on||Notes|
|BSD 3Clause||Ted Teah||28 March 2006|
|MPL||Ted Teah||28 March 2006|
|GPLv2||Ted Teah||28 March 2006|
Leaders and contributors
Resources and communication
This entry (in part or in whole) was last reviewed on 13 March 2012. | <urn:uuid:e5eb0d1a-9f10-4ae4-b8bc-f828a55e638d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://directory.fsf.org/wiki?title=Udpcast&direction=prev&oldid=13811 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.819437 | 214 | 2.625 | 3 |
Wedging the Gap!
On 17 June Ecofys staff published an article in NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE. Ecofys proposes a new approach — called ‘wedging the gap’ — consisting of 21 coherent major initiatives that together would trigger greenhouse-gas emission reductions of around 10 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Gt CO2e) by 2020. This supports and goes substantially beyond the emission reductions proposed by national governments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Ecofys approach would play a significant part in bridging the gap between current emission trends and what is necessary to put the world on a path that would limit global temperature increase to 2 °C above pre-industrial levels.
The full article can be downloaded from Nature Climate Change. For more information please read the press release. Please find further insights in our blog as well. | <urn:uuid:4774a57d-1289-4db2-a544-7723166ce507> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ecofys.com/en/news/wedging-the-gap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910996 | 182 | 2.75 | 3 |
This computer animation shows just how easy it is to build a biodigester to create flammable biogas from animal/food waste. Simple plastic tubing, two plastic barrels and some patience are all it takes to produce - according to its creators - around two hours of cooking gas per day...
Building a simple two-barrel anaerobic digester
So what stops the gas from leaking out between the 2 barrels?
Water...among other liquids. A light layer of vegetable oil should minimize evaporation losses.
The diagram you show doesn't address the difficulty one would run into getting the waste (plant or animal) into the barrel without clogging the pipe. How would you get around the contents getting compacted at the elbow of the pvc or at the end of the pipe. Shouldn't the end of the pvc be situated higher up ? And how about a natural curve and a plunger of some sort to push the stuff down into the pipe ?
I am very interested in creating the entire process, is there another video for taking the gas from the tanks into production for use either to create electricty and or propane for a gas stove.
Do you know if this is safe for use in a neighborhood? | <urn:uuid:bf7d6413-3ba6-4709-a28c-2c15239b3055> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.permaculture.co.uk/videos/building-simple-two-barrel-anaerobic-digester | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939741 | 254 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This article demystifies the process of producing lenticular designs and describes how modern imaging technology simplifies the associated workflow.
By Jeff Miller
3D design for lenticular printing isn’t taught in very many formal design programs and frankly, the percentage of designers who have designed in 3D is small. But this is changing, and we are seeing designers embrace lenticular design.
The good news is that high-quality 3D lenticular design can be learned quickly, and it’s easier to master the strategies and techniques for lenticular design than ever before. Most designers today use individual layers for each element in their designs. Designing in layers allows for existing 2D designs to be converted into 3D lenticular-ready files by setting the individual layers into depth planes. It is also possible to assign volume and change a flat layer into a layer with shape. Adding volume to a key focal point layer, like a face and torso, can provide a powerful 3D illusion.
Along with using the individual layers to create the illusion of depth, you’ll need to apply some basic principles of 3D design to give the viewer a strong sense of depth and perspective. In many cases, designers do this with design elements that are carefully sized and proportioned to support their placement in the foreground and carry viewers’ focus to the background. As a consumer, you see this technique in new video-game designs and in 3D animated movies; the effect is similar when the technique is applied to 3D print design. Your team can be trained to convert 2D files to 3D and prepare lenticular 3D files for printing, and you can provide this as a service to your clients looking for 3D but lacking the expertise to create 3D files. Now you’re ready to print, but you’ll want to have the appropriate software and hardware.
Several software programs contain new tools that allow for high quality 3D design for lenticular printing. Adobe Photoshop, for example, uses layers for designing. In CS4 Extended, Adobe delivered a new set of features just to set up layered files for 3D and tools for interlacing and printing. Adobe took its 3D-creation tools to yet another level with the launch of CS5 and added powerful options and actions for the creation of 3D text and graphics that can translate beautifully to 3D lenticular printing.
Did you enjoy this article? Click here to subscribe to the magazine. | <urn:uuid:6913f0b0-d5d3-4f79-ba9e-63ca26e80b85> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://screenweb.com/content/new-dimensions-graphics-a-look-lenticular-displays?page=0%2C1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91656 | 503 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Blobacious: adjective: Extremely bold or daring; original; without restriction
Contributed by Brenda Sutherland, Illustrator Team Rowing Captain
I know we’ve all had this experience. You take on a project that looks so simple you’re confident you’ll knock it out in no time. Then it turns out to be far more complicated then you ever expected, and you realize that to do it well is going to take a lot more time and effort. That’s exactly what happened when we implemented the Blob Brush in CS4. We thought it would be a pretty simple thing to do, as we had already implemented the Eraser tool back in CS3, and the idea behind the Blob Brush was to use Pathfinder to create shapes like the Eraser does, but instead of erasing them, fill them with color. What could be simpler than that?
I suppose if we had left it at that, it just might have been that simple, but there was another piece that seemed essential to making this tool complete, and that was merging. If you’ve been following my series on Pathfinder and the features in Illustrator that use the Pathfinder Engine, then you’ll recognize the connection here. The Blob Brush works in a very similar way to the Eraser tool in that is starts off by creating a Calligraphic Brush object, expands it into simple paths, then runs Pathfinder to create either a simple or compound path, eliminating all the overlapping brush strokes as well as the original path.
Because it starts out as a Calligraphic Brush object, it has all of the same functionality available that Calligraphic brushes have. If you are using a pressure sensitive tablet, you can even vary its settings just as you can with a brush. And like the Brush and Eraser tools, you can increase and decrease the size with the square bracket keys.
So one question you might have is, if the Blob Brush is so similar to the Calligraphic Brush, why did we go through all this trouble to create a new tool in the first place? The answer is that as cool as brushes in Illustrator are, there are times when all you want to do is create a simple path, a blob so to speak, that doesn’t have editable brush attributes after it’s been created, but can easily be erased, have gradients or live effects applied, and if it’s not the right shape, can be added on to without having to expand and then run pathfinder on.
If you’d like to see a demo of the Blob Brush in action, I highly recommend Mike McHugh’s, of Creative Sweet TV, short demo on the Blob Brush. Mike also shows how you can use the new graphic style library “Additive for Blob Brush” to create airbrush like effects with your Blob Brush created objects.So it’s pretty clear that the merging behavior is an integral part of how the Blob Brush performs it’s magic. Merging helps you build up your blob shapes into a single object, rather than a group of objects with the same color fill piled on top of each other. But to be a true Blob Brush Ninja, you need to understand the rules (or should I say discipline) of merging.The first and foremost rule is the Blob Brush will merge will other objects (created by the Blob Brush or not) if they have the same fill color and no stroke.Stacking order is important. If there is an object between the new object and the object you want to merge with, then the merge will not occur. This is because when objects merge, the new object is created at the top of the stacking order. If merging an object from below into this new object would change the appearance (because the underlying object is partly covered by the other object, and merging would mean putting it above) then the objects will not merge. Maintaining the appearance is more important in this case than merging.A similar rule is that the Blob Brush will not merge with existing objects that are in two different groups, unless it merges with (and hence flattens into a single path) every single path in the entire group. This is again to avoid disrupting the group or layer structure that you have set up.There is also a way to manually control merging. In the Blob Brush options dialog (double click on the tool in the tool panel) you’ll see an option for “Selection Limits Merge”. When this option is on, and an object is selected, merging will only occur with the selected object. Of course, all the other rules of merging still apply. If the option is on, but there is no selection, then merging will occur as it would if the option was off. In other words, this option only makes a difference if there is a selection.Cheryl Graham does a great job describing merging behavior, including some of its limitations, in this tutorial for Layers Magazine. She also explains the Selection Limits Merge behavior.Another thing you might notice when using the Blob Brush is that you might start out with a colored fill, then after using the Brush, you have a fill of none, and a colored stroke. Why does it do that? You have to remember that although the Blob Brush creates filled objects, it’s actually a brush (remember how it starts off creating brush strokes and then runs pathfinder to merge them into the simple object?) Like all brushes, it needs to paint the brush stroke with the stroke color. Since this is a bit confusing, we didn’t want you to have to always make sure that the stroke color was set and not the fill, especially if you have started off by selecting or eyedropping off a previously created Blob Brush object, which would be filled, but not stroked. So when using the Blob Brush and a fill color is selected but not a stroke, Illustrator will automatically switch the color to the stroke. If there is both a fill color and a stroke color, then the Brush will use the stroke color and drop the fill.I hope this was useful, and not more information about the Blob Brush than you will ever need. We really worked hard at making this tool do the right thing for you, so you wouldn’t have to think about things like object stacking order, or whether to pick a stroke or fill color. It may have turned out to be a bigger task than we’d anticipated, but I think it was worth the effort. | <urn:uuid:ffa9f7cb-6e36-4c29-9de3-8e74ea37e7d1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.adobe.com/adobeillustrator/2009/05/blobacious_adjective_extremely_1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951235 | 1,354 | 2.5625 | 3 |
September 29, 2011
Everyone’s A Little Bit Racist, But It May Not Be Your Fault
Everyone´s a little bit racist, posits the song from the musical Avenue Q. But it may not be your fault, according to research in the latest edition of the British Journal of Social Psychology. In looking for the culprit as to why people tend to display tinges of racism, sexism or ageism, even towards members of their own group, a research team, led by the Georgia Institute of Technology, found that our culture may be partially to blame.
While previous psychological studies have shown that racism, sexism and ageism tend to be universal, a new study led by Paul Verhaeghen, professor in Georgia Tech´s School of Psychology, found that works in the American culture, namely literature, movies, TV, radio and the Internet, may contribute to the problem by exhibiting the same stereotypes that society works so hard to snuff out.“There´s one idea that people tend to associate black people with violence, women with weakness, or older people with forgetfulness – because they are prejudiced. But there´s another possibility that what´s in your head is not you, it´s the culture around you,” said Verhaeghen. “And so what you have is stuff you picked up from reading, television, radio and the Internet. And that´s the question we wanted to answer: are you indeed a racist, or are you just an American?”
So they gave their participants a questionnaire designed to rate the amount of prejudice (both negative and positive) they exhibited.
They also timed their subject´s response times to different types of word pairs. The first types were word pairs typically associated with stereotypes, like black-lazy, female-weak or old-lonely. They contrasted this with pairs of words that contain the same first word, but are not stereotypical pairings, like black-goofy, female-uptight, or old-playful. A third type were words that are highly related, but do not reflect stereotypes, like night-cool, or summer-sunny. Social psychologists believe that these very fast response times that people tend to exhibit for stereotypical pairs are a reflection of an unconscious, gut-level type of prejudice.
Then they examined a collection of works known as the Bound Encoding of the Aggregate Language Environment (BEAGLE), which contains a sample of books, newspaper and magazine articles, about 10 million words in all, thought by psychologists to be a good representation of works that are in the American culture. They looked at how often the words they tested their subjects on were paired together in the literature.
Finally, they correlated the results of their tests with what they found in BEAGLE.
In looking at their results from the tests and what appeared in BEAGLE, they found that participants responded faster to the pairs that were more often found together in the literature, whether they were stereotypical or not. So words like black tended to have a much stronger correlation with words that are associated with negative and positive stereotypes like lazy or musical, than with words like goofy that aren´t associated with stereotypes. But pairs that were often found in the literature together, like day and light or summer and sunny also inspired a faster response time for participants than words that weren´t found together in BEAGLE. Other pairs that had strong correlations were white with greedy and successful; male with loud and strong; female with weak and warm; old with lonely and wise; and young with healthy and reckless.
This leads scientists to believe that the very fast ℠gut´ reaction measured through response times doesn´t have much to do with the prejudice of the subjects, but a lot more with how often people have seen or heard these words paired over a lifetime. They also point out that response times were not correlated with the questionnaires about prejudice.
“One of the things these findings suggest is that for those of us who, like me, very often feel guilty about these gut reactions you have and you´re not supposed to have is those gut reactions are normal and they have very little to do with you. They have more to do with the culture around you,” said Verhaeghen. “What is more important is your behavior, rather than your gut reaction.”
“The second thing is that there´s a reason for political correctness. At least, as studies suggest, it might be a good idea to not put stereotypes out there too clearly, because if you do, people will internalize them.”
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:11cd5288-5a58-4c94-80dc-45a5ef9cef55> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112392217/everyone%E2%80%99s-a-little-bit-racist-but-it-may-not-be-your-fault/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974056 | 955 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Laser-physicist John Dering provides insights that support a hypothesis that the Nazi-Bell and the Philadelphia Experiment both share a common physical basis in Albert Einstein’s Unified Field Theory. While this appears outlandish at first glance, the historical record supports Einstein’s involvement in the Philadelphia Experiment as well as the role of his Unified Field Theory in the Nazi-Bell Project through Dr. Walther Gerlach, a colleague of Einstein’s who provided oversight on Hans Kammler’s development of the Bell.
The Unified Field Theory connects gravity and electromagnetism through the concept of a “Torsion Field”, which was investigated in Russia for decades in the hopes of creating antigravity & field-effect propulsion effects. It predicts a coupling of forces that could not only explain the operation of the Philadelphia Experiment and Nazi-Bell, but also potentially explain the strange jellification of metals in the Hutchison Effect.
If these Unified Field Theory effects are all around us as John Dering suggests, why don’t we see more of them in modern electrical systems? Dering describes the non-linear aspect of these effects as only being measurable above certain power thresholds, but also describes the work of Gabriel Kron in the 1930’s, who used Einstein’s Unified Field Theory himself to remove “inefficiencies” from electrical systems that are likely to have come out of these Unified Field Theory effects. | <urn:uuid:a594740a-ef78-4f0e-8c54-154e3aa72e70> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.americanantigravity.com/news/beyond/einsteins-antigravity.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926185 | 298 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The world’s most devastating global weather phenomenon — the weather events associated with “El Nino” — will double in frequency to once a decade if global warming remains unchecked, according to what scientists believe is a major step forward in the understanding of such events.
The last extreme El Nino, in 1997 and 1998, resulted in the hottest year on record, and the accompanying floods, cyclones, droughts and wildfires killed an estimated 23,000 people and caused between US$34.5 billion and US$46 billion in damage, particularly to food production.
However, until now scientists have been unable to agree how climate change will affect the frequency of extreme El Ninos.
The new study, published in the journal Nature Climate Change, concludes that in stark contrast to earlier work, the current rate of carbon emissions would mean twice as many extreme El Ninos over the next 100 years, with profound socioeconomic consequences.
“This is a highly unexpected consequence of global warming,” said University of Exeter professor Mat Collins, part of the research team. “Previously, we had thought that El Nino would be unaffected by climate change. Tropical rainfall conditions such as those experienced in extreme El Ninos have a dramatic influence on the world ... the impact therefore on mankind is substantial.”
El Ninos begin with an unusual warming of the sea surface at the tropics of the eastern Pacific and spread to affect many parts of the world. Previous attempts to ascertain the effect of climate change were inconclusive, as different computer climate models produced conflicting results.
By focusing on those models known to best represent the changes in temperature, currents and clouds that occur in the real world, the researchers were able to produce a clear result for the first time. The work showed that climate change is most likely to warm the tropical Pacific waters that drive El Nino more rapidly than surrounding regions, meaning that extreme events would become twice as common.
Myles Allen, a climate modeling expert at the University of Oxford who is not involved in the work, said: “It is a very reasonable paper and a very sensible approach... It would be good to repeat this study with the computer models used for seasonal weather forecasting.” | <urn:uuid:1afab82c-2f4e-41ba-914f-ce58e21ca9c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2014/01/22/2003581886 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960109 | 454 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Repairing a gold object or soldering gold objects together, requires a different approach than soldering with lead. Even if you have experience soldering other metals, you may wish to look through the section on gathering materials to learn about the types of solder, torches, and flux that are appropriate for this job. This high temperature soldering process, technically called "brazing," can be difficult, so you may want to begin by practicing on less expensive precious metals or on non-sentimental objects.
1Use any type of soldering brick. These are designed to prevent heat loss and withstand great deal of heat. Kiln bricks, magnesia blocks, or charcoal bricks are all common options.
2Purchase gold solder. Any metal alloy designed to melt and join metal together is called a "solder," but most solders will not work to join gold. You can buy gold solder, designed for this purpose, as sheets, wire, or in 1 mm (~1/32 inch) chips. Cutting larger pieces of solder into chips is recommended, to make it easier to control the precise amount of solder being applied.
- Solder with a higher gold content is stronger, but takes more heat to melt. It is recommended for joining two pieces together. Use "plumb solder," "medium" or "hard" solder, or solder with 14 karat and above.
- Solder with a lower gold content will melt more easily, and is recommended for small repairs. Use "repair solder," "easy" solder, or solder below 14 karat.
- Check the label before buying pink or rose gold solder, as it may contain highly toxic cadmium.
3Select a precision torch for melting the solder. A small oxy-acetylene gas torch is a good choice, but butane or other high-temperature torches will work as well. Soldering irons are not recommended for precious metals or other high-temperature soldering tasks.
4Find an appropriate flux. Before soldering gold, or most other metals, a chemical product called "flux" should be applied to clean the metal's surface and help the soldering process go smoothly. Find a flux at a hardware or jewelry store that is safe for use on precious metals. This is sometimes called "brazing flux" due to the technical term for this high-temperature joining process. Flux comes in paste or liquid form, or as a powder that creates a paste when mixed with water.
- While brazing is technically a different process than soldering, even jewelers usually call this process "soldering." A flux labeled "soldering flux" may work, but check the packaging to see if it is appropriate for gold.
5Ventilate the work area. Use fans or open windows to create a light breeze over the work area, moving potential fumes away from you. Strong breezes may make the soldering process more difficult, due to the cooling effect.
6Acquire copper tongs and tools for holding the gold in place. Copper will not corrode in the acidic pickle solution described below, unlike steel. You'll also need any tool that can hold the gold objects in position, usually tweezers. A clamp or vise can also be used, but tighten lightly to avoid bending the gold.
- The other tools do not need to be made from copper.
7Follow safety precautions. Safety goggles are vital to protect your eyes from molten droplets. A thick canvas apron is recommended to prevent burns on your clothing. Roll up long sleeves and tie back long hair as an additional precaution.
8Set up one water bath and one pickle bath. Set a container of water out for cooling and rinsing the gold. Purchase a "pickle" solution for cleaning oxidization off metal, and prepare it according to the instructions on the packaging. Most pickle manufacturers sell it as a powder, which can be prepared in small amounts by dissolving with water and heating.
- Never place the pickle solution in a steel container, or put it in contact with a steel utensil.
- Never heat pickle in a microwave or container that you intend to use for cooking. The pickle can leave an unpleasant smell or even traces of harmful materials.
Joining the Gold
1Clean gold thoroughly. The gold surfaces to be joined need to be clean of dirt and grease for the solder to chemically bond them together. Soak them in the pickle solution briefly to remove surface contamination, then rinse in water to remove the acid. Scrub the surfaces with detergent or soap for additional cleaning.
- Some people neutralize the acidic pickle by adding baking soda to the rinse water, but this is not necessary unless your pickle is unusually strong.
2Hold the gold in place. Place the gold objects on a soldering block, and hold in place with tweezers or a clamp. The areas to be joined together should fit together as closely as possible; this process cannot typically fill large gaps.
3Apply a small amount of flux to the parts being soldered together. Flux will help remove additional impurities, and prevent discoloration to the surface. Applying the flux only where the pieces will be joined may reduce the amount of solder that flows to the wrong area, but some people prefer to apply the flux over the whole piece to minimize discoloration.
4Heat the flux slightly. Use the torch to briefly heat the flux wherever you applied it, until the water boils away and leaves behind protective solids, which inhibit the formation of copper oxides. If you applied flux to the entire object, be sure to perform this step thoroughly before you add the solder.
5Apply a small amount of solder and heat. Place a chip of solder on one end of the seam to be joined, and heat the surrounding gold objects. If you are using an appropriately high-temperature torch, you should be able to heat that area sufficiently to melt the solder without having to heat the entire object. Move your flame back and forth slowly as you heat, to apply the heat across the length of the seam to be joined. The solder should melt and flow across the seam, visibly joining the two sides together.
6Treat the joined piece with water and pickle. Once the solder has flowed along the joint, and the metal surfaces have been heated sufficiently to join together, turn off the torch and let the gold cool. After a couple minutes, quench it further in the water bath. Use copper tools to lower the gold slowly into the pickle bath, and wait a few minutes for most of the discoloring fire-scale on the surface to be removed.
7Make final adjustments if needed. Remove the gold from the pickle, rinse in the water bath, and inspect. You may need to polish or file off excess solder or fire scale to achieve the appearance you desire. The two gold objects should now be joined together with a strong bond.
- Torches that produce a "bushy," wide flame may be more effective for soldering than torches with a loud hiss and thin cone.
- If you spill pickle solution on yourself, rinse affected area in cool running water for several minutes. Most pickle solutions are not strong enough to burn holes in clothing immediately, but they may do so over time if not removed.
Sources and Citations
- ↑ http://www.ottofrei.com/14K-Gold-Plumb-Solder-Kit.html
- ↑ http://riograndeblog.com/2013/07/why-cant-i-find-pink-gold-solder-at-rio/
- ↑ http://www.rings-things.com/blog/2011/06/27/how-to-solder-jewelry-with-simply-swank-tools/#.U-0ayEiVspN
- ↑ http://hsc.unm.edu/pharmacy/healthyvoices/Jewelry/Solders.pdf
- ↑ http://technical-articles.hooverandstrong.com/wordpress/pickle-cleaning-up-after-soldering/
- ↑ http://www.richard-whitehouse.co.uk/Soldering%20notes.pdf
- ↑ http://www.unitedpmr.com/helpful_hints_on_soldering_gold_and_silver_alloys.php
- ↑ http://www.richard-whitehouse.co.uk/Soldering%20notes.pdf
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Definitions for cruciferous plant
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word cruciferous plant
crucifer, cruciferous plant(noun)
any of various plants of the family Cruciferae
The numerical value of cruciferous plant in Chaldean Numerology is: 4
The numerical value of cruciferous plant in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3
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American children's use of health care services varies dramatically by the type of health insurance they have, their race/ethnicity, and family income. The quality of care they receive, based on parent reports, also varies by type of coverage. In addition, children's use of hospital services varies substantially across States and by age. These and other findings about U.S. children's health care and insurance coverage are presented in a recent report compiled by Anne Elixhauser, Ph.D., and colleagues at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Harvard School of Public Health.
The report reveals that in 2000, 65 percent of children birth to age 17 were privately insured, 22 percent were insured through public sources, and 14 percent were uninsured. Children without health insurance coverage were less likely to use health care services, and when they did, their rates of use and expenditures were lower than insured children. Publicly insured children were the most likely to use hospital inpatient and emergency department care. Children who were black, Hispanic, or lived in very poor families had lower health care use and expenditures. About 80 percent of all children's health care expenditures were attributed to the 20 percent of children who spent the most for health care services. Although most parents believed the care their children received was good, care quality varied significantly by type of insurance coverage.
There were significant differences across States in the experiences of hospitalized children. Average length of hospitalization across the United States ranged from 2.9 to 4.1 days, and rates of hospital admission through the ED varied across States from 10 to 25 percent. Over half (54.5 percent) of children's hospital stays were paid by private insurance, 37 percent were billed to Medicaid, and 5 percent of stays were uninsured. Reasons for admission varied by age. Respiratory conditions were the most frequent diagnoses for 1-9 year olds, injuries were most frequent for 10-14 year olds, and pregnancy was the most common reason for admission for 15-17 year olds. Mental disorders accounted for over one in seven stays among 10-17 year olds.
The researchers used data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), an ongoing, nationally representative survey of medical care use and expenditures, and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and the State Inpatient Databases, which are part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Both data sets are maintained by AHRQ.
More details are in "Health care for children and youth in the United States: 2001 annual report on access, utilization, quality, and expenditures," by Dr. Elixhauser, Steven R. Machlin, M.S., Marc W. Zodet, M.S., and others, in the November 2002 Ambulatory Pediatrics 2(6), pp. 419-437.
Reprints (AHRQ Publication No. 03-R015) are available from the AHRQ Publications Clearinghouse.
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Proceed to Next Article | <urn:uuid:d4443d83-8080-4b3e-a2c0-51d99599dca7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/feb03/0203RA6.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979502 | 698 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Note: Drug and alcohol abuse not recommended for adults either.
Three new studies out this week show drug and alcohol abuse in the teen years may cause permanent damage to developing brains.
- In a study whose findings were released in the 2010 annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, researchers at the University of Illinois gave adolescent and young adult rats amphetamines. They found adolescent rats who took the drug had permanent damage to the prefrontal cortex in adulthood. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for memory, decision-making and impulse control. Amphetamines, such as Adderall, can be found in drugs commonly given to children for treatment of attention deficit disorder. The study notes these drugs are “highly abused by healthy individuals, particularly adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17, a period when the brain continues to develop and mature.”
- Researchers from Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine found rats that were exposed to binge alcohol consumption around the time of puberty produced less regular amounts of corticosterone, which is similar to cortisol. In response to physical stress these rats had a greater spike of the hormone than rats who were not given alcohol as adolescents. In a press release, researchers conclude alcohol exposure for teens could permanently alter brains and negatively affect the way they handle stress as adults.
- In a third study presented at the meeting, researchers from McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School found that those who used marijuana habitually, and those who began using it before the age of 16, had the least amount of cognitive flexibility according to tests given to adult study participants. | <urn:uuid:1119236a-9b5d-4dae-99c3-c0dae6144598> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.chron.com/momhouston/2010/11/researchers-find-teen-marijuana-amphetamine-and-alcohol-abuse-is-damaging-to-the-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00179-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962753 | 317 | 3.25 | 3 |
For minority groups, the Committee’s expansive interpretation of Article 27 through General Comment No. 23, issued in 1994, raised hopes that the UN system would provide them with legal recourse. According to the Comment,
…Culture manifests itself in many forms, including a particular way of life associated with the use of land resources, especially in the case of indigenous peoples. That right may include such traditional activities as fishing or hunting and the right to live in reserves protected by law. The enjoyment of those rights may require positive legal measures of protection and measures to ensure the effective participation of members of minority communities in decisions which affect them…The protection of these rights is directed towards ensuring the survival and continued development of the cultural, religious and social identity of the minorities concerned, thus enriching the fabric of society as a whole.
There are several reasons why, despite this broad reading of the Article, members of minority groups have been unsuccessful in pressing their claims. First, many cases have been declared inadmissible for failure to exhaust local remedies. The ICCPR requires that all effective and available local remedies be exhausted, even if they are difficult and expensive to undertake. Thus, the Committee has required recourse to the prevailing legal system in a state even in the face of complaints that it deals unfairly with communal land tenure or nomadic lifestyles.
Second, the Committee has accepted without question the right of a state to file a reservation to Article 27, effectively excluding the minority rights contained therein. France filed a “declaration” at the time it ratified the ICCPR in which it asserted that Article 27 was inapplicable in the country because of its national laws on equality and nondiscrimination. The Committee held the declaration to be a reservation, noted that no states had objected to it, and concluded that it therefore lacked jurisdiction over all the Breton language cases brought to it. In effect, such reservations amount to a denial that minority groups exist because all individuals are treated with equal rights and freedoms. No allowance is made for cultural diversity and the right to be different.
Third, the Committee has set a high threshold for finding a violation. It is not enough that there is an impairment of a minority way of life; it should be a serious deprivation of cultural life. Thus, in Lánsman et. al. v. Finland (I), the Committee decided that Article 27 was not violated by the extent of stone-quarrying permitted by Finland in traditional lands of the Sámi. Moreover, the Committee determined that measures were taken to minimize the impact on reindeer herding activity and on the environment. In effect, the Committee interpreted the treaty to mean that measures whose impact amounts to a denial of the right to culture are not acceptable, but those that simply have a “certain limited impact on the way of life of persons belonging to a minority” do not violate the treaty.
In Diergaardt v. Namibia, the Committee judged for itself the link between an economic activity and the claim of cultural rights, determining that cattle herding by descendants of an Afrikaaner and Khoi community did not present the type of links protected as cultural rights. The Committee stated that “although the link of the Rehoboth community to the lands in question dates back some 125 years, it is not the result of a relationship that would have given rise to a distinctive culture.” While the community did have self-government over a period of time, this was not seen as being “based on their way of raising cattle.” Therefore, there was no violation of Article 27.
The Sámi cases suggest a fourth reason why applicants have failed to prove a violation. The Committee considered it significant that the state made efforts to consult the minority community and take their views into account in making its decision. The consultations had been extensive and resulted in some changes in the government’s plans, based on dialogue with leaders of the affected Sámi community. It thus appeared to the Committee that the dispute was as much between factions within the minority group as between the group and the majority represented by the government.
The Committee did not articulate any standards for determining whether the government had acted in good faith, but returned to the issue in the Maori complaint against the government of New Zealand. In Apirana Mahuika et. al. v. New Zealand the petitioners claimed violations of the rights of self-determination, right to a remedy, freedom of association, freedom of conscience, nondiscrimination, and minority rights as a result of New Zealand’s efforts to regulate commercial and noncommercial fishing after a dramatic growth of the fishing industry. The government and the Maori, whose rights are guaranteed by the Treaty of Waitangi, executed a Deed of Settlement in 1992 to regulate all fisheries issues between the parties. The authors of the communication represented tribes and sub-tribes that objected to the Settlement, contending that they had not been adequately informed and that the negotiators did not represent them.
The government acknowledged its duty to ensure recognition of the right to culture, including the right to engage in fishing activities, but argued that the Settlement met the obligation by balancing the needs of the majority and minority after good faith negotiations. According to the government, the system of fishing quotas reflected the need for effective measures to conserve the depleted inshore fishery. Thus, in imposing the quotas the government carried out its “duty to all New Zealanders to conserve and manage the resource for future generations…based on the reasonable and objective needs of overall sustainable management.” The Human Rights Committee decided in favor of the government, emphasizing
that the acceptability of measures that affect or interfere with the culturally significant economic activities of a minority depends on whether the members of the minority in question have had the opportunity to participate in the decision-making process concerning these measures and whether they will continue to benefit from their traditional economy.
The consultations undertaken by the government complied with this requirement because the government paid special attention to the cultural and religious significance of fishing for the Maori. Thus, the Committee evaluated both the process and the substantive balance between majority and minority interests.
Finally, the Committee has taken a strict view of what constitutes a minority within a state. For example, it has refused to view English-speakers in Quebec as a minority because they are part of the national majority in Canada even though they are a minority in Quebec. The Committee did find, however, that a measure requiring all commercial signs to be in French was a denial of freedom of expression to the English-speaking businessman. It is not clear how far the Committee will go in re-characterizing minority complaints as individual complaints involving violations of other rights under the Covenant. In the case of the signage, the practical results for the applicant were the same whether the case was won based on Article 27 (minority rights) or on Article 19 (free speech). By characterizing the case the way it did, however, the Committee avoided the prospect of looking within states at smaller geographic areas where the ethnic balance may be different from the country as a whole. The Committee might have felt that this was too intrusive in domestic matters, or that it would exacerbate tensions to call the majority a minority because of population distribution in particular areas.
In sum, the Committee has balanced the cultural and economic needs of the minority with respect for the majority’s laws and has unquestionably regarded the state as the representative of the majority’s decisions made through the democratic process. When it decides the merits of complaints, the Committee has assessed the impact on the minority group of the actions taken, the degree to which the state has consulted the group and attempted to mitigate damage, and the benefits to all those in the state, including the minority, from the actions taken. In general, it has found the state actions reasonable and the harm to the community insufficient to amount to a breach of cultural rights as guaranteed by Article 27. The Human Rights Committee also has restricted potential claims by minority groups through General Comment No. 23, where it provides its interpretation of Article 1 on the right of peoples to self-determination. In the Comment, the Committee concluded that the right of petition cannot extend to matters of self-determination because it is a right belonging to peoples, while only individuals can file complaints. This allows the Committee to avoid deciding matters of self-determination. Thus, despite the Committee’s broad definition of cultural rights in General Comment 23, it has chosen to limit claims of autonomy by minority groups, thus upholding the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states. | <urn:uuid:5d9c19f8-87ac-4511-a206-3daa74316abc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/archive/dialogue/2_12/section_3/5151.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964727 | 1,743 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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This is the fourteenth article in a series about air quality in general and how it applies to Indiana. This article will discuss issues related to comments I have received regarding this column.
Time out. I have received some comments from two medical doctors who have issues with some of the information in past articles. I thought it would be good to respond to these issues and hopefully bring some harmony into the world.
When I discuss the status of the air quality in areas of the state, I am comparing the measured air quality levels to the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). They establish these standards to protect people with an adequate margin of safety, including sensitive populations. Health research data is used by U.S. EPA to determine the level of the standards. There is a process where U.S. EPA evaluates each standard every five years and decides whether to retain the standard or modify it. If the medical community has information that indicates that the standards are not adequate, they should pass this information to U.S. EPA.
What Indiana and all of the states must do is keep pollutant levels within the NAAQS, which should protect the people from adverse impacts, if U.S. EPA is setting appropriate standards. Indiana was one of only 19 states that achieved the ozone and fine particle standards in 2009, meaning our air was some of the healthiest in the nation. But some of the other states in that group had lower levels of pollutant, compared to us. Even among states that are meeting standards, the levels of pollutants being picked up on monitors will vary from location to location.
There are several reasons. First is climate. If it rained here more often, we would have less pollution in the air. Rain washes pollutants out of the air and keeps dust down. Second is location. If we were located like Hawaii, for example, where we had clean air blowing in, we would have cleaner air. We located an ozone monitor in eastern Illinois just across the Indiana-Illinois border. It often measures levels near the ozone standard. It is very difficult to meet the standard when levels blowing into a state are near the standard. Third, Indiana has an industrial economy. Indiana supplies a large percentage of goods—including grain, steel, automobiles and other manufactured products—to the entire nation. The manufacturing businesses that operate here have to comply with tight air pollution controls. But even with well controlled sources, we will have more air pollution compared with states that have a lower percentage of industry.
Drawing meaningful conclusions when comparing health data and air quality can be challenging. A few years ago we compared Indiana asthma rates (both adult and childhood) with ozone and fine particle levels. Over the most recent 10 year period, air quality levels of both pollutants had improved. However asthma rates were increasing. When we looked outside Indiana we found similar patterns across the US. One of the problems may be the asthma statistics. These are obtained by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) by making phone calls to selected homes and asking whether anyone in the home has experienced asthma symptoms in the past year. There is no follow-up question about whether there are smokers in the house or whether the family has pets. Both of these factors could significantly impact the results.
We are also interested in lung cancer rates across Indiana. However, good data on smoking rates by county and radon levels by county are necessary to make any sense of the data. These are usually not available.
One of the emails mentioned autism rates in Indiana and the belief that this may be due to air toxics. I have contacted the Department of Health in a search for autism rates by county. The data that I was able to obtain is not of sufficient quality to allow a meaningful study to be done. Due to patient privacy rules, most of the data that I was provided does not provide exact values because the number of cases of autism in a county during a year are small. My point is that there is not a lack of interest in making analyses that would help us determine whether certain chemicals are part of a health problem. Due to the many factors I mentioned above, this work just is not progressing as fast as it should. | <urn:uuid:86dcaec7-23f8-43f0-8e41-8ec5f3efa944> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.in.gov/idem/airquality/2594.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969642 | 903 | 2.90625 | 3 |
March 16, 2011
President Obama’s less-than-penetrating observation last month that the protesters in Egypt wanted “change” is obviously correct. But despite the president’s affection for the word, there is very little assurance of what “change” will bring and whether it will be congruent with American principles and interests.
It is too soon to tell the nature of Egypt’s revolution and what form of government will ultimately emerge. The same is also true in Tunisia, Bahrain, Yemen and Libya. As the United States responds to these developments, it is useful to consider how America responded to revolutions in Latin America nearly two centuries ago.
As the peoples of Latin America were throwing off the yoke of Spanish imperial rule in the early 1800s, they appealed to the United States for support. James Madison described their efforts as part of “the great struggle of the Epoch between liberty and despotism.”
Despite the grand hopes for “our brethren to the South,” however, the situation on the ground gave pause to American statesmen. They realized that the people of the new republics had not only to throw off the Spanish Empire, but had to establish free and stable governments in keeping with the principles of liberty before Americans could truly celebrate their success. Prudence led the United States to wait nearly four years before officially recognizing their independence and engaging in treaties of commerce with the new republics.
During that time, however, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and other American diplomats were working vigorously to see that the new republics’ independence was assured and that the principles of liberty prevailed in their new governments. Despite U.S. diplomatic support, it was clear that America’s material aid depended on the nature of their regime and also their respect for international treaties, including freedom of commerce. As long as America was convinced that the nations followed a republican path to self-government and behaved responsibly among the nations of the Earth, they had her moral and diplomatic support.
The U.S. did not avoid protecting its interests either. American diplomats demanded that the new nations prevent privateers from operating off their coasts, from which they harassed peaceful American ships of commerce and endangered American lives. With added diplomatic pressure, the government in Buenos Aires complied and put an end to privateering. The way was then clear for U.S. recognition.
In a special message to Congress on March 8, 1822, President James Monroe officially recognized the independence of Argentina, Peru, Chile, Colombia and Mexico. The United States was the first established nation to welcome these new republics into the community of nations.
Far from being isolated or diplomatically insignificant, these actions represented America’s leading role in supporting the cause of liberty abroad at that time. It also made clear that American support for a new government was conditional on both America’s political principles and national interests.
The United States should make it clear to the emerging Arab governments that American moral and material support is contingent on their adherence to the principles of freedom and on their commitment to preventing radical Islamic terrorism from flourishing in their territory. The United States should stand resolutely by its principles and for its interests but should not stand prematurely with any new factions in Tunisia, Egypt, Bahrain, Libya or Yemen.
At the same time, the U.S. should work to keep other foreign influences, such as al Qaeda or Iran, from intervening and poisoning these tender sprouts of liberty, just as American diplomacy did for the new Latin American republics by working with England to prevent Spain and France from retaking the new republics.
Years of this sort of principled, but prudent, diplomacy finally culminated in the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, when circumstances allowed for a more robust military policy in the region. In the Middle East, though, military interventions are extremely risky and expensive means of supporting new democracies, as the 2003 invasion of Iraq demonstrated.
Such revolutions offer the United States an opportunity to advance its principles through the conduct of foreign policy. Such an approach is neither isolationist nor interventionist — it is prudential and principled.
Alas, this is not what we’ve seen from the Obama administration. It contradicted itself on Hosni Mubarak’s removal in Egypt and appears dumbstruck at events unfolding in the Middle East. The administration’s conflicting, incoherent and timid statements have highlighted the absence of prudence in our modern statesmen and the lack of a grand strategy.
Only when guided by justice and exercising prudence can the United States safeguard its long-term interests. America has a window of opportunity in the Arab world: It can either resolutely voice the founding principles that have defined its success or remain a hesitant, pragmatic spectator of an epic scene in history. One thing seems quite obvious: Mr. Obama’s doctrine is no Monroe Doctrine.
Marion Smith is a graduate fellow in the B. Kenneth Simon Center for American Studies at the Heritage Foundation
First appeared in The Washington Times | <urn:uuid:bd79a7ba-d793-4d2a-b497-626070aea183> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2011/03/what-the-past-teaches-about-arab-revolutions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00168-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96004 | 1,026 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Even though informality is a widespread phenomenon and poses serious social, economic, cultural, and political challenges across the world, many issues about its nature and consequences still remain largely under-explored or unresolved. For example, the evidence presented in the existing literature has failed to generate a consensus among researchers around the measurement of the informal sector. There are also many other open questions regarding the determinants and/or effects of informality, including even such basic ones such as whether the informal sector size is larger in low-income or high-income nations (see Dreher and Schneider 2010); whether taxes are positively correlated with informal sector size or not (see Schneider and Enste 2000, Friedman et al 2000, and Elgin 2010 among others) or whether the shadow economy and corruption are substitutes or complements (Dreher and Schneider 2010).
As the number of papers in the growing literature on informality indicates, there is an increasing focus on the economic analysis of the shadow economy. Yet one particular setback that, despite the development of various methods, still persists in the literature is the lack of significantly large datasets that would make informality subject to robust (applied) policy analysis. Even though there are various methodologies suggested for its measurement, this issue mostly arises due to the fact that the size of the shadow economy, by definition, is hard to measure and to subject to empirical analysis. Most of the suggested methodologies (see the next section for a longer review) are usually used for a particular country or even a region and could not be generalised to cross-country panel frameworks. One particular exception is the dataset presented by Schneider et al (2010), which reports the shadow economy size (as a percent of GDP) for 162 countries in an annual basis for the nine years between 1999 and 2007. In this study, however, the authors rely on the MIMIC (Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes) approach to estimate the size of the shadow economy which, according the Breusch (2005), is largely unfit for purpose.
New research on shadow economies
In recent research (Elgin and Oztunali 2012), we aim to address two issues:
- First, using a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium, we present a new approach to estimate the size of the shadow economy. We believe that this approach has various advantages over the existing methodologies.
- Second, we use this new methodology to construct a new unbalanced 161-country panel dataset over the period 1950 to 2009. This aims to be the largest dataset in the literature, particularly with its time-series dimension. Among many possible advantages regarding its use, the construction of such a dataset would allow for various policy analyses that require a significantly large time dimension.
Our procedure allows us to have a dataset with 7,395 observations for 161 countries in an unbalanced panel framework running from 1950 to 2009. The complete dataset is reported on a country-by-country and year-by-year basis in Elgin and Oztunali (2012). Nevertheless, we report various descriptive statistics and present illustrative figures here.
In order to observe the variation of the shadow economy size in different group of countries over time, we divided the world into six different groups. These are OECD-EU, Latin American and Caribbean, post-Socialist (Transition), Middle East and North African, sub-Saharan African, and Asian-Oceanian countries.
As looking at unweighted series may be a misleading way of calculating the shadow economy size in a group, in Table 1 we report the descriptive statistics of GDP-weighted series in different groups of countries. Note that these are regional descriptive statistics for the whole 1950-2009 period.
Table 1. GDP-weighted shadow economy as percentage of GDP
Investigating Table 1 reveals two crucial points:
- First, judging from the standard deviations, the size of the shadow economy experienced a significant variation both across groups and within groups.
- Second, Latin American and sub-Saharan economies have significantly larger shadow economies than the other groups of countries, while the OECD-EU group has a significantly smaller shadow economy.
Next, in Table 2, we report the evolution of the shadow economy size in different groups over time in approximately 10-year intervals. In line with Table 2, Figure 1 presents the GDP-weighted shadow economy size on an annual basis. For almost all country groups (except for the post-Socialist one), we observe a declining trend over time. However, the pace of the reduction seems to lose some momntum in the last decade. Somewhat more interestingly, we observe a spike staring in 2007. Considering the emergence of the global economic crisis, this could give further support for the hypothesis that the size of the shadow economy is countercyclical, as suggested by Roca et al (2001) and Elgin (2012).
Table 2. Regional trends over time
Figure 1. GDP-weighted shadow economy size (as % of GDP) over time
In Figure 2, we group countries with respect to GDP per-capita and then report the average GDP-weighted shadow economy size in each group. Here, we divide the countries into five categories – poorest, second, third, fourth and the richest 20%. Not surprisingly, richer countries tend to have a smaller shadow economy; however, Figure 2 shows that this relationship is not exactly linear, especially in a cross-country sense. Even though further research is required, this might be considered as a support for informality dimension of the Kuznets Curve hypothesis.
Figure 2. Evolution of the shadow economy in different income groups
Breusch, T (2005), “Estimating the Underground economy using MIMIC models”, Econometrics 0507003, Econ WPA.
Dreher, A and F Schneider (2010), “Corruption and the Shadow Economy: An Empirical Analysis”, Public Choice, 144:215-238.
Friedman, E, S Johnson, D Kaufman, and P Zoldo-Lobaton (2000), “Dodging the Grabbing Hand: The Determinants of Unofficial Activity in 69 Countries”, Journal of Public Economics, 76(3):459-493.
Elgin, C (2010), “Political Turnover, Taxes, and the Shadow Economy”, Working Papers 2010/08, Bogazici University.
Elgin, C (2012), “Cyclicality of the Informal Economy”, Working Papers 2012/02, Bogazici University.
Elgin, C and O Oztunali (2012), “Shadow Economies around the World: Model Based Estimates”, Working Papers 2012/05, Bogazici University.
Roca, JCC, CD Moreno, and JEG Sanchez (2001), “Underground economy and aggregate fluctuations”, Spanish Economic Review, 31:41-53.
Schneider F and DH Enste (2000), “Shadow Economies: Sizes, Causes and Consequences”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 38:77-114.
Schneider, F, A Buehn, and CE Montenegro (2010), “Shadow Economies all over the World”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 5356. | <urn:uuid:3475c480-151c-473d-8715-ca725536ff42> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.voxeu.org/article/shadow-economies-around-world-model-based-estimates | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851469 | 1,501 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Sea Ice Near Thule, Greenland (image) NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Share Print E-Mail Caption Sea ice near Thule, Greenland. Only about 10 percent of sea ice is above the ocean's surface, which makes measuring ice thickness challenging. More accurate thickness measurements could potentially improve future seasonal sea ice forecasts. Credit Credit: NASA / Nathan Kurtz Usage Restrictions None Share Print E-Mail Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. | <urn:uuid:eee2492b-ed82-45f3-9e2b-f763008c92ec> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/51176.php?from=229066 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875872 | 128 | 3.28125 | 3 |
of WWII went aboard the S.S.
Dunboyne on December 2,
1941, with other crews following soon thereafter. The Armed
of the S.S. Larranga has
the distinction of being the first to fire on an enemy submarine from
an armed merchant vessel.
Armed Guard crew consisted of Officers, Petty Officers and seamen,
as gunners in the main. Signalmen, of various ratings, had the
duties for visual communications. Armed Guard radiomen worked alongside
Merchant Seamen radio operators, but radio silence was observed except
in extreme emergency.
Guard crews also served aboard cargo ships of many Allied
well as the United States. Of the 6,236 merchant ships the Armed Guard
served aboard, 710 were sunk, and many hundreds damaged. Serving aboard
2,710 Liberty Ships alone, 216 were sunk.
Serving alongside their fellow shipmates, the men of the Merchant Marine, members of the Armed Guard received 8,035 decorations or commendations for the period ending in August of 1946. These included:
6 Navy Crosses
2 Legions of Merit
75 Silver Stars
54 Bronze Stars
24 Navy and Marine Corp medals
563 Commendations by the Secretary of the Navy
2,778 Commendations by the Bureau of Naval Personnel
4,553 entries into service records.
were 36,240 operation and engagement stars authorized for the same
period. 9,802 were authorized to wear the Philippine
Liberation Ribbon alone,
and 4,031 were authorized to wear a star on that
Hearts are too numerous to mention.
The Maritime Commission indicates that 6,989 members of the Merchant Marine became causalities, either dead or missing, during WWII. 581 were made prisoners. The Armed Guard dead or missing totaled 1,810, with 27 prisoners of war.
Submitted by: Kenneth E. Keith
More Armed Guard Links: | <urn:uuid:107ec466-5187-47ff-b0ef-699f8e5f8640> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lanevictory.org/armedGuard.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00138-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948061 | 398 | 3 | 3 |
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- What are the symptoms of autosomal dominant PKD?
- How is autosomal dominant PKD diagnosed?
- How is autosomal dominant PKD treated?
- What is autosomal recessive PKD?
- What are the symptoms of autosomal recessive PKD?
- How is autosomal recessive PKD diagnosed?
- How is autosomal recessive PKD treated?
- What is a genetic disease?
- Hope through research
What is autosomal dominant PKD?
Autosomal dominant PKD is the most common inherited disorder of the kidneys. The phrase "autosomal dominant" means that if one parent has the disease, there is a 50 percent chance that the disease gene will pass to a child. In some cases-perhaps 10 percent-autosomal dominant PKD occurs spontaneously in patients. In these cases, neither of the parents carries a copy of the disease gene.
Many people with autosomal dominant PKD live for several decades without developing symptoms. For this reason, autosomal dominant PKD is often called "adult polycystic kidney disease." Yet, in some cases, cysts may form earlier in life and grow quickly, causing symptoms in childhood.
The cysts grow out of nephrons, the tiny filtering units inside the kidneys. The cysts eventually separate from the nephrons and continue to enlarge. The kidneys enlarge along with the cysts-which can number in the thousands-while roughly retaining their kidney shape. In fully developed autosomal dominant PKD, a cyst-filled kidney can weigh as much as 20 to 30 pounds. High blood pressure is common and develops in most patients by age 20 or 30.
What are the symptoms of autosomal dominant PKD?
The most common symptoms are pain in the back and the sides-between the ribs and hips-and headaches. The pain can be temporary or persistent, mild or severe.
People with autosomal dominant PKD also can experience the following complications: | <urn:uuid:a1bdff98-a5f2-4071-88bb-843eacb7f03d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicinenet.com/polycystic_kidney_disease/page2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911795 | 512 | 3.078125 | 3 |
- freely available
Temporal and Seasonal Variations of the Hot Spring Basin Hydrothermal System, Yellowstone National Park, USA
AbstractMonitoring Yellowstone National Park’s hydrothermal systems and establishing hydrothermal baselines are the main goals of an ongoing collaborative effort between Yellowstone National Park’s Geology program and Utah State University’s Remote Sensing Services Laboratory. During the first years of this research effort, improvements were made in image acquisition, processing and calibration. In 2007, a broad-band, forward looking infrared (FLIR) camera (8–12 microns) provided reliable airborne images for a hydrothermal baseline of the Hot Spring Basin hydrothermal system. From 2008 to 2011, night-time, airborne thermal infrared image acquisitions during September yielded temperature maps that established the temporal variability of the hydrothermal system. A March 2012 airborne image acquisition provided an initial assessment of seasonal variability. The consistent, high-spatial resolution imagery (~1 m) demonstrates that the technique is robust and repeatable for generating corrected (atmosphere and emissivity) and calibrated temperature maps of the Hot Spring Basin hydrothermal system. Atmospheric conditions before and at flight-time determine the usefulness of the thermal infrared imagery for geohydrologic applications, such as hydrothermal monitoring. Although these ground-surface temperature maps are easily understood, quantification of radiative heat from the Hot Spring Basin hydrothermal system is an estimate of the system’s total energy output. Area is a key parameter for calculating the hydrothermal system’s heat output. Preliminary heat calculations suggest a radiative heat output of ~56 MW to 62 MW for the central Hot Spring Basin hydrothermal system. Challenges still remain in removing the latent solar component within the calibrated, atmospherically adjusted, and emissivity corrected night-time imagery.
Share & Cite This Article
Jaworowski, C.; Heasler, H.; Neale, C.; Saravanan, S.; Masih, A. Temporal and Seasonal Variations of the Hot Spring Basin Hydrothermal System, Yellowstone National Park, USA. Remote Sens. 2013, 5, 6587-6610.View more citation formats
Jaworowski C, Heasler H, Neale C, Saravanan S, Masih A. Temporal and Seasonal Variations of the Hot Spring Basin Hydrothermal System, Yellowstone National Park, USA. Remote Sensing. 2013; 5(12):6587-6610.Chicago/Turabian Style
Jaworowski, Cheryl; Heasler, Henry; Neale, Christopher; Saravanan, Sivarajan; Masih, Ashish. 2013. "Temporal and Seasonal Variations of the Hot Spring Basin Hydrothermal System, Yellowstone National Park, USA." Remote Sens. 5, no. 12: 6587-6610.
Notes: Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. | <urn:uuid:dbf82123-1f1c-45a6-a93e-4e221bec152c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/5/12/6587 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.803182 | 617 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The first Earth Day, celebrated on April 22, 1970, was organized by U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson (D-Wisconsin), who was frustrated by the fact that, despite pollution being endemic across the country, environmental issues were absent from the U.S. political agenda.
On that inaugural Earth Day, more than 20 million Americans flocked to environmental rallies, modeled after anti-Vietnam War protests, as well as a “teach-in” on the state of the environment, led by activist Denis Hayes—spawning the birth later that year of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and earning Sen. Nelson the title “Father of Earth Day.”
Earth Day is now celebrated annually by more than 1 billion people in 180 nations, according to the Washington, D.C.-based Earth Day Network, founded by Earth Day’s original organizers. In 2010, when Earth Day celebrated its 40th anniversary, the movement began to shift from raising awareness to benchmarking progress in environmental improvements and energy efficiency.
Many members of the commercial real estate industry are observing Earth Day this year with specific celebrations, projects, programs or awards.
Googleis this year’s recipient of CoreNet Global’s annual Sustainable Leadership Award. The award goes to a project that promotes the acceleration of the adoption and diffusion of sustainable and socially responsible real estate practices. Google’s singular goal is to create the healthiest workplace possible.
In 2010, Google piloted a program to encourage manufacturer transparency and to screen out potentially harmful chemicals in commonly-used building materials. That program became known as the Healthy Materials Program. Nearly three years later, the program has 3,863 products in its global library, nearly 61 percent of which meet Google’s health criteria.
At its offices throughout the world, Google is putting building products through rigorous screening processes to determine which meet their healthy building standards. Further, the company requires transparency from vendors concerning product ingredient information.
Jones Lang LaSalleAmericasis launching a "How Are You Facing Climate Change?"employee photo contest to celebrate Earth Day. The contest invitesemployees to submit photos of themselves making a positive impact on climatechange, whether at home or in the workplace, by recycling, biking instead ofdriving, etc. The top 10 entries will be posted on JLL's Green Blog for publicvoting, and the winner will receive a to-be-determined grand prize. JLL also will implement a communications campaign to educate employeesabout the company's commitment to sustainability, celebrate its achievements (e.g., more LEED Accredited Professionals than any company in the world) andfurther engage employees in the company's "ACT: A Cleaner Tomorrow"internal program that provides tools, tips and peer-to-peer resources for sustainabilityactivities.
In addition, all of JLL’s Earth Day communications will be electronic—no more paper posters andsigns.Many JLL offices in local markets are also planning their ownEarth Day programs and/or helping facilities management clients implement programs in the client properties.
For instance, one major JLL client, KeyBank,is holding several events, including a discussion foremployees on aligning profit and sustainability and an employee recycling dayon April 25 which will include confidential paper shredding and electronics recycling. Keybank’s retail branches also held arecycling day with confidential paper shredding service for customers at selected KeyBank branches, and participated for the fourth year in a row in EarthFest2013 in the City of Cleveland. This community event attracts 10,000 to 50,000 attendees annually.
CBRE Group Inc.is “working with property owner clients throughout the country to plan, implement and host a range of tenant/occupant events on their properties,” says CBRE’s New York City-based Senior Director Robert McGrath. Meanwhile, the firm is undertaking several sustainable projects. For instance, CBRE announced today that the firm’s Global Corporate Servicesgroup represented NYC Bike Share in a transaction totaling 39,200 sq. ft. with MWC Management Corp., at53rdStreet and Third Avenuein Sunset Park, Brooklyn.
The operators of the first bike-sharing program to come into existence in New York City selected the site because it enabled them to house all three aspects of their business in one place. The entire ground floor, consisting of 16,200 sq. ft. will be used as operational space for fixing bicycles. A call center will be housed in 8,000 sq. ft. on the second floor; the lower level of 15,000 sq. ft. will be used for parking the Sprinter vans, which will transport the bicycles back and forth to the bike stations around Manhattan and Brooklyn.
The tenant was represented by Alec Monaghan, first vice president, and Matthew Saker, senior vice president, both of CBRE’sEast Brunswick, N. J. office, with Bill Jordan, vice president, CBRE’s Long Island City office. The space is in a 46,000-sq.ft. industrial/flex building. The owner was represented by Michael W. Coleman, president of MWC Management Corp.
SL Green Realty Corp.ishonoring Earth Day this week by contributing to four separate events at properties within its New York City, Westchester County and Connecticut portfolios. In New York City, at 1515Broadway,SL Green will participate in Viacom’s Earth Day celebration, including electronic distribution of educational information and participation in a vendor trade show lobby event to share and explain its various sustainable initiatives. SL Green will highlight specific building programs, including its recent LED lighting retrofit, real-time energy management system, LEED Certified green cleaning, and encourage participation in building recycling. On April 30, at 333 East 38th Street, SL Green Director of Sustainability Jay Black will present at New York Presbyterian Hospital’s Earth Day Event to promote education and awareness of its key sustainability programs, including green cleaning, energy management, recycling, and the building’s receipt of the U.S. EPA Energy Star Label for three consecutive years, followed by a Q&A. In Westchester County on April 25, Reckson Metro Center, 360 Hamilton Avenue, White Plains, SL Green tenants will celebrate Earth Day with an evening cocktail event from 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. Co-sponsored with Heineken USA and its “Brewing a Better Future” initiative, the main lobby will be transformed into an eco-lounge event, decorated with trees, lighting, artwork and dramatic visual displays, while tenants enjoy an evening of organic foods and environmentally-responsible beverages. Additionally, SL Green is a lead sponsor of the White Plains Earth Week for the fourth consecutive year.In Stamford, Conn. on April 24at 4 Landmark Square, one of the city’s most prestigious office parks, SL Green to host an eco-friendly tenant event from 11:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. in the lobby. The program includes sustainable vendors exhibiting building initiatives, tenant raffles, organic food sampling and green products for sale.
SL Green’s most prominent event will be “Re-Green NYC,” to be held on Saturday, May 18, at Randall’s Island in coordination with Randall’s Island Park Alliance. The event is being co-hosted by New York Restoration Project and the Urban Air Foundation. As part of the Mayor Bloomberg’s MillionTreesNYC Program, a PlaNYC Initiative, 200 SL Green tenants and employees will have the opportunity to plant 100 trees as part of its Earth Day celebration.
Earth Day marks the opening of registration for SL Green tenants and employees to participate in the May 18 event by planting 6-ft. trees on Randall’s Island. Planting trees will help preserve the environmental footprint on the island, offering significant benefits like reduction of air pollutants, capturing carbon dioxide, stabilizing soil, preventing erosion and providing shade. One tree can absorb as much carbon in a year as a car produces while driving 26,000 miles. | <urn:uuid:4fef4340-a131-4f5f-92bb-d4c06eee8965> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nreionline.com/print/green-projects/commercial-real-estate-industry-celebrates-earth-day-2013 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932599 | 1,681 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Was the street named for a tireless English abolitionist?
By Annemarie Brissenden
Harbord Street may have been named for an early nineteenth-century advocate of parliamentary reform and tireless crusader to end slavery, says a past board member of the Harbord Village Residents’ Association.
“I started asking the question a few years ago,” explains Wendy Smith. “I’ve lived in Harbord Village for almost 20 years, but nobody knew about [how the street got its name]. It’s really been a mystery.”
A mystery, but an irresistible one for the amateur historian, who after approximately three years, has come to theorize that Harbord Street is named for Edward Harbord, the 3rd Lord Suffield.
Suffield was born in England in 1781. A second son who gained financial independence through an advantageous marriage, he represented Shaftesbury in the House of Commons, becoming a member of the House of Lords when he succeeded his elder brother in the barony. A self-described liberal who was a Whig, Suffield made his mark as a member of a parliamentary committee investigating “the condition and treatment of slaves”. He was the only abolitionist on a committee that mostly comprised owners of plantations in the West Indies, and came close to collapse during the committee hearings.
Suffield’s role in getting the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 passed, relates Smith, cannot be understated. She quotes one of his contemporaries, who said “his voice, single as it often was, could not but be listened to.”
The abolitionist never visited Toronto, but Smith believes many on this side of the pond would have been aware of him, including the heads of the Crookshank, Denison, and Baldwin families, prominent landowners who also were active in the politics of the day.
“I like to imagine them in front of the fireplace in one of their homes, brandies in hand, talking over things,” says Smith. Things like what to name the “ramrod straight street” south of Bloor Street that traversed their adjacent properties.
She argues that the abolition movement was regularly chronicled in the newspapers and memoirs of the day, and many British abolitionists moved to Canada bringing with them their stories.
Among them was author Susanna Moodie, who in England knew the secretary of the abolitionist movement, and became very good friends with Robert Baldwin after her arrival in Upper Canada. Perhaps Smith’s most exciting — and recent — discovery is that in 1834, Suffield sponsored the immigration of a group of farm labourers to Upper Canada. A decade later, in 1854, Harbord Street had its name.
Smith is still developing her theory; she hopes to travel to England to find the records of those who resettled here, perhaps uncovering a more conclusive connection.
“It’s a splendid piece of research,” says David Raymont, the president of the York Pioneer and Historical Society. Known as the York Pioneers, the city’s oldest heritage group was founded in 1869 by a group of men — many of whom where veterans of the War of 1812 — who could remember when Toronto was still called the Town of York.
Smith, a member and former board member, presented her theory at the society’s December meeting.
The avid student of Toronto’s early history, as well as the history of Upper Canada, won a Heritage Toronto Award of Excellence (Media) in 2014 for the Toronto Park Lot Project: an interactive online map with clickable layers that allows users to uncover how history and geography intersect.
“It’s important going forward to know where we came from,” says Smith. “As I have learned [more and more], I am just astonished at how profoundly ignorant I have been all my life about the place I live.”
“There’s so much to be learned about the development of this city,” adds Raymont. “People who did things didn’t keep records or share why they did things, and that disconnects us from the roots and concepts of people who shaped it.”
Wendy Smith will present Edward Harbord, 3rd Lord Suffield, at the Palmerston Branch of the Toronto Public Library on May 26 at 7 p.m. To learn more about the Park Lot Project, please visit http://wendysmithtoronto.com/parklotproject/.
To learn more about the York Pioneer and Historical Society, please visit www.yorkpioneers.org.
This article has been updated since it was originally posted: 1844 was corrected to 1854, and Edward Suffied, 3rd Lord Suffield, was corrected to Edward Harbord, 3rd Lord Suffield. The Gleaner regrets the error. | <urn:uuid:dea0b129-0e61-4149-a554-9e9cd0d5fd6e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://gleanernews.ca/index.php/2016/01/15/harbords-history-a-mystery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973913 | 1,035 | 2.75 | 3 |
The evidence is mounting that icing — and the crew’s reaction to it — played the main part in last week’s tragic Colgan Air crash in Buffalo.
After viewing a video from NASA, one wonders how much the crew — or most other pilots for that matter — knew about the existing investigations into what happens when the tails of turboprop aircraft ice up.
The spooky part of the video is at 15:40, when the test plane stalled (“stalling” in an airplane is the absence of lift). The pilots only recovered by retracing flaps, which allow planes to slow down, and descend without picking up airspeed.
Compare that to the National Transportation Safety Board’s timetable of when things started to go wrong for the plane in Buffalo:
The NTSB has said problems for the 74-seat Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 occurred when the pilots lowered the landing gear and tried to set the wing flaps to slow the aircraft for landing.
The video adds an additional part to the equation: The actions a pilot must take for a “tail stall,” are nearly the opposite of the actions he/she must take for a wing stall, the much more common type of stall.
How much time did the pilots have to take those actions once the plane was (apparently) stalling? Five seconds. | <urn:uuid:70fdf1e2-a949-47d4-ab92-59a6357a5c36> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.mprnews.org/newscut/2009/02/ntsb_zeroes_in_on_buffalo_cras/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95353 | 283 | 2.796875 | 3 |
- Buyers Guide
Multilayer Prototype and Series Production
A look at multilayer circuit boards, their manufacturing processes and how multilayer prototypes can be quickly fabricated in the lab
MULTILAYER PROTOTYPE AND SERIES PRODUCTION
Multilayers, or multilayer PCBs, are circuit boards made up of several (more than two) electrical layers (copper layers) superimposed on one another. The copper layers are bonded together by resin layers (prepreg).
WHAT MANUFACTURING PROCESSES ARE AVAILABLE?
Multilayers are produced by bonding together inner layers and outer layers with prepreg. Prepreg is fiber-glass fabric impregnated with partially hardened resin. The individual layers must be arranged in a pressing tool to prevent misalignment of the layers. Following bonding, the bonded layers are further processed as double-sided through-plated circuit boards. However, additional hole wall cleaning is required before through-hole plating can take place. The outer layers may consist of either copper foil and prepreg or of single-sided or double-sided copper-clad laminates. The inner layers consist of double-sided copper-clad, etched (structured conductor tracks created) and through-plated board material. The surface area of the copper must be increased by micro-etching and subsequent oxidation to improve bonding between the inner prepreg and copper layers. Immersion tinning may be used as an alternative to oxidation. However, the impedance values of the additional metal layer formed are different from those of copper inner layers formed by standard oxidation.
HOW DOES BONDING TAKE PLACE?
In principle there are three methods of forming multilayers. These methods, described using a four-layer multilayer as the example, include two double-sided copper-clad laminates (cores) with prepreg in between; one double-sided copper-clad inner layer, at least two prepregs and two single-sided copper-clad laminates or laminates coated on both sides where one copper side is fully etched away; and one double-sided copper-clad inner layer with at least two prepregs and copper foil. Construction using prepregs and copper foil to create the outer layers (the copper foil technique or MassLam technique) is the preferred construction method because of its lower cost.
Bonding may be performed in a hydraulic press or in an overpressure chamber (autoclave). In the case of hydraulic presses, the prepared material (press stack) is placed in the cold or preheated press (170° to 1808C for material with a high glass transition point). The glass transition temperature is the temperature at which the amorphous polymers (resins) or the amorphous regions of a partially crystalline polymer change from a hard and relatively brittle state to a viscous, rubbery state. The bonding pressure is 150 to 300N/cm2. The curing temperature and time must be selected according to the type of prepreg used, the number of layers and the thickness of the press stack.
Fig. 1 A close up micrograph of an inner layer connection.
In the case of overpressure chambers (autoclaves), gas or oil is used to convey the compression force and heat to the press stack. The press stacks are placed on platforms in the tiered stand that has a vacuum connection and are vacuum-sealed in temperature and pressure-resistant foil. Once the pressing chamber is loaded, it is closed and the inert gas or oil is introduced into the chamber. The isostatic pressure (pressure exerted evenly in all directions) for bonding is 80 to 200 N/cm2.
In contrast to the hydraulic press, different press sizes may be bonding simultaneously in an overpressure chamber. The advantages of this bonding method are improved heat transmission and a more favorable thermal time gradient. The all-round application of pressure has a particularly positive effect on the multilayer stack. It prevents resin flow - the main cause of stresses in the fiberglass fabric. Dimensional stability, torsion/warping and thickness tolerance are significantly improved if stresses of this nature are not generated. Furthermore, no resin deficiencies will be found within the board. A lower bonding pressure is required for vacuum bonding (vacuum chamber press, vacuum frame or vacuum autoclave). Fewer stresses are generated in the multilayer with the lower bonding pressure. This gives considerably better dimensional stability of the inner layers, improved thickness tolerance and reduced inner layer misalignment. Because the melting point is lowered in a vacuum, volatile components, including air and moisture, are removed from the press stack and virtually void-free multilayers can be achieved.
WHAT ARE THE PARTICULAR FEATURES OF THE PRODUCTION OF INNER LAYERS AND THE USE OF COPPER-CLAD OUTER LAYERS?
The copper surface area of the inner layers must be increased by microetching and subsequent oxidation to improve bonding between the prepreg and the inner copper layers. A registration system is required to achieve precise alignment of the several copper layers bearing a layout in a multilayer during bonding. This registration is done using locator holes drilled in the production board or in the individual layers. An exception to this is the floating bonding process used for four-layer multilayers. This process involves bonding the inner layer with prepregs and copper foil in the same way as an outer layer. The locator holes for drilling the multilayer are then obtained by milling and drilling the targets (registration marks) on the inner layer. Figure 1 shows a micrograph of an inner layer connection.
HOW CAN TYPICAL FAULTS BE AVOIDED OR REDUCED?
In general, the warp direction of the fabric material used for the laminate (fiber-glass fabric) should run parallel to the longer side of the laminate because the warp direction is subject to definite shrinkage after bonding. This distorts the layout (and is also characterized as variable or low dimensional stability).
However, warping and torsion of the multilayer can be minimized by improving the design. Torsion and warping are reduced by even distribution of copper over the entire layer and by ensuring symmetrical construction of the multilayer (that is, the same order and thickness of prepreg, copper and laminate layers should be present from the center of the multilayer layers to both outer layers). The prescribed minimum distance (dielectric thickness) between two copper layers is 0.089 mm. The rule of thumb for calculating the minimum distance states that the minimum thickness of the prepregs after bonding must be at least twice the thickness of the copper being embedded. In other words, where two adjacent copper layers exist, each of which is 30 mm thick, a minimum prepreg thickness of 2 ¥ (2 ¥ 30mm) = 120mm is required, which can be achieved by using two 1080 prepregs (1080 is the type of fiber-glass fabric). The cooling rate for bonding multilayers must be as slow as possible because too great a temperature gradient within the press stacks gives rise to varying rates of shrinkage between the outermost and innermost layers in the press stack, causing distortion in the multilayers. In extreme circumstances, the press's cooling system may be switched off so that the multilayers take 12 or more hours to cool down (metal-core multilayers). Before the drilled multilayers can be through-hole plated, hole wall cleaning must be performed as the action of drilling can heat the resin to above the glass transition temperature, allowing the resin to soften and be smeared over the end face of the inner layer copper by the drill bit. This smear layer must be removed so that copper is present not only on the wall faces and so that contact between the inner layers is not impeded in any way. This thickness of the smear is generally 2 to 6 mm; however, it may be as thick as 12 mm if the drilling parameters are not selected properly. Chemical processes or plasma de-smearing may be used to perform hole wall cleaning. Three-stage cleaning with permanganate is the most suitable and widespread of the chemical processes available.
Fig. 2 Multilayer fabrication process.
PROCESSING MICROWAVE SUBSTRATES IN MULTILAYERS
Prepreg materials with low relative dielectric constants are suitable for use in radio frequency and microwave engineering. The low dielectric constant gives rise to a low signal delay at radio and microwave frequencies. Electrical losses are minimized by low loss factors in the substrates.
WHICH PRODUCTION METHOD CAN BE USED FOR PROTOTYPING?
Floating bonding in a hydraulic press is ideal as a cost-efficient process for prototyping multilayers (four-layer) and does not require expensive equipment. The inner layer carrying the layout and registration marks is bonded with prepregs and copper foil as an outer layer. The locator holes for drilling the multilayer and the layout for the outer layers are obtained by milling and drilling the registration marks (inclusion of registration and locator holes to ensure perfect alignment of the inner and outer layers, including the holes for through-hole plating). This is followed by the creation of the layout for the outer layers, drilling and through-hole plating of the multilayer. Computer-controlled systems enable highest-quality floating bonding of six-layer multilayers to be carried out within the laboratory, due in no small part to the fact that the cooling phase can be monitored and performed under pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOR PROTOTYPING MULTILAYERS
The general technique used for prototyping is the same as that commonly used in the production of multilayer construction. It is possible to make a few modifications since prototyping is generally only used for small and sample runs rather than large-scale series production. Oxidation of the inner layers and de-smearing of the holes is not absolutely necessary for prototyping. Best possible prototyping may be achieved using a suitable process for bonding and through-hole plating.
The milling-drilling process developed by LPKF is particularly suited to the creation of conductor tracks, enabling fully independent production of multilayer circuit boards within the user's laboratory. Product development cycles are thus shortened enormously and prototype production is no longer dependent on a supplier. Figure 2 shows the steps involved in this type of fabrication process.
BONDING TECHNOLOGY FOR PROTOTYPING
The recommendations made by ISOLA (a European copper board material manufacturer) for prepreg 2125 (AT 01), for example, are a main bonding temperature of 1808C, a main bonding pressure of 150 N/cm2 and a main bonding time of 60 minutes. The cooling phase in the press begins when the heating is switched off and lasts a minimum of six hours. The long cooling phase prevents resin smearing during drilling. Furthermore, the de-smearing process can be omitted from the through-hole plating process if prolonged cleaning is carried out during through-hole plating. The RO 44039® prepreg material for microwave engineering produced by ROGERS Corp. can be bonded with other RO 4000 substrates or FR-4 material at a main bonding temperature of 1808C, a main bonding time of 90 minutes and a main bonding pressure of approximately 300 N/cm2.
Fig. 3 Micrograph of through-hole interconnections in a six-layer board.
THROUGH-HOLE PLATING MULTILAYERS IN PROTOTYPING
The use of direct metallization to create the electrical connection between the various conductor track layers in the multilayer through holes is an environmentally friendly process. Once the holes have been cleaned and coated with carbon particles or palladium (which have no impact on the environment), metallic copper is deposited from a solution of copper salts in sulfuric-acid, to which an electrical current is applied. This copper acts as a connector element between the various conductor track layers and as reinforcement of the external conductor tracks. In the case of some substrate types, through-hole plating for microwave engineering can be performed using the standard process of direct metalization. Some types of substrate require an additional etching process as part of the standard direct metalization process. However, user-friendly etching processes are available. Figure 3 shows a micrograph of a through-hole interconnect in a six-layer board to demonstrate the achievable results.
Laboratory systems, such as LPKF's MiniContac and Contac, are available forthrough-hole plating multilayer prototypes. These types of systems are based on the familiar black-hole process and are very low-maintenance and display long-term stability. Bath analysis is required once a year only and these systems make professional multilayer through-hole plating possible in the user's laboratory. Additional in formation is available at www.lpkfcadcam.com.
1. M. Huschka, Leiterplattentechnik in Frage und Antwort [Circuit Board Technology - Questions and Answers], Eugen G. Leuze-Verlag, 1993.
2. G. Herrman, Handbuch der Leiterplattentechnik, Band 3 [Manual of Circuit Board Technology, Volume 3], Eugen G. Leuze-Verlag, 1993.
3. Company Manual for the MultiPress® by LPKF Laser & Electronics AG.
4. Company Manual for the MiniContac® by LPKF Laser & Electronics AG. | <urn:uuid:b8d0b012-d092-4376-80fd-3ce4b36aabb3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/3018 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905045 | 2,815 | 3.296875 | 3 |
A well-planned vegetarian diet is a healthy way to meet your nutritional needs. Find out what you need to know about a plant-based diet.By Mayo Clinic Staff
Vegetarian diets are popular. Reasons for following a vegetarian diet are varied but include health benefits, such as reducing your risk of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers.
Yet some vegetarians rely too heavily on processed foods, which can be high in calories, sugar, fat and sodium. And they may not eat enough fruits, vegetables, whole grains and calcium-rich foods, thus missing out on the nutrients they provide.
However, with a little planning a vegetarian diet can meet the needs of people of all ages, including children, teenagers, and pregnant or breast-feeding women. The key is to be aware of your nutritional needs so that you plan a diet that meets them.
When people think about a vegetarian diet, they typically think about a diet that doesn't include meat, poultry or fish. But vegetarian diets vary in what foods they include and exclude:
- Lacto-vegetarian diets exclude meat, fish, poultry and eggs, as well as foods that contain them. Dairy products, such as milk, cheese, yogurt and butter, are included.
- Ovo-vegetarian diets exclude meat, poultry, seafood and dairy products, but allow eggs.
- Lacto-ovo vegetarian diets exclude meat, fish and poultry, but allow dairy products and eggs.
- Pescatarian diets exclude meat and poultry, dairy, and eggs, but allow fish.
- Pollotarian diets exclude meat, dairy and fish, but allow poultry.
- Vegan diets exclude meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products — and foods that contain these products.
Some people follow a semivegetarian diet — also called a flexitarian diet — which is primarily a plant-based diet but includes meat, dairy, eggs, poultry and fish on occasion or in small quantities.
The key to a healthy vegetarian diet — like any diet — is to include a variety of foods. No single food can provide all the nutrients your body needs. A registered dietitian can help you create a vegetarian diet that's right for you.
Healthy vegetarian eating pattern
||Recommended servings for 2,000-calorie/day diet
|Source: 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans|
||2 1/2 cups a day
||1 1/2 cups a week
|Red and orange
||5 1/2 cups a week
|Legumes (beans and peas)
||3 cups a week
||5 cups a week
||4 cups a week
||2 cups a day
||6 1/2 ounces a day
||≥ 3 1/2 ounces a day
||≤ 3 ounces a day
||3 cups a day
||3 1/2 ounces a day
|Meats, poultry, eggs
||3 ounces a week (eggs)
|Nuts, seeds, soy products
||14 ounces a week
||27 grams a day
|Added sugars, solid fats, added refined starches
||No more than 290 calories a day (15% of total calories)
Keep in mind that the more restrictive your diet is, the more challenging it can be to get all the nutrients you need. A vegan diet, for example, eliminates natural food sources of vitamin B-12, as well as milk products, which are good sources of calcium.
To be sure that your diet includes everything your body needs, pay special attention to the following nutrients:
Calcium and vitamin D
Calcium helps build and maintain strong teeth and bones. Milk and dairy foods are highest in calcium. However, dark green vegetables, such as turnip and collard greens, kale, and broccoli, are good plant sources when eaten in sufficient quantities. Calcium-enriched and fortified products, including juices, cereals, soy milk, soy yogurt and tofu, are other options.
Vitamin D also plays an important role in bone health. Vitamin D is added to cow's milk, some brands of soy and rice milk, and some cereals and margarines. Be sure to check food labels. If you don't eat enough fortified foods and have limited sun exposure, you may need a vitamin D supplement (one derived from plants).
Vitamin B-12 is necessary to produce red blood cells and prevent anemia. This vitamin is found almost exclusively in animal products, so it can be difficult to get enough B-12 on a vegan diet. Vitamin B-12 deficiency may go undetected in people who eat a vegan diet. This is because the vegan diet is rich in a vitamin called folate, which may mask deficiency in vitamin B-12 until severe problems occur. For this reason, it's important for vegans to consider vitamin supplements, vitamin-enriched cereals and fortified soy products.
Protein helps maintain healthy skin, bones, muscles and organs. Eggs and dairy products are good sources, and you don't need to eat large amounts to meet your protein needs. You can also get sufficient protein from plant-based foods if you eat a variety of them throughout the day. Plant sources include soy products and meat substitutes, legumes, lentils, nuts, seeds, and whole grains.
Omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-3 fatty acids are important for heart health. Diets that do not include fish and eggs are generally low in active forms of omega-3 fatty acids. Canola oil, soy oil, walnuts, ground flaxseed and soybeans are good sources of essential fatty acids. However, because conversion of plant-based omega-3 to the types used by humans is inefficient, you may want to consider fortified products or supplements or both.
Iron and zinc
Iron is a crucial component of red blood cells. Dried beans and peas, lentils, enriched cereals, whole-grain products, dark leafy green vegetables, and dried fruit are good sources of iron. Because iron isn't as easily absorbed from plant sources, the recommended intake of iron for vegetarians is almost double that recommended for nonvegetarians. To help your body absorb iron, eat foods rich in vitamin C, such as strawberries, citrus fruits, tomatoes, cabbage and broccoli, at the same time as you're eating iron-containing foods.
Like iron, zinc is not as easily absorbed from plant sources as it is from animal products. Cheese is a good option if you eat dairy products. Plant sources of zinc include whole grains, soy products, legumes, nuts and wheat germ. Zinc is an essential component of many enzymes and plays a role in cell division and in formation of proteins.
Iodine is a component in thyroid hormones, which help regulate metabolism, growth and function of key organs. Vegans may not get enough iodine and may be at risk of deficiency and possibly even a goiter. In addition, foods such as soybeans, cruciferous vegetables and sweet potatoes may promote a goiter. However, just 1/4 teaspoon of iodized salt a day provides a significant amount of iodine.
One way to transition to a vegetarian diet is to gradually reduce the meat in your diet while increasing fruits and vegetables. Here are a couple of tips to help you get started:
- Ramp up. Each week increase the number of meatless meals you already enjoy, such as spaghetti with tomato sauce or vegetable stir-fry. Find ways to include greens, such as spinach, kale, Swiss chard and collards, in your daily meals.
- Substitute. Take favorite recipes and try them without meat. For example, make vegetarian chili by leaving out the ground beef and adding an extra can of black beans. Or make fajitas using extra-firm tofu rather than chicken. You may be surprised to find that many dishes require only simple substitutions.
- Branch out. Scan the Internet for vegetarian menus. Buy or borrow vegetarian cookbooks. Check out ethnic restaurants to sample new vegetarian cuisines. The more variety you bring to your vegetarian diet, the more likely you'll be to meet all your nutritional needs.
March 14, 2016
- Messina V, et al. A new food guide for North American vegetarians. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003;103:748.
- Vegetarian diets. American Heart Association. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/Vegetarian-Diets_UCM_306032_Article.jsp. Accessed April 16, 2015.
- Duyff RL. Food choices: The consumer marketplace. In: American Dietetic Association Complete Food and Nutrition Guide. 4th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
- Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2009;109:1266.
- Marsh K, et al. Meeting nutritional needs on a vegetarian diet. Australian Family Physician. 2009;38:600.
- 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/. Accessed Jan. 7, 2016.
- Craig WJ. Nutrition concerns and health effects of vegetarian diets. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2010;25:613.
- Craig WJ. Health effects of vegan diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;89:1627S.
- Vegetarian and vegan diet pyramid. Oldways Preservation Trust. http://oldwayspt.org/resources/heritage-pyramids/vegetarian-diet-pyramid/overview. Accessed April 16, 2015.
- The basics of plant food nutrition. Oldways Preservation Trust. http://oldwayspt.org/resources/heritage-pyramids/vegetarian-diet-pyramid/basics-plant-food-nutrition. Accessed April 16, 2015.
- Vegetarian diet and health. Oldways Preservation Trust. http://oldwayspt.org/resources/heritage-pyramids/vegetarian-diet-pyramid/vegetarian-diet-health. Accessed April 16, 2015.
- Colditz GA. Healthy diet in adults. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed April 16, 2015.
- Healthy eating for vegetarians. U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.nutrition.gov/smart-nutrition-101/healthy-eating/eating-vegetarian. Accessed April 16, 2015.
- Demory-Luce D, et al. Vegetarian diets for children. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed April 16, 2015.
- Le LT, et al. Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: Findings from the Adventist Cohorts. Nutrients. 2014;6:2131.
- Nelson JK (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. April 20, 2015. | <urn:uuid:6740fa75-6ba0-4674-ace2-9a657f03eb4a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mayoclinic.org/vegetarian-diet/ART-20046446?pg=2&p=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00120-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907492 | 2,308 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Environmental websites for kids
Many parents are concerned that their children spend too much time indoors on the computer. This time is put to good use, however, when children learn how to become stewards of their environment.Posted Mar 5, 2009
There are a wealth of fun, creative and informative websites for children. Here are Eartheasy’s recommendations:
EekoWorld – A new PBS website teaches kids ages 6 to 9 how they can help take care of the earth. Animated characters use games and activities to present facts about ecosystems and pollution. Children can build their own “EekoCreature” and help it overcome environmental problems.
Nature Challenge for Kids – This David Suzuki Foundation website starts out with ten simple ways you can protect nature, followed by four challenge activities that offer first-hand experience with the natural world. The “Cool Links” page connects with other environmental websites.
Kids Planet – Species fact sheets, “wild games”, web of life, how kids can help defend the environment, even a Wildlife Adoption Center.
Kids Regen – A place for children to interact with other kids, play, and have fun while learning the important connections between healthy soil/environment, healthy food, and healthy people. Kidsregen.org is part of The Rodale Institute’s Youth Educational Program.
The Green Squad – This NRDC website shows how to identify and solve environmental problems. Explore a colorful virtual school room by room, and use the mouse to locate potential hazards. Site offers a wide range of fact sheets and environmental resources.
Global Warming Kids Site – This EPA site explains what global warming is and what causes it, and what you can do to help stop it. Educational but not overwhelming, the site provides definitions of each scientific term used and features simple global warming-themed games.
Kids Go Wild – Wild news, wild animal facts, environmental games. KidsGoWild.com also gives kids the chance to get involved in conservation by joining Conservation Kids, where you learn about saving wild animals and the environment! Sponsored by The Wildlife Conservation Society, headquartered at the world famous Bronx Zoo.
Recycle City – Click on any section of Recycle City that you want to tour, or click on the Dumptown Game. You can create your own Recycle City scavenger hunt or go to the Activities area and see other ways you can explore Recycle City. A great way for kids to learn the basics of recycling.
Planet Slayer – “Greena, the Worrier Princess” is an animated Australian teenager with a sense of purpose — to save the earth. Visitors will have fun watching cartoons about her environmental adventures and playing the Planet Slayer game.
Tunza – This U.N. Environment Programme magazine for young people focuses each month on a specific topic related to sustainable living. Read articles written by and for teens around the world.
Environmental Education for Kids – EEK!, an online magazine for grades four to eight, contains articles and activities about animals, plants and environmental issues.
EPA Student Center – Offers information on a wide range of environmental issues. This site includes a section on environmental careers. Or, click on “Fun Activities” to play environmental games.
Kids Saving Energy – Games, tips, facts and information for kids to learn how to save energy. Published by the US Department of Energy.
Children of the Earth – Promotes a greater understanding and respect for animals, plants, water, soil, air and energy systems. Helps children comprehend the positive and negative environmental effects of our actions.
Flying WILD – A bird education offering for middle schools giving students the opportunity to learn through researching, planning, and hosting a school bird festival. Flying WILD is an initiative of the Council for Environmental Education (CEE) Project WILD program.
Treetures – The “Treetures” are tiny guardians of the forest who teach about trees and how important they are to the environment. Try out tree-themed activities, listen to the Treeture theme song, or send a TreeMail message to your favorite character.
Green Guide for Kids – Provides children, their families and teachers with information, projects and solutions to help keep the planet green. It also exposes readers to environmental issues around the world as well as right in their own backyard.
Earth Matters 4 Kids – Earth Matters correlates science with basic environmental principles, helping teachers, students (K-6) and community members gain a full understanding of how science works in natural surroundings, by bringing a virtual natural world into the classroom.
New Zealand Eco Kids – a cool site packed full of interactive games, comics, movies and activities, designed to get kids excited about protecting the environment.
EnvironmentalScience.org – This resource, more for young adults than children, is a guide to learning how to chart a course to become an environmental scientist. | <urn:uuid:9ac27ce4-c2ab-490a-b473-fa2e673404a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://learn.eartheasy.com/2009/03/environmental-websites-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00099-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918873 | 1,002 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Do You Want To Show More Details About "harappa and mohenjo daro drainage system" ? Then with your need , We will collect and show specific information of harappa and mohenjo daro drainage system within short time.......start to Ask now(No Registration , No fees ...its a service from our side).....Our experts are ready to help you..
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site situated in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Built around
2600 BC, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley
Civilization.Their complex water flow and drainage system was hundreds of
years forward time.See some of the pictures related to Mohenjo Daro and Harappa
henjo-daro, houses were designed of kiln-burnt stones. At Lothal and Kalibangan, personal houses
were created of sun-dried stones. A typical home had, besides cooking area and shower, four to six
lounges. Huge houses with thity areas and stairways recommend that there were large two or three
storyed structures. Most of the homes had water wells within them and a waterflow and drainage
program taken the spend water to the primary subterranean strain of the street.They wer..................
of superb, such as rocks from far away locations. Mohenjo-daro was was not rediscovered until
1922.Mohenjo-daro simply means 'Mound of the Dead'.There occurred many changes in the made of
transportation and in art.They made many Architectural works.This was later found by Scientists.Now
preservation work for Mohenjo-daro was suspended in December 1996 after funding from the Pakistani
government and international organizations stopped.Scientists are doing many researches ..................
ciety. It seems to have been discontinued about 1700BC. It is possible that a great overflow damaged
the society. The moving tectonic clothing that designed the Himalayas may have triggered a harmful
earth quake. It is also possible that the individuals may have been beaten by another lifestyle.
What we know about the Indus society is increasing. Archaeologists are ongoing to find new relics.
Mohenjo-daro is an ancient website located in the region of Sindh, Pakistan. Designed around 2600
BC, it was one of the biggest agreements of the historical Indus Area Society, and one of the first
significant town agreements, current simultaneously as the cultures of historical The red sea,
Mesopotamia, and The island. Mohenjo-daro was discontinued in the 1800s BC, and was not discovered
until 1922. Considerable excavation ha..................
A well-proportioned white-colored Brahmani Fluff made in bas-relief engrosses the interest of every
on looker to the magnanimous art gallery developing taken adroitly on few support beams and
surfaces. Use of the site and the art gallery is by admission offered from the main access
checkpoint of the university and at the party reverse at art gallery.Antiquities un-eart..................
The Indus Position Community (also known as Harappan culture) has its very first origins in
societies such as that of Mehrgarh, roughly 6000 BCE. The two biggest places, Mohenjo-daro and
Harappa, appeared circa 2600 BCE along the Indus Flow valley in Punjab and Sindh.The civilization,
with a composing system, locations, and varied public and marketplace, was discovered in th..................
social impact of fabric was. We know that textiles found a place in every society around the world
and that textile skills must have been widely communicated. The textile also tells about the culture
of the country and the people. Now a day it is about the dresses what we wear shows or tells about
us!! The textile has undergone many revolutions in the years it has come through. The Indian textile
has played a great role in the history of past. Textile cannot be the same..................
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This page shows harappa and mohenjo daro drainage system related page links ..If you not find relevant page links in this page Then please click and to ask more information/details about harappa and mohenjo daro drainage systemedI hope you will like my words about harappa and mohenjo daro drainage systems Thank you..! | <urn:uuid:ac3c5afc-4d44-4a0d-b3b1-1b4de4d0a8d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://kreview.com/s/harappa-and-mohenjo-daro-drainage-system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94845 | 957 | 2.96875 | 3 |
By Steven McKenzie
Highlands and Islands reporter, BBC Scotland news website
Bats have been abandoning their young as the mammals struggle to survive during a cold and wet summer.
The poor season is thought to have affected all UK bat species
Calls to the Bat Conservation Trust's UK helpline about baby bats have more than doubled this year.
The number of calls about grounded and injured bats over June and July - the trust's busiest period - also went up from just over 500 to more than 630.
A shortage of insects has left adults battling to find enough food for themselves and their young.
Anne Youngman, BCT's Scottish officer, said people who know they have bats roosting in their homes have been finding starving youngsters.
She said: "People have been noticing babies which have been abandoned because there is not enough food.
"Some have found five babies walking about the floor. It's heartbreaking.
"The trust's helpline has been flooded with calls. This happened during a cold, wet summer four or five years ago, but it was not as bad as this year."
Between June and July last year, the BCT helpline received 67 calls about baby bats.
In the same period this year, the calls increased to 166.
Mrs Youngman said this may only be the "tip of the iceberg" as other people may have contacted other wildlife organisations and as a result have not been recorded by the trust.
She said: "For bats it's very bad news.
"It means we have probably lost a good proportion of these year's young. The mothers only have one baby a year and must wait until next year to breed again.
"The pregnancy birth and lactation make huge demands on the mothers, in terms of the time, energy and care that goes into bringing up a youngster so abandoning babies is a really desperate last measure."
Ideally, bats need a warm spring followed by a summer without heavy rain and high winds and a steady cold winter so they remain in hibernation.
Mrs Youngman said a recent scorching hot summer led to the young of one colony emerging onto a sticky felt roof where many of them became stuck and perished.
The poor breeding season has also been noticed by Highland Council's countryside ranger service.
Its staff have been leading a series of walks where the public were given bat detectors to help spot the animals.
Ranger John Orr said: "What we have heard across the country is that there seems to be less bats returning to summer roosts.
"People who have bats in their homes and buildings have noticed the bats have not come back or are staying for only a short-time which means they are not raising young." | <urn:uuid:d7ce8b50-b3ad-4659-97ec-46a219dba7bc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/highlands_and_islands/6998409.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978969 | 560 | 2.6875 | 3 |
I love tools! Tools allow a musician to build their talent base and sound better. There are many tools we can learn to use that will make you a better musician when you use them the right way. A metronome is one of them.
The metronome is a small box that gives you the beat or tempo for a song. If a song has a listed tempo or speed, a metronome will tell you how fast the song is to be played. Often, this tempo will need to be worked towards, practicing at slower tempos and eventually reaching the desired tempo.
A metronome can be an invaluable tool for practice for any musician.
The idea is to start off at a tempo that you can play the song or selection at, and then slowly move the tempo faster to get it up to the intended speed, but the key word is slowly.
Too many musicians attempt to speed up to tempo in a few minutes, but often a difficult passage can take weeks to move up, if done correctly. The idea is to teach your fingers where they need to go first. That's what you do when you are practicing. You are teaching your fingers what the sequence of notes is. You also need to remember good finger technique and stay close, without hammering the keys so the sound remains smooth and musical.
A metronome can really assist in learning difficult passages of music, but also helps when preparing for performance of any song.
I have seen students play fast through the "boring" parts and then slow down, way below tempo, for the hard parts, and actually think they just practiced the song. What they did was practice playing music with NO meter or tempo. They actually hurt themselves more than helped themselves by making permanent, bad counting.
Timing is an important part of music too. Think about this: You can play all the right notes, but if you play them at the wrong time, it sounds like you played all wrong notes.
My favorite metronome is the Korg KDM-2 digital, long battery life, loud with volume control, good visual tempo lights on top and tap in tempo options. Korg thought the KDM-2 through nicely, and this metronome has all the features you will really ever need.
Another favorite is the small Seiko DM50L metronome. I love the compact size and ability to clip it to a music stand so it can be heard and seen right where you need it to be. If you need to move your music supplies around a lot when rehearsing, this little metronome might work better for your needs.
There are a number of inexpensive little metronomes available today and the important features are pretty basic. Can you read it and see it? Is it really easy to use? I like volume control on the audible click with the option of loud, because a saxophone is pretty loud. I really appreciate the blinking light option and prefer it to be colored and bright to see.
Beyond that, the extras just cover more bases and make the metronome more useful in a greater variety of musical settings. The bottom line is: timing matters—tempo is important! A metronome can be a very helpful tool in learning new music, working on difficult musical passages, and preparation for performance of your music.
Woodwind & Brasswind is proud to offer high-quality instruments and accessories for all musicians. All items are backed by The Woodwind & Brasswind's 45-day satisfaction guarantee, assuring that you'll love your purchase.
Los Angeles based freelance saxophonist Greg Vail is among the most versatile woodwind players on the west coast. His work in jazz, pop and contemporary gospel music spans over 30-years. Greg maintains an active digital presence at www.gregvail.com.
While Woodwind & Brasswind compensates writers for their editorial reviews, the views expressed by the writers in those reviews are their own. | <urn:uuid:508add13-eff5-41be-b23a-cfb8b05a8a6c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wwbw.com/Woodwind---Brasswind---Metronomes-for-Woodwind-Instruments-g26193t0.wwbw | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951127 | 811 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Harmony Road Music Course
Instruction method for children ages 2 to 11 available at schools in many US states. Curriculum, locations.
Music education method for children age three to ten developed by Italian bassoonist Sonia Simonazzi.
What Every Musician Needs to Know About the Body
Offering a six hour course to prevent pain and injury in practicing and performing. Includes course schedule, articles, and list of certified educators in the United States.
Last update:May 18, 2016 at 8:54:05 UTC | <urn:uuid:2ffbb7ec-a067-409c-97a9-c19796bfecfa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dmoz.org/Arts/Music/Education/Methods_and_Techniques/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875114 | 110 | 2.5625 | 3 |
December 2008 - Although induction heating has been used in the metals industry for decades, the energy inefficiency of the system left some companies wanting a new option that provided both economic and environmental efficiencies. After five years of research and development, Zenergy Power Inc., South San Francisco, Calif., has found the answer that will change induction heating.
A conventional induction heater uses a water-cooled copper coil to create a magnetic field and an alternating current to create a changing magnetic field. When the changing magnetic field is introduced to a conductive material like metal, it creates eddy currents, which heat the metal. The drawback with conventional induction heating for nonferrous metals, like aluminum and copper, is that it's only about 50 percent energy-efficient.
Zenergy Power GmbH, Rheinbach, Germany, the company's German operation, spent five years creating environmentally friendly technology for induction heating that centered on using superconductors for energy efficiency. The result was the world's first commercial high-temperature superconductive induction heater, featuring a superconductor coil.
"Instead of using alternating current and a changing magnetic field, we're using direct current and creating a large but energy-efficient magnetic field--a DC, constant magnetic field," says Dr. Larry Masur, vice president of business development for Zenergy Power.
Because there needs to be some changing of magnetic state to induce eddy currents, the company discovered rotating the metal billet in the presence of the magnetic field would create the eddy currents to heat the billet. "We've turned conventional induction heating on its head," says Masur. "Instead of having a stationary billet and an alternating magnetic field, we're having a stationary magnetic field and a rotating billet. The result is more than 80 percent energy efficiency. We save energy by using the superconductors, as well as by using efficient electric motors that rotate the billet and efficient motor drives that run the motors."
As Zenergy Power developed the HTS induction heater, it found that, in addition to the increased energy efficiency, the machine would also provide more uniform heating. By rotating the billet, the eddy currents are able to penetrate deeper into the billet and create better temperature homogeneity. "Those were the two principal benefits that we knew about: significant energy efficiency and more uniform heating for better product quality," says Masur. "But we weren't sure how the end customer would experience the benefits of the more uniform heating."
Reaping the benefits
That question was answered when Zenergy Power successfully installed and implemented the first commercial, full-scale HTS induction heater for Weseralu GmbH & Co. KG, Minden, Germany, an aluminum profile extrusion company. It's designed specifically for heating large aluminum billets that can be manipulated when softened and shaped for various products in the automotive, aerospace and machine-building industries.
As a result of the homogeneous billet temperature, Weseralu found it could improve the productivity of its extrusion process by about 25 percent. "Now, for almost the same amount of labor costs and the same machine time, [the company] is getting 25 percent more output, and its operating costs have gone down," says Masur. By having a more accurate knowledge of what the billet temperature will be, Weseralu could more accurately tune its extrusion process to take full advantage of the temperature homogeneity.
The HTS induction heater also requires less maintenance than traditional induction heaters because it doesn't use copper coils, which require multiple replacements during the machine's lifetime because they sit so close to the hot billet. With Zenergy Power's technology, the superconductive coil is separated from the billet by 10 inches to 12 inches and sits at a constant temperature. These coils can last 20 to 30 years without needing to be repaired or replaced.
Since the HTS induction heater was implemented in July, Weseralu has seen a 50 percent decrease in energy costs and a 25 percent increase in productivity. Masur says the technology has the potential to save even more.
"The energy savings can be anywhere between $50,000 to $300,000 a year," he says. "But that gets dwarfed by the increased productivity numbers, which can be $300,000 to $2 million a year. That's what companies really care about." MM | <urn:uuid:ecb79119-15c1-446f-a960-62d5034514aa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.modernmetals.com/item/6953-a-new-improved-induction-heater.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949357 | 894 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Around the year 1900 there was a lot of concern about the physical state of the people of Britain. Even though there had been tremendous efforts in the late 19th century to provide better public health, housing and education, many children were still no more healthy than they had been back in the 1840s.
The new Liberal government elected in 1906 passed various measures to try to deal with this problem. They were particularly concerned to try to improve the health of children. They passed laws to ensure midwives were notified of each new-born baby, they introduced School Medical Examinations and, in 1906, they gave permission for schools to offer meals to their pupils. But what kind of meals?
These documents show how one city, Bradford, carried out an experiment to see how the system might operate.
In 1900 there was a great deal of anxiety about the health of the people of Britain.
The government and the armed forces had been shocked by the physical health of the young men of Britain when they were trying to recruit for the Boer War (1899-1902). They had found that many of the young men were too small or under-nourished to join up. As a result of this, a ‘Committee on Physical Deterioration’ was set up.
The government had worked hard to deal with conditions such as cholera and passed laws to ensure everyone had access to a clean water supply, better houses and education. These efforts however did not do anything to help with people’s nutrition. Approximately a quarter of the people in London did not have enough money to live on, even if they had a permanent job and spent their wages wisely.
Seebohm Rowntree carried out a survey of working class families in the city of York in 1901. He found that even if they had jobs, wages were often too low to ensure a decent standard of living. Children did not get the good diet they needed – partly because their parents were too poor and partly because parents generally did not understand what was needed for a healthy diet. Medical care cost money and parents did not call a doctor for their children unless they were desperate.
Some organisations and charities, like the Salvation Army, intervened where it was most needed by offering cheap meals for children (see Source 4). Some School Boards, notably the London School Board, began to offer cheap, or free, school dinners. Their motive was practical: hungry children cannot learn.
The Liberal government, which was elected with a huge majority in 1906, was committed to reform. The Labour Party, newly formed in 1900 had its first MPs and the Liberals wanted to show that they could look after working people just as well as the Labour Party.
In 1907 they ordered that medical officials had to be told of all babies born, so that midwives could check on their physical condition and give advice to mothers. In 1907 they ordered School Medical examinations to be carried out, so as to catch ill children early. The Education (Provision of Meals) Act of 1906 was part of the government’s plan to ensure that British children grew up healthy.
This lesson could fit into a number of curriculum contexts:
- As part of the story of improving public health. The 19th century had seen legislation to ensure the basics: clean water, sewage disposal, decent housing. But still, this did not seem enough to ensure a more healthy population. School meals are one of the markers of the state becoming more and more drawn into people’s lives in the 20th century. Compulsory notification of births to a medical officer came in 1915. After the First World War came council houses and after the Second World War, the National Health Service, offering security ‘from the cradle to the grave’ – something the Victorians would never have dreamed of.
- As part of the story of increasing government intervention in people’s lives. By the latter part of the 20th century, the well-being of individuals had become the concern of the state with regard to their birth, education, child and adult health, housing, old age and death.
- As a debate about the role of the ‘nanny state’ in society as a whole
- As an example of the way local government used to regard the people they served: caring for them, ready to intervene in their lives in a big, but rather paternalistic way, and not uncritical
- For any 20th Century exam course on the development of the welfare state
Sources 1, 2 and 3 – ED 50/8 – Taken from City of Bradford Education Committee Report by the Medical Superintendent, Ralph H Crowley MD, MRCP in conjunction with the Superintendent of Domestic Subjects, Marian E Cuff, on a Course of Meals given to Necessitous Children from April to July, 1907.
Source 4 – Children queuing for Salvation Army ‘Farthing breakfasts’, about 1900 ‘The Salvation Army International Heritage Centre’
Food For Thought
This article tracks the evolution of the school meal from the 19th Century to present day. | <urn:uuid:d9584f95-1d68-4f11-afd4-a07971dc3087> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/school-dinners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983434 | 1,040 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Nearly 40 percent of women in prison in Ontario, Canada, have suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI), according to a study published this month in the Journal of Correctional Health Care.
The study, the first to look at the rate of TBIs among prison populations in Canada, contributes to a growing body of evidence associating blows to the head with a multitude of long-term, negative health outcomes, from homelessness and substance abuse to risky behavior and incarceration.
In revealing the high rate of TBIs among people in prison, particularly among female inmates, the research team hopes to raise awareness of a widespread yet overlooked public health problem.
"TBIs are common, and most are not associated with offending behaviors," said Dr. Angela Colantonio, the lead author on the report and a senior scientist at the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute. "However, the question is whether early intervention and support for those living with the effects of brain injury could prevent offending behavior or recidivism. More research is needed on this."
A TBI can be caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts the normal brain function. The injuries range from "mild" ones that cause confusion or brief unconsciousness to "severe" injuries that cause extended periods of unconsciousness or amnesia, according the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [10 Things You Didn't Know About the Brain]
Previous studies have found that anywhere between 25 and 87 percent of U.S. prisoners have had a TBI. This is a wide and debated range, but nevertheless higher than the estimated 8.5 percent of the general U.S. population who have a suffered TBIs, according to the CDC.
Colantonio's team studied male and female prisoners in four Ontario prisons. About 50 percent of the male prisoners also reported a history of TBI, a serious concern, the researchers noted. Yet Colantonio said she was particularly struck by the rate among female prisoners, and the factors surrounding their TBIs.
For example, the women were more likely than the men to report suffering the TBI before committing their first crimes, sometimes within a year before being incarcerated. Also, female inmates with histories of TBI were much more likely than the males to have suffered physical or sexual abuse as children.
Recent awareness of brain injuries sustained in American football and other sports has improved public awareness in general, Colantonio said. But she added, "There has not been a lot of attention on women at risk for TBI, for example, from intimate partner violence, even though research has shown that the majority of hits are to the head."
The research suggests changes should be enacted concerning the treatment of female criminals, said Dr. Geoff Fernie, the institute director at the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, who did not work on the study.
"Now that we have identified this as an issue, we need to work with community organizations and correctional systems to prevent inappropriate incarceration of females with traumatic brain injury, and to provide treatment to those who are incarcerated so they have a better chance when they return to society," Fernie said.
Follow Christopher Wanjek @wanjek for daily tweets on health and science with a humorous edge. Wanjek is the author of "Food at Work" and "Bad Medicine." His column, Bad Medicine, appears regularly on Live Science. | <urn:uuid:105f4e0b-a208-4380-a253-0852aa0ae18f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.livescience.com/47027-female-criminals-traumatic-brain-injury.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959563 | 691 | 2.875 | 3 |
Mike Pickering, National Museum of Australia, 9 November 2009
MICHAEL PICKERING: The title of this paper, ‘Evidently not’: a few people have asked me ‘What the hell does that mean?’ So I’ll get it over with quickly. It’s simply the idea that the evidence for Indigenous participation in colonial economies, in the National Museum at least, is actually very poor. That material evidence is just not there, when we go and look for it. So, you know, the evidence is not there.
The paper is an outcome of the Museum’s collaboration with the ANU [The Australian National University], under the ARC [Australian Research Council] Linkage project on Indigenous participation in the colonial economy. So the emphasis throughout this is on colonial economies. The Museum’s engagement was stimulated by the belief that the research would be useful for informing exhibition content on that topic of colonial economies and Indigenous participation, and for allowing the collection of objects that might be identified during that research.
An essential preliminary was to go through the Museum’s collections, searching for objects from the Australian colonial period that might reflect such Indigenous engagements. Surprisingly, there was very little that could be found. Little that is in the way of objects linked directly to Indigenous use in a western economic practice. Certainly we have extensive collections of traditional cultural objects, such as spears and boomerangs, bags, containers, tools and so on. We’ve got some massive collections with thousands of spears, thousands of baskets and everything else. These collections encompassed pre-contact Australia and the colonial period, and is continued through to the present day with modern boomerangs and modern cultural artefacts. They often reflect an economic exchange - thus participation in an economy - either between Indigenous people or between Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants.
Basically this means the items were bought, gifted or traded quite legitimately. They do reflect an engagement with economies, ancient, historical and current. We also have extensive collections of contemporary cultural objects, particularly arts and crafts in all their expressions, from bark paintings to contemporary glassworks. These works are often acquired not merely because of their aesthetic value but because of the strong narratives they represent. Sacred and secular histories, biographies, experiences represented through the object. In creating and selling these works, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have again engaged with Australian economies.
[shows images] These are collections from the Canning Stock Route collection which we’ve recently acquired. This is a work by Peta Edwards on the Stolen Generations. Peta did this when she was 16 years old, and we acquired that last year. And a Dennis Nona work on this skull from the Torres Strait. Coming of the Light - Torres Strait again.
What characterises such acquisitions is that there can be no doubt that the items are direct expressions of Indigenous cultures and histories. They are created by Indigenous makers and have a strong Indigenous narrative behind that creation. As you stroll through the galleries, you’ll see an object from afar and you’ll immediately know that it’s Indigenous and telling an Indigenous story. However, over its short 25-year life, the Museum has also collected more unconventional objects; objects used by Indigenous Australians but which cannot be directly assigned to an Indigenous creator. These are objects associated with an Indigenous engagement with making history, but the objects themselves may not have been made or modified by the Indigenous owner.
For example, we’ve got tools and clothes, and papers, documents and so on. [shows images] Alby Clarke’s riding suit; Alby Clarke from Framlingham cycled across Australia, for reconciliation. Jackie Huggins, her outfit which she used in a lot of her presentations and a lot of her meetings in Indigenous rights movements. Ted Simpson, first Indigenous mayor in New South Wales. Rodney Dylan’s wetsuit; one of my favourite objects, because people say, ‘How can a wetsuit have anything to do with Aboriginal history?’ All these people were strong characters, activists who have made history in their own right.
[shows more images] The Bowraville chairs – blurry, out-of-focus photograph – but the chairs at the back are the chairs that white visitors to the theatre would sit in; the chairs at the front were reserved for the Aboriginal members of the audience who had to sit down the front. Bowraville in the ’68 referendum was the only place to vote ‘no’.
This is Joe McGinness’s wharfies’ hook and his lunchbox. He worked as a wharfie. Joe McGinness again was an activist, fighting for civil rights. So these simple things, these simple objects, not Indigenous made, but nonetheless very iconic about Indigenous histories.
The frypan which anyone who’s worked with Nunia Balip will no doubt recognise, or anyone who has worked with batik. Again an icon for an industry.
Museums are about telling stories through objects, thus we require appropriate objects with appropriate stories. What happens, however, when those objects or stories don’t survive - or are separated over time?
This is thrown into sharp relief when looking for evidence, in collections, of Indigenous participation in the colonial economy, particularly when that engagement was through participation in western economic activities; that is, when an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person entered western employment. In taking up western economic accoutrements – clothing, housing, tools, transport and the like – Indigenous workers become increasingly invisible in the material record. Typically when the objects they utilised are located, they are automatically assigned to western colonial collections. Indigenous participation in the colonial economy, beyond that which produce readily identified Indigenous cultural material, is virtually invisible in museum collections.
Now, enlightened by this observation, we can proceed to look at collections a little bit differently - however we’re still constrained. When using an ‘authentic’ Indigenous cultural object I can say ‘used by’: I have a spear which was used by Aboriginal people to hunt or to trade. But when I’m using a western object with no documented use by an Indigenous person – that’s no documented use; it doesn’t mean it wasn’t, it just means I can’t prove it – I must still say ‘of the type used by’. There’s a degree of separation which isn’t popular in museums. It can have objects which are so far separated from the stories they’re trying to tell, they just don’t engage audiences. No matter how strong the historical and sometimes circumstantial evidence of people within the industry represented by that item, confirmation of actual use will always be speculative.
How might we address this invisibility? How could we raise the profile of these engagements? The material record - the collections of objects - stand in stark contrast to what we know about Indigenous lives in both colonial and post-colonial Australia. There are strong written and oral histories, and in particular we have the recorded image both graphically and photographically. I have to use the standard cliché here, which is that more research needs to be done. Objects and materials need to be identified that museums can utilise in the telling of stories of that Indigenous engagement in the nineteenth century.
This is not a failing of research as historical researchers. Great work has been done, as we’ve seen today, and as through our own lives, experiences and readings. There’s a wealth of information out there about engagements with Indigenous people in economies in the nineteenth century. But it’s a failing of museums not to recognise that objects may have alternative histories and not to take that into consideration in their collecting strategies.
So what might we look for, both in our collections and in future collecting that might help us tell these stories?
Look at this image by Augustus Earle. It’s a famous image of the convict era. Looking at the characters, I began to query whether some of them may or may not be Aboriginal. I have no evidence apart from appearance, its physical features. There’s also in many of the characters represented a general disregard both of the situation and of the clothing they wear. There’s not enough information here to conclude the characters there are Indigenous. But Augustus Earle was not a caricaturist; he was effectively a documentary artist. He travelled with [Charles] Darwin and made important documentary images through the 1830s, 1840s. So I don’t think he’s exaggerating the features. I’m thinking he’s actually producing what he saw.
Whether or not there are Indigenous people in this image, it raises the issue of: how were Aboriginal people in developing urban centres represented in the jail system? When I was writing this on Saturday it was all speculative but thanks to what we’ve heard this morning it is no longer speculative; we’ve had strong evidence of Indigenous incarceration. So it’s a bit of coincidence. There’s a lot of coincidence in this paper, by the way.
Quite clearly we know Indigenous people were represented in the prison system in colonial Australia and it’s right through to the 1900s. We know that they were arrested, tried, transported and executed, but they were often the most famous cases. The identities of the less famous - the drunk and disorderly, or the loiterers, the beggars, the petty thieves, the immodestly attired or those who were just sort of offensive to the public - are not so easy to determine. Accepting that Indigenous people were imprisoned, what happens next? Certainly, as we again heard this morning, our convicts were put to work in breaking rocks, building roads, walls, and making bricks.
We can look at this image [shows series of images] and extract material culture. We have the chains, convict uniforms. Notice the cap on this individual. Some of the coats and jackets people are wearing. Chains down here and in particular the pipe. We’ll get to the smoking theme as well. You’ll notice a few people here have pipes. Then we leap. This is a convict cap, which is held in our collections. We know it’s a convict cap, but we have no other information about provenance. It may have been, or may not have been, worn by an Aboriginal person, we don’t know.
A convict jacket, a convict shirt, a broken clay pipe, convict-made bricks, convict period axe, a pit saw, and conveniently a harpoon, which comes in later again. These are all tools; they’re assigned to the convict period; they were found in convict services. There’s no written evidence to support that they were used by Aboriginal convicts, but there’s nothing to say they weren’t. Again, these are objects of the type that ‘may have been used by’. But in another way the convicts, the people using these tools, were involved in activities relevant to economic development; building the communications system, buildings, houses, roads, and such.
Next, the police. We’re all aware of native police and police trackers. Take these images from Oscar’s sketchbook, nineteenth century drawings by [a] Queensland Aboriginal youth who was moved to a station. Again, these are native police. Notice again the pipe is a common theme. Clothing – the suits, the swagger sticks, and such. And here we have more aspects of clothing, more pipes, guns. In our collections we certainly have guns. We have rifles and pistols, and they’re certainly of the type that were issued to the native police, but again I can’t prove that they were used by native police simply because that documentation doesn’t exist. They were moved across into the Western collections.
The pastoral industry I don’t think needs any great description here. Everyone knows the great contribution that Aboriginal people have made, and continue to make, to the pastoral industry. We have holdings of stockworkers’ equipment, branding irons, saddles, bridles, harnesses. Most of them are recent however, and their provenance is well known. Any evidence for similar materials in the pre-twentieth century is poor. A rusty branding iron, a scattered horseshoe, picked up from any cattle or sheep station from across Australia may just as likely have belonged to an Aboriginal worker as to the white pastoralist or a stockman.
This is a Wave Hill spur which is currently on display downstairs in our civil rights exhibition. It’s from about the 1960s, and we know its history. It was issued to Aboriginal stockmen. But again, finding a spur on a station without that provenance, we would be confused. And a horseshoe - they’re common, but who owned the horse they came from? Who was driving?
Pearl diving - pearlers and sailing crews. Again, we have good, strong histories of Aboriginal people working in the pearl diving industry and working on ships. We have in our collections this lovely image fully dressed, kitted out – it’s a ‘diver’s helmet’ - but we have no proof. This diver’s helmet doesn’t go into our Indigenous history collections; it goes into Western European economic history collections. Again, the same with the pearl diver’s bag and the lugger [pearling boat]. It’d be nice to have a lugger on display as an Indigenous object. One’s been offered to us, by the way. [laughs] Ships’ crews - not just divers but ships’ crews, as we’ve also seen this morning. Libera Rob painting up inland from Borroloola, of a steam ship. It’s actually got the boiler, and behind Jackie Green’s head there’s the rudder and everything else. So it’s obviously having an impact on people and probably reflects serving on those vessels. I’m going through dozens of these sorts of examples now.
Farmers – look at these photographs of Corranderrk in Victoria. This is where photographs have such a great value, and even drawings. While it’s entitled Fishing Scene, here in the background are the Corranderrk farm’s hop plantation. The Corranderrk community had fantastic success growing hops; so much so, that they were complained about and there were attempts to shut them down, because they were competing with European settlers in growing hops, and they were much more effective. But again, all the farming tools, all the farming implements, would normally not be associated with this engagement with the economy.
Again more guns, camping equipment, billies, cooking equipment, the house itself, ploughs used by the farmers, shearers. These are the children of Aboriginal shearers working in the sheds – this is such a great photo I had to throw it in.
This is in domestic service where we have this Aboriginal person watering the horses, and this person is offering water to the customers. So this is at the Canning post office in Western Australia; it’s a scene of the Aboriginal people who were associated and worked for the post office to provide this support to passersby.
[An] Aboriginal nanny in domestic service. And again, here’s an Aboriginal domestic servant putting out the tea, where is it – Government House somewhere; but well-documented.
Teamsters. So here we have Aboriginal teamsters and again look at the material culture surrounding them. Here’s this lovely dray. Here’s the hooks, the shackles, the bridle on the horse, on the donkey, and the ubiquitous pipe; again, we have this tobacco-based theme emerging. This is a dray in our collection, but it’s not in any way associated with Indigenous teamsters. Again, same thing: harness equipment well shined in this case but part of the general horse tack. It’s classified under ‘horse tack’.
Whaling. Whaling is a particularly interesting issue here because we’re so close to Eden [whaling town on the south coast of New South Wales]. These photographs come from Eden. There’s an image, blurry here, of a young Aboriginal man here on the windlass [cranking device] for hauling the whales up. Eden whaling museum fully acknowledges Indigenous contribution in the whaling industry. The title of this photograph is ‘Aboriginal Whale Crew’, from Eden again. Wouldn’t it be great to have a whaleboat in the Indigenous collections? This is that crew out on action, harpoon at the ready and again the harpooner in the bows. This is the owner of the whaling station and his son. But the equipment here is all the sort of equipment that the Indigenous Aboriginal whale crews would have used. And used - it’s not just a one-off, this is their regular [work], this is their life with 30 to 40 years of engagement.
I think I’ve got my message across. Many histories are implicit but invisible in museum collections. We need to go back and address Indigenous engagement with colonial society. There are important stories to be told, and it’s important for the museums because museums mediate between the public and perhaps the academy –so often the first place people will hear of these stories is through the museums.
So what do our collections need? We need Toyotas [vehicles], computers, pens, hats, tinnies [little aluminium boats], spanners, tools, medical equipment - you name it. If we don’t collect and provenance these items now documenting their Indigenous associations, then 150 years from now someone will complain that the Indigenous participation in the twenty-first century Australian economy - indeed in Australian society as a whole - is inadequately represented in museum collections. I look forward to acquiring a helicopter. [shows image] There is Richard Baker, one of three Aboriginal helicopter pilots in the Northern Territory working with a company up there in mining, cattle mustering and everything else - many economic activities.
And that’s the slide show. Thanks very much. [applause]
MAN IN AUDIENCE: Can you tell [inaudible]
MICHAEL PICKERING: That’s the sort thing that we need. Because we concentrate on provenance of material you want things that come with associated stories. If they don’t have the associated stories, the chance of them getting into the National Historic Collection is small. Although we do have another collection just called the Museum Collection, which is where a plough might go in. But it’s just a matter of recognising that Indigenous participation in the economy wasn’t always just selling art and craft, it was actually people working.
As I was mentioning out at coffee, probably by the 1860s and 1870s more Aboriginal people were employed, even if at a pittance, or engaged in western economic activities than are engaged in a traditional sort of lifestyle simply because the population is around the east coast. Once the frontier is passed, what are the survivors doing? They’re doing this sort of work, and I think the museums need to recognise that. The research is out there so no criticism to researchers - a bit of a criticism to [the] Museum and myself.
WOMAN IN AUDIENCE: I was just wondering if your issue is actually related to the objects - and I understand this idea of provenance - but more to the story? Are you going to duplicate things? Is the Museum going to purchase a helicopter in the Indigenous collection and a helicopter in the whatever else collection, because one is an Indigenous helicopter and the other one is a non-Indigenous helicopter?
MICHAEL PICKERING: Well, quite possibly, if the story was appropriate. We have several aircraft in our collection already. And by provenance I don’t just mean location, it also means that full history of use. One day we may see an Indigenous-owned helicopter company doing this sort of work. So yes, if necessary, multiples are not a problem.
WOMAN IN AUDIENCE: [inaudible]
MICHAEL PICKERING: Well - a hybrid of a plough with a dot painting on it or something?
WOMAN IN AUDIENCE: [inaudible]
MICHAEL PICKERING: Yes, once they’re in the collection they become part of the National Historical collection and we don’t put them into separate stores so much, although we do have an ethno store. It’s a matter of how they’re documented, so the documentation can encompass both stories. ‘This plough was used on Coranderrk station or somewhere by Aboriginal peoples.’ The point is to write that Indigenous history into, or in conjunction with, the western economic history to make sure that those stories are being told simultaneously.
MAN IN AUDIENCE: Thanks a lot for a very interesting presentation. Do you think that historical archaeological sites may play a role in providing the materials – in the Northern Territory there’s some fantastic sites in association with pastoral stations that are from the Indigenous occupation, and they’re just full of all sorts of that material culture – spurs and stuff that’s been modified into points and from glass. So that might change the significance of these places if they’re underrepresented in your collections.
MICHAEL PICKERING: Absolutely. We’ve already had our eyes on buckets from the Canning stock route, which had such an important impact on Aboriginal lives there. The only thing is that museums can’t go out willy-nilly and loot sites because we have to abide by state and territory heritage laws. So provided we can get the state and territory to concede to us collecting, we’d happily find it.
Disclaimer and Copyright notice
Date published: 3 September 2010 | <urn:uuid:28ede041-f278-4009-871e-70b1ff380ace> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nma.gov.au/audio/transcripts/indig_part/NMA_Evidently_not_20091109.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962347 | 4,619 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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Because natural gas has less carbon than dirty coal, gas producers and even the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have applauded it as a cleaner alternative. Hopefully, a joint study from researchers at two universities will change that.
Purdue and Cornell universities on Monday released a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America with data on higher-than-expected methane levels found above shale gas wells.
The researchers used a “top-down” approach, flying over seven well pads of the Marcellus shale formation in southwestern Pennsylvania. They accounted for less than 1 percent of the wells in Southwestern Pennsylvania and were only in the drilling stage, which usually isn’t when the emissions take place.
“This small fraction of the total number of wells was contributing a much larger large portion of the total emissions in the area, and the emissions for this stage were not represented in the current inventories,” Paul Shepson, a professor of chemistry and earth atmospheric and planetary sciences at Purdue, said in a statement.
By flying in the specially equipped Purdue Airborne Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, the researchers were able to identify methane plumes from both single and group pads. The plumes give off signals about the production state of the gas.
“It is particularly noteworthy that large emissions were measured for wells in the drilling phase, in some cases 100 to 1,000 times greater than the inventory estimates,” Shepson said. “This indicates that there are processes occurring—e.g. emissions from coal seams during the drilling process—that are not captured in the inventory development process. This is another example pointing to the idea that a large fraction of the total emissions is coming from a small fraction of shale gas production components that are in an anomalous condition.”
According to the White House, methane has about 20 times the global warming effect of carbon dioxide. That’s why President Barack Obama announced a new layer to his Climate Action Plan in March to reduce methane emissions, though many environmental groups thought it was not aggressive enough. Before that, the Environmental Defense Fund EDF and ICF International jointly concluded that the onshore oil and gas industry could collectively reduce methane emissions by at least 40 percent below 2018 projections. Methane emissions have dropped by 11 percent since 1990.
The researchers blame the bottom-up approach for inaccuracy of previous methane emissions in the area they explored. Cornell University’s David R. Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future funded the fly-over project.
“We need to develop a way to objectively measure emissions from shale gas development that includes the full range of operator types, equipment states and engineering approaches,” Shepson said. “A whole-systems approach to measurement is needed to understand exactly what is occurring.”
YOU ALSO MIGHT LIKE | <urn:uuid:c9adf294-ea30-4d07-a254-f012decf2896> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ecowatch.com/2014/04/15/purdue-cornell-researchers-methane-emissions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955398 | 607 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Graphic Warnings on Cigarette Packs May Cut Smoking Rates: Study
International project suggests these labels could keep millions of Americans away from cigarettes
MONDAY, Dec. 2, 2013 (HealthDay News) -- Pictures of diseased lungs and other types of graphic warning labels on cigarette packs could cut the number of smokers in the United States by as much as 8.6 million people and save millions of lives, a new study suggests.
Researchers looked at the effect that graphic warning labels on cigarette packs had in Canada and concluded that they resulted in a 12 percent to 20 percent decrease in smokers between 2000 and 2009.
If the same model was applied to the United States, the introduction of graphic warning labels would reduce the number of smokers by between 5.3 million and 8.6 million smokers, according to the study from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project.
The project is an international research collaboration of more than 100 tobacco-control researchers and experts from 22 countries.
The researchers also said a model used in 2011 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to assess the effect of graphic warning labels significantly underestimated their impact.
These new findings indicate that the potential reduction in smoking rates is 33 to 53 times larger than that estimated in the FDA's model. They also prove the effectiveness of health warnings that include graphic pictures, according to the authors of the study, which was published online recently in the journal Tobacco Control.
"These findings are important for the ongoing initiative to introduce graphic warnings in the United States," study lead author Jidong Huang, of the University of Illinois at Chicago, said in a news release.
"The original proposal by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration was successfully challenged by the tobacco industry, and the court cited the very low estimated impact on smoking rates as a factor in its judgment," Huang said.
"Our analyses corrected for errors in the FDA's analysis, concluding that the effect of graphic warnings on smoking rates would be much stronger than the FDA found," Huang said. "Our results provide much stronger support for the FDA's revised proposal for graphic warnings, which we hope will be forthcoming in the near future."
Learn more about the FDA's tobacco-labeling rules.
Copyright © 2013 HealthDay. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:765a80ed-402d-488e-864a-915212f820f5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.healthmonitor.com/graphic-warnings-cigarette-packs-may-cut-smoking-rates-study | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958514 | 462 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Situated at Tong Fong Tsuen, the Shut Hing Study Hall was built by the Tang Clan in the 13th year of the Tongzhi reign (1874) of the Qing dynasty to commemorate the 21st generation of its ancestor Tang Shut-hing (1810-1856). It was used for teaching and preparing clansmen for examinations and gaining appointments to positions in government.
This structure was originally a traditional two-hall building, with grey brick walls and granite door frames. The lintel of the entrance is engraved with four Chinese characters depicting “Shut Hing Study Hall”. The study hall was left in disrepair after the Second World War. The rear hall was demolished in 1977 to avert a dangerous collapse, leaving only the entrance hall. The interior has become residential buildings. The grandeur of the Shut Hing Study Hall is still reflected in the distinguished design of the roof ridge decorations, murals, carved brackets and eaves boards that survive in the entrance hall.
This is private property and is not open to the public. | <urn:uuid:3f71b4cc-e9d1-4826-a36f-5ad15d6afe46> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/trails_pingshan1.php?tid=12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96053 | 214 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Min-Coin Change is the problem of using the minimum number of coins to make change for a particular amount of cents, , using a given set of denominations . This is closely related to the Coin Change problem.
The problem is typically asked as: If we want to make change for cents, and we have infinite supply of each of valued coins, what is the least amount of coins we need to make the change? (For simplicity's sake, the order does not matter.)
Mathematically, we are trying to minimize for where
There are special cases where the greedy algorithm is optimal - for example, the US coin system. However this is not true in the general case. An example of a counterexample is:
Given the denominations 1, 5, 10, 20, 25, and wish to make change for 40 cents, the greedy algorithm would give us 25, 10, 5, but the best solution only requires 2 coins - 2 of the 20 cent coins.
with the base cases:
If the result of is either or then it is impossible make change for with the given coins. | <urn:uuid:dc98d2c5-c630-408b-9c33-08384e2ec8ef> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.algorithmist.com/index.php/Min-Coin_Change | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888916 | 224 | 2.984375 | 3 |
High efficiency lights with the highest photosynthetic output available. NASA funded and developed. Near sun perfect for indoor and greenhouse growing. Spectrum filtered and modified for sunlight quality and photosynthetic output for growing plants, flowers and trees.
NASA Developed Light Array Features:
Unlike LED lights (see Warning), our NASA developed Light Arrays are safe for human eyes (including pets), our light arrays reveal true plant colors and health of all plants, and our light arrays inhibit insect infestation.
WARNING: We have been asked about LED lights for use with our True Aeroponic Systems, LED's (based upon LASER DIODES) are extremely dangerous to human eyes and pets, (even LASER DIODE light from reflective surfaces such as metal and white plastic can cause immediate blindness).
AgriHouse Light Arrays Features & Benefits
* Low wattage - means huge energy savings
* Prevent insects from eating plants - no insecticide needed
* True color - determining plant health and nutrient uptake
Vertical Growing Light Array (one panel) to maximize photosynthetic energy (45 inches x 24 inches x 8 inches). Hi-Efficiency bulbs rated at 20,000 hours duty cycle. Less than 2 degrees F heat transfer to plants! Inhibits UV, IR and insects. | <urn:uuid:49c79c4e-72e7-4c88-ad20-83e33f7b6771> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.biocontrols.com/secure/shop/category.aspx?catid=14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862642 | 264 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Jimmy Doolittle: Early Years
James Harold “Jimmy” Doolittle was born in Alameda, California, but spent much of his childhood in western Alaska. His father, Frank, was a gold prospector and carpenter in Nome, where young Jimmy learned to fight bullies and pilot a dogsled. Eventually Rosa and Jimmy Doolittle returned to California, leaving Frank behind.
Jimmy attended high school in Los Angeles, where he distinguished himself as a gymnast and boxer. He then began courses at the University of California at Berkeley’s School of Mines.
Jimmy Doolittle: First Flights
In 1917 Doolittle became a flying cadet in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. He was soon soloing and serving as a flight gunnery instructor. He later requested a transfer to the European theater, but the armistice dashed his dreams of combat.
Instead, Doolittle worked at the Army’s Kelly Field in San Antonio, Texas, before returning to Berkeley to complete his degree. In 1922 he became the first pilot to fly coast to coast in under 24 hours, making the journey from Florida to California with just one stop. The Army sent him to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned master’s and doctoral degrees in aeronautical engineering.
He spent the rest of the decade working as a test pilot for military and civilian planes, setting air race records and helping to develop instruments that allowed pilots to fly in whiteout conditions. In 1930 he left the army for higher-paying work at the Shell Oil Company, where he pressed for the adoption of advanced aviation fuel.
Jimmy Doolittle: The Doolittle Raid
Returning to the army full-time in 1940, Doolittle continued his test pilot work until January of 1942, when he was summoned by General Henry H. “Hap” Arnold to lead a raid on the Japanese mainland. At the time Japan’s defensive perimeter in the Pacific was wide enough to make it invulnerable to conventional carrier-based attacks.
Sixteen Army B-25 bombers were rigged with doubled fuel capacity and loaded on the aircraft carrier USS Hornet. The original plan called for bombing five major cities, but last-minute detection of the Hornet forced the planes to launch a day early.
With Doolittle in the lead, the planes survived storms and anti-aircraft fire to drop four bombs each on Tokyo, striking industrial facilities and a light cruiser. Several bombs hit civilian areas, killing 50 and injuring 400.
The Doolittle Raiders, as the planes’ pilots became known, flew on toward China. They had planned to land in areas controlled by Chinese Nationalists, but all ran out of fuel and crashed. Most of the crews parachuted to the ground, where with local help they were able to reach the Nationalist lines. One crew landed in Vladivostok and was interned by the Soviets. Three died in the crashes, and eight were captured by the Japanese.
Jimmy Doolittle: Aftermath of the Raid
In America the raid was cause for celebration. The 45-year-old Doolittle, who had worried he would be court-martialed for missing his primary targets, was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor and promoted two ranks to brigadier general.
The attack was a psychological blow for the Japanese, who moved four fighter groups from the war’s front lines to protect their cities. Following the raid, Japanese battalions killed 250,000 Chinese civilians in areas suspected of aiding the American airmen.
Jimmy Doolittle: War Strategy, Final Years
Doolittle was given a series of command roles in North Africa and Europe, eventually leading the powerful Eighth Air Force with its 42,000 combat aircraft. He modified U.S. bomber escort tactics, freeing fighters to pursue their German counterparts.
Doolittle’s last significant mark on U.S. policy came in a classified report on covert operations for Dwight Eisenhower in 1954, which stated that for Cold War espionage, “acceptable norms of human conduct do not apply.”
In 1959 Doolittle retired as a lieutenant general and returned to an executive position at Shell. In 1985 Ronald Reagan promoted Doolittle to a full four-star general. Doolittle died on September 27, 1993, at age 96. | <urn:uuid:d46e6df0-ee3a-4cd2-a77d-411ee2e5d8d4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/james-h-doolittle/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00050-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969934 | 898 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Postmodernism is not that simple to define because it is a word used in different areas of study: art, film, architecture, literature, religion, truth, etc. The term "postmodernism" can best be understood by relating it to modernism. Modernism came out of the 1800's of Western Europe with the manifestation of mechanism, industrialism, progress, literature, art, and the ideas that sought to capitalize on what promoted a progressive and prosperous society. It elevated human reason, human progress, and human authority.
Postmodernism, then, is not necessarily a rebellion against modernism (though some postmodernists see it that way), but a movement "after" it, a movement that builds upon it but, more or less, rejects modernism's strict rationalism. In contrast to this, postmodernism upholds a subjectivity regarding morality, social constructions, political movements, art, religion, and truth statements. In other words, to oversimplify perhaps what postmodernism is, it is relativism, the belief that truth is relative, that objective truth may not be knowable.
"Modernism is often pictured as pursuing truth, absolutism, linear thinking, rationalism, certainty, the cerebral as opposed to the effective -- which in turn breeds arrogance, and inflexibility, the lust to be right, the desire to control. Postmodernism, by contrast, recognizes how much of what we 'know' is shaped by the culture in which we live, is controlled by emotions and aesthetics and heritage, and in fact can only be intelligently held as part of a common tradition, without overbearing claims to be true or right."1
The danger of postmodernism is that it tends to deny the ability to know things for sure. It even undermines the construction of language by stating that words can be interpreted differently, that language is fluid, and that the Bible, written in ancient languages, is open to various interpretations of equal validity. Given this underlying idea that nothing is truly knowable (a self-contradictory statement that is no problem for postmoderns), the very foundations of truth both moral and spiritual are suspect and open to re-evaluation -- along with the Bible.
- "Spencer Burke of the Ooze (Newport Beach, CA) agrees. 'A move away from intellectual Christianity is essential. We must move to the mystical.'"2
- "This mystical/poetic approach takes special pains to remember that the Bible itself contains precious little expository prose."3
The postmodern mind
The majority of unbelievers today do not have even a basic understanding of biblical principles. Their worldview is often naturalistic; that is, they perceive and interpret the world in light of natural principles (often evolutionary), combined with relativism in the areas of morals and truth. The postmodern person says that truth is understood in the context of one's culture and personal experience and these observations in turn dominate how the world is to be interpreted. Instead of an objective absolute truth, i.e., God's revelation, the individual observes and accepts what he considers to be true and false based upon his experiences. This means that different cultures and different individuals will interpret reality differently. In other words, what is true for one person may not be true for another.
"Concluding from an earlier Barna study in May, David Kinnaman, president of The Barna Group, had noted that most Americans do not have strong and clear beliefs largely because they do not possess a coherent biblical worldview. The study found that fewer Americans were embracing a traditional view of God and the Bible."4
The postmodern person rejects the biblical absolutes that there is an immutable God, that God is sovereign, and that the only way to salvation is through the blood sacrifice of Jesus. Therefore, the Christian and the postmodern person often do not have sufficient common ground to allow proper dialogue on spiritual matters.
The postmodern person might ask if there is any such thing as truth and whether or not truth can be known either experientially or rationally. The modernist would say, "Of course there is absolute truth! Asking if truth can be known is an absolute question!"
Postmodernism and the Emergent Church
Generally speaking, those in the Emerging Church movement are aware of the postmodern mindset and admirably seek to adapt evangelistic efforts to accommodate postmodern thinking. This sometimes means that some Emerging Churches will feature church services and emphasize relationship, community, common traditional values, while using visual methods, storytelling, and more expressive worship instead of absolute truth constructions derived from Scripture and delivered during preaching and teaching.
"Emerging Churches use paintings, slides, drawings, and candles as visual expressions. In addition, they might show videos or television clips. On occasion an art installation or exhibit functions as the entire 'service.'"5
We agree that we must reach the culture in a relevant way, a way with which they are familiar, but we must also make sure that we do not compromise the revealed word of God and we must not let the revealed truth of God's Word be subjugated to cultural or personal pressures.
To repeat my oversimplification, postmodernism is relativism. Postmodernism is a reaction against the logical truth structures of modern thought that gave us absolute propositions about nature, time, space, mathematics, knowability, repeatability of experimentation, predictability, etc. As modernism developed the sciences, technology, and medicine, it has helped to produce a comfortable and predictable society -- wherein people tend to become complacent, comfortable, and predictable. But there are always people who ask questions rather than blindly follow the status quo. They look for different ways of expression, different interpretations of truth, teach the idea that truth is not necessarily absolute, and that reality can be reinterpreted. It is within the postmodern context that the Emerging Churches are seeking to work.
It is a difficult venture to try and reach the hearts and minds of those who are less open to absolutes than previous generations. So, Instead of absolute truth propositions, Emerging Churches tend to focus on relationships, expressiveness, and new ways of trying to reach God. Is it good? Yes and no. It is good only so far as it is consistent with Scripture. It is bad whenever it deviates from it.
This article is also available in: Español
- 1. Carson, D. A., Becoming Conversant with the Emerging Church, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005, p. 27.
- 2. Gibbs, Eddie and Ryan K. Bolger, Emerging Churches, Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2005, p. 230.
- 3. McLaren, Brian, A Generous Orthodoxy, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004, p. 230.
- 4. http://www.christianpost.com/article/20071204/30332_2007_ Trends_Analysis:_Americans_Reformulating_Christianity.htm.
- 5. Gibbs and Bolger, p. 73-74. | <urn:uuid:6e048474-d0fd-4383-ba1b-45a44b604497> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://carm.org/emerging-church-postmodernism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932336 | 1,455 | 3.34375 | 3 |
ITHACA, N.Y., Feb. 29 (UPI) -- Researchers at Cornell University have discovered a unique property of cancellous bone -- the bone near joints and found in the vertebrae. It maintains its strength as it breaks, heals and regains its structure.
The strength of most man-made materials is significantly compromised by a fracture, but not cancellous bone.
"Cancellous bone does the opposite, it has softer surfaces with a more brittle interior," researcher Christopher Hernandez explained in a news release.
According to recent analysis of the spongy bone material, cracks in cancellous bone are redirected to the least vulnerable and structurally integral areas. This allows the bone to quickly regain its structure.
"That's totally not what we expected from an engineering standpoint," said Ashley Torres, a graduate student in biomedical engineering at Cornell. "But it allows the material able to continue to function after failure."
Torres is the co-lead author of a new paper on the novel research into cancellous bone and its healing properties -- published this week in the journal PNAS.
Previously, researchers thought foam-like bone served simply to absorb shock. The latest research suggests it is also vital to the healing process. The revelation may be incorporated into manufacturing. The findings may also have relevance for treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. | <urn:uuid:dc619a11-3dd2-434f-9d6e-22620d74c2e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2016/02/29/Bone-research-could-yield-stronger-synthetic-materials/3081456779917/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939165 | 276 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Fingerprints — those swirling residues left on keyboards and doorknobs — are mostly invisible. They can affirm your onetime presence, but they cannot be used to track your day-to-day activities.
Microwires were created in the former Soviet Union for military purposes. They formed the basis of the camouflage of a model of spy plane used by the Soviet army, but for a long time the scientific community has been studying them for other purposes.
In the near future, people affected by health issues as varied as Alzheimer, diabetes, hearing loss, heart failure or even missing limbs could all have something in common: a smart, efficient, in-body or on-body device that makes their daily life easier and more enjoyable.
The type of sensors that pick up the rhythm of a beating heart in implanted cardiac defibrillators and pacemakers are vulnerable to tampering, according to a new study conducted in controlled laboratory conditions.
German computer scientists have come up with a glove that allows phone users to write texts in the air.
Spanish researchers say they've found a way to improve cars' GPS in cities by as much as 90 percent with a new low-cost device.
Give a moth a robot car, and it'll use it to cruise the streets for a female, Japanese scientists have discovered. Using a small, two-wheeled robot, a male silkmoth was able to track down the sex pheromone usually given off by a female mate.
Scientists are using electrodes to control a living rhinoceros beetle in an effort to improve the aerodynamic performance of aircraft.
Swarms of spherical robots equipped with biogeochemical sensors could soon be cruising the oceans on study missions.
Scientists have created a living 'neon sign' made of millions of bacterial cells fluorescing in unison.
Airplane designers have been working on sensor networks something like the human nervous system, which would run throughout the body shell and report directly to engineers when maintenance is required.
A recently discovered patent indicates that Apple may be planning to add a camera and additional sensors to future generations of its multi-touch iPod nano.
Japanese company Neurowear has created a pair of pink fluffy cat ears that respond to the wearer's brainwaves.
Computers don’t have emotions, but that won’t stop them from being able to understand how you feel.
It's a little on the bijou side - but a research team has created an energy-efficient dolls' house which can send alerts if its residents are ill.
BAE Systems is testing a helmet that allows fighter pilots to shoot down a target simply by looking at it and saying 'fire!'
There can be few satnav owners who haven't been tempted to throw the thing out of the car window as that patronisingly calm voice tells them to 'turn around where possible' for the umpteenth time.
Now, this is a weird one. A team of Irish engineers says it could be possible to minimise the need for mobile base stations by getting phone users to act as base stations themselves.
Researchers at North Carolina State University have developed a method of integrating gallium nitride (GaN) sensors and devices directly into silicon-based computer chips.
Chucking a radio transmitter into the heart of a volcano might seem a pretty fruitless endeavor. But a team at Newcastle University says it's developed a device that can withstand temperatures of up to 900 degrees C and which could provide early warning of an eruption. | <urn:uuid:9e78eafd-082a-4eca-ad96-3e14970d1c16> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tgdaily.com/tag/sensors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960039 | 719 | 2.875 | 3 |
Can Fat Be Healthy?
Page 1 of 2
Trying to maintain a steady low-fat diet can be a confusing process. Fat doesn't just fall under one simple category; it is comprised of three main groups — monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated — each with its advantages and disadvantages.
So which is the healthiest one? Some "non-fat" products claim to be low in one type of fat, but how lean can they be if they contain the other fats? To solve the mystery that is fat, let's examine each category one by one.
But first, check out some fast fat facts (try saying that three times fast!):
fat facts Half of the adults in America are overweight. Men trying to keep calories down should avoid fatty food because one gram of fat contains nine calories. Muscle weighs 23% more than fat. Keep that in mind when trying to lose weight while working out. We spend calories by simply converting food for energy and for storage. After consuming carbs or protein, 25% of it is immediately spent during this conversion phase. Fat, on the other hand, is much easier to catalyze, with 3% of it going to waste during catalysis. This means more fat is always left over after we eat. We have two kinds of fat: brown fat (baby fat, mostly used for generating body heat) and white fat (used for energy, protection and heat isolation). The latter is the "bad" kind of fat, but as you can see, it does serve a purpose. We don't get more fat cells as we get bigger. Once puberty hits, we always have the same amount of fat cells; the cells simply get bigger. Most of our fat is stored under the skin and around vital organs. Very little fat is stored in muscles. Insulin in the bloodstream helps store and maintain fat, so drinking that nice big jug of cola with your fries only compounds fat storage.
On to the different kinds of fats out there...
Have a question? Get it answered by AskMen's guyQ. | <urn:uuid:716b236e-c4cf-499b-be32-4c56440eac18> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.askmen.com/sports/foodcourt_60/75_eating_well.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954928 | 423 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Northern California Coastal & Inland Valleys
Clean and Sharpen Pruning Tools
Make sure you are ready for the winter pruning season by sharpening your clippers, loppers and pruning saws. Use small flat files to sharpen clipper blades, and small round files to sharpen individual saw teeth. Make sure you keep the file at a constant angle to the blade and sharpen in one direction only, not back and forth. Treat handles to a light coating of linseed oil and moving parts to a shot of lubricating oil.
Care for Indoor Plants
As the outside temperatures drop, the heater goes on inside the house. Dry, warm air is ideal for spider mites, mealybugs and scale insects. Check indoor plants frequently for insect infestation, and treat with a soap/oil spray as soon as you see them. Mist plants frequently to keep humidity high, or use a humidity tray made by placing gravel in the saucer under each plant. Water collects in the gravel and evaporates back up through the foliage to provide much needed humidity.
Move On Moles!
If you have trouble with moles digging tunnels in your garden, they are probably searching for grubs and worms that live just below the surface. Control the grub population and the moles will look elsewhere for a meal. Here is a recipe that takes care of grubs. Be advised, it will also kill earthworms, so apply this during midday when the earthworms are deep in the soil: 1 tablespoon castor oil, 2 tablespoons dishwashing liquid, 1/2 cup water. Mix soap and oil in a blender until thick. Add water and mix again. Blend mixture with 2 gallons of water in a watering can. Sprinkle over mole-infested areas.
Spray With This Fail-Safe Deer Repellent
Deer are moving down from the hills in search of water and food. If you live in a rural area, you may experience the "amazing disappearing garden trick" unless you come up with a plan to deter hungry deer from foraging in your yard. A friend of mine swears by this recipe for homemade deer repellent: 1 beaten egg, 1/2 cup milk, 1/2 teaspoon vegetable oil, 1 teaspoon liquid soap, hot chili peppers, 1 quart water. Mix in blender, strain through cheesecloth, and store in the refrigerator. Apply by pouring the mixture into a sprayer and frequently misting susceptible foliage, especially after a rain or irrigation.
Protect New Seedlings
If birds are eating your seedlings as they emerge from the soil, deter them with frightening devices. Birds are attracted to the seedlings because as the seed begins to germinate, the starch in the seed converts to sugar, which is irresistible to hungry birds. Once the seed has formed two sets of true leaves, the sugar once again converts to starch and the birds are no longer interested. Here are some ideas for keeping birds away from your new plants:
1. Hang old CDs near garden beds to frighten hungry birds away from new seedlings. Use metallic flash tape strung between chopsticks in seed beds. Twist the tape slightly so that it shows both the red and the metallic sides as it flutters in the breeze.
2. Cover new seedlings with netting or floating row covers to protect them from hungry birds until two sets of leaves appear.
3. Place a feeder elsewhere in your garden. Birds are good! They eat bugs ... | <urn:uuid:0f236f7c-12c8-4c7c-b255-c05813fe25a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://garden.org/regional/report/arch/reminders/1592 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932129 | 712 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Celiac.com 11/06/2007 - This study investigated the effect of screening detected celiac disease in type I diabetic children in a multi-center case-control fashion. The research team consisted of B Rami, Z Sumni, E Schober et al from Austria, Czech Republic, and Slovenia, among other European countries.
The team compared 98 diabetics with silent celiac disease to 196 control diabetics without celiac matched for age, sex, diabetes duration. Mean age at diabetes diagnosis was 6.5 yrs, celiac diagnosis was 10.0 yrs. Celiac screening included yearly antibody testing and positive patients underwent biopsy. Hemoglobin A1c, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, insulin dosage, body-mass index, and height did not differ between cases and controls at celiac diagnosis or after a mean follow-up of 3.3 years. After diagnosis of celiac disease, weight gain was diminished in boys with celiac disease compared to their controls.
Although a clear link between type I diabetes and increased risk of celiac disease is established, the benefit of a gluten-free diet is unclear in these children. This study followed 98 patients with diabetes and silent celiac for a mean of 3.3 years and compared them to 196 controls. This is the largest, best designed case-control study to date and it did not demonstrate any significant differences between the two groups, except for a decreased Body Mass Index (BMI - though still greater than non-diabetic, control children) in males after diagnosis.
What is more intriguing is that at diagnosis, no significant differences in height, BMI, HbA1c, insulin need, or hypoglycemia events were seen, questioning the metabolic significance of silent celiac disease. In this study, it is difficult to estimate the duration of silent celiac disease prior to diagnosis. Although, given the fact that these patients were asymptomatic and their mean diabetes duration was 3.6 years, it likely implies that silent celiac disease was present for a few years.
The data regarding the benefit of a gluten-free diet in screening detected celiac disease in type I diabetic children is scant but is slowly increasing. Numerous psychological (burden of gluten free diet in addition to diabetic diet), cost (of diet), and ethical issues (potential long-term benefits of gluten-free diet, compliance with diet) exist regarding these children and hopefully this question will be answered soon and with good, convincing data.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 41:317-321, 2005 | <urn:uuid:865378e1-0da8-4816-890f-a00662f533de> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.celiac.com/articles/21480/1/SignificanceofScreeningDetectedCeliacDiseaseinChildrenwithTypeIDiabetes28ACaseControlStudy29/Page1.html/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94098 | 534 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Museo Civico, Viterbo No. 117
Alberto Urcia: Coordinator (NELC - Yale University)
Antonino Vazzana: Dipartimento di Beni Culturali - DBC (University of Bologna)
Simone Zambruno: CIRI Edilizia e Costruzioni (University of Bologna)
In the summer of 2012, in preparation for the exhibition “Echoes of Egypt: Conjuring the Land of the Pharaohs,” a joint American-Italian team used cutting-edge light-scanning technology to re-create a medieval sphinx. Currently in the collection of the Museo Civico in Viterbo, Italy, an inscription on the base of the sphinx gives the name of its creator, Paschalis Romanus, and the date 1286. One of the few examples of medieval Egyptian revival art, it was only possible to include the marble statue, approximately 33 x 21 inches, by creating a 3-D copy.
The first step was to set up a mobile workstation within the galleries of the Viterbo Museo Civico. A complete photographic record of the sphinx was made in order to document the original texture and color of the monument. Then, the team carefully calibrated the light scanner (Nextengine) to acquire the best coverage of every surface.
During the scanning, approximately 50 separate scans were taken of the sphinx. Each scan, which took 7 to 15 minutes to complete, was simultaneously aligned using computer software to maintain the greatest accuracy. In total, the scan resulted in hundreds of thousands of individual points.
To obtain a 3-D printable model of the sphinx, each point of the light-scan was filtered, aligned and then, processed to obtain a vectorial surface (NURBS). Once finished, the model was scaled, oriented within the three dimensional space and exported in different formats. The computer model of the sphinx was then printed using 3-D technology at the Yale University School of Architecture. | <urn:uuid:e5a1e5dc-9b94-4646-a01b-d9aba30c332a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/echoes-egypt-re-creating-medieval-sphinx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927257 | 430 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The bladder is a balloon-shaped muscle that serves as the storage pouch for urine.
Urine is made in the kidneys and flows from them to the bladder through the ureters. From the bladder, urine flows through the urethra to the outside of the body.
The bladder is part of the urinary tract, along with the kidneys, ureters, and the urethra.
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
To learn more visit Healthwise.org | <urn:uuid:958ec321-c1ba-4248-a17f-0443f2c73ef8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=135729&ref=129128 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965473 | 100 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The Climate Forecast Briefing will present the current and predicted ENSO status, the Climate Predictions for the upcoming months, and a discussion on the verifications of our previous forecasts.
Also, Dr. Narendra Das, Research Scientist for NASA JPL in the Water and Carbon Cycle Group will present a talk.
SMAP Mission Overview and High Resolution Soil Moisture Product
The important role of surface soil moisture as a state variable, and therefore the initial condition and boundary condition in predictive models in hydrology, meteorology, ecology, and agronomy, is well recognized. Various applications like weather forecasting, climate change prediction, agricultural production, water resources management, drought prediction and monitoring, flood area mapping, and ecosystem health studies require information on surface soil moisture for skillful modeling and forecasting. For example, soil moisture strongly affects plant growth and hence agricultural productivity, especially during conditions of water shortage and drought. Global estimates of soil moisture and plant water stress is be derived from models. These model predictions (and hence drought monitoring) can be greatly enhanced through assimilation of space-based soil moisture observations. Therefore, mapping surface soil moisture with sufficient accuracy over the required ranges of spatial and temporal scales is imperative to fulfill the needs of such applications. The outcomes from these applications have direct impact on human society and the management of our environment.
NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission will fulfill the need many applications by delivering unprecedented high spatial and temporal resolution soil moisture observations. The SMAP mission is under development with a target launch date in late 2014. The SMAP mission will provide high resolution (~9 km) and frequent revisit (2-3 days) soil moisture observations at a global extent.
About the Speaker
Narendra Narayan Das was born in Bhilai, India. He received the Bachelor of Engineering degree from the National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India, and the Master and Ph.D. degrees from Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, in 2005 and 2008, respectively. In 2008, he joined the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and has been conducting research in hydrology and microwave remote sensing research on land. He is currently a Research Scientist in the Water and Carbon Cycles Group in the Climate, Oceans, and Solid Earth Science Section at JPL. He is a member of the Science Algorithm Development Team for the Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission. | <urn:uuid:541e1986-cfab-4013-97a0-ba79fab7ded7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://calendar.columbia.edu/sundial/webapi/get.php?vt=detail&id=68088&brand=default | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902407 | 504 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Oxygen to plant roots
aroy15 at er6.rutgers.edu
Thu Jun 22 13:38:37 EST 1995
>s.meric at ix.netcom.com (Polar) wrote:
>Why do we cultivate the soil around plants so oxygen will get to the
>roots? As a home gardener, I've done it automatically for years, but
>got to wondering why just the oxygen dissolved in water wouldn't be
>enough. Thanks for any replies.
think it's because oxygen in water diffuses much less rapidly than in air
and therefore even initially aerated water around the roots will soon be
depleted of O2 if too much plant use or if there is no fast replacement of the
many plants however, counter by moving air from the shoots into the roots.
helps for awhile, especially in grasses and sedges with hollow stems.
More information about the Plantbio | <urn:uuid:22d60d66-c12d-4508-8a42-3a69d3c3d6cb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/plantbio/1995-June/007177.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93425 | 198 | 3.28125 | 3 |
It is probably a green anole (pronounced uh-no-lee), the only lizard that is a true Florida native. If a green anole has found its way into your house, don't worry. It won't hurt you -- but it might hurt itself. These 5- to 8-inch-long insect eaters usually cannot find enough of their favorite foods -- wood roaches, beetles, caterpillars, spiders and crickets -- to survive indoors more than a short time.
Green anoles, although not true chameleons, can change from green to gray to brown. An anole's color depends on the temperature and amount of light. It is also a camouflage technique that protects these harmless creatures from predators such as cats, snakes and birds.
Rather than being frightened by an anole in your house, consider it an opportunity to observe nature close at hand. If the anole is male, you might see him display his dewlap, a flexible rod of cartilage also called a throat fan. A dewlap display, often accompanied by a series of head bobs and a movement that looks as if he's doing pushups, is how a green anole defends territory and makes himself attractive to females.
The best thing to do when an anole comes inside is to carefully place a jar over it, then slip a piece of paper over the jar opening. Take the anole outside and release it in the garden. Sometimes when an anole is being pursued, it will drop off its tail. It's a defense technique it uses to distract its pursuer. After the anole spends a few weeks outside, the tail will regenerate, and this capturer of creepy-crawlies will look like a tiny dinosaur once again. | <urn:uuid:ebd0b287-dd8f-40f6-8143-75f4fdf0ceac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2006-03-12/news/SWNEWCOMER12_1_crickets-lizard-green | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962392 | 360 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a noncancerous condition in which the prostate gland (the walnut-sized gland that sits under the bladder) grows or becomes enlarged, is very common in middle-aged and older men. Also known as benign prostatic hypertrophy, it can cause bothersome difficulties with urination and other urinary symptoms.
BPH occurs when noncancerous cells of the prostate divide to make more cells. While BPH is not associated with the development of cancer, the two often accompany each other. Distinguishing between them is important and is a key element in a diagnostic exam.
The Barbara and Maurice Deane Prostate Health and Research Center’s urologists and support staff are experts in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of BPH. For many patients with mild symptoms, watchful waiting with periodic checks is an appropriate treatment choice. For other patients with moderate to severe BPH symptoms such as urinary retention and renal damage, we offer a comprehensive array of state-of-the-art treatment options, including laser and microwave surgery for BPH performed on an outpatient basis.
Symptoms may begin in some men as early as 40 years of age. However, most men do not experience symptoms until their 50s and 60s.
The most common symptoms of BPH are:
- An urgency to urinate
- The need to urinate several times a night
- A slow urinary stream
- A sense the bladder is still full after urination
- Having to push to start urination
- Having to wait a long time to begin urination
These symptoms may be accompanied by blood in the urine also known as a hematuria. When symptoms become severe, men may experience urge incontinence (an inability to hold urination long enough to find a toilet). Some men may stop urinating entirely – a condition referred to as urinary retention. This condition may progress to kidney damage. Therefore, urinary retention must be considered an emergency situation and medical help should be sought immediately.
The symptoms of BPH occur because of the location of the prostate gland (a walnut-sized gland that is part of the male reproductive system) in front of the bladder. Urine must pass through the prostate on its way out of the body. When BPH occurs, it creates an obstruction to flow, which slows down the urine stream, makes the bladder work harder to empty, and causes it to empty incompletely. If left untreated, the bladder undergoes changes from constantly fighting the obstructed prostate. This can lead to worsening symptoms, urinary tract infections and even kidney problems.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) or Enlarged Prostate Research Study
The Department of Urology and Department of Radiology are seeking male volunteers, between the ages of 50-79, who have symptomatic BPH for at least 6 months and must be a candidate for Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) for the treatment of BPH. This study will use a new method called Prostatic Artery Embolization (PAE) compared to TURP, the standard method for the treatment of symptomatic BPH.
For more information, please call Lourdes Campos-Grundvig, RN of the Dept. of Urology at 212-824-7877.
We Can Help
Please call us at 212-241-4812 to learn how our physicians can provide an in-depth evaluation to ensure optimal treatment for you or your loved one based on your medical profile and needs.
5 East 98th Street
New York, NY 10029
Dr. Ash Tewari
625 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10022 | <urn:uuid:b1fee938-8bea-44ff-a645-5b7d15d01c2f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.mountsinai.org/patient-care/service-areas/urological-conditions-and-surgery/areas-of-care/deane-center/what-we-treat/bph | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930183 | 781 | 2.75 | 3 |
The fundamentals of dehydration are actually simple: the body requires a certain amount of water in order to function well, and that liquid level can become low. In most cases of dehydration, cells and inevitably the body are losing more fluids than are going back in. For the most part, we are not accustomed to recognizing dehydration in our everyday lives, even though many of us my be moderately hydrated on a daily basis. We must understand the symptoms of dehydration to treat it immediately and prevent it in the future.
The easiest method to never dehydrate is to always gauge exactly how much fluid is required in any given circumstance and drink accordingly. Dehydrating is avoidable for most people who have access to clean water and an effective plan. Signs of dehydration may vary with age, so understand the symptoms, especially for the young as well as elderly.
Because dehydration is actually the end outcome of not enough fluids going in to the body, that end will be reached quicker by sweating and/or urinating. That’s why it’s important to hydrate more throughout exercising or in excessive temperatures. Vomiting, fever, infection, blood loss, diarrhea, disease, along with lack of nutrition are each physical problems which can accelerate dehydration, hence a doctor’s instructions to consume lots of fluids if ill.
Dehydration can also result from consuming fluids which do not hydrate well or even at all (liquors being the archetype here).
Symptoms of dehydration (mild) include:
Drowsiness or tiredness
Little tears while crying
Reduced urine output
Irregular bowel movements
Reduction of appetite
**Dehydration of a mild level usually only calls for rest and sufficient water to correct.
Indicators of severe dehydration include:
Lack of perspiration
Very dry mouth
Little quantities of dark urine
Shriveled and dry skin missing flexibility
Reduced blood pressure
**Severe dehydration is a medical emergency and should be managed as such by pursuing prompt medical care to counter the effects of dehydration.
Chronic dehydration is a dangerous form of dehydration, and also very common. Many of us may go days or weeks without realizing that we may be dehydrated. It is important to remember just how important it is to drink enough water day to day.Many health issues that we experience and believe insignificant can possibly be signs or symptoms of chronic dehydration.
Chronic dehydration signs consist of:
Chronic dehydration is usually caused by getting daily fluids through sources other than water such as coffee drinks, soft drinks, beer and wine. Drinking sufficient amounts of water each day is imperative for one’s health and wellness. | <urn:uuid:35480044-beba-4bc7-bdc3-2d622735029b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://hydrateandrecover.com/understanding-symptoms-of-dehydration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936406 | 543 | 3.375 | 3 |
A cannonball fired more than 500 years ago during the Battle of Barnet was discovered by pupils digging up potatoes in their school allotment.
The find was made by Year 5 pupils at Livingstone Primary in New Barnet when they went to harvest the latest crop at their Baring Road school.
The heavy metal ball was verified by the Barnet Museum as a genuine artefact from the battle, which took place during the War of the Roses in 1471.
Now the relic will form part of a mini-museum being set up at the school later this year to mark its 60th anniversary.
Students made the discovery while gardening in the school allotment, which was restored two years ago as part of a joint project with St James’ Church.
The ten-year-olds said they initially thought they had dug up a very heavy potato, but realised they were on to something when they brushed the mud off to reveal the black, rusted ammunition.
Year 5 pupil Mergim Aliu, aged ten, said: “It was really exciting. It’s not every day you get to hold a cannonball.”
Churchwarden Mike Macey helps organise the allotment project at the school and said the discovery was an unexpected bonus to the educational aspects of gardening.
The children are now putting together an assembly on the Battle of Barnet to show their find to the rest of the school.
Teacher Janie Knappett, who helps organise the project, said: “It is a really exciting opportunity to get the children involved in their local history.” | <urn:uuid:d810998b-edda-495e-b356-fe1e1aa16157> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/10966186.Pupils_dig_up_500_year_old_cannonball_in_school_allotment/?ref=var_0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985224 | 330 | 2.734375 | 3 |
|Mountain Railways of India*|
|UNESCO World Heritage Site|
|Inscription||1999 (23rd Session)|
|* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.
The collective designation refers to the current project by the Indian government to nominate a representative example of its historic railways to UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway had been recognized in 1999, while UNESCO added the Nilgiri Mountain Railway as an extension to the site in 2005. They won recognition for being outstanding examples of bold, ingenious engineering solutions for the problem of establishing an effective rail link through a rugged, mountainous terrain.
Both the Kalka-Shimla Railway and the Matheran Hill Railway made the tentative nomination list for that site.
A standard gauge railway connected Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Siliguri in 1878. Siliguri, located at the base of the Himalayas, was connected to Darjeeling by a cart road (the present day Hill Cart Road) on which tonga services were available. Franklin Prestage, an agent of Eastern Bengal Railway Company approached the government with a proposal of laying a steam tramway from Siliguri to Darjeeling. Sir Ashley Eden, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, formed a committee to assess the feasibility of the project. The government accepted the proposal in 1879 following the positive report of the committee. Construction started the same year.
Gillander Arbuthnot & Company received the responsibility of construction. By March 1880, the line extended to Tindharia. Lord Lytton, the first Viceroy to visit Darjeeling rode in the train up to Tindharia. The stretch from Siliguri to Kurseong opened on August 23, 1880. The Siliguri to Darjeeling track inaugurated on July 4, 1881. The name of the rail company promptly changed to the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Company. Initially the alignment of the railroad followed Hill Cart Road. It became apparent that in some areas the steepness of the road proved too difficult for the locomotives to maneuver easily. In 1882, the company constructed four loops and four reverses (zig-zags) between Sukna and Gayabari to ease the gradient.
In 1886, the line extended a quarter of mile to Darjeeling Bazar. The Darjeeling station underwent renovation in 1891 while Kurseong got a new station building and storage shed in 1896. Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (DHR) suffered from an earthquake in 1897 and a major cyclone in 1899. By 1909–1910, DHR carried 174,000 passengers and 47,000 tons of goods annually. The first bogie carriages entered service, replacing the extremely basic four wheel carriages. DHR extension lines underwent construction to Kishanganj in 1914, and Gielkhola in 1915. At Tindharia the railway works relocated from behind the loco shed to a new and extensive site.
The Batasia loop, constructed in 1919, eliminated problems by creating easier gradients on the ascent from Darjeeling. DHR started to face competition from bus services that started operating in the Hill Cart Road, and took less time than the railway to reach Darjeeling. In 1934, a major earthquake in Bihar shook all of Northeast India. Many buildings in Darjeeling suffered heavy damage, the railway also badly damaged, although it soon recovered and played a vital role in transporting repair materials. During World War II, DHR played a vital role transporting military personnel and supplies to the numerous camps around Ghum and Darjeeling.
After the Independence of India, the Indian Government purchased DHR, absorbing it into the Indian Government Railways organization. DHR came under the management of the Assam Railways organisation. In 1952, Assam Railway, including DHR, became part of the North Eastern Railway Zone and later in 1958, a part of the Northeast Frontier Railway Zone of Indian Railway. In 1962, the tracks realigned at Siliguri, extending the line by nearly 4 miles (6 km) to New Jalpaiguri (NJP) to meet the new broad gauge line there. It opened for freight that year and for passengers in 1964. The loco shed and carriage depot at Siliguri Junction relocated to NJP.
DHR remained closed for 18 months during the hostile period of Gorkhaland Movement in 1988–1989. UNESCO declared DHR a World Heritage Site in 1999, becoming only the second railway in the world to have this honor bestowed upon it, the first one being Semmering Railway of Austria in 1998.
The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway has long been viewed with affection and enthusiasm by travellers to the region, and the Earl of Ronaldshay gave the following description of a journey in the early 1920s:
Siliguri is palpably a place of meeting. […] The discovery that here the metre gauge system ends and the two foot gauge of the Darjeeling-Himalayan railway begins, confirms what all these things hint at. […] One steps into a railway carriage which might easily be mistaken for a toy, and the whimsical idea seizes hold of one that one has accidentally stumbled into Lilliput. With a noisy fuss out of all proportion to its size the engine gives a jerk—and starts. […] No special mechanical device such as a rack is employed - unless, indeed, one can so describe the squat and stolid hill-man who sits perched over the forward buffers of the engine and scatters sand on the rails when the wheels of the engine lose their grip of the metals and race, with the noise of a giant spring running down when the control has been removed. Sometimes we cross our own track after completing the circuit of a cone, at others we zigzag backwards and forwards; but always we climb at a steady gradient—so steady that if one embarks in a trolley at Ghum, the highest point on the line, the initial push supplies all the energy necessary to carry one to the bottom.
Loop No. 1 lay in the woods above Sukna. Removed after flood damage in 1991, the site has been lost in the forest.
When the company removed Loop 2 in 1942 following flood damage, they added a new reverse, No.1, creating the longest reverse run.
Loop No. 3 sits at Chunbatti. That now constitutes the lowest loop.
Loop No. 4 has been named Agony Point, deriving from the shape of the loop coming to an apex, the tightest curve on the line.
All the steam locomotives currently in use on the railway have the "B" Class rating, a design built between 1889 and 1925. A total of thirty four had been built; by 2005 only twelve remained on the railway and in use (or under repair).
No. 787 has been rebuilt with oil firing, originally installed to work on the same principle as that used on Nilgiri Mountain Railway No.37395. To operate the oil burner and an electrically driven feed pump, mechanics fitted a diesel-powered generator; a diesel-powered compressor fitted and to power the braking system. Additionally the locomotive had been fitted with a feed water heater. The overall result proved a dramatic change in the appearance of the locomotive.
In March 2001, the company transferred No. 794 to the Matheran Hill Railway to allow a "Joy Train" (Steam-hauled tourist train) to be operated on that railway. The train entered service there until May 2002. Only one DHR steam locomotive has been taken out of India, No. 778 (originally No. 19). After many years out of use in an American museum, an enthusiast in the UK bought the train, restoring to working order. Now based on a private railway in Oxfordshire, the traqin has run on the Ffestiniog Railway.
Two diesel locomotives, Nos. 604 & 605, both belong to the NDM6 class. Both had been originally intended for use on the Matheran Hill Railway, identical to the four locomotives actually delivered there. In 1910 the railway purchased the third Garratt locomotive built, a D class 0-4-0+0-4-0.
The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway has long been viewed with affection and enthusiasm by travellers to the region, and the Earl of Ronaldshay gave the following description of a journey in the early 1920s:
Siliguri is palpably a place of meeting. […] The discovery that here the metre gauge system ends and the two foot gauge of the Darjeeling-Himalayan railway begins, confirms what all these things hint at. […] One steps into a railway carriage which might easily be mistaken for a toy, and the whimsical idea seizes hold of one that one has accidentally stumbled into Lilliput. With a noisy fuss out of all proportion to its size the engine gives a jerk—and starts. […] No special mechanical device such as a rack is employed—unless, indeed, one can so describe the squat and stolid hill-man who sits perched over the forward buffers of the engine and scatters sand on the rails when the wheels of the engine lose their grip of the metals and race, with the noise of a giant spring running down when the control has been removed. Sometimes we cross our own track after completing the circuit of a cone, at others we zigzag backwards and forwards; but always we climb at a steady gradient—so steady that if one embarks in a trolley at Ghum, the highest point on the line, the initial push supplies all the energy necessary to carry one to the bottom."
The trip up to Darjeeling on railway has changed little since that time, and continues to delight travellers and rail enthusiasts, so much so that it has its own preservation and support group, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society.
Several Bollywood movies have portrayed the railway. The song Mere sapno ki rani from the film Aradhana where the protagonist Rajesh Khanna tries to woo heroine Sharmila Tagore who rode in the train proved especially popular. Other notable films include Jhumroo, Parineeta, and Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman. Director Wes Anderson directed a film called The Darjeeling Limited. The movie will follow three brothers, (Owen Wilson, Adrien Brody, and Jason Schwartzman), as they travel throughout India on the railway.
The Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR) connects the town of Mettupalayam with the hill station of Udagamandalam, in the Nilgiri Hills of southern India, both in the state of Tamil Nadu. The only rack railway in India, the NMR uses the Abt system.
The Nilgiri Mountain railway stands as one of the oldest mountain railways in India. Under consideration since 1845, the British finally opened the line in 1899. Initially operated by the Madras Railway Company, the railway numbers among a hand full in the world that depends on steam locomotives.
The Palghat division of the Indian Railways, which operates the NMR, incurs an annual shortfall of Rs 4 crores, (~1 million USD). During the Centenary celebrations of Nilgiri Mountain Railway in 1999 Railway Minister Nitish Kumar announced that the line would soon be electrified. In July 2005, UNESCO added the NMR as an extension to the World Heritage Site of Darjeeling Himalayan Railway after it satisfied the necessary criteria, thus forcing abandonment of modernization plans.
The NMR track uses 1,000 mm (3 ft 3⅜ in) gauge, isolated from other narrow gauge lines. Below Coonoor the line uses the rack and pinion system to climb the steep gradient. Steam rack locomotives operate on the rack section trains manufactured by the Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works of Winterthur in Switzerland, always marshaled at the downhill (Mettupalayam) end of the train. The average gradient in that rack section measures 1 in 24.5, with a maximum of 1 in 12.
As of 2007, one train a day passes over the rack section, starting from Mettupalayam at 7.10 a.m. reaching Ooty at noon. Return train starts from Mettupalayam at 3 p.m. and reaching Ooty at 6:35 p.m. The train has a scheduled trip both ways connecting it to the Nilgiri Express (Mettupplalayam-Chennai) with the following time schedule:
The railway recommends booking tickets for NMR in advance especially during peak season. Ticket booking, similar to other conventional trains, may be done via official website also.
Station code : UAM
Official name of the train: Udagamandalam-Mettupalayam Passenger
Fare - 1st class : Rs. 135
2nd class : Rs. 25
Between Coonoor and Udagamandalam the train is operated by a YDM4 diesel locomotive using conventional rail adhesion principles. On this section the locomotive is always at the Coonoor end of the train as although the line is not steep enough to need a rack rail the ruling gradient out of Coonoor is still very steep at 1 in 25.
Between Coonoor and Udagamandalam (in 2005) there are four daily trains each way.
The diesel locomotives can only operate on the upper section. The steam locomotives can be used either with or without the rack section when required.
The majority of repairs to the locomotives are carried out at Coonoor shed but many of the steam locomotives have been rebuilt at the Golden Rock Workshops. Carriages are repaired at Mettupalayam but, like the locomotives, are taken to one of the big railway workshops for major work.
The train covers a distance of 46 km (28 miles), travels through 208 curves, 16 tunnels, and 250 bridges. The uphill journey takes around 290 minutes and the downhill journey 215 minutes.
The Kalka-Shimla Railway, a 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge railway in North-West India, travels along a mostly mountainous route from Kalka to Shimla. Known for breathtaking views of the hills and surrounding vilages, the KSR haves the greatest incline over its 96 km stretch. The British discovered Shimla shortly after the first Anglo-Gurkha war. By the 1830s, Shimla had already developed as a major base for the British. It became the Summer Capital of British India in 1864.
Bhalkoo, the "illiterate genius" had played a vital role in the construction of the Kalka-Shimla rail line. In 1898, the Delhi-Umbala Company won the contract for construction of the railroad at an estimated cost of Rs 86,78,500. The cost doubled during execution of the project, finally purchased by the state in 1906 for Rs 1,71,07,748. The 96.54 km (60 mi) line opened for traffic November 9, 1903. Because of the high capital and maintenance cost, coupled with peculiar working conditions, the government allowed the Kalka-Shimla Railway allowed to charge fares higher than the prevailing tariffs on other lines. Even that failed to sustain the company, the government stepping in to purchase it on January 1, 1906.
For about a week starting on September 11, 2007, an expert team from UNESCO visited the railway to review and inspect the railway for possible selection as a World Heritage Site. After the team submits its report, the status of the railway's selection would likely be made in July 2008. If wining the selection, the railway would become the fourth rail property in India for UNESCO World Heritage Site designation. In mid-August 2007, the government of Himachal Pradesh declared the railway a heritage property in preparation for its review in September.
The government built the Kalka-Shimla Railway to connect Shimla, the summer capital of India during the British Raj, with the Indian rail system. Now, Shimla serves as the capital city of Himachal Pradesh, while the town of Kalka lay within the Panchkula district of Haryana. Spectacular scenery along the whole route, and the marvels of its construction, keeps the traveler on the line spell bound. On leaving Kalka, 656 meters (2,152.2 ft) above sea level, the railway enters the foothills and immediately commences its climb.
The route offers a panoramic feast of the picturesque Himalayas from the shivalik foot hills at Kalka to several important points such as Dharampur, Solan, Kandaghat, Taradevi, Barog, Salogra, Summerhill and Shimla at an altitude of 2,076 meters (6,811 ft).
The Kalka Shimla Railway runs through 103 tunnels (one out-of-service; so only 102 in service). The longest tunnel exists at Barog, named after the engineer in charge of construction. Mr Barog apparently committed suicide after making a mistake in laying the alignment. That tunnel measures 1,143.61 meters (3,752 ft), remaining for a long time the second longest tunnel on the Indian Railways. A straight tunnel, it passes through fissured sandstone.
The line has 864 bridges, one an 18.29 meter (60 ft) plate girder span and steel truss. The others have been constructed as viaducts with multi-arched galleries like the ancient Roman aqueducts. Bridge No. 493, historically known as the "Arch Gallery," situated between Kandaghat and Kanoh stations, has been constructed as an arch bridge in three stages, using stone masonry. Bridge No. 226; between Sonwara and Dharampur, an arch gallery bridge having five tier galleries of multiple spans, has been constructed with stone masonry and bridging a deep valley surrounded by high peaks.
The railway has a ruling gradient of 1 in 25 or 4 percent. It has 919 curves, the sharpest being 48 degrees (a radius of 37.47 m or 122.93 feet). Climbing from 656 meters (2,152.2 ft), the line terminates at an elevation of 2,076 meters (6,811 ft) at Shimla.
The first locomotives to arrive were two class "B" 0-4-0ST from the famous Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. These were built as 2 ft 0 in (610 mm) gauge engines, but were converted to 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge in 1901. They were not large enough for the job, and were sold on in 1908. They were followed by 10 engines with a 0-4-2T wheel arrangement of a slightly larger design, introduced in 1902. These locos weighed 21.5 tons (21.85 tonnes), and had 30" (762 mm) driving wheels, and 12" x 16" (304.8 mm x 406.4 mm) cylinders. They were later classified into the "B" class by the North Western State Railways. All these locos were constructed by the British firm of Sharp Stewart.
Larger locomotives were introduced in the form of an 2-6-2T, of which 30 were built with slight variations between 1904 and 1910. Built by the Hunslet and the North British Locomotive Company, these locomotives were about 35 tons (35.56 metric tons), with 30" (762 mm) drivers and 14" x 16" (355.6 mm x 406.4 mm) cylinders. These locomotives, later classed K and K2 by the North Western State Railways, subsequently handled the bulk of the railways traffic during the steam era. A pair of Kitson-Meyer 2-6-2+2-6-2 articulated locomotives, classed TD, were supplied in 1928. They quickly fell into disfavor, as it often took all day for enough freight to be assembled to justify operating a goods train hauled by one of these locos. Shippers looking for a faster service started to turn to road transport. These 68 ton (69.09 metric tons) locomotives were soon transferred to the Kangra Valley Railway, and subsequently ended up converted to 1,000 mm (3 ft 3⅜ in) gauge in Pakistan.
Matheran Hill Railway, a heritage railway in Maharashtra, India, had been built between 1901 and 1907 by Abdul Hussein Adamjee Peerbhoy, financed by his father Sir Adamjee Peerbhoy at the cost of Rs.16,00,000. The railway covers a distance of 20 kilometres (12.67 miles), over large swathes of forest territory connecting Neral to Matheran in the Western Ghats hills near Karjat and Mumbai.
The railway, part of the Central Railways, uses a 2 ft 0 in (610 mm) narrow gauge railway; Neral also has a broad gauge station on the busy Mumbai-Pune route. UNESCO currently has Matheran Hill Railway under consideration as a World Heritage Site.
|MHR No.||ISR No.||Builder||Builders No.||Date||Current Location|
|1||738||O & K||1766||1905||Bombay|
|2||739||O & K||2342||1907||Delhi|
|3||740||O & K||2343||1907||U.K. (LBR)|
|4||741||O & K||1767||1905||Matheran|
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway No. 794 transferred to Matheran Hill Railway in 2001
|ISR No.||Class||Builder||Builders No.||Date||Current Status||Notes|
|500||NDM1||Jung||12108||1956||Not Known||From Kalka Shimla Railway|
|501||NDM1||Jung||12109||1956||In Service||Originally No.750|
|502||NDM1||Jung||12110||1956||Not Known||Originally No.751|
|504||NDM1||Jung||12105||1956||Not Known||From Kalka Shimla Railway|
|505||NDM1||Jung||12107||1956||Dismantled||From Kalka Shimla Railway|
|505||NDM1||Jung||12107||1956||Not Known||From Kalka Shimla Railway|
|600||NDM6||?||?||?||In Service||visible in Railworld photos|
Currently Class NDM1 and NDM6 locomotives serve the route.
All links retrieved December 4, 2014.
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17 October 2014 Amid pronounced increases in global inequality, the United Nations marked the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty today with calls to accelerate efforts in eliminating poverty in all its forms.
“Entrenched poverty and prejudice, and vast gulfs between wealth and destitution, can undermine the fabric of societies and lead to instability,” Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said in his message for the Day, which is commemorated annually on 17 October.
The Day will be marked at UN Headquarters in New York at three separate events, Where poverty holds sway, people are held back. Lives disfigured by poverty are cruel, mean and, often, shortincluding an official commemoration in the form of a panel discussion entitled 'Leave No One Behind: Women Poverty and Participation,' and an art exhibition giving voice to people living in poverty through their collected artworks.
In his remarks, the Secretary-General said: “Where poverty holds sway, people are held back. Lives disfigured by poverty are cruel, mean and, often, short.”
Mr. Ban admitted that “enormous” successes had been achieved with the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of halving the proportion of people living in poverty already reached. In addition, he pointed out that at least 700 million people had been lifted out of extreme poverty between 1990 and 2010.
But, observed the Secretary-General, the damaging impact of entrenched poverty remained a constant due to the aftereffects of the 2008 financial crisis as an estimated 2.4 billion people continue to survive on less than $2 a day. Moreover, he noted that women and girls were still largely excluded from opportunities of self-development and fulfilment, often isolating them, and their families, in pockets of poverty.
“Since the beginning of the financial crisis, inequality has grown even more pronounced than it was already,” Mr. Ban declared. “Discrimination against women and girls remains a blatant injustice, robbing the entire development enterprise of one of the keys to progress.”
With the fight against poverty at the core of the UN development agenda, the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty has been observed every year since 1993, when the UN General Assembly designated this day to promote awareness of the need to eradicate poverty and destitution in all countries ahead of the MDG deadline set for 2015.
This year's theme for the Day, 'Leave no one behind: think, decide and act together against extreme poverty,' draws much-needed attention to the challenge of identifying and securing the participation of those experiencing extreme poverty and social exclusion in the “Post-2015 Development Agenda” that will replace the MDGs.
Turning to the UN-wide preparations for a post-2015 sustainable development agenda, the Secretary-General reminded UN Member States and all parties not to lose sight of their “most fundamental obligation” to eliminate poverty and build “a sustainable, peaceful, prosperous and equitable future for all.”
News Tracker: past stories on this issue | <urn:uuid:9bc5a626-96bd-44c0-920c-8617eca85751> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=49099 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951958 | 625 | 3.21875 | 3 |
|Drugs, such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), have been shown to impair thyroid hormone synthesis and thyrotropin secretion in humans and rats. Clomipramine is a TCA that has been used to treat various psychiatric conditions in humans, and was recently approved for the treatment of separation anxiety in dogs.
Clomipramine exerts a potent serotonin reuptake-inhibiting effect by blocking the monoamine reuptake transporter of serotonergic neurons.
In addition, desmethylclomipramine, its primary metabolite, is an inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake.
TCAs inhibit hormone biosynthesis by altering thyroid follicular cell iodine uptake, as well as inhibiting thyroid peroxidase.
TCAs also interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis via the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems, and therefore could lead to a decrease in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and 3,5,3`-tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations.
Purpose of the study: To evaluate the effect of long-term clomipramine administration on the HPT axis in healthy dogs. The authors` concerns were that if dogs respond in a manner similar to other species, then evaluation of thyroid function tests may result in a misdiagnosis of hypothyroidism if a dog is tested while receiving clomipramine.
In addition, there was a concern that if clomipramine decreases plasma thyroid hormone, then iatrogenic hypothyroidism may result. Hypothyroidism is a contributing factor to a variety of psychological illnesses in humans, and the therapeutic benefit of TCAs on effective disorders has been positively modulated by thyroid supplementation in both humans and rats.
Aggression has been reported as a clinical sign of hypothyroidism in dogs, although the relationship between hypothyroidism and behavioral disorders is rather tenuous.
If the administration of clomipramine induces hypothyroidism, it may exacerbate behavioral signs, or reduce the potential positive behavioral response to the drug.
Design of the study: Fourteen random-source healthy dogs were enrolled in a prospective study. Euthyroid status was determined by evaluating serum T4 response to TSH administration. Clomi-pramine was administered to all dogs at 3 mg/kg by mouth every 12 hours beginning on day 0 and continued for 112 days. Serum T4, free thyroxine (f T4) by equilibrium dialysis, T3 and 3,3`,5`-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) and TSH concentrations were measured on days 0, 7, 28, 42, 56 and 112. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) response tests were performed concurrently. A placebo-treated control group was not included in the study.
Results of the study: No adverse effects of the medication or clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism were observed during the treatment period. Significant decreases were documented in serum T4, fT4, and rT3 concentrations beginning on day 28 and continued through to the end of the study period. The lowest mean concentrations of T4 and rT3 occurred at day 112, while the lowest mean fT4 was found on day 56 of clomipramine treatment.
The effect of treatment over time on serum T3 concentration was also significant, although the deviation in T3 from baseline was variable. No significant effect of clomi-pramine treatment was noted on either pre- or post- TRH TSH concentrations.
Discussion: The results of the study demonstrated that long-term clomipramine administration decreases T4, fT4 and rT3. These findings were consistent with the suppressive effects of TCAs on thyroid function found in other species. The lack of a placebo-treated control group in the study may have detracted from the results since variables other than the effect of clomipramine treatment could have influenced hormone concentrations over time.
However, multiple studies over periods of eight weeks or longer that used similar husbandry conditions have documented little variation in the mean serum T4 and T3 concentrations, although fT4 can be more variable.
The authors extended study period was chosen based on the effect of TCA on the monoaminergic systems (serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine) via reuptake inhibition of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft.
These may work by modifying receptor site sensitivity rather than by direct action at the receptor site, thereby taking weeks to affect serotonin concentrations. In addition, negative feedback of the monoaminergic system with resultant upregulation at the level of the synapse is a prolonged process, thereby taking weeks to reach a steady state, even though high plasma concentrations are achieved.
The clinical importance of the decrease in T4 and fT4 with prolonged administration of clomipramine lies in the interference with a diagnosis of hypothyroidism, the potential for the induction of hypothyroidism, and the possible effects on the therapeutic response to clomipramine. The reduction of serum T4 and fT4 concentrations from baseline values by 35 percent and 38 percent, respectively, could lead to a misdiagnosis of spontaneous hypothyroidism.
Therefore, thyroid function should be evaluated cautiously in dogs while receiving clomipramine.
Dogs with subclinical thyroid dysfunction, those receiving other drugs that suppress thyroid function, and those with nonthyroidal illness could be at risk for developing hypothyroidism during the administration of clomipramine. Clinical evidence of hypothyroidism was not detected in the dogs of this study, but subclinical hypothyroidism may have existed.
In addition, treatment for a longer period of time could result in more pronounced effects of thyroid function. Ideally, the results of this study should be confirmed in a larger, placebo-controlled population or clinical trial.
Administration of a TCA, such as clomipramine, which has the potential to cause hypothyroidism, may exacerbate behavioral signs or reduce the benefit of the drug. It has been shown in humans that a decrease in thyroid function can be associated with depression, and that supplementation of thyroxine or T3 as an adjunct to refractory depression has been shown to be beneficial. Although similar results have not been demonstrated in the dog, the authors did not recommend thyroxine supplementation. However, it would be prudent to monitor thyroid function tests, in addition to performing physical examinations and bloodwork, including CBC, serum biochemical profile, urinalysis, both prior to and during clomipramine administration, in order to ensure that hypothyroidism is neither misdiagnosed, nor that it subsequently occurs.
In conclusion, TCAs are being used with increasing frequency in dogs, and it is important for veterinarians to be aware of any potential side effects clomipramine may cause. Clomipramine should be added to the list of drugs that alter thyroid function, along with anti-convulsants, potentiated sulfonamides and glucocorticoids.
Source: Lisa Carioto (2004): `Evaluation of the Effects of Clomipramine on Canine Thyroid Function Tests`. In: DVM Newsmagazine May 1, 2004
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At a glance
- 1847 boxing trophy
- William Sparkes
- Bare knuckle boxing or pugilism
- Emerging Australian national identity
The Sparkes cup
The Sparkes cup is a 19th century engraved solid silver goblet. It was awarded to Australian bare knuckle fighter William Sparkes for good sportsmanship in his 67-round bout against Nat Langham at Richmond, England in May 1847.
William Sparkes was the son of convicts and the eldest of four brothers brought up in a town called Sparkes Run on the Cooks River in New South Wales.
The cup, 13 centimetres high, is sterling silver and hallmarked as being made in London in 1800 or 1801.
Its provenance is difficult to trace during the period between Sparkes' death in the late 19th century and 1949. But in 1949 the owner tried to have the cup valued. We know this because of a letter, dated 25 January, from the editor of the Daily Telegraph newspaper, Cyril Pearl.
In this letter, Mr Pearl informs the owner of his intention to photograph the cup and to publish a story on its history. Mr Pearl also recommended that the owner place the cup in 'some Australian museum'.
The cup later went into the hands of a private collector who subsequently offered it to the National Museum of Australia.
An early national hero
According to contemporary accounts of the fight, Sparkes led until the 63rd round when his arm was broken. Sparkes fought on with one arm until the 67th round when his manager threw his hat into the ring as a signal of defeat. On his return to Sydney, Sparkes was greeted by a crowd at the Sydney quay as a national hero.
Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer, on 18 September 1847, declared that Sparkes' return 'was more like the triumphal entry of a conqueror than of a vanquished man whose prowess had been compelled to yield to superior science, linked with accident'.
Boxing's humble origins
The Sparkes cup highlights the contribution of bare knuckle boxing to the development of Australia's sporting culture. Pugilism, or bare knuckle boxing, was a bloody sport that was popular in Australia for about 70 years. It was phased out of mainstream competiton with the introduction of Marquis of Queensbury rules in the 1870s.
Born in 1820, Sparkes was one of the first Australians to pursue a sporting career overseas. He can be seen as a significant figure in the development of Australian boxing from an underground bare knuckle league to a multimillion dollar enterprise. Despite his loss, the fact that he was awarded a solid silver cup illustrates the close association that boxing has with gambling and the significant amounts of money to be made in the ring.
Australian sporting prowess
Bare knuckle boxing was an avenue through which colonial Australians could begin to explore the idea of national identity through the hero worship of sportsmen. The ongoing idea of boxers as celebrities can be seen in the mythology that still surrounds 20th century champions like Les Darcy and Lionel Rose. | <urn:uuid:f1f1f1ae-217c-4160-b68f-dc313778a7a4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/highlights/the-sparkes-cup | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973963 | 634 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Harriet Tubman (1826 - 1913)
Tubman, who was born into slavery, escaped North in 1849, establishing her famous Underground Railroad, from which she reputedly "never lost a single passenger." She rescued over three hundred men, women, and children, risking her own freedom nineteen times on her heroic trips into the slave states. Dubbed Moses, she became a legendary figure. A reward of forty thousand dollars was offered for her capture, but she was never caught. During the Civil War, she worked as a spy, scout, nurse, and commander in the Union Army of both black and white troops. Tubman expressed her beliefs in freedom and liberty by lecturing, organizing, and inspiring others. In her later years, she linked her work in the black community with feminist activities, attending women's suffrage conventions and helping to organize the National Federation of Afro-American Women (1895). | <urn:uuid:cd34aeef-bf5b-4ec5-beb3-258ed0c7e989> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://english.illinoisstate.edu/kalmbach/351/hypertext98/hankins/african/Tubman.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982771 | 188 | 4.34375 | 4 |
Food-borne illness (also known as "food poisoning") happens when a person gets sick from eating food that has been contaminated with a harmful micro-organism. These micro-organisms can be bacteria, parasites or viruses.
Every year, more than 4 million Canadians get food poisoning. The most common symptoms may include the following: stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever. Protect yourself by learning about food poisoning, its symptoms and treatments, and how to avoid getting sick in the first place.
Common causes of food-related illnesses include:
Health Canada sets policies and standards governing the safety and nutritional quality of all food sold in Canada. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) enforces those policies and standards. Health Canada, the CFIA and the Public Health Agency of Canada work together to prevent and when necessary, to respond to outbreaks of foodborne illness.
Health Canada is a founding member of the Canadian Partnership for Consumer Food Safety Education, which is responsible for Fight BAC!®. | <urn:uuid:d67f61b6-388b-432c-a0a4-c5ada8bc31e8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/ill-intox/index-eng.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00058-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952588 | 206 | 4 | 4 |
(a) In the given calculation, the mathematical operations present are multiplication and division.
Thus, the rules for using significant figures for multiplication and division must be considered. The number of significant digits will be determined by the term that has the least number of significant digits, which will be the “limiting” number. The number “9.7871” has five significant digits, “2” has only one significant digit, “0.00182” has three significant digits, and “43.21” has four significant digits. Therefore, “2” is the limiting term, and the final answer will only have. | <urn:uuid:545d686e-2190-429e-93fd-8e7b12ffc119> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/basic-chemistry-7th-edition-chapter-2-problem-50qp-solution-9780538736374 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940956 | 138 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Physics-based modeling and engineering analysis provide a basis for understanding a limited but powerful range of advanced nanotechnologies
We can catch a glimpse of future technologies because we sometimes can understand things that we can’t yet build. Chemistry, biology, engineering, and applied physics all provide useful perspectives.
Chemistry shows that new structures can form when reactive molecules meet. By using molecular machinery to guide reactive molecules, objects with similar molecular structures can be built at larger scales. The resulting products can be stronger, tougher, and more capable than the delicate structures found in living cells 100 times stronger than steel, and working with a speed and efficiency made possible only by precise molecular systems operating free of fluid drag.
Biology shows that molecular machines can exist, can be programmed with genetic data, and can build more molecular machines. Biology shows that the products of molecular machine systems can be as cheap as potatoes. Molecular manufacturing will make a far wider range of products for similarly low costs.
Engineering shows that strong, precise parts can be combined to make computers, robots, and a host of useful gadgets. Applied physics, aided by computer modeling, shows that these sorts of devices can be built from atomically precise parts of nanometer scale. These glimpses of future technologies are enough to establish the potential for molecular manufacturing. | <urn:uuid:6e1d4da6-f0f7-4259-9c00-34ccc0d5b1d7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0325futureTechBasis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905975 | 266 | 3.78125 | 4 |
In this thesis those literary movements and trends have been examined that manifested themselves in the 20th century and had their impact on the Urdu Short Story. The scope of the thesis has been outlined, chapter-wise in the following manner
The first chapter presents the political, Social and literary scenario of early 20th century. It encompasses the social milieu as well as the background study of those years on the one hand and other the sphere of knowledge and ideologies, new genres and literary trends have been discussed.
The second chapter consists of the early trends of the Urdu Short Story. In this background two opposing trends of Prem Chand's realism and Yaldrum's romanticism have been analysed. Another trend of modernism ushered in by 'Angaarey‚€™ has also been discussed. The third chapter is about the impact of progressive movement on the Urdu short story. A study of movement with its causes, motives, its realism and ideology has been studied some important short story writers have been discussed for individual analysis.
Modem trends in the times of progressive movement is the theme of fourth chapter. Some aspects of introversion with abstract, symbolic, psychological and social aspects have been taken up for evaluation and analytical study.
Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zauq and its impact is the subject of fifth chapter. The characteristic attitudes of the 'Halqa' and the writers under its influence have been analyzed.
The sixth chapter focuses on the emergence of romanticism in Urdu short story after the partition .A special aspect are the riots during and after the partition, the tragic and the heroic incidents presented with a romantic attitude and style as well as the general romantic trends among different short story writers has also been studied.
The seventh chapter is about the Islamic and Pakistani movement in the Urdu short story. The intellectual background of the Islamic / Pakistani movement and its impact on Urdu short story has been discussed.
In the eighth chapter, all the new and modem movements, schools of thought and trends that have exercised an influenced Urdu short story have been discussed, Among these are: new poetry; new linguistic patterns; abstract and symbolic writing; psychology; existentialism; new social and cultural problems as agents of change;non political attitudes and Pakistan‚€™s social and economic problems causing attitude of resistance. Analyses of a few selected short story writers has also been included here. | <urn:uuid:109bfdb2-1fe8-467a-aafb-fc288e8a6c94> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/2620/1/2430.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96622 | 489 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Antimatter’s allure for deep space propulsion is obvious. If matter is congealed energy, we need to find the best way to extract that energy, and our existing rockets are grossly inefficient. Even the best chemical rocket pulls only a billionth of the energy available in the atoms of its fuel, while a fission reaction, powerful as it seems, is tapping one part in a thousand of what is available. Fusion reactions like those in a hydrogen bomb use up something on the order of one percent of the total energy within matter. But antimatter can theoretically unlock all of it.
Freeing Trapped Energy
The numbers are startling. A kilogram of antimatter, annihilating with ordinary matter, can produce ten billion times the amount of energy released when a kilogram of TNT explodes. Heck, a single gram of antimatter, which is about 1/25th of an ounce, would get you as much energy as you could produce from the fuel tanks of two dozen Space Shuttles. This is the ultimate kick if we can figure out a way to harvest all this energy, but as particle physicist and author Frank Close (Oxford University) shows in his new book Antimatter (Oxford University Press, 2009), we’re a long way from knowing how to go about this.
Close is a good, clear writer. Even the most abstruse parts of Antimatter — and that includes a thorny section on Paul Dirac’s use of the mathematical tools called ‘matrices’ to plumb the depths of antimatter’s role in the universe — are rendered forthrightly and understandably. And the conundrum of antimatter storage receives considerable attention. We can store the stuff in magnetic bottles but if we store positrons or antiprotons alone, we face the problem that like charges repel, which means we can’t put in large quantities (even if we had them) due to the repulsive forces that inevitably cause leakage. Neutral anti-hydrogen is also tricky because it is not responsive to the electric and magnetic fields we were hoping to use to keep matter and antimatter apart.
Current Storage and Proposed Options
You can see what this does to our thinking about antimatter in spacecraft. We’ve got to find ways to store antimatter in quantity that aren’t themselves so heavy that they become a huge factor in total mass. Of Gerald Smith’s work at Penn State and, later, Positronics Research, Close is skeptical. In one Smith paper, the authors outlined the basics of a trap that would carry a billion antiprotons for ten days. This was meant to be a prototype of a trap that would carry 1014 antiprotons for up to 120 days, sufficient for a round trip Mars mission. There is much more in the Smith proposal, but Close sees little to recommend it, at least so far:
This appears to have been more a management plan of how one would approach such a challenge rather than any tested proven route to a new technology. Ten years later, nothing like this has been achieved, nor was any of the work at CERN devoted to such endeavours. The maximum number of antiprotons ever stored in a trap is a million, and the focus of current research is on containing small numbers for precision measurements.
Antimatter in Quantity?
And we also have to reckon with ways to produce antimatter in sufficient quantity. Right now the energy inefficiency is enormous. Says Close:
…since the discovery of the antiproton in 1955, with LEAR at CERN and similar technology at Fermilab, the total amounts to less than a millionth of a gram. If we could collect together all that antimatter and then annihilate it with matter, we would only have enough energy to light a single electric light bulb for a few minutes. By contrast the energy expended in making it could have illuminated Times Square or Piccadilly Circus.
At the current rate (maybe a nanogram a year costing tens of millions of dollars), it would take hundreds of millions of years and over $1,000 trillion to produce one gram of antimatter. Or try this out:
To make a gram of antiprotons you will need 6 x 1023 of them, while a gram of positrons would require 1026. The most intense source of antiprotons is at Fermilab, USA. Their record production over a month in June 2007 produced 1014 antiprotons. Were they able to do this every month for a year they could produce about 1015, which equates to 1.5 billionths of a gram, or nanograms. Were we able to retain all of these antiprotons and annihilate them with 1.5 nanograms of matter, the total energy released would be about 270 Joules, which is like five seconds illumination by a feeble light bulb.
A Sail Concept Using Antimatter
No easy solutions in Close’s book. The antimatter rocket idea — annihilate antimatter with matter to produce gamma rays that heat a propellant before expelling it out the back of the rocket — sounds good until we reckon in the impracticality of storage and the current inability to produce antimatter in quantity. Antimatter is excellent at showing you the state of the art and where we may be heading in the near future, but it also reminds us of the need to modify our space concepts. Steve Howe’s fission-based ‘antimatter sail,’ for example, is built around the idea that we have huge constraints on antimatter production.
Think of a sail coated with a layer of uranium-235. A tiny amount of antimatter released from the spacecraft creates fission which kicks the payload to 116 kilometers per second, in Howe’s formulation of a mission to 250 AU. The key is the storage of antihydrogen, an antimatter atom consisting of an antiproton orbited by a positron, in the form of frozen pellets that evaporate as they drift toward the sail. We’re talking about a sail a mere fifteen feet in diameter, relying on antimatter for its punch.
Image: The Howe concept, a sail using antimatter to trigger a fission reaction. Credit: NIAC/Steve Howe.
Rather than thinking in terms of large storage tanks of the stuff, we’ll have to learn to work with what we’ve got or what we can harvest in the Solar System. That doesn’t mean that there won’t be future breakthroughs in production — at least, we can’t rule these out — but realistic antimatter work for the near term will have to involve ways to store tiny amounts in efficient containers and use them to catalyze other reactions. Steve Howe’s NIAC paper on the antimatter sail not only discusses a propulsion method but NIAC also has his report on ingenious storage options. Despite NIAC’s closure, we can still get the benefit of reports like Howe’s online. | <urn:uuid:4493c606-6cbe-4059-a2d5-681b64b237db> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=8081 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932768 | 1,454 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Astrobiologists Observe Dangerous Levels Of Solar Ultraviolet
An international research team led by the SETI Institute’s Nathalie Cabrol has measured the highest level of solar ultraviolet ever recorded on Earth.
Matija Cuk Wins Prestigious Urey Prize
SETI Institute scientist Matija Cuk has received the highest honor for a young planetary scientist from the American Astronomical Society.
Big Picture Science Radio Show—Deep Time
It’s hard to fathom such enormous stretches of time, yet to understand the evolution of the cosmos—and our place in it—your mind needs to grasp the deep meaning of eons.
Terrestrial planet atmospheres in the aftermath of giant impacts
The final assembly of terrestrial planets is now universally thought to have occurred through a series of giant impacts, such as Earth's own Moon-forming impact.
The Gemini Planet Imager initial performance and data analysis
The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a dedicated facility for directly imaging and spectroscopically characterizing extrasolar planets.
Jill Tarter Awarded the 2014 Jansky Lectureship
The National Radio Astronomy Observatory has selected Jill Tarter to present the 49th annual Jansky Lecture.
Jill Tarter: The Secret Life of Scientists & Engineers
Jill Tarter is featured on Nova's popular series of short, web-exclusive videos.
Invention for Sampling Mars is honored by NASA
The CheMin (Chemistry and Mineralogy) instrument developed at NASA’s Ames Research Center with the participation of two SETI Institute scientists, has just garnered the NASA Government Invention of the Year Award.
Life on the Billionth Rock from the Sun
Asteroids hold the answer to a perennial puzzle about the formation of planets. In particular, how do specks of senseless debris organize themselves into balls of rock and vapor?
Planet Bonanza Hints at Worlds Similar to Our Own (Press Release)
A team of astronomers at the SETI Institute and NASA Ames Research Center have used data from NASA’s Kepler space telescope to uncover 715 new exoplanets.
Frank Drake featured in National Geographic magazine
The July issue of National Geographic magazine documents the growth of astrobiology, its early history, and some of Frank Drake’s significant contributions to the field.
Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication reviewed in New Yorker
The contributors to this collection raise questions that may have been overlooked by physical scientists about the ease of establishing meaningful communication with an extraterrestrial intelligence.
Congressional hearing on SETI research in the news
Seth Shostak, senior astronomer with the SETI Institute, testified at a 21 May congressional hearing held by the House of Representatives' Committee on Science, Space, and Technology.
SETI Institute Scientist, Peter Jenniskens, Observed a Meteor Shower from Above the Clouds (Update)
This Camelopardalid meteor with wake was filmed by Peter Jenniskens from an altitude of 26,000 ft during the SETI Institute airborne campaign.
Meet Our Scientists - Alfonso Davila
Alfonso F. Davila, a research scientist at the SETI Institute and the NASA Ames Research Center in California since 2009, has substantial experience in Earth and Planetary sciences.
Meet Our Scientists - Cynthia-Phillips
An expert in processing spacecraft images of the planets, Cynthia Phillips is particularly interested in the search for active geological processes on such worlds as Mars, Europa, Io, and Enceladus.
Big Picture Science Radio Show: Time for a Map
It’s hard to get lost these days. GPS pinpoints your location to within a few feet. Discover how our need to get from A to B holds clues about what makes us human, and what we lose now that every digital map puts us at the center.
Big Picture Science Radio Show: What do you Make of It?
You are surrounded by products. Most of them, factory-made. Yet there was a time when building things by hand was commonplace, and if something stopped working, you jumped into the garage and fixed it.
Big Picture Science Radio Show: Check the Skeptics
One day, coffee is good for you; the next, it’s not. And it seems that everything you eat is linked to cancer, according to research. But scientific studies are not always accurate.
Big Picture Science Radio Show: Apt to Adapt
If you move with the times, you might stick around long enough to pass on your genes. And that is adaptation and evolution, in a nutshell.
Ejecta from Impacts: New Experiments and Insight from Missions
This talk will present results from new temporally-resolved impact experiments conducted at the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range, and will discuss applications to cratering on planetary surfaces and impact missions.
The Quantum Origin of The Universe
If the whole universe obeys the laws of quantum mechanics then the universe has a quantum state — a wave function of the universe. This state specifies how the universe started at the big bang. It provides quantum probabilities for everything that happened since.
MISSION TO PHOBOS AND DEIMOS: Exploring the Moons of Mars
After five decades of spacecraft exploration of the Solar System, the origin of two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos, remains a perplexing mystery.
Red Dragon: Low Cost Access to the Surface of Mars using Commercial Capabilities
One of Ames' long standing science interests has been to robotically drill deeply into Mars' subsurface environment to investigate the habitability of that zone for past or extant life.
Venus in UV
Hubble captured this amazing image of Venus in 1995. Venus is covered with clouds made of sulfuric acid, rather than the water-vapor clouds found on Earth.
Enceladus and Titan
The brightly reflective moon Enceladus appears before Saturn's rings while the larger moon Titan looms in the distance.
When galaxies collide
When galaxy clusters crash, light warps and particles fly. New observations of a behemoth collision reveal extreme physical forces at work.
Made in Space
A 3-D printer intended for the International Space Station has passed its NASA certifications with flying colors — earning the device a trip to space this August.
Kapteyn's Star's planets in the habitable zone
Astronomers have discovered two new planets orbiting a very old star that is near to our own sun. | <urn:uuid:d2c0b420-71b6-4876-b063-0cbea81c9f26> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/news/monthly-digest-june-2014 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888381 | 1,325 | 2.640625 | 3 |
One of the first snakes out of its den in the spring is the black racer.
The black racer is common in New Jersey and especially common in Warren County, said Stewardship Project Director of the North Region of the New Jersey Audubon, John P. Parke.
Faster than most snakes, the black racer will generally flee to small trees and shrubs if encountered. They are not venomous, but will defend themselves, Parke said.
When feeling threatened, the black racer may vibrate its tail in dry leaves to create “rattle” sound that mimics the rattle warning rattlesnakes make when threatened.
Black racers hunt by sight and eat a wide variety of prey including insects, lizards, snakes, birds, rodents and amphibians, Parke said. They're preyed upon by a variety of predatory birds and mammals.
Black racers can reach up to 55 inches in length, with a maximum of approximately 70 inches, Parke said.
It’s scientific name, ‘constrictor,’ is a very big misnomer, Parke said. The black racer does not coil around and suffocate their prey — they consume prey live.
Humans are the greatest threat to the black racer. As snakes sun themselves on the asphalt, many are killed by vehicles. Many more are killed out of fear, Parke said.
Young black racers do not resemble adults and are generally tan or grayish with a series of brown or reddish blotches running down the center of the back, and are often mistaken by the public for juvenile Copperheads, Parke said.
“If you encounter a Black Racer, remember that although non-venomous just enjoy it from a distance and simply leave them alone because they play a big role in the ecological food chain and they are part of our natural heritage.”
This story is a weekly feature that runs with the cooperation of New Jersey Audubon. | <urn:uuid:bf54462d-873b-4f56-ba85-5187b1e3253e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nj.com/warrenreporter/index.ssf/2013/04/warren_county_wildlife_black_r.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949938 | 410 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Buffering for output streams based on bytestring builders.
Buffering an output stream can often improve throughput by reducing the
number of system calls made through the file descriptor. The
package provides an efficient set of primitives for serializing values
directly to an output buffer.
(N.B.: most of the
blaze-builder package has been moved into
bytestring in versions >= 0.10; once two or three Haskell Platform
editions have been released that contain
bytestring 0.10 or higher, the
blaze-builder will be dropped in favor of the native support
Builder contained in the
Using this module
someOutputStream :: OutputStream ByteString
You create a new output stream wrapping the original one that accepts
do newStream <- Streams.
fromByteString"hello") newStream ....
You can flush the output buffer using
As a convention,
builderStream will write the empty string to the wrapped
OutputStream upon a builder buffer flush. Output streams which receive
ByteString should either ignore the empty string or interpret it as a
signal to flush their own buffers, as the System.IO.Streams.Zlib functions
example :: IO [ByteString] example = do let l1 =
intersperse" " ["the", "quick", "brown", "fox"] let l2 =
intersperse" " ["jumped", "over", "the"] let l = map
fromByteStringl1 ++ [
flush] ++ map
fromByteStringl2 is <- Streams.
fromListl (os0, grab) <- Streams.
listOutputStreamos <- Streams.
connectis os >> grab ghci> example ["the quick brown fox","","jumped over the"]
Blaze builder conversion
Unsafe variation on
builderStream that reuses an existing buffer for
NOTE: because the buffer is reused, subsequent
ByteString values written
to the wrapped
OutputString will cause previous yielded strings to change.
Do not retain references to these
ByteString values inside the
OutputStream you pass to this function, or you will violate referential
If you must retain copies of these values, then please use
copy to ensure that you have a fresh copy of the
You can create a Buffer with | <urn:uuid:ef851da7-7854-44ed-a364-01bf57ea48c4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://hackage.haskell.org/package/io-streams-1.1.4.6/docs/System-IO-Streams-Builder.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.721176 | 483 | 2.890625 | 3 |
For the first time ever, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has issued an official forecast prediction for the East Pacific hurricane season. The NOAA's 2005 outlook calls for "a high likelihood of below-normal activity" and 11 to 15 tropical storms, of which six to eight are expected to become hurricanes (a normal season would call for 15 or 16 tropical storms, with nine hurricanes). The East Pacific hurricane season began on May 15 (two weeks earlier than the Atlantic season, which begins June 1) and runs, like the Atlantic season, through November 30.
The East Pacific hurricane season generally garners less attention than the Atlantic season because most hurricanes in this region head away from the Mexican and Central American coasts and fizzle out over the Pacific, thus bearing little to no impact on cruise itineraries. A few, however, turn back toward Mexico's Pacific Coast, and popular resort cities along the Central American coastline; cruise ports such as Acapulco, Cabo San Lucas and Puntarenas have suffered storm damage in the past.
What is interesting to note is that historically, when the Atlantic experiences above-normal seasonal activity, the Pacific tends to experience below-normal seasonal activity and vice versa. Indeed, the Atlantic forecast this year is quite grim.
Still, even though below-normal activity is expected, the season kicked off with a surprise first storm on May 19 -- less than a week after its official start; Hurricane Adrian struck west of El Salvador's capital with maximum winds of almost 75 miles per hour. Adrian is the first hurricane on record to directly hit El Salvador. Nearby Honduras, whose Roatan (bordering the Caribbean Sea) is a port of call on several cruise lines' Caribbean itineraries, experienced some flooding but no major damage.
Whether this storm is a warning of a worse season than initially predicted remains to be seen.
Editor's Note: What about Hawaii? Hurricane experts expect two to three tropical cyclones to occur within the Central Pacific in 2005. Typically, four to five tropical cyclones (one hurricane, two tropical storms and one or two tropical depressions) occur yearly. Although it is rare for a hurricane to hit Hawaii, it has happened.
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Pacific Hurricane Season 2005: NOAA's Official Prediction
May 26, 2005 | <urn:uuid:e9de411d-99a7-4a15-92e0-5e2d0e694e27> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cruisecritic.com/news/news.cfm?ID=1312 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927523 | 561 | 3.015625 | 3 |
(Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe)
The HAPIEE study is a cohort study that assesses the effects of dietary factors, alcohol consumption and psychosocial factors on the health of men and women aged 45-69 years in four countries of Central and Eastern Europe undergoing rapid social and economic transition.
Why focus on Central and Eastern Europe?
Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CCEE) have among the highest mortality in the world, and the mortality crisis in the former Soviet Union (FSU) is unprecedented. This is almost entirely due to non-communicable diseases (NCD), particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD), most of which is coronary heart disease (CHD). The high rates of ill health, the close link between political and socio-economic factors and health, and the rapid changes in CCEE/FSU offer a unique opportunity to study the aetiology of CHD and other NCD. Classical risk factors, such as smoking and blood pressure, provide only a partial explanation for the high mortality.
Which countries are involved in the HAPIEE study?
What data were collected in the HAPIEE study?
Who funded the HAPIEE study?
Page last modified on 30 may 13 16:19 | <urn:uuid:91ac7a7e-bdef-4b17-888b-c89c6e352526> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ucl.ac.uk/eastern-europe/hapiee-study | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928304 | 259 | 2.625 | 3 |
Bar-Kochba Treasure Discovered in Judean Hills
The largest-ever known number of coins from the time of Bar-Kochba, the Jewish leader against Roman invaders, has been discovered in the Judean Hills by cave researchers from Hebrew and Bar-Ilan Universities.
Email readers, please click here to view the video report.
The research team found three batches of bronze, silver and gold coins in a deep cavern in a nature reserve.
The cache of coins was found half-buried in a cave in the Judean Desert near Beitar. (Israel news photo: B. Zissu)
Pottery and weapons also were discovered during a research project by Prof. Amos Frumkin of Hebrew University and Prof. Hanan Eshel and Dr. Boaz Zissu of Bar-Ilan University.
A storage jar was also found among the treasures. (Israel news photo: B. Zissu)
They found the approximately 120 coins in a “hidden wing” of the cave where the only opening is via a narrow and dangerous approach. Beyond the opening, a small chamber leads to a hall where Bar-Kochba’s army apparently hid.
In the main hall of the cave where the coins were found. (Israel news photo: B. Zissu)
Most of the coins are in excellent condition, and Bar-Kochba's followers imprinted their own designs over the currency, which is of Roman origin.
The new imprints show Jewish images and words, including the façade of the Holy Temple and the slogan “freedom for Jerusalem.”
A selection of the coins found, polished for presentation. (Israel news photo: Sasson Tiram)
Bar-Kochba coins of this quality and quantity have never before been discovered in one location by researchers in the Land of Israel, although antiquities looters have found and sold large numbers of coins from this period.
Coins as they were found. (Israel news photo: B. Zissu)
Prof. Frumkin pointed out the significance of the particular cave, near the site of ancient Beitar, which was the site of the “last stand” of the rebels led by Bar-Kochba in their struggle against Roman rule in Judea from 132-35 CE.
Explorer B. Langford climbing in the cave. (Israel news photo: B. Zissu)
“This discovery verifies the assumption that the refugees of the revolt fled to caves in the center of a populated area in addition to the caves found in more isolated areas of the Judean Desert,” he said. | <urn:uuid:b145e2f0-3938-400f-8718-44f26a98b555> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/133354 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954866 | 552 | 2.9375 | 3 |
char is a keyword. It defines a character primitive type.
char can be created from character literals and numeric representation. Character literals consist of a single quote character (
') (ASCII 39, hex 0x27), a single character, and a close quote (
'), such as
'w'. Instead of a character, you can also use unicode escape sequences, but there must be exactly one.
|char variable name1 = 'character1';|
65 is the numeric representation of character 'A' , or its ASCII code.
The nominal wrapper class is the
java.lang.Character class when you need to store a
char value but an object reference is required.
|Code section 2:
1 char aCharPrimitiveType = 'A'; 2 Character aCharacterObject = aCharPrimitiveType; | <urn:uuid:ce19c348-0a2f-4059-a31a-c1380a6f6cea> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Java_Programming/Keywords/char | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.780217 | 174 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Anna Hull has taught students at every grade from preK-8th but always thought of herself as a primary teacher. “I taught 14 years of kindergarten and then ‘looped’ classes teaching 1st grade and 2nd grade as my students progressed. In 2009, my principal really needed me to teach a 4th grade class. After some arguing and a few tears, I thought ‘Ok, I can do this.’ It was the best decision even though I didn’t realize it at the time,” Anna admits.
Leaving her comfort zone of the primary grades meant that Anna needed to plan differently and embrace new strategies for engaging the students. Anna explains, “I had to expand the way I thought about student thinking. I quickly realized it was important to empower students with the ability to plan their day and make decisions about their learning.”
Anna developed a multi-faceted approach to engaging students in making real decisions about what happens in her classroom at Petronis Elementary School in Panama City, FL. For example, students often help plan how they want to use their time during the day—with some students deciding to do literacy centers, while other students using the time to work on their “Must Do” list. In both instances, Anna pulls students for guided reading and math instruction throughout the day. Students have the flexibility to work on what they want and need to, at their own pace, but with the goal of accomplishing the same tasks in the end.
Anna also involves students in developing their classroom behavior system that includes earning tickets to recognize when students exhibit certain qualities such as helping others or following directions. Her students determine which types of behavior deserve a ticket, what tickets allow them to do or earn, and how many tickets are needed for various incentives.
To make decisions, Anna holds class meetings in which students voice their opinions and outline the different approaches they could take. Students are asked to identify the pro and cons of the different ideas—whether the discussion is about how they should use their time during the day or how their behavior system should work. “The kids don’t always agree with each other and they don’t always agree with me,” says Anna. “It is my job is to facilitate that. It is very important for kids to learn how to negotiate, bargain and be a team player.”
Anna recently returned to teaching the primary grades at her school and brought many of the strategies with her. During this past year with a second grade talented and gifted class, Anna also added a student survey to her list of strategies. She adapted her survey from tools designed by the Measuring Effective Teaching Project, which she was introduced to as a participant at the Elevating and Celebrating Effective Teaching and Teachers (ECET2) conference in May. Anna states, “I took fast and furious notes at this conference… and then searched online for information on how the MET group used the surveys…because I knew this would become a powerful element of self-reflection and evaluation in my classroom.”
Anna asked students to respond in writing to 10 questions that ranged from whether or not they learn “that it is ok to make mistakes” to whether or not they “think hard about the writing they do.” Students were also asked about the types of work they wanted to do more of when they “looped” with Anna for third grade. Many students requested more project-based work, more opportunities to use technology, experiences publishing books and more time working with their peers.
Anna has been analyzing patterns from the student survey results and is unpacking students’ explanations of their answers. And, she is already thinking about how she can improve the survey for next time, perhaps making the questions more specific, asking students more questions and re-crafting the answer choices they can select from.
Anna acknowledges that student surveys can be a little “frightening.” “I think it is important for teachers and administrators to realize that you are really taking a huge risk when you give surveys, either for parents or students. You are opening yourself up to criticism possibly,” Anna warns. “But, your students are your most valuable asset and your most important resource. If, as teachers, we are truly open and honest with ourselves, and truly seek to be thoughtful, reflective practitioners and constantly revise and improve upon our craft, then we will listen to our students and value their thoughts and opinions.”
True to her philosophy, Anna is already using many of her students’ ideas to inform her curriculum for this year. She is even including their feedback into her individual professional development plan because, in Anna’s words, “what better people to add information about what you should do than the kids you teach every day.” | <urn:uuid:3969a3e5-cf6d-4877-ad83-b2bd395f05e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.impatientoptimists.org/Posts/2013/10/Focus-on-Teachers-Anna-Hull-Cultivating-Student-Voice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980068 | 998 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Technology is business, and dealing with the media, the public, financiers, and government agencies can be as important to an invention's success as effective product development. To understand how rhetoric works in technology, one cannot do better than to start with the American inventor Thomas Alva Edison and the incandescent light bulb.Charles Bazerman tells the story of the emergence of electric light as one of symbols and communication. He examines how Edison and his colleagues represented light and power to themselves and to others as the technology was transformed from an idea to a daily fact of life. He looks at the rhetoric used to create meaning and value for the emergent technology in the laboratory, in patent offices and courts, in financial markets, and in boardrooms, city halls, newspapers, and the consumer marketplace. Along the way he describes the social and communicative arrangements that shaped and transformed the world in which Edison acted. He portrays Edison, both the individual and the corporation, as a self-conscious social actor whose rhetorical groundwork was crucial to the technology's material realization and success.
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Rent The Languages of Edison's Light 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Charles Bazerman. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by MIT Press.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now. | <urn:uuid:61ad6bd0-d97d-474d-b131-11a00686b048> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/the-languages-of-edison-s-light-1st-edition-9780262523264-0262523264?ii=9&trackid=5730ca02&omre_ir=1&omre_sp= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00061-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958419 | 290 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Eating is a wonderful thing, but getting fatter not so much. Well, the days of being able to ingest healthy things while our tastebuds tell us they’re in fact deep friend bacon burgers might not be so far off. Nimesha Ranasinghe and his team at the National University of Singapore are in the process of developing a device that simulates flavours directly on a user’s tongue.
By placing an electrode on the tip of the tongue and by carefully generating some current and temperature changes, the researches are able to simulate the basic tastes of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The contraption is still quite unwieldy and not ready for any type of commercial use, but they’re working on making it smaller and less cumbersome. Also, they haven’t managed to generate smell and texture yet, which unfortunately is a huge component of taste, but of course they’re working on it. Considering we already have Smell-o-vision type devices, it’s not unreasonable to imagine a future where every element of eating is digitally simulated, minus the calories of course. Ranasinghe and his team are actually working on a digital lollipop.
There’s clearly no word on when or even if this could ever be turned into a commercially available product. But the fact that they’ve been able to simulate some tastes already sounds pretty promising. | <urn:uuid:bf6c231f-2625-47f1-aeff-ba0bd263eac9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ohgizmo.com/2013/11/26/electrode-lets-you-taste-flavors-that-arent-there-digital-lollipop-on-the-horizon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945614 | 292 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Eating out needn’t be an exercise in an expanded waistline.
Healthier choices, smaller portions, and doing your research can all make a difference.
“Eating out can be included in a healthy diet if done mindfully,” says Vancouver registered dietitian Jessica Begg of Flourish Wellness and Nutrition. “People are being more particular. Think about what you eat, choose different menu items, and make substitutions as needed.”
The Ministry of Health offers several recommendations on eating better when dining out:
• Plan ahead. Think about where you will eat and what you will select. It will be much easier to make healthy choices if you have already decided what you will order.
• Consider portion size. Restaurants often serve portions big enough to feed two people. To help avoid overeating, order smaller portions, share a meal or save part of your meal for later.
• Be selective. Choose menu items that contain fruits,
vegetables and whole grains.
• Be picky. Choose restaurants where the food is made to order, instead of choosing fast-food or buffet-style restaurants. If it’s fast food you’re after, look for restaurants that let you order a side salad and milk or water instead of fries and a soft drink. Look for nutritional information on restaurant websites and in restaurants. Use the information to choose items that are lower in fat, calories and salt.
• Be smart. If you know you’ll be eating out, make wise choices for the day. But don’t skip meals: it’s harder to make healthy choices when you’re hungry.
• Be prepared. If you’re eating at a restaurant that doesn’t offer fruits or veggies, take your own apple or bag of baby carrots.
• Ask questions. Before you order, find out how the food is prepared. Foods that are grilled, baked or steamed tend to be lower in fat than fried foods. Limit foods that are breaded or come with cream sauce or gravy.
• Take control. Ask to have butter, sour cream, gravy and sauces served on the side. Choose reduced-fat salad dressings or oil-and-vinegar instead of creamy dressings. Order hamburgers and sandwiches without high-fat extras such as cheese and bacon.
• Make substitutions. Order extra vegetables on pizzas and sandwiches. Substitute vegetables, salad or a baked potato for french fries.
• Go vegetarian. Ethnic restaurants, such as Indian, Thai or Japanese, often have a wide variety of vegetarian choices. Ask for brown rice and whole-grain pasta instead of white rice and pasta. Pick whole-grain bread and tortillas.
• Opt for water instead of sugar-sweetened soft drinks. If you don’t like water, try other sugar-free or low-calorie beverages. Remember a large cocktail, such as a margarita, can have as many calories as your main course.
For more information, visit http://bit.ly/i1OXHa | <urn:uuid:d642924c-d444-41cd-887e-cdd1150ca22c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.calgaryherald.com/jobs/wisely+while+eating/4844676/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912805 | 642 | 2.75 | 3 |
Gender and grade differences in upper elementary school children’s descriptive and evaluative self-statements and self-esteem
Burnett, Paul C. (1996) Gender and grade differences in upper elementary school children’s descriptive and evaluative self-statements and self-esteem. School Psychology International, 17(2), pp. 159-170.
Gender and developmental differences in self-description, self-evaluation and self-esteem were investigated using 957 elementary school children in grades 3 to 7. Gender differences were found for six of the seven descriptive statements and for five of the seven evaluative statements. The major gender stereotypical findings from previous studies were replicated. Boys reported higher scores than girls on descriptive and evaluative statements about their physical abilities and mathematics, while girls reported higher scores on descriptive and evaluative statements about reading. Declines over time were noted for all self-evaluations except having good relations with peers and for global self-esteem, providing some support for the notion that the decline in self-concepts and self-esteem may be attributed to the children's perceptions of themselves becoming more accurate and less egocentric in line with their cognitive capacity to integrate external feedback realistically.
Impact and interest:
Citation counts are sourced monthly from and citation databases.
These databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. Some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. Scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and Web of Science® generally from 1980 onwards.
Citations counts from theindexing service can be viewed at the linked Google Scholar™ search.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Keywords:||Gender, Self-concept, Self-esteem, Children|
|Subjects:||Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES (170000) > PSYCHOLOGY (170100)|
|Divisions:||Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Division of Research and Commercialisation|
|Copyright Owner:||Copyright 1996 SAGE Publications|
|Deposited On:||12 Oct 2009 01:21|
|Last Modified:||12 Oct 2009 01:21|
Repository Staff Only: item control page | <urn:uuid:6adb45bd-06bd-485c-af14-d67387f0fda4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://eprints.qut.edu.au/27875/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904612 | 487 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Brian McKeever’s visual impairment helped me to see the true beauty of sport. McKeever and his guide, Graham Nishikawa, had an Olympic moment of the first order in the visually impaired sprint races at the Paralympic Winter Games in Sochi, Russia. Watching McKeever recover from a fall early in the race and sprint to win gold reminded me that in sport, and life, we are not defined by whether we fall, but by whether we get back up and compete.
However, watching McKeever ski one forgets his visual impairment – which is really the point of the Paralympics.
Although much less publicized than the Olympics Games, I found the Paralympics more compelling. As they skied sitting down, directed curling stones from wheel chairs and sent pucks whistling into the net from sledges, they ceased to be disabled people and simply became athletes. There is no asterisk beside their achievement; no qualifier is needed for their excellence. McKeever’s races are not blog-worthy because he won; indeed, like all athletes, most Paralympians compete and lose. Rather, McKeever’s performance is noteworthy because it changed society’s view from sympathy – with a focus on his disability – to admiration, with a focus on his ability and courage. A patient becomes a hero. The competition at the Paralympics is more about athleticism and testing one’s limits than about competing for fame and fortune.
I realized I knew next to nothing about the Paralympics. How had they come to be? Why are the Paralympics separated from the Olympic games?
We owe the Paralympics to Sir Ludwig Guttmann. A German physician who fled Nazi Germany in 1939 with the help of The Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA). CARA is a British charity dedicated to assisting academics who, for reasons including persecution and conflict, are unable to continue their research in their countries of origin. Guttmann’s research interest was in spinal cord injury and rehabilitation. Parenthetically, he assisted in sheltering 60 Jews from the Gestapo by having his staff admit Jewish “patients” to hospital in the aftermath of Kristallnacht. In 1943, Guttmann founded the National Spinal Injuries Centre for treatment of veterans at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Buckinghamshire.
Relevant to this blog, he had a vision of his patients as people with abilities; not patients with disabilities. Dr. Guttmann’s vision was the creation of an elite sporting competition for people with disabilities that would rival the Olympic Games. He created the precursor of the Paralympics, the Wheelchair Games. This competition first occurred in concert with the 1948 London Olympic games. The early competitions, also known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, evolved to the modern Paralympic games in Rome in 1960. The Paralympic Games are organized in parallel with the Olympic Games, under the egis of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
Being Canadian of course, what really counts are the winter Olympics. The first winter Paralympic game was held in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden and included athletes in multiple categories, including amputees, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, wheelchair, visually impaired, and Les Autres (a compilation of less common disabilities).
The 2014 Paralympics have come to an end but the gritty performance of these athletes will inform and revise our views of people with disabilities. Let me thank Dr. Guttmann on behalf of all fans of sport and all people who believe in the indomitability of the human spirit. Hopefully in the not too distant future the Paralympic and Olympic games will become integrated in a single celebration of athleticism and the human spirit. It’s past the time for society to have separate games based on perceived abilities and disabilities. The symbol for the Olympic Games features five rings representing the peoples of the world and their continents of origin, with North and South America combined as one.
Perhaps we can modify the Olympic icon to reflect a unified event that is inclusive of all the world’s people, regardless of disabilities. This would be a complete realization of Dr. Guttmann’s dream. | <urn:uuid:c14768bf-8bb2-492e-9d28-7eaeda57fc5e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://deptmed.queensu.ca/blog/?p=661 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96205 | 880 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Spring is here, and spring break is just around the corner or already underway. For parents everywhere trying to figure out how to keep their children amused, the answer can be simple: Get them outside!
Spring is a great time to watch birds collect materials to build nests or to check out the buds as trees and shrubs begin to bloom and leaf out. It’s also a time to see those early blooms that often lay soft carpets of color across the landscape.
Observation skills are important for school and life, so devise an outdoor scavenger hunt. Make a list of things they might find at a park or in a forest near you. Be specific about the type of tree or the shape of leaf they should find. Or be more general and encourage them to find coniferous trees (those with cones) or deciduous trees (those with flat leaves). With potential wildlife sightings, the hunt could include squirrels, birds, deer, ants or moths. Or have them get up close and personal with a bug.
Use this time with a younger child to explore shapes and colors in nature.
And help children learn to respect the outdoors by “collecting” their finds on a digital camera or drawing them in a journal. Let the found items stay outdoors for others to enjoy.
Nature is a great place to use all your senses. Show children how they can feel the wind on their skin; see the wind move the leaves or branches of a tree; hear the wind through the trees; smell the flowers because the wind is bringing the scent to them. Since wind really doesn’t have a certain taste; ask your kids to use their imaginations and tell you what they believe the wind tastes like.
And an added bonus: while they are enjoying the outdoors, so can you. | <urn:uuid:838604dc-c88d-4791-908d-5864dc085bd8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.usda.gov/2013/03/28/break-away-with-the-kids-for-spring-outdoor-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963704 | 372 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Visit www.uibm.gov.it and enter
Francesco Errante in the search box to see all of my patents, or
verify it directly from the European Patent Office
archive HERE !
Here above is the Errante's antenna
laboratory prototype in a quick fan-monopoles deployment for the 20, 30, 40,
60, 80 and 160 meter bands operation.
N.B. Shown without the ABS weatherproof outer enclosure.
Freq. range: from 1 to 30 MHz
RF Power: 2KW CW
Click on the thumbnails to view larger
ANTENNA : what it is, how it works and how it came to be
VIRTUAL GROUND ¼ of wavelength
MONOPOLE (HF) ANTENNA
by Francesco Errante
The Author, by means of a particular
radio-electric circuitry for the suppression of
anyone of the two branches of a ½ of wavelength open dipole, has previously
demonstrated that, indeed, it is possible to receive and above all, transmit
large radio-electric signals across the space by employing a single
radiating/captating element of a physical length equal to ¼ of wavelength,
without the necessity of the presence of its symmetric (see Hertzian
Dipole ) or the necessity of a natural ground plane (see Marconi's
Antenna ) or an artificial one made of radials or counterpoises as in
the Ground Plane Antenna. The need to have the Earth or another
artificial ground as an electric reference point to correctly polarize a
single resonant radiator/captator of a physical length equal to ¼ of a
wavelength, has been eliminated by generating a virtual ground node,
the existence of which is function of the precise balancing of the of a
broad-band RF transformer. ("virtual ground" is defined as a point in an
electrical circuit that appears to be at ground, but is not actually attached
to ground, it is therefore, a node having a 0 degree phase angle difference
with respect to ground and has the same electrical potential as the
This method, however, implied a 50% dissipation of the system energy.
The invention described hereby eliminates the need for sacrificing
any of the system energy by exploiting the very same physical principal of
the virtual ground node.
The solution to that problem is
given by the possibility of generating the virtual ground node by
recombining two radio-electric signals, identical but 180 degree out of phase
between them-selves. This can be achieved by employing a broad-band
flux-coupled balun transformer(9) built around a binocular type ferrite core,
having a center-tapped balanced primary winding(11) for the obtainment of the
said virtual ground node to be used as a zero-potential reference
point for the whole of the circuit, through the conductive chassis(10)
and having also a secondary winding(13) exhibiting an impedance value of 150 Ohm
for the direct coupling to a ¼ of a wavelength radiator/captator(1).
The transformer(9) and the radiator/captator(1) are the essential parts of
the VIRTUAL GROUND ¼ of wavelength MONOPOLE ANTENNA, they alone,
infact, constitute a ¼ of wavelength monopole antenna with balanced input.
However, in order for it to match the current transmission line standards, it
has been necessary to provide it with a second transformer(5) capable of
adapting the unbalanced coaxial antenna output of a conventional transceiver
to the balanced input of this antenna transformer(9). The virtual ground node(6),
obtained on the secondary winding of the transformer(5),
is made available to the circuit through the conductive chassis(4).
The RF energy transfer between the two transformers(5 & 9) is
accomplished by the twinned coaxial transmission
lines(7) which can be of any length but must be identical between
them-selves so not to alter the original phase-angle difference between the
RF signals they are meant to be carrying. Although, the value of impedance of
the intermedium circuit, which comprises the primary winding of the
transformer(9), the twinned coaxial lines(7)
and the secondary winding of the transformer(5) can be set to any value, it
turned out to be convenient adopting a standard value of 50 Ohm.
It is of a paramount importance that the impedance
of local transformer's(5) secondary winding, the impedance of the open wire
balanced transmission line(7b) and the impedance of the remote
transformer's(9) primary winding be exactly the same.
a. it demonstrates that a single electrically
conductive element of a physical length equal to ¼ of wavelength is
all it takes to accomplish natural resonance and full radiation.
b. thanks to its most elementary shape and bare simplicity of the
radiating element, it allows further investigation into the physics
of the radiowaves. (see here)
a. the VIRTUAL GROUND MONOPOLE HF ANTENNA
demonstrates that, indeed, it is possible and relatively inexpensive
to implement an highly efficient way to better radiate RF energy
while cutting by 50% the room needed to deploy a full-size HF
b. the VIRTUAL GROUND MONOPOLE HF ANTENNA offers a much
larger bandwidth compared to conventional full-size aerials.
c. the VIRTUAL GROUND MONOPOLE HF ANTENNA offers a much
stronger immunity to parasitic capacitive effects compared to
conventional full-size aerials.
d. the VIRTUAL GROUND MONOPOLE HF ANTENNA offers high
resonance stability regardless of the level and inclination above the
e. the VIRTUAL GROUND MONOPOLE HF ANTENNA offers a much
stronger immunity to out-of-band emissions compared to conventional
f. the VIRTUAL GROUND MONOPOLE HF ANTENNA offers a much
stronger immunity to electrostatic charges and noises compared to
conventional full-size aerials.
g. the VIRTUAL GROUND MONOPOLE HF ANTENNA offers a sharper
radiation pattern than conventional full-size aerials.
h. the VIRTUAL GROUND MONOPOLE HF ANTENNA offers a much
faster deployment time compared to conventional full-size
i. the VIRTUAL GROUND MONOPOLE HF ANTENNA offers a much
better E.M.I. compatibility with highly populated environments
compared to conventional full-size aerials.
a. SHORT WAVES FIXED & MOBILE RADIO STATION FOR
CIVIL & MILITARY PURPOSES
b. STEALTH, FAST & TACTICAL DEPLOYMENT PURPOSES
c. SEARCH & RESCUE SERVICES
d. SHIP to SHIP & SHIP to SHORE MARINE COMMUNICATIONS
e. AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATIONS RANGE EXTENDING ANTENNA
f. DX-ing and metropolitan HAM RADIO STATIONS
g. ELEMENT in ARRAYS of AERIALS
h. RADIO-PHYSICS LABORATORIES
most F.A.Q.: can I drive 2 or more
monopoles simultaneously, as in a fan dipole configuration, so
that I can cover several HF bands? ANSWER: Yes ! The present virtual ground RF feeding
system allows you to run all the ¼ of wavelength monopoles needed to
give you a general coverage of the HF spectrum, without the need for
switchings. The monopoles can be arranged on both vertical and
horizontal planes. Space is all you need to deploy them. Now, also available for the 225 OhmErrante's multiband HF
Euro 700,00 +V.A.T. and shipping costs.
For an useful currency converter click here
NB. Price DOES NOT INCLUDE the
cost of the twinned coaxial line, nor the radiators, which, however,
can be supplied on request.
RADIONDISTICS' products carry an
unconditional lifetime guarantee.
Material is governed by the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act.
No reproduction, in whole or in part, without written permission.
Copies of these documents made by electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, may only be employed for personal use.
All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:4e4b9d8b-a0b5-4c9a-bc17-271e6cc5a6be> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.radiondistics.altervista.org/antenna_errante.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00086-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.849916 | 1,842 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Edwin Powell Hubble was a prominent, secular, American astronomer. His most well-known contributions to the field include a revision of the stellar distance scale, a classification system for galaxies, and the Hubble Law.
Edwin Hubble was born in Marshfield, Missouri in 1889. He excelled in his studies and also became an outstanding high school athlete. After studying physics and astronomy for several years at the University of Chicago, he earned a Rhodes scholarship which took him to a college in Oxford, England. At Queen’s College in Oxford he earned his degree in law, but quickly realized that astronomy was his passion, and after several more years at the University of Chicago he earned his Ph.D. in astronomy. Several years later, after serving in World War I, he settled down to a career at Mount Wilson Observatory in Southern California. It appears that Edwin Hubble was not a religious man, and both his books and biographies written about him fail to mention or acknowledge the Biblical account of creation | <urn:uuid:0ed20286-3886-4ef7-af34-c4621ba1f254> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://creationwiki.org/Edwin_Hubble | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988818 | 201 | 3.625 | 4 |
Quality, error-free work holds down costs. Avoiding mistakes and rework saves valuable time, effort, and materials. Quality assurance provides the mechanisms for paying close attention to details so that tasks are completed correctly and accurately every step of the way. A quality assurance role should be established for all projects.
An example of a software quality assurance plan developed from an actual DOE project SQA plan based on DOE G 200.1-1A, Software Engineering Methodology.
Structured Walkthrough Training and Guidance (pdf)
Classroom or individual project team training and materials on how to conduct structured walkthroughs (peer review of products/code). This process guide describes how to conduct a structured walkthrough during the lifecycle stages of software engineering development and maintenance projects, regardless of hardware or software platform.
In-Stage Assessments (pdf)
Provides guidance on conducting an In-Stage Assessment. (ISA). An ISA is an independent review of a project's processes, work products, and deliverables, conducted in all stages of the software development and maintenance lifecycle.
A quality assurance model, including checklists, for activity relative to network and desktop computer support.
This document will enable a site to prepare for a software quality audit by providing specific guidance. It will also provide guidance to a site that would enable it to perform a software quality audit.
Planning for a Software Process Assessment, SQAS (pdf)
This report presents a guide for how to plan for a software assessment and how to use the assessment results to guide process improvement. It defines the steps associated with conducting a successful assessment and identifies the framework needed to establish a successful process improvement program. The assessment methodology is based upon the Software Engineering Institute's (SEI) software process assessment.
Existing software systems often represent significant investments and play important roles in the every day businesses of organizations. To meet current and future operational needs, organizations need to plan how best to address these support issues. Some of the issues to consider are presented in this document with references to related standards for further detailed examination. Two tutorials, one based on software maintenance and another detailing a baseline recovery strategy are included. | <urn:uuid:59153224-0903-4e03-a8cf-850ef171f669> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://energy.gov/cio/guidance/it-project-management/it-quality-assurance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91776 | 442 | 2.734375 | 3 |
BR 13:01, Feb 1997
The Ancient Library of Alexandria
The Wests most important repository of learning
In March of 415 C.E., on a sunny day in the holy season of Lent, Cyril of Alexandria, the most powerful Christian theologian in the world, murdered Hypatia, the most famous Greco-Roman philosopher of the time. Hypatia was slaughtered like an animal in the church of Caesarion, formerly a sanctuary of emperor worship.1 Cyril may not have been among the gang that pulled Hypatia from her chariot, tearing off her clothes and slashing her with shards of broken tiles, but her murder was surely done under his authority and with his approval.
Cyril (c. 375444) was the archbishop of Alexandria, the dominant cultural and religious center of the Mediterranean world of the fifth century C.E.2 He replaced his uncle Theophilus in that lofty office in 412 and became both famous and infamous for his leadership in support of what would become known as Orthodox Christianity after the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon (451), when basic Christian doctrine was solidly established for all time. | <urn:uuid:8b66b4be-8e7d-420b-8593-39cb79f39e4f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBR&Volume=13&Issue=01&ArticleID=10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00133-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981534 | 235 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Adaptive tools, engineering can reduce drive system energy consumption
Tricks and Tips: Design tools and electric drive components can reduce energy use and pollution, conserve resources, and lower energy costs without sacrificing productivity. Overall cost effectiveness of the drive system should be assessed as part of a lifecycle costs (LCC) analysis.
Industry consumes almost half of the world’s electric energy use, with electric drives representing a majority of that power consumption. Energy efficiency has gained support of every industrialized nation and top management levels of leading industrial enterprises. Machine automation in continuous operations, such as automotive, material handling, packaging, and food and beverage industries, has heightened demand for energy-efficient machinery. Design tools and electric drive components can reduce energy use, resulting in less pollution, conservation of resources, and lower energy costs without sacrificing productivity.
Almost every part of the production process, automated transport, and factory logistics use electric drives. Most drives found in industrial applications have a power output between 100 W and several megawatts. Process engineering plants are dominated by drives with high output power. In contrast, factory automation and logistics centers use a larger number of drives with lower output power. Thousands of drives can be found in a typical automotive manufacturing plant or an automated distribution center. Even an average industrial plant usually has several hundred drives operating in processes and machines.
Calculating total drive energy
The calculation of energy costs in drive systems often equates to no more than a recount of procurement costs. The overall cost effectiveness of the drive system can only be assessed as part of a lifecycle costs (LCC) analysis. Although a commonly used tool in business management, LCC analyses are rare for drives. With rising energy costs, that is changing. In the future, machine operators will increasingly include running costs in their purchasing decisions and expect adequate information from the supplier.
Multiple parameters determine drive energy efficiency. In evaluating total energy efficiency for a defined process, the entire drive system, comprising inverter, motor, and gearbox, merits consideration. All drive components work with a comparatively poor efficiency in the partial load operational range and thus generate high losses in proportion to the mechanical process. The more precisely the machine requirements and the load-dependent power requirement are defined, the better the drive components can be selected. Optimum efficiency of drive systems often lies in a narrow band around the rated power. Despite this, too often drives are oversized as a safeguard measure. An oversized drive costs more and operates below its rated power, with commensurately lower efficiency. Accurately sizing machine drives to the maximum mechanical energy required by the application is a critical first step.
Motor and drive selection
Powerful engineering and configuration tools can help machine engineers set the right course in the design and development phase. New software helps design engineers select the right drives and motors for optimal machine performance. Software enables the exact determination of the process variables, evaluates components, and helps optimization coordination. Software can size components based on user-entered machine torque, time, and motion profiles, and generate data specifying where and when and by which means efficient savings can be achieved. Results show the energy consumption of the main drivetrain components calculated by differentiated loss models.
Some software requires recalculations to compare scenarios. Ideally software should work within a concise and comprehensible graph format clearly showing usage by each component, with a comparative analysis and payback for multiple design scenarios. The software should streamline the design and sizing process and convert drive energy savings into kilowatts used, fuel cost, and wasted CO2. Software also should provide reliable data by quickly calculating solution variants on the basis of mechanical performance figures. These values can be used to determine the energy costs and CO2 emissions. By comparing solutions, the user can identify the optimum combination of components and the best motion sequence for the drive task. Optimized mechanics and reduced inertias and frictions fundamentally reduce the power requirement to be met by the drive.
Power supply / power recovery
In dc-bus connection ++
Energy optimized motor control ++
Use of synchronous motor ++
With power recover to the main ++
Moderate switching frequency, such as 8 kHz 0
Use of IE2 or 120 Hz motor ++
2-switch modulation, such as inverter drives 0
Use of speed setting range +
87 Hz operation for standard motors +
Energetically optimized mechanical components with
High efficiency ++
Low friction ++
Low number of stages +
Low inertias +
Avoiding very high drive speeds 0
Optimized motor profile +
Key: ++ = high, + = medium, 0 = low
The table above shows an overview of energy savings potential and provides tips for optimizing the energy efficiency of drive systems. Courtesy: Lenze Americas
The most widely used class IE1 motors have been phased out and prohibited in some new installations. Software can help with motor selection as machine markets transition to the required higher efficiency motors. Certain motors help design engineers avoid increases in frame sizes and complex design adaptations for the migration to Class IE2 ac motors. Open and closed loop controlled operation can be achieved with frequency inverters, with some ac motors allowing a higher nominal speed than conventional 4-pole motors.
Some motors can bridge the gap between conventional servo motors and high-efficiency IE2 Class ac motors, with nominal frequency of 120 Hz and a speed-setting range of 1-24. Integrated high-ratio gearboxes can achieve higher output speeds, up to 3,500 rpm. With efficiency ranging from 94% to 98%, the right-angle and axial gearboxes ensure almost loss-free energy conversion. Low inertia translates into less energy consumption during speed changes. During rated operation, some three-phase motors surpass the minimum efficiency of Class IE2 motors but are unaffected by IEC 60034-30. Certain motors can be specified up to two sizes smaller than IE2 motors of equivalent power. Multifunction capability can reduce motor inventory as one motor can fit applications that may have required multiple conventional motors (of varying frame sizes and power ranges).
Motors from the IE3 efficiency class are significantly larger and more expensive than those of the IE2 class with the same power output and should, therefore, only be used in applications where they are permanently operated at rated speeds and high loads. Often the better solution for achieving higher energy efficiency is the use of an inverter that adapts the output power of the drive to the application.
Table 2: Lifecycle Costs
- Procurement costs – costs for drive components
- Operating costs – running energy costs
- Servicing costs
- Disposal costs
Opportunities exist to minimize lifecycle costs in stages 1 and 2. Courtesy: Lenze Americas
To improve efficiency, the power output by the motor must be adapted to different needs. Energy efficiency depends on right-sizing and selection, and on the adaptation of efficient products to the individual application case. Using an inverter greatly improves energy efficiency in virtually all applications. Adjusting the motor’s operating point to the actual load in processes that tend to be constant can greatly diminish losses. Dynamic motion sequences can be designed such that energy efficiency is as high as possible. For example, a lot of positioning applications don't always need the maximum acceleration and braking times. Adjusting to the dynamics actually needed greatly reduces losses in the motor.
Using a frequency inverter to automatically adjust motor voltage produces better efficiency in partial load operations with standard three-phase ac motors. Normally, in partial load operation, three-phase ac motors are still supplied with a greater magnetizing current than actually required by the operating conditions. Additional energy savings can be yielded in combination with high-efficiency gearboxes and inverter drives with built-in energy saving software for voltage frequency control.
This energy-saving feature makes it possible to reduce energy consumption by up to 30%. Designed for centralized and decentralized frequency inverters, the software uses load and torque measurements to adapt to partial loads by automatically reducing the magnetizing current of the motor to the actual requirement. This feature can be temporarily disabled for manual control or full load operation.
In the case of load changes, this operating mode delivers better dynamic performance than other products on the market. In applications with long, extreme partial load phases, a voltage reduction enables reduction of the average required power. That makes this feature particularly practical in applications with great partial load operation, low requirements with regard to the dynamic performance, and infrequent load changes, as commonly found in material handling roller conveyors, conveying belts, pumps, and fans.
It is well worth checking all applications with controlled drives to see whether a synchronous motor with improved energy efficiency can offer a better solution. Controlled drives with asynchronous motors can always be implemented using synchronous motors. The motor currents in such drive systems are lower as a permanently excited synchronous motor is magnetized—not by the supplied reactive current, but by permanent magnets. This results in better efficiencies than can be achieved with a corresponding asynchronous motor. But lower motor currents also mean less power loss in the inverter. Depending on the application it may be possible for a smaller inverter to be selected, thereby reducing total drive efficiency.
Maximum energy efficiency, low acquisition costs, and short payback periods are just some of the challenges machine engineers face in today’s global marketplace. The basis of an intelligent and economical use of energy is the knowledge of the steady state or variable requirements of certain processes. Given the high proportion of total energy represented, improving the efficiency of electric drives is the best targeted approach to reduce overall energy consumption. All the described possibilities for increasing energy efficiency can be calculated and compared in software, yielding a design template for an energy-efficient complete machine. The benefit resulting from this quickly becomes evident: less power leads to smaller and, therefore, more economical components and reduced energy consumption.
For technology details, see: Increase system energy efficiency with motor and drive tools.
- Mariusz Jamroz is senior OEM commercial engineer, Lenze Americas; edited by Mark T. Hoske, content manager CFE Media, Control Engineering, Plant Engineering, and Consulting-Specifying Engineer, firstname.lastname@example.org.
Increase system energy efficiency with motor and drive tools | <urn:uuid:c7407461-fbbc-4c81-8055-6779e7466070> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.controleng.com/search/search-single-display/adaptive-tools-engineering-can-reduce-drive-system-energy-consumption/5f5c3c14252b3d2d1fd72d266646143e.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909518 | 2,079 | 2.984375 | 3 |
There are many Hindu deities, some with great and others with limited powers. Most Hindus focus their devotion primarily on one of these, whom they regard as supreme. The greatest deities have complex natures and are shown in art in a variety of forms and situations from narratives. They are sometimes attended by spouses or their particular animal mounts. They are often identified by physical characteristics and symbolic implements they hold or wear.
While there are many gods with myriad forms, those most popularly worshiped by Hindus in India are Vishnu, Shiva, the Goddess in her various aspects, and Shiva’s sons Ganesha and Karttikeya. According to some interpretations, all divinities are in fact a manifestation of a single godhead, divine force, or abstraction.
The Trimurti, or “triple form” explains basic beliefs about the roles of Hindu gods, but is largely a Western interpretation of the main deities that has an obvious basis in the idea of the Christian Trinity. The Hindu Trimurti consists of Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer.
Most Hindus are principally devoted to the god Vishnu, the god Shiva, or the Goddess. These categorical practices are sometimes described as, respectively, Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), and Shaktism (Shakti being another term for the female creative energy). The predominance of these three deities evolved over several centuries, crystallizing in the early part of the first millennium, when a renewed Hinduism centering on devotion made them increasingly popular. It is believed that each of these divinities incorporated elements of other or earlier deities that existed in the pre-Hindu context, and that express beliefs and practices existing at high and low levels of culture. Thus, mainstream Hindu deities relate to figures appearing in Vedic literature, as well as to worship practices involving nature spirits, fertility, local tutelary gods, shamanism, malevolent spirits, and ghosts. | <urn:uuid:a9902368-5ba9-467f-9d02-6e8a230a0d4d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/ap-art-history/cultures-religions-ap-arthistory/a/principal-deities-of-hinduism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948255 | 411 | 3.515625 | 4 |
You can improve your sketching and paper prototyping abilities by adopting some of the methods used by Leonardo da Vinci in his sketchbooks. Leonardo was a prolific sketcher, filling his journals with over 13,000 pages of notes and drawings. These five sketching lessons drawn from his practices will make you a better thinker.
Lesson #1: Sketch Your Ideas Out 4-5 Times
Leonardo frequently sketched things multiple times, showing an object from different perspectives or different stages of development. His different sketches of flowers show some with leaves and others without leaves. Some of the flowers are budding, while other flowers are mature.
- To better understand something, sketch it out multiple times.
- Quantity leads to quality.
- Explore from multiple angles and different stages of development.
Lesson #2: Use Annotations in Your Sketches
Beside most of Leonardo’s sketches you will find annotations about the subject of the sketch. The annotations are used to clarify the object being studied. For example, the sketch called “The Study of Arms and Shoulders,” which was part of an anatomy study to help him with brushstrokes for The Last Supper, shows four different views of the shoulder with annotation between the arms.
- Leave room for annotations in your sketches.
- Your annotations might answer a question for someone that sees your sketch.
- Your annotations are memory joggers for you.
Lesson #3: Collaborate With Others When You Sketch
Leonardo made his sketches on his own, but he collaborated with other people to flesh out the finer details. Leonardo’s sketches of human anatomy were a collaboration with Marcantonio della Torre, an anatomist from the University of Pavia. Their collaboration is important because it marries art with science.
The agreement was for Leonardo to provide immaculate sketches, while Marcantonio would verify the drawings for accuracy and completeness of human anatomy. Marcantonio agreed to have Leonardo’s drawings published. Ironically, one year later, Marcantonio would die of the Black Death. Luckily, Leonardo’s sketches remained.
- In general, show your work to other people.
- Collaborate with others when you sketch.
- Collaborate with someone that will make your sketches better (more accurate, more imaginative).
Lesson #4: Engage Your Imagination
Leonardo drew from sources beyond just nature and human anatomy. His sketches include civil engineering projects (bridges, roads, maps), military objects (parachute, airplane, tank, machine gun), and robots (crank-driven knight armor). In some cases, these imaginative objects would not be created for almost 500 years later. The key is to engage your imagination.
Leonardo used his imagination because he was curious. Leonardo once wrote: "Why does the eye see a thing more clearly in dreams than the imagination when awake?" Da Vinci was very curious about flying. In his sketchbook, there’s a page titled, “Flying machines. The Flight of Genius!” On this page are sketches for a parachute, airplane, and glider. Some scholars have postulated that Leonardo’s study of birds helped him with the design of the glider.
- Sketch beyond your comfort zone (quantity helps you here).
- Sketch multiple solutions around a problem area (e.g., flight).
- Let ideas percolate, then revisit your sketches.
Lesson #5: Look for New Combinations
When he wanted novel ideas, Leonardo engaged his imagination for a revolutionary idea (e.g., a tank or a parachute). At other times, he wanted to build upon existing ideas (e.g., bridges and ladder) with incremental changes by force-fitting different concepts together.
Da Vinci sketched a new kind of ladder meant for scaling walls by soldiers. Existing ladders leaned unfixed against walls, easily pushed over by defenders of a castle or fortress. Leonardo made a few incremental changes by using spikes and metal poles to become “rungs” for an enhanced new version of the ladder.
More importantly, Da Vinci used a rudimentary form of the Cornell method of note-taking. Beyond the annotated notes for each individual sketch, Leonardo included keywords for other ideas and cross-references to other sketches. Da Vinci scholars believe this approach would allow Leonardo to organize his sketches and review existing ones to seek new combinations for incremental changes.
As a designer, Leonardo offers several lessons here. First, when you sketch, provide enough detail for someone to understand. It is a sketch, which you can later revise. You need to get your ideas down. Second, you should group similar ideas together. When you group them together, you will see a natural convergence towards a common vision. Plus, you may only need a small mash-up to incrementally innovate. Third, catalog your ideas so you can seek out other combinations later. With search technology these days, you do not need to use a Cornell method of note-taking. You can insert keywords into any saved file; search for a keyword and see what sketches appear. The important thing is to develop the habit of cataloging for the future so you can make new combinations. Just as Leonardo engaged his imagination, he also sought out new combinations—building on existing concepts to come up with something different.
- Seek new combinations with your individual sketches
- Catalog your sketches to reuse them in the future
- Seek combinations from your previous sketches
You can improve your sketching and idea generation by following these secrets from Leonardo Da Vinci. Hidden within his notebooks are a variety of ideas on painting, sketching, architecture, and life (in general). These are my takeaways from reviewing his work. What do you think? | <urn:uuid:7dda3186-a6f4-47d0-97f6-6240ac22d3d3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://uxmag.com/articles/5-sketching-secrets-of-leonardo-da-vinci | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934735 | 1,195 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Chapter 3.—That When the Mind Loves Itself, It is Not Unknown to Itself.
5. What, then, does the mind love, when it seeks ardently to know itself, whilst it is still unknown to itself? For, behold, the mind seeks to know itself, and is excited thereto by studious zeal. It loves, therefore; but what does it love? Is it itself? But how can this be when it does not yet know itself, and no one can love what he does not know? Is it that report has declared to it its own species, in like way as we commonly hear of people who are absent? Perhaps, then, it does not love itself, but loves that which it imagines of itself, which is perhaps widely different from what itself is: or if the phantasy in the mind is like the mind itself, and p. 137 so when it loves this fancied image, it loves itself before it knew itself, because it gazes upon that which is like itself; then it knew other minds from which to picture itself, and so is known to itself generically. Why, then, when it knows other minds, does it not know itself, since nothing can possibly be more present to it than itself? But if, as other eyes are more known to the eyes of the body, than those eyes are to themselves; then let it not seek itself, because it never will find itself. For eyes can never see themselves except in looking-glasses; and it cannot be supposed in any way that anything of that kind can be applied also to the contemplation of incorporeal things, so that the mind should know itself, as it were, in a looking-glass. Or does it see in the reason of eternal truth how beautiful it is to know ones self, and so loves this which it sees, and studies to bring it to pass in itself? because, although it is not known to itself, yet it is known to it how good it is, that it should be known to itself. And this, indeed, is very wonderful, that it does not yet know itself, and yet knows already how excellent a thing it is to know itself. Or does it see some most excellent end, viz. its own serenity and blessedness, by some hidden remembrance, which has not abandoned it, although it has gone far onwards, and believes that it cannot attain to that same end unless it know itself? And so while it loves that, it seeks this; and loves that which is known, on account of which it seeks that which is unknown. But why should the remembrance of its own blessedness be able to last, and the remembrance of itself not be able to last as well; that so it should know itself which wishes to attain, as well as know that to which it wishes to attain? Or when it loves to know itself, does it love, not itself, which it does not yet know, but the very act of knowing; and feel the more annoyed that itself is wanting to its own knowledge wherewith it wishes to embrace all things? And it knows what it is to know; and whilst it loves this, which it knows, desires also to know itself. Whereby, then, does it know its own knowing, if it does not know itself? For it knows that it knows other things, but that it does not know itself; for it is from hence that it knows also what knowing is. In what way, then, does that which does not know itself, know itself as knowing anything? For it does not know that some other mind knows, but that itself does so. Therefore it knows itself. Further, when it seeks to know itself, it knows itself now as seeking. Therefore again it knows itself. And hence it cannot altogether not know itself, when certainly it does so far know itself as that it knows itself as not knowing itself. But if it does not know itself not to know itself, then it does not seek to know itself. And therefore, in the very fact that it seeks itself, it is clearly convicted of being more known to itself than unknown. For it knows itself as seeking and as not knowing itself, in that it seeks to know itself. | <urn:uuid:7e4a4e68-eeb6-4dec-b9d1-d421e279d262> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/ecf/103/1030140.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984757 | 863 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Inca Trail to Machu Picchu
by Nivas Ramanathan
The ruins of Machu Picchu, rediscovered in 1911 by Yale archaeologist Hiram Bingham, are one of the most beautiful and enigmatic ancient sites in the world. Legends & myths indicate that Machu Picchu (meaning 'Old Peak' in Quechua) was revered as a sacred place. Invisible from below and completely self-contained, surrounded by agricultural terraces sufficient to feed the population & watered by natural springs, Machu Picchu seems to have been utilized by the Inca as a secret ceremonial city. | <urn:uuid:9f4aa2f3-3e8b-4ae2-ac63-5b819e6d1248> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.trekearth.com/themes.php?thid=5053 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937821 | 122 | 3.078125 | 3 |
This tutorial assumes RabbitMQ is installed and running on localhost on standard port (5672). In case you use a different host, port or credentials, connections settings would require adjusting.
If you're having trouble going through this tutorial you can contact us through the mailing list.
In the second tutorial we learned how to use Work Queues to distribute time-consuming tasks among multiple workers.
But what if we need to run a function on a remote computer and wait for the result? Well, that's a different story. This pattern is commonly known as Remote Procedure Call or RPC.
In this tutorial we're going to use RabbitMQ to build an RPC system: a client and a scalable RPC server. As we don't have any time-consuming tasks that are worth distributing, we're going to create a dummy RPC service that returns Fibonacci numbers.
To illustrate how an RPC service could be used we're going to create a simple client class. It's going to expose a method named call which sends an RPC request and blocks until the answer is received:
fibonacci_rpc = FibonacciRpcClient() result = fibonacci_rpc.call(4) print("fib(4) is %r" % result)
A note on RPC
Although RPC is a pretty common pattern in computing, it's often criticised. The problems arise when a programmer is not aware whether a function call is local or if it's a slow RPC. Confusions like that result in an unpredictable system and adds unnecessary complexity to debugging. Instead of simplifying software, misused RPC can result in unmaintainable spaghetti code.
Bearing that in mind, consider the following advice:
- Make sure it's obvious which function call is local and which is remote.
- Document your system. Make the dependencies between components clear.
- Handle error cases. How should the client react when the RPC server is down for a long time?
When in doubt avoid RPC. If you can, you should use an asynchronous pipeline - instead of RPC-like blocking, results are asynchronously pushed to a next computation stage.
In general doing RPC over RabbitMQ is easy. A client sends a request message and a server replies with a response message. In order to receive a response the client needs to send a 'callback' queue address with the request. Let's try it:
result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) callback_queue = result.method.queue channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='rpc_queue', properties=pika.BasicProperties( reply_to = callback_queue, ), body=request) # ... and some code to read a response message from the callback_queue ...
The AMQP protocol predefines a set of 14 properties that go with a message. Most of the properties are rarely used, with the exception of the following:
- delivery_mode: Marks a message as persistent (with a value of 2) or transient (any other value). You may remember this property from the second tutorial.
- content_type: Used to describe the mime-type of the encoding. For example for the often used JSON encoding it is a good practice to set this property to: application/json.
- reply_to: Commonly used to name a callback queue.
- correlation_id: Useful to correlate RPC responses with requests.
In the method presented above we suggest creating a callback queue for every RPC request. That's pretty inefficient, but fortunately there is a better way - let's create a single callback queue per client.
That raises a new issue, having received a response in that queue it's not clear to which request the response belongs. That's when the correlation_id property is used. We're going to set it to a unique value for every request. Later, when we receive a message in the callback queue we'll look at this property, and based on that we'll be able to match a response with a request. If we see an unknown correlation_id value, we may safely discard the message - it doesn't belong to our requests.
You may ask, why should we ignore unknown messages in the callback queue, rather than failing with an error? It's due to a possibility of a race condition on the server side. Although unlikely, it is possible that the RPC server will die just after sending us the answer, but before sending an acknowledgment message for the request. If that happens, the restarted RPC server will process the request again. That's why on the client we must handle the duplicate responses gracefully, and the RPC should ideally be idempotent.
Our RPC will work like this:
The code for rpc_server.py:
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#!/usr/bin/env python import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.queue_declare(queue='rpc_queue') def fib(n): if n == 0: return 0 elif n == 1: return 1 else: return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) def on_request(ch, method, props, body): n = int(body) print(" [.] fib(%s)" % n) response = fib(n) ch.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key=props.reply_to, properties=pika.BasicProperties(correlation_id = \ props.correlation_id), body=str(response)) ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) channel.basic_consume(on_request, queue='rpc_queue') print(" [x] Awaiting RPC requests") channel.start_consuming()
The server code is rather straightforward:
The code for rpc_client.py:
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#!/usr/bin/env python import pika import uuid class FibonacciRpcClient(object): def __init__(self): self.connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) self.channel = self.connection.channel() result = self.channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) self.callback_queue = result.method.queue self.channel.basic_consume(self.on_response, no_ack=True, queue=self.callback_queue) def on_response(self, ch, method, props, body): if self.corr_id == props.correlation_id: self.response = body def call(self, n): self.response = None self.corr_id = str(uuid.uuid4()) self.channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='rpc_queue', properties=pika.BasicProperties( reply_to = self.callback_queue, correlation_id = self.corr_id, ), body=str(n)) while self.response is None: self.connection.process_data_events() return int(self.response) fibonacci_rpc = FibonacciRpcClient() print(" [x] Requesting fib(30)") response = fibonacci_rpc.call(30) print(" [.] Got %r" % response)
The client code is slightly more involved:
Our RPC service is now ready. We can start the server:
$ python rpc_server.py [x] Awaiting RPC requests
To request a fibonacci number run the client:
$ python rpc_client.py [x] Requesting fib(30)
The presented design is not the only possible implementation of a RPC service, but it has some important advantages:
Our code is still pretty simplistic and doesn't try to solve more complex (but important) problems, like:
If you want to experiment, you may find the rabbitmq-management plugin useful for viewing the queues. | <urn:uuid:9bcaab66-a6f1-46f8-acae-72eb7db798f0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rabbitmq.com/tutorials/tutorial-six-python.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.802455 | 1,781 | 2.671875 | 3 |
DURHAM, NH (CBS) – First love…college graduation…first job.
Most of us may have made our most important memories by the time we’re 25.
At least that’s what new research out of the University of New Hampshire claims.
A team of psychology researchers from the university set out to collect free-form stories from older Americans. To obtain their data, researchers spoke with 34 members of an active retirement community. All of the participants were between 59 to 92 and they were all white. Seventy-six-percent had earned a college degree or higher.
What the researchers found is a “pronounced reminiscence bump” between ages 17 and 24, when most people “defined chapters of their life story beginning and ending.”
“When people look back over their lives and recount their most important memories, most divide their life stories into chapters defined by important moments that are universal for many: a physical move, attending college, a first job, marriage, military experience, and having children,” says Kristina Steiner, a doctoral student in psychology at UNH and the study’s lead researcher, on the university’s website.
“Many studies have consistently found that when adults are asked to think about their lives and report memories, remembered events occurring between the ages of 15 to 30 are over-represented. I wanted to know why this might be. Why don’t adults report more memories from the ages of 30 to 70? What is it about the ages of 15 to 30 that make them so much more memorable?”
Of course, there are obvious problems with the study, like the small number of people studied and the narrow demographic. Still, researchers say many important moments such as marriage and having children occur earlier in life.
“Our life narratives are our identity. By looking at life narratives, researchers can predict levels of well-being and psychological adjustment in adults,” Steiner says.
For more information, click here. | <urn:uuid:e1bf22d7-173f-4819-a088-06fc6af8ecc9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2014/02/20/study-our-most-significant-memories-are-made-before-age-25/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967557 | 420 | 2.625 | 3 |
"Cast into a cold pool": Inclusion and access in middle school for students with labels of mental retardation and autism
Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Teaching and Leadership
Inclusive education, Middle school, Competence, Disabilities, Access, Ableism
Disability and Equity in Education | Education | Special Education and Teaching
Historically, students with labels of mental retardation and autism have faced segregation and marginalization within their school communities and opportunities for meaningful inclusion have been limited. In this critical, interpretivist, qualitative study, I explore the middle school experience of five adolescents with labels of mental retardation and autism, included in typical classroom settings. Through participant observation in middle school classrooms and in-depth interviewing of the students, their parents, and teachers, I examine the day-to-day experience of students with such disability labels as well as the structural and cultural contexts of these middle school sites. In addition to the structural implications of middle school education, including the content specific model, heightened pace of instruction, and the increased number of adults, three distinct cultural contexts emerged. These were a Culture of Independence, a Culture of Control, and a Culture of Expectations.
I consider issues of ableism and enforced normalcy within these middle school sites, and the resulting impact on access to the social and academic opportunities of school for students who challenge constructs of normative performance. Further, I consider the socially constructed nature of competence and incompetence in middle school, and the role that teachers and school personnel play in creating opportunities for students to be seen as capable, participating members of middle school communities or as outsiders existing on the periphery of the classroom. In the conclusion, I present a framework for a more competence-based approach to middle school inclusive education and describe the implications of this study for administrators, teachers, and inclusive teacher preparation programs.
Surface provides description only. Full text is available to ProQuest subscribers. Ask your Librarian for assistance.
Ashby, Christine E., ""Cast into a cold pool": Inclusion and access in middle school for students with labels of mental retardation and autism" (2008). Teaching and Leadership - Dissertations. Paper 4. | <urn:uuid:b0577980-ff46-401c-9927-599b357463e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://surface.syr.edu/tl_etd/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913423 | 444 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Tempo: a declarative concurrent programming language
The ideal of declarative programming is that a program acts as its own
specification, which gives many well known benefits, e.g.:
- Programs are ``obviously correct''; no separate proof is required.
- Programs can easily be manipulated, transformed, etc.
- Programs can be ``declaratively debugged''.
Unfortunately, even ``declarative'' languages tend to resort to imperative
(``non-logical'') features for some purposes, particularly for interaction
with their environment, e.g., I/O.
This is perhaps especially true in concurrent programming, where a lot
of programming effort goes into ensuring that processes correctly
interact with each other.
Concurrent logic programming languages (e.g., Parlog, KL1, etc.) are
declarative in the sense that a program explicitly describes
the final result (if any) that it computes. However, the other aspects
of a program's behaviour have to be preserved by proper use of
language's control features (e.g., modes). (Reactive
programs are often not intended to produce a final result, and these
cannot be considered declarative at all.)
Tempo is an attempt to solve this problem. Tempo is a declarative
language based on classical first-order logic, which has a simple,
concurrent, procedural interpretation.
It improves on traditional concurrent logic programming languages in
that a program can explicitly specify its safety properties,
not just the final result computed (which is a special case of a safety
property). This means, for example, that a Tempo program can be
manipulated using standard program transformation techniques without
affecting its correct behaviour.
By raising the level of concurrent programming
in this way, the likelihood of programming errors is reduced and the
reliability of concurrent software increased.
More details of this work are available on
- Gregory, S. and Ramirez, R. Tempo: a declarative concurrent programming
language. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Logic
Programming (Kanagawa, June). MIT Press, 1995.
- Gregory, S. Derivation of concurrent algorithms in Tempo. In
Proceedings of LOPSTR95: Fifth International Workshop on Logic Program
Synthesis and Transformation (Arnhem, September 1995). Springer Verlag,
- Gregory, S. A declarative approach to concurrent programming. In
Proceedings of PLILP97: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium
on Programming Languages, Implementations, Logics, and Programs
(Southampton, September 1997). Springer-Verlag, 1997. | <urn:uuid:dd9a8987-158f-4592-93dd-ee6b45a98dcd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/Research/LanguagesArchitecture/tempo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869525 | 571 | 3 | 3 |
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Bar examiners are officials whose job it is to write and administer portions of the bar examination. Almost every country with a legal system has a bar examination to determine the minimum competency of lawyers. Once a student has finished his legal studies, he must pass his jurisdiction’s bar exam in order to be admitted as a lawyer and practice law. It is the bar examiners who set up the exam, ensure that it is administered properly, and ultimately grade submissions. The specifics of what bar examiners do and how they are selected varies widely from country to country, and even from state to state.
Some countries have national bar exams, but not all do. In the United States, legal practice is regulated at the state level. Each state has its own board of bar examiners or committee of bar examiners who administer a state-specific bar exam. State bar examiners determine both the content and the requirements for their state’s exam. They can decide, for instance, that one needs to have a law degree from an accredited law school to sit for the bar examination, and they determine whether or not test-takers can use laptop computers to type and submit their answers. One of the only things that state bar examiners cannot determine is the date on which the exam is given, as every state administers its bar exam on the same day.
In most cases, a bar examiner selects the types of questions that the exam will ask, and determines a scoring rubric for assessing which answers should be considered passing. Examiners also score the completed exams, and report the results to their state’s bar association. If a test-taker appeals his score, it is the state examiners who must evaluate the controversy and re-grade the exam, if necessary.
Most U.S. states’ bar exams are composed of both state-specific and national elements. National exams, such as the multi-state professional responsibility exam, the multi-state bar exam, the multi-state essay exam, and the multi-state performance test, are written and administered by the National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE). States usually require one to three of these national exams, but some do not require any.
Along with administering the four national exams, the NCBE also maintains information on each state’s individual requirements, and acts as a clearinghouse for bar exam information for all 50 states. The NCBE tracks exam statistics and compiles year-to-year score databases. One of the NCBE’s primary goals is to ensure reasonable, equitable, and competitive standards for bar admission nationwide.
What it takes to become a bar examiner varies widely by jurisdiction. Many U.S. bar examiners are lawyers themselves, and have successfully passed at least one bar exam in the past. Whether an examiner needs to be personally familiar with the bar exam is a matter for the state's or country’s government to decide. Bar examiners have an important job no matter where it is they work, and in many ways they act as gatekeepers to the global legal profession.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:dcec68c7-51da-4977-b1fe-b985e966f331> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-do-bar-examiners-do.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961452 | 692 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Attic Ventilation – Important Primer
Attic Ventilation - - Its Importance and How to do it
Attic ventilation is probably one of the most neglected areas of home construction and remodeling. All too often not enough thought is given to providing adequate ventilation to these spaces.
My guess is that virtually everyone who is reading this Bulletin has entered a closed up car which has been sitting in the sun. The temperature and the air in the car can be stifling. Because the air in the car cannot escape, the energy of the sun heats it up. As the sun continues to 'bake' the car, the air molecules get more and more excited. The temperature begins to rise.
Contrary to this, a car left in the sun with the windows down will not be as uncomfortable. The only difference between the two situations is air movement. The car with the windows down allows air to circulate through the car. This circulation or movement creates a cooling effect simply by allowing the heated air to escape from the car.
Attics and Cars
When you think of it, your attic is really not that much different than a car. If your builder did not provide for adequate air movement, your attic is nothing more than a confined space.
A confined space in an attic can cause serious problems both in the summertime and in the winter. The air which is trapped in the confined attic space almost always contains water vapor. This water vapor can and will damage your home.
Condensation & Steam
If you allow air to circulate, it achieves a balance or equilibrium with the air it is mixing with. The moisture content of the air will be balanced as well as the temperature. These are important considerations in attic spaces.
As air is heated, its ability to hold moisture in the vapor state is increased. In fact, as the air becomes heated, water vapor is actually attracted to it. If this happens inside your attic, the plywood face which is exposed begins to absorb this moisture. It is not unlike being in a large pressure cooker.
As we discussed earlier, this moisture can cause problems with the plywood.
On the contrary, in colder weather the confined air in the attic can also cause problems. The roof framing members and plywood of a roof, when not heated by the sun, usually are the same temperature as the outside air. Air constantly leaks from the inside of our houses into the attic. This air almost always has a higher moisture content than the air inside the attic during winter months. If this air is allowed to collect in the attic space, it possibly will condense on the framing members or the plywood sheathing. This moisture can begin to rot the wood.
The Solution - Air Movement
You can eliminate these problems by allowing air to move rapidly and freely through your attic. Remember the car with the windows down? Attic ventilation technology has advanced rapidly in the past 10 years. New products are available which make attic ventilation simple and easy. They are inexpensive and readily available.
The key to effective attic ventilation is air movement. Remember, the trick is to get the air in your attic to mix with the air outside as quickly as possible. This can be achieved with flow-thru technology.
Older homes often have triangular gable vents. Any air which exits the attic from these vents must be replaced. These vents are usually only effective if the wind is blowing directly into the vents. That usually doesn't happen very often.
Virtually, every house has a soffit. This soffit creates an overhang at the edge of a roof. Because of the manner in which roofs are framed, these soffit areas are perfect entry points for air to enter attic spaces.
In new construction, continuous ventilation strips are often installed in these soffits. This provides an ample and excellent source for air to begin its upward flow into the attic area.
To make sure that the air flow is not blocked by attic insulation, baffles should be installed. The space between the roof and the outside walls narrows as the roof passes over the outside bearing walls. Insulation can block these areas if not carefully installed. Baffles prevent this from happening.
The baffles provide an unobstructed channel from the soffit area to the attic.
Continuous Ridge Ventilation
After the soffit has been vented, the air must have a place to leave the attic. This is best achieved by installing a continuous ridge vent along the highest points of the roof. This type of venting can also be installed along roof hips. It is important to install as much of this ridge and hip (where applicable) ventilation as possible. This ventilation material combined with the soffit ventilation strips provides an effective flow-thru ventilation system.
The Vacuum Effect
Wind which flows along an object creates a vacuum effect due to a lowering of air pressure. This vacuum can be beneficial when you use continuous ridge type ventilation.
As wind blows across your roof from any direction, it can create a vacuum effect along the ridge vents. Air is sucked from your attic space as long as it can be readily replaced along the soffits. This is one of the reasons soffit vents must be installed. The vacuum effect happens even in the slightest breeze.
Continuous ridge vents are available in many styles. The original vents were aluminum strips which sat on top of the ridge. These were unsightly and they sometimes leaked.
Newer designs allow these vents to be covered with the standard cap shingles that traditionally appeared at the ridge or along hips. These vent strips are made from either hard plastic or dense coarse plastic interwoven fibers.
When applied properly they provide a sleek look to a roof. All you see is a thin shadow line where the cap shingles are raised above the regular shingles.
Pot Vents & Power Vents
You can also use standard pot vents and power ventilating units to move air from your attic. These items work best when used in conjunction with continuous ridge vents.
Pot vents are simply aluminum covers that cover holes which have been cut in your roof. They come in various sizes and designs.
Power ventilators have electric powered fans attached to a pot vent. Often these are thermostatically controlled to turn on when the attic temperature reaches a certain temperature. They turn off automatically when the attic has cooled to a preset temperature on the thermostat. | <urn:uuid:e958e689-8570-42c1-bab7-df551dc254a7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.askthebuilder.com/attic-ventilation-important-primer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954315 | 1,316 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Sea Ice Observed from New AMSR Sensor
September 16, 2002
The Aqua satellite, a new component of NASA's Earth Observing System, was launched on May 4, 2002 and is dedicated to advancing our understanding of the Earth's water cycle. One of 6 key Earth-observing instruments on board Aqua, the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer or (AMSR), was developed by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). This sensor measures passive microwave radiation emanating from various surfaces, such as sea ice. The image pairs above compare sea ice conditions in the Arctic and Antarctic during the periods from June 2-4 and from July 21-22.
On these images, white indicates the area of sea ice cover and gray indicates land. Note that the ice sheets on Antarctica and Greenland have been masked-out. Because of the time period covered (late spring to summer in the Northern Hemisphere; late fall to winter in the Southern Hemisphere), the area of the ice cover in the Arctic region is decreasing while the area of ice cover in the Antarctic region is increasing. The presence of sea ice is extremely important to radiation balance in polar regions. Its presence restricts heat exchange between the ocean and atmosphere, and in addition, it reflects much of the solar radiation that would otherwise reach the seawater during the spring and summer months. | <urn:uuid:4e6b8f06-1609-4c23-9e08-2f81399caf71> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2002/09/sea-ice-observed-from-new-amsr-sensor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941791 | 271 | 3.703125 | 4 |
There is an estimated 2 million people annually that are bitten in the United States by animals. Most bites are from dogs (80-90%), cats (5-10%) and all others (2-3%).
The vast majority of these bites are minor and are usually harmless and will heal on their own with the proper first aid. However, the most feared complication from a bite is rabies, but the most common complication is a skin infection.
FIRSTAID TREATMENT FOR BITES:
Thoroughly wash the bite wound with soap and water.
Put a clean dressing on the wound.
Get a tetanus shot, if it’s not up-to-date. Check with your doctor.
Get immediate medical help if the wound shows signs of infection. Treating major cuts or puncture wounds.
NORMAL SYMPTONS OF A BITE:
Blue or yellow discoloration.
CONTACT YOUR MEDICAL PROVIDER IF:
The affected area is the face or neck.
After the third day, swelling increases.
Redness or streaking.
You have a fever of greater than 100 degrees F. (38 degrees C.)
Excessive drainage from the wound.
No evidence of healing.
Bitten by an unknown wild animal.
ANIMALS AT HIGHER RISK FOR CARRYING RABIES:
Dogs and Cats.
Wild animals, such as raccoons, squirrels, skunks and bats.
For more information and rabies assessment, contact your county health department.
HOW TO PREVENT ANIMAL BITES:
Vaccinate all your pets against rabies. Keep shots up to date.
Never handle, pet or feed an animal that you don’t know.
Wild animals should not be kept as pets.
Never leave children alone with animals.
Animals that look sick or disoriented should not be touched (call your county health department). Human Bites
Human bite wounds have a high risk of infection. These infections can quickly progress into severe complications. It is important to get treatment as soon as possible.
FOR MORE INFORMATION AND VIDEO GO TO: Paul Laris is an author and advisor on Emergency, Disaster and First Aid information. His website EmergencySuppliesInfo.com, will give you up to date information and videos on what to do before, during and after an Emergency. | <urn:uuid:9b39c7fc-441b-4ebc-ab32-f6ea5dc0e9e8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ouguanzuqiusai.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910611 | 497 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Overview on Intectual Property Rights
CAFTA & Access to Medicines
WTO & Access to Medicines
Andean FTA & Access to Medicines
Australian FTA & Access to Medicines
US-Thailand FTA & Access to Medicines
Other IPR Related News
Organizations Working on IPR Issues
Overview on Intellectual Property Rights
Intellectual property rights are rights granted to inventors, artists, and other creators regarding the use of their innovations. Domestically, this usually occurs through laws regarding protection of copyrights, patents and trademarks. In the past ten years, however, the introduction of intellectual property rights in international trade policy has raised serious concerns regarding public health, sustainable development, biodiversity, and cultural rights.
The 1986-1994 Uruguay round of the WTO produced the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) in an effort to develop common international rules on intellectual property rights and to enforce these rules through the WTO’s powerful dispute settlement system. The resulting agreement established changes to domestic patent laws as well as new enforcement mechanisms.
The North American Free Trade Agreement’s (NAFTA) Chapter Seventeen on Intellectual Property created provisions similar to the WTO’s TRIPs, but in some ways NAFTA’s rules are more extensive. The failure to meet NAFTA’s IPR rules can lead to more than the trade sanctions allowed in WTO enforcement. NAFTA’s implementing legislation required member countries’ criminal codes to be rewritten to provide for criminal penalties for violations of intellectual property rights.
The threat to public welfare from intellectual property rules comes when the protection of a patent-holder’s rights to exclusive use of an invention or article come at the expense of social and environmental needs. Developing countries had traditionally excluded food and medicine from their IPR laws to insure that these basic necessities are accessible, affordable and not controlled by monopolies. But now under trade rules, living things – plant, animal, and human – can be patented on a world-wide scale. Some of the most harmful applications of international IPR have been with regard to seeds, plants and animals, and medicines.
The patenting of genetically engineered seeds, effectively criminalizes seed saving, the traditional practice of gathering seeds after a harvest for the planting of future crops. This way, seed companies with patents are able to force farmers to purchase their seeds each year, raising farmers’ costs, and increasing dependence on agribusiness corporations. Farmers’ traditional varieties of corn and other crops are threatened as genetically engineered varieties cross-pollinate. Once crops are contaminated, saving the seeds is restricted. To retain rights over their own varieties, farmers are required to pay licensing fees that are unaffordable to many.
Farmers and public agricultural research institutions once freely exchanged seeds and together bred varieties adapted to unique local conditions. Now, however, the major transnational agri-chemical corporations have aquired and patented germplasm- limiting access and charging royalties for their use in research and crop production. These applications of IPR rules have serious ramifications for equitable development and global food security.
Cultural knowledge and use of plants is another target of patenting. IPR rules allow pharmaceutical and genetic engineering companies to freely draw on centuries of traditional knowledge to patent traditional remedies, restricting their use with no benefit to the community of culture from which this knowledge comes. Bioprospecting in developing countries poses a serious risk to biodiversity, though IPR rules limit governments’ abilities to protect biological resources from becoming the exclusive property of corporations.
One of the most highly debated applications of TRIPS is drug patenting. The US, prompted by pharmaceutical companies, has utilized international IPR to sue the governments of developing countries for manufacturing generic versions of patented drugs. In many poor countries, where the cost of patented drugs is prohibitively expensive, cheap medicines are relied on to treat public health crises such as AIDS as well as other potentially deadly health problems like diarrhea.
Recently, efforts by the governments of developing countries and health advocacy groups has produced some gains in IPR rules. In the 2001 WTO Doha Round, the Declaration on TRIPs and Public Health provided a limited amount of flexibility to allow the domestic manufacture of generic drugs for public health crises. The definition of public health crisis within the declaration, however, is narrow and highly disputed, and the declaration still maintains the illegality of importing generic medicines from neighboring countries.
In the negotiations for a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and other free trade agreements including the US-Chile Free Trade Agreement and the US-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, the US has introduced “TRIPS-plus” provisions which more aggressively protect patented drugs, plants, and seeds from public use, and in some cases backtrack on the limited gains made in the Doha Declaration.
What to Watch Out for in Free Trade Agreements with the United States Médecins Sans Frontières, May 14, 2004 En Español
Other IPR Related News
Sen. Kennedy and Rep. Waxman Call for Investigation of U.S. Trade Agreements and International Health October 13, 2006
The Use of Flexibilities in TRIPS by Developing Countries: Can They Promote Access to Medicines? CIPIH, August 2005
UN Body Endorses Cultural Protections; US Objections are Turned Aside Washington Post, October 21, 2005
U.S. Discloses Moves to Stop Piracy of Intellectual Property New York Times, September 22, 2005
Monsanto \’Seed Police\’ Scrutinise Farmers Inter Press Service, January 14, 2005
EU Proposes Aid to Poor Nations With Drugs Associated Press, October 29, 2004
South Gains Ground in Intellectual Property Debate Inter Press Service, October 5, 2004
In New Trade Pacts, U.S. Seeks To Limit Reach of Generic Drugs Wall Street Journal, July 6, 2004
USA Pressured to Ease Trade Demands Lancet, March 6, 2004
Letter on Access to Essential Medicines in U.S.-Morocco Trade Agreement Human Rights Watch, February 18, 2004
USA-Morocco Deal May Extend Drug Patents to 30 Years Lancet, December 6, 2003
Comments on Proposed Text of the Free Trade Area of the Americas Essential Action, February 28, 2003 | <urn:uuid:7d7f7f20-b0d2-4862-b2f7-74c5f5de43f6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.citizenstrade.org/ctc/trade-issues/intellectual-property-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00110-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919293 | 1,306 | 3.328125 | 3 |
To be free to travel. That was the dream of the millions who had lived under the Communist regimes in Eastern and Central Europe. That dream came through in summer 1989 when the Hungarian government cut the barbed wire fence that divided the country from Western Europe.
Thousands of East Germans who had made their way to Hungary crossed into Austria. It was the beginning of the end of a divided Europe. A few months later, the Berlin Wall, which symbolized the division of Europe into two ideological and physical blocs, was torn down. Europe was finally whole and united.
But that open Europe is now in jeopardy as governments build walls against refugees, against Russia, and against the Roma. The more governments build such fences, the more they undermine the EU as an open, democratic, and free space—qualities and values that have made Europe attractive and a beacon to others.
And the more EU governments build barriers, the more they will play into the hands of authoritarian regimes in Europe’s Eastern and Southern neighborhoods. A closed and divided Europe could lose its attraction for people wanting the freedom to travel, work, and study in Europe.
Right now, Hungary is building a 12-foot-high (4-meter) fence along its 109-mile (175-kilometer) border with Serbia to prevent refugees fleeing the wars in Syria and Iraq from entering the country.
Britain is building a new security fence around the Channel Tunnel terminal in Calais, France, for the same reason.
In 2014, Bulgaria started building a metal fence along its border with Turkey to stop smugglers from bringing asylum seekers to Europe.
And during the 1990s, to prevent refugees and migrants from entering Spain, Madrid built massive walls around the cities of Melilla and Ceuta, Spanish exclaves that border Morocco.
It’s not only against refugees that some European governments are building new fortifications. Estonia announced on August 28 it was building a fence along its eastern border with Russia. Interior ministry spokesman Toomas Viks said the barrier was designed to protect the Schengen Area.
In practice, the fence is about protecting Estonia, which joined the EU and NATO in 2004, against Russia. Russia’s invasion of eastern Ukraine in 2014 and its annexation of the Crimean Peninsula has made Estonia and the other Baltic states extremely nervous about Russia’s intentions in this part of Europe.
And no wonder. Nearly a year ago, Russia kidnapped Eston Kohver, an Estonian security official who had been investigating a smuggling ring on the Estonian-Russian border. On August 24, Kohver was given a fifteen-year prison sentence.
There are walls too being built to isolate Roma communities. Slovakia has constructed more than a dozen walls to separate the country’s Roma from the locals. Back in 2009, the mayor of the Slovak village of Ostrovany built a 492-foot-long (150-meter), 7-foot-high (2-meter) concrete wall to distance the Roma from the rest of the community. The Czech Republic has also put up walls between the Roma and non-Roma local inhabitants.
In Baia Mare, Romania, the local authorities also built a wall against the Roma community. Nongovernmental organizations including the Center for Legal Resources described the wall as an initiative that belonged to the Nazi era. “The idea to separate a community with severe social problems . . . amounts to institutionalized racism,” the center stated.
Yet some EU countries—especially Germany, which expects up to 800,000 asylum seekers by the end of 2015—has refused to build new walls. Not only that. Berlin has dropped all restrictions for Syrians fleeing the war in their country. Germany is speeding up the asylum procedure process and intends to integrate those who remain in Germany as quickly as possible.
Neighboring Poland has opened its doors to Ukrainians. During 2014, Warsaw received 2,318 asylum applications from Ukraine, compared with 46 the year before. It also issued 830,553 short-term visas for Ukrainian border traders and migrant workers, compared with 720,125 in 2013, according to EUobserver.
More importantly, Poland was instrumental in obtaining a special status for the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad, which is sandwiched between Lithuania and Poland. Since 2011, with the support of Germany, Russia, and the European Commission, inhabitants of Kaliningrad have the right to travel to Poland without a visa.
Poland’s center-right Civic Platform government, particularly the former foreign minister Radek Sikorski, believed it was crucial to give these Russian citizens an opportunity to see how Poland’s political, social, and economic structures functioned.
By keeping its doors open, the EU can also encourage change. When in January 2014 Romanians were given the freedom to work in any EU country, thousands of young and old jumped at the opportunity. Their experiences were enough to convince them of the need for real change in a country mired in corruption and weak governance.
Later that year, Romanians turned up in their droves to vote for the anticorruption campaigner Klaus Iohannis. Against all the odds, he was elected president of Romania in November 2014. Open Europe was vindicated.
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您离开卡内基 - 清华全球政策中心网站，进入另一个卡内基全球网站。 | <urn:uuid:cf6da3ad-272e-4800-8c1c-d7dcc125e88e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=61140 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964952 | 1,162 | 2.53125 | 3 |
An authoritative bestseller for over fifty years, PERRINE'S LITERATURE: STRUCTURE, SOUND, AND SENSE continues to be an essential and highly effective introduction to literature for today's students. Written for students beginning a serious study of literature, the text introduces the fundamental elements of fiction, poetry, and drama in a concise and engaging way, addressing vital questions that other texts tend to ignore, such as "Is some literature better?" and "How can it be evaluated?" A remarkable selection of classic, modern, and contemporary readings serves to illustrate the elements of literature and ensure broad appeal to students of diverse backgrounds and interests. Now thoroughly updated with nearly 80 new stories, poems, and plays by some of the finest authors of any era, the eleventh edition remains true to Perrine's original vision while addressing the needs of a new generation of students.
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Rent Perrine’s Literature 11th edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Thomas R. Arp. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Wadsworth Publishing.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now. | <urn:uuid:383bde06-e518-4758-b6bc-f92b729cee51> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/perrine-s-literature-11th-edition-9781111351526-111135152x?ii=19&trackid=d6642137&omre_ir=1&omre_sp= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913512 | 257 | 2.578125 | 3 |
National Geographic News
If it looks like a fish and swims like a fish, it usually is a fish. But not this new, lifelike robot fish developed by U.K. scientists. (Raw video below.)
Equipped with tiny chemical sensors, the fish will collect data on pollution in the port of Gijón and wirelessly transmit the information back to the port's control center.
"It's a little lab onboard the fish," said Rory Doyle, a senior research scientist at BMT Group, the independent engineering company that is coordinating the rollout of the robots with funding from the European Commission. The robots were designed, and are being built, by professor Huosheng Hu and his team at the University of Essex, U.K.
The sensors will detect hazards such as chemical spills and fertilizer runoff and will allow officials to map in real time the sources and impacts of pollution, Doyle said.
He and his colleagues chose a fish design because hundreds of millions of years of evolution have yielded an energy-efficient creature, he said. "Nature has done it very, very well."
But mimicking such a successful design comes at a cost: 20,000 British pounds (nearly 29,000 U.S. dollars) per robot, to be precise.
The roughly seal-size fish, therefore, will be built "robust" enough to handle any eventuality, Doyle said. They can't get caught in nets easily, for instance, and their internal tracking systems can help the robot fish avoid collisions with boats and other obstacles.
So far, it also seems unlikely the robot fish will be mistaken for prey: At the London Aquarium, sharks steer clear of the fake fish, possibly because the predators find the robots' electromagnetic fields unpleasant, Doyle said.
At the same time, scientists are working to ensure that the sounds of the robots and other factors don't disrupt the natural environment, he added.
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES | <urn:uuid:abaebb39-0207-46fd-8e98-ba1edff1c0f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090320-robot-fish-video.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949092 | 407 | 3.546875 | 4 |
April 5, 2006|
Do you fall asleep in class?
Do you fall asleep while you do your homework?
Have you ever driven a car while you were drowsy?
Have you ever been late or missed class because you overslept?
If you answered "YES!" to any of these questions, then you are not alone.
A 2006 National Sleep
Foundation survey of adolescents and teenagers (ages 11-17 years)
indicates that many kids are not getting enough sleep. In fact,
only 20% of kids between the ages of 11-17 years gets the recommended nine
hours of sleep on school nights; 45% of these kids sleep fewer than eight
hours on school nights.
Let's take a closer look at statistics from the survey:
- 8.4 hours = time the average 6th grader sleeps on school nights
- 9.2 hours = time the average 6th grader sleeps on nonschool
- 6.9 hours = time the average 12th grader sleeps on school nights
- 8.4 hours = time the average 12th grader sleeps on nonschool
- 11.7 hours = number of hours of sleep lost by 12th grader each week
- 22% - percent of high school students who fall asleep doing homework
- 14% - percent of high school students who arrive late or miss school
because they oversleep
- 15% - percent of 10th-12th grade students who drive drowsy at least
once a week
The National Sleep Foundation and other experts have the following
suggestions for a good night's sleep:
- Have a regular sleep schedule: go to sleep and wake up at the
same time each day.
- Use a regular sleep "routine." For example, read or take a shower
each night before bedtime.
- Avoid caffeinated drinks and vigorous exercise in the late afternoon
- Try to only spend time in your bed when you are actually sleeping, so
that your mind associates the bed with sleeping.
- Do not study, watch TV or use a computer right before you go
to sleep. Remove the TV and computer from your bedroom.
Don't let the lack of sleep affect your
schoolwork, your mood and your health.
Make time for sleep! | <urn:uuid:6416c5af-1c47-4393-b875-466ec3245a7e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/sleepsurv.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934329 | 477 | 3.453125 | 3 |
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