text stringlengths 199 648k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 1 value | url stringlengths 14 419 | file_path stringlengths 139 140 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 50 235k | score float64 2.52 5.34 | int_score int64 3 5 |
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- leprosy (n.)
- name given to various chronic skin diseases, later in more restricted use, 1530s, probably from leprous + -y (4). First used in Coverdale Bible, where it renders Hebrew cara'ath, which apparently was a comprehensive term for skin diseases. Because of pejorative associations, the use of the word in medical context has been banned by the World Health Organization and replaced by Hansen's disease (1938), named for Norwegian physician Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (1841-1912) who in 1871 discovered the bacillus that causes it.
The Middle English name for the disease was leper (mid-13c.), from Old French liepre and Latin lepra (see leper). But as the sense of this shifted after late 14c. to mean "person with leprosy," English began coining new nouns for the disease: lepri, leprosity, lepruse all date from mid-15c. but are now obsolete. A place for their treatment is a leprosarium (1846) or leprosary (1891). | <urn:uuid:47f6912b-dc9c-451b-89ec-033131c09119> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=leprosy&allowed_in_frame=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951419 | 241 | 3.3125 | 3 |
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To the time of this writing the general news reports of Dachau have accurately reported history and atrocities. They have largely omitted what America did for those who were sick and suffering, except to print pictures of the victims and say they were there. This section of my article will tell in laymen's language just what was done.
It was really an herculean task which confronted the two evac hospitals as they rolled into the great courtyard the first three days following liberation, and every member of these units knew they were embarking on an adventure in the most notorious disease-ridden center in Europe. And what was it that confronted them?
First there was disease and sickness. It might be well to pause and describe several briefly.
Typhus is a louse borne disease and is usually contracted by the louse, which is generally born in filth, biting an individual and depositing his feces at the same time. A person feeling this bite as very apt to scratch it and rub the feces into the bite, and then the disease starts. The incubation period is from 12 to 18 days. Of course, more rarely, the excreta could be dried and blown into the respiratory passages or the eyes in the form of dust, and the disease contracted in that manner.
Generally one begins to feel irritable, and a fever comes on and the body wastes rapidly as its reserves are called upon. Estimates say that from 85% to 80% recover, depending on care and circumstances. They had bean given little care at Dachau, but the best available under the circumstances.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease transmitted by respiratory discharges, and is easily spread by being confined in close quarters. It is typified by loss of weight, general weakness, coughing, and spitting of blood. Five bodies had been taken at random from around the crematory, and five more from the horror train and autopsies performed. Of the ten bodies there were found eight cases of active tuberculosis, though it could not be stated that in each case, tuberculosis was the direct cause of death.
American hospital officers roughly estimated that from 15% to 20% of the compound population would eventually be found to have TB. They also had difficulty in straining ambulatory patients and apparently well prisoners in the compound from stripping off their jackets. rolling up their pants and taking excessive sun baths for fear that an overdose of the sun's rays might produce an exacerbation of tuberculosis.
A rare disease which faced the American doctors was that known as phlegmon. Its symptoms are rapid spreading inflamation of the subcutaneous tissue resulting in ulceration of the skin or abscess. Generally high fever accompanies. It is common in post-typhus patients.
Malnutrition played its part in undermining the health of the camp and made its people more easily susceptible to other disease and severe dysentery-like diarrhea was rampant throughout the camp. However, there was relatively few cases of bacillary or Amebic dysentery. In the main the severe diarrhea was the result of severe malnutrition precipitated by intolerance to the increased rations provided by the Americans
Oftentimes they did not know or realize how sick they actually were and it appeared to make little difference.
Those who were too sick to move often lay in their own body filth until some sympathetic internee noticed their plight and helped them. The compound hospital would be notified, but since that was already full nothing could be done till either a hospital patient died or was discharged, or the prospective patient died. And since we have come to the subject of hospitals let us see what existed in the form of hospitals for this highly populated and thickly crowded theater.
There was what was known as the compound hospital. It ultimately expanded to ten ordinary barracks connected by corridors. It had few of the advantages of what we would call a hospital. It was just a place for the worst cases of those who felt sick and could get in (or be carried there by their comrades) provided there was room.
Under the Nazis the hospital had been an experiment station where "guinea pigs" were kept until they died or got well. This experimental station was used to try out new serums and theories of doctors and would-be doctors, for example on one occasion Peter Van Gestel (a Dutch Priest) related how 178 priests and pastors were taken for malaria experiments and another occasion 40 were used for "cellulitis tests", of which number 13 died horrible deaths.
With this in mind it was not surprising for us to see, as we entered the hospital, much the same conditions that existed in the barracks, with the exception that the barracks usually contained a goodly number of those who looked fairly healthy. The first days of liberation saw two in one bunk and oftentimes (due to lack of help and materials) the person in the lower bunk suffered the results of a dysentery patient above who had not been waited on and who had not control over himself.
Sanitary conveniences were, far too few for adequate care and poor plumbing, which would freeze in winter, or clog easily in all seasons, did not add to the cleanliness.
One of the first things which an American did when the camp was liberated was to see to it that the hospital began functioning; this time with more adequate supplies. of help and materials. The credit goes to Capt. Marcus J. Smith, whose real presence of mind and determination eventually caused him to be recommended for the award of the bronze star, and he certainly earned it.
The Typhus Commission arrived on May 3rd, under the eminent specialist Lt. Col. John C. Synder, and assisted by Maj. M. Brumpt (French) the originator of the Brumpt test which was a rapid microscopic modification of the Weil-Felix test for typhus. It was he, who, with Dr. Blaha and Dr. Mees and others, gathered the other doctors in camp and enough volunteer help to save, without doubt, many lives.
There was also the SS or outer Camp hospital. It was an institution in itself, and contained many genuine and some self-inflicted wounded. When the Americans came into the camp the entire staff came out in procession with a white flag at the head. Here was really a prize, for not only was the SS hospital able to care for the German wounded and sick, but also a number of the internees as well. It was well equipped with doctors, nurses and had everything that would delight the heart of a man whose heart is in medicine. Excellent operating rooms, x-ray rooms, laboratories and dental departments, and morgue and dissecting room.
The facilities of the hospital, as well as its personnel, were Immediately put to work, and used to the uttermost constantly. Capt. Thaddeus Bugelski of the 127th Evac became its superintendent, and his knowledge of the language, as well as his excellent persuasive powers, let the Germans who worked there know in no uncertain terms just what was to be done. Originally having 450 beds it was ultimately expanded to 1500.
The evacuation units were faced with a double problem. First, that of preparing their own living quarters in buildings which had been thoroughly ransacked; paper, closets, clothing and all sorts of personal and military equipment scattered knee deep throughout the corridors, offices, and rooms. This had to be cleared out before and during the moving in process.
Secondly, the long barracks selected for the hospital wards also required a most thorough cleaning out of all sorts of trash and rubbish; washing the entire building with "creosol" and dusting with DDT powder. In many instances a large number of small partitions separating the myriad number of rooms had to be broken down to make larger rooms, which could be more adequately cared for by the relatively small number of personnel available. Then beds, some found in the barracks. others from the warehouses had to be set up. Mattresses and adequate bedding were hastily requisitioned from the warehouses, and transportation of those and other necessary supplies was at a premium. Then our regular hospital supplies were also moved in. In the preparation of these buildings for patients, enlisted men, Doctors and Nurses, pitched in with a will and aided by a number of priests and pastors (largely Polish) selected through the International Prisoners Committee, the buildings were ready for occupancy after a record of some 1200 to 1500 man hours had been expended on each building. The first patient in each case was received within 36 hours after arrival of the advance party.
In the meantime, headquarters and other essential offices were also prepared to carry out the full work of the hospitals. It must be pointed out that each of the evacuation hospitals is equipped and has personnel to minister to 400 patients. Under the stress of this emergency each hospital at its peak ministered to approximately three times that number.
It is small wonder that the services of others were required, and who, among the thousands at the camp would render better service or co-operate better than those who had dedicated their lives to the service of their Lord? So it was that the priests and pastors. internees, responded and found no task too menial or low to be done. They were most co-operative and untiring in their efforts, and most conscientious. Both hospitals used them, and were glad these willing workers were available.
It was arranged through Col. A. L. Bradford, Camp Surgeon, that the 116th Evac Hosp should minister to all male typhus patients and specialize in that field. The 127th would be the general hospital for the other illnesses as well as the women's hospital. Then the real work began in earnest; it was oftentimes a race between life and death, and the members of each unit from the lowest private to the commanding officer threw themselves into the work whole-heartedly. It meant long hours and heart breaking work which involved self-sacrifice and a deep love for one's fellow man. It Is Impossible to speak too highly of the conscientious work which everyone did. There were no complaints; there were many constructive suggestions.
The doctors applied themselves diligently to their tasks and specialized in their various fields. The nurses could not do too much for the comfort and well being of their patients. The wardmen faced with three times the number of patients did not flinch nor draw back in any degree. The other sections functioned unusually well for the task that was theirs; registrar, mess, supply, pharmacy and laboratories, x-ray, dental clinic, medical and surgical. Oftentimes faced with shortages of materials, our supply section used Yankee Ingenuity and substituted substitutes for substitutes. The mess section encountered a most peculiar problem, and did a particularly commendable piece of work. The problem was that of meeting the dietary requirements of so many, and such varied, patients. The policy of the army was to feed all displaced personnel out of stocks existing in the conquered country. There was no such thing as fruit juice, powdered milk, or white flour around Dachau, and these items could be acquired only through the army, and it was not until higher authority cut red tape that the problem was adequately met.
The patients were brought out daily from the compound hospital receiving room where they lay on the floor not having seen a doctor as yet, and only the worst cases could be accepted. Before leaving that hospital each patient was thoroughly dusted and their hair cut close. They were registered quickly, washed, dusted and x-rayed and taken to the wards to which their particular type of sickness was assigned.
It was heartrending and gratifying to see these patients who had not seen a bed with sheets for years, slide down between those sheets with that deep feeling of satisfying and thanksgiving. Sometimes quiet tears appeared in their eyes and rolled down onto the pillow. Here at last someone cared.
As the patient was received their belongings were checked. Under the circumstances almost everything had to be taken from them for fear of contamination, and that which was saved was put through the decontaminator. Almost every man had a belt, which he did not want to. let out of his possession. One man, after his belt had been thrown into the trash barrel, reached in and grabbed it. At his insistence the attendant ripped the belt open, and between the two thin layers of leather were three one hundred dollar bills in American currency neatly rolled into almost infinitesimal size. Small wonder he held onto his belt!
Records were made of each patient and progress noted. It was not long before the light began to appear in their eyes, and one day when a patient found fault with cold coffee, we felt sure they were getting well! Two of our officers, Major J. A. Killins and Capt. Joseph E. Poach, selected two hundred cases and have written up their histories. These will doubtlessly prove most interesting to those who later look into them.
Not long after the arrival of our ,hospital, and during that period of cleaning up before patients were received, there arrived a group known as the French Vatican Mission. Their primary object was to minister to such French subjects as they could. They were given permission to open and staff a one ward hospital which operated under the 127th, and took patients of all nationalities. They really did good work and are to be Commended for their efforts.
Perhaps some statistics might draw more clearly the picture of the sizable work accomplished in six weeks by the 127th. In this period there were 2,252 patients admitted, of whom 227 died; 292 were discharged; 714 transferred to other hospitals, and when the hospital ceased work on June 16th, 1,028 were given over to the U. S. Army Hospital Plant No. 1. The balance had either slipped out quietly in an effort to get home more quickly, or given over to the custody of the CIC (Counter Intelligence). | <urn:uuid:cc4f8702-1bb7-411a-b6e4-c4fa03ee7c6d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://chgs.umn.edu/histories/minnesotans/andHolocaust/dachau/hospitalization.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988833 | 2,888 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Canadian sharks get profiled
By Jarrett Corke, Shark Project Coordinator – Halifax Office, WWF-Canada
In a recent publication, researchers conducted a content analysis of 300 articles from 20 major Australia and U.S. newspapers. Close to 60% of all the articles portrayed sharks negatively with just over 50% of these articles dealing specifically with shark attacks. As shark populations continue to decline worldwide from the effects of directed and incidental catch in commercial fisheries, there is no doubt that they also “suffer from a negative public image” say the authors, which “highlights problems for shark conservation.”
If we all agree that sharks do in fact suffer from a negative public image, it is likely due to the public’s lack of awareness and/or exposure to these species. The only true way to turn the tides for sharks is to expose the public to the other side of these species. The best way to do this these days is virtually.
Great White Shark © Wildlife Pictures/JÍrome Mallefet / WWF-Canon
Sharks of the Atlantic Research and Conservation Centre (ShARCC) is a virtual knowledge portal on all things shark in the Atlantic Canada. Through the collaborative efforts of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, The Worm Lab at Dalhousie University, and WWF-Canada, this site was launched with the intention of being a one-stop shop for any curious mind wishing to learn more about sharks. The goal of ShARCC is to promote elasmobranch (sharks, skates and rays) conservation in Atlantic Canada through research, outreach, changes on the water and improved management, ultimately leading to the protection and recovery of these species.
Recognizing the potential of ShARCC, WWF-Canada teamed up with the IUCN Shark Specialist Group and Simon Fraser University to develop a similar site. Casting a wider net, Sharks, Skates and Rays of the Pacific Northwest is a virtual hub for information on chondrichthyans (sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras) found in the Canadian Pacific waters. The goal of this website is to promote elasmobranch conservation in the Canadian Pacific through education to help inform the general public and change public opinion for the betterment of these species.
It is our hope that these sites will provide a central location for information on elasmobranchs, their conservation and management and any and all initiatives being taken to protect them in the region.
As an experienced diver, I can honestly say that being underwater with sharks is the only way to truly know what they are about. While terrifying at first, the self-realization that these animals are not interested in harming us – despite what we have been told – is utterly breathtaking. Only by sharing experiences and educating others can we ever hope to correct the negative perceptions that have been made in the past.
To learn more about what we do to help protect sharks, click here.
To help us continue our work protecting sharks, please consider donating, here. | <urn:uuid:961edd29-ca21-4f92-a306-9b4466318cde> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.wwf.ca/blog/2012/11/15/canadian-sharks-get-profiled/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935016 | 618 | 3.0625 | 3 |
"When the antifreeze/coolant wears out, it
acts like the acid in a battery, allowing dissimilar metals to
react, and create a voltage."
According to the dictionary, electrolysis
1) Chemical change, especially decomposition, that is
produced in an electrolyte by an electric current.1
2) An electrochemical process by which electrical energy is
used to promote chemical reactions that occur at electrodes.2
Type B electrolysis is similar to the dynamic of a
battery. The coolant acts like a catalyst and allows and encourages ion
movement, just like the electrolyte in a battery. The "electrodes"
defined at the top of the page, are the aluminum components in the
cooling system (like the lead plates in a battery). The "electrochemical
process" mentioned is the aluminum particle (ion) movement, such that
leaks (thinning of wall surface) occur. When enough ions have moved,
this results in a failure (leak) typically in the radiator or heater
due to the thickness (read thinness) of the tube wall surface. A thicker
surface (like an aluminum casting) is not more resistant to
electrolysis, but is not as likely to leak because it is thicker.
However these thicker surfaces may leak anyway if the electrolysis
occurs at a gasket surface.3 Generally you won't know you have an
electrolysis problem unless you have (a series of) unexplained leaks.
Electrolysis will manifest itself with unexplained coolant leaks in thin
walled aluminum components, typically the heater or radiator, whichever
may be more "electrically attractive" to the ion movement.
When the coolant gets acidic will it act like an
electrolyte, and set the stage is set for
electrolysis to occur, and the destruction of thin aluminum components to begin.
So how does coolant get acidic? Up until the mid '90's, the recommended service
interval for coolant was 24 months. When changed at this interval, the coolant
was removed before it was
still had good color and was still protecting the metals with corrosion
inhibitors. When changed, all the old coolant mix was purged, along with any
small amounts of acidic build up. As a result, Type B electrolysis in the early
90's was extremely rare. Beginning in 1996, with GM's introduction of Dex-cool,
the recommended service interval of coolant grew to
5 years. GM
wasn't the only automaker to use longer life coolants. New developments in
coolant chemistry and a changing maintenance strategy has fueled these advances
that are tested in laboratory conditions and on vehicle fleets. Unfortunately
the successes in the laboratory have not always directly translated to a success
in the field. It is not surprising that electrolysis is now a major under hood
problem.4 Another factor is the increasingly tighter environmental restrictions
on flushing and disposal of automotive flush water.
How do we get rid of electrolysis?
Since Type B electrolysis is a chemical problem as mentioned
above, the answer to ridding ourselves of this problem will be to
neutralize the acid. In addition we need to remove the spent
antifreeze, remove any metal particles
in the deep reaches of the
engine block, and "scrub" the internal surfaces of the block. Sound
like a flush to me. But not just any flush. We need to REALLY flush
this thing out. Flushing options include chemical flush,
mechanical flush, or a "freeway flush". Chemical flushing involves adding
The Flusher to
our vehicle and running the engine for 1-3 hours. Driving at freeway
speed is highly recommended. Once we have completed that cycle,
draining and refilling with water 2-3 times generally will provide
decent results. The next step is to add fresh coolant and
Arrestor. The final addition is to install
The Anode to our system.
If the cooling system has trouble getting clean,
The Coolant Filter
can be an important tool to pull out particulates. Mechanical
flushing involves a machine that continually circulates a
chemical solution through the engine and hoses and heater. We first
pull the thermostat out, connect our flush machine5 and let it run. Sometimes
we flush for as long as 36 hours. Once the flushing and rinsing is
complete, new antifreeze,
Arrestor, and fresh water (50/50 mix)
is installed with a new thermostat. Finally The Anode is installed.
Generally distilled water is not used, as it tends to be "hungry
water" looking for ions, creating more problems that it solves. For
access to these electrolysis products,
Summary: I suggest a three prong approach. 1)
Treat the problem in place (The Flush). 2) Distract your adversary
(The Anode). 3) Chemically suppress any "bounce back" (The Arrestor). It's
as easy as One-Two-Three.
Or, you could just replace the engine for
a few thousand dollars.....
For in an in depth article on flushing cooling
systems, and in particular electrolysis flushing,
The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition 3 Remember the
Intake Manifolds on late '70's Cad Seville? 4 Speaking for our
experience at San Carlos Radiator. 5 Proprietary process. | <urn:uuid:211ec655-f24f-4fee-ac22-3ca79ce6f114> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.sancarlosradiator.com/VoltageDrop/type_b_electrolysis.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905774 | 1,177 | 3.1875 | 3 |
More info about the name "Sabina"
Sabina originates in Latin language and means "from the Sabine tribe". The Sabines were an Italic tribe in ancient Italy. Until today, Sabina is the name of a region in Italy, named after the Italic tribe. Sabina was the name of several saints and is also the name of several places in the United States and outside them. In some countries it also functions as a surname. As a feminine given name it is rather rare in the United States. | <urn:uuid:5be07c56-d608-4974-831a-4895f85d3f00> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://babynames.net/names/sabina | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977482 | 107 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The national charity saving historic churches at risk
For nearly a thousand years the Royal Arms have played a vital part in the history of this country. They appear: all over our most famous buildings, from Windsor Castle to Westminster Abbey, giving us invaluable clues as to when they were built; on manuscripts and magnificent royal tombs, indicating ownership; and you come into contact with the Royal Arms every day on bollards in the street and the Royal mail.
We have created a timeline, below, to show you what the Royal Arms have looked like since its conception in 1198.
Click on the arrow or drag the crown to scroll along and click on the shield for more information. | <urn:uuid:8052a6a7-3d74-4e0d-8abf-499b9bc55c03> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.visitchurches.org.uk/RoyalArms/Historyoftheroyalarms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960077 | 138 | 2.796875 | 3 |
OFFICE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA. TELEPHONE 354-5O11 FOR RELEASE
SEPTEMBER 2, 1971
The Mariner 9 spacecraft reached its 95th day of travel since its launch to Mars on May 30, 1971. The arrival date, after 167 days of travel, is November 13.
The spacecraft is 24,497,.000 miles from Earth. It has traveled 151,805,000 miles in solar orbit as it slowly crosses the gap between the solar orbits of Earth and Mars. Current velocity, relative to the Sun, is 59,987 mph.
Basic objective of the mission is 90 days in orbit and mapping of about 70% of the Martian surface with two tele-vision cameras. Other experiments will record atmospheric and surface data. | <urn:uuid:2af1ca6b-7f3c-4490-8dbf-457912c0fbdb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/releases/70s/release_1971_0593.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883177 | 203 | 3.234375 | 3 |
1942 Avro Anson Mark 2
Named after a British Admiral of the 18th Century, the Avro "Anson", nicknamed 'Faithful Annie' by those who flew it, entered RCAF service in 1940 after serving in the RAF Coastal Command at the outbreak of World War II. It was the first RAF aircraft to have a retractable undercarriage which was a comparative novelty in 1936.
The Avro Anson MK I was to be the standard twin-engined trainer for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. By May, 1940 British production could not keep up with the demand for aircraft in Canada and Federal Aircraft Ltd. was established in Montreal to produce the Mk II version. In August, 1941 the first Canadian built Anson flew. It featured the considerable use of plywood to save stocks of steel for other purposes.
Anson II's were used primarily to train pilots to fly multi-engine aircraft such as the Lancaster. However wireless operators, navigators, and bomb-aimers used the Anson as well. As a training aircraft the Anson was docile, forgiving, and easy to fly.
The Anson first flew in 1935 and went on to serve in a wide variety of roles during the Second World War. Over 11 000 were built and Ansons were still flying for the Royal Air Force in 1968.
“Oh, the Crane may fly much faster
-Andy, No. 7 SFTS (Fort Macleod) 1943
Copyright ©2006 - 2015 Tom Dietrich & Bob Revell. All Rights Reserved.
304 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 4W4, Canada
Tel: (519) 584-4960 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Last updated on May 25, 2015
Original site design by Matt Rahn | <urn:uuid:027da1fe-ce2b-453f-8032-a8123d50a9ec> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tigerboys.com/anson.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955752 | 383 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Fertilizer Management for No-Till Corn and Grain Sorghum in Missouri
Harry C. Minor and John Stecker
Department of Agronomy
School of Natural Resources
No-till farming will help preserve Missouri's erodible cropland. This publication should answer many of the questions facing crop producers and fertilizer suppliers regarding nutrient management in a continuous no-till production system.
Some assumptions must be made when discussing no-till. The first is that in continuous no-till systems, a buildup of plant residues on the soil surface will occur. These residues provide protection against soil erosion. Whether in a cropping system of soybean, soybean-wheat and corn or sorghum rotation, the assumption is that considerable residue will be covering the soil surface after corn or sorghum planting.
Soil sampling and testing
Research and farmer practice in Missouri indicates that fertilizer and lime recommendations should be made from soil analyses of samples taken from the 0 to 6- or 7-inch zone. Some states now suggest taking a soil sample to a shallower depth for no-till. In Missouri, however, the routine sampling depth is still preferred when interpreting soil sample results and making fertilizer recommendations because of past calibration research.
How many samples should I take on my field?
The best producers are learning the value of taking several soil samples from one field and mapping soil fertility within the field. This information can be extremely valuable. Dramatic adjustments to fertilizer inputs can be made while still improving yields, especially on fields that generally test high in phosphate and potash.
An often recommended technique is to divide the field into 2.5- to 5-acre areas, then grid soil sample the field. One soil sample is composited from each of the grid areas to help identify soil fertility variation within the field.
The standard method for obtaining a composite soil sample is to take at least 12 cores with a soil sample probe from the sample area. These cores are then mixed in a plastic bucket and sub-sampled to get a one-pint composite sample. This is the only sure method for getting good reliable data from field sampling. The technique is the same regardless of tillage systems.
What about sampling fertilizer bands?
Most fertilizer banding is achieved with starter attachments on the planter. Avoid sampling the area where the fertilizer band would be expected. If sampled, the fertilizer band can greatly inflate the soil analyses, resulting in a poor reflection of the field's general fertility.
What about sampling in ridge till?
Experience with ridge till in Iowa and Minnesota suggests that soil samples should be taken from the side of the ridge. The sampling depth should continue to be 6 to 7 inches. Again, if starter has been banded, avoid sampling those bands.
Soil acidity and liming
Obviously, the standard practice of incorporating lime cannot be used in continuous no-till systems. This is not necessarily a problem. Lime will neutralize soil acidity naturally down through the soil from surface applications. However, the process may take several years to have an effect on the subsurface pH.
Sampling the top 2 inches of soil for a pH check is a good practice after continuous no-tilling for five or more years. The soil surface pH should be between 5.5 and 6.3, as measured using Missouri's salt pH test, to ensure good activity of soil-applied herbicides. If using soil pH measurements in water, the recommended range would be 6.0 to 6.8. To avoid herbicide residual activity for longer periods than stated on the herbicide label, be careful to never allow surface soil pH to rise above approximately 6.3 (6.8 water pH).
What if my soil pH is too high?
Wait for it to come down. In many cases this will be a very slow process. There is no economical way to quickly adjust pH downward. Nitrogen fertilizers will contribute to lowering soil pH. However, they will not significantly change pH in any one growing season. Again, it is best to just wait it out. Select herbicides accordingly.
Phosphate and potash
Surface application of phosphate and potash in no-till has proved to be an effective application method.
Won't phosphate and potash stay at the surface?
In no-till, phosphate and potash will move downward in the soil very gradually. This movement begins only after the surface inch or two of soil becomes high in these nutrients. However, crops will not suffer any deficiency provided a good soil testing program is followed and the nutrients are applied as recommended for broadcast application. Evidence of this comes from a long-term tillage study conducted at MU's Greenley Center in northeast Missouri (Table 1). The heavy crop residues from a no-till system create an excellent crop rooting environment in the soil surface. Thus, the crop is able to take up sufficient nutrients from the surface soil.
Phosphorus stratification occurs as tillage practices are decreased, yet does not appear to cause yield reductions
||P soil test (P per acre)
|0 to inches
||1 to 3 inches
||3 to 6 inches
|Plow + 2 diskings
||93 bushels per acre
|Chisel + 2 diskings
||90 bushels per acre
||92 bushels per acre
||100 bushels per acre
112-year average corn yields
What about starter fertilizers?
Research work in the Corn Belt has shown that the probability of an early corn growth response to banded starter fertilizer is greater in no-till than in conventional tillage practices. General observations support these findings. Substantial early corn growth response to starter fertilizer may not always result in increased yields. However, this early growth may be important in avoiding various pest problems. Reduced grain moisture at harvest may also be a benefit of starter fertilizers.
Starter fertilizer should contain both phosphorus and nitrogen. There is no ideal ratio of these two nutrients in a starter, but the amount of phosphorus should be equal to or greater than the amount of nitrogen.
The best place to locate a starter fertilizer band is 2 inches to the side of the seed placement and at least at seeding depth to 2 inches below seeding depth.
On adequately drained soils, nitrogen requirements for no-till corn are similar to those of a tilled cropping system. On imperfectly to poorly drained soils, nitrogen requirements for no-till will differ from tilled cropping systems. When following soybeans, 10 to 15 percent more fertilizer N is recommended for no-till corn. Continuous no-till corn has similar N requirements to those of a tilled system.
Will I need more nitrogen fertilizer in no-till than when I tilled the ground?
Adequately fertilized no-till corn responds similarly to nitrogen fertilizer as to a tilled cropping system. There is no need to apply extra nitrogen in no-till.
How should I apply the nitrogen fertilizer?
The best recommended application method is to inject the nitrogen fertilizer into the soil to avoid potential N losses. Knife-injected anhydrous ammonia should be the most consistent performer, although ammonium nitrate has performed equal to anhydrous ammonia (Table 2). A very good second choice is knife-injected UAN solution.
Anhydrous ammonia injected and ammonium nitrate broadcast tended to be best performers across three locations of a continuous no-till corn-soybean rotation in Missouri
|Anhydrous ammonia (82-0-0)
||160 bushels per acre
|Ammonium nitrate (34-0-0)
||163 bushels per acre
|UAN solution (32-0-0)
||156 bushels per acre
||149 bushels per acre
|UAN solution (32-0-0)
||1/3 broadcast, 2/3 knifed
||134 bushels per acre
11991-1992 average of three Missouri locations with 180 pounds N/A
While recent Missouri data appears to suggest that knifed UAN results in somewhat lower yields than ammonia or ammonium nitrate, most other data and farmer experience shows injected UAN solution to be an excellent method of nitrogen application in no-till. In general, anhydrous ammonia, UAN solution injected, and ammonium nitrate broadcast all perform equally well in no-till. Cost, availability and personal preference should dictate which of these nitrogen materials to use for no-till production.
What if I want to broadcast my nitrogen fertilizer?
With crop residues on the soil surface, ammonium nitrate is the best nitrogen fertilizer for broadcasting without incorporation. Recent data collected during a three-year period at three northern Missouri locations shows the superiority of ammonium nitrate as a broadcast source in a corn/soybean rotation system (Table 3). Urea usually will be a less desirable second choice for broadcast application. Nitrogen solution should not be used. In heavy crop residues of continuous no-till corn, differences between broadcast N sources tend to be amplified, with ammonium nitrate again being the best choice.
Ammonium nitrate is the preferred source of nitrogen in no-till when injection is not possible and the material must be surface broadcast
|Ammonium nitrate (34-0-0)
|UAN solution (32-0-0)
1Average across eight site years in Missouri
Why don't you recommend UAN solution to be broadcast for no-till?
Corn yields tell most of the story. Crop performance shows erratic results from UAN solution when surface broadcast. Ammonia volatilization and tie-up on the decaying crop residues render part of the applied UAN solution unavailable to the growing crop. This tie-up appears to be dependent on the amount of decaying crop residues. The UAN solution seems to work as well as urea if residue amounts are low, as with only soybean stubble. However, when residues begin to cover 50 percent or more of the ground, performance of surface-applied UAN solution becomes erratic with often disappointing results.
What about the nitrogen from other fertilizer sources?
The nitrogen in ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate fertilizers will be just as effective as that in ammonium nitrate in a broadcast system of no-till fertilization.
Does early spring application help with nitrogen fertilizer choices?
Experience suggests urea will perform more like ammonium nitrate when both are applied in late February or March. However, UAN solution will still be inferior in many cases when broadcast on heavy crop residues. Injected ammonia remains your single best choice for consistent performance. When fertilizer is applied later than March, ammonium nitrate will be difficult to beat if your choice is among broadcast application materials.
What about fall application of nitrogen for no-till?
Fall nitrogen application is not recommended in Missouri for spring planted crops. Averaged over several years, a 10 to 15 percent loss in nitrogen efficiency is expected when comparing fall versus spring pre-plant nitrogen application. Nitrogen losses from fall application generally occur in late spring as gaseous denitrification or nitrate leaching.
Should I broadcast UAN solution on the fall residues?
This practice has been promoted in some areas to the north as a means of getting more residue breakdown through the winter and early spring. Our observations indicate that broadcasting UAN solution on fall residues is a waste of nitrogen fertilizer in the southern Corn Belt. The crop residues will break down without the added cost and application of nitrogen solution.
Use a soil fertility map of your field to dictate phosphate and potash needs. Broadcast application will provide good results. An N-P starter should be used to improve early growth and development of corn or grain sorghum crops. Anhydrous ammonia or nitrogen solution should be injected near planting time or as an early sidedress application. If broadcast is your only means of applying nitrogen, ammonium nitrate is a good choice for a nitrogen source.
This publication is a revised edition. The original author is Daryl D. Buchholz, professor of agronomy at Kansas State University and former faculty member at MU. | <urn:uuid:8e6e4454-9028-4fc9-aa47-d5fa240b5301> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.extension.missouri.edu/p/G9176 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913495 | 2,535 | 2.859375 | 3 |
by Christina England
Health Impact News
It is a recognized fact that the developing world has been used by the World Health Organization as a vaccine laboratory for decades. This has been proven in data and vaccine studies dating back as far as the 1970s.
With this in mind, we must ask ourselves, is it right to use these vulnerable children in vaccine experiments? I urge you to read the following examples before you come to any conclusions.
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) Unlicensed Vaccine Tested In Africa and Asia
In a report written for the World Health Organization (WHO), titled Status of Vaccine Research and Development of Vaccines for Streptococcus pyogenes Prepared for WHO PD-VAC, the authors state:
Concerns regarding vaccine safety are based upon a theoretical risk of autoimmune reactions in vaccinees leading to the development of ARF. One small study of a crude M protein vaccine suggested that there may be an increased risk of ARF in vaccine recipients; however, there are a number of concerns about the design of this trial that make it difficult to interpret, and autoimmune reactions have not been observed in the other human GAS vaccine trials involving thousands of study subjects.
Understanding of human GAS immunity remains incomplete. More information is needed regarding immune protection against GAS skin infection, the role of T-cell immunity and the relative contributions of non-M type-specific antigens (common antigens) in inducing protective immunity. Better epidemiologic data are also required, for assessing burden of disease to strengthen the case for GAS vaccine development and for assessing vaccine coverage more systematically with high quality, standardized molecular typing studies in more countries, particularly in Africa and Asia.
A potential strategy to improve understanding of GAS immunology and also to create a pathway for relatively rapid testing of new GAS vaccine candidates is through the development of human GAS (pharyngeal) challenge studies. Previous studies (in the 1970’s) in over 170 volunteers have shown that this approach is feasible, and proposals are under consideration for funding for a revival of this approach.
(Note: ARF = acute rheumatic fever)
(GAS Vaccine = Vaccine against Group A streptococcus )
Group A streptococcus is a bacterium often found in the throat and on the skin. People may carry group A streptococci in the throat or on the skin and have no symptoms of illness. Most GAS infections are relatively mild illnesses such as “strep throat,” or impetigo. On rare occasions, these bacteria can cause other severe and even life-threatening diseases. See MedicineNet.com
In section II, the report continued by confirming that the vaccines being used were unlicensed:
Although there are no currently licensed GAS vaccines yet, the biological feasibility for GAS vaccine development is supported by the following observations…….
It is clear from reading this paper in full that the WHO has been responsible for testing these vaccines for many years and we now know that this is not the only vaccine tested on these vulnerable individuals.
Tetanus Vaccines Laced With Hormones Known to Cause Miscarriage
In 1992, the WHO, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the World Bank met in Geneva, Switzerland, to discuss the then-current status for the development of “fertility regulating vaccinations.” The minutes to that meeting were documented in a paper entitled Fertility Regulating Vaccines.
At first glance, it appears that the WHO had been discussing various methods of family planning with a variety of women’s health advocates and scientists from developing countries. On further reading, however, something far more worrying emerged.
To find out what, I urge you to read my article on the subject, titled WHO Caught Recommending Vaccinations Known to Render Primates Infertile.
In 1994, the WHO decided to put these vaccinations to the test and gave women from developing countries aged between 15 and 45 a tetanus vaccine containing the hCG hormone.
However, an organization known as the Comité Pro Vida de Mexico became suspicious of the protocols surrounding the vaccines and obtained several vials for testing. It was discovered that some of the vials contained human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the exact same hormone that the WHO, the UNDP, the UNFPA and the World Bank had been discussing just two years earlier.
Determined to Continue Their Efforts, the WHO Did Not Stop There
Having been caught in their earlier attempts, in 2014, the WHO teamed up with the organization UNICEF and decided that they would attempt their antics yet again, only to have their efforts blighted a short time later by the Kenya Catholic Doctors Association.
Outraged by their disregard for human life, Dr. Wahome Ngare spoke out on behalf of the association, making his feelings abundantly clear. Speaking to the Huffington Post, he said:
What is immoral and evil is that the tetanus laced with HCG was given as a fertility regulating vaccine without disclosing its contraceptive effect to the girls and mothers.
Many people believe that he is absolutely correct and are asking whether or not the WHO has the right to play God and determine who can and cannot have children.
Gates Foundation, PATH, WHO and UNICEF Test Meningitis A Vaccines in Africa
In December 2012, in the small village of Gouro, Chad, Africa, situated on the edge of the Sahara Desert, five hundred children were locked into their school and threatened that if they did not agree to being force-vaccinated with a meningitis A vaccine, they would receive no further education.
These children were vaccinated without their parents’ knowledge. This vaccine was an unlicensed product still going through the third and fourth phases of testing.
Within hours, one hundred and six children began to suffer from headaches, vomiting, severe, uncontrollable convulsions and paralysis. Forty children were finally transferred to a hospital in Faya and later taken to two hospitals in N’Djamena, the capital city of Chad.
VacTruth holds copies of all the original reports, along with medical and government documents. The groups involved with this project were PATH, WHO, UNICEF, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
And the atrocities continue.
WHO and Gates Foundation are Taken to Court for Testing HPV Vaccines in India
In a recent report written in August 2014, The Economic Times of India outlined how, in 2009, the WHO teamed up with the Gates Foundation to test HPV vaccines on thousands of tribal women in India. The Economic Times wrote:
In 2009, several schools for tribal children in Khammam district in Telangana — then a part of undivided Andhra Pradesh — became sites for observation studies for a cervical cancer vaccine that was administered to thousands of girls aged between nine and 15. The girls were administered the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine in three rounds that year under the supervision of state health department officials. The vaccine used was Gardasil, manufactured by Merck. It was administered to around 16,000 girls in the district, many of whom stayed in state government-run hostels meant for tribal students.
Months later, many girls started falling ill and by 2010 five of them died. Two more deaths were reported from Vadodara, Gujarat, where an estimated 14,000 children studying in schools meant for tribal children were also vaccinated with another brand of HPV vaccine, Cervarix, manufactured by GSK. Earlier in the week, the Associated Press reported that scores of teenaged girls were hospitalised in a small town in northern Colombia with symptoms that parents suspect could be an adverse reaction to Gardasil.
A standing committee on health and family welfare that investigated the irregularities pertaining to the observation studies in India tabled its report a year ago, on August 30.
The committee found that consent for conducting these studies, in many cases, was taken from the hostel wardens, which was a flagrant violation of norms. In many other cases, thumbprint impressions of their poor and illiterate parents were duly affixed onto the consent form. The children also had no idea about the nature of the disease or the vaccine. The authorities concerned could not furnish requisite consent forms for the vaccinated children in a huge number of cases.
Dr. Lucia Tomljenovic and Professor Christopher Shaw, two professionals supported by the Children’s Medical Safety Research Institute, an organization providing grants for an investigation into HPV vaccine safety, discussed how India’s medical authorities were condemned for their actions after Kalpana Mehta, Nalini Bhanot and Dr. Rukmini Rao filed a writ petition with the Supreme Court of India. In their paper titled Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine policy and evidence-based medicine: Are they at odds? Dr. Tomljenovic and Professor Shaw wrote:
India’s medical authorities have also been publicly condemned after a civil society-led investigation revealed that trials for HPV vaccines in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat violated established national and international ethical guidelines on clinical research as well as children’s rights. ! These events apparently occurred as a result of ‘aggressive ’ promotional practices of the drug companies and their uncritical endorsement by India’s medical associations.
Although proclaimed as a post-licensure observational study of HPV vaccination against cervical cancer, the project was in fact a clinical trial and, as such, should have adhered to protocols mandated by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (DCA) and the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). Instead, the trial was found in serious breach of both the DCA’s and the ICMR’s guidelines for informed consent and was terminated in April 2010, following six post-HPV vaccination deaths.
Now, let’s move on to my final example.
High Titre Measles Vaccines Tested on Vulnerable Babies in the 1980’s
In June 2014, Osman Sankoh et al published a paper in the International Journal of Epidemiology, titled: The non-specific effects of vaccines and other childhood interventions: the contribution of INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems.
The researchers explained that the majority of vaccination studies being published today attempt to justify whether or not the vaccination in question has an overall positive effect on the population being vaccinated. However, the researchers publishing this particular study decided to investigate whether or not the vaccinations being given to children in high mortality regions were causing the children to die from unrelated diseases being caused by the vaccines.
In other words, the researchers studied not only whether the vaccine protected children from the diseases that they were being vaccinated against, but also whether or not the vaccines were causing non-specific effects (NSEs) that were beneficial/detrimental to children’s health, depending upon:
- The age of the child when vaccinated
- The combination of the vaccines given at the time.
The researchers stated that:
In many situations, the population-based effects have been very different from the anticipated effects; for example, the measles-preventive high-titre measles vaccine was associated with 2-fold increased female mortality; BCG reduces neonatal mortality although children do not die of tuberculosis in the neonatal period; vitamin A may be associated with increased or reduced child mortality in different situations; effects of interventions may differ for boys and girls.
They also stated:
Each year, immunization averts an estimated 2–3 million deaths from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough) and measles. However, there is now strong evidence that vaccines have substantial non-specific (heterologous) effects in children in high-mortality regions, i.e. by changing mortality from infections unrelated to the vaccine-targeted infections. As a consequence. the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization has recently initiated a review of the nonspecific effects (NSEs) of BCG, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) and measles (MV) vaccines. (Note: High titer/titre vaccine: A modified live vaccine that contains a higher number of virus particles than the ‘average’ vaccine.)
By researching the various vaccinations, age that the vaccinations were administered and the various combinations of vaccines administered, researchers discovered a range of worrying outcomes. See Table 1.
Results Are Extremely Worrying
If we study these results in detail, many are extremely worrying. It is clear that a variety of vaccinations were being given to extremely vulnerable babies, in multiple combinations, from birth.
The results of their study clearly highlighted areas of concern. One of the most alarming was the fact that the study revealed a higher mortality rate in those females vaccinated with the high titre measles vaccine. The researchers stated:
HTMV was tested in RCTs in the late 1980s, comparing HTMV at 4–5 months of age with standard MV at 9 months of age. The HTMV was protective against measles infection and was recommended by WHO in 1989 for general use in low-income countries with a high incidence of measles infection.A meta-analysis of studies from Bissau, Gambia and Senegal showed that this vaccine was associated with 33% increased mortality rate between 4 and 60 months of age. The excess mortality was among girls, whereas the new vaccine compared with the traditional MV had no differential effect on survival for boys. These results were subsequently confirmed in RCTs from Sudan and Haiti, and WHO withdrew the 1989 recommendation for HTMV in 1992. These RCTs showed:
- first, that a fully protective vaccine can have negative NSE
- second, that these effects can be sex-differential and
- third, that NSE can have major effects on child mortality patterns; had the vaccine not been withdrawn, a 33% excess mortality rate between ages 4 and 60 months would at the time have meant at least an additional half-million female deaths annually, in Africa alone.
However, despite the WHO removing the vaccination from the schedule in 1992, the high titre Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine was once again used to test infants from low income countries in 2004-2007. See a study published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases.
Conclusion: WHO Needs to be Investigated for Unethical Research
The WHO has engaged in activities that fall far below the standards of ethical, research and medical conduct that have been established by our health organizations to protect human rights. They should therefore be investigated and prevented from these unchecked activities in the future. If not, each and every one of us will be put at risk when this type of evil is done in the name of medicine.
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Dissolving Illusions: Disease, Vaccines, and The Forgotten History
by Dr. Suzanne Humphries and Roman Bystrianyk | <urn:uuid:fb21f7f1-1324-47da-9712-4c4dd37d1213> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://vaccineimpact.com/2015/developing-world-the-whos-private-vaccine-laboratory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959194 | 3,117 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Overall Guiding Questions
We hope your classrooms will engage with us on these questions and help celebrate great historical figures, speeches, and texts.
– How did the Civil Rights Movement change the United States?
– How did the different forms of protest that were used in the Civil Rights Movement bring about change?
– What role did non-violent protest play in the Civil Rights Movement? Do you think violent protest would have been more or less effective? Why?
– Based on your research, what would it take to say that the Civil Rights Movement was successful? Identify one necessary area of success and research how it to determine if in fact we have made progress in this area.
Join ‘Black History Month’ Group
Accessing this collection of content is easy. If you already have Subtext, tap ‘Join Group’ and use code KSWHEMBH. All of these articles and annotations can be shared with a class – you decide what you want to use and how to use it.
If you don’t have our free iPad app, you can get it here. If you’re using Edmodo, first install our free Edmodo app, then log into our iPad app with your Edmodo username. Here’s a list of the texts with annotations available:
Text 1: Images from the Civil Rights Movement
This document takes 19 famous images from the Library of Congress and asks students to think more deeply about what can be observed directly (and inferred/concluded). If a picture tells 1,000 words, than this set of Civil Rights photographs tells 19,000. Encourage students to spend time with each photograph, and encourage them to explain which photograph stands out the most to them. They are also encouraged to evaluate one specific photograph in regards to the challenges and opposition that non-violent resistance often faced.
– How do these images represent the Civil Rights Movement?
– How do photographs make you think differently about protest in the Civil Rights Movement?
Text 2: Civil Rights: Songs & Poems
There are myriad moving and memorable songs and poems of the Civil Right’s Era. This compilation introduces students to several songs (We Shall Overcome, Blowin’ in the Wind) and poems (from Langston Hughes and Maya Angelou), and gives them an opportunity to engage with the cultural substance that drove the Civil Rights Movement. Students are encouraged to not only consider the powerful potential of songs and poems, but to analyze how the theme of protest and equal rights is carefully woven into the speech of great Civil Rights authors and songwriters. Concepts such as theme, main idea and metaphor are used.
– What role did songs and poetry play in the Civil Rights Movement?
– What did music and poetry achieve in the Civil Rights Movement that no other influence could have achieved?
Text 3: 1968 Olympics Silent Protest
This document could be used by either an ELA or Social Studies teacher to bring this historic event to life, while diving more deeply into the Black Power movement. Videos and articles enrich the event.
– How does this event represent non-violent resistance during the Civil Rights Movement?
– What do you think these Olympic athletes were protesting?
Text 4: “I Have a Dream” Speech
We examined the oratory devices of King to encourage critical thinking about the text. Students are encouraged to state in their own words what they feel was the impact Dr. King wanted his speech to have. This prompt supports students analysis of the text, including the many rhetorical devices he uses to achieve his impact. Students are also encouraged to identify the theme of non-violent protest throughout his speech. Additional questions are also provided in order to student to conduct independent research to evaluate and justify a claim using both Dr. King’s speech as well as other sources.
– What is the relationship between Dr. King’s speech and protest during the Civil Rights Movement?
Text 5: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
This one document includes 3 texts: ‘I Have a Dream’, an informational text, and a student-created video on protest. Annotations focus on ELA Common Core standards from Reading Literature (RL) and Reading Informational Texts (RI) and concepts such as defining a point of view, evaluating figurative language, and comparing genres.
From the annotation team: These three texts have been chosen to help teachers think about how to use Subtext tools across a variety of text types (informational, speech, and video) and in conjunction with literacy standards. The purpose is to inspire teachers with possible methods for using Subtext to scaffold instruction with timely texts.
Learn more how Subtext supports the Common Core.
Text 6: “The Ballot or the Bullet” Speech
This famous speech by Malcolm X is enriched with video and focuses on the comparative nature of Malcolm X vs. Dr. King’s style of protest.
– What is the relationship between Malcolm X’s speech and protest during the Civil Rights Movement?
Text 7: Six Facts about Non-Violent Protest
This informational text explores the core tenets of Dr. King and protest, setting the stage for a number of other texts in this collection.
– What role did non-violent resistance play in the Civil Rights Movement?
Text 8: Gettysburg Address
Due to the resurgence of popularity of Lincoln (and President’s Day right around the corner), we included this speech as a method for comparing it to the famous speeches of Dr. King and Malcolm X. (Coming Soon) | <urn:uuid:6fa4f917-b389-4830-8db4-f6a7e290c1bc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.subtext.com/black-history-month | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935231 | 1,146 | 4.53125 | 5 |
One of the hardest things to teach, in my opinion, is research. I have been teaching in a computer lab for going on five years and I have never taught research the same way twice. This is partially because I never teach anything the same way twice, but it's also because each year I learn something new. Sometimes I learn the hard way when things don't pan out the way I planned in the classroom, sometimes I learn because something I didn't plan arose and worked out well, and sometimes its due to my own self-education as I prepare to teach my annual research unit.
I begin teaching research skills in third grade -- just at the time where my students' reading skills are such that they can feel successful and just at the time when they have mounds and mounds of natural curiosity. In the past, I have done your typical find-information-and-regurgitate-it-to-me kinds of projects, all in the name of teaching students how to locate information. As this year's project approached, I decided that I needed to step it up a notch. If I rail against the way standardized tests have taught kids how to regurgitate facts, then how is what I've been doing any different? This year, I took a different approach.
This approach was informed by my own experiences, my own research, and a deliberate attempt to really break down the individual skills that my kids will need to be successful researchers.
First, I should mention that my school does not have a library and I have actually never worked in a school here in Philly (I've worked in three buildings) that had a functioning library. That being so, all of my students will be researching using the Internet -- which has its own special challenges.
I have broken the research process up into mini-lessons, which will ultimately culminate in a larger project.
All of my students in grades three to seven will go through this process, with each lesson meeting them where they are and attempting to fill in gaps.
Choosing a Topic, Creating Keywords and Search Terms
All classes begin with a discussion about what research is and why we do it and how we do it. Each grade will be using their research and applying it to a larger question or problem. For instance, rather than having my third regurgitate answers back to me about animals, they will use the information they find to answer the larger question. (i.e. "Your parents said you can have any pet you want. What will you need to keep the pet?")
When creating search terms, I use a template to help my students in all grades through the process. They use the SweetSearch search engine, which weeds out the junk they usually find on Google or Bing and which highlights their keywords and pulls text from the website into the list of search results.
Each grade will differ in how they take notes and share their results. My 3rd graders will most likely stick to paper and pencil notes due to the nature of my class schedule, but they will enter their websites into a Google Form to track where they've been and what they've found.
My older students will be using EasyBib to organize their links and their notes. While my third graders will not be doing true citation yet, I will be teaching citation to my seventh graders and requiring all of their projects to be accompanied by a bibliography, which they will create in EasyBib.
Whew! Teaching research is a HUGE task!
Here are some resources that help along the way:
- The SweetSearch Tutorial: Not only is SweetSearch an amazing search tool for kids, but they have some great resources here for helping digest what research is and how to approach it.
- Copyright Confusion Wiki: A one-stop shop for all things copyright and fair use.
- How to Do Research Another take on the research process from the Kentucky Virtual Library.
- Diigo for Educators A robust social bookmarking tool through which students can bookmark sites, highlight right on the site, share bookmarks with their peers and take notes on webpages. Teachers can create student accounts without needing emails.
- SweetSearch A kid-friendly search engine.
- EasyBib A robust online citation and organizing tool.
- Flickr Find copyright-free images with Creative Commons licenses.
- Search Creative Commons Find Creative Commons content on popular sites. | <urn:uuid:01a6d874-3a4d-4202-8b20-1a97f592791e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.edutopia.org/blog/elementary-research-mary-beth-hertz?qt-discussion_replies=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957331 | 900 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A new report from the European Environment Agency identifies factors that can influence the success or otherwise of renewable energy projects.
Renewable energies: success stories aims to facilitate greater use of renewable energy sources and contribute to efforts by the European Union and its Member States to meet targets for increasing power from renewables by 2010.
The report focuses on how much each EU country managed to expand its use between 1993 and 1999 of a number of renewable energy technologies - solar photovoltaic panels, solar thermal heating, wind and certain uses of biomass (wood and crops).
The study identifies essential elements for success in seven areas:
political, legislative, fiscal, financial and administrative support, technological development, and information, education and training. It concludes that the key to success lies in the combined effect of support
measures rather than in any single factor. The winning combinations vary from one technology to another.
The success stories include the expansion of solar thermal energy and biomass-fuelled district heating in Austria, wind energy and biomass power in Denmark, photovoltaics, solar thermal and wind energy in Germany, photovoltaics and wind energy in Spain and biomass district heating in Sweden.
"This report helps point the way towards solutions. It demonstrates the European Environment Agency's determination not only to provide information to support better policy-making but also to gather and disseminate 'best practice' information for actors on the ground to use," said EEA Executive
Director Domingo Jiménez-Beltrán.
"The study also creates a framework that can be used by others to promote renewables and communicate about success stories," Mr Jiménez-Beltrán added. "I hope it will become the seed for the creation of a clearing house for experiences in how best to promote renewable energies at many levels, from
national to local."
The report was launched at the European Parliament in Brussels yesterday at a meeting of the European Forum for Renewable Energy Sources (EUROFORES) and the European Renewable Energy Council (EREC).
The study and the executive summary can be downloaded from the EEA website at <http://reports.eea.eu.int/environmental_issue_report_2001_27/en/>.
Notes to editors
* The EU has set itself an indicative target of producing 12% of its energy (both electricity and heat) and 22.1% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2010. Indicative national renewable electricity targets
for each Member State are also included in the recently adopted EU renewable electricity Directive (2001/77/EC).
* In the study, to be considered a success the use of a renewable energy technology in a specific Member State had to show at least one of the following:
o An absolute increase equivalent to at least 10% of the total EU-wide increase in output of that technology over the 1993-1999 period
o A percentage increase in output higher than the EU average increase for that technology over the 1993-1999 period.
About the EEA
The European Environment Agency aims to support sustainable development and to help achieve significant and measurable improvement in Europe's environment through the provision of timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy making agents and the public. Established by the European Union (EU) in 1990 by Council Regulation 1210/90 (subsequently amended by Council Regulation 933/1999), the Agency is the hub of the European environment information and observation network (EIONET), a network of some 600 environmental bodies and institutes across Europe.
Located in Copenhagen and operational since 1994, the EEA is open to all countries that share its objectives and are able to participate in its activities. The Agency currently has 24 member countries. These are the 15 EU Member States; Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein, which are members of
the European Free Trade Association (EFTA); and, since 1 August 2001, six of the 13 countries in central and eastern Europe and the Mediterranean area that are seeking accession to the EU - Bulgaria, Cyprus, Latvia, Malta, Slovenia and the Slovak Republic. Their membership makes the EEA the first EU body to take in the candidate countries.
In recent weeks Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania and the Czech Republic have also ratified EEA membership agreements and it is anticipated that the remaining two candidate countries - Poland and Turkey - will do so over the next few months. This will take the Agency's membership to a total of 31
Media Relations Manager/Responsable des relations avec les médias
European Environment Agency/Agence européenne pour l'environnement
Tel (direct): +45 3336 7147
Mobile: +45 2368 3669
Fax: +45 3336 7198
Web site: www.eea.eu.int
Visit the EEA's press room at http://org.eea.eu.int/PR
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
The EEA aims to support sustainable development and to help achieve
significant and measurable improvement in Europe's environment through the
provision of timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy
making agents and the public. | <urn:uuid:c18167af-fb8c-4cd2-9075-b56d74ac5f18> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.grida.no/news/press/2218.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917271 | 1,068 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Mud saturated with salt water means water-based mud with a high concentration of salt in water. It contains much chloride content until it reaches the saturated state and has a dissolved salt over 50,000 mg of salt per liter .
Why do we use such a concentration of salt in the water-based mud?
This type of mud is typically used in drilling in thick salt formations as salt domes . In addition, it is used to control a problem hydrate drilling in deep waters .
Talking point booth operation of the mud with water saturated with salt
Practically, you can prepare the saturated salt by addition of NaCl or KCl in basic water until it reaches a saturation point . Then , certain additives such as fluid loss control , field weighting , viscosity , etc. will be added later . When you mix fresh , you need a certain amount of time to shear the mud until it has good rheology . Once you got the good rheology , This mud is a good yield and resistance of the gel point . Since salt water has a chance to create foaming issue so you may need to add deformer to control this problem too . In addition, you must remember that when you test retort , you must subtract the amount of salt solid figure or you will hurt the severity of low density solid, high-solids from the retort testing . | <urn:uuid:ba94377c-24a8-43c9-99d9-47c245fc34a7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://drillingknowledge.blogspot.com/2011/06/salt-water-saturated-mud.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00124-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940067 | 280 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The quality of the writing and production of “John Adams” allows for consideration of the nature of leadership and the varying approaches to conflict management, especially in the person of Adams. We observe his shift from law protector to rebellious law breaker, see his transformation from citizen to leader, and consider his approaches to conflict as at once warrior and negotiator.
The series, with a stellar cast of Paul Giamatti as John Adams and Laura Linney as his wife, Abigail, vividly brings to life a critically important piece of American history. This dramatic rendering would be value enough, but the series goes further and presses viewers to consider a more complex and thoughtful understanding of history, recognizing it as a process and, importantly, diminishing the notion that history is merely the actions of a few great men. In fact, to the credit of McCullogh and the screenwriters, the profound influence and contribution of Abigail Adams does not go unnoticed. She is more than the just the “supportive wife,” she is his editor, political advisor and intellectual sparring partner. In all fairness, the series would be more accurately titled “John and Abigail.”
The series illustrates, the sometimes tedious, difficult process and personal agonies that often surround the unfolding of most significant human events. Those realities seldom survive historical redactions. The formulation of the Declaration of Independence is a prime example of how such an event suffers from the excesses of oversimplification. More often than not, it has been reduced to drivel more worthy of a fairy tale, twisted and contorted by politicians to suit their purposes, or recast by historians to fit a preferred theory.
The notion that the Declaration and resulting successful separation by the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire was either predictable or inevitable is dispelled. The popular belief in historical destiny, despite being popular, is inaccurate and misleading. Karl Popper, the intellectual historian and philosopher, discussed this flawed human tendency to rework history in his book, The Poverty of Historicism (Harper & Row, 1964), and suggested it was ‘sheer superstition’ to deem events such as the Declaration of Independence as a forgone conclusion, or even more dubious, ordained by God. History is not a rational science that yields clear predictive principles, despite the appeal of the reductive admonition that “those who do not study history are doomed to repeat it.” While the study of history offers deeper understanding of the human character and their actions, its lessons are more parable than formula
Far from being, “they cameth, they decideth, they dideth,” all at once, in unison and of like mind, the idea of independence did not suddenly emerge fully formed. While all agreed that King George was oppressive and unjustified in his acts against the Colonies, there was considerable dissension and disagreement about how to manage the conflict. Many of the representatives of the First Continental Congress has a justified apprehension of the risks and consequences of confronting and challenging the Crown, while others, John Adams now among them, had come to believe “the time for negotiation is past. ...the actions of the British are clear enough; blood has been spilled, powder and artillery are the surest form of conciliation with Britain.”
In tension, chaos and confusion of the times many approaches to the conflict between the colonists and the British are evident. At varying times there are petitions, demonstrations, boycotts, riots and confrontations that ultimately result in open warfare. Negotiation is considered and sometimes used to manage and resolve some of those issues, although often as an afterthought and without much plan or design that was discernible. Pennsylvania’s Dickinson held that “caution must prevail, and we must avoid any escalation of the conflict.” John Adams, turned by events from his earlier and earnest commitment to the moderation of the rule of law, became a leading advocate for confrontation and disobedient independence, arguing that “the middle way is no way at all and that if we fail it will be because we grope for the middle way.” This was no academic discussion. King George had already proclaimed them rebels and as the world’s then reigning superpower, began to deployed his professional Hessian mercenary army and overwhelming naval force against them.
Part 2 of the series, “Independence,” is especially instructive and worthy of study by professional conflict managers and negotiators for the thoughtful illustration of specific negotiation strategies, techniques and skills. The series takes pains to show how the Declaration of Independence was an imperfect negotiated document forged by real people, gripped by personal fears and beliefs, and subject to many and various political considerations. It does not shy away from challenging the popular belief that the ‘founding fathers’ were clear, unified and unequivocal in their ‘original intent’ and that they all shared a common vision. The representatives of that first Continental Congress had to work through their own considerable differences in values and beliefs. One of the more poignant examples is a scene in which Benjamin Franklin suggests to Thomas Jefferson the use of “self evident” instead of “sacred” to describe “these truths.” A more common and pedestrian docudrama might have smoothed over or avoided showing the negotiations of those rifts. Not only is there the risk that ambiguities might slip out and be unresolved, but also because untidy many think the negotiation process lacks dramatic appeal, kind of like “watching paint dry.”
This “John Adams” series, in addition to being good drama, helps to break down the still present resistance to negotiation. To this day, many people remain leery of negotiation, especially those who have little tolerance for ambiguity. They feel vulnerable and at risk of being played for a fool, and if they are right, why should they compromise their principles by negotiating? For those who believe the Declaration of Independence was bestowed upon Americans by the ‘founding fathers’ just as The Ten Commandments were delivered by Moses from God to all ‘mankind,’ there is little room or need for negotiation. Although not enough in itself, “John Adams” allows people to see the historical importance of negotiation. And, even though most viewers know how it ends, there is considerable dramatic tension in watching that negotiation process play out.
There are a number of good examples of negotiation strategies and techniques.
-Early on during the tedious deliberations of the Continental Congress, Benjamin Franklin offers the overly strident and intense John Adams some sage advice: “I do not believe one should necessarily say what they mean... thinking aloud is a bad habit; while it may be perfectly acceptable to insult someone in private, in public they tend to think you are serious....go gently....diplomacy is seduction in another guise---it improves with practice.” With this proffer of a constructive piece of deception, the elder Franklin helped Adams to reflect on his style and moderate himself accordingly.
-Abigail Adams similarly tempers and helps her husband to harness and use his passion constructively. She reminds him of a key principle of negotiation, “...it is better to guide men to think the decisions they make are their own rather than to attempt forcing conclusions upon them.”
-For his own part, in one of the most powerful examples of sophisticated negotiation strategy, practiced all too seldom even to this day, John Adams does a careful assessment of himself and how he is perceived. He recognizes that he would do best to stay back and employ others, thereupon drawing on the considerable talents of Thomas Jefferson to prepare the first of many drafts of the Declaration of Independence. He knows of himself, as he says to Jefferson, that he is viewed as “....obnoxious, suspect and unpopular, and that you are viewed otherwise.” He goes on to say, “I am not drawn by nature a humble man but circumstances sometimes force a change of habit.”
In the end, the negotiated Declaration of Independence was not the bright and shining statement of principle it is often presented to be by many current day historicists who would have us believe the ‘founding fathers’ were of a super-human variety. They well may have been exceptional people, but they, and the document they crafted, were the products of difficult realities and a down and dirty process. Much to the consternation of some, pressing for an end to slavery was deemed politically unwise and dropped out of inclusion; likewise, as Abigail Adams clearly observed, women continued to be disenfranchised and were sacrificed to the political realities of the day.
Ultimately, John Adams and the others recognized the enormity of their action and the risk entailed by declaring independence from Britain and knew that such a course of action done with anything less than unanimous consent would be compromised and weakened. Obtaining that unanimity, however, required considerable deal-making acumen. As with many difficult, important and complex agreements, a measure of subterfuge was required. Employing the classic “don’t ask, don’t tell” technique, Adams brokered a deal with Pennsylvania’s Dickinson, still a fierce opponent of declaring independence and the passage of the Declaration as a matter of principle, whereby he chose to absent himself from the vote, allowing others in the Pennsylvania delegation to register support. Similarly, the New York delegation was encouraged to abstain instead of formally objecting, so as to avoid obstructing a unanimous vote.
In the end, it is just that hard scrabble process of negotiation that makes the Declaration of Independence and birth of United States of America all the more remarkable. While ideology and principle are clearly important, often overlooked but no less important, is the practical negotiation process that lashthose ideas to reality. In the shadow of “live free or die” is the necessity of “negotiate to survive.”
March 20, 2008 | <urn:uuid:678565a2-f76c-4a3c-93f9-b6d4d36c583e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mediate.com/articles/benjamin39.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972876 | 2,047 | 2.75 | 3 |
HOW TO HELP PATIENTS WHO DRINK TOO MUCH: A CLINICAL APPROACH
Next, determine whether there is a maladaptive pattern of alcohol use, causing clinically significant impairment or distress. It is important to assess the severity and extent of all alcohol-related symptoms to inform your decisions about management. The following list of symptoms is adapted from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV), Revised. Sample assessment questions are available online at www.niaaa.nih.gov/guide.
Determine whether, in the past 12 months, your patient’s drinking has repeatedly caused or contributed to
(family or friends)
(arrests or other legal problems)
If yes to one or more your patient has alcohol abuse.
In either case, proceed to assess for dependence symptoms.
Determine whether, in the past 12 months, your patient has
(repeatedly gone over them)
(repeated failed attempts)
(needed to drink a lot more to get the same effect)
(tremors, sweating, nausea, or insomnia when trying to quit or cut down)
(recurrent physical or psychological problems)
(or anticipating or recovering from drinking)
(activities that had been important or pleasurable)
If yes to three or more your patient has alcohol dependence.
Previous | Table of Contents | Next
Does the patient meet the criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence?
Your patient is still at risk for developing alcohol-related problems.
Your patient has an alcohol use disorder. | <urn:uuid:e19a0844-a6c0-4a9e-b267-8058f0636e5f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Practitioner/CliniciansGuide2005/clinicians_guide6.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900689 | 329 | 3 | 3 |
The collection of activities is meant to illustrate the incorporation of the microbial world in the K-12 community either through science courses or through community-based events and programs. The activities come from classroom teachers and microbiologists. All activities have been reviewed by the ASM Committee on K-12 Outreach for scientific and educational content, active learning and engagement, alignment with the National Science Education Standards, and clarity of accompanying instructions.
Guidelines for Submitting an Activity
NEW! Putting Disinfectants to the Test
In this two-part lab, students will sample the indoor environment to estimate how many bacteria are living on surfaces, then test the effectiveness of various household disinfectants on bacterial growth. Students use RODAC petri plates to directly sample surfaces such as benches, desks, or cell phones and then can quantify the number of bacteria detected before and after cleaning with a disinfectant. They will also set up a disc diffusion assay to test the potency of household cleaners and other disinfectants against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Intended Audience: 9-12
This activity turns a classic student observation activity of yeast generation of gas into a guided inquiry lab. Rather than give the students one sugar, we give them a range of foods to taste for developing hypotheses based upon their analyses of the foods. The students then design the experiment with appropriate controls and carry it out using gas generation in a closed system with a balloon to measure yeast fermentation. Intended Audience: K-4
Quantification of Escherichia coli Contamination in Water
The lab exercise assumes basic knowledge of prokaryotes (structure, function, metabolism, and respiration) and the functions and limitations of enzymes. Building upon this knowledge and using guided prompts, students brainstorm how to create an agar on which only coliform bacteria will grow and how to differentiate between Escherichia coli and other coliforms based on their enzymes. Finally, students filter surface water and place it on media that differentiates E. coli from other coliforms using an enzyme unique to E. coli. The resulting data are used to determine if the water meets the Minnesota state standards for safe swimming or drinking water. Intended Audience: 9-12
What Microbe Are You?
In this hands-on activity, students take an online "personality quiz" where their answers to a set of either/or statements match them with the marine microbes that most closely resemble their personalities. The microbes are given fun code names to circumvent the challenge of pronouncing the microbes' scientific names. Intended as a fun way to begin or end a unit on life science, the students learn about the vast diversity and critical importance of marine microbes. Intended Audience K-8.
Bacteria That Help and Hurt Cows
This lesson introduces students to the microbial world and provides insight on their function by examining bacteria that both help and harm cows. Although multiple bacteria inhabit the cow’s rumen, this lesson focuses on two harmless microbes; Ruminococcus and Selenomonas, which break down cellulose and starch in plant matter, respectively. These bacteria obtain nutrients from the cow’s diet, and the cow gains energy from the products of bacterial metabolism. Therefore, these bacterial species are in a symbiotic relationship with the cow. Other bacterial species can harm cows. Such is the case with Escherichia coli, a non-ruminant bacterium that can cause the udder infection known as mastitis. Intended Audience K-4.
Is It Clean or Just Unseen? Dirty Water and the Naked Eye
In this experiment, serial dilution of a contaminated water source is examined for turbidity and bacterial cell count. Because chemical and microbial contaminations are not always visible to the naked eye, the microbial presence will be brought to the attention of the learner by use of viable plate counts. Intended Audience: 9-12.
Quantifying Marine Microbes: A Simulation to Introduce Random Sampling
This lesson introduces random sampling, one of the key concepts employed by scientists to study the natural environment, including microbial communities. Students first learn about the abundance and diversity of marine microbes. Colored beads in a bag are then used to represent different types of microbes, with the bag itself representing the ocean. Working in groups, each student randomly samples ten "microbes" from the "ocean", and records the data. To learn about the inherent variability of random sampling, the students then compare the composition of their individual samples, their group’s pooled sample data, and that of the entire population. Intended Audience: 5-8; 9-12.
Modeling Concepts of 5’, 3’, Antiparallel and Complimentary in DNA Structure
Many students studying DNA structure do not understand or cannot fully visualize the concepts of complementarity, antiparallel, and the organization of the 5’ and 3’ ends of a nucleotide strand. Here, a method that works very well to get students actively involved in the process of describing a DNA molecule is described. Students themselves are used as the nucleotides in this activity. Intended Audience: 9-12.
The RNA Decoder Ring: Deciphering the Language of Life
The DNA molecule is often and aptly compared to a written language that uses only 4 letters; A, C, G and T. The linear sequence of these letters provides information that guides the synthesis of RNA and proteins and through these products defines the characteristics and abilities of individual organisms. To assist students to understand how a 4-letter alphabet can carry coded information and how that information gets translated, we have developed a tool that students can assemble, and activities they can use to decipher the genetic code in fun and familiar ways. The tool is the RNA Decoder Ring that allows students to align the 64 codons specified by the 4-letter genetic alphabet to determine which amino acid each codon encodes. When single letter amino acid abbreviations are used, DNA sequences can be constructed that translate into amino acid sequences that spell out familiar words and phrases in English. We present activities that challenge students to decode messages written in DNA that spell out English words and phrases in their corresponding amino acid sequence. Students are also instructed how to design their own coded messages using the Decoder Ring in reverse. We also provide activities that illustrate the impact that various mutations in the DNA sequence can have on their protein products. Finally we provide an activity that illustrates how the coded language of DNA is used in cells going from DNA to RNA to the amino acid sequence using the initial portion of the human growth hormone gene. Intended Audience: 5-8; 9-12.
Effect of Nitrate and Phosphate Levels on the Growth of Algae
Nitrate and phosphate are useful as fertilizers in agriculture and gardening. Nitrate and phosphate aid agricultural production by producing more abundant crops. However, since the mass production of ammonia during the 1940's by way of the Haber process, it has been noted that a phenomenon known as “nitrate pollution” may occur. This pollution can be demonstrated by conducting this simple experiment. This experiment demonstrates two main ideas. The first is a test of what levels of nitrate and phosphate allow for optimum algal growth. The second demonstrates at which levels of nitrate and phosphate algal blooms may occur, causing harm to an aquatic ecosystem (Freeman, 2002). Intended Audience: 5-8; 9-12.
Lean, Mean Information Machine: Using a Simple Model to Learn about Chromosomal DNA
This lesson examines the amount of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, in cells. The first part emphasizes math skills as the students determine the size of a bacterium. Then the students are asked to decide how long the chromosome of a bacterium is compared to its length using data on known genome sequences. Next, this size differential is demonstrated using a model composed of a plastic egg and dental floss. The learners then are given information about the sizes of other cells and their respective genome lengths and they are asked to investigate the features of one of these organisms and produce a model. Intended Audience: 5-8; 9-12.
Earth History: Time Flies, No Matter What the Scale
In this two-part activity, which uses discovery and an inquiry approach, the participants will be given cartoon drawings representing significant events in the history of the Earth and asked to place them on a timeline made of colored ribbon. Then they mathematically relate the geologic time scale to a yearly calendar. After the calculations, they return to the timeline to reassess the placement of the events. Intended Audience: 9-12.
Public Health Scavenger Hunt
The Public Health Scavenger Hunt is a playful and creative investigation of basic public health concepts for small children. This activity leads them through a series of tasks including exploration and recognition of their surroundings, hygiene recognition, riddle and puzzle solving, and cardiovascular exercise. Students will gain an awareness of not only their surroundings, but also their body’s actions. By completing this activity, students will be are able to recognize direct cause and effect relationships, and their creative visual skills will be put to the test. Intended Audience: K-4.
”Build a Bacterium” Scavenger Hunt
In this activity, each student is provided with a worksheet and three index cards. Each card indicates a different cell part (e.g. LPS, capsule, DNA). Students are placed in small groups and receive a written scenario regarding a bacterium with a certain goal it must carry out. They must work together to decide what cell parts are needed to form the basic structure of any cell as well as to carry out the specific functions required by their scenario. To “build” their bacterium they must negotiate and trade index cards with other groups to acquire their desired cell parts. Intended Audience: 9-12.
Evolution of a DNA Sequence Over Time
One of the basic requirements of evolution is variation in a population upon which selection can act. One of the sources of variation is mutation in DNA. These changes may or may not be reflected in the ensuing amino acid sequence of a protein. This exercise explores the additive effects of mutation on an amino acid sequence over several generations. The activity is also useful in that it addresses several of the components of Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection. There are three separate activities, one regarding sequence change over time, one regarding selective pressure on sequences, and one regarding divergence over time. Intended Audience: 9-12.
“I Can’t Live Without You!” A Close-up Examination of Microorganisms Involved in Mutually Beneficial Symbiotic Relationships
By visiting three stations, each equipped with microscopes, slides, live materials and various supplies arranged by the teacher, the students will observe three symbiotic relationships involving microbes. The students prepare wet mounts to observe the microbial symbionts found in the termite gut, lichen, and Rhizobium root nodules. Intended Audience: 5-8; 9-12.
Extracting DNA from a Banana
The soft flesh of a banana provides a ready source of DNA. Using a few simple purification steps in a classroom setting, students can yield loads of crudely prepared DNA. To begin, the banana is mashed in a detergent/salt solution to lyse the cellular and nuclear membranes. Cellular lysate is strained, then the solubilized DNA is cleansed with a meat tenderizer (which contains an enzyme that breaks apart proteins). Lastly, ethanol is added to generate soft, white, globs of DNA and perhaps – with careful technique – slender threads that may be wound onto a glass rod. Intended Audience: K-4; 5-8.
Using a variety of beans, students will investigate how various microbes can survive and reproduce. They will explain the effects the environment has on the sustainability of a microbial community and the adaptations they need to make for survival. Intended Audience: 5-8; 9-12.
What Makes Flatulence
In this exercise, students use a controlled environment to demonstrate the build up of gases in the large intestine. Through their observations, they will better understand the mechanisms that create flatulence (passing gas) and how microorganisms can be beneficial to overall health. Intended Audience: 5-8.
One of These Things is Not Like the Other
Using a 50X microviewer, participants will observe textiles and other materials for microscopic similarities and differences. They will construct a game board in which "one is not like the other" and then challenge another participant to decipher the unlike material. Intended Audience: 5-8; 9-12.
Outbreak! Investigating Epidemics
This activity simulates how a pathogen can spread among a population. Students will exchange paper with one another to simulate the epidemiology of tracking an infectious agent. After this activity, the students should have a better understanding of how infectious agents spread from person to person and ways to prevent outbreaks. It can be adapted to a variety of scenarios. For example, the infectious agent could be HIV or another pathogen that is spread by human contact. This activity can be used with ASM's Intimate Strangers Episode 6 video podcast. Intended Audience: 5-8.
Taste Test: Can Microbes Tell the Difference
This inquiry-based activity allows students to explore the scientific process of fermentation. During the investigation, students will be responsible for observing and explaining how yeast utilizes various forms of natural sugar and sugar substitutes to produce energy. Students will also recognize how the type and amount of food sources can directly influence the metabolic activities of living organisms. Intended Audience: 5-8; 9-12.
The Role of Microorganisms in the Ecosystem
This lab activity uses a controlled experiment to demonstrate different rates of decomposition for a variety of man-made and natural materials. Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment, where they have a variety of essential functions. Intended Audience: K-4; 5-8; 9-12.
Microbial Discovery Box
In this exercise, students examine the impact of microorganisms in our daily life and consider their applied potential. They can also conduct independent research and communicate their findings with the rest of the class. Intended Audience: 5-8; 9-12.
Pond Scum: Investigating Microorganisms
Little else can stimulate a student’s interest in biology like a drop of pond water teaming with invisible life viewed with a microscope. This activity describes two means of observing pond water other than the traditional hanging drop or temporary wet mount slide preparation. Intended Audience: K-4; 5-8; 9-12.
Taking the Mystery Out of DNA: Extracting DNA from Strawberries
Students will explore how scientists isolate deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, from the strawberry. The activity provides the students with a hands-on approach to DNA isolation. They will learn how cells can be broken open and how the DNA can be separated from the rest of the cellular biological molecules. Although students may recognize DNA as being the genetic material and that it can be used in forensics to identify a killer, most are not exposed to what DNA looks like. This activity brings DNA to life! Intended Audience: 5-8; 9-12. | <urn:uuid:734e483b-7733-4a11-8cf5-915c9fd3833e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.asm.org/index.php/educators/k-12-classroom-activities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00045-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920348 | 3,174 | 3.75 | 4 |
Group Portrait Showing Col. John Singleton Mosby And Some Members Of His Confederate Battalion-The Confederacy had its share of heroic cavalry officers, including J.E.B Stuart and Nathan Bedford Forrest, but none had quite the mystique of “The Gray Ghost.”
John Singleton Mosby was an unlikely hero. Born in 1833 in Powhatan County, Virginia, he was a sickly child and was often picked on at school. Being bullied did not seem to bother Mosby, however, as he had exceptional self-confidence, and he learned to fight back at an early age.
- In 1849, he attended the University of Virginia, excelling in Classical Studies, but once again he ran up against bullies. During a confrontation with a fellow student, Mosby pulled a pistol and shot his adversary in the neck. He was promptly arrested, sentenced to one year in jail, and issued a $500 fine. He was also expelled from the university.
After the war, Mosby became the target of ridicule and even received death threats from some Southerners, as he became not only a Republican, but also a campaign manager for President Grant. The two men became great friends. In 1878, Rutherford B. Hayes appointed Mosby as the U.S. Consul to Hong Kong. Later he worked for the Department of the Interior and as assistant Attorney General.
John Mosby died in 1916 at the age of 82. Of his exploits in the war, he wrote “It is a classical maxim that it is sweet and becoming to die for one’s country; but whoever has seen the horrors of a battlefield feels that it is far sweeter to live for it.”
- Digital ID: (digital file from original item) ppmsca 35436 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.35436
- Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-35436 (digital file from original item) LC-B8184-10224 (b&w film copy neg.)
- Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
From The CIvil War Parlor on Tumblr | <urn:uuid:85920d98-420c-4916-a61b-8dc2b763d246> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.civilwarfamily.us/2014/03/john-singleton-mosby.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971622 | 481 | 3 | 3 |
Swami Vivekananda, known in his pre-monastic life as Narendra Nath Datta, was born into an affluent family in Kolkata on 12 January 1863. His father was Vishwanath Datta, a well-known Kolkata attorney, and his mother, Bhuvaneshwari Devi, was endowed with deep devotion, strong character and other noble qualities. A precocious boy, Narendra excelled in music, gymnastics and academic studies. By the time he graduated from Calcutta University, he had acquired a vast knowledge of different subjects, especially Western philosophy and history. Born with a yogic temperament, he used to practise meditation even from his boyhood, and was associated with the Brahmo Samaj reform movement for some time.
However, his philosophical mind was restless, and the Brahmo Samaj could not satisfy his quest for the true meaning of life. Encouraged by one of his relatives, Naren met the Bengali saint Sri Ramakrishna in November 1881. This incident affected Naren a great deal, and he gradually came to realise that Ramakrishna was an extraordinary man. Spending quality time with the saint, Naren gradually began to look upon him as his guide. He eventually accepted Sri Ramakrishna as his master and became completely dedicated to him.
A group of chosen young men had gathered around Sri Ramakrishna and had begun to receive spiritual guidance from him. When he developed throat cancer, they undertook to nurse him. Naren was the leader of this group. Ramakrishna had wanted them to take to monastic life and had symbolically given them saffron clothes. Keeping in line with their master’s wish, the group founded a monastery at Baranagar and began to live together. They supported themselves by begging, without knowing where this journey would take them. It was during this time that Naren took for himself the name Vivekananda (meaning “the bliss of discernment”), in keeping with the monastic traditions of India.
After the Master’s passing away, Vivekananda set out on a long, extensive pilgrimage throughout India, and came to realise the abject poverty, illiteracy and degradation of the Indians at large. Later, in 1888, Vivekananda left the monastery as a parivrajaka—a wandering monk, “without fixed abode, without ties, independent, and a stranger wherever he goes.” His sole possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff, and his two favorite books—The Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation of Christ. Vivekananda travelled the length and breadth of India for five years, visiting important centres of learning, acquainting himself with the diverse religious traditions and different patterns of social life. He developed a sympathy for the suffering and poverty of the masses and resolved to uplift the nation. Living mainly on bhiksha (alms), Vivekananda travelled mostly on foot and by railway, using tickets bought by admirers whom he met on the way. During these travels he met and stayed with scholars, dewans, rajas and people from all walks of life—Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Pariahs (low-caste workers) and government officials.
He approached many Indian princes of the time to see if they could do anything for the common people of India. Gradually this idea spread amongst the leaders, and a slow change began to take place. The ruler of Mysore was among the first to make primary education free within his state. This, however, was not enough in Swamiji’s view. He wanted education taken to the peasant’s doorstep, so that the peasant’s children could work and learn at the same time. His correspondence with the Maharaja of Mysore on the subject reveal how genuine and palpable his ideas were. Vivekananda reached Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of the Indian subcontinent, on 24 December 1892. He swam through the sea and started meditating on a lone rock for three days on the past, present and future of India. The rock is today a primary tourist destination and is called the Vivekananda Rock Memorial.
Vivekananda attended the 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions in Chicago, Illinois, and earned great applause for beginning his address with the famous words, “Sisters and brothers of America.” It was Vivekananda’s arrival in the USA that started the beginning of Western interest in Hinduism—not as merely an exotic Eastern oddity, but as a vital religious and philosophical tradition. A few years after the Parliament, Vivekananda started Vedanta centres in New York City and London, and lectured at major universities on Hinduism.
From the West, he also set his Indian work in motion. Vivekananda wrote a stream of letters to India, giving advice and sending money to his followers and brother monks. His letters from the West in those days laid down the motive of his campaign for social service. He constantly tried to inspire his close disciples in India to do something big. His letters to them contain some of his strongest words. In one such letter, he wrote to Swami Akhandananda,
“Go from door to door amongst the poor and lower classes of the town of Khetri and teach them religion. Also, let them have oral lessons on geography and such other subjects. No good will come of sitting idle and having princely dishes, and saying “Ramakrishna, O Lord!”—unless you can do some good to the poor.”
Eventually, in 1895, the periodical called The Brahmavadin was started in Madras, with money supplied by Vivekananda, for the purpose of teaching Vedanta.
After spreading India’s ancient wisdom in the USA and England for four years, he returned to India in 1897. Soon after his arrival, he inaugurated the Ramakrishna Mission, a unique organization in which monks of the Ramakrishna Order work together with lay devotees for the uplift of the poor masses through social service programmes, being inspired by the ideal that Sri Ramakrishna gave to Swami Vivekananda:
“Serve the jiva (living being) as Shiva (God Himself)”.
He founded two other monasteries—one at Mayavati, near Almora in the Himalayas, called Advaita Ashrama; and another at Madras. Two journals were also started: Prabuddha Bharata in English and Udbodhan in Bengali. The same year, famine relief work was started by Swami Akhandananda in Murshidabad district.
His tours, hectic lecturing schedule, private discussions and correspondence, not to mention the privations he had endured during his early years of wandering, had taken their toll on his health. He was suffering from asthma, diabetes and other physical ailments. A few days before he died, he was seen intently studying the almanac. Three days before his death he pointed out the spot for his cremation, where a temple in his memory stands today.
Vivekananda died at ten minutes past nine p.m. on July 4, 1902, while he was meditating, fulfilling his own prophecy that he would not live to be forty.
My ideal indeed can be put into a few words and that is: to preach unto mankind their divinity, and how to make it manifest in every movement of life.
– Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda believed that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in the Vedanta philosophy, based on the interpretation of Adi Shankara. He summarized the Vedanta’s teachings as follows:
- Each soul is potentially divine.
- The goal is to manifest this Divinity within by controlling nature, external and internal.
- Do this either by work, or worship, or mental discipline, or philosophy—by one, or more, or all of these—and be free.
- This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details
According to Vivekananda, an important teaching he received from Ramakrishna was that “Jiva is Shiva” (each individual is divinity itself). This became his Mantra, and he coined the concept of daridra narayana seva – the service of God in and through (poor) human beings. “If there truly is the unity of Brahman underlying all phenomena, then on what basis do we regard ourselves as better or worse, or even as better-off or worse-off, than others?” – This was the question he posed to himself. Ultimately, he concluded that these distinctions fade into nothingness in the light of the oneness that the devotee experiences in Moksha. What arises then is compassion for those “individuals” who remain unaware of this oneness and a determination to help them.
Swami Vivekananda belonged to that branch of Vedanta that held that no one can be truly free until all of us are. Even the desire for personal salvation has to be given up, and only tireless work for the salvation of others is the true mark of the enlightened person. He founded the Ramakrishna Math and Mission on the principle of “Atmano Mokshartham Jagat-hitaya cha” (for one’s own salvation and for the welfare of the World).
Vivekananda advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and have shraddha (faith). He encouraged the practice of Brahmacharya (Celibacy). In one of the conversations with his childhood friend Priya Nath Sinha he attributes his physical and mental strengths, and eloquence to the practice of Brahmacharya.
Vivekananda did not advocate the emerging area of parapsychology and astrology saying that this form of curiosity doesn’t help in spiritual progress but actually hinders it.
Some teachings of Swami Vivekananda:
- Our first duty is not to hate ourselves; because to advance we must have faith in ourselves first and then in God. He who has no faith in himself can never have faith in God.
- Every duty is holy, and devotion to duty is the highest form of worship of God.
- That society is the greatest, where the highest truths become practical.
- Faith, faith, faith in ourselves, faith in God – this is the secret of greatness… Have faith in yourselves, and stand up on that faith and be strong; that is what we need.
- The Hindus were bold, to their credit be it said, bold thinkers in all heir ideas, so bold that one spark of their though frightens the so-called bold thinkers of the West.
- In my opinion, a race must first cultivate a great respect for motherhood, through the sanctification and inviolability of marriage.
- Sita is the name in India for everything that is good, pure, and holy; everything that in woman we call woman.
- Renunciation and service are the twin ideals of India. Intensify here in these channels and the rest will take care of itself.
- My ideal indeed can be put into a few words and that is: to preach unto mankind their divinity, and how to make it manifest in every movement of life.
- My whole ambition in life is to set in motion a machinery which will bring noble ideas to the door of everybody, and then let men and women settle their own fate. Let them know what our forefathers as well as other nations have thought on the most momentous questions of life. Let them see specially what others are doing now, and then decide. We are to put the chemicals together, the crystallisation will be done by nature according to her laws.
- Truth is my God, the universe my country.
- I am proud to belong to a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal acceptance. We believe not only in universal toleration, but we accept all religions as true. I am proud to belong to a nation which has sheltered the persecuted and the refugees of all religions and all nations of the earth. I am proud to tell you that we have gathered in our bosom the purest remnant of the Israelites, who came to Southern India and took refuge with us in the very year in which their holy temple was shattered to pieces by Roman tyranny. I am proud to belong to the religion which has sheltered and is still fostering the remnant of the grand Zoroastrian nation.
- Our watchword, then, will be acceptance, and not exclusion. Not only toleration… I believe in acceptance. Why should I tolerate? Toleration means that I think that you are wrong and I am just allowing you to live. Is it not a blasphemy to think that you and I are allowing others to live?
- Religions of the world have become lifeless mockeries. What the world wants is character. The world is in need of those whose life is one burning love, selfless. That love will make every word tell like thunderbolt.
- The religion of the Vedanta can satisfy the demands of the scientific world, by referring it to the highest generalisation and to the law of evolution. That the explanation of a thing comes from within itself is still more completely satisfied by Vedanta. The Brahman, the God of the Vedanta, has nothing outside of Himself; nothing at all.
- One idea that I see clear as daylight is that misery is caused by ignorance and nothing else. Who will give the world light? Sacrifice in the past has been the Law, it will be, alas, for ages to come. The earth’s bravest and best will have to sacrifice themselves for the good of many, for the welfare of all. Buddhas by the hundred are necessary with eternal love and pity.
- Would to God that all men were so constituted that in their minds all these elements of philosophy, mysticism, emotion, and of work were equally present in full! That is the ideal, my ideal of a perfect man.
- The ideal of womanhood in India is motherhood – that marvelous, unselfish, all-suffering, ever-forgiving mother.
- On Education
- Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man.
- By education I do not mean the present system, but something in the line of positive teaching. Mere book-learning won’t do. We want that education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded, and by which one can stand on one’s own feet.
- The education which does not help the common mass of people to equip themselves for the struggle for life, which does not bring out strength of character, a spirit of philanthropy, and the courage of a lion–is it worth the name? Real education is that which enables one to stand on one’s own legs.
- By work alone men may get to where Buddha got largely by meditation or Christ by prayer.
- These conceptions of the Vedanta must come out, must remain not only in the forest, not only in the cave, but they must come out to work at the bar and the bench, in the pulpit, and in the cottage of the poor man, with the fishermen that are catching fish, and with the students that are studying. They call to every man, woman, and child whatever be their occupation, wherever they may be. And what is there to fear! How can the fishermen and all these carry out the ideals of the Upanishads? The way has been shown. It is infinite; religion is infinite, none can go beyond it; and whatever you do sincerely is good for you. Even the least thing well done brings marvellous results; therefore let everyone do what little he can. If the fisherman thinks that he is the Spirit, he will be a better fisherman; if the student thinks he is the Spirit, he will be a better student. If the lawyer thinks that he is the Spirit, he will be a better lawyer, and so on…
- So long as the millions live in hunger and ignorance, I hold every man a traitor who, having been educated at their expense, pays not the least heed to them! | <urn:uuid:80d4c61f-f216-41e0-9d64-1243fa9071b3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rkmdelhi.org/about-us/our-inspiration/swami-vivekananda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00179-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973417 | 3,430 | 3 | 3 |
Allah created the Trees, plants and fruits not only for their known vital benefits as food, they are also a source of delight to
the eyes and a means of purifying the air we breathe. Trees are vital in protecting our land, its beauty and essential for our existence. It is only in the past decade that science has starting recognizing the importance of environment conservation, but Islam has always expressed great concern for the environment. A number of verses in the Quran, and the sayings of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) have addressed this issue; trees, fruits and gardens are repeatedly mentioned in the Holy Quran. Not to forget, that trees are also a part of the descriptions of
Even in the era of the Prophet Mohammad (S.A.W) when wood was the primarily known source of fuel, the Quran and the Sunnah contain instructions for Muslims to preserve the environment, which includes abstaining from cutting down trees unnecessarily.
Even during battle, Muslims are required to avoid cutting down trees, unless it is required as a millitary strategy. In this respect,
Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) pointed out,
"There is none amongst the Muslims who plants a tree or sows seeds, and then a bird, or a person or an animal eats from it, but is regarded as a charitable gift for him." (Bukhari)
Al-Huda has taken part in several tree plantation drives too, inculcating the spirit of planting trees in the students and staff. | <urn:uuid:f7e4e09a-adbf-46a1-97a7-279357f89323> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.alhudapk.com/social-welfare/welfare-projects/tree-plantation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962695 | 309 | 2.984375 | 3 |
iBooks textbooks on iPad offer a gorgeous, full-screen experience full of interactive diagrams, photos, and videos. No longer limited to static pictures to illustrate the text, now students can dive into an image with interactive captions, rotate a 3D object, or have the answer spring to life in a chapter review. They can flip through a book by simply sliding a finger along the bottom of the screen. Highlighting text, taking notes, searching for content, and finding definitions in the glossary are just as easy. And with all their books on a single iPad, students will have no problem carrying them wherever they go.
McGraw-Hill, Pearson Education, and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt — the publishers responsible for the majority of K-12 content in the U.S. — have created iBooks textbooks available now from iBooks.
Readers can manipulate 3D objects with a touch — so instead of seeing a cross section of a brain, they can see all sections. iBooks Author gives book creators the option to adjust the background, allow readers to rotate the object freely, or constrain its movement to horizontal or vertical rotation.
Pictures tell a bigger story when they’re interactive. Callouts and pan-and-zoom features add even more to the experience.
Now that students can truly interact with a textbook, they need a new kind of study aid: one that helps them take notes and review content as they read.
Use a finger as a highlighter when reading any textbook in iBooks. Just swipe over any text or math expression and it’s highlighted. Tap a highlighted section and a palette appears. Change colors, switch to underlining, or add a note instantly. Then switch to the Notes view to see all your notes and highlights organized in one place, making it a cinch to search or go back to the highlighted sections of the book.
All your notes and highlights automatically appear on study cards. Flip them over and find the definition of a glossary term or the note attached to the highlighted passage. Choose which highlight colors to review, and include chapter vocabulary from the glossary — automatically. To make sure you really know your stuff, you can shuffle your cards to study.
When it comes to studying, two minds are better than one. So when you come across a description of magnetostatics you can’t figure out, or a quote that supports your friend’s poli sci paper, share the phrase directly from the page onto your Facebook wall or Twitter feed. You can also share a snippet via text or email.
Educators can include iBooks textbooks in the complete courses they create for iTunes U. And the textbooks work seamlessly with the iTunes U app for iPad. For example, students can tap the name of the book in the assignment list to start reading it right away, and notes they take in iBooks will appear along with the other course notes in the iTunes U app. | <urn:uuid:47f8fa81-e2d0-45c3-ade9-cf5e4f13c7b3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.apple.com/education/ibooks-textbooks/?siclientid=5893&sessguid=a269ac7f-1116-4b67-b1fd-fa413a0ccd76&userguid=a269ac7f-1116-4b67-b1fd-fa413a0ccd76&permguid=a269ac7f-1116-4b67-b1fd-fa413a0ccd76 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901381 | 607 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The OED defines "democratical" to mean the same thing as "democratic," and it gives some usage examples going back to 1589 and continuing only to 1850:
1589 ‘M. Marprelate’ Hay any Worke for Cooper 26 It is Monarchicall, in regarde of our head Christ, Aristocraticall in the Eldership, and Democraticall in the people.There are also a 3 examples of "democratical" as a noun, defined to mean the same thing as "democrat." 2 of these are by Thomas Hobbes:
1608 D. Tuvil Ess. Polit. & Morall f. 4v, Ostracismes practiced in those Democraticall and Popular states of elder times.
1686 in Coll. Scarce & Valuable Tracts (1748) I. 111 The Democratical Man, that is never quiet under any Government.
1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1775 I. 460, I abhor his Whiggish democratical notions and propensities.
1850 G. Grote Hist. Greece VIII. ii. lxiv. 231 The levy was in fact as democratical and as equalising as..on that memorable occasion.
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxii. 122 Aristocraticalls and Democraticalls of old time in Greece.What, you may ask, is the "-al" ending doing after the "-ic" ending? When do suffixes double up like that? This seems related to the present-day controversy about using the word "Democrat" as an adjective, when GOP types refer to the "Democrat Party," instead of the "Democratic Party." There's an insult perceived in leaving off the "-ic" ending, but, oddly, in the case of "democratical," there's insult in adding more letters — "-ic" plus "-al."
1679 T. Hobbes Behemoth i, in Wks. VI. 199 The thing which those democraticals chiefly then aimed at, was to force the King to call a parliament.
Does "-al" have any meaning? "Forming adjectives with the sense ‘of or relating to that which is denoted by the first element'" is the OED definition, which seems to say, it's just a way to turn something into an adjective. But that doesn't explain "-ical." The "-ic" already made the adjective. What's up with "-ical"? What are the other "-ical" words? Comical, radical... logical...
I know what you're thinking: "The Logic Song" by Supertramp!
When I was young, it seemed that life was so wonderful, a miracle, it was beautiful, magicalAm I thinking too logical? So... musical interlude over. What does "-ic" mean? It's just another ending used to make an adjective and means "in the manner of" or "pertaining to" or some such generic way to say what differentiates an adjective from a noun. So what's with the suffix pile-up in the "-ical" words? Wonderfully, magically, the OED has an entry for "-ical":
And all the birds in the trees, well they'd be singing so happily, joyfully, playfully, watching me
But then they send me away to teach me how to be sensible, logical, responsible, practical
And they showed me a world where I could be so dependable, clinical, intellectual, cynical...
I said now, watch what you say, now we're calling you a radical, a liberal, fanatical, criminal
Won't you sign up your name, we'd like to feel you're acceptable, respectable, presentable, a vegetable...
But I'm thinking so logical ...
Sometimes forming an adjective from a noun in -ic, as music, musical, but more frequently a secondary adjective, as comic, comical, historic, historical. Its origin appears to have been the formation in late Latin of adjectives in -ālis on nouns in -ic-us, or in -icē, e.g. grammatic-us grammarian, grammaticē grammar, grammatic~āl-is grammatical, clēricus clergyman, clerk, clēricāl-is clerical. So in medieval Latin, chīrurgicāl-is, dominic-āl-is, medicāl-is, mūsicāl-is, physicāl-is. In French, adjectives of this type are few, and mostly taken directly from Latin formations, as chirurgical, clérical, grammatical, médical, etc. But in English they are exceedingly numerous, existing not only in all cases in which the term in -ic is a noun, but also as the direct representatives of Latin adjectives in -icus, French -ique. Thus we find before 1500 canonical, chirurgical, domestical, musical, philosophical, physical. Many adjectives have a form both in -ic and -ical, and in such cases that in -ical is usually the earlier and that more used. Often also the form in -ic is restricted to the sense ‘of’ or ‘of the nature of’ the subject in question, while that in -ical has wider or more transferred senses, including that of ‘practically connected’ or ‘dealing with’ the subject. Cf. ‘economic science’, ‘an economical wife’, ‘prophetic words’, ‘prophetical studies’, ‘a comic song’, ‘a comical incident’, ‘the tragic muse’, ‘his tragical fate’. A historic book is one mentioned or famous in history, a historical treatise contains or deals with history. But in many cases this distinction is, from the nature of the subject, difficult to maintain, or entirely inappreciable.That's long and complicated, though interesting as hell, but I boldfaced the bit that's most useful to understand what John Adams and Thomas Hobbes were getting at. It might be helpful to consider what it would mean to say: This political movement is not democratic. It's democratical. My sense is that democratic would refer to the principle that each person to be governed ought to vote. Democratical nudges us to worry about the chaos and disorder of attempting to let everyone decide everything.
Adjectives of locality, nationality, and language, as Baltic, Arabic, Teutonic, and those of chemical and other technical nomenclature, as oxalic, ferric, pelagic, dactylic, hypnotic, megalithic, have usually no secondary form in -al.
This brings us back to why Democrats prefer the adjective "Democratic" (rather than to have the noun "Democrat" used in the combination "Democratic Party"). Presumably, they want to appear to be imbued with democratic values, rather than simply to be a party composed of Democrats.
A "Democrat" is, in the U.S. political sense, "A member of the Democratic party," as defined in the OED, beginning with this choice 1798 quote from none other than George Washington: "You could as soon scrub the blackamore white as change the principle of a profest Democrat."
There are times when all the world's asleep/The questions run too deep for such a simple man... | <urn:uuid:c4769a37-3115-42e2-b70f-2eeff860d3ad> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://althouse.blogspot.com/2012/12/democrat-democratic-democratical.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943734 | 1,566 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The University of Utah has a web site called Learn Genetics. It's a site filled with animations that, if they were parodies, would rival the classroom informational films spoofs on the Simpsons, and Mr. Stem Cell could, with a little more sacrasm, be a character right out of South Park. Unfortunately, they're not spoofs.
But the site has some good stuff, especially the tour of the basics. There you can find great explanations (with lots of pictures and animations) of chromosomes, the basics of genetics - heredity and traits. If you can't remember much from high school biology class, 15 minutes on this site will get you up to speed. Once you've hit the basics, go check out the mouse brain on drugs.
Cold Spring Harbor labs is also getting into online education with DNA from the Beginning. It features, among other things, and animation of Gregor Mendel explaining flower sex. The site is organized into three sections - classical genetics, molecular biology/genetics, and some more modern genetic concepts, and each section has about a dozen basic topics with text, animations, and video clips of interviews with scientists. Except for Mendel explaining flower sex, this site doesn't try quite so hard to be cool the way they Utah site does. The information is fairly basic, but again, if you don't remember much from college or high school biology, this is a great, quick primer.
They do lie in one place - there is a section called 'RNA was the first genetic molecule.' We don't actually know that. There probably was a phase in the history of life where, instead of DNA and protein proto-cells got by with just RNA, but we don't really know that. It's possible, maybe even likely, that another genetic molecule existed before RNA.
The world's largest DNA sequencing institute, the Sanger Institute in the UK, has a site on genomes, Your Genome. Although they lie here too - they claim that "junk DNA refers to sequence regions with no known function," and that "the more we learn about what's in the 'junk', the more it seems better to call it 'noncoding DNA' instead." I don't know why some corners of the scientific community persist in this nonsense notion of junk DNA - it's a misunderstanding of the term junk DNA (as Ryan Gregory has pointed out, over and over), and anyone who think that most of the 900,000 LINE elements (21% of our genome - by contrast, protein-coding genes make up about 2% of our genome) are somehow functional is certifiably insane.
But the Sanger site does have some good stuff. The explanations aren't as basic, and the figures aren't as good as the two sites mentioned above, but they have a lot of good basic info on how and why we sequence genomes.
Finally, let's talk about Action Bioscience, which exists to promote bioscience literacy. It's a site with a bunch of short articles by scientists about genomics, conservation, biodiversity. The site has plenty of good stuff, but there's one problem: I'm not sure who the audience is supposed to be. They're promoting "bioscience literacy," but you already have to be "bioscience literate" to understand something like Environmental Metabolomics: The Study of Disease and Toxicity in Wildlife that starts out like this:
With the completion of the Human Genome Project, we have now truly entered the exciting era of post-genomics biology. Several new scientific disciplines have emerged of which metabolomics holds significant promise for the understanding and diagnosis of diseases both in humans and wildlife. This introduction to the new field of metabolomics will describe several applications of this approach for monitoring the health of organisms in the environment.
It's not too technical, but it's just technical enough (or, actually, it sounds more technical than it really is - they keep the concepts simple) to probably keep many casual readers away.
So, if you feel like you could get more of the articles here at Scientific Blogging if you just had a little more biology under your belt, you're in luck. This stuff may be dorky (so don't read it in front of your friend), but it will keep you from being in that embarrasing 40% of the population that doesn't know it's the father's genetic contribution that determines whether a child is a boy or a girl. | <urn:uuid:f75114fb-5dcf-4881-9bed-0e6381992228> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.science20.com/adaptive_complexity/genetics_dummies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965573 | 914 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Destined for use in project-based science classes, it took 4
years to develop the Model-It™ software and bring it at a point that it can
successfully fulfill the design and learning goals. The design goals that
guided the course of the software remained the same throughout all the
development stages (Jackson, Krajcik, Soloway, 2000, in Jacobson, & Kozma, 2000).
The researchers’ goals were to design a tool that:
- is learnable by middle and high school students
- allows them to easily construct models of
- build and test models of their own design, to
represent and explore their understanding of the phenomena under study
The researchers/designers evaluated the software according
to how easy it was for students to begin constructing models and remain engaged,
as well as according to whether is supported diverse populations of learners in
different learning situations.
Version 1: “Modeler 1.0” (1994)
Modeler 1.0 was developed in 1994
and the main focus was its functionality (Figure 1). By 1996, the Object Editor was added,
providing the functionality of creating new objects in the software. The next
feature added was the map view. Within the first two years of its development,
the software afforded the basic features, as well as run-time graphs showing
the changes in the objects over time.
Figure 1: One of the initial views of the software's interface.
Version 2: “Model-IT 2.1” (1996)
In version 2 there were two major
design changes that altered the feel of the software. The whole interface was
redesigned and the object window was not being used anymore, and therefore, it
was downplayed. That was replaced by a new Object button. Also, the Object
Editor was inserted, contributing to the consistency of the factor and
relationship editors, and the map view was mainly focusing on the designing of
models and their testing.
Figure 2: The Object Editor facilitates the consistency of the factor and relationship editors.
Version 3: “Model-IT 3.0”
Within the same year there had been
significant redesign changes related to scaffolding practices. A few layers of
scaffolding were added, aiming to break down the complexity of the modeling
process. Scaffolding was fadeable, so that, as students’ thinking was becoming
more complex, the process would become more challenging, accessing advanced
functionality. In this latest version there were new window features added to
scaffold learning around scientific modeling and reflection on personal
creations (Jackson, Krajcik, Soloway, 2000, in Jacobson, & Kozma, 2000, p.
82). The Help window (Figure 3c) and Notepad (Figure 3a) were added to help students with note taking
and operation the software. The new tasks after this modification included planning
of the model before developing it, as well as evaluating it; a new kind of
support for testing and debugging (Figure 3b).
The most radical changes of the software are manly visible in the third version, where there are colorful representations, and more sophisticated tools.
Figure 3a: The Notepad tool
Figure 3b: Running the simulation
Figure 3c: The Help window
Figure 4: A Table used in Jackson et al. (2000), describing the stages of Model-It™ | <urn:uuid:214d8a96-4f0c-49aa-99c0-4d2564b4d1cb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://sites.google.com/site/modelitproject/stages-of-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952047 | 719 | 3.484375 | 3 |
HUNNIC COINAGE, coins struck from the late fourth to the early eighth century by successive Central Asian invaders (so-called Iranian Huns) of northeastern Iran and northwestern India in imitation of Kushan or Sasanian money. (See Plate I. Examples of the Hunnic Coin Series; identifying captions are given below, preceding Bibliography.) The term “Iranian Huns” was introduced into the history of ancient Central Asia by Robert Göbl (1967). It must be emphasized that our knowledge of these Central Asian nomads is, to a certain extent, still vague; and the research on their history is controversial. This is primarily due to the limited number of sources, which are sometimes too contradictory to be harmonized. The literary evidence is not decisive, since reports by Chinese pilgrims and records by Indian authors are at times ambiguous; and the statements of the Greek and Roman historians, who hardly knew how to deal with the various Hunnic people of the remote eastern lands, are vague. In the absence of authentic evidence, the coins issued by leaders of those people constitute one of the most reliable primary sources for the history of the “Iranian Huns.”
Based on the studies of Alexander Cunningham (1893, 1894) and Roman Ghirshman (1948), Göbl (1967) worked out a basis for interrelating the coins which, to date, appears to be correct in its fundamental structure. He distinguished four typological groups, and he interpreted them as indicating four successive, partly overlapping, waves of migration of the “Iranian Huns”: the “Kidarites,” the “Alchons,” the “Nēzak kings,” and the Hephthalites. It must be conceded, however, that the discussion of the clan or dynastic names mentioned on the coins, as well as of the ethnic identity of their bearers, can by no means be considered definitive. (For divergent interpretations and reconstructions, see Harmatta, 1969, pp. 399, 431; Bivar, 1983, pp. 211-17; Frye, 1984, pp. 346-49; Kuwayama, 1998; Grenet, 2002.) Furthermore, it is far from easy to fix a clear division between the coinage of the “Iranian Huns” and that of the local Central Asian rulers (Zeymal, 1994).
In spite of the relatively large number of coins found, numismatics is not in a position to offer final solutions. The number of coins is still far too low for this. The relative chronological sequence of the individual coin types within the four coinage groups is established in its broad outlines, but the absolute chronology is far from settled. The same is true of the mints. Although many interrelated ensembles bearing the mark of a common mint can be discerned as being connected, too many links are missing in the chain to give a clear picture. The place names attributed to the mints are to be understood as hypothetical; thus a region or province is cited more often than a specific town. Only finds of established provenance can help us here. As the coin issuers concealed their personal names in many cases, the assignment of the individual types to certain persons remains more or less hypothetical. Finally, the legends written in Middle Persian, Bactrian, or Indian are problematic, as their reading and philological interpretations remain controversial. What follows is specifically an account of the coinage of the “Iranian Huns” and deals with the chronology and history of these peoples only insofar as these matters can be deduced from numismatic sources. The sparse information provided by literary and archeological sources is not always easy to reconcile with the numismatic data; for example, some of the names found on the coins are hardly attested elsewhere, so it is not surprising that those who approach these problems from a different point of view often arrive at quite different results. (See HEPHTHALITES, HUNS, NĒZAK, XIONGNU.)
(1) Kidarites. The first wave of the “Iranian Huns” according to Göbl’s reconstruction is formed by the so-called Kidarites. They began minting coins following the Kushano-Sasanian, Sasanian, and late Kushan examples in the Kāpiśa-Kabul area and in Gandhara during the last two decades of the 4th and the first half of the fifth centuries C.E. The Kidarites came into the legacy of the Kushano-Sasanian governors and used their mints. In the area of Kāpiśa (present-day Begrām, q.v.) and Kabul they struck gold scyphate dinars after the Kushano-Sasanian examples. The obverse represents the king sacrificing at an altar accompanied by the Bactrian legend bago kidoro oazorko košano šao “Lord Kidāra, great king of the Kushans.” The reverse depicts Śiva in front of his bull Nandi. Decisive evidence for the chronological and local setting of this coinage is provided by a hoard from Tepe Maranjān (near Kabul), which contained eleven scyphate dinars of Kidāra as well as a number of Sasanian drachms, the latest of which were those of Šāpūr III (r. 383-88). The hoard thus establishes that the beginning of the Kidarite rule was in the 380s (Curiel and Schlumberger, 1953; Göbl, 1967, II, pp. 29-36; idem, 1984)
The Kidarites minted drachms in Gandhara, also in imitation of the royal Sasanian type. The Indian (Brāhmī script) legend kidāra kuṣāna ṣāhi “Kidāra king of the Kushans” can be read on some of these issues. These are joined by dinars of the late Kushan type, which portray the deity Ardoxšo enthroned on the reverse and are probably to be localized in Punjab. The name “Kidāra” is to be interpreted as originally a personal name adopted in due course as a clan or dynastic designation. The coin legends describe Kidāra not as a Kushan but as the ruler over the Kushans.
Numismatic data suggest that the Kidarite rule in Gandhara must have come to an end before 450 C.E., even though the last delegation of the Kidarites is said to have been sent to the Chinese court after 477 C.E. Only in Kashmir were the Kidarites able to assert themselves for a longer period. It should be mentioned, however, that historians, who mainly rely upon Chinese and Byzantine chronicles, differ sharply from numismatists in their reconstruction of the history of the Kidarite period. Frantz Grenet (2002) has questioned the reading of the Bactrian legend on the golden scyphate dinars from the hoard of Tepe Maranjān, a keystone in the numismatic argument, and has interpreted the first part of the legend as bago kioooooo "Lord Kay Wahrām” rather than as “Lord Ki-dāra.” Thus he attributes the coins to Wahrām Kušānšāh, one of the last Kushano-Sasanian rulers.
(2)Alchons. Göbl’s second wave of “Iranian Huns” was formed by the so-called Alchons. Their name is known only from coins and seal inscriptions. In the last decade of the 4th century they crossed the western passes of the Hindu Kush to the Kāpiśa-Kabul area, where they displaced the Kidarites. In the mint at Kabul, Sasanian drachm dies of Šāpūr II fell into their hands. By the simple expedient of recutting the Sasanian obverse legend in Bactrian as alxanno, the old dies were prepared for the new coinage. In the case of a drachm of Šāpūr III (383-88) recently found in the Sasanian trays of the Münzkabinett in Berlin (Alram 1999), original dies of Šāpūr III were used to strike the coin; but on the obverse die, in front of the bust, the Pahlavi legend is recut to a somewhat corrupt form of Bactrian alxanno. Again the Sasanian type is closely related to Šāpūr III’s drachms from the hoard of Tepe Maranjān, which were probably struck in the mint of Kabul. Thus this coin corroborates Göbl’s hypothesis that the Alchon Huns occupied the Kāpiśa-Kabul area and conquered the Sasanian mint located there in the last decade of the 4th century. Kuwayama (1998) tries to show that the Alchon Huns (whom he calls “Heph-thalites”) did not invade India through the Kāpiśa-Kabul region but through the area between the eastern Hindu Kush and the western Karakorum. His attempt to prove the absence of the Huns in Kāpiśa is based on an analysis of the Chinese sources, but the numismatic evidence clearly demonstrates that the Alchon Huns reached India via the Kāpiśa-Kabul area (see Göbl, 1967).
It is not yet established whether the Bactrian alxanno is a personal name that was subsequently used as a dynasty name, or whether it is the name of a tribe or a title. It is certain that the name Alchon links a whole range of coinages. To these can be related further issues which do not attest the name but show typological criteria attributed to the Alchon group. It is, however, by no means to be ruled out that Alchons are to be understood as a clan of the Hephthalites.
The Alchons moved from Kāpiśa-Kabul farther east to Gandhara, where they gradually drove back the Kidarites and finally occupied all of northwest India. Their leader was the great Khiṅgila (430/440–ca. 470), whose coin portraits count as among the most outstanding in late antiquity. In this phase the Alchons transcended the stage of pure imitation, and the “Hunnic” element clearly became visible on the coins: typical is the artificial skull deformation. The king wears a diadem with flapping ribbons, which are also attached to the necklace. Later, Khiṅgila assumes a crown, at first only in the form of a simple crescent on the forehead, later joined by other decorative elements such as a trident, wings, and horns. The legends are in Bactrian, Indian (Brāhmī), or in both languages and mention various titles and sometimes also the name of the king (in Brāhmī khigi, khigila, or khiṅgila). There is a plethora of control marks and symbols, which belong mainly to the Indian religious sphere. The Sasanian fire altar remains on the reverse (Göbl, 1967, II, pp. 59-66).
Khiṅgila was succeeded by Toramāṇa (490–ca. 515), called in Brāhmī tora, toramāṇa). Under his leadership the Huns advanced, in about 500, even into the heart of the Gupta kingdom. This is proved by a gold issue of Śrī Prakāśāditya struck there. The last clearly attested Hunnic king in India was Mihirakula (ca. 515-28), called in Brāhmī jayatu mihirakula or śrī mihirakula, who gained notoriety for excessive atrocity. An increasing deterioration of the silver content of the drachms is observed in the coins issued during his reign. After his death about 542/550 C.E., some of the Alchons moved back westwards into the Kāpiśa-Kabul-Ḡazni area and clashed there with the Nēzak kings. The leader of the Alchons Naraṇa-Narendra (in Brāhmī na, nara, naraṇa or narendra) assumed the bull’s-head crown of the Nēzaks on his own drachms minted in Gandhara. Further evidence for the Alchons’ remigration from India is offered by overstrikes between Alchons and Nēzaks, found in a hoard near Kabul, dateable to the second half of the 6th century (Alram, 1996). This is supported by the further typological development of the Nēzak coinage from the Kabul-Ḡazni area, which unexpectedly shows elements of the Indian Alchon coinage (Göbl, 1967, II, pp. 66-71).
(3)Nēzaks. A third group of coins of the “Iranian Huns” can be attributed to the so-called Nēzak kings, who settled south of the Hindu Kush in the Ḡazni and Kabul area in the middle of the 5th century. The Nēzak kings minted drachms that are completely unmistakable and that, as is the case with all the Hunnic silver coins, follow the Sasanian examples. Like all the other “Iranian Huns,” they became acquainted with money first through Sasanian currency, which they received as payment for military service rendered for Persia; they minted it themselves only when the payments stopped.
The prominent characteristic of the Nēzak coinage is the bull’s-head crown of the kings, which is unmistakably encountered throughout the coin series. This is accompanied by the Middle Persian legend (mostly written incorrectly) nycky MLKʾ “Nēzak Shah,” which János Harmatta (1969) and Richard Frye (1974) first read correctly. One can also observe the Sasanian fire altar with attendants, over whose heads are suspended two small wheels or sun rosettes, a feature which is a typical element of the Nēzak coinage.
Nēzak coins divide into two clearly distinguishable groups, separated typologically. Göbl (1967) assigned them to two different mints, which he provisionally localized in Ḡazni and Kabul. This conclusion is based on the provenance of the coins; the broad mass of the Nēzak coins found south of the Hindu Kush circulated in the area that included these two cities. The attribution can be proven only with more definitive evidence through the discovery of new hoards. The fineness of the drachms is exposed to increasing fluctuations over time and finally drops to pure copper. This phase of inflation runs partly parallel to that of the Indian Alchon coinage of Mihirakula.
(4)Hephthalites. The fourth group of the coins of the “Iranian Huns” is that of the Hephthalites proper, whom ancient sources also call the “White Huns” and Arab-Persian texts name as the Hayāṭela. These powerful nomads mounted severe attacks on the Sasanian state during the fifth and sixth centuries. This group did not cross the Hindu Kush, however. Their main seats were in eastern Khorasan. They defeated and captured the Sasanian king Pērōz (r. 459-85) but released him after he paid a heavy ransom in Sasanian drachms. When he renewed his attack on the Hephthalites in 485, they vanquished him and the Persian army, took a number of Persian provinces, and imposed heavy tribute on the Persians. Thereafter, the third coin type of Pērōz determined the mon-etary system of the Hephthalites, and they eventually minted imitations of it (Göbl, 1967, II, pp. 89 ff.).
One of the largest imitation groups attributed to the Hephthalites is Göbl’s (1967) issue 287. On the obverse is shown an imitation of the bust of Pērōz with his third crown, on which, over the crown cap, are outspread wings, perhaps symbolizing the vārəγna, the bird of Və-rəθraγna/Mid. Pers. Bahrām, the Iranian god of victory. In front of the bust are written the Bactrian letters ēb. Outside the circle four big dots are engraved on the dies. The reverse imitates the third type of Pērōz’s coinage with the characteristic monogram M-P (MLKʾ Pērōz “King Pērōz”) in the left field. In the right field the name of the mint baxlo “Balḵ” is written in Bactrian letters, which confirms that the place of issue was north of the Hindu Kush. The letters ēb were rightly interpreted by Humbach (1996) as an abbreviation of ēbodalo “Hephthal,” and they have since been read on another Hephthalite issue that shows the bust of a Hunnish prince holding a drinking cup in his right hand (Alram, 2001). The reverse shows an imitation of the bust of a Sasanian king, probably Pērōz. The clearly attested Bactrian letters ēb behind the head decidedly link this issue with Göbl’s issue 287.
Around the middle of the 6th century the first Western Turks appear as the new power to the north and the east of the Hephthalites in Khorasan. The Sasanian king Ḵosrow I Anōširavān (r. 531–72) made an alliance with them against the Hephthalites, and in about 560 they defeated the latter and divided their kingdom among themselves. The influence of the Western Turks is not clearly discernible on the coins, however. Nor was this the end of the Hunnic groups. Some of them were still able to assert themselves in parts of Afghanistan for a long time, and finally there came a time when Sasanians, Western Turks, and remnants of the Huns, as well as local princes, all fought side by side against the Arab invaders and the penetration of Islam into Central Asia. Even in this late phase, which continued up to the middle of the 8th century, the issuing of drachms according to Sasanian examples continued. Above all, the vast quantity of coins minted by Ḵosrow II Parvēz (r. 591–628) were imitated with additional local elements. The legends are often in three languages: Middle Persian, Bactrian, and Indian. From the 6th century on, diverse countermarks are used in the Central Asian monetary system, on both locally issued and foreign (Sasanian and Arab-Sasanian) drachms. These were intended to restrict circulation within specific political domains.
Plate I. Examples of the Hunnic Coin Series.
a. Kidāra (?) after ca. 384/85 C.E. Dinar (7.69 g), obv. and rev. Kabul (?) (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
b. Kidāra. Drachm (3.64 g), obv. and rev. Gandhara. Göbl, 1967, Issue 11 (The British Museum).
c. Alchon ca. 390/400 C.E. Drachm (4.02 g), obv. and rev. Kabul (?). Original dies of Šāpūr II with re-engraved Bactrian legend and tamga. Göbl, 1967, Issue 36 (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
d. Alchon. Drachm (3.34 g), obv. and rev. Kabul (?). Original dies of Šāpūr III with re-engraved Bactrian legend. Alram, 1999/2000, Issue 36B (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin).
e. Alchon: Khiṅgila, ca. 440–ca. 490 C.E. Drachm (3.60 g), obv. and rev. Gandhara. Göbl, 1967, Issue 44 (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
f. Alchon: Khiṅgila (?). Drachm (4.00 g), obv. and rev. Gandhara. Göbl, 1967, Issue 80 (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
g. Alchon: Toramāṇa, ca. 490–ca. 515 C.E. Copper coin (3.63 g), obv. and rev. Panjab. Göbl, 1967, Issue 120 (The British Museum).
h. Alchon: Mihirakula, ca. 515–ca. 540 C.E. Drachm (3.51 g), obv. and rev. Gandhara. Göbl, 1967, Issue 135 (The British Museum).
i. Alchon: Naraṇa/Narendra, ca. 540–ca. 580 C.E. Drachm (billon; 3.73 g), obv. and rev. Gandhara. Alram, 1999/2000, 108A (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
j. Alchon: Naraṇa/Narendra. Drachm (AE; 3.19 g), obv. and rev. Kabul (?). Overstrike: obv. struck over rev. of a Nēzak type (see below, coin l). Alram 1999/2000, 44 (Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien).
k. Nēzak, Group I, ca. 460–ca. 560 (?) C.E. Drachm (3.45 g), obv. and rev. ḡazni (?). Göbl, 1967, Issue 217 (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
l. Nēzak, Group II, ca. C.E. 515–ca. 650 (?). Drachm (3.96 g), obv. and rev. Kabul (?). Göbl, 1967, Issue 198 (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
m. Hephthalites, end of the 5th, beginning of the 6th century C.E. Drachm (3.96 g), obv. and rev. Balkh. Göbl, Issue 287 (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
n. Hephthalites. Drachm (3.49 g), obv. and rev. Balkh (?). Alram, 2002, Issue 287A (Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien).
o. Turkish Shahi Dynasty: Shahi Tigin, early 8th century C.E. Drachm (3.10 g), obv. and rev. Kabul. Göbl, 1967, Issue 208 (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
p. Fromo Kesaro, first half of the 8th century C.E. Drachm (3.59 g), obv. and rev. Kabul. Göbl, 1967, Issue 250 (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
Michael Alram, Nomina Propria Iranica In Nummis: Materialgrundlagen zu den iranischen Personennamen auf antiken Münzen, Iranisches Personennamenbuch IV, Vienna, 1986.
Idem, “Alchon und Nēzak: Zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Mittelasien,” in La Persia e l’Asia Centrale da Alessandro al X secolo, Atti dei convegni Lincei 127, Rome, 1996, pp. 517-54.
Idem, “A Hoard of Copper Drachms from the Kapisa-Kabul Region,” Silk Road Art and Archaeology 6, 1999-2000, pp. 129-50.
Idem, “A Rare Hunnish Coin Type,” Silk Road Art and Archaeology 8, 2002, pp. 149-53.
A. D. H. Bivar, “The History of Eastern Iran,” in Camb. Hist. Iran III, 1983, pp. 181-231.
A. Biswas, The Political History of the Hunas in India, New Delhi, 1973.
M. L. Carter, “A Selection of Ancient Gold Coins from Afghanistan in the Herbert E. and Dorothy C. Schwarz Collection at the American Numismatic Society,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 7, 1993, pp. 207-19.
Joe Cribb, “Numismatic Evidence for Kushano-Sasanian Chronology,” Stud. Ir. 19, 1990, pp. 151-93.
Alexander Cunningham, “Coins of the Later Indo-Scythians: Little Kushāns,” The Numismatic Chronicle, 3rd Series, 13, 1893, pp. 184-202.
Idem, “Coins of the Later Indo-Scythians: Ephthalites or White Huns,” Numismatic Chronicle, 3rd Series, 14, 1894, pp. 243-93.
Raoul Curiel, “Le trésor du Tépé Marandjan,” in Raoul Curiel and Daniel Schlumberger, eds., Trésors monétaires d’Afghanistan, MDAFA 14, Paris, 1953, pp. 101-31.
Gholam Djelani Davary, Baktrisch: Ein Wörterbuch auf Grund der Inschriften, Handschriften, Münzen und Siegelsteine, Heidelberg, 1982.
Richard N. Frye, “Napki Malka and the Kushano-Sasanians,” inDickran K. Kouymjian, ed., Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy and History:Studies in Honor of George C. Miles, Beirut, 1974, pp. 115-22.
Roman Ghirshman, Les Chionites-Hephtalites, MDAFA 13, Cairo, 1948.
Robert Göbl, Dokumente zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien, 4 vols., Wiesbaden, 1967.
Idem, “Iranisch-Hunnische Münzen 1: Nachtrag,” Iranica Antiqua 16, 1981, pp. 173-82.
Idem, “Supplementa Orientalia I,” Litterae Numismaticae Vindobonenses 2, 1983, pp. 97-112.
Idem, System und Chronologie der Münzprägung des Kušānreiches, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. Kl., Vienna, 1984.
Idem, “Supplementa Orientalia II,” Litterae Numismaticae Vindobonenses 3, 1987, pp. 203-16.
Idem, “Das Antlitz des Fremden: Der Hunnenkönig Prakasaditya in der Münzprägung der Guptadynastie,” Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil-hist. Kl. 126, 1990, pp. 131-38.
Idem, “Supplementa Orientalia III,” Quaderni ticinesi di numismatica e antichità classiche 22, 1993, pp. 229-42.
Idem, Donum Burns: Die Kušānmünzen im Münzkabinett Bern und die Chronologie, Vienna, 1993.
F. Grenet, “Regional Interaction in Central Asia and Northwest India in the Kidarite and Hephtalite Periods,” in N. Sims-Williams, ed., Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples, Oxford, 2002, pp. 203-24.
János Harmatta, “Late Bactrian Inscriptions,” AAASH 17, 1969, pp. 297-432.
Helmut Humbach (with contributions by Adolf Grohmann), Baktrische Sprachdenkmäler, part 1, Wiesbaden, 1966; part 2, 1967.
Idem, “The Peroz Hephthalite Coin,” in B. Ya. Staviskiĭ, ed., Buddiĭskie kompleksy v starom Termez, Osnovnye itogi rabot 1978-1989 gg. (“The Buddhist complexes in old Termez. Main results of the work, 1978-89”) Moscow, 1996, pp. 209-12.
Shushin Kuwayama, “The Hephthalites in Tokharistan and Northwest India,” Zinbun 24, 1989, pp. 89-134.
Idem, “The Horizon of Begram III and Beyond: A Chronological Interpretation of the Evidence for Monuments in the Kapisa-Kabul-Ghazni Region,” East and West 41/1-4, 1991, pp. 79-120.
Idem, “Not Hephthalite but Kapisian Khingal: Identity of the Napki Coins,” in Ex Moneta: Essays on Numismatics, History and Archaeology in honour of Dr. David W. MacDowall, ed. by A. K. Jha and S. Garg, New Delhi 1998, II, pp. 331-49.
John Hubert Marshall, Taxila: An Illustrated Account of Archaeological Excavations Carried out at Taxila, Cambridge, 1951.
Michael Mitchiner, “Some Late Kushano-Sassanian and Early Hephthalite Silver Coins,” East and West 25/1-2, 1975, pp. 157-65.
S. Parlato, “La presunta invasione eftalita in India,” in Paolo Daffinà, ed., Indo-Sino-Tibetica: Studi in onore di Luciano Petech, Studi Orientali 9, Rome, 1990, pp. 257-81.
Richard Bertram Whitehead, “A Find of Ephthalite or White Hun Coins,” Journal and Proceedings of Asiatic Society of Bengal, N.S. 9, Numismatic Suppl. 21, 1913, pp. 481-83.
M. Yamada, “Huna and Hephtal,” Zinbun 23, 1989, pp. 79-113.
E. V. Zeymal, “The Circulation of Coins in Central Asia during the Early Medieval Period (Fifth–Eighth Centuries A.D.),” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8, 1994, pp. 245-67.
Idem, “The Kidarite Kingdom in Central Asia,” in Boris A. Litvinsky and Zhang Guang-da, eds., The History of Civilizations in Central Asia III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750, Paris, 1996, pp. 119-33.
Originally Published: December 15, 2004
Last Updated: March 23, 2012
This article is available in print.
Vol. XII, Fasc. 6, pp. 570-573 | <urn:uuid:f7de2d3d-cc6f-49fc-a972-a108c4ddc2e6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hunnic-coinage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884509 | 6,893 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The last previous method uses a straight line approximation to get a new argument between old ones, once the values of f at the old arguments have the opposite sign. This is usually a smart thing to do, unless the endpoints of the interval between which your solution is trapped (in columns s and t above) converge very slowly.
To avoid that possibility we can, once the function f has opposite sign at two points, say a and b, evaluate it at the middle point, and replace one end by the middle.
This will cut the size of the interval in which the solution must lie in half. This is slow convergence compared to the best of Newton's algorithm or the variants discussed above, but it is steady and effective and will always give a definite improvement in accuracy in a fixed number of steps.
Since 2 to the tenth power is a bit more than one thousand, (it's 1024) the size of the interval goes down by a factor of at least 1000 for every ten iterations, and so if it starts at something like 1, after 35 or so steps you will have the answer to ten decimal places.
How does the algorithm go?
We start with two arguments, a and b and suppose we assume a < b. We evaluate f(a) and f(b), and also . Then if the last of these and the first has the same sign you replace a by and keep b, while otherwise you keep a and replace b by .
In a spreadsheet you can put your initial guesses in aa2 and ab2 put "= aa2/2+ab2/2" in ac2 and put "= f(aa2)" in ad2 and copy that to ae2 and af2. You can then put "= if(ae2*af2>0, aa2,ac2)" in aa3, and "= if(ae2*af2>0,ac2,ab2)" in ab3, copy down and you are done.
Unless there is an error lurking somewhere, or you started with ad2 and ae2 having the same sign, this will shorten the initial a to b by a factor of at least 10-10 interval after 35 or so steps.
Exercise 13.9 Compare performance of this algorithm with the previous ones on the same examples. Any comments? | <urn:uuid:0ee8e223-1e07-4d06-9ddc-3d7cb0b5fa74> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/18/18.013a/textbook/HTML/chapter13/section04.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923833 | 483 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Environment Canada, Water Survery of Canada
The Water Survey of Canada is a branch of Environment Canada which provides comprehensive flow or surface water level data for rivers across Canada. For each hydrometric station, one can query daily or monthly flow or water level rates for the years that the station was active. Some stations only have records for a few years, while others have records for over 80 consecutive years. Some stations also have records for sediment loads and concentrations.
The data are not provided in any geospatial format, but there is an interactive Google Map interface which shows the location of currently active stations. The metadata document also contains the latitude-longitude coordinates for each station. The data can be viewed in an graphical format, which can calculate basic statistics about the data range (e.g. calculate the mean flow rate of a river over the course of a whole year). The data can be viewed tabular format in the web browser, and can also be exported in .csv format, which can be exported into Microsoft Excel. | <urn:uuid:9160605d-363d-450a-9a2b-419d0bba9770> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://library.mcmaster.ca/maps/geospatial/hydrometric-database | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925407 | 208 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Theatre and Drama | Acting II: Scene Study
T220 | ALL | all
T220 Acting II: Scene Study
Prerequisites: THTR T120 and instructor recommendation.
1. An exploration of physical and vocal exercises to facilitate
relaxation and self-awareness.
2. A basic approach to scene analysis in order to reveal
behavioral clues, to stimulate the imagination, and create
identification with the characters in the play.
3. A continued search for playable truth in a scene utilizing
GOTE, physical and sensory exploration, and approaches to character
identification through compilation of a character sketch and the
creation of a collage.
4. Application of the above goals through selection, rehearsal,
presentation and reworking of a poem, two scenes, and one monologue.
5. The observation of actors in performance leading to written
comments on the choices they made in developing their role. | <urn:uuid:d16d5766-54c8-4387-aad7-502ec9f6b27b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.indiana.edu/~deanfac/blspr04/thtr/thtr_t220_ALL.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898652 | 192 | 3.0625 | 3 |
A decaying tropical system, previously known as Tropical Storm Alberto, produced torrential rainfall which resulted in some of the worst flooding ever observed across portions of the States of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida during July 1994. The rainfall led to exceptional flooding across central and western Georgia, eastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. Five river basins were particularly hard hit: (1) the Flint River Basin in western Georgia, (2) the Ocmulgee River Basin in central Georgia, (3) the Chattahoochee River Basin along the Georgia-Alabama state line, (4) the Choctawhatchee River Basin in Alabama, and (5) the Apalachicola River Basin in Florida. The flooding claimed 33 lives and caused damages estimated at close to $750 million. A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) disaster survey team assembled for its first meeting in Peachtree City, Georgia, on the morning of July 18, 1994. All aspects of weather and flood warning systems--from data acquisition to user response--were surveyed to determine NOAA's effectiveness and to recommend improvements if deficiencies were found. This report gives the results and findings of the survey team.
The survey team consisted of the following individuals:
Dr. William H. Hooke, Team Leader, Program Director for Weather Research, Office of Atmospheric Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
Christine Alex, Meteorologist, Office of Meteorology , National Weather Service Headquarters, Silver Spring, Maryland
Aris Georgakakos, Professor of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (independent consultant)
Anton Haffer, Meteorologist in Charge/Area Manager, NEXRAD National Weather Service Forecast Office, Phoenix, Arizona
Edwin May, Deputy Regional Hydrologist, Hydrologic Services Division, Southern Region Headquarters , National Weather Service, Fort Worth, Texas
Debra Van Demark, Technical Leader, Hydrologist, Office of Hydrology, National Weather Service Headquarters, Silver Spring, Maryland
Background and overview information on the hydrologic situation, which appears in Chapter 1 , was contributed by Scott Kroczynski of the Hydrologic Information Center, Office of Hydrology, Silver Spring, Maryland. Graphics support was provided by Paul Hrebanach of the Office of Hydrology. Descriptions of the meteorological conditions and forecasts, which are presented in Chapter 2 , were contributed by Bruce Terry of the Meteorological Operations Division, National Meteorological Center, Camp Springs, Maryland, and Edward Rappaport of the National Hurricane Center , Coral Gables, Florida. Debra Anderson, Program Assistant in the Office of Hydrology, edited and formatted this report into a camera-ready document for publication.
The team was divided into two groups during parts of the survey so that the wide geographic area of impact could be covered efficiently. One group, composed of Alex, Georgakakos, and May, traveled through Georgia and the eastern portion of the Florida Panhandle. The other group, composed of Haffer, Hooke, and Van Demark, concentrated on Alabama and the western portion of the Florida Panhandle. During the week, the two teams coordinated their progress by meetings and telephone calls. The survey team conducted its field work on Monday, July 18, through Friday, July 22, 1994. The entire survey team met in Atlanta, Georgia, on Saturday, July 23, 1994.
The consensus of the survey team was that overall NOAA provided good, high-quality services throughout this event. The report discusses successful features of NOAA's services program, as well as recommendations for areas needing improvement.
William H. Hooke Team Leader | <urn:uuid:5f60c96f-85e1-4cc8-ada0-a62b34e6c4a2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hrl/surveys/alberto/preface.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933468 | 740 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Taken from the Associated Press:
By ERRIN HAINES
ATLANTA (AP) — Historians hope a new Web database will help bring millions of blacks closer to their African ancestors who were forced onto slave ships, connecting them to their heritage in a way that has long been possible for white Europeans.
"Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database" launched Friday in conjunction with a conference at Emory University marking the bicentennial of the official end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in 1808. Emory spearheaded the two-year interactive project, which is free to the public.
"It's basically doing for people of African descent what already exists for people of European descent in the Americas," said Emory history professor David Eltis, who helped direct the project.
"Voyages" documents the slave trade from Africa to the New World that took place over three centuries — between the 1500s and 1800s — and includes searchable information on nearly 35,000 trips and the names of 70,000 human cargo. The voluminous work includes data on more than 95 percent of all voyages that left ports from England — the country with the second-largest slave trade — and documents two-thirds of all slave trade voyages between 1514 and 1866.
Genealogy and DNA tracing have gained popularity for blacks looking to trace their slave roots, and "Voyages" could help give a fuller picture of slavery for a culture stripped of its heritage, Eltis said.
"It's not a super tool for genealogists because you cannot make that connection from ancestor to voyager, but it does give a context," he said, explaining that because the database lists the slaves' African names — which were later Westernized — researching an ancestor by name is difficult.
Still, for someone who knows that an ancestor was enslaved in a certain part of the South, the database might help them trace from where in Africa they most likely came, said Emory history professor Leslie Harris, author of the book "In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863."
"When people study the slave trade, they often talk about the large numbers," said Harris, one of the organizers of this weekend's conference. "It's just one of those human things to want to know where we came from and who our ancestors were."
Harris explained that the database could be most helpful to those who have an understanding of their families, in that it could add layers to ancestors' stories.
"Not that everyone will now be able to point to a name and say, 'That's my great, great, great grandfather,' but it helps give a greater sense of who these folks were or the culture they came from," she said.
Chronicling voyages that ended in Europe, the Caribbean, North America and Brazil, visitors to the site can search the database by voyage or name, or look at estimates of how many people were transported and enslaved. And scholars who discover new information are invited to submit it for the database.
Harvard University professor Henry Louis Gates said "Voyages" sheds an important light on the hidden history of 12.5 million slaves.
"Their ancestries, their identities, their stories were lost in the ships that carried them across the Atlantic," Gates said. "The multi-decade and collaborative project that brought us this site has done more to reverse the Middle Passage than any other single act of scholarship possibly could."
The project expands on "The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade," a CD-ROM completed in 1999 that included more than 27,000 slave trade voyages. Gates called "Voyages" the most important tool for blacks looking to research their past in decades, that holds as much benefit to the general public as for scholars.
He said the project is a bittersweet one.
"It's a hell of a lot of people, an enormous forced migration of human beings — one of the largest in human history — for nefarious purposes, for their economic exploitation," Gates said.
"But like the Negro spiritual says, they once were lost, but now they're found." | <urn:uuid:e1544edb-7bd3-4908-bac3-2b652d964ee2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mountaingenealogy.blogspot.com/2008/12/taken-from-associated-press-by-errin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967711 | 859 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Fourth-century AD mosaic from Villa del Casale, Sicily, of female athletes receiving their victory awards. (VRoma: Barbara McManus)
The Romans believed that all women should be under the control of a guardian, who might be the father, husband, or a male relative, or someone appointed by the will of the father or husband, or by an official of the state. The only exceptions up until the time of Augustus were the six vestal virgins; after Augustus the rule was relaxed in cases of freeborn women who had had three children and freedwomen who had had four, provided that there was no husband or father to exercise control. It was customary for marriages to be arranged, and for the size of the dowry to match the social standing of the prospective bridegroom.
Mid-second-century BC urn with scenes from the lives of the deceased: centre, on military service; right, his marriage ceremony, at which the couple clasp right hands, while in his left he holds a scroll. (VRoma: Museo Montemartini: Ann Raia)
There were several ways of celebrating a marriage, of which the simplest involved the consent of both parties, without rites or ceremony. There were three others, each giving the husband legal power over his wife:
Gold betrothal ring (second or third century AD) showing a couple clasping right hands. (VRoma: British Museum: Barbara McManus)
After the second century AD a different kind of ritual emerged, which began with a formal betrothal, at which the prospective bride slipped a gold ring onto finger now known as the “wedding finger” in the presence of the guests. For the marriage ceremony itself she wore a veil of flaming orange-red, surmounted by a simple wreath of blossom.
Women in Roman times, though discriminated against, and subjected to abuse by poets such as Horace and Juvenal, were still capable of standing up for themselves when aroused. One of the most contentious pieces of Roman legislation was the Oppian Law, brought in on the proposal of the tribune Gaius Oppius after the defeat by Hannibal at Cannae in 216 BC with the object of reducing spending on luxury goods. Among its conditions were that no woman should possess more than half an ounce of gold, wear a dress dyed in a variety of colours, or ride in a horse-drawn carriage in a city or town or within a mile of it except on holy days.
Horse-drawn carriage. (Illustration by John Pittaway from Picture Reference Ancient Romans, Brockhampton Press, 1970)
In 195 BC two of the tribunes of the people proposed to the tribal assembly that the law should be repealed; two others, Marcus and Publius Junius Brutus, announced that they would veto the repeal.
While the heated debate was going on, women rushed out of their houses and blocked the streets and entrances to the forum, protesting that at a time of prosperity they too should be restored to their former splendour. The next day, joined by others from the suburbs, they mass-picketed the homes of the two Brutuses, and only agreed to cease demonstrating if the veto was withdrawn. This was done, and the motion to rescind the law was carried unanimously.
Fourth-century AD mosaic from Villa del Casale, Sicily, depicting prostitute with a client. It would appear that those whose only or principal source of income came from this trade were required to register with the aedile. (VRoma: Barbara McManus)
In such a restricted environment it is not surprising that there seem to have been a comparatively small number of them in professional jobs.
Market stall with cabbages, kale, garlic, leeks, and onions. (From Helen and Richard Leacroft, The Buildings of Ancient Rome, Brockhampton Press 1969)
There are, however, records of a few female doctors, clerks, and secretaries: also hairdressers, for whom training was obligatory, teachers, and the occasional fishmonger, vegetable seller, dressmaker, and wool or silk merchant.
Female gladiators (VRoma: British Museum: Barbara McManus)
Women were expected to possess to a considerable degree that essential Roman quality of pietas, which is untranslatable except as a combination of duty, devotion, and loyalty, especially to the gods, and to one’s parents, husband, relations, and nation. None displayed it more sublimely than Pompeia Paulina, young wife of the aged Seneca, when Nero’s emissary came to order him to commit suicide, while he was at dinner.
Paulina insisted on dying with him, and they sliced open the veins in their arms with a single stroke of the knife. That was not, however, the end of the story. Because of Seneca’s age and the spareness of his frame, his blood was so sluggish that he had to cut open the veins in his legs, too. After persuading Paulina, who was streaming with her own blood, to retire to another room, he dictated a long statement to his secretaries, and then ordered his doctor to give him poison. When this did not do the trick, he had himself lifted into a hot bath and was asphyxiated by the steam.
Meanwhile Nero, hearing what had happened and being unwilling to accept responsibility for Paulina’s death, gave orders for her to be revived. While soldiers stood over them, her staff bandaged her arms and staunched the bleeding. She lived on, faithful to her husband’s memory, the pallor of her face and body testifying to the extent to which her soul had been destroyed.
Wall painting from the “Villa of the Mysteries”, Pompeii, depicting woman with scroll and a child reading. (VRoma: Paula Chabot)
Certainly women were able to attain a degree of education and to absorb and reflect the culture of the times. Some even had some fun, as well as influence: notably Sempronia, whom Catiline earmarked as a potential recruit to his cause in 63 BC. She was of excellent family, married with children, and beautiful. She had studied Greek and Latin literature, she sang to her own accompaniment on the lyre, she danced gracefully. She wrote poetry, she was witty, she was charming, and she was a marvellous conversationalist. She was also promiscuous, broke promises, reneged on debts, and was an accessory to murder.
First-century AD wall painting from Pompeii of a woman playing the lyre in the company of her lover, while a woman stands by. (VRoma: British Museum: Barbara McManus)
Even more politically aware were the two imperial consorts Livia (58 BC - AD 29), wife of Augustus and mother of Tiberius, and Agrippina the Younger (AD 15 - 59), wife of Claudius and mother of Nero -- and Tacitus implies that both poisoned their husbands. Whether or not suggestions of strings of other murders and, in the case of Agrippina, of lovers too, including her brother and her own son, are justified, both women undoubtedly manipulated the system to ensure that their sons by an earlier marriage became emperor, and both sons grew actively to demonstrate distaste for their mothers.
Onyx cameo of Livia holding a bust of the deified Augustus. In his will, Augustus formally adopted her into his line, with the name Julia Augusta. Here, Livia wears a diadem and displays attributes of several goddesses. (VRoma: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna: Barbara McManus)
Livia had a distinguished aristocratic pedigree. At 19, however, and six months pregnant, she was forced to divorce, or be divorced by, her husband, in order to marry Octavian, who had conveniently divorced his own wife. After they had faced down the public outcry at the circumstances of their marriage, the union, during which she received unprecedented honours, lasted for 53 years.
Though they had no children (a premature baby died), she was in other respects a traditional and successful Roman upper-class wife who even spun and wove material for her husband’s clothes. And as a traditional Roman wife, she organized the household. She also organized much else besides: she received imperial clients and provincial embassies, commissioned public buildings and dedicated them in her name, established charities, presided at banquets, and is said to have interceded on behalf of a man accused of plotting against Augustus. As a good wife should, she helped her husband with his correspondence, and altogether eased his imperial burden, while undoubtedly increasing her own influence. This unprecedented crossing of the boundary between private and public spheres made ancient historians such as Tacitus and Cassius Dio uneasy, and may be the reason for their hostility. But there had never been a Roman empress before, and someone had to lay down some ground rules.
Livia filled the position very well indeed, as is suggested by Augustus’s public recognition of her role. She was finally deified in AD 42, at the instigation of her grandson Claudius.
Agrippina was granted the title of Augusta, which even Livia had not received until after her death. Her portrait, and title, appeared on the reverse of coins of Claudius, an unprecedented privilege for a ruler’s wife during her lifetime. (VRoma: Pergamon Museum, Berlin: Barbara McManus)
Claudius may have had Livia’s role in public affairs in mind when he decided to marry his 34-year-old niece Agrippina -- he was then 59. As with Livia, much of what we know about her comes from historians to whom the notion of a woman wielding political clout was anathema.
In AD 50, her son was formally adopted by Claudius and took the name Nero. Being three years older than Claudius’s son Britannicus, he took precedence over his stepbrother, now his brother by adoption. If Agrippina was responsible for Claudius’s death in AD 54, then it may have been because her husband’s unpredictable nature made her position precarious, and because she wanted to exercise full control while Nero was still too young to do so himself.
Gold and silver coins of 54 AD carry portraits of Agrippina and Nero facing each other, but it is her inscription which encircles them: in full, “Agrippina Augusta, wife of the divine Claudius, mother of Nero Caesar”. Nero’s inscription is relegated to the reverse of the coin, round an oak wreath. (VRoma: Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery: Barbara McManus)
Not only was she now the widow of a god, but in the east she was herself hailed as divine. She was, in effect, regent for her teenage son, but he was influenced still by Burrus and Seneca. Several factors, or a combination of them, have been suggested for Nero deciding, or being persuaded, to get rid of her. Nero revelled in the power that his new position gave him, and it may be that his tutors realized that the activities of Agrippina were bad for the state. Agrippina wished to be seen to be in control. In the time of Claudius, she had been used to attending meetings with foreign diplomats, but sat apart from the emperor. Now, on one occasion, it was clear as she entered the hall that she intended to sit beside Nero on the platform. Seneca managed, by quick thinking, to circumvent a major lapse in protocol, by whispering to Nero to rise and go to meet her.
By the end of 54 AD, Nero had begun to assert himself. Both heads still appear on the coins, but facing in the same direction, with Nero’s to the fore. The inscription, now, is his: “Nero, son of the divine Claudius, imperator, holder of tribunician power, consul”. (VRoma: Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery: Barbara McManus)
Agrippina interfered, too, in the emperor’s emotional entanglements. Nero was also psychotic about his personal safety, and it is more than likely that fear motivated him to take the actions he did. So, after several botched attempts, the murder was contrived of a woman with a most remarkable curriculum vitae: to successive Roman emperors she was respectively great-granddaughter, granddaughter (by adoption), sister, wife (also niece), and mother.
Women in general faced restrictions and discrimination, although there were some who managed to assert their individuality.
There were certainly female gladiators, some of whom performed at the shows put on by Titus in AD 80 in the recently completed Colosseum. It would seem, from this relief commemorating the release from service in about 100 AD of Amazon and Achillia, that they fought without helmets.
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Nothing, it seems, was a woman’s own. “Your maidenhead is not entirely yours: a third belongs to your father, and a third to your mother. You own the rest. Don’t resist your parents: they have handed over their rights of guardianship to their son-in-law, together with your dowry” (Catullus LXII. 63--6).
Cases are recorded of daughters of impoverished upper-class families finding men so keen to marry them that the husbands themselves provided the dowry so as not to embarrass the fathers.
Cicero so disapproved of his daughter Tullia’s third husband, Publius Cornelius Dolabella, who had been chosen by Tullia and her mother, that he contemplated dissolving the marriage by not paying the instalments on the dowry. His disapproval was justified in that Dolabella subsequently divorced Tullia, and never repaid the dowry | <urn:uuid:d1987377-17ea-4957-bdd5-bd7ae75f7e49> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.the-romans.co.uk/women.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00124-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981249 | 3,113 | 3.546875 | 4 |
A gambler bets half the money in his pocket on the toss of a coin,
winning an equal amount for a head and losing his money if the
result is a tail. After 2n plays he has won exactly n times. Has he
more money than he started with?
You have two bags, four red balls and four white balls. You must
put all the balls in the bags although you are allowed to have one
bag empty. How should you distribute the balls between the two bags
so as to make the probability of choosing a red ball as small as
possible and what will the probability be in that case?
To win on a scratch card you have to uncover three numbers that add
up to more than fifteen. What is the probability of winning a
This problem provides a motivation to use sample space diagrams; it could be used to introduce or consolidate work on them. The interactivity offers an ideal context in which to observe the "messy" randomness of results after a small number of experiments, and the predictability of results after a large number of trials.
The problem also offers a good starting point for considering different probability distributions and their features.
Interactive Spinners provides a useful introduction to this problem, and the Teachers' Notes suggest how it could be used in the classroom.
Introduce the interactivity with a single spinner, one spin at a time. Clarify that it is not a frequency table, it's a relative frequency table.
"What could happen to the chart after the next spin?" Collect together the different possibilities together with the students' explanations.
"Let's see which one happens" and spin again.
Repeat until students are secure in their understanding of the relationship between what is happening on the spinner and what appears on the relative frequency chart.
Finally, "What would the chart look like after $50 000$ spins?" Allow time for them to discuss in pairs, then gather together suggestions and justifications before spinning to confirm their ideas.
If computers are available, ask students to work in pairs and set them the following challenge:
"I wonder whether you could predict what would happen if we had two spinners...
In a while, I'm going to choose two spinners (which could be identical but may be different), and decide on either the sum or the difference, and you will need to be able to predict what the bar chart will look like, and explain how you know."
"You have some time to work in pairs at the computer to prepare for this challenge by experimenting with different pairs of spinners and recording what you notice in order to help you to make predictions." Show how to set up the interactivity with two spinners, if necessary.
While they are working, circulate and listen to students' noticings. Challenge them to explain what they have noticed, and be aware of any students who have useful recording methods, insights or explanations that could be shared with the rest of the class.
Bring the class together to share their insights and explanations before handing out this worksheet.
"Can you work out how these graphs were created, WITHOUT using the interactivity?"
Once pairs have had time to decide how the eight graphs were created, a nice way to finish off the task is to arrange the class into eight groups, give each group one of the graphs, and invite them to prepare a short explanation to present to the class.
If computers for the students are not available...
"What would happen if we had more than one spinner? I'm going to set the interactivity up with two spinners going from 1 to 3, and each time, it will record the sum of the two numbers. With your partner, talk about what you think the graph might look like after $50 000$ spins."
Once they've had a chance to discuss, share ideas and ask for justifications before checking using the interactivity. If no-one has suggested using a sample space diagram, this would be a good opportunity to introduce the technique to explain the heights of the bars on the chart.
Hand out the first page of this worksheet. "These graphs were created using two spinners. Your challenge is to work out which two spinners were used in each case, and provide a convincing argument."
Give students plenty of time to work on the challenge in pairs. As they are working, circulate and note which pairs have insights that are worth sharing.
The second page of the worksheet could be handed out to pairs who have identified the spinners for the first page, for them to start thinking about.
Bring the class together to discuss the first page, and invite those pairs with interesting ideas to share what they did, using the interactivity to check. Then hand out the second page to all and set them the same challenge as before. "These graphs look rather different - see what key features you notice and see if you can deduce how they were made and which spinners were used."
Again, give students time to work on the challenge before bringing the class together to share what they found. If time allows, the first extension task below would provide a good final challenge.
Here is a version of the interactivity which allows you to choose the numbers on the spinners, rather than being restricted to consecutive numbers starting at $1$.
What features of the chart do you think might be important?
How could those features have been created?
Can you deduce anything about the biggest numbers on the spinners?
Set students the final challenge from the problem:
"Imagine you had 1-20 and 1-30 spinners. Describe in as much detail as you can what the relative frequency bar charts would look like for:
Try to provide a good explanation to convince me that your descriptions of the bar charts are correct."
A more challenging extension is to explore the charts produced by three spinners.
Interactive Spinners provides a good introduction to this problem.
Begin by just exploring the first four graphs where only the sum is used rather than the difference. Then introduce the second page of the worksheet with an example of two 1 to 3 spinners finding the difference rather than the sum, and take time to show how a sample space diagram can explain the features of the graph. | <urn:uuid:37843587-8771-4b7f-9eb1-7068a9eeb9f3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nrich.maths.org/6123/note | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960868 | 1,289 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Definition of C1 (cervical vertebra)
C1 (cervical vertebra): C1 is the first cervical (neck) vertebra which is called the atlas. It supports the head.
The atlas bone is named for the Greek god Atlas who was condemned to support the earth and its heavens on his shoulders. (Because the god Atlas often adorned maps, a compilation of maps came to be known as an atlas).
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications? | <urn:uuid:19f427be-2f05-471c-9b45-8e5d5e8708f7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8760 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929238 | 123 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Two years ago the Chinese non-governmental organization (NGO) Green Watershed successfully led a fight to halt construction of hydropower stations along the pristine banks of the Nujiang river.
But its victory was pyrrhic.
While the temporary stay it secured on the power project is still in place, Green Watershed lost it its operating license and its founder Yu Xiaogang (
As the group found, opposing local officials is fraught with risk.
While China has vowed to step up protection of its heavily degraded environment, local politics all too often trump national policy and effective independent policing, environmentalists say.
The group's troubles began two years ago when it called on the central government to review the planned construction of 13 hydropower stations along the Nujiang, one of only two of China's major rivers that still run dam-free.
If all dams were to be completed along the river, which is on the UN's list of Protected Areas, they would extend 700km and produce more than 100 billion kilowatts per hour of electricity to feed China's voracious appetite for power.
The Thanlwin, as the river is called in Burmese, originates on the snowy peaks of Tibet, its azure, angry waters wending 2,400km through steep terraced canyons in southwestern China and then Myanmar before emptying into the Andaman Sea.
China's more than 22,000 dams already comprise 46 percent of the world's total, according to the UN Environmental Program (UNEP).
Although the UNEP has given its eco-friendly stamp of approval to many of China's dams projects in the past, environmentalists at Green Watershed argue that damming the Nujiang would damage the local environment, threatening the area's fragile eco-balance as the reservoirs flood fertile land.
New dams could also wipe out fish species whose migration routes to traditional breeding grounds would be blocked, but perhaps more importantly would threaten millions of livelihoods, the group said.
Determined to make the Beijing listen, Yu, who founded Green Watershed in 2002, began to drum up support in the community by letting residents know about plans spearheaded by state-run China Huadian Corp, one of the country's largest power groups.
Yu took residents to Lancan river, known in Southeast Asia as the Mekong, to let them see the impoverishing effects on the populace living around the Manwan dam, a hydro station active since 1993. They also went to Beijing for discussions with the government.
At the time of the conflict, a confluence of concerns about China's over-investment in industry and the effects of environmental damage wrought by 25 years of heated economic development played into the hands of Green Watershed's campaign.
Increasingly concerned that the nation's economic growth model was environmentally unsustainable -- an issue that was high on the agenda during the National People's Congress -- Beijing began to heed warnings from the State Environmental Protection Agency and NGOs like Yu's.
Premier Wen Jiabao (
Yunnan officials were not amused.
"One deputy governor of Yunnan Province said in a very public occasion that Green Watershed ... had damaged Yunnan's hydropower development plan, and therefore damaged the economic development of the entire province," Yu said. | <urn:uuid:01da139e-63ea-497c-b101-ecf1e51d1e29> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/03/17/2003297800 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963042 | 670 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Hours before Queen Elizabeth arrived in Ireland, the army defused a bomb discovered in a tote bag in the luggage compartment of a bus that was heading toward Dublin. The narrowly averted violence shows that while Queen Elizabeth’s visit is of great symbolic importance, there are still active dissidents who find her presence on Irish soil to be offensive. The Queen’s visit is the first by a British monarch since Irish independence; George V went to Ireland in 1911, while it was still part of the UK, and no kings or queens have visited since.
Queen Elizabeth, wearing a symbolic green suit, was greeted by President Mary McAleese when she landed in Ireland. The security for her visit will cost $42.4 million, an incredible sum considering that Ireland is in fairly desperate economic straits. Manholes, culverts and drains have been sealed in advance of her arrival, and Dublin residents will be subject to random searches.
Activists have already made it clear that Queen Elizabeth is not welcome in the Republic of Ireland. These dissidents are unhappy with the fact that there is a contiuing British presence in Northern Ireland after the Good Friday agreement, feeling that this prevents Irish unity.
But British and Irish officials say that these activists are a small minority, and that most Irish citizens welcome Queen Elizabeth’s visit. Sir John Major, who was prime minister when the 1998 peace deal was brokered, said, “I think you can find people who will demonstrate against anything or anyone on any occasion, so I think there may well be a handful of people who will demonstrate, but that plainly — from what we’ve seen in the nine months of preparation — is not the view of the overwhelming majority of the Irish people.”
Will the Queen’s visit go smoothly? We’ll keep you posted as events unfold.
Photo from Wikimedia Commons. | <urn:uuid:4a55a140-a68d-4af5-b987-31996ff9d80a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.care2.com/causes/bomb-found-in-ireland-hours-before-queen-elizabeths-arrival.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967936 | 383 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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"One day, Herzig-Yoshinaga stumbled upon a report that suggested the policy was based more on racism than military necessity.
"Government lawyers had argued that the U.S. rounded up all Japanese Americans on the West Coast because there wasn't time to determine who was loyal and who was not.
But the document Herzig-Yoshinaga found, an early draft of a report by Lieut. Gen. John L. DeWitt to his Army superiors, said that time had not been the issue. DeWitt wrote that internments were necessary because Japanese cultural traits prevented officials from distinguishing between loyal and disloyal Japanese Americans—'it was impossible to separate the sheep from the goats.'
"Herzig-Yoshinaga's discovery played an important role in the commission's conclusion that internment was a product of 'race prejudice, war hysteria and the failure of political leadership.'"
This link recently saved by racialicious on March 16, 2011
"'I don’t really have a lot of Japanese friends — on purpose,' said Chiaki, 25, who is looking for work in fashion marketing and asked that her last name not be published for fear that it would jeopardize her visa. 'I have my pride in being Japanese, but I am totally a New Yorker.'
"Still, Japanese expatriates here say they have been wired into the unfolding disaster. Many said they were keeping in close touch with family and friends through Twitter and other social media. Some, like Hitomi Kasai, a 52-year-old nurse, are wondering whether to return to Japan to help victims. New relief efforts are being started in New York every day."
This link recently saved by racialicious on February 16, 2011
"Each year, the Day of Remembrance is held around February 19th to commemorate the day that President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, resulting in the incarceration of over 110,000 Japanese Americans during World War II. If you're in the Los Angeles, the Japanese American National Museum invites you to take part in its Community Day of Remembrance.
"This year's theme, 'September 11: Ten Years After' was selected to address growing anti-Muslim sentiments and attacks on mosques across the country, and to affirm the importance for Japanese Americans to support the parallel concerns of the Muslim American community."
This link recently saved by racialicious on August 05, 2010
In an attempt to deal with the city’s budget crisis, all Los Angeles public libraries will now be closed on Sundays and Mondays, a move that went into effect three days ago.
In addition to the new five-day schedule, some branch libraries, like the one in Little Tokyo, also face reduced hours.
Nevertheless, Ohta said the change in library hours would greatly affect patrons.
“Closing on Mondays will be bad for the community – we get lots of people on Mondays,” he said. “And since the Central Library will be closed, they’ll have nowhere to go.”
This link recently saved by racialicious on May 06, 2008
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This link recently saved by racialicious on September 27, 2006 | <urn:uuid:3c2ff532-d0ab-419f-bd31-265bd604b0ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://del.icio.us/racialicious/japaneseamerican | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967424 | 737 | 2.53125 | 3 |
As a systems neurophysiology lab, we are interested in the way neural activity drives behavior. Our goal is to describe organizational principles of the time-varying relation between the firing rates of neurons and the behavior this activity generates.
Specifically, our research program centers on the relationship between cerebral cortical activity and arm movement. Over the last 25 years, we have found that there is a very good representation of the arm’s trajectory in the collective firing pattern of frontal cortical activity. This makes it possible to predict the detailed time course of arm, wrist and finger movement that contains many of the behavioral invariants that are characteristic of movement.
Research projects in our laboratory are based on this dynamic representation of behavior. The parameter of time is fundamental in our consideration of movement. We have shown that movement generation takes place continuously—the cortical prediction of trajectory precedes movement execution with a time interval that is dependent on the figural components of the hands’ path.
Laboratory studies range from muscle activation and limb mechanics, learning mechanisms, and information metrics to object-hand interaction. Results from this basic science research are used to design and implement upper-extremity neural prosthetics. Our prosthetic work began in the early ‘90s and has progressed from demonstrations in monkeys to implementation in a paralyzed human subject. In 2012, Jan Scheuermann used neural signals tapped by electrode arrays implanted on the surface of her brain to operate a high- performance robotic arm and hand. She was able to move the prosthetic arm, wrist and fingers to perform tasks of daily living, showing that this technology will be able to restore useful function to those who cannot move their arms and hands. | <urn:uuid:43f6e065-21cd-4280-9a8f-fabb8001b4db> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://schwartzlab.neurobio.pitt.edu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936228 | 340 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species contains assessments for 49,000 species of which spatial data exists for about 25,000 species, including all mammals. Some species listed as Data Deficient are not mapped. These data are made freely available to the public to help inform conservation planning and other decision making processes. Detailed information on the assessment process is available on this website here.
The data are held in shapefiles, the ESRI native format and contain the known range of each species. Ranges are depicted as polygons. DBF files accompanying each polygon contain taxonomic information, and contain information on distribution status, sources and other details about the maps (see metadata document).
The data is available both in ESRI File Geodatabase format and the ESRI Shapefile format and is held in geographical coordinates. Please note that the files are large, and download times could be quite lengthy. | <urn:uuid:64613148-82ab-442a-9a81-e431d099b899> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals/description/download-gis-data | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00092-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921272 | 186 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The nearly complete skeleton of a teenage girl who died some 12,000 to 13,000 years ago in a cave in the Yucatan Peninsula, has yielded DNA clues linking her to Native Americans living today.
The connection bolsters the prevailing theory that the sole route of human migration into North America took place over a Siberia-Alaska land bridge known as Beringia, starting 15,000 to 20,000 years ago.
NPR Science Correspondent Joe Palca says the skeleton of the girl, who died at age 15 to 16, was discovered in 2007 amid a complex of flooded caverns in Mexico known as Hoyo Negro, or "Black Hole."
Scientific American says, "She lies in a collapsed chamber together with the remains of 26 other large mammals, including a saber-toothed tiger, 600 meters from the nearest sinkhole. Most of the mammals became extinct around 13,000 years ago."
"It was impossible to safely recover the body from the cave location, so the research team dove to the cave and made bone measurements in situ. They placed Naia's skull on a rotating tripod, and set a camera on a second tripod next to it. Turning the skull slowly, they snapped pictures every 20 degrees. Later the team used the photographs to reconstruct a three-dimensional image."
James Chatters of Applied Paleoscience in Bothell, Wash., led the study and published the results in the journal Science.
Chatters says the skeleton, known as Naia after the water nymphs of Greek mythology, doesn't look much like modern Native Americans who have narrower faces, different teeth and a different palate.
"I could tell from the shape of the palette and some other aspects of the skull that she was similar to some of the other earliest Americans I'd seen," Chatters says. "So many differences that it seemed they must come from somewhere else."
But the DNA told a different story.
The University of Texas at Austin's Deborah Bolnick, an expert in extracting ancient DNA from fossilized teeth and bones got a sample of Naia's mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited exclusively from the mother.
Bolnick found a lineage known as D-1 that's found in Northeast Asia (including Siberia) and also very common in Native Americans.
What that suggests, Bolnick says, is that the girl is indeed descended from the first humans to cross the land bridge and not some later migration from somewhere else.
That means the physical differences between the first "Paleoamericans" and Native Americans of today are the result of evolution since the great migration out of Asia. | <urn:uuid:73826ef3-59ac-42c7-ae90-6e8e90af1abf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.gpb.org/news/2014/05/16/ancient-skeleton-in-mexico-sheds-light-on-americas-settlement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966571 | 535 | 3.390625 | 3 |
|I Economic sciences.|
|II State regulations of economy.|
|1. Brief historical information.|
|2. Concept of state economic politics.|
|3. Subjects of state regulation of economy.|
|Four communication lines of economic interests with|
|By state economic politics.|
|1). Carriers of economic interests.|
|2). Expressers of economic interests.|
|3). The executors of economic interests.|
|4). The return communication line.|
|5). The questionnaire.|
|4. Objects of state regulation of economy.|
|1). State anticyclic politics.|
|2). State regulation of economy in area|
|Branch and territorial structure.|
|3). Accumulation of the capital.|
|4). Regulation of employment.|
|5). The money manipulation.|
|6). A condition of payment balance.|
|7). The prices.|
|5. General purpose of state regulation|
|Economy and tree of the purposes.|
|6. Means of state regulation of economy.|
|1). Administrative means.|
|2). Economic means.|
|3). The state budget.|
|4). The taxes.|
|5). Accelerated amortisation.|
|6). Public sector.|
|7). Means of the external economic regulation.|
|7. State economic programming.|
|1). Objects of the programs.|
|2). The usual and extreme programs.|
|3). The target programs.|
|4). The subjects of economic programming.|
|5). Borders of economic programming.|
|8. Mechanism of state regulation of economy|
|On an example of the prices.|
|1). The price right.|
|2). Supervision of the state over the prices.|
|3). Indirect influence of the state on the prices.|
|4). Direct state intervention in process of money appearing.|
|5). Influence state sector.|
|6). The contribution of public sector to process|
|1). The reasons of occurrence of inflation.|
|2). Types of inflation.|
|a). Slow inflation.|
|b). Galloping inflation.|
|3). Consequences of inflation.|
|a). Positive functions.|
|b). Negative consequences.|
|4). Management of inflation.|
|1). The market of work.|
|2). Classification of the unemployed.|
|3). The formula of calculation of monthly average|
|Rate of unemployment.|
|4). The concepts treating a phenomenon of unemployment.|
|5). Directions of state regulation|
|Market of work.|
|6). Labour exchange.|
|11. Stages of state regulation of economy.|
|III Lists of the used literature.|
“The People, who have never systematically learned the economic theory, are similar to deaf persons, which try to estimate sounding an orchestra ”.
There are fields of knowledge and vital experience, about which, it seems any of us can judge. Except for politics, to such spheres concern medicine and, certainly, economy. It is not casual, you see economy – science is empirical, it connection with practice is direct. Each of us, irrespective of preparation, collides daily with the economic phenomena. We are all workers - create values or we raise the qualification, we receive the incomes, we address to the market, we watch (keep up) the prices, we are the consumers. The economy studies “homo economics” - economic man, his actions and interests. Well as in medicine, where for statement of the diagnosis it is necessary to know the functioning of a healthy organism, first of all to understand the laws of functioning of healthy economy.
The economic science is called to define how to use the limited resources maximum effectively - natural stocks, capitals, labour reserves. Like other branches of knowledge, the economy includes a set of axioms and proofs, suitable for the analysis in any concrete conditions. And in this narrow sense it can not be national, as well as there can not be a American physics or German mathematics. The prices of the goods everywhere are defined by a parity of a supply and demand, with the growth of the income there is a reduction of its consumed part and increase gathering.
But the economy has basic difference from exact and natural sciences: it has business not with the separate man on a uninhabited island, but with the member of a society subject to influence of traditions, national mentality and political institutes. The toolkit of the economist has therefore national specificity.
The science is formed approximately the same as the tree grows or the building is constructed. The great economists of the past have put in pawn the base, have created the theory named as microeconomy. As initial item for the analysis a facilities of the businessman and farmer were taken. The microeconomy studies the relation between the businessmen (competition), businessmen and hired workers, sellers and buyers. It formulates the laws: supplies and demand, rarity-decreasing income, limiting productivity of work or capital. The microeconomy is directly connected to enterprise activity, at the same time being a management for business.
The economic theory created in 18 - 19 centuries is named classical, it answered requirements of development of an industrial society based on a private property and freedom of an economic choice. The creativity of ingenious Adam Smite for economy is compared to the invention of a wheel.
Gradually national economy is turning to complex systems of branches forming a global economy. Periodically repeating economic crisises, chronic - unemployment and inflation become a rule.
Business practice includes problems, which are not solved through traditional means. The economists begin to be interested in questions of general balance, cumulative demand, money manipulation.
The 20 centuries appeared to be a stage of macroeconomy. The large system is not only set of small subsystems - firms and branches, but also a new quality. Its actions are operated by other mechanisms. Macrosystem can not be described by categories of microsystem (price, profit, competition etc.). New techniques and tools here are necessary.
“ Most of all laws were created in vague times of republic... ”
The state regulation of economy has a long history. The practice here outstrips the theory. During early capitalism in Europe there was a centralised control above the prices, quality of the goods and services, interest rates and foreign trade.
17 century – is a century of the pioneers of the normative economic theory - wrote that only detailed management on the part of government is capable to supply the order in economic sphere. They saw in a state management a means of ensuring social validity.
With transition to capitalism and appearing of free competition, many aspects of “pioneers” theory were destroyed. The approach of people who based a classical economy (18 centuries), limiting state intervention in economic life, has the historical explanation. You see in that period economy was ruled by the market and freedom of a choice. In economic sense freedom assumes two main components: the right, to a private property protected by the law and independence of acceptance of the decisions. In 18 - 19 centuries the economic role of the state was reduced, basically, to protection of these primary rights. The XX century was market by almost universal strengthening of economic presence of the state.
From the second half of 19 century national manufacture has achieved unprecedented scales. The end of the century is connected with explosion, jump in scientific - technical development and appearance of new branches. All these circumstance needed requirement for co-ordination, for maintenance of proportions on macro-level, for anticyclic regulation.
The amplification of state regulation was dictated by the purposes of preparation to wars, their conducting, maintenance of war-protection. The whole system of measures including compulsory movements system (GERMANY), protectionism (Japan) was developed. The army-industrial complexes closely connected to government were formed.
The state regulation of economy was necessary for realisation of social politics, for general strategy socialisation in a broad sense. Collective consumption or satisfaction of public requirements (public health services, education, support deprived and others) are impossible without use of state levers and organisations.
And, at last, it would be desirable to emphasise, meaning day today's, need for state support and sometimes organisations of fundamental scientific researches, and also protection of environment.
The state regulation, thus, is caused by occurrence of new economic needs, with which the market on the nature can not consult.
And, though the similar regulation in modern market economy is carried out in much smaller scales, than in administrative - command system, nevertheless here economic role of the state is great, is special in comparison with the system of a free competition.
The state regulation of economy in conditions of a market economy represents system of typical measures of legislative, executive and supervising character which is carried out by competent official bodies and public organisations with the purposes of stabilisation and the adaptation existing socially - of economic system, and conditions.
In the process of development of a market economy the economic and social problems became aggravated, they could not be solved automatically on the basis of a private property. The necessity of the significant investments, has appeared necessary for continuation of reproduction in national scales; branch and social crises, mass unemployment, the infringements in the money manipulation become aggravated competition in the global markets required state economic politics.
Theoretically concept state economic wider than concept of state regulation of economy, as first can be based on a principle of non-interference of the state in economic life (known principle of economic liberalism laisser faire - laisser passer). In modern conditions the non-interference of the state in socially - economic processes is impossible. Disputes about necessity of state regulation of economy, and about its scales, forms and intensity are conducted for a long time. Therefore terms “ state regulation of economy ” and “ state economic politics ” are presently identical.
The objective opportunity of state regulation occurs with the achievement of the certain level of economic development, concentration of manufacture and capital. The necessity of transforming this opportunity into the validity consists in increase of problems, difficulties.
In modern conditions the state regulation of economy is a component of reproduction. It solves various tasks: for example, stimulation of economic growth, regulation of employment, encouragement of progressive shifts in branch and regional structure, support of export. The concrete directions, forms, scales of state regulation of economy are defined by character and acuteness of economic and social problems in this or that country in the concrete period.
For understanding of the mechanism of state regulation of economy it is expedient to characterise its subjects, objects, purposes, means, and also stages of its development.
The subjects of economic politics are the carriers and executors of economic interests.
The carriers of economic interests are social groups distinguished from each other on a number of attributes: property, the incomes, on kinds of activity at the similar incomes, on trades, branch and regional interests. They are hired workers and owners of the enterprises, farmers and land proprietors, businessmen managers and the shareholders, civil servants etc. Each of these groups has interests caused by their social economic rule, | <urn:uuid:77b18814-7e5e-4dad-addc-e77305824c9a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bukvar.su/jekonomika/210419-Rynochnaya-ekonomika.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920819 | 2,356 | 2.8125 | 3 |
2003.002.013 Flag Cavalry flag. National colors with the oval star pattern which is indicative of Philadelphia manufacturers. The sleeve consists of an extended area of the canton and stripes folded over upon itself and it is also hand-sewn. this flag was used as a flank marker for lining up mounted troops. The pattern dates the flag to about 1876. 38-Star Regimental Cavalry Flag, ca. 1876 38-Star Custer Era Regimental Cavalry Flag, ca. 1876 - The gilt-painted stars are configured in a double wreath pattern with two vertical central stars of equal size; the silk canton and silk stripes are hand-sewn; the sleeve consists of an extended area of the canton and stripes folded over upon itself and it is also hand-sewn; and is entirely edged with a beautiful gold silk fringe all around. This Regimental Cavalry flag was used as a flank marker to help cavalry troops mounted on horseback line up while on patrol during the era of General Custer and the later Indian Wars. There are only four of these flags known to exist.
6125 Boydton Plank Rd.Petersburg,Virginia 23803
Pamplin Historical Park and the National Museum of the Civil War Soldier | <urn:uuid:f6d46558-e1e9-44d6-a3cc-adff8a815d53> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.americanheritage.com/category/collection-keywords/cavalry-flag | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00175-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928591 | 259 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Among the devastating consequences of her brain injury from a gunshot wound 10 months ago, Arizona Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords lost the ability to talk. But with help from music-based therapy, according to an ABC News segment that aired this week, Giffords has rediscovered her voice and, it seems, her spirit.
The footage, which shows Giffords crying in frustration when she tries unsuccessfully to talk but looking joyful as she sings fluently, paints a dramatic picture of the power of music to help people overcome brain injuries.
Giffords’ story also highlights both the potential and the limitations of a fairly new field of medicine.
Music brings so much pleasure to our everyday lives, and it would make sense if music also worked as a healing tool. But scientists are still awaiting solid data to prove what seems to work in case study after case study.
“It used to be thought that music was a superfluous thing, and no one understood why it developed from an evolutionary standpoint,” said Michael De Georgia, director of the Center for Music and Medicine at Case Western Reserve University’s University Hospitals Case Medical Center in Cleveland.
“In the last 10 years, we’ve just started to understand how broad and diffuse the effect of music is on all parts of the brain,” he added. “We are just starting to understand how powerful music can be. We don’t know what the limits are.” | <urn:uuid:becf0229-3d56-4c9c-9535-f0fb2ec7f2ed> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thedailyswarm.com/headlines/music-therapy-helped-gabrielle-gifford-get-better/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962188 | 302 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Definition of Alluvial soil
1. Noun. A fine-grained fertile soil deposited by water flowing over flood plains or in river beds.
Generic synonyms: Dirt, Soil
Alluvial Soil Pictures
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Lexicographical Neighbors of Alluvial Soil
Literary usage of Alluvial soil
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. A Second Visit to the United States of North America by Charles Lyell (1849)
"... through alluvial soil. — Circular Cavities or Sand-Bursts. — Open Fissures. —Lake Eulalie drained by Shocks.—Borders of Sunk Country, West of New Madrid ..."
2. Geological Essays; Or: An Inquiry Into Some of the Geological Phenomena to by Horace H. Hayden (1820)
"... but barely three miles of alluvial soil on the New-York side,* by which it passes ; and the Connecticut river bae about the same. How much the others, ..."
3. A Manual of Practical Hygiene by Edmund Alexander Parkes (1878)
"(a) alluvial soil, brought down by the great rivers Ganges, Indos, ... Many of the stations in Bengal are placed on alluvial soil This alluvial soil, ..."
4. Second Report of a Geological Reconnoissance of the Middle and Southern by Richard Owen (1860)
"It is a species which we see here in Arkansas for the first time, and which is never found but on fertile alluvial soil. Corn especially, sugar, tobacco, ..." | <urn:uuid:665d87bf-4a27-4e22-b89a-bd2579c9b3a1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/alluvial_soil | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00200-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.876763 | 377 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Correspondence 1 contains 163 letters, ninety-six written by Thoreau and sixty-seven to him. Twenty-five are collected here for the first time; of those, fourteen have never before been published. These letters provide an intimate view of Thoreau's path from college student to published author. At the beginning of the volume, Thoreau is a Harvard sophomore; by the end, some of his essays and poems have appeared in periodicals and he is at work on A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers and Walden. The early part of the volume documents Thoreau's friendships with college classmates and his search for work after graduation, while letters to his brother and sisters reveal warm, playful relationships among the siblings. In May 1843, Thoreau moves to Staten Island for eight months to tutor a nephew of Emerson's. This move results in the richest period of letters in the volume: thirty-two by Thoreau and nineteen to him. From 1846 through 1848, letters about publishing and lecturing provide details about Thoreau's first years as a professional author. As the volume closes, the most ruminative and philosophical of Thoreau's epistolary relationships begins, that with Harrison Gray Otis Blake. Thoreau's longer letters to Blake amount to informal lectures, and in fact Blake invited a small group of friends to readings when these arrived.
Following every letter, annotations identify correspondents, individuals mentioned, and books quoted, cited, or alluded to, and describe events to which the letters refer. A historical introduction characterizes the letters and connects them with the events of Thoreau's life, a textual introduction lays out the editorial principles and procedures followed, and a general introduction discusses the significance of letter-writing in the mid-nineteenth century and the history of the publication of Thoreau's letters. Finally, a thorough index provides comprehensive access to the letters and annotations. | <urn:uuid:6ac9014b-03ad-41c5-8402-6ad82c83b087> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=DEVJAgAAQBAJ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932509 | 396 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Hidden behind dust in deep space are brilliant galaxies with black holes that scientists are just beginning to learn about.
NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, known as WISE, has found millions of black holes and about 1,000 dust-obscured galaxies with very high temperatures, which NASA is cutely calling "hot DOGs" for short. They are believed to be the brightest known galaxies.
Hot DOGs, which have supermassive black holes at their centers, can emit more than 100 trillion times as much light as the sun, according to researchers. But they do not appear as bright in images because they are covered in dust.
“It changes our concept of how brilliant and powerful galaxies can be,” said Peter Eisenhardt, project scientist for WISE at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “We are finding quite a few objects here that are brighter than what we knew before, and we’ve only combed through about 10% of these hot DOGs.”
Black holes are extremely dense objects from which no light can escape, but high-energy radiation is produced when gas and dust get sucked in. Material around the black hole forms what's called an accretion disc, constantly spiraling toward the black hole. X-ray radiation is emitted as matter gets compressed by the black hole. There is a massive black hole in the center of our galaxy, too.
WISE is equipped with a telescope that captured millions of images of celestial objects, including black holes, galaxies, stars and asteroids. The information obtained from WISE may help scientists explore the relationship between black holes and their surrounding galaxies.
The state-of-the-art technology of WISE allowed scientists to discover that the 2.5 million black holes were nearly 10 billion light-years away. Older technology was unsuccessful at detecting them because of dust, which concealed the black holes’ existence. WISE, however, captured them immediately.
“These varied black holes that are hidden in gas and dust are thought to dominate and we have not had a good measurement of how many there are until now,” said Daniel Stern of JPL, lead author of the WISE black hole study. “WISE has allowed us to do this across the whole sky.”
Stern added that the next steps will be to find out how black holes behave and examine the high-energy X-ray radiation associated with them. NASA's Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, for which Stern is the project scientist, launched in June to explore black holes with its "X-ray eyes."
WISE also found that the extreme galaxies have temperatures more than double those of other galaxies that burn with infrared light. One possible explanation is that, in a hot DOG, a powerful burst of activity from the black hole heats the dust in the galaxy.
The WISE mission orbited the Earth approximately 15 times daily for 14 months at an altitude of 525 kilometers (326 miles). Snapshots of the sky were captured every 11 seconds.
Most of WISE's findings have been confirmed by the W.M Keck Observatory in Mauna Kea, Hawaii, the Gemini Observatory of Chile, Palomar’s 200-inch Hale telescope in California and the Multiple Mirror Telescope Observatory near Tucson, Arizona.
Eisenhardt says it is still unclear which the hot DOGS produce first - the black hole or the rest of the galaxy’s stars. But he points out some evidence showing that black holes may come first or, as he put it, “the ‘eggs’ may have come before the ‘chickens.’” More research is needed to validate the sequence of creation within hot DOGS.
It's clear that black holes aren't rare, and have been around for a long time. Research published last year suggested that at least 30 million black holes had formed before the universe was 1 billion years old.
WISE's mission will open a new door into the world of galaxy evolution in coming years, experts say. With more extensive research, NASA’s findings could change the landscape of astronomical science - or as Eisenhardt put it, “push the boundaries of what we think is physically possible.”
CNN's Elizabeth Landau contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:0805e04f-02ca-4ab7-b62f-450906871c47> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lightyears.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/30/black-holes-bright-galaxies-emerge-from-dust/?hpt=hp_t3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00074-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958463 | 890 | 3.890625 | 4 |
> NRC Library > Document Collections > Generic Communications > Information Notices > 1986 > IN 86-106
SSINS No.: 6835 IN 86-106 UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION OFFICE OF INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT WASHINGTON, D.C. 20555 December 16, 1986 Information Notice No. 86-106: FEEDWATER LINE BREAK Addressees: All nuclear power reactor facilities holding an operating license or a construction permit. Purpose: This information notice is to alert addressees of a potentially generic problem with feedwater pipe thinning and other problems related to this event. Recipients are expected to review the information for applicability to their facilities and consider actions, if appropriate, to preclude similar problems suggestions contained in this occurring at their facilities. However information notice do not constitute NRC requirements; therefore, no specific action or written response is required. Description of Circumstances: On Tuesday, December 9, 1986, at 2:20 p.m., both units at the Surry Power Station were operating at full power when the 18-inch suction line to the main feedwater pump A for Unit 2 failed catastrophically. Eight workers who were replacing thermal insulation on a nearby line were burned by flashing feedwater. All were transported to area hospitals. Two workers were treated and released. Four other workers subsequently died. Units 1 and 2 are identical. In each unit, feedwater flows from a 24-inch header to two 18-inch suction lines that each supply one of two main feedwater pumps. At maximum load under normal conditions, feedwater flow through each pump is 5 million lb/hr. Feedwater temperature, pressure, and enthalpy are 370
F, 450 psig, and 346 Btu/lb, respectively. At these conditions the fluid is in the single phase, liquid only regime. That is, the piping does not see a mixture of liquid and vapor. The event was initiated by the main steam isolation valve on steam generator C failing closed. Because of the increased pressure in steam generator C that collapsed the voids in the water, the reactor tripped on low-low level in that steam generator. A 2-by-4 foot section of the wall of the suction line to the A Main feedwater pump was blown out and came to rest in an overhead cable tray. The break was located in an elbow in the 18 inch line about one foot from the 24-inch header. The lateral reactive force generated by escaping 8612160250 . IN 86-106 December 16, 1986 Page 2 of 3 feedwater completely severed the suction line. The free end whipped and came to rest against the discharge line for the other pump. Steam flashing from the break and condensing in control cabinets and in open conduit piping apparently caused the fire suppression system to actuate, resulting in release of halon and carbon dioxide in the emergency switchgear room and in various cable tunnels and vaults and in the cable spreading room. Because of the volume of water and steam being released, operators isolated lines carrying high energy fluids to areas inundated by steam. Steam generator water levels were maintained with the auxiliary feedwater system, and system cooling was provided by actuating atmospheric dump valves as necessary. The primary system responded normally to the loss of load transient with a partial loss of main feedwater. Primary coolant temperature was stabilized at 520 F and pressurizer level was recovered as it reached the low level set point. Primary pressure decreased from 2235 to 2015 psig following the reactor trip. By 2 a.m on the following day, reactor temperature had been reduced to the point where the residual heat removal system could be put on line. The unit reached cold shutdown that morning. During the recovery effort, the operators and the plant performed as expected. Discussion: The pipe material is A-106B carbon steel and the elbow is 18-inch, extra strong A-234 grade WPB carbon steel. Nominal wall thickness of the suction piping is 0.500 inch. Measurements of the wall fragment demonstrated that the wall had been generally eroded to about 0.25 inch and was one of the causes of the failure. Preliminary examination of the 2-by-4 foot section of pipe blown out during the event shows the thinning to be relatively uniform except for some small localized areas. The thinnest areas are localized and appear to be about 1/16 inch thick. Some corrosion pitting is present. A preliminary microexamination indicated that the pipe surface near the fracture had not been highly strained as with a high stress event, such as a high pressure spike in the system. It has not been determined at this time whether a pressure spike in the system was a contributor to this event. There was no damage evident in the hanger supports to the condensate system. Inspection revealed a disabled check valve in the discharge piping of the A main feedwater pump. This check valve was found with its seat displaced and a hinge pin missing. On December 10, the licensee shut down Unit 1 for examination of the condition of feedwater piping. Inspection of the Unit 1 feedwater piping shows wall thinning similar to but not as severe as that in Unit 2. The NRC dispatched an augmented investigation team (AIT) to the site . The AIT includes a metallurgist and a water hammer analyst. . IN 86-106 December 16, 1986 Page 3 of 3 The NRC will issue additional information as more inspection and analysis is completed. No specific action or written response is required by this information notice. If you have questions about this matter, please contact the Regional Administrator of the appropriate NRC regional office or this office. Edward L. Jordan, Director Division of Emergency Preparedness and Engineering Response Office of Inspection and Enforcement Technical Contact: Roger Woodruff, IE (301) 492-7205 Vincent Panciera, Region II (404) 331-5540 Attachment: List of Recently Issued IE Information Notices .
Page Last Reviewed/Updated Friday, May 22, 2015 | <urn:uuid:d79bf86a-e790-4c8d-a598-fbef0b311902> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/gen-comm/info-notices/1986/in86106.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95211 | 1,237 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Temperatures are warming, the days are getting longer, it’s nearing the end of spring so it must be time to start thinking about planting summer annual forages.
Summer annual forage crops like sudangrass, millets, cane, and sorghum-sudan hybrids are grasses that grow well when the weather gets hot, sunlight intensity is high, and moisture is less abundant.
These types of forages can be an excellent solution to the “summer slump” in forage yields and quality we so often see in the northern Great Plains region for haying and grazing as a result of our predominately cool-season vegetation.
There are however, a few key management tips to remember as you consider establishing and utilizing summer annual forages:
1) Don’t plant summer annual forages too early. Wait until soil temperature will remain above 65 to 70 degrees. This will be in early- to mid-June in most cases. Exposing young seedlings to cool air (<50 degrees) or soil temperatures can permanently stunt growth, greatly reducing potential forage yield;
2) Sudangrass, one of the more popular annual forage species, produces a compound called prussic acid. Prussic acid is a hydrogen cyanide compound and is toxic to livestock when ingested.
3) To manage prussic acid poisoning problems, allow sudangrass to grow taller than 18 inches before grazing or haying it. Typically the prussic acid is diluted to non-toxic levels once the plant has grown taller than this height;
4) Summer annual forage species tend to be aggressive nitrate accumulators, especially in dry soil conditions. Livestock that consume these forages, either through grazing or hay, can be subjected to nitrate poisoning if not managed properly. A manager should always have summer annual forages tested for nitrate levels before grazing or haying. If nitrate levels are a problem, haying is likely the better alternative. Although the hay is still toxic in terms of nitrate levels, it can be ground and diluted into other forage stocks to minimize nitrate concentrations in livestock diets.
Grazing annual forages with high nitrate levels is not generally a good idea, however, if a manager is going to graze these forages, strip graze these fields and move animals frequently enough that they don’t consume the lower one-third of the stalk where the highest nitrate concentrations typically occur. | <urn:uuid:d31c9645-1981-46b5-9bea-b16a70b4dbc4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://beefmagazine.com/americancowman/pasture-and-range/summer-annual-forages | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928242 | 516 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is on a roll. His coalition won last month’s elections for the upper house of the Diet, polls show that his plan for economic recovery is widely accepted and his approval rating among the electorate is 65 percent.
However, the prime minister will most likely fail to achieve his ambitions in foreign policy and national security unless he finds a way to resolve what is known as “the history question.”
The demons of history prevent Japan from taking its rightful place among the world’s foremost nations.
This is a vital question not only for Japan, but also for the US and its allies in Asia. In particular, bitter relations between Japan and South Korea, rooted in history, but now both treaty allies of the US, undermine the security of all three.
The litany of charges against Japan centers on the period from 1931 to 1945. Japan occupied Taiwan (from 1895), Korea (from 1910) and Manchuria (from 1931). It invaded Southeast Asia, committed wartime atrocities such as the Rape of Nanking in China and exploited “comfort women” for sexual services for soldiers.
Japanese leaders have apologized more than 50 times beginning in 1945 with former Japanese emperor Hirohito apologizing to General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the Allied Occupation, and in 1951 then-Japanese prime minister Shigeru Yoshida in addressing the San Francisco Peace Conference.
The Chinese and South Koreans have refused to acknowledge those apologies for their own reasons. Some of their refusal is because of the genuine anger of the victims. For others, it is a convenient club with which to attack Japan or it is a distraction from pressing issues at home.
Moreover, they have not said what they want, nor what would satisfy them. A recent article from Xinhua, the official Chinese news agency, was typically vague: “Only by facing up to history and seriously reflecting on its wartime crimes can Japan win back trust among people in Asia and across the world.”
International politics may not be fair, but this is the reality that Abe and his colleagues must address if they want to drive the demons of history back into the pages of social studies textbooks.
Here are three suggestions for a compelling and vivid Japanese endeavor to resolve this issue:
First, have a researcher in the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs comb through the accounts of Japanese apologies since 1945 and compile them, in context, into an authoritative record of remorse. Have that record translated from Japanese into Chinese, Korean and English, and published for the world to see.
Second, ask Japanese Emperor Akihito to rise in the Budokan (Hall of Martial Arts) at the annual gathering of Japanese leaders to mark the end of World War II, and deliver the final expression of remorse. Only the emperor has the moral and constitutional authority to speak for all of Japan.
Third, quietly negotiate with the Chinese and South Korean governments to determine what apologies they would accept.
Japan should include in the record of remorse and in the Emperor’s address a declaration that their apologies are done.
Japan could eliminate a lightning rod for Chinese and Korean criticism by moving the spirits of 14 war criminals from the Yasukuni Shrine. Yasukuni is a Shinto shrine, not a cemetery, for the spirits of Japan’s war dead, similar to the Kranji War Memorial in Singapore, India Gate in New Delhi and the Vietnam Wall in Washington.
This month is the anniversary of the end of World War II. This year, Abe could start resolving the history question. In August of next year, Japan could declare the issue settled. And in August of 2015, Abe might look back on a great accomplishment.
Richard Halloran is a commentator in Hawaii. | <urn:uuid:3b63c484-946c-4f53-ac65-666639d62410> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/print/2013/08/15/2003569713 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95866 | 759 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Medical disciplines ranging from cardiovascular medicine and oncology to orthopedics and ophthalmology rely increasingly on the implantation of medical devices into coronary arteries, jugular and femoral veins, joints, and many other parts of the body. However, the use of implantable devices can be hazardous. While the risk of bacterial infection associated with such devices as stents, catheters, heart valves, assist devices, guidewires, and artificial joints makes headlines, equally problematic is implant-induced thrombogenesis, or blood clotting.
Because implantable devices are as common today as the diseases they are designed to treat, medical device manufacturers are striving to prevent thrombogenesis by developing new drug-eluting and non-drug-eluting coatings. Based on these efforts, the industry is making headway in its effort to reduce the risk of blood clots caused by the use of implantable devices. Furthermore, signs of progress are beginning to emerge in the battle against late stent thrombosis, a particularly intractable form of blood clotting that afflicts many patients that undergo stenting to treat coronary artery disease.
Blood clotting resulting from the use of implantable medical devices has a variety of causes, including the action of shear forces, the body’s physiological reaction to foreign bodies, and the surface roughness, surface energy, geometry, and hydrophobicity of the implantable device. “Blood is what we call a smart fluid,” says Ron Sahatjian, president and CEO of Medi-Solve Coatings LLC (Natick, MA). “It’s shear-sensitive, and because of that, it responds to high-shear areas by clotting to stop the body from bleeding to death. A simple example is a cut. It’s easier for a jagged cut to clot and heal than for a paper cut.” When blood-clotting proteins such as thrombin receive a signal that the blood is being sheared, a cascade of events starts to cause clotting in an effort to stop the bleeding.
|A guidewire before and after being coated with the Vertellus phosphorylcholine polymer coating shows reduced thrombogenicity.|
Similar to jagged wounds, invasive medical devices act as shear forces in the blood stream, Sahatjian explains. When present, they signal thrombin and prothrombin to form clots. “For example, when blood traverses over the coiled configuration of a guidewire, it’s not a smooth laminar flow,” Sahatjian says. “The blood gets caught between the coils, causing shear stress. This causes clotting.”
Explaining the implant-body interaction that causes blood to clot, William Lee, director of R&D at AST Products Inc. (Billerica, MA), remarks that when a medical device is implanted into the human body and is detected by blood cells, the cells react because they detect a foreign surface. This interaction provokes an immune response in which cells try to adhere to the implant surface. “The result is clotting,” Lee says. “This physiological mechanism is a common reaction to the use of medical implantables.”
To counteract the effects of these clotting mechanisms, medical device manufacturers have developed a variety of coatings to protect patients and lower treatment costs. However, while antithrombogenic coatings come in many forms, the classic variant elutes heparin, or heparin sulfate, Sahatjian notes. For example, this naturally occurring drug is the active antithrombogenic agent in Medi-Solve’s AquaCoat coatings, which are employed in a range of medical devices such as guidewires and catheters. “Lubricious and water soluble, these coatings are abrasion resistant and particulate free, making them a suitable matrix for heparin,” Sahatjian adds.
While antithrombogenic coatings used on dialysis, central venous, and peripherally inserted central catheters impede clotting, their operable lifespan is extremely limited, Sahatjian notes. “Such catheters clot after about two to three weeks, and then they have to be replaced.” To overcome this limitation, the company is working with a manufacturer of dialysis catheters to extend protection to six weeks. “However, the success or failure of this endeavor will depend on how persistent the heparin is,” Sahatjian notes.
Prolonging heparin’s active lifetime, however, is easier said than done because the drug cannot simply be bonded to a catheter, Sahatjian explains. It must untangle its molecules so that it can react with molecules in the blood. “In other words, it has to be released slowly in order to work, but this is a function of how it is electrostatically connected with the catheter’s hydrophilic polymer substrate.”
While some thrombogenic issues have not been considered enough of a clinical problem to justify using antithrombogenic coatings, dialysis catheters are a real problem, Sahatjian says. “If you could extend the ability of antithrombogenic agents to last from two weeks to six, that would save money on healthcare costs and increase patient comfort.”
Like Medi-Solve’s AquaCoat, AST Products also offers an assortment of coatings that rely on the use of heparin to prevent thrombogenesis. Based on the company’s LubriLast water- and polymer-based coating platform, heparin-eluting HemoLast coatings are employed on a variety of implantable devices, including catheters, guidewires, intraocular lenses, insulin pumps, and orthopedic implants such as artificial hips. How much heparin loading a coating undergoes, according to Lee, depends on how long the device will remain in the body.
While heparin is used widely in antithrombogenic applications, it is not right for every application, Lee comments. For example, because it is usually made from animal products, the drug can cause reactions in patients that have allergies to certain animal-based reagents. However, while universities are exploring alternatives to heparin, the drug is currently the only antithrombogenic substance approved by FDA for use in the United States.
An alternative to heparin, however, is a synthetic chemical antithrombogenic agent known as hirudin. Currently available in Australia, hirudin features a smaller molecular weight than heparin, does not contain animal products, and functions much like heparin. “Some of our customers are requesting that we use drugs other than heparin, such as hirudin,” Lee says. “We are trying to determine whether we can mix it into our solutions and coat it on implants.”
In addition to using heparin-based coatings, Medi-Solve, for example, coats certain implantable devices with a nonthrombogenic polymer called phosphorylcholine. Manufactured by Vertellus, this material differs from drug-eluting coatings in that the polymer itself acts to prevent platelets from depositing on the device surface, thereby arresting blood-clot formation.
|After the implantation of a stent coated with Allvivo’s ProteoGuard, a pig coronary artery shows a thin neointima and a well-healed endothelial cell lining.|
A different approach to preventing medical device–induced thrombogenesis is being pursued by Allvivo Vascular Inc. (Lake Forest, CA). “We develop two types of nonthrombogenic coatings for medical device applications,” notes Jennifer Neff, the company’s CEO and CTO. “One works through a passive mechanism by incorporating a high density of polyethylene-oxide chains at the device surface. The other combines our nonthrombogenic polymer coating with an active biologic, whose primary function is to prevent activation of the complement cascade.”
Known as ProteoGuard, Allvivo’s coating technology contains a protein called factor H, Neff explains. Factor H’s role is not to inhibit the coagulation cascade directly but to function as a regulator of complement activation. Interrelated with the coagulation cascade, the complement system helps or ‘complements’ the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to remove pathogens from an organism, lysing cells and upregulating the inflammatory response in the presence of a foreign object. If the object cannot be removed, however, prolonged inflammation results. Present in the cells, Factor H provides the signal to prevent the complement from attacking them. By attaching factor H to the device, the foreign-body response is essentially turned off, allowing healthy healing to occur. “This technology,” according to Neff, “has also been found to be highly nonthrombogenic.”
Late Stent Thrombosis
In addition to shear forces and the presence of foreign bodies, inflammation is another cause of clotting. “That’s what people think happens in the case of late stent thrombosis,” Sahatjian states. “It is believed that this condition has to do with prolonged inflammation caused by the stent, the polymer coating of which may prevent healing.”
Combating late stent thrombosis depends on the kinds of stents that doctors implant, Lee explains. The drug-eluting coatings deposited on bare-metal stents become degraded over time, exposing the metal at various locations. Thus, even biocompatible materials can cause a thrombogenic reaction to occur once the coating is consumed. To prevent such occurrences, OEMs are starting to use bioresorbable materials that enable the stent to degrade by itself.
The risk of late stent thrombosis is thought to increase with the lack of endothelial cell coverage and exposed stent struts, Neff adds. Drug-eluting stents incorporate antiproliferative drugs that may delay or prevent healing of the endothelial lining and increase the likelihood of exposed struts. Exposed struts may also occur because of stent malapposition, which results when one or more struts may not be in full contact with the artery wall, causing blood to flow around the strut and creating turbulence.
Allvivo Vascular’s approach to combating restenosis involves inhibiting the process at an early stage, according to Neff. “Our coating prevents device-induced inflammation and thrombus, which are early triggers of the restenosis process. An advantage of this approach is that it does not impair healing and provides a favorable surface for regeneration of the endothelial layer, which provides long-term protection against late stent thrombosis.”
Published in MPMN, June/July 2011, Volume 27, No. 5
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Sri Lankan, Tamils
Sri Lanka was victim to a bloody civil war between the ethnic minority of Tamils and the ethnic majority of Sinhalese, a war that has lasted for over 26 years. The Tamils were consequently defeated in the civil war, by 2009 – 300, 000 Tamils were held in concentration camps controlled by the Sri Lankan army. Conditions within the camps included shortages of food, water and medical supplies. The squalid conditions resulting in a death rate of several hundred per month.¹
The conflict began long before the civil. More and more government legislation was being introduced to discriminate against Tamils by removing their citizenship rights and declaring Sinhalese the national language, making it a pre-requisite for jobs in the public service.² The Tamils responded to this with Gandhi-like civil resistance methods but these were met with violence and arrests by the Sri Lankan army acting on orders from the government. After 35 years of peaceful resistance and struggle using methods like demonstrations, sit-ins and parliamentary participation, Tamil youths formed an armed resistance.
The government employed such methods as massacres of Tamil civilians to incite terror and deter the armed forces. Tamil civilians were among the largest victims of the civil war and were left with no where to flee or escape to.
Towards the end of the civil war, the UN estimated that up to 20,000-40,000 Tamil civilians were killed during an all out offensive by the Sri Lankan army where camps, hospitals and schools were bombed in an attempt to completely eradicate all remaining LTTE (Tamil Tigers) members.
Tom Allard from the Sydney Morning Herald conducted an interview by telephone from a boat of Tamil asylum seekers. The man he was interviewing – ‘Alex’ “said most [on the boat] were from the city of Jaffna where, he said, the Sinhalese-backed Government was abducting Tamils, putting them in camps, then torturing and killing them.
”There’s not a person on this boat who has not seen someone they know killed or tortured…There are kids here who have seen the legs of their fathers cut off in front of them.
They are taking people out at night, stripping them and shooting them. Five people every day, sometimes 10. Women are being tortured and raped.”
“He said the 253 people on board, including 27 women and 31 children, had hidden in the jungles of Malaysia for a month while waiting for their boat to take them to Christmas Island.”³
¹ Bruce Haigh. The Age 2009. (http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/politics/the-tamils-are-fleeing-because-no-one-will-ease-their-plight-20091015-gz38.html)
² Chris Slee. Green Left Weekly 2007. (http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/37209)
³ Tom Allard. Sydney Morning Herald 2009. (http://www.smh.com.au/world/tamil-boat-people-fleeing-genocide-20091014-gxgq.html)
RRAN MeetingsRRAN WA is currently meeting on Mondays from 6.30pm at the Activist Centre, U15/5 Aberdeen Street, Perth (just north of the McIver Train Station). For more details, send us a message via our Contact RRAN WA page, or call/text us on 0417 904 329. Fremantle RRAN meets at 6pm on the first and third Wednesday of each month at The Federal Hotel, 23 William St Fremantle. Contact Fremantle RRAN | <urn:uuid:3ea9829f-e273-4801-8f22-abbb1cfacca9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://rran.org/learn-more/who-are-boat-people/sri-lankan-tamils/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00133-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958157 | 797 | 3.203125 | 3 |
There are several candidates when it comes to the smallest library in the world. People are very creative when it comes to sharing books with their community.
The phone booth library in the UK definitely qualifies as one of the smallest libraries out there. Someone decided to take an unused phone booth (kids don’t even know what those are) and turn it into a functioning library. Brilliant!
Another very small library is the the Corner Library in Williamsburg in Brooklyn, NY. It was created by an artist, Colin McMullan, as an art project that works as a fully functional library. It is essentially the size of a dog house, but has a door on the front and lots of shelves inside.
Anyone in the local area can access the library. They just need to obtain a “library card” first from Colin. The “card” consists of the code to unlock the library. Once a person has become a member they can borrow any item from the library and share any items they want by putting them in the library for other members to borrow. Of course the library is always open to members and you certainly don’t have to worry about it being closed due to budget cuts. We think it’s a great idea.
The winner for world’s smallest library also happens to be one of the biggest libraries in the world. The Little Free Library is a mailbox that is converted into a library. The first one appeared outside the Hudson area along a bicycle trail. Anyone can start one of these mailbox libraries and register them. In 2015, there were estimated to be over 25,000 mailbox library “branches”. Amazing! | <urn:uuid:955a8942-49d1-4516-9977-77f41aa1f439> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.publiclibraries.com/blog/worlds-smallest-library/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00151-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977557 | 341 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Molecular Characteristics and Epidemiology of Meningococcal Carriage, Burkina Faso, 2003
Figure 1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of chromosomal DNA from pharyngeal meningococcus isolates (stained with ethidium bromide). Whole chromosome DNA macrorestriction fragments were generated by digestion with endonuclease SpeI. Shown are examples of sequence type (ST) prediction by PFGE in carried meningococci and diversity among STs. S, isolates tested by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Lanes λ (arrows), PFGE marker I (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany); lane A, ST-2881, meningitis case isolate, Niger 2003; lanes 101, 102, and 103, ST-11, W135:2a:P1.5,2; lanes 104 and 105, ST-2881, W135:NT:P1.5,2; lane 106, ST-4151, W135:NT:P1.5,2; lane 107, ST-112000, W135:NT:P1.5,2; lanes 108–116, ST-11, W135:2a:P1.5,2; lane B, meningitis case isolate, ST-11, Niger 2003. Isolates 101 and 107 were identified as ST-11 by MLST. Isolates 102, 103, 108, 109, and 111–116 are indistinguishable from isolate 101 and are therefore considered ST-11. The 19 ST-11 isolates had 4 different PFGE patterns, of which 3 are represented by isolates 101, 107, and 110. The pattern of isolate 107 is indistinguishable from the 2000 Hajj epidemic strain (not shown). | <urn:uuid:81ecc42a-8333-4c94-86e2-831073bffdab> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/6/06-1395-f1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.815056 | 384 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Structural Biochemistry/Cell Signaling Pathways/Nervous System
The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that coordinate the actions of an animal and send signals from one part of its body to another. These cells send signals either as electrochemical waves traveling along thin fibers called axons, or as chemicals released onto other cells. The nervous system is composed of neurons and other specialized cells called glial cells (plural form glia).
In most animals the nervous system consists of two parts, central and peripheral. The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord. The neurons of the central nervous system are interconnected in complex arrangements and transmit electrochemical signals from one to another. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, clusters of neurons called ganglia, and nerves connecting them to each other and to the central nervous system. Sensory neurons are activated by inputs impinging on them from outside or inside the body, and send signals that inform the central nervous system of ongoing events. Motor neurons, situated either in the central nervous system or in peripheral ganglia, connect neurons to muscles or other effector organs. The interaction of the different neurons form neural circuits that regulate an organism's perception of the world and its body and behavior.
Nervous systems are found in most multicellular animals, but vary greatly in complexity. Sponges have no nervous system, although they have homologs of many genes that play crucial roles in nervous system function, and are capable of several whole-body responses, including a primitive form of locomotion. Radiata, including jellyfish, have a nervous system consisting of a simple nerve net. Bilaterian animals, which include the great majority of vertebrates and invertebrates, all have a nervous system containing a brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
A human nerve cell is composed of various components: the soma, or cell body (which has a nucleus), the axon (by which nerve signals travel), the myelin sheath, which provides conductivity and allows electrical signals to travel through nerve cells, dendrites, which receive signals from other nerve cells, and axon terminals, which nerve cells use to communicate with each other via the release and binding of neurotransmitters.
Neurons communicate with each other using neurotransmitters, which travel across synapses (the space between axon terminals of one nerve cell and the dendrites of another nerve cell) and bind to their appropriate receptors. However, inter cellular communication between nerve cells depends on action potentials, which are voltage differences across membranes. Action potentials are initiated by the movement of charged ions, such as potassium and sodium, across the cell membrane through voltage dependent ion gates. These gates are opened by binding of neurotransmitters to post-synaptic cells. Thus, when a neurotransmitter binds and causes the voltage dependent ion gates to open, ions flow across the membrane, causing a voltage difference which results in an action potential.
These action potentials travel along the axon, and axon terminals and dendrites allow these potentials to move through various nerve cells. Action potentials function on the all or nothing principle. In other words, if a particular stimuli or neurotransmitter concentration does not reach required levels, no action potential will occur. Thus, if a mosquito lands on your hand, you may not feel it because the pressure changed caused by the mosquito landing on you is not significant enough to generate an action potential. However, the pressure of, for example, a handshake, does, and therefore generates an action potential, causing you to feel the other hand. Under the all or nothing principle, action potentials either occur or they do not- an amplitude difference is irrelevant so long as the threshold for an action potential is reached. Instead, the varying feeling you get depends on the rate, or frequency, of action potentials. In other words, if someone threw a pencil at you, it would hurt less than if someone hit you with a car not because the amplitude of the action potential is higher when you are hit by a car, but because nerves are transmitting action potentials much faster.
The myelin sheath surrounding axons is critical to the propagation of action potentials. It essentially serves to maintain conductivity; without it, action potentials would travel much more slowly (so, for example, you would not be able to feel something hit you until after several seconds). This also improves efficiency and decreases the amount of energy required for nerve signaling. Multiple sclerosis is an example of disease caused by the degradation of the myelin sheath in nerve cells. The degradation of this sheath prevents nerve cells from communicating with each other by reducing the effect and velocity of action potentials. Because many important functions depend on a healthy nervous system, such as speech, movement, coordination, sensation, and vision, the degradation of the myelin sheaths can have a debilitating effect.
All neurons exhibit a resting membrane potential which is the membrane potential of a resting neuron. Recall the definition of electricity, there is a voltage difference between the inside of the neuron and the extracellular space. The difference, resting potential, is usually about -70 mV between inside and outside of the neuron. However, the system then would want to equilibrate to 0 mV. Neurons use selective permeability to ions and the Na+/K+ ATPase to maintain a negative internal environment. The neuron also has a plasma membrane that is fairly impermeable to charged species. Ions are unlikely to cross the non-polar barrier, because it is energetically unfavorable. Inside the neuron, the concentration of potassium ion is high and concentration of sodium ion is low. Outside of the neuron has the opposite condition. The negative resting potential is generated by both permeability of the membrane to potassium ion compared with sodium ion. If potassium ion is more permeable and its concentration is higher inside, it will diffuse down its gradient out of the cell. In terms of charge movement, potassium ion is positively charged, so its movement out of the cell results in a cell interior that is negative. If we assume that the membrane starts at zero, and we take away a positive one, we end up with a negative one on the inside of the cell. Sodium ion cannot readily enter at rest, so the negative potential is maintained.
The Na+/K+ ATPase is important for restoring the gradient after action potentials have been fired. They transport three Na+ out of the cell for every two K+ into the cell at the expense of one ATP with a Na+/K+ pump. ATP is qualified as active transport. Each time the pump works, it results in the inside of the cell becoming relatively more negative, as two positive charges are moved in for every three that moved out.
Are neurons the only cells with the resting membrane potential?
No. All cell have the resting membrane potential. Neurons and muscle tissues are unique in using the resting membrane potential to generate action potentials.
Modeling of the Resting Potential
• Resting potential can be modeled by an artificial membrane that separates two chambers:
--1.The concentration of KCl is higher in the inner chamber and lower in the outer chamber.
--2. K+ diffuses down its gradient to the outer chamber.
--3. Negative charge builds up in the inner chamber.
• At equilibrium, both the electrical and chemical gradients are balanced.
• The equilibrium potential (Eion) is the membrane voltage for a particular ion at equilibrium and can be calculated using the Nernst equation:
Eion = 62 mV (log[ion]outside/[ion]inside)
• The equilibrium potential of K+ (EK) is negative, while the equilibrium potential of Na+ (ENa) is positive.
• In a resting neuron, the currents of K+ and Na+ are equal and opposite, and the resting potential across the membrane remains steady.
Neurons, types of neurons, and supporting cells
Neurons are the cell of the nervous systems. Neurons carry electrical signals and communicate with each other via junction called synapse. Neurotransmitters, mainly hormones (epinephrine), are chemical that is released at synapse. Neurons uses membrane potention. The resting neuron membrane potential is -70mV. A neuron is composed of a soma - the cell body, and lots of dendrites. There are three types of neurons: Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Sensory Neurons is found in the Peripheral Nervous System. It communicates the signals from the external and internal environment to the Central Nervous System. Interneurons can only comminucate between neurons. It is found in the Central Nervous System. It integrates signals and synapse with other neurons. Motor neurons carry out the signals from the Central Nervous System out to the effectors. Glial cells are supporting cells. Types of glial cells are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, scwhwann cell,and myelination. Astrocytes are soociated with capillaries bed. It prevents capillaries bed from leaking. It forms the barriers between the blood and the brain and there is great selectivity. Oligodendrocytes form insulating myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System. Schwann cell are insulating myelin sheath associated with axon, it is found in the Peripheral Nervous System. Myelination wrap around axons and serves as electrical insulation. Multiple Sclerosis is a disorder caused by the deterioration of the myelin sheath.
Action potentials are a means of communicating between neurons. An action potential is started when the membrane is depolarized to a certain threshold. Action potentials are all or none, so depolarizations that do not meet the threshold do not do anything for the neuron. The threshold is a point when the charge is -55 mV. The resting potential of a neuron, which is the charge at equilibrium, is around -70 mV. The threshold is 15 mV above the resting potential, and only when the cell depolarizes to this point will the action potential initiate. The action potential starts when voltage gated sodium channels are activated. These channels allow an influx of sodium. Potassium channels also open up, which causes an efflux of potassium ions. The efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane to hyperpolarize (makes more negative) the cell. If the current of potassium exceeds the current of sodium, then the voltage of the cell returns to -70 mV, which is the resting potential. If the voltage increases past the threshold level, then the sodium current is larger than the potassium current. This induces a positive feedback, where more sodium channels are opened (slowly) from this effect, and even more sodium ions enter the cell. This sharp increase in the flow of sodium ions causes the cell to depolarize rapidly, which results in the cell “firing”, which produces an action potential. The rapid depolarization is ended when the sodium channels open all the way. This causes the membrane voltage to reach a maximum. The voltage shuts the sodium channels off, and the channels are inactivated. At the same time, the voltage opens voltage gated potassium channels. The result of these two actions is the repolarization of the membrane. As potassium ions leak out and sodium channels can no longer diffuse across the membrane, the cell is brought to its equilibrium potential.
Various phase of the action potential
An action potential consists of various phases. (1) At the resting potential, voltage-gated sodium channels are closed. Some potassium channels are open, but most voltage-gated potassium channels are closed. (2) When the membrane depolarizes, some voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing the influx of sodium ions. The sodium ion influx causes further depolarization, which more voltage-gated sodium channels will open, causing more sodium ions to flow in. (3) Once threshold is reached, an action potential will occur. The positive-feedback cycles of opening of sodium channels depolarize the membrane rapidly (4) Voltage-gated sodium channels will inactive after opening, stopping the influx of sodium ions. Voltage-gated potassium channels will open and potassium ions will flow out. (5) The gated potassium channels eventually close, and the membrane potential returns to the resting potential. (6) The refractory period is a result of the closing of the sodium channels, which cannot be opened again until the refractory period is over.
Information transmitting occurs at the synapses. There are two types of synapses - Electrical synapses and Chemical synapses. At the electrical synapses, the electric current flows from one neuron to another neuron through gap junction. At the chemical synapses, chemical neurotransmitter carries the information through the synaptic cleft.
Central Nervous System
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a long nervous tissue that extends along the vertebral column from the head to the lower back. It is composed of many distinct structures working together to coordinate the body. The most important is the brain, which has several components:
The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and it controls consciousness. It is in control of voluntary movement, sensory perception, speech, memory, and creative thought.
The cerebellum helps to fine-tune voluntary movement, but is not directly involved in it. It makes sure that movements are coordinated and balanced.
The brainstem is a part of the medulla oblongata and is responsible for the control and regulation of involuntary functions. These functions include breathing, cardiovascular regulation, and swallowing. The medulla oblongata is needed to sustain life and processes a great deal of information.
The hypothalamus is the source of posterior pituitary hormones and releasing hormones acting on the anterior pituitary. It is also responsible for homeostasis maintenance, which includes regulation of temperature, hunger, thirst, water balance, generation of emotion, as well as roles in sexual and mating behaviors.
It is responsible for integration of sensory information, coordination of motor movement, and cognition. The myelination that we saw around axon is also present in the brain. Its presence allows us to distinguish between gray matter, which is unmyelinated, and white matter. The brain of all vertebrates develops from dividing it into the forebrain, the mid-brain, and the hindbrain.
-Forebrain is the most recently acquired part of the CNS in terms of evolutionary development. It is further broken down into the telencephalon and diencephalon. Telencephalon consists of a pair of large left and right hemispheres that can be further sectioned into the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. A group of structures located deep with the cerebrum that makes up the diencephalon. A large portion of the diencephalon is the cerebral cortex, a region of highly convoluted gray matter that can be seen on the surface of the brain. The cortex is responsible for the highest-level functioning in the nervous system, including creative thought and future planning. It also integrates sensory information and controls movement. Each hemisphere is independent, however, they do communicate through a large connection called the corpus collosum.
-Midbrain serves as a relay point between more peripheral structures and the forebrain. It passes sensory and visual information to the forebrain, while receiving motor instructions from the forebrain and passing them to the hindbrain.
-The hindbrain contains three “main structures” that are medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum. Together, they make the brainstem. Medulla oblongata is the most highly conserved part of the brain that is responsible for modulating ventilation rate, heart rate, and gastrointestinal rate. “The pons seems to serve as a relay station carrying signals from various parts of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The pons also participates in the reflexes that regulate breathing.” The cerebellum is a quality control agent that checks the motor signal sent from the cortex is in agreement with the sensory information coming from the body. It is what prevents us from falling over when we trip. It rapidly realizes that the motor signal to take a step was not successfully carried out, as we tripped. Instead of letting us fall on our faces, the cerebellum helps the cortex to adjust to the new situation so that we catch ourselves.
The Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is divided into 4 distinct regions. These distinct regions in the spinal cord organize neurons segmentally. Within a single segment, neurons are grouped and located according to their function throughout the rest of the body. These four segments are the cervical region (8 segments), thoracic region (12 segments), lumbar region (5 segments), and the sacral region (5 segments). Each region is responsible for different parts of the human body. For example, the cervical region is responsible for controlling the arms and the lumbar region is responsible for controlling the legs. Axons usually enter the nerves near each segment in this innervated structure (e.g. fibers that innervate the arm run in the cervical spinal nerves while fibers that innervate the leg run in the lumbosacral spinal nerves). Sensory and motor neurons lie in separate portions of the spinal cord. In general, cells in the dorsal spinal cord and axons in the dorsal spinal nerves serve an afferent function (sensory fibers), while the cells in the ventral spinal cord and axons in the ventral spinal nerves serve as motor in function (efferent fibers). In specific, however, position of ascending pathways carrying fine touch, pressure, and information about the position of muscles and joints are found in the dorsal and lateral columns of each spinal segment. The dorsal column pathway runs on the same side of the spinal cord and crosses at the brain stem, goes through the medial lemniscus, and travels to the cerebral cortex. The position of fibers carrying pain information and pressure information are found in the anterolateral pathway. Information is carried in contralateral anterolateral tracts: the spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts. Spinoreticular tract ends in the brain stem while spinothalamic tract ends in the thalamus. The anterolateral pathway crosses at the spinal cord and travels to the cerebral cortex. For motor information (efferent information), positions of descneding fibers are found in the dorsolateral and ventromedial columns.
The Peripheral Nervous System
This system consists of a sensory system that carries information from the senses to the central nervous and then back to the body. Vertebrate PNS structurally consist of left and right pairs of cranial and spinal nerves and associated ganglia. The cranial nerves start from the brain and end mostly in organs of the head and upper body. The spinal nerves start in the spinal cord and spreads into parts of the body below the head. It also consists of a motor system that branches out from the central nervous system, so it targets certain muscles or organs. The motor system can be divided into the somatic system and the autonomic system.
The Somatic Nervous System
The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement. We described the interface between the neuron and muscle as the neuromuscular junction. Release of acetylcholine fom the nerve terminal onto the muscle leads to contraction. The acetylcholine binding to its receptor on the muscle ultimately leads to muscle depolarization. The somatic nervous system is also responsible for providing us with reflexes, which are automatic. They do not require input or integration from the brain o function. There are two types of reflex arcs: monosynaptic and polysynaptic. Reflexes usually serve a protective purpose. For example, we’d pull our hand away from a hot stove before our brain processes that it is hot.
In a monosynaptic reflex arc, there is a single synapse between the sensory neuron that received the information and the motor neuron that responds. An example will be the knee jerk reflex. When the patellar tendon is stretched, information travels up the sensory neuron to the spinal cord, where it interfaces with the motor neuron to contract the quadriceps muscle. The net result is a straightening of the leg, which lessens the tension to the patellar tendon. However, this reflex is responding to a potentially dangerous situation. If the patellar tendon is stretched too far, it may tear, damaging the knee joint. This reflex helps to protect us.
In a polysynaptic reflex arc, there is at least one interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron. An example will be your reaction to stepping on a tack, which involves the withdrawal reflex. The foot that steps on the tack will be simulated to jerk up (monosynaptic reflex). However, if we are to maintain our balance, we need out other foot to go down and plant itself on the ground. For this to occur, the motor neuron that controls the opposite leg must to be stimulated. Interneuron in the spinal cord provide the connection from the incoming sensory information on the leg being jerked up to the motor neuron for the supporting leg.
On the other hand, the autonomic system controls tissues other than skeletal muscles, such as cardiac muscle, glands, and organs. This system controls processes that are involuntary, such as heartbeat, movements in the digestive tract, and contraction of the bladder. Autonomic neurons are able to either excite or inhibit target muscles or organs. This nervous system is subdivided into sympathetic division and parasympathetic division. These 2 systems work antagonistically and usually have opposite effects.
The Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system that controls visceral functions. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils, urination, and sexual arousal. Although most of this system's actions are voluntary, some actions, such as breathing, are involuntary. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. These two subsystems work together to produce homeostasis. Both subsystems are made up of a two-neuron chain between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
In the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, pre-ganglionic neurons are in the central nervous system, but they synapse to post-ganglionic neurons in the peripheral nervous system. These post-ganglionic neurons will then synapse to the target cells.
In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic transmitter is acetylcholine, and they bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on post-ganglionic cells. Post-ganglionic cells transmit nor-epinephrine, which bind to adrenergic receptors on target cells. The parasympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine as well as the pre-ganglionic transmitter, and bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on post-ganglionic cells. The transmitter from these cells is acetylcholine, and they bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on target cells.
Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system includes increase of heart rate, increase in blood pressure of smooth muscles, and decrease of gut motility. Parasympathetic activity decrease heart rate and increases gut motility.
Occurs when a signal from the peripheral nervous system travels straight to another site in the body, triggering an involuntary reaction with the signal entering the central nervous system and traveling to the brain for processing before a reply signal is sent back. This results in a much faster reaction time and is typically used in situations where bodily harm is imminent.
For example, when you pull your hand back after touching a hot surface, you don't have to think about it. In this case a reflex arc was activated allowing you to remove your hand from a damaging heat source faster, resulting in less damage to the cellular structure of your skin.
Sympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system controls the body's resources under stress, otherwise known as the fight-or-flight response. However, the sympathetic nervous system is constantly active in order to maintain homeostasis. An example would be that when heart beats faster, the liver would convert glycogen to glucose, bronchi of the lungs would expand to support increased gas exchange.
|Heart||Increases rate and force of contraction|
|Digestive tract||Inhibits peristalsis|
|Kidney||Increases renin production|
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The parasympathetic nervous system controls activities that occur when the body is at rest such as salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation. It's actions are often described as "rest and digest." It works in conjunction with the sympathetic nervous system to maintain homeostasis in the body. An example would be the increase activity in parasympathetic division decreases heart rate would increase glycogen production and enhance digestion.
|Heart||Decreases rate and force of contraction|
|Digestive system||Increases activity|
|Kidney||Increases urine production|
What is Mental Inertia and what causes this symptom. It is the involuntary or the unwillingness to perform something. In the other hands, we can say it is slacking in people’s mind to think of something or come up with a plan. People usually call that in a normal way is laziness that is hidden somewhere inside each of us. And based on each person’s function, it will display different level of the laziness. Therefore, the immunity is also different. So when we can break this slacking and laziness, we can create the impulse. There are many types that that cause by mental inertia: - By incorrectly established result - By adherence to a faulty technique - By the incorrect understanding of mechanism of action - By improper controls Now we know what causes this symptom so we can find a way to overcome it. Here is just an example of how to overcome it. There are several ways to handle it. By mentally, try to see the result of our action and capture it. Then we will start moving to physically and let our brains follow the suit. We just try to start very slow to see the actual result from the small step. The most important thing is just believe in ourselves that we can do everything. It is very easy to break and control once we know how to overcome it.
Nervous system disorders
Depression is a disorder characterized by depression mood, for example, appetite, sleep and energy level. There are two forms of depressive illness: major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Major depressive disorder maybe last many months with no pleasure and no interest. Bipolar disorder involves swings of mood form high to low and affects very rarely to people.
Schizophrenia is a very rare yet severe mental disturbance characterized by psychotic episodes in which patients have a distorted perception of reality. People with this illness usually suffer from hallucination and delusions.
Alzheimer’s disease is a mental deterioration, or dementia characterized by confusion and many other symptoms. This disease is progressive, with patients gradually becoming less able to function. The disease is mainly associated with the development of senility as a result of a buildup in β-ammyloid plaques. However, the causes for the disease are not only genetically related, but they can stem from any damage to the axonal transport system which itself might arise from structural changes or even traumatic brain injury. The resulting damage incurred into the axonal transport system has the potential for vesicles containing chemical precursors to build up and create damaging plaques, as is the case with Alzheimer’s disease. Various other defects in axonal transport systems or mutations in gene coding can cause this neurodegenerative disorder. Which could lead to the death of neurons in many areas of the brain.
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by difficulty in initiating movement and slowness of movement. Its symptoms result from the death of neurons in the midbrain. At present, there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease.
Gorazd B. Stokin and Lawrence S.B. Goldstein, "Axonal Transport and Alzheimer's Disease". Annual Review of Biochemistry Vol. 75: 607-627 (Volume publication date July 2006) Print | <urn:uuid:b057253f-eeb4-41fa-9bbc-9e890cb10f6f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Cell_Signaling_Pathways/Nervous_System | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921563 | 5,911 | 3.859375 | 4 |
by Staff Writers
Paris (ESA) Sep 05, 2011
ESA's Mars Express has spotted a rare case of a crater once filled by a lake, revealed by the presence of a delta. The delta is an ancient fan-shaped deposit of dark sediments, laid down in water. It is a reminder of Mars' past, wetter climate.
The delta is in the Eberswalde crater, in the southern highlands of Mars. The 65 km-diameter crater is visible as a semi-circle on the right of the image and was formed more than 3.7 billion years ago when an asteroid hit the planet.
The rim of the crater is intact only on its right-hand side. The rest appears only faintly or is not visible at all. A later impact created the 140 km diameter Holden crater that dominates the centre and left side of the image. The expulsion of large amounts of material from that impact buried parts of Eberswalde.
However, within the visible part of Eberswalde, the delta and its feeder channels are well preserved , as seen near the top right of the crater. The delta covers an area of 115 square kilometres. Small, meandering feeder channels are visible towards the top of the crater, which would have filled it to form a lake.
After the deposition of the delta sediments in the crater's ancient lake, fresher sediments accumulated to cover up a major part of both the channels and the delta. These secondary sediments, presumably deposited by the wind, were later eroded in the delta area, exposing an inverted relief of the delta structure.
This delta structure, first identified with NASA's Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, is characteristic of the presence of a lake in the crater at that time. Such features provide a clear indication that liquid water flowed across the surface of Mars in the planet's early history.
Both Eberswalde crater and Holden crater were on the shortlist of four possible destinations for the next NASA Mars rover, to be launched late this year.
The main objective of the Mars Science Laboratory mission is the search for present or previously habitable environments on Mars. ESA's Mars Express mission has been helping in the search for the best landing site.
Eberswalde was proposed because its delta indicates the long-lasting presence of liquid water in the past and Holden Crater was a candidate because of its mineral diversity and many structures that again suggest past liquid water.
Another candidate, Mawrth Vallis, exposes some of the oldest clay-rich layers on Mars. However, in July, Gale crater, the final entry on the shortlist, was selected as the mission's landing site, given its high mineral and structural diversity related to water.
Eberswalde, Holden and Mawrth Vallis will get to hold on to their secrets for a while longer.
Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com
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Out of Thin Martian Air
Moffet Field CA (SPX) Aug 29, 2011
A wet Mars is just a memory, but where did the water go? Geological observations suggest rivers and seas dotted the martian surface 3.5 billion years ago. The amount of water has been equated to a planet-wide ocean half-a-kilometer deep or more. For the planet to have stayed warm enough for liquid water, scientists assume that Mars had a greenhouse "blanket" of carbon dioxide atmosphere at least ... read more
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Similar to any other format of productivity, classrooms need effective management. Just as a business requires clear and structured control, so does a lesson. Therefore, the question is which are recognized as the most effective and successful classroom management strategies?
Establishing an efficient management strategy right from the off is absolutely essential for any teacher. The concept itself is something that presents the most challenge to a newly qualified teacher, perhaps in their first job. Essentially, a teacher must define a balanced, fair, yet disciplined method. They must find a method that allows for enjoyment and comfort, but not so much as to allow defiance and laziness.
This is by no means an easy balance to pin point. By coming over too strict, students are not enjoying nor engaging with the material they are learning. The psychology states that humans have a tendency to rebel against forceful rules. In the same respect, not enough discipline can equate to nothing more than students taking control of the teacher and any sort of learning is out of the question.
Effective classroom management strategies should feature a variety of key components. An important thing to remember is that absolute fairness must be established with each student. Students themselves have an uncanny ability of flagging up what they deem as unfairness. This does not bode well if a teacher is hoping to receive respect. Therefore, make sure that all students are treated fairly, no favoritism and no labeling.
A huge part of effective classroom management is a teacher's ability to deal with disruptions and potential confrontation. Dealing with a disruption immediately is certainly the most effective. Moreover, handling the disruption with absolute minimal interruption is imperative. Instead of stopping mid flow and reprimanding the student, simply reclaim the student's attention by asking them a question on the topic. This allows a quick and subtle way of eradicating the disruption.
Not only is minimal interruption required, but resolving a disruption by using a small dose of humor is a great way to prevent any sort of heated confrontation. Although this strategy can be greatly effective in a prompt defusal of the disruption, make sure not to be patronizing or offensive when using humor. Damaging the teacher-student relationship will only complicate the classroom management tenfold.
Unfortunately, it is highly unlikely that a teacher will go through their career without a confrontation from a student. Nevertheless, this should not be of any concern. The best thing is to try and avoid any confrontation in front of a class. Although sometimes, depending on a student's temperament, this can be unavoidable, always offer your time at the end of class to resolve any issues. This is far, far better than engaging in an argument with the student in front of the rest of class.
Always assure that a lesson is well planned out in advance, with no free time that could open up windows of opportunity for disruption and loss of concentration.
Most importantly however, consistency is the absolute foundation to successful classroom management. By acting consistently in every aspect of your strategy, you are ensuring you receive respect that you deserve. | <urn:uuid:5bf3f384-0b14-4c40-aa07-111736137441> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/methods/management/themost.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956068 | 655 | 3.125 | 3 |
FCCU is a programmable unit that monitors the integrity status of the microcontroller and provides flexible safe state control by collecting errors and leading the device in a controlled way to a safe state when a failure is present. No CPU intervention is requested for collection and control operation.
A simplified block diagram of FCCU is shown here.
FCCU implements a finite state machine that moves from one state to another on the basis of the errors occurring in the system and the actions/inactions taken upon them. Depending on the fault configuration, the faults occurrence may cause a reset or maskable/non-maskable interrupt or no reaction to occur. There are also two pins (EOUT0/1) provided on the SoC to allow communication to external environment about the faults occurring in the system.
Self-test control unit (STCU)
This is a self-diagnostic measure for the device that is run at boot/shutdown time to ensure that there are no latent/dormant faults present in the device that may corrupt its operation during the application run. Generally, the self-test is run on the digital logic (called LBIST) and embedded memories (called MBIST) with enough coverage to meet the required Safety Integrity Level (SIL) of the system.
Fig. 3. STCU Operation during system boot-up
Clock monitor unit (CMU)
- After an STCU reset event, the SSCM (self-checking computer module) detects that the device self-test has not been run yet.
- The SSCM reads the self-test parameters from flash nonvolatile memory (NVM).
- The SSCM loads the self-test parameters into the STCU and passes control over to the STCU.
- The STCU manages the MBISTs and updates its internal status.
- The STCU manages the LBISTs and updates its internal status.
- If faults are detected, the STCU reports the test failures to the FCCU.
- Once self-test is completed, the STCU signals the Reset Module and the boot sequence proceeds to the next phase. However, if a SIR (stay-in-reset) fault occurs, the STCU keeps the device in reset until an STCU reset event is applied.
CMU is a module that monitors the system PLL output or the external crystal oscillator frequency and signals fault, reset, or interrupt if there is a loss of clock or if the monitored clocks leave a lower or upper frequency boundary. CMUs use the system safe clock (internal RC oscillator clock) as a reference to monitor the clock.
A simplified block diagram of CMU is shown here.
As can be seen in the diagram above, the CMU provides signals to the reset and FCCU modules if there is oscillator loss-of-clock event or frequency-high/frequency-low event on the monitored clocks. The configurations done on the RESET and FCCU modules determine if the event will generate an interrupt or reset.
Power monitoring unit
There are two types of voltage supervisors implemented on Freescale safety devices, low-voltage detect (LVD) and high-voltage detect (HVD) monitors. All the safety relevant voltage pins are supervised for voltages that are out of these ranges.
Because safety relevant voltages have the potential to disable the failure indication mechanisms of the MCU (such as FCCU, pads, and so on) their error indication directly causes the device to transition to the fail-safe state (reset assertion).
Even though the implementation of functional safety features in devices requires redundancy in MCUs, and increased power and die-size, the benefits attached to a robust system (with the device being able to provide fail-safe, fail-silent, or fail-indicate states) are immense. Such functional safety features (as shown for Freescale devices) allow customers to achieve ISO 26262 ASILx and IEC 61508 SILx certification on their applications.
1. “Next Generation Automotive Electrical Motor Control: Trends & Solutions” by Leos Chalupa, Freescale Semiconductor
2. MPC5643L Reference Manual
3. MPC574x Reference Manual
Arun Mishra is lead design engineer at Freescale Semiconductor.
If you liked this article, go to the Automotive Designline home page
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28 April 2011
If you were in DC last week you might have visited the Seventh Annual Ge
nealogy Fair sponsored by . It was a great event – many activities to choose from, classes to take, vendors to visit and so much more. NARA
More than likely though, most of you were not in DC and so missed the fair! And, even if you were at the fair, with three talks given in each time period and no duplication, you weren’t able to attend all the sessions anyway.
cannot re-create the excitement of the actual fair, they have done the next best thing. They have created a page with handouts from many of the various talks given. These are a great resource to how to use some of the records kept at our National Archives! NARA
copyright © National Ge
nealogical Society, 3108 Columbia Pike, Suite 300, Arlington, Virginia 22204-4370. http://www.ngsgenealogy.org.
Republication of UpFront articles is permitted and encouraged for non-commercial purposes without express permission from
NGS. Please drop us a note telling us where and when you are using the article. Express written permission is required if you wish to republish UpFront articles for commercial purposes. You may send a request for express written permission to UpFront@ngsgenealogy.org. All republished articles may not be edited or reworded and must contain the copyright statement found at the bottom of each UpFront article.
Think your friends, colleagues, or fellow genealogy researchers would find this blog post interesting? If so, please let them know that anyone can read past UpFront with NGS posts or subscribe!
Suggestions for topics for future UpFront with◦
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|Date||March 12, 1948|
|Summary||Controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)|
|Site||Mount Sanford, Alaska Territory|
|Aircraft type||Douglas C-54G-1-DO|
|Registration||NC95422 (formerly 45-513)|
|Flight origin||Shanghai, China|
|Destination||New York City, New York|
On March 12, 1948, Northwest Airlines Flight 4422 (NC95422) crashed into Mount Sanford, Alaska, with a crew of six and 24 passengers. The flight was a C-54 charter flying back to the United States from Shanghai. The aircraft refueled at Anchorage (Merrill Field) and took off at 8:12 P.M. to continue on to its destination, New York City (LaGuardia Airport). Instead of following the published airway, which detoured around Mount Sanford, the aircraft flew a direct line, crashing into the mountain. After the initial impact the wreckage slid down for about 3000 feet before coming to rest. There were no survivors. The passengers were American merchant mariners, crew members of the tanker SS Sunset, being ferried back home.
Many witnesses in the nearby town of Gulkana saw the crash, and the wreckage was initially located from the air, but it was completely inaccessible at the time. Snowstorms quickly buried it in a mountain glacier, and it was lost for over 50 years. Over the years, various individuals, lured by rumors of a secret gold cargo shipment from China, searched the mountain and came home empty-handed. Northwest pilot Marc Millican and Delta pilot Kevin McGregor had been searching the mountain together and on their own since 1995.
In 1997 Millican and McGregor located a few pieces of wreckage but were unable to confirm it was from Northwest 4422. Only in 1999, after obtaining permission from the National Park Service and victims' relatives, were they able to remove wreckage confirming it was from Flight 4422. No secret treasure was ever found. At the time of the crash it was determined the pilots were 23 miles (37 km) off course and may not have seen the mountain at night. An NTSB investigation in 1999 shows the propellers were spinning at high velocity when they struck the mountain, which supports this theory.
In addition to wreckage discovered in 1999, a mummified left hand and arm was found in the Alaska glacier. After nearly a decade, identifiable fingerprints were recovered from the remains by Edward Robinson. The remains were then positively identified by Michael Grimm on September 6, 2007 using fingerprints, making this the world's oldest known identification of post-mortem remains using fingerprint identification. The limb was from Francis Joseph Van Zandt, a 36-year-old merchant marine from Roanoke, Virginia, one of the passengers on Flight 4422. Subsequently, using DNA from a descendant of Van Zandt, Dr. Odile Loreille, an expert in DNA analysis, was also able to identify the remains using mitochondrial and Y-DNA identification. Only the remains of Francis Joseph Van Zandt were ever recovered or identified. The bodies of the remaining 29 individuals still await possible recovery.
A complete factual account of this accident, the numerous expeditions to the site, and the associated legends of treasure being on the plane are fully researched and explained in Kevin A. McGregor's recent book, Flight Of Gold, published in 2013.
- BSAA Star Dust accident - Airliner that crashed onto a mountain glacier in 1947 and remained undiscovered until 1998.
- FLIGHT OF GOLD - Two pilots' true adventure of finding Northwest Airlines Flight 4422, Alaska's Legendary Gold wreck. Published 2013, In-Depth Editions. www.in-deptheditions.com
- Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
- "CAB report for March 12, 1948 accident involving NC95422, Docket No. SA-168, File No. 1-0025." (PDF). Civil Aeronautics Board. Adopted July 23, 1948. Retrieved 2009-11-05. Check date values in:
|date=(help) (plain text version also available)
(if links above fail to load report, visit http://dotlibrary.specialcollection.net and select "Historical Aircraft Accident Reports (1934-1965)", then retry report links)
- *Bruce Felknor (June 21, 2000). "Tragic Voyage of the SS Sunset Crew". usmm.org. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
- Theresa Mattick (October 1999). "Finding Northwest Flight 4422". Air Line Pilot. p. 18. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
- "Major Airline Disasters: Involving Commercial Passenger Airlines 1920-2011". Airdisasters.co.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- "GW News Center". Gwu.edu. 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2013-10-14.
- Archived August 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
- "EVIDENTŽ Crime Scene Products – Merchant Marine Identification". Evidentcrimescene.com. Retrieved 2013-10-14.
- "Mummified remains from 1948 plane crash identified" (PDF). Associated Press. August 17, 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
Nine years of sleuthing, advanced DNA science and cutting-edge forensic techniques have finally put a name to a mummified hand and arm found in an Alaska glacier. The remains belong to Francis Joseph Van Zandt, a 36-year-old merchant marine from Roanoke, Va., who was on a plane rumored to contain a cargo of gold when it smashed into the side of a mountain 60 years ago. Thirty people died in the crash.
- [dead link]
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Importance of taxes: Why should we pay tax to the governmentBY: Tim | Category: Business and Finance | Post Date: 2009-06-18
All citizens of a country are morally and legally bound to pay their fair share of tax. In this article I will cover the importance of paying taxes to the government and why we should not do the mistake of hiding money or avoiding taxes. A large percentage of people who pay tax think as if government is trying to steal their hard earned money .. well thats not true. Money collected from taxes help a country to become stronger and help government provide a variety of services to its citizens.
Example of some services that government provides with our tax money:
1. Infrastructure Projects: Government needs money to build roads, bridges, dams and number of other projects which are available to the society as a whole.
2. Public Security: Money collected from taxes is used to provide police and fire departments. It also helps to fund money needed to maintain defense forces (army, navy and air-force) and buy arms for them.
3. General services: Keeping roads clean, water treatment, street lights, trash removal and maintenance of public parks requires lot of money.
4. Health Services: Almost all governments provide some level of free or subsidized health services to its citizens. This may include preventive immunization shots, disaster relief and many others. All this money is funded by the tax money you and I pay.
5. The list goes on: Maintenance of historic monuments, government aid, emergency relief, conduct elections, run several government institutions like department for agriculture, commerce, energy, urban development, treasury, judiciary, department of motor vehicles etc.
Types of taxes:
Government can impose taxes in many forms, for example: Income tax, Sales tax, Excise tax, Toll Tax, Recreation tax, social security, medicare etc ..
Does everyone has to pay tax?
It depends on country to country, but in most cases people with very low income do not have to pay tax.
Does everyone pay same tax?
Usually people with higher income pay a higher percentage of tax than the people with lower income.
Why should I still have to pay tax?
Think about this, if we only paid for the services we need then there is no way we could afford it. For example if you wanted to go from City A to City B, can you afford to pay for the construction of road that connects those two cities.. NO. You open tap and clean water flows out of it, if we were to put a filtration system on our own and a pipe that connects all the way to the nearby reservoir, it will cost just too much. Therefore we pay for these services in form of tax and use them as a whole society.
The result of not paying taxes could result in penalty and prison time. So next time when the time comes to pay taxes, do not feel too bad. It is your contribution to the services you receive in return.
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Global Challenges/Chemistry Solutions
Supplying Safe Drinking Water: Don’t blame The Pill for estrogen in drinking water
February 16, 2011
Contrary to popular belief, estrogens
SummaryContrary to popular belief, The Pill accounts for less than 1 percent
of the estrogens found in the nation’s drinking water supplies,
according to a recent analysis. The report in ACS’ biweekly journal
Environmental Science & Technology suggests that most of
the estrogens enter drinking water supplies from other sources.
Contrary to popular belief, The Pill accounts for less than 1 percent of the estrogens found in the nation’s drinking water supplies, according to a recent analysis. The report in ACS’ biweekly journal Environmental Science & Technology suggests that most of the estrogens enter drinking water supplies from other sources. Here is Tracey Woodruff, Ph.D., of the University of California, San Francisco:
“Estrogen is a sex hormone. The one in your body is important for normal function and for reproductive health. Where the concern comes in is natural or synthetic chemicals that mimic or disrupt estrogen. These are often referred to as endocrine disruptors, and they can affect people and wildlife. Chronic exposure to these chemicals in the water supply could be linked to fertility problems and other health problems.”
Almost 12 million women of reproductive age in the United States take the pill, which is a synthetic form of estrogen, and their urine contains both synthetic and natural estrogens. Because of this, many people believe that oral contraceptives are the major source of estrogen in lakes, rivers, and streams. Woodruff and colleagues set out to investigate these claims. They analyzed recent studies to pin down the main sources of estrogens in water supplies.
“Our analysis found that the main estrogen in oral contraceptives has a lower predicted concentration in U.S. drinking water than natural estrogens from animal waste, which can be used untreated as a farm fertilizer and from synthetic estrogens, such as industrial sources. In addition, everyone excretes hormones in their urine, not just women taking the pill. The contribution of oral contraceptives is still relatively small when accounting for its potency.”
Some research cited in the report suggests that animal manure accounts for 90 percent of estrogens in the environment. Other research estimates that if just 1 percent of the estrogens in livestock waste reached waterways, it would comprise 15 percent of the estrogens in the water supply.
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Smart chemists. Innovative thinking. That’s the key to solving global challenges of the 21st Century. Please check out more of our full-length podcasts on wide-ranging issues facing chemistry and science, such as promoting public health, developing new fuels and confronting climate change, at www.acs.org/globalchallenges. Today’s podcast was written by John Simpson. I’m Adam Dylewski at the American Chemical Society in Washington.
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The data are home heating data from two houses with heating data from the second house with and without an energy efficient fireplace. The first house (Conventional) is a typical house with no special energy conservation measures. The second (Efficient) was designed to be an energy efficient house. The data for the Efficient house are for two different years, one with and one without an energy efficient fireplace.
The unit of heating is the therm, a standard unit of heating, equivalent to 100,000 BTU and roughly equivalent to the heating provided by 100 cubic feet of gas. The amount of heat loss of a house (and thus the subsequent heat demand to keep it at a steady temperature) is a direct function of how cold it is outside. The standard unit of temperature for heating (in the US) is the "degree day" which is the sum across days of the difference of the average temperature and 65 degrees (F).
The slope of the regression of therms on degree days is a measure of the quality of insulation of the house. The flatter the slope, the better insulated the house and the less energy it requires for heating. It also reflects other sources (e.g. a fireplace) of heating.
Several different graphical techniques are demonstrated. These will be boxplots for each group, a coplot showing the therms by temperature plots for each house separately, and then a plot with overlaid regression lines.
#demonstration of plotting multiple regression lines #the data are home heating data from three houses. One, an energy efficient house, the other, a more conventional house #therms (a standard unit of heating, equivalent to 100,000 BTU and roughly equivalent to the heating provided by 100 cubic feet of gas) #degree days are a unit of temperature and are the sum across days of the number of degrees below 65F. filename="http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/heating.txt" #where are the data heating=read.table(filename,header=TRUE) #get the data attach(heating) #allows for convenient access to variables by names boxplot(therms~Location, main="Heating demand of three houses",ylab="Therms") #show the range, quartiles, and median for all locations coplot(therms~degreedays|Location,panel=panel.smooth) #plots therms * degreedays separately for different values of Location
Plot the regressions lines on top of each other to visualize the interaction.
model=lm(therms~degreedays*Location) #test the main effects of degrees and the interaction between locations print(model) #show the coefficients summary(model) #show the probability estimates for the coefficients by(heating,Location,function(x) summary(lm(therms~degreedays,data=x))) #give the summary stats for the regression by location par(mfrow=c(1,1)) symb=c(19,25,3,23) #choose some nice plotting symbols colors=c("black","red","green","blue") #choose some nice colors plot(degreedays,therms,pch=symb[Location],col=colors[Location],bg=colors[Location],cex=1.0,main="Heating demands (therms) by house and Degree Days") #show the data points by(heating,Location,function(x) abline(lm(therms~degreedays,data=x))) #show the best fitting regression for each group text(1500,190,"Energy efficient with fireplace") text(1500,350,"Energy efficient no fireplace") text(1500,460,"Conventional")
A note for the energy conscious: The conventional house used .35 Therms/degree day while the energy efficient house without a fireplace used .19 therms/degree day. When an energy efficient (high combustion) fireplace was installed, the use dropped to .15 therms/degree day for a 60% reduction in gas consumption compared to the conventional house.
part of a short guide to R
Version of December 31, 2004
Department of Psychology | <urn:uuid:2ccd5f4c-6eba-444b-85be-6ca2d9eb3c11> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.personality-project.org/r/r.plotregressions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873042 | 873 | 3.421875 | 3 |
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To find top dead center in an internal combustion engine, it is necessary to stop the movement of a piston. Typically, most engine builders will choose to find top dead center with the No. 1 cylinder. Using a dial indicator gauge and a crankshaft socket, it is possible to find the top dead center of a piston's stroke by taking a reading on the dial indicator while turning the rotating assembly. Once located, it is much easier to find top dead center by using a piston stop bolted to the engine block and adjusted to just come into contact with the top of the piston when it's at the very top of the stroke.
It is very important to find top dead center of an engine's stroke in order to set the ignition timing. All ignition timing is set and adjusted according to the piston's relation to top dead center of the crankshaft's stroke. Once an engine is running, the ignition timing can be set using a timing light and the reading from the harmonic balancer. Initial start up requires the engine builder to find top dead center and set the timing to fire at that point in the engine's rotation. All final adjustments can be made once the engine has been started.
If an engine is mounted in a vehicle and the cylinder heads are in place, it is still possible to find top dead center. After removing the spark plug wires to disable the engine and prevent accidental start up, the No. 1 spark plug must be removed. Once removed, a small screwdriver can be inserted into the spark plug hole, and the engine can be rotated by turning the crankshaft pulley. This can be done by hand or by bumping the starter. While the engine is rotating, it is necessary to hold onto the screwdriver and feel when it contacts the piston to find top dead center.
When the piston contacts the piston stop, it will begin to be pushed up and out of the spark plug hole. At the point that the screwdriver ceases to be pushed up and out of the cylinder, the engine should be gently rocked back and forth by hand. When it feels like the screwdriver is neither going up or down, the search to find top dead center has been completed.
With the engine in this position, the spark plug can be reinstalled, the plug wires can be reattached and the ignition rotor can be positioned so it is pointing to the No. 1 spark plug wire. The vehicle should then start and run. Now, the ignition timing can be set with a timing light.
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(one synonym : Lycaena paradoxa Guest, 1882)
CANDALIDINI , POLYOMMATINAE , LYCAENIDAE , PAPILIONOIDEA
(Photo: courtesy of Martin Purvis, taken at Ingleburn, New South Wales)
This Caterpillar is green with dense white hairs, and six reddish nobs on its back. It is usually attended by a number of black ants. It hides by day, and feeds by night on a variety of plants including :
The Caterpillars grow to a length of about 1.5 cms. The pupa is brown and rough, with a length of about 1 cm. It is formed either on the foodplant or in the ground debris nearby.
The adults are pale brown on top, with a purple sheen. Underneath, they are white with a row of black dots along the wing margins. The butterflies have a wing span of about 3 cms.
The eggs are pale green, round, rough, and flattened. They have a diameter of about 0.8 mm. They are laid singly usually in the axil of a leaf.
The butterfly is more often encountered in the open fields than the dense forest. It prefers to remain close to the ground. The species occurs over the southern half of Australia, including
as two races:
Further reading :
Michael F. Braby,
Butterflies of Australia, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne 2000, vol. 2, pp. 772-774.
H. Ramsay Cox,
Entomological notes from South Australia,
The Entomologist, conducted by Edward Newman,
Volume 6 (1873), p. 402, No. 1.
(updated 10 september 2009, 1 November 2013) | <urn:uuid:30161a5c-14f2-47fe-a0fe-974936e651da> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/lyca/heathi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903623 | 374 | 3.1875 | 3 |
A selection of articles related to dvaita vedanta.
Original articles from our library related to the Dvaita Vedanta. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Dvaita Vedanta.
- An Overview of Karma
- Karma is a Sanskrit word than means act or action. In a nutshell, Karma is all about reaping the consequences of one’s action.
Spirits >> The Soul
- What is Kabbalah
- Kabbalah can be interpreted and explained in different ways. Kaballah is quite difficult to categorize since its philosophy cannot be verified and not based on historic fact.
Mystic Sciences >> Symbology
Dvaita Vedanta is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Dvaita Vedanta books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Dvaita Vedanta: Madhva's Vaishnava Theism
- and ontological classification in Madhva's Dvaita Vedanta. Madhva insists on a difference in status between the two principles, and makes one of them finite, ...
- Sri MadhvAchArya's - Dvaita-the ultimate truth
- knowing more about shrI madhvAchArya and dvaita, the philosophy .... History of dvaita school of VEdanta and its Literature- shrI BNK Sharma 2. dvaita.
- Subject: dvaita vs advaita > I have a very basic question to this very
- tell us what exactly does dvaita and advaitha mean. kanaka. One of the central questions concerning Vedanta philosophers is the relationship of the individual ...
- Roman - Dvaita
- made available on www.dvaita.org with the author's permission.
- We Are The Imagination of Ourselves - Hampedia
- May 7, 2008 Chapter 1: Introduction: The Principle of Lila in Advaita Vedanta ..... The aforementioned Advaita (“non-dual”; a-dvaita) Vedanta (“sum or end of ...
Suggested News Resources
- Jeans, Salwar or Saree - Know what to wear before entering a temple in Tamil Nadu
- Chennai: Three days after a dress code for devotees visiting temples across Tamil Nadu came into force, the state government on Monday challenged the Madras High Court order banning jeans and shorts as "inappropriate" for spiritual worship.
- Asaram Bapu's daughter-in-law alleges torture by godman, husband
- INDORE: The daughter-in-law of self-styled godman Asaram Bapu, who along with his son Narayan Sai are lodged in jail in connection with separate rape cases, has accused the father-son duo of mentally torturing her.
- Sri Madhvacharya and his philosophy of Dvaita
- Among the three jewels of Vedanta viz Shankaracharya, Ramanuja, Sri Madhvacharya could be treated as the third philosopher who introduced a balance between these two extreme positions in Indian philosophy viz. Advaita and Vishishtadvaita. The most ...
- Indians known as Hindus when they go abroad: RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat
- Trying to push religion and religiosity down people throat is against Indian ethos, Hinduism or rather Sanatandharma, Vedas, Vedanta, Dvaita, Advaita and all other past Indian traditions like Charvaka (atheist).
Suggested Web Resources
- Dvaita - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Dvaita also refers to a sub-school in Vedanta tradition of Hindu philosophy. Alternatively known as Bhedavāda, Tattvavāda and Bimbapratibimbavāda, Dvaita ...
- Madhva | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- The main tenet of Madhva's Dvaita Vedanta is that the Vedic tradition teaches a fundamental difference between the human soul or atman and the ultimate ...
- What is the difference between Dvaita, Advaita and Visishtadvaita
- There are other equivalences between the swan and the advaitin, that make the swan a particularly apt symbol for advaita vedAnta. The swan stays in water, but ...
- Brahman According to Advaita and Dvaita in Hinduism
- Dvaita and Advaita are two divergent schools of Vedanta philosophy in Hinduism which interpret reality and the relationship between Brahman, the Supreme ...
- Dvaita | Hindu philosophy | Britannica.com
- Feb 19, 2015 Dvaita, ( Sanskrit: “Dualism”) an important school in Vedanta, one of the six philosophical systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy. Its founder ...
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Dvaita Vedanta Topics
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alonso pita da veiga
dayak kaharingan religion | <urn:uuid:301afa81-15a9-431b-9abd-e9caaa4cc96f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.realmagick.com/dvaita-vedanta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.868786 | 1,174 | 2.703125 | 3 |
If you have COPD, you can take steps to feel better and slow the damage to your lungs:
July 21, 2015
- Control your breathing. Talk to your doctor or respiratory therapist about techniques for breathing more efficiently throughout the day. Also be sure to discuss breathing positions and relaxation techniques that you can use when you're short of breath.
- Clear your airways. With COPD, mucus tends to collect in your air passages and can be difficult to clear. Controlled coughing, drinking plenty of water and using a humidifier may help.
- Exercise regularly. It may seem difficult to exercise when you have trouble breathing, but regular exercise can improve your overall strength and endurance and strengthen your respiratory muscles.
- Eat healthy foods. A healthy diet can help you maintain your strength. If you're underweight, your doctor may recommend nutritional supplements. If you're overweight, losing weight can significantly help your breathing, especially during times of exertion.
- Avoid smoke and air pollution. In addition to quitting smoking, it's important to avoid places where others smoke. Secondhand smoke may contribute to further lung damage. Other types of air pollution also can irritate your lungs.
- See your doctor regularly. Stick to your appointment schedule, even if you're feeling fine. It's important to steadily monitor your lung function. And be sure to get your annual flu vaccine in the fall to help prevent infections that can worsen your COPD. Ask your doctor when you need the pneumococcal vaccine.
- Balkissoon R, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A concise review. Medical Clinics of North America. 2011;95:1125.
- Longo DL, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Harrison's Online. 18th ed. New York, N.Y.: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2012. http://www.accessmedicine.com. Accessed June 3, 2015.
- What is COPD? National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/copd/. Accessed June 3, 2015.
- Standards for the diagnosis and management of patients with COPD. American Thoracic Society. http://www.thoracic.org/clinical/copd-guidelines/index.php. Accessed June 4, 2015.
- Hanley ME, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Pulmonary Medicine. New York, N.Y.: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2003. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=346§ionid=39883254. Accessed June 4, 2015.
- Foreman MG. Genes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medical Clinics of North America. 2012;96:699.
- Rosenberg SR, et al. An integrated approach to the medical treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medical Clinics of North America. 2012;96:811.
- AskMayoExpert. Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2015.
- Scanlon PD (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. June 4, 2015. | <urn:uuid:45ed19e2-f6a3-4cc3-a0d7-87ae749bdc58> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/basics/lifestyle-home-remedies/con-20032017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880747 | 689 | 2.515625 | 3 |
September 5, 2008
Blankney at Sea
If people were asked what involvement Blankney had at sea in WW2 the general answer would probably be "none, the nearest sea is the North Sea and that's 40 miles away. "Blankney" in actual fact had a very active part to play in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the North Sea during this time as there was a ship named after her.
HMS Blankney was a Hunt Type II Escort Destroyer, one of a number named after British Fox Hunts. Between 1939 and 1942 86 such destroyers were built in four different classes from Type I to Type IV. As suggested, these vessels were used primarily on convoy duties but many saw active duty, including HMS Blankney herself, involving sinking German U-boats,
Obviously Type I, of which there were 20, was the first such destroyer but it was quickly established that these had a design fault, being too short and narrow and also lacking range for open ocean work. Because of this these were predominantly used in the North Sea and the Med.
The Type II vessels, of which there were 36, including HMS Blankney, saw the hull split lengthwise with an extra section added which, with the increased beam, gave more stability for its additional armament and more storage for her depth charges (raised from 40 to 110).
The Type III vessels (27 of them) were designed for specific work in the Mediterranean and were easily recognised by their straight funnel with a sloping top. The final two (Type IV) vessels were built to a private design. Of the 86 vessels completed, 72 were commissioned by the Royal Navy with the remaining 14 transferred to allied navies, including the Greek, Polish, Norwegian and French.
HMS Blankney was built at Clydebank in Scotland by John Brown Shipbuilders with work commencing in May 1940. It was launched in December and fully fitted out by April '41. Measuring 280 feet in length and 31 1/2 feet in breadth she had a standard displacement of 1,050 tons (1,340 tons fully laden). The vessel was designed for a top speed of 29 knots, with a range of 3,500 nautical miles at 15 knots. This fell dramatically to just 1,100 nautical miles at full speed.
The Type II Destroyer's weaponry initially included six four inch guns and one 2 pounder (4 barrel) pom-pom. Later this was complemented with two 20 m.m. Oerlikon guns and depth charge armament for anti-submarine warfare. The vessel carried the pennant L30 and is believed to be the only Royal Naval vessel to carry the name of HMS Blankney.
In early 1942 the Government introduced a National Savings campaign (named "Warship Week") with the intention that towns throughout Britain would "adopt" one of the Royal Navy's ships. Once "adopted" the people of the specific town would give support to the ship whilst also developing a keener interest in what was happening at sea during troubled times. HMS Blankney was "adopted" by Nantwich in Cheshire and to this day this town still has fond memories of her and has a residential street named after her.
Based in Northern Ireland "Blankney" was first involved in escort duties for troop carriers to and from Gibraltar. Then in December '41 came the first "real" action when she was dispatched to give reinforcements elsewhere. An aircraft from HMS Audacity advised that a U-boat had surfaced north-east of Maderia. Together with other vessels she gave chase and using gunfire and depth charges, the German Submarine (U-131) was forced to surface with all hands taken prisoner. This was on 17 December and just a day later "Blankney", along with HMS Stanley, chased down a second U-Boat (U-434) and after repeated attack, the submarine, severely damaged, surfaced to allow her crew to be saved. Just two of the subs crews were lost with the remainder, along with the previous crew, then taken by "Blankney", as prisoners, to Gibraltar.
During the following year much of "Blankney's'" time was taken in escort duties around the Arctic, assisting Russian convoys.
In July 1943 the ship was heavily involved in the action which took place in Sicily, carrying a landing party to and providing covering fire for our invading troops. Those involved suffered desperately rough seas and air attack but the "Hunt" class Destroyers proved their worth throughout.
Come March 1944 "Blankney", together with other vessels, including USS Madison, were again involved in the sinking of another U-boat (U-450), this time in the western Mediterranean. Two months later "Blankney" collected recognition for the assistance in the capture and sinking of her fourth U-boat. This time U-371 gave up battle off the Algerian coast, having itself inflicted considerable damage to US Destroyer USS Menges and French destroyers Senegalis.
In the June "Blankney" was a member of the crowded waters of the English Channel which took part in Operation Neptune. Here she escorted infantry landing crafts and rescue craft (part of the assault convoy) from the Solent to "Gold" Beach during the operation involving the Allied landings in Normandy.
For the remainder of her service "Blankney" was deployed in and around the Channel and the North Sea in relation to the interception of E-Boats and other submersibles attempting to lay mines in the Thames estuary. "Blankney's" war was nearly completed when in August 1945 she docked at Simontown in South Africa to undergo refit. Following VJ Day she returned to the UK where she was laid up in Sheerness as part of the Reserve Fleet.
In the early 1950's she was moved to Hartlepool and by 1958 was placed on the Disposal List. The next Blankney's life ended when she was broken up in Blyth. During her life in service "Blankney" had three commanders, Lt. Cdr. Philip Frederick Powlett DSC, Lt. Cdr. Douglas Henry Read Bromley and A/Lt. Cdr. B.H. Brown. "Blankney" had her own badge of recognition (heraldic data: a badge on a Red field, a Griffin's head erased Gold in front of two hunting horns in Saltire White).
While one can recognise the support Nantwich in Cheshire must have given to their "adopted" vessel, what if anything can we suppose the people of that town know about the real Blankney and her history? | <urn:uuid:06ea1a74-0e5f-4782-8b13-ba0790b39e5b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.macla.co.uk/newsmag/2008/09/blankney-at-sea.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985155 | 1,366 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Music therapy focuses on communication, socialization, motor movements, attention span, and emotional awareness through musical interventions. It encompasses musical elements such as structured time, rhythmical patterns, melodic inflection and emotional content to support the goals of speech therapy, occupational therapy, and habilitation in a live musical context that meets each child at his/her current functioning level.
Speech/language therapy helps enhance communication skills via pictures, signs, communication device and/or words. When combined with the knowledge and skills of other professionals, the child can improve developmentally in a more rapid and cohesive manner. The consultation model of therapy provides the child with the consistency and predictability he/she needs to progress and meet their potential.
Pediatric physical therapy is a profession that addresses physical impairments and functional limitations that impact the daily lives of children with special needs. This includes, but is not limited to, problems with balance, coordination, strength, range of motion, gait (walking pattern); motor planning, proprioception (body awareness); and other functional skills such as riding a tricycle or bike, and ball skills. PT’s also assist clients in attaining appropriate assistive devices such as walkers and wheelchairs, as well as foot orthotics to improve function and biomechanical alignment of joints. In pediatric physical therapy we use playful interventions in our sessions to make exercise fun and help children make progress in their gross motor development.
Occupational therapy focuses on helping people achieve independence in all areas of their lives.In pediatrics, such as at the Lauren’s Institute For Education (L.I.F.E.), the occupational therapists are concerned with helping children with disabilities achieve independence in performing their daily activities or ‘occupations’.
Occupations of a child include fine motor skills such as grasping a toy or a spoon, eye-hand coordination skills such as drawing or buttoning, visual-perceptual skills such as handwriting, self-help skills such as dressing and feeding, and sensory processing skills such as calming self down to sit at the table and do homework. These are some of the skills that occupational therapist would typically help the child achieve and become independent with the therapy.
At L.I.F.E. the occupational therapist works closely with the child’s habilitation or ABA/Verbal Behavior specialist and other therapy providers (speech, physical, and music therapist) to communicate the child’s progress and to collaborate on how to best help the child and his/her family and to guarantee the carryover of skills learned in therapy. | <urn:uuid:77f7cb7a-21c9-4c19-81ab-03f3c8119ba0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://laurensinstitute.org/services/therapies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00050-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936917 | 529 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Brooklyn Museum seeks to return pre-Hispanic artifacts to Costa Rica
More than a century ago, an American railroad and fruit magnate named Minor C. Keith unearthed thousands of pre-Hispanic artifacts on a plantation in Costa Rica, then took them to the United States. They were gold and jade pieces, ceramic bowls and anthropomorphic figurines. In 1934, five years after Keith died, the Brooklyn Museum in New York acquired about 5,000 pieces from his collection. Those objects then languished in storage for more than seven decades.
Now, the Brooklyn Museum wants to send the Keith objects back to Costa Rica, but the Central American nation has to come up with the money to pay to move them.
The potential exchange is not characterized by the political and philosophical debates that have pitted Western museums and universities against governments in countries from which archaeologically valuable items have been taken. For example, Peru and Yale University fought for years over artifacts dug up at the ancient Incan city of Machu Picchu until a deal on those items was reached in November.
In this case, Costa Rica had made no claims on the Keith objects but responded positively to outreach made by the Brooklyn Museum, stemming from the museum's efforts to minimize and streamline its holdings.
The Brooklyn Museum has told the National Museum of Costa Rica that it would like to return about 4,500 pre-Hispanic artifacts but would like to keep some pieces that are considered more valuable. In Costa Rica, officials said they were open to receiving any artifacts but have no budget to pay for the shipping costs, estimated at $59,000.
Work is underway for a private campaign to raise funds for the objects' transfer, Francisco Corrales, an archaeologist at the Costa Rica museum, said in an interview with La Plaza. "There is nothing concrete yet but the fact that there is no money doesn't mean the state doesn't want to get these materials," Corrales said.
Most of the items have not been examined, catalogued or dated. Through a spokeswoman, Brooklyn Museum curator Nancy Rosoff said she had no details on who made the Costa Rican objects or when.
But museum officials in Costa Rica are certain the items do not belong to major pre-Hispanic culture such as the Inca or Maya, which thrived for centuries before Europeans arrived in the Americas. Instead, the Costa Rican objects have been dated to an "intermediate zone" between advanced Mesoamerican and Andean civilizations, Corrales said.
The pieces Keith took from Costa Rica could also be referred to in shorthand as "Chibcha," for the indigenous linguistic group used in the region, or "Isthmo-Colombian," referring to nearby indigenous cultures in Colombia that would have had contact with Costa Rica's small indigenous populations.
Currently, only about 1% of Costa Rica's population is indigenous.
The Brooklyn Museum has said most of the Keith items are not exhibition-quality, but Corrales told La Plaza that they are valuable nonetheless in that they could help shed light on the country's cultures before the Spanish arrived or fill holes in the country's archaeological record.
"What's clear is that there is enormous investigative worth in them," Corrales said, because excavations continue in the area where Keith and his company dug up artifacts, and items found more recently in Costa Rica "could be related to material in this collection."
-- Daniel Hernandez in Mexico City
Photo: A pre-Hispanic ceramic bowl from Costa Rica, in the Minor C. Keith collection. Credit: Brooklyn Museum | <urn:uuid:79927518-d160-4d55-85c8-4fc7083d86d8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2011/01/costa-rica-brooklyn-museum-artifacts-objects-return.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96835 | 723 | 2.640625 | 3 |
2. Cystoathyrium Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11: 22. 1966.
光叶蕨属 guang ye jue shu
Authors: Zhongren Wang & Masahiro Kato
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizomes short, ascending, bearing remaining stipe bases and dense thick roots, clothed with dark brown ovate-lanceolate scales at apex. Fronds approximate; fertile fronds: rachis grooved adaxially, glabrate; lamina pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae pinnatipartite, up to 30 pairs, subopposite, spreading, sessile, ca. 1 cm apart (lower pinnae more widely apart). Veinlets 3-5 pairs, simple but basal veins frequently forked, oblique, reaching margins of lobes. Sori orbicular, single per pinna lobe, abaxial on basal acroscopic veins, close to costae; indusia pale green, broadly ovate or orbicular, thinly membranous, fugacious, basiscopic to receptacle, inferior (i.e., hidden by sporangia), partly covering sori when young, hidden by sporangia at maturity, persistent; annulus consisting of 12 or 13 thick-walled cells. Spores dark brown, bean-shaped, perispore with dense conical spines.
? One species: China.
Cystoathyrium is similar to Athyrium and Cystopteris. It differs from Athyrium by the rhizome shortly ascending, glabrate, the stipe base not beak-shaped, the spore surface with conical spines, and the indusia basiscopic and inferior. It also differs from Cystopteris by the stipe short compared to the lamina, the lamina bipinnatifid, gradually narrowed toward the base, almost papery and evergreen, and the pinnae numerous, lanceolate and falcate. | <urn:uuid:0f8c7579-2133-4895-86d9-abcc0fde3974> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=109119 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00110-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.761417 | 438 | 2.625 | 3 |
In Hindu mythology, the gods created Manu, the first man, who gave life to all humans. According to legend, he was the earth's first king and the ancestor of all the kings of India. The most famous tale involving Manu tells of a great flood that destroyed everything on earth.
One day Manu was washing his hands in a bowl of water when he saw a tiny fish there. The fish pleaded with Manu to be placed in a larger vessel of water to survive. In return, the fish promised to save Manu from a great flood that was to come and carry away all living beings. Manu put the fish in a bigger bowl, but the fish grew so rapidly that he had to transfer it to an even larger tank. The fish continued to grow until Manu eventually threw it into the sea. At that point, the fish told him that he should build a great ship to save himself from the coming flood. He also instructed Manu to take into the ship two of each animal on the earth as well as seeds from every kind of plant.
When the flood came, Manu used a rope to tie his boat to a large horn growing out of the fish. Pulling the ship through the rough waters, the fish came to the Himalaya mountains. There it told Manu to tie the ship to one of the mountains and wait until the waters receded. After the flood, Manu became lonely because only he and the animals aboard the ship had survived. He offered a sacrifice and was rewarded with a wife, with whom he began to repopulate the earth.
In several Hindu texts the fish appears as the god Brahma or Vishnu. The story of Manu and the flood also has parallels with the biblical stories of Noah's Ark and Adam and Eve. | <urn:uuid:2efbe542-a310-4445-a221-1f4f91163568> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Le-Me/Manu.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986224 | 366 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Michael Walker, an audiovisual technician at JSU, is making melodies and helping children with their math skills in the process. Walker recently began Musical Learning Tools (MuLT), which essentially takes the approved Common Core Curriculum being taught in K-12 classrooms and adds catchy music and lyrics to it. The purpose is to make learning fun and to help students retain the information; there is bountiful scholarly research that supports a strong positive correlation between music and learning. MuLT has been featured on ABC 33/40’s Talk of Alabama and WEAC TV 24’s East Alabama Today.
MuLT’s freshman project is a CD called Multiply. Multiply teaches kids multiplication facts 0-12 in a fun and exciting way by interweaving hip hop, Latin, Caribbean, and other popular musical flavors. Multiply can be ordered online at www.musicallearningtools.com or from digital outlets such as iTunes, CD Baby, and Spotify, to name a few (Search under Musical Learning Tools.). The digital outlets also offer four Multiply bonus tracks. Multiply was written and produced by Walker.
About Multiply, Walker says, “I am truly grateful that educators, parents, and students have embraced Multiply. Students can and should have fun while they learn.” | <urn:uuid:457a2d87-8eab-4d89-bb77-21dc083e1b75> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jsu.edu/news/articles/2014/03/michael-walkers-multiply-combines-music-and-math-to-help-children-retain-skills.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954345 | 275 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Until now, we have been treating the amount of business investment as exogenous. However, investment responds to other macroeconomic variables, including the interest rate, which up until now has not appeared in our macroeconomic model.
The simplest way to introduce investment is to treat the interest rate as exogenous. Let us suppose that the interest rate is 2.0 percent. If the interest rate were higher, then the cost of capital would be higher. If the cost of capital is higher, then firms will substitute away from capital, which means investing less. Thus, investment is negatively related to the interest rate. For example, if we let r stand for the interest rate, we could have
[4'] I = $2.8 - $0.5r = $2.8 - $0.5(2.0) = $1.8 trillion
More generally, if we let I0 be the intercept and h be the slope of the investment equation, then we have
I = I0 - hr
This is equation , because we could combine it with our previous three equations.
Y = C + I + G
C = C0 + c(Y-T)
T = T0 + tY
Now, we have four equations. What are the four endogenous variables? What are the exogenous variables? What are the coefficients?
Substitute equations , , and back into equation , and solve for Y as a function of the coefficients and the exogenous variables.
We can combine the numerical values of equations [1'] - [4']. That is, we have
[1'] Y = C + I + G = C + I + $1.7 = $10.2 trillion
[2'] C = $1.54 + (0.6)(Y-T) = $1.54 + (0.6)($10.2 - $1.6) = $6.7 trillion
[3'] T = -$0.44 + 0.2Y = -$0.44 + 0.2($10.2) = $1.6 trillion
[4'] I = $2.8 - 0.5r = $2.8 - 0.5(2.0) = $1.8 trillion
Monetary and Fiscal Policy
The government can influence the interest rate through its use of monetary policy. In the United States, monetary policy is conducted by the Federal Reserve Board, under its current Chairman, Alan Greenspan.
We now have identified the two main policy levers that the Federal government has available for raising the level of output. Fiscal policy is the government's use of tax cuts or increases in government spending to boost the economy (or the use of tax increases and spending cuts to cool the economy). Monetary policy is the use of lower interest rates to stimulate the economy (or higher interest rates to cool the economy).
The Determinants of Investment
In classical economics, the desire to invest and the desire to save both stem from the same source: a willingness to forego consumption now in order to have more in the future. Saving is the means of setting aside output, and investment is the means of transforming output that is set aside today into capital that will produce output in the future. Classical economists saw desired saving and investment as naturally balanced.
Keynes saw saving and investment as two different psychological mechanisms. He saw saving as the desire to hoard or accumulate wealth, which is motivated by fear or pessimism. He saw investment as the desire to create, which is motivated by optimism or what Keynes called the "animal spirits" of the entrepreneur. Keynes thought that much of the time the "animal spirits" would be too weak, and the strength of the hoarding motive would create an excess of desired saving over investment.
The Keynesian analysis can be applied to the Internet Bubble or "dotcom mania" and its aftermath. In Keynesian terms, optimism about the prospects for Internet companies, particularly in 1999 and early 2000, meant that "animal spirits" were strong and investment was high. This raised the level of output and caused a powerful economic expansion. Once the bubble popped, the hoarding instinct took over, and the economy slumped.
Nobel laureate James Tobin elaborated on Keynes' theory of investment. He introduced a concept, now called Tobin's q, which is the ratio of the market value of capital to its replacement cost. The market value of capital is the value of stock prices. The replacement cost of capital is the cost of buying all of the plant and equipment needed to build the companies that are traded on the stock market.
The natural value for q is 1.0, which means that stocks are neither under-valued nor overvalued. When q is higher than 1.0, there is strong motivation to undertake capital investment. When q is below 1.0, there is little motivation to undertake capital investment.
For example, during the dotcom mania, companies with few assets other than some computers and software programs to run on the Web were valued at billions of dollars. Thus, the ratio of their market value to their replacement cost was enormous. This led to many Internet companies being started by entrepreneurs and funded by venture capitalists. However, once the bubble burst and the value of q fell from its stratospheric levels, investment in dotcoms ground to a halt.
The theories of Keynes and Tobin are rather at odds with the theory of efficient markets that we looked at in finance. If Keynes and Tobin are correct, then the stock market is subject to strong psychological mood swings that cause prices to far away from fundamental values. It is still impossible to make a profit from short-term trading, but if Keynes and Tobin are correct then buying stocks when price-earnings ratios are unusually low and selling when P/E ratios are unusually high will be a winning long-term strategy. | <urn:uuid:a37167cc-4d4e-44fd-872d-8c94c7ec9373> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://arnoldkling.com/econ/macro/invest.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959973 | 1,211 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Scientific Research on Transcendental Meditation (TM)
Scientific research has shown that the most beneficial meditation technique is Transcendental Meditation (TM). The striking reduction of stress and anxiety caused by TM are 3 times greater than the effect caused by most meditation and relaxation techniques.
Transcendental Meditation has been taught by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi since 1958. The first articles about the beneficial effects of TM were published around 1970 on important magazines and scientific journals such as
- Science (167, 1970),
- American Journal of Physiology (221, 1971) and
- Scientific American (226, 1972).
The basic research was conducted by two medical doctors from Harvard University, Herbert Benson and Robert Wallace. This research was made on dozens of American people who used to practice this technique regularly. These people were of any race, sex, age, job, and with different personal political or religious belief.
Later, a lot of research was made about this technique by several doctors and scientists, who wrote several articles on important scientific journals such as
- International Journal of Neuroscience,
- Psychosomatic Medicine,
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,
- Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,
- Journal of Clinical Psychology,
and many more.
Dr. Benson never practiced this technique himself (Dr. Wallace did). Dr. Benson created his own relaxation technique, that is described in his book The relaxation response (HarperCollins, 1975, 2000), a best-seller that sold 5 millions of copies since 1975. Dr. Benson claims that his technique achieves the same results as Maharishi's TM. However, the actual results achieved by TM are 3 times greater than those achieved by the relaxation response technique, as shown by further research (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 1989; and Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 1991).
Around 1995, Dr. Deepak Chopra created the Primordial Sound technique, that is very similar to Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation (TM) and can be considered as much as effective. Unfortunately Maharishi's TM and Chopra's technique are very expensive: the price of TM is prohibitive (US$2500.00). Chopra's technique is expensive also (starting at US$325).
Further on, a mystical atmosphere has been sorrounding the TM technique for years, and the Maharishi organization deals with several peculiar and weird projects that stun common people. This has prevented TM to be appreciated as it deserves. Transcendental Meditation is a simple, precious, effective technique that can help anybody to be more intelligent and creative, to live better and to reduce or remove stress, anxiety and other disorders.
That's why former TM teachers have started teaching this precious technique for less. For example check the websites: www.tm-meditation.co.uk (TM Independent UK) and www.natural-stress-relief.com.
For more information: transcendental.meditation.onwww.net/">http://transcendental.meditation.onwww.net/
F.Coppola, Ph.D. in Physics at Pisa University (Italy), has been practicing Transcendental Meditation (TM) since 1983 and advanced techniques (such as TM-Sidhis) since 1989. He has studied brain wave modifications during TM sessions and collaborated in the creation of a new mental exercise, the Natural Stress Relief technique. | <urn:uuid:c99d65c9-0e6a-4f7f-bf35-559fcfa78745> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ambafrance-do.org/meditation/40170.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940024 | 697 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Roger Sherman (April 19, 1721 – July 23, 1793) was an early American politician and lawyer. During his lifetime, Sherman served in various capacities. One such post was when he served as the first New Haven's mayor. He also served on the Five Committee that was responsible for drafting the Declaration of Independence. In addition, he served as a new republic's senator and representative.
Roger Sherman and Robert Morris were the only two Founding Fathers to have signed all four of the great papers in the United States. These are the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, the Articles of Confederation and the Articles of Association.
Roger Sherman grew up at Stoughton in Massachusetts where his family settled. Sherman received his early education from his father’s private library (not formal school), later attending grammar school. Sherman was a gifted learner, constantly craving more knowledge, and Harvard educated Rev. Samuel Dunbar took him on as a study. In Sherman’s early career, he designed shoes.
Sherman moved, together with his siblings and his mother, to New Milford on foot after his father’s death in 1743. Together, he and his brother opened and ran the first store in the town. Sherman quickly became one of the town’s leading citizens after introducing himself to both civil and religious affairs. Eventually, he became New Milford's clerk. In 1745, he became a surveyor due to his excellent mathematical skills. In 1748, he was a provider of astronomical calculations for almanacs of the day.
A local lawyer urged Sherman to read for the bar exam even though he did not have any formal training. Sherman was later admitted to the Litchfield bar in 1754 and acted as a representative of New Milford in the General assembly of Connecticut between 1755 and 1758 and again from 1760 to 1761. Sherman was elected to the Upper House of the Connecticut General Assembly and served there until 1785.
In 1762, Sherman received an appointment to serve in the Court of Common Pleas as a justice of the peace, moving on to become a Judge in 1765. Eventually, he left the court for the Congress of the United States in 1789. He also served as a treasurer in Yale College where he received an honorary Masters in Arts degree. He was appointed together with Richard Law to participate in revising Connecticut statutes. After succeeding in these revisions, Sherman was elected as a New Haven's mayor in 1784. He held this position until his death.
In 1775, the Revolutionary War began and Sherman received an appointment to the Council of Safety by the Connecticut Governor as well as being a commissary to the troops. He was then elected, in 1774 to the Continental Congress, a position which he continued to actively serve through the Revolutionary War. This raised respect for him in the eyes of his fellow delegates and he then went on to do important work, assisting in drafting the Declaration of Independence while serving on the Committee of Five.
During the 1787 Constitutional Convention, Sherman offered a solution to the amendment of the Articles of Confederation. This solution was to become known as the Great Compromise and entailed the people being represented in the house by proportionate representatives in a single branch of the legislature, known as the Lower House or the House of Representatives, which would feature one representative for every 30,000 people. In comparison, the Upper House had 2 senators per state, no matter what the size of the state was. | <urn:uuid:4d68376a-c9ac-437d-a079-a1aa568bcfad> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.constitutionday.com/sherman-roger-ct.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990273 | 711 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The method spots imitations of works by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
A simple method to distinguish artistic fakes and imitations has been demonstrated by researchers.
The approach, known as "sparse coding", builds a virtual library of an artist's works and breaks them down into the simplest possible visual elements.
Verifiable works by that artist can be rebuilt using varying proportions of those simple elements, while imitators' works cannot.
The work is reported in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The mathematical analysis of artworks is a relatively new discipline, which gained worldwide attention when it emerged in 1999 that Jackson Pollock's "drip paintings" could be cast in the mathematics of fractals - patterns that repeat at ever-smaller scales.
However, the claim that a fractal analysis could be used to identify Pollock-like paintings of unknown provenance remains a subject of some controversy.
Since that time, a number of approaches to identify the origins of artworks have been attempted, yielding varying degrees of certainty in the results.
Now, Daniel Rockmore of Dartmouth College in the US and his colleagues have shown a straightforward method known as sparse coding that, so far, appears to be significantly more accurate than previous attempts.
SPARSE CODING ANALYSIS
Each of an artist's works is cut into 144 pieces (12 rows and 12 columns)
A set of 144 random elements the size of each piece is generated
Each element is altered by a computer until some combination of them can recreate each piece from the original artwork
The elements (shown above) are refined until the fewest are required to recreate each piece
Those refined pieces will be unable to reproduce the work of an imitator or a fake
The method works by dividing digital versions of all of an artist's confirmed works into 144 squares - 12 columns of 12 rows each.
Then a set of "basis functions" is constructed - initially a set of random shapes and forms in black and white.
A computer then modifies them until, for any given cut-down piece of the artist's work, some subset of the basis functions can be combined in some proportion to recreate the piece.
The basis functions are refined further to ensure that the smallest possible number of them is required to generate any given piece - they are the "sparsest" set of functions that reproduces the artist's work.
The team tried the approach on the works of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, a 16th century Flemish painter whose original works are well-known and who had a number of imitators.
Upon using the sparse coding approach on the artist's known works, the Dartmouth team showed that the optimised basis functions were unable to reproduce the imitations.
However, Professor Rockmore said that although authentication of works was an application that would appeal to many people, sparse coding could lend its analysis to a number of problems in the study of art.
"Our hope is that it becomes more of what people call technical art history," he told BBC News.
"Instead of asking 'was this painting done 40 years after these drawings?', one might instead ask 'how are these statistics evolving over time and what does that say about the working style?'.
"For many people those are more central questions, and probably more substantial questions." | <urn:uuid:6bd92aea-066b-4e66-a43e-aafd63922e13> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8440142.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948001 | 686 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Don’t fool yourself. It’s still a man’s world.
Yes, some of you might argue that the issue is tiring, boring and repetitive. But it must be repeated until the words are heard and the goal is achieved. And yes, we have come a long way and that certainly needs to be acknowledged. However, more work needs to be done before we can tell ourselves that we live in a supposedly gender-blind society. It is only when every mother, daughter, sister and grandmother worldwide can breathe and walk safely, that we can proudly and firmly shout gender equality.
To live free from violence and inhumane treatment is one of the most fundamental human rights that should be given to everyone regardless of gender. Yet, it is estimated that one in every three women worldwide experience violence and in some countries, almost 70 percent of women have their basic human rights violated. These manifestations of violence range from rape to domestic abuse, honor-killing and acid burnings. But perhaps one of the merciless practices that continues to plague young girls and women in the world is female genital cutting or FGM.
According to the 2013 report by World Health Organization, “about 140 million girls and women worldwide are currently living with the consequence of FGM.” Each day, some 8,000 girls face the risk of getting mutilated.
For those who are unaware of FGM, it is a procedure that intentionally alters or causes injury to the female genital organs by partial or total removal of the external female genitalia. It is a grotesque and inhumane practice that is carried out on young women between the periods of infancy and the age of 15. Not only does it cause unbearable, immediate pain and shock, but life-long health problems; both physical and psychological.
Some people claim that Islam is to blame for this practice, but this is far from the truth. It’s imperative to remember that religion is never the cause for man-made problems. Rather, the practice of FGM, which is not unknown to the West as they performed clitoridectomies into the 1940s, is the consequence of our patriarchal global society that has devalued women for as long as the existence of mankind. A mindset that is slowly evolving, but still remains very much alive, especially when it comes to man-made deprivation and barriers that have become increasingly attached to gendered roles over time.
According to the Girls and Women’s Education Initiative, an organization that attempts to meet the needs of the educationally disadvantaged, “one in three women and girls in the developing world live on less than $2 a day.” The same amount of money we usually spend on a bottle of water is the same amount other people have to stretch in order to feed themselves and their family, buy clothes, pay rent while trying to send one’s children to school; a strenuous choice that often has negative effects on young women who are often excluded from gaining an education.
According the 2012 report “Because I am a Girl,” only 74 percent of young women between the age of 11 and 15 are in school globally, compared to 83 percent of boys. As indicated by the report, these numbers do not share the reality of poorer and rural girls or girls in conflict-affected regions. Consequently, the average number would drop even further if these lives were to be included.
It’s essential to remember that once young women are excluded from school, choices become few and far between, leaving marriage as the most practical path one can take to survive poverty. It is estimated that more than 10,000 girls girls a day will eventually get married before they turn 15 and most of them give birth before they turn 18. Unfortunately, the world is already losing too many young lives to maternal mortality.
According to the 2012 report by the World Health Organization, every day, more than 800 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Moreover, 99 percent of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries.
When examining the world and the listless issues that women face, particularly in developing countries, one can quickly make the assertion that industrialized countries like the U.S. have come a long way and the work of feminism has been very fruitful in achieving gender equality. But this is a fallacious proclamation that erases everyday reality of women.
The “The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey,” by Centers for Diseases and Control Prevention show more than one million women are raped a year and about one in four women have experienced severe physical violence. These extremely sobering numbers are attached to many faces that could be your sister, friend, daughter, mother or grandmother. Consequently, the fight against sexual violence should be everyone’s fight; both men and women– young and old. Furthermore, it’s imperative to remember that violence against women is not the only issue that needs to be accentuated; firm barriers that stand against opportunities in a supposedly democratic, un-patriarchal progressive country need to be broken down.
According to the 2012 report by the United State Census Bureau, “the poverty rate for males decreased between 2010 and 2011 from 14 percent to 13.6 percent.” However, the poverty rate for females remained 16.3 percent, a discrepancy that cannot be explained by any educational gap.
The 2013 report “Still Behind,” by The Women’s Legal Defense and Education Fund, showed that young women now surpass young men in educational attainment. In 2012, more than 30 percent of women age 21 to 30 had a bachelor’s degree compared to 23 percent of men in the same age group. However, this report showed that young men still have superior levels of economic well being where the median income for women was about $14,000 compared to $20,000 for men.
Perhaps more significantly, when comparing the U.S. with other industrialized countries, one cannot overstate enough how much the country is lagging behind in terms of gender equality, especially when it comes to maternity leave and political empowerment.
According to a 2013 report by “Raising the Global Floor,” an organization that measures governmental performance, wage replacement of paid leave for mothers in the Scandinavian countries, Russia and China is between 75 percent to 100 percent. In the U.S., there is no such concept or policy as wage replacement. In fact, the only four countries that do not have wage replacement or duration of paid leave for mothers globally are Papau New Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and the U.S.
Although we tend to categorize childbearing as a private issue, it ought to be treated as a public issue because the well-being of mothers and their children affects the well-being of the nation as a whole. However, most societies have been slow to implement safeguards that could drastically improve the lives of women; a reality that can be partly explained through the exclusion of women in the political realm where decisions are often made for a woman and not by her.
According to the 2013 report “Women in National Parliaments,” Rwanda is the only country in the world that has more than 50 percent of women in its legislature. The U.S. is ranked 77 out of the 139 countries listed with 17 percent of women in its legislature. Of the 435 members in the house, 80 are women and of the 100 senators, 20 are women.
For decades, blood has been spilled and tears shared in order to achieve gender equality. We have fought for the right of girls and women to be seen and heard as human beings; to be respected for their individual work, dedication, and integrity. More importantly, to make sure that they are able to walk safely on this earth without fearing that their gender might be the cause for an early, unjustifiable and inhumane death. Women in this world are not asking for much. All they want, and most definitely deserve, is to be treated and respected as human beings; a cost-free demand that should be in everyone’s interest to provide. | <urn:uuid:e10705a0-3e57-4ddc-9868-7f5c2815ad2c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://sundial.csun.edu/2013/03/gender-equality-a-myth-that-needs-to-become-a-reality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970472 | 1,649 | 2.6875 | 3 |
- Word Combinations (adjective), Word Explorer, Word Parts
|part of speech:
||able to be used, esp. in a helpful, practical, or effective way.
This guidebook has a lot of useful information.It's a cute invention but it's not very useful.
- handy, practical, serviceable, usable
- useless, worthless
- similar words:
- advantageous, beneficial, constructive, convenient, effective, functional, helpful, productive, profitable, utilitarian
||applicable, better, efficient, expedient, favorable, positive, productive, serviceable, valuable
||usefully (adv.), usefulness (n.) | <urn:uuid:ddf9d938-9518-47d6-bbde-c45e0351c311> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wordsmyth.net/?level=2&rid=45309&dict=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00050-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.693912 | 137 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Hypothermia can kill at an amazing pace when cold temperatures and strong winds cause the body to lose heat quickly. Shivering starts first in order to produce body heat from the rapid muscular shaking. When the body’s temperature dropsto or below 35 deg C/95 deg F, dizziness and disorientation kick in, then the shivering stops. The body now only maintains heat around the vital organs – brain, heart and lungs, and shuts down blood circulation to the arms and legs. Heart rate becomes slow, intermittent and weak, and the blood vessels widen. This makes a person feel hot and want to remove all their clothes before they finally slip into unconsciousness. Ultimately, the heart stops. Stories are told of climbers being found naked and dead up on a mountain, with their clothes folded neatly a short distance away. This is because the person becomes confused and hot. Their brain tries to bring order to the scary and unfamiliar situation, although this can be potentially lethal.
The risk of hypothermia is significantly higher when:
- Temperatures are below freezing, although anything which is below body temperature (98.6°F/37C) can explain hypothermia, especially in old people.
- Climbers are wearing inappropriate clothing or using ineffectual equipment.
- Climbers are either wet, tired, dehydrated or suffering from malnutrition.
- Climbers are ignorant of hypothermia.
- Alcohol is consumed, because alcohol makes blood vessels dilate, providing a lager surface area through which heat can be lost.
”As with frostbite it is easier to prevent hypothermia than it is to cure it.
Here are some valuable tips:”
- Eat properly with plenty of carbohydrates and fats for energy and warmth.
- Drink plenty. If a person doesn’t get up in the night at least once to urinate then they are not drinking enough. Urine should be a pale yellow, straw-like colour, not dark.
- Get enough sleep. Climbing mountains is gruelling work and cannot be done on only four hours sleep. Being well rested will make you feel energized and positive about the day’s climb.
- Remove any wet clothes immediately. They cause accelerated heat loss and impair movement.
- Insulate well, particularly the head and neck as these are the areas which lose the most heat the quickest. Good materials are Goretex and Thinsulate.
It is also useful to have knowledge of the symptoms. If you suspect a person to have hypothermia then you can react and cut the time they spend in that environment, which could save their life. Here are the signs, in order of occurrence:
- Core temperature between normal and 35.5°C/96°F
- Involuntary shivering
- Inability to do things requiring motor skills e.g. skiing, but can still walk and talk
- Core temperature between 35°C/95°F and 33°C/93°F
- Dazed state of mind
- Loss of general motor control e.g. untying boot laces
- Slurred speech
- Aggressive shivering
- Taking off clothes because they believe they are cold
- Ambivalent behaviour, especially in relation to survival
- Core temperature between 33°C/92°F and 30°C/86°F
- Pale skin
- Dilated pupils
- Waves of aggressive shivering, followed by pauses. The pauses get longer until shivering finally stops because the body realises that it is not creating enough heat and chooses to retain the energy instead.
- Flexibility and movement is reduced because of a lack of blood flow and a build up of lactic acid and carbon dioxide
- Person ceases movement and curls up in the foetal position to conserve heat
- Slow, intermittent, weak pulse
- Body goes into hibernation and person appears dead although they may actually still be alive
- Core temperature under 30°C/86°F
- Breathing becomes erratic and shallow
- Person is only semi conscious
- Heart stops
If you think you have spotted any of these signs then there are practical ways of assessing the stages of hypothermia, as detailed below:
- Ask the person to stop shivering. If they can then hypothermia is most likely mild.
- Ask they person a mathematical question. If they can do it then hypothermia is most likely mild.
- If you can’t find a pulse at the person’s wrist then this can be a sign of a core temperature of less than 32°C/90°F, indicating severe hypothermia.
- If the person is in a foetal position try to open their arms. If they curl back then the person is probably still alive, because dead muscles will not contract.
In the event of hypothermia, the first option is to seek professional medical help. Understandably 5500m up a mountain this may not be immediately possible, so practical re-warming techniques are very important. The idea behind re-warming is to preserve any heat they have and replenish what has been lost. Here are a few techniques:
- Inhalation re-warming. This warms up the body’s critical core, along with the head and neck. More importantly it warms the hypothalamus, which is situated at the bottom of the brainstem and plays a vital part in the central nervous system. The hypothalamus regulates the body’s internal temperature and controls breathing and the circulatory system. Inhalation re-warming involves the individual breathing in warm (about 45°C/122°F), moist air. This can be done with professional equipment, or by breathing directly above, but not covering the individual’s mouth and nostrils. It sends vital heat directly to the areas it is needed most, and so can be very effective, especially in raising an individual’s level of consciousness. It is also a good method as it reduces respiratory heat loss, which can account for up to 30% of the body’s
total heat loss. This is particularly important in mountain situations where the surrounding air is likely to be below freezing.
- Keep the individual’s movement to a minimum. Making the muscles work at this stage is likely to send cold blood from the legs and arms into the central circulatory system. This will cause the core temperature to fall even more, which could be fatal as when the heart is cold its natural rhythm is disturbed. This is called afterdrop.
- Add dry clothing layers.
- Increase movement.
- Get out of the hypothermic conditions.
- Keep well hydrated and ensure proper levels of nutrition.
- Drink something hot.
- Eat something sugary, something with carbohydrates and something with fats in, to gain immediate, slow release and stored energy, espectively.
- Avoid alcohol, which increases heat loss, tea/coffee which are diuretics and increase dehydration, and tobacco which reduces the blood flow to extremities.
- Light a fire.
- Use another person’s body heat by getting into a sleeping bag with someone.
- Hypothermia wrap. This works on the principle that a person can regenerate their heat better than any external heat source can. Shivering alone can produce 2°C per hour. The individual must be dry and in a dry place because any moisture they come into contact with will result in further heat loss. Lay out a selection of sleeping bags, blankets and at least one aluminium blanket directly on top of each other on the floor and position the person on top, face up. Fold securely as below.
- Warm sugar water. Give the person a diluted mix of sugar and warm water every 15 minutes. This allows direct absorption when the person cannot digest real food. It provides the energy needed so the person can re-warm themselves.
- Urinate. A full bladder conducts heat away from the body and so urinating frequently will solve this. The person may need to be assisted.
- Apply heat to the major arteries in the neck, armpit, crotch and palms, using hot water bottles or warm towels. A rock can be heated up on a fire and used if necessary; they generally retain heat quite well. | <urn:uuid:82ff6f2c-bc9e-4e99-af12-116d72b916b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.climbing-high.com/hypothermia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921208 | 1,716 | 3.84375 | 4 |
The next part we need to know about that affects the pressure zone is room loading.
Room loading happens when the sound waves meet at intersections such as the corners and midseams and the mid wall ceiling or floor.
Here's a 2D look at the loading and laminar flow together. Keep in mind the floor and ceiling are doing the same thing as the walls.
All rooms because they are enclosed build sound pressure. Here's a look if the speakers and chair were gone.
Your probably starting to get the picture of how powerful the room is and how big of a role it must play in the stereo's sound. It is without a doubt the biggest component.
A misconception is that the speakers play independent of the room, but lets think about this. How can a speaker play without the room? Air pressure is a function of the room not the speaker. The speaker is a vibrating source that sends the music signal into the air in the room but it's the room that amplifies this signal. A loudspeaker can not play louder or over power what the room is doing. You may think your listening directly to a loudspeaker but if this were the case the music would sound like it was coming directly from the speaker and there would be no stereo image to speak of. The sound would be very sterile as if someone cut away the music.
Take a look at the misguided view of the speaker minus the room if it were possible. Notice how much of the sound waves are cut out.
The only way to remove the room would be to hook a tube from the speaker to your ear cutting out the room altogether. Nope, far better to use the room, and why not? The room can be a wonderful tool that allows you to recover much of the content rather than trying to cut the acoustic information out.
This is why I named the product RoomTune and started the phrase "Roomtuning". We don't want to get rid of the biggest component but use it as the most important and final part of the audio chain. Once you accept this as the "music producer" you can view the hobby with more accuracy.
PH 702 762 3245 | <urn:uuid:9697af49-9483-43b0-b4d4-8b6872d5d4d4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://tuneland.techno-zone.net/t200-understanding-acoustical-pressure-zones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00168-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961896 | 443 | 2.5625 | 3 |
House Gecko - Hemidactylus frenatus
House Geckos are hardy, inexpensive small lizards which are a fairly easy to maintain in captivity. They are very fast moving which makes them almost impossible to handle. Originally from South East Asia they have been introduced to many other countries around the world, Eastern Africa, New Guinea, Mexico, Madagascar Australia. Due to thier size and hardiness, these reptiles have become invasive species. These are easy pets to maintain and really don't need much care. As stated above they are fast - so if you want a cuddly herp this is not for you - a bearded dragon would fit that need. Other than the fact they are strictly cage animals and when you go to clean the tank you will need to make sure the house gecko does not escape - I would rate this an excellent pet.
DO NOT FEED WILD INSECTS OR INSECTS FOUND AROUND THE HOUSE – THEY MAY CARRY DISEASES THAT COULD BE DEADLY TO YOUR PET
Average Size - Average size 3" but Large adults can reach up to 5"
Life Span - 5+ years with proper care.
Diet - Provide a variety of insects, including crickets, waxworms, butter worms, small mealworms. Another good food are fruitflies - and with a little luck you could raise your own supplymaking the food needs of these pets free. Remember to "gut load" crickets a day before offering to your pet. This can be done by feeding with any of the commercial insect foods available at pet shops. You should also dust crickets or other insects about twice each week with a calcium and vitamin supplement.
Feeding - Feed adults every other day; juveniles daily
Housing - An cage 18" x 2' x 9' will house a small group. A 10 gallon tank is minimum. For decor use branches, driftwood, artificial plants, rocks, cork bark. These herps will hide if given the chance.
Substrate - For substrate use bark chippings and or Sand.You can also use pelleted or mulch-type; geckos may eat their substrate; if they do, switch to something they cannot eat, like paper or cage carpet, or an edible substrate.
Habitat - Thick branches for climbing; decor and an area elevated off of the floor of the habitat for hiding are also recommended; humidity of about 75% should be maintained in the habitat at all times
Temperature - Day time 75 degrees F to 88 degrees F., Night time 65 degrees F. to 70 degrees F. Moderate to high humidity, this can be achieved by regularly misting. We Recommend radiant heat; use an incandescent light or ceramic heater as primary heat source Lighting. Provide fluorescent light for 10 to 12 hours a day; incandescent bulb is needed for basking area if not using a ceramic heater
Water - May not drink from a bowl; misting the tank may be necessary to provide moisture on non-toxic plants and in collecting pools in the tank; a shallow bowl of fresh, chlorine-free water should be available daily for when they do drink or “bathe”
Housing - House adult males separately
Lighting - Provide UVB rays with full spectrum fluorescent light for 10 to 12 hours a day; incandescent bulb is needed for basking area of about eighty-five degrees F and this can be achieved with a clamp lamp using a sixty watt bulb. My house gecko is mainly active at night. The pictures below are my pet.
Normal Behavior and Interaction House geckos are fast moving, making handling difficult; their tail can detach easily, so use extreme care when feeding. Adult males have preanal and femoral pores. The Female lays two hard shelled eggs. Incubation temperature 88f, Eggs hatch between 50-65 days. Hatchlings measure about 2". They are nocturnal and hide during the day
- Habitat with secure lid
- Basking rock and logs
- Humidity gauge
- Book about geckos
- Shallow water bowl
- Vitamin/mineral supplement Non-toxic plants, branches
- Incandescent light or ceramic heater
- Heat source
- Mist bottle
- hide box
Habitat Maintenance Change water and remove feces daily; mist several times a day to maintain humidity
Thoroughly clean the tank at least once a week. Set gecko aside in a secure tank/container. Scrub the tank and furnishings with a 3% bleach solution; rinse thoroughly with water, removing all smell of bleach; add clean substrate
Grooming and Hygiene Always wash your hands before and after touching your gecko or habitat contents to help prevent Salmonella and other infectious diseases
Geckos regularly shed their skin; ensure humidity of habitat to allow proper shedding
Signs of a Healthy Pet:
Common Health Issues and Red Flags:
- Consistent behavior
- Healthy skin
- Clear eyes
- Eats regularly
- Clear nose and vent
- Body and tail are rounded and full
- Mucus in mouth or nose
- Labored breathing
- Paralysis of limbs or tail
- Abnormal feces
- Bumps, sores or abrasions on skin
- Weight loss or decreased appetite
If you notice any of these signs, please contact your exotic animal veterinarian.
As with all pets in this category, it is important that you find a veterinarian that practices in EXOTICS – this is critical. The typical small animal practitioner may not have sufficient knowledge in this area. Even this guide is general in nature and should not be used to diagnose your pet. | <urn:uuid:81a58928-fea1-4d05-b4f9-24f5a2f6ba4f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.grizzlyrun.com/Pets/Reptiles/Lizards/Geckos/House_Gecko_Care_Information/Default.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902524 | 1,174 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Explanations of Attachment
A01: The evolutionary theory of attachment was proposed by Bowlby (1969) who suggested that attachment was important for our survival and that infants are born with an innate tendency to form an attachment that serves to increase their chance of survival. It is proposed that attachment has derived through natural selection and is a process of nature.
Bowlby’s theory of attachment consists of three main components.
One component is innate programming, this suggests that all psychological and physical characteristics are naturally selected to help us survive and reproduce.
It also suggests that if a child does not form an attachment during a critical period, then it would not be possible thereafter.
The continuity hypothesis is another component of evolutionary theory suggesting that relationships with one special attachment figure (monotropy) provides an infant with an internal working model of relationships, that is, a structure as to how future attachments are formed.
A02: Evaluation of the evolutionary explanation
One strength of Bowlby's research is that there is evidence to support the continuity hypothesis. Sruofe et al (1999) found that securely attached infants were rated by teacher, trained observers and camp counsellors as more popular, having more initiative and being higher in social esteem. These findings support the internal working model.
Additionally McCarthy (1999) also found support for the continuity hypothesis as it was found that in women attachment was associated with relationships in later life.
A methodological flaw with Bowlby’s study was that he used a very small sample size, and the data he obtained from them was based on retrospective accounts. He also assumed that primary caregivers were mothers, therefore omitting to carry out any research with fathers or siblings, thus making his research gynocentric.
Two final criticisms of Bowlby’s research are that it was reductionist, because it reduced complex behaviours of attachment to a simple explanation of serving survival needs, and that it was deterministic as it argues that attachment behaviours are innate/pre-determined , therefore involving no free-will.
A final weakness of the evolutionary explanation is that there is research which has led to the renaming of the critical period to become the sensitive period.
Rutter et al (1998) Studied infants who were abandoned or orphaned and raised in institutions in Eastern Europe prior to adoption in the UK and US. It was found that these adoptees were able to form attachments after their first birthday however, the later the children were adopted the slower the development This demonstrates that attachment may take place outside of the critical period.
A01: Behavioural explanations
Suggest that all human behaviour is learnt as we are born with a blank slate.
Learning theory suggests that we aquire all behaviours through nurture.In the behaviourist explanation of attachment there are 2 main assumptions; classical and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning suggests that we form attachments through associations.
The stimulus of milk (UCS) produces a response of pleasure (UCR). The primary caregiver, who provides the milk becomes associated with the milk and becomes the conditioned stimulus, then also becomes a source of pleasure which is the basis of the attachment.
Operant conditioning Dollard and Miller (1950) support the idea that food/milk is always the basis of attachment.
In Operant conditioning we learn attachment behaviours through negative reinforcement.
When the infant is hungry they enter a drive state that makes them cry (a social releaser). Being fed satisfies the hunger and therefore is relieving for the child. The primary caregiver is the source of reinforcement and therefore an attachment bond is made to them.
A02: Evaluation of the learning theory explanation
As an evaluation of the learning theory of attachment, Harlow suggests that attachment is not always based on feeding. Evidence of this comes from their experiments investigating the attachment of baby monkeys, and the observation that the monkeys became attached to surrogate ‘cloth’ mothers, more than wire surrogates that provided milk for them.
However, when considering this research it is important to note that there are problems using animals in research as findings cannot be extrapolated to humans, and the experiments were not always ethical in their treatment of the animals. | <urn:uuid:93f8289f-d43b-4aba-bdf9-4c47fb4170fa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://aspsychologyblackpoolsixth.weebly.com/explanations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00138-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975138 | 854 | 3.734375 | 4 |
"Examines a crucial period in Arabic literature which has received insufficient attention previously--the pre-modern writers of the 19th century . . . whose journalism and fiction not only shaped contemporary opinion but also subtly molded the contours and boundaries of discourse for the generations that followed."--Michael Beard, University of North Dakota
Dynamic and original, this study of the formation of modern Arab identity discusses the work of "pioneers of the Arab Renaissance," both renowned and forgotten--a pantheon of intellectuals, reformers, and journalists whose writing until now has been mostly untranslated.
Against the backdrop of European imperialism in the Arab world, these literati planted the roots of modernity though their experiments in language, rhetoric, and literature. In both fiction and nonfiction they generated a radically new sense of Arab identity. At the same time, Sheehi argues, they created the terrain that produced an Arab preoccupation with "failure" and a perception of Western "superiority"--the terms intellectuals themselves used in the 19th century in diagnosing their cultural crisis.
Neglected by historians, this ambivalent and contradictory state of consciousness is at the heart of the ideology of Arab identity, Sheehi says, and it describes a variety of subjective positions that Arabs would adopt throughout the 20th century. It became the intellectual quicksand for the Arab world's confrontation with colonialism, capitalist expansion, and individual state formation.
Using psychoanalytic and post-structuralist theory, Sheehi looks at texts by writers such as Butrus al-Bustani, Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq, Muhammad al-Muwaylihi, and Muhammad Abduh. His analysis deconstructs popular and academic perceptions--especially prevalent after 9/11--that Arabs have failed to internalize modernity. Indeed, he says, Christian secularists, Islamic modernists, and romantic nationalists alike have produced a body of knowledge and shared an epistemology that constitute modernity in the Arab world.
Starting in Middle Eastern literature and intellectual history and ending in postcolonial studies, this groundbreaking work offers a sophisticated counter-theoretical framework for understanding and reevaluating modern Arabic literature and also the history and historiography of Arab nationalism.
Stephen Sheehi is associate professor and Arabic program director at the University of South Carolina.
"An innovative study that brings to our attention significant, but lesser known Arabic literature of the 19th Century." International Journal of Middle East Studies
" An interesting and provocative study of the Arab nahda (renaissance). An innovative and important contribution to the field of Arabic literature, Arab culture, and intellectual history." Middle East Journal | <urn:uuid:3f35fe91-2a23-41f0-9294-683052895b6e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.upf.com/book.asp?id=SHEEHS04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911111 | 550 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- On 18 June, riot police in São Paulo charged at a group of 200 families living by the side of the road who had been evicted on 16 June from abandoned government offices. Police used pepper spray, tear gas and batons against the residents who set up burning roadblocks. According to the Homeless Movement of Central São Paulo (Movimento dos Sem Teto do Centro, MSTC), five homeless people were injured, including a child.
- In August, riot police used rubber bullets, tear gas and helicopters during evictions at the Olga Benário community in Capão Redondo in the south of São Paulo. Some 500 families were left homeless in extremely precarious conditions. In December, after national and international protest, the São Paulo state authorities agreed to repossess the land for social housing.
Plan for Accelerated Growth
The government and some economic analysts credited the Plan for Accelerated Growth (Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento, PAC) with ensuring the country's economic stability. However, there were reports that some of the projects threatened the human rights of local communities and Indigenous Peoples. The projects, which included the building of dams, roads and ports, were sometimes accompanied by forced evictions, loss of livelihoods and threats and attacks against protesters and human rights defenders.
- IIn August, community leaders Father Orlando Gonçalves Barbosa, Isaque Dantas de Souza and Pedro Hamilton Prado received a series of death threats. The three were put under surveillance by unidentified men and armed men forced their way into Father Barbosa's house. This followed their campaign to stop the building of a port at Encontro das Águas, Manaus, Amazon state, an environmentally sensitive area and home to fishing communities. The development of the port was being funded under the PAC. On 2 September, Father Barbosa was forced to leave Manaus for his own safety.
Indigenous Peoples' rights
In March, the Supreme Court rejected a challenge to the legality of the Raposa Serra do Sol reservation in Roraima state. The ruling was seen as a victory for the Indigenous movement, but also contained a number of conditions that weakened future claims.
Mato Grosso do Sul continued to be the focus of grave human rights abuses against Indigenous Peoples in Brazil. The state government and the powerful farm lobby used the courts to block the identification of Indigenous lands. Guarani-Kaiowá communities were attacked by security guards and gunmen hired by local farmers. Local NGOs called for federal intervention to ensure the security of the Indigenous Peoples and the demarcation of their lands.
- In October, members of the Apyka'y Guarani-Kaiowá community, who had been evicted from traditional lands in April and were living in extremely precarious conditions by the side of a highway near Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, were attacked in the middle of the night by armed security guards employed by local landowers. Their homes were burned and one man was shot in the leg.
- In November, two Indigenous teachers, Genivaldo Vera and Rolindo Vera, went missing after the forced eviction of the Pirajuí Guarani-Kaiowá community from traditional lands on 30 October by a group of armed men. The body of Genivaldo Vera was subsequently found in a stream, bearing injuries consistent with torture. Rolindo Vera remained missing, feared dead at the end of the year.
In December, President Lula decreed the "homologation" (the final step in the demarcation process) of nine Indigenous lands in Roraima, Amazonas, Pará and Mato Grosso do Sul states. One week after the announcement, the Supreme Court upheld an appeal lodged by local farmers, suspending the presidential decree in relation to the Guarani-Kaiowá Arroio-Korá reservation in Mato Grosso do Sul. The Supreme Court's decision was based in part on commentaries attached to the Raposa Serra do Sol ruling which requires land claims to be based on land occupancy in 1988, when the Constitution was promulgated. | <urn:uuid:9041ea97-dae2-4ed6-a507-178c4b426d07> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-brazil-2010?page=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00199-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968812 | 868 | 2.5625 | 3 |
That parents should praise a kid’s actions rather than her innate
qualities is parenting gospel. Studies find that children who are lauded
for their intelligence develop weaker work ethics
than those who get cheered on for their persistence. The same logic
would seem to apply for instilling morality in kids: Praise your child
for her good deeds, and she will continue to do them. Except, as Adam
Grant wrote in the New York Times this past weekend, it doesn't exactly work like that.
Grant explains why treating your child like an ethical person is more
inspiring than just singling out a praiseworthy bit of behavior: “When
our actions become a reflection of our character," he writes, "we lean
more heavily toward the moral and generous choices.” We want to believe
we do good because we are good, and hearing our goodness affirmed motivates us to keep up the good work (literally).
Grant cites a study in which 7- and 8-year-olds were doused in
different types of praise. After donating some of the marbles they’d won
in a game to poorer children, half of the participating kids were told:
“It was good that you gave some of your marbles to those poor children.
Yes, that was a nice and helpful thing to do.” The other half heard: “I
guess you’re the kind of person who likes to help others whenever you
can. Yes, you are a very nice and helpful person.”
A couple of weeks later, when faced with more opportunities
to give and share, the children were much more generous after their
character had been praised than after their actions had been. Praising
their character helped them internalize it as part of their identities.
The children learned who they were from observing their own actions.
Last time I wrote about kids and praise,
I quoted from a Nietzsche essay (which I had not read. I guess I am the
type of person who quotes essays she hasn't read): “Some are made
modest by great praise, others insolent.” The quote was relevant because
it underscored that kudos can have varying effects depending on the
characteristics of the people receiving them. (I wish the latest New York Times piece had addressed this issue.) Now, I get to quote a Nietzsche essay I have read: In On the Genealogy of Morals,
the philosopher posits that there is no real difference between “being”
and “doing,” between “the lightning and the flash.” And that’s sort of
the theory Grant is unfurling here: that generous deeds turn you into a
generous person; we are all the sum of our behaviors. (When Grant writes
that “the children learned who they were from observing their own
actions,” he’s challenging the idea that you can so neatly separate your
kid’s intimate core from how he operates in the world.)
And yet sometimes that separation is crucial. When it comes to discouraging bad
behavior, Grant says, kids respond much better to feedback that
stresses 1) sadness at the action and 2) confidence in the worthy
intentions of the kid. The point is to create feelings of guilt (“I have
done a bad thing”) rather than shame (“I am a bad person”) because
guilt prompts amending behavior, whereas shame just makes people hide or
In a way, criticism that invokes a kid’s inner nature boomerangs for
the same reason that praising her intelligence can: A parent’s
estimation of character becomes a prison sentence. For children
constantly told they are smart, the pressure of living up to that
epithet looms large. Depending on how confident the kid is, the weight
of the prophecy sometimes outweighs the thrill of getting complimented.
Meanwhile, for children led to believe they harbor secret moral flaws,
it’s easier to retreat or throw a tantrum than to fight the “truth.”
It may seem like a lot for parents to keep track of: Praise what they
do, not who they are, unless we're talking about morals, and then
praise who they are, unless they are being bad, then point out what
they've done wrong, but don't shame. Of course, there are other, more
straightforward ways to foster compassion in the youth, though they
require more from us olds than deploying the correct, carefully spun
phrase. Grant describes a famous 1975 experiment
in which 140 school-age children received prizes that they could either
keep for themselves or donate to poorer kids. Before they decided,
though, the students observed their teacher navigate a similar dilemma
with her own prize. Next, the teacher lectured the kids on “the value of
taking, giving, or neither.”
By the time the students had to decide whether to act selfishly or
generously, they were weighing the adult’s example, the adult’s verbal
sermon, and their own codes and preferences. In this alloy of
influences, Grant says, the grown-up behavior mattered most: Regardless
of what the teacher preached, students who saw the adults act generously
were generous themselves. Whether or not it is distinct from its flash,
apparently lightning likes to learn by example.
I praise my daughter daily and try to live by example . Perfect day for your topic tatee after i thought about lossing it on a white racist teacher , but i would never do that in front of my child . I filed a complaint with the district for actions while my daughter stood in tears ..
Why would ask a parent , "why are you looking at me like that in a nasty way" ? We have a congested crazy parking lot . I was looking back at my baby and the other children . God saved her from mrs India dragging her out the window she roll down to disrespect me for no reason . She better ask somebody . A little girl died yersterday ,after she ran back to mother car and a parent hit her in another school .
I hate seeing parent cussing out their kids. Today at my son's baseball game, my mom had to walk over to the young mother touched her gently on the shoulder and spoke with her away from the crowd to tell her she needed to calm and stop cussing at her baby like she a stranger on the street. It's embarrassing not only for your child to have their mom clowning then in public but as a young mother with so much profanity.
I love my mom for being one of those women who speaks up to parents.
Oh my India.... did the teachers not pay attention to her running off....
Yes, I kiss my kids daily and tell them I love them. Yes, I've learned instead of showing my ass I have to put the other white people in ya life.
I am not sure , but parents do it all the time . Many will drop a 5 year old off with the back door open until someone yells . I am so afraid to park on that lot . On my days at the hospital i stay with my daughter until the bell rings .
We have 2 crossing guards in the morning that are at least 70 years of age and PV in the afternoon . I park down the street and walk in the evening . I warn the principle many times . Praying the little girl death will be a a wake up call . Parents kick the kids out in the middle of the street . I calles the police several times . smh
Canton police say a 9-year-old was struck by a vehicle and killed outside of Eriksson Elementary School in Canton on Monday morning.
Investigators say the girl may have tried to get back into her car as it was pulling away and was struck.
She was transported to a local hospital where she later died.
Police are asking anyone who saw the accident to call the department at 734.394.5449.
You cannot post new topics in this forum You cannot reply to topics in this forum You cannot delete your posts in this forum You cannot edit your posts in this forum You cannot create polls in this forum You cannot vote in polls in this forum | <urn:uuid:ca6e9306-3418-4d91-baad-89be37378113> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://forum.blackhairmedia.com/raising-a-moral-child_topic370001_post10819820.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00175-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970587 | 1,747 | 2.84375 | 3 |
We are all familiar with those program or liner notes that are a step removed from generalized music theory and are about as stimulating to read as a legal brief or a software manual. When I was an adolescent and music was my heartthrob, I just didn’t get how something so sensuous could be intellectualized in such a dry way. Thankfully, in college I was awakened to the wonders of musical analysis, and of how dissecting a score could be as exciting as an expedition into a wilderness. And over the years, whether I am preparing my own compositional materials or studying a work so I can conduct it, I’ve come to appreciate what a wonderful job music does of surviving whatever constructs we assign to it.
Certainly, overarching cultural attitudes and conceptions have always influenced how composers have conceived their music and how others have critically interpreted it. The dominant music theories of the last century, and the overall gestalt of what we regard as music theory, were forged in the western rationalist tradition. In recent decades, the limitations and modalities of rationalism have been heavily debated, but I tend to think that composers and the art of music have long been a model for going beyond the rational, giving us the integration of the rational mind and the intuitive, art and science, spirit and matter. And I might need to whisper this so some of my friends don’t hear me say it, but yes, I think this is even true for some of those twelve-tone guys.
Today, I’m not sure if some of our most well-known composers have particularly innovative or deeply-conceived theory in their work. However, the theories of music that exist today or might be opened up, are not as cut and dry as what once dominated textbooks. I’ll give Harry Partch and his revolutionary tome Genesis of a Music some of the credit for that, and in showing how looking deeply inside music can open it to the heavens…a magnifying glass becomes a telescope, and it’s all about focus. Speaking of which, which one of you geniuses will help us discover the relationship of the overtone series to the structure of the universe?
Grand design such as that is everywhere in music, in its little microcosms and compositional jewels, even when it is not always unified or perfect. Music is a sublime kind of architecture, and learning how to build with new materials, without flaunting the materials for their own sake, is what distinguishes new music. The architectural dimension of music is also why the focus of music theory is so gratifying and worth more emphasis, and why we might expand our notions of music theory to examine those places, beyond the page, that music goes. For how we analyze something tells us as much about ourselves as does the result of the analysis.
Maybe if music theory is something that as composers, we haven’t been talking about enough, it’s because many of us took a step back from it. So tell us what you think Ð even if it’s only in theory. | <urn:uuid:7ef872da-96f5-4331-8e6b-76e8847cdf26> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/Focusing-on-Our-Architecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971764 | 632 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Delivered to the British parliament on January 14, 1766, William Pitt's speech passionately argued against the Stamp Act.
Fellow members of Parliament
To persuade Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act
William Pitt's speech before the British parliament was instrumental in leading to the Act's repeal. Because of the speech, the Stamp Act was repealed the following February.
I have been charged with giving birth to sedition in America. They have spoken their sentiments with freedom against this unhappy act, and that freedom has become their crime.
Sorry I am to hear the liberty of speech in this House, imputed as a crime. No gentleman ought to be afraid to exercise it. It is a liberty by which the gentleman who calumniates it might have profited, by which he ought to have profited. He ought to have desisted from this project…
I come not here armed at all points, with law cases and acts of Parliament, with the statute book doubled down in dog's-ears, to defend the cause of liberty: if I had, I myself would have cited the two cases of Chester and Durham. I would have cited them, to have shown that even under former arbitrary reigns, Parliaments were ashamed of taxing a people without their consent, and allowed them representatives…
It is a misfortune that more are not equally represented: but they are all inhabitants, and as such, are they not virtually represented? . . . They have connections with those that elect, and they have influence over them. The gentleman mentioned the stockholders: I hope he does not reckon the debts of the nation as a part of the national estate. Since the accession of King William, many ministers, some of great, others of more moderate abilities, have taken the lead of government…
None of these thought, or ever dreamed, of robbing the colonies of their constitutional rights. That was to mark the era of the late administration: not that there were wanting some, when I had the honour to serve his Majesty, to propose to me to burn my fingers with an American Stamp-Act.
With the enemy at their back, with our bayonets at their breasts, in the day of their distress, perhaps the Americans would have submitted to the imposition: but it would have been taking an ungenerous and unjust advantage…
I am no courtier of America; I stand up for this kingdom. I maintain, that the parliament has a right to bind, to restrain America. Our legislative power over the colonies is sovereign and supreme. When it ceases to be sovereign and supreme, I would advise every gentleman to sell his lands, if he can, and embark for that country.
When two countries are connected together, like England and her colonies, without being incorporated, the one must necessarily govern; the greater must rule the less; but so rule it, as not to contradict the fundamental principles that are common to both.
If the gentleman does not understand the difference between external and internal taxes, I cannot help it; but there is a plain distinction between taxes levied for the purpose of raising a revenue, and duties imposed for the regulation of trade, for the accommodation of the subject; although, in the consequences, some revenue might incidentally arise from the latter…
You owe this to America: this is the price America pays you for her protection. And shall a miserable financier come with a boast, that he can bring a pepper-corn into the exchequer, to the loss of millions to the nation?…
The Americans have not acted in all things with prudence and temper. They have been wronged. They have been driven to madness by injustice. Will you punish them for the madness you have occasioned? Rather let prudence and temper come first from this side. I will undertake for America, that she will follow the example. There are two lines in a ballad of Prior's, of a man’s behaviour to his wife, so applicable to you and your colonies, that I cannot help repeating them:
"Be to her faults a little blind
Be to her virtues very kind."
Upon the whole, I will beg leave to tell the House what is really my opinion. It is, that the Stamp Act be repealed absolutely, totally, and immediately; that the reason for the repeal should be assigned, because it was founded on an erroneous principle. At the same time, let the sovereign authority of this country over the colonies be asserted in as strong terms as can be devised, and be made to extend every point of legislation whatsoever: that we may bind their trade, confine their manufactures, and exercise every power whatsoever - except that of taking money out of their pockets without their consent. | <urn:uuid:a0104052-d76d-4c5e-b57d-58986b9d1c89> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.learner.org/courses/amerhistory/interactives/sources/E2/e1/sources/6764.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975751 | 959 | 3.28125 | 3 |
West Chicago, Illinois: June 17, 2013 - The West Chicago City Museum hosts Sweet Home Chicago: The History of America's Candy Capital from June 19 - August 24, 2013. This traveling exhibit from the Elmhurst Historical Museum, a department of the City of Elmhurst, Illinois, tells the story of the candy industry in the Chicagoland area. West Chicago's own sweet treat producers will also be featured.
In conjunction with this exhibit, Leslie Goddard will present "Chicago's Sweet Candy History" on Thursday, June 20th at 7:00p.m. at the City Museum. For most of its history, Chicago produced about one-third of the nations' candy. The city has called itself the Candy Capital of America since the turn of the century. Familiar names of the candies made or invented here include Brach's caramels, Mars Snickers bars, Wrigley's gum, Cracker Jack, Curtiss Baby Ruth bars, Tootsie Rolls, Frango Mints, Dove chocolates.
Learn some of the history behind these tasty treats and explore what made Chicago such a powerful location for candymakers. The presentation is based on Goddard's book, Chicago's Sweet Candy History, published by Arcadia Publishing in 2012. Book sales and signings will be available in conjunction with this talk. Space is limited so it's best to reserve a spot by calling (630) 231-3376 or by emailing firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:c613e9d0-4052-4be6-8f35-7604e49c6594> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20130617/submitted/130619863/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926171 | 303 | 2.5625 | 3 |
"Our results provide in vivo evidence that the brain's immune system plays a protective role in early Alzheimer's disease by mediating the clearance of amyloid-beta," says Joseph El Khoury, MD, of the MGH Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, the paper's lead author. "This new connection between immune cell function and this debilitating disease suggests potential new therapeutic strategies."
While it has been known that the immune system reacts against amyloid-beta in the brain, the relation of that response to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease has not been clear. Within the brain and central nervous system, the inflammatory process is controlled by immune cells called microglia, known to accumulate around amyloid-beta plaques. Some evidence has suggested that microglia break down and remove amyloid-beta, but the cells also release factors that could contribute to neurodegeneration. The current study was designed to clarify the role of microglia in Alzheimer's and identify factors involved in the immune cells' accumulation at amyloid plaques.
The research team focused on a molecule called CCR2, a receptor on the surface of microglia and other immune cells that is known to help direct them from the bloodstream to sites of inflammation within the brain. Since CCR2 is known to bind chemokines, proteins that attract immune cells and are elevated in brains affected by Alzheimer's, the receptor could be important for the movement of microglia to the site of amyloid-beta deposits. To test that possibility, the investigators used a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease and generated strains in which one or both copies of the CCR2 gene had been deleted.
They found that mice lacking CCR2 had significantly more amyloid-beta in their brains than did the Alzheimer's-model mice that retained the molecule. These deposits were primarily found in small blood vessels ?similar to a condition called cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which is associated with an increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage. In addition, CCR2-deficient mice had significantly shortened life spans. By 130 days of age, 85 percent of mice in which both copies of the CCR2 gene had been deleted had died, as had 60 percent of those with one copy. This compares with 30 percent of the Alzheimer's-model mice with two copies of CCR2 and only 1 percent of normal mice.
Analysis of levels of several enzymes known to either promote or break down amyloid-beta deposits revealed that a lack of CCR2 appears to reduce clearance of the toxic protein from the brain. Other tests suggest that CCR2 is required for microglia to migrate to sites of amyloid deposition but that its absence does not interfere with the cells' activity once they encounter amyloid-beta.
"By showing that microglia have a protective role in helping remove amyloid-beta from the brain, our findings suggest that enhancing the accumulation of these cells may be beneficial to patients with early-stage Alzheimer's disease," says Andrew Luster, MD, PhD, director of the MGH Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and senior author of the report.
The researchers also note that drugs that block CCR2 are currently being tested for chronic inflammatory diseases, and this study's results suggest that such agents could increase the risk of Alzheimer's in some individuals. L uster is a professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, where El Khoury is an assistant professor of Medicine. | <urn:uuid:5ec91d6f-584c-4bf6-83e0-b316628124e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Blocking-immune-cell-action-increases-Alzheimers-associated-protein-deposits-4570-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968029 | 719 | 3.28125 | 3 |
At around age three, most children enter into a magical time where make-believe is the order of the day. Imagination and creativity spring to life. Playtime becomes a setting where wonderful dreams and desires are acted out as kids learn how to pretend. A few props can turn an ordinary rainy afternoon into a trip to a magic castle or the Old West. But this rich imaginary world is peopled with both heroes and villains, with both marvels and monsters. New fears are a necessary part of entering the world of possibilities.
As the imagination blossoms, kids who never before had problems with the dark are now terrified. The neighbor’s friendly dog is seen as a menacing danger. An ant on the sidewalk might as well be a powerful alien. Monsters!
Acknowledge the fear, while remaining calm yourself. Assure her of your protection and support. When children see that you take their concerns seriously, they feel closer to you and are more ready to work through the fears. | <urn:uuid:4df8e92e-446d-48fa-9756-295e9c5aca02> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.drgreene.com/imagination-fear/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00166-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958082 | 203 | 2.578125 | 3 |
It’s not clear how big it is. You can figure out an object’s size if you know how far away it is (which we do) and how reflective it is, a number called its albedo. If it’s shiny it can be small and still look bright; if it’s dark it has to be much bigger to appear as bright.
Albedos can be difficult to determine, but given the albedos of other objects in that part of the solar system KH162 could be as small as 500 kilometers across, or as large as 1,000. Either way, it’s much smaller even than Pluto (which, at 2,300 kilometers, is smaller than our own Moon). It’s probably even smaller than Pluto’s moon Charon (which is 1,270 kilometers in diameter). Still, given that it’s almost certainly mostly ice and rock, it’s big enough that it’s probably close to spherical.
Judging just from its brightness, it’s probably in the Top 20 objects by size we know of so far out past Neptune. Not huge, but not just a bit of fluff, either.
The orbit is interesting. KH162 is on a fairly elliptical orbit that’s tilted quite a bit to the plane of the solar system (the major planets all orbit the Sun in essentially the same plane; if you looked at the solar system from the side it would look flat, like a DVD seen on edge). It gets as far from the Sun as 12.5 billion km, but at its closest it’s a mere 6.2 billion km out. That’s very interesting; that means sometimes it’s closer to the Sun than Pluto gets!
Not that they’ll ever collide. KH162’s orbit is tipped enough that their paths don’t physically cross.
It was first observed using a telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii back in May 2015. It was seen again many times over the next few months, enough times to establish an orbit — an object has to be observed many times to nail down the orbital shape, and KH162 moves so slowly that this took a while. It takes 489.6 years to orbit the Sun once.
In general objects out this far are called trans-Neptunian objects, or TNOs. There are different populations of them; for example, the Kuiper Belt is a torus-shaped region past Neptune where objects like Pluto and Eris dwell. Past that is the scattered disk, which has objects with more elliptical, tilted orbits. Over billions of years, some of these objects interacted with Neptune, and the giant planet’s gravity flung them into such orbits. I talked about this for Crash Course Astronomy:
I noticed something right away about KH162: Its orbital period is almost exactly three times the period of Neptune’s orbit (489.6 versus 164.8 years). That sort of simple ratio of orbital periods is called a resonance. This is certainly not a coincidence; resonances are common and usually the result of gravitational interactions. I talked with astronomer David Nesvorny, who studies how small objects out past Neptune interact with it, and he directed me to a paper he just published.
The details are complex, but the bottom line is that billions of years ago, there may have been lots of Pluto-size objects past Neptune as well as countless smaller ones. If so, as Neptune scattered the Pluto-size objects one by one, the big planet got a bit of a kick, too. Every time that happened it would have moved a tiny amount in its orbit (what we call migration). Eventually it kicked all those objects away, leaving just a couple (which is what we see, specifically Pluto and Eris). Due to the weird nature of orbital mechanics, many of the smaller objects in certain orbits would’ve been spared. This includes the 3:1 resonance; the orbit KH162 is in!
So it may be a survivor of Neptune’s wrath, in a lucky orbit that kept it away from the much bigger and more persuasive planet. How about that?
On the “how amazed should I be by this discovery?” scale I’d rate it somewhere around “hey, that’s pretty cool!” It’s pretty interesting. In fact, I’d say its discovery is important for two reasons. One is that we don’t know of many objects this size that far out—they’re faint, and really hard to detect. Every one we find is an important addition to the inventory, and tells us more about how the early solar system behaved.
But another reason this excites me is that it shows that there still are relatively massive objects out there left to be found. The scattered disk extends far, far past KH162, so there could be many bigger objects out in that region that are simply too faint to be found.
Yet. It’s a big sky, and we’ve only been looking for these worlds for a few years. KH162 certainly has a lot of siblings (including bigger siblings), and I have no doubt we’ll find many more.
Tip o' the dew shield to Karl Battams and Charles Bell. | <urn:uuid:7c32eb88-631d-45d7-871f-c1918da6fa48> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2016/02/25/_2015_kh162_a_distant_icy_world_past_pluto.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958468 | 1,114 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The symbolism of the Fool is best explained by first considering the meaning of the Hebrew letter Aleph attributed this Key. Aleph means Ox. Oxen symbolize the motive power in agriculture, because they were used to pull plows, etc. Agriculture is the basic form of civilization. Thus the letter Aleph symbolizes Cultural Power, Creative Energy, Life-Power, the vital principle of plants, animals, and Men which comes to us in physical form as the energy of the Sun. This principle is also called Life-Breath. It is the Greek Pneuma, the Sanskrit Prana, the Hebrew Ruach, the Latin Spiritus. Literally these words mean "breath." Secondarily, they refer to the Spirit, or allpervading Life-energy.
This meaning is substantiated by the title, for Fool is derived from the Latin follis meaning a "bag of wind." Thus the Fool symbolizes that which contains air, or Breath. The number 0 carries this idea a step farther. It is a symbol of the limitless, unconditioned Life-Power. The 0 is shaped like an egg, hence it symbolizes that which contains all of the potencies of growth and development. Occultists will understand that we refer to the Cosmic Egg, and to the Ring-Pass-Not.
In the picture the Sun refers to the ONE FORCE. It is white to indicate that it is the Universal Radiant Energy which is concentrated by and radiated from all of the suns in the universe.
The mountains represent the abstract mathematical conceptions which are behind all knowledge of Nature. As such, they are cold and uninteresting to many. But the melting of the snow upon the peaks feeds the streams that make fertile the valleys below. So will the principles of Ageless Wisdom feed your consciousness and make fertile your mental imagery, thus transforming your life.
The Fool is Eternal Youth. He shows that the ONE FORCE never ages, is always at the height of its power. His attitude expresses confidence and joyful aspiration.
The wreath around the Fool's head symbolizes the vegetable kingdom; also Victory. The wand is Will, the wallet Memory. The white rose represents purified desire. The Fool's garments consist of a white undergarment and a black outer one which is lined with red. White is purity, truth and wisdom. It is covered with the black of ignorance and delusion, which is lined with passion, action and desire. It is held with a girdle having twelve ornaments, seven of which are showing. This girdle represents time, and astrologers will find the contemplation of this symbology of much interest. The wheels which ornament the outer garment are eight-spoked. They symbolize the whirling motion by which the ONE FORCE manifests itself. The little dog symbolizes the intellect, the merely reasoning mind. He is a faithful companion, but must have a master. | <urn:uuid:0a55503e-aaa2-4c26-8823-d3173699997e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.botaineurope.org/index.php?id=39&L=3%2C%A0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949634 | 596 | 2.5625 | 3 |
I have seen several articles in your paper regarding problems with water on the Klamath River (HCN, 10/28/02: The mesasge of 30,000 dead salmon). All of the articles fail to mention just how much water is running into the lake behind the dam. The dam was built to store excess water for human use. To try to make up for a water deficit by releasing stored water is a mistake. I believe that during the drought, the flow out of the dam and into the river should match the flow into the lake behind the dam.
That way the fish will get exactly as much water as nature provides for them. If there is excess water it would go to the farmers. If the lake runs dry, then both the farmers and the fish will suffer. This allows the fish (and the farmers) to get a better grasp of Darwinism and the law of the jungle. | <urn:uuid:49e685ec-f6db-4d4d-aee5-3904f59f1d85> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hcn.org/issues/240/13592 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966086 | 185 | 2.75 | 3 |
Have you considered Fido in your July 4th planning?
If you’re thinking of bringing him along, consider that he may not feel the same about Independence Day as you do. Most animals have a natural fear of loud noises. Unless you know for certain your companion animal is at ease with large crowds and loud explosions, July 4th may be a terrifying experience for her or him.
Keep animals safe over July 4th by following these tips:
- Reconsider bringing your dog to fireworks displays. Even leaving your dog in your car is not a good idea—warmer weather and dogs can be a deadly combination and open car windows make it easier for a terrified dog to escape or get stolen.
- I.D. all your animals! At minimum, outfit your dog or cat with an ID tag. The ideal is an ID tag and a microchip with your up-to-date contact information. While microchips won't wear off, a collar I.D. tag is the quickest way to reunite with your lost dog or cat.
- Keep all companion animals indoors to avoid accidental injuries caused by fireworks, to ensure people don’t torment your animals with fireworks, and to reduce the risk of losing your companion animal. Dogs on tethers or in backyards may try to escape the loud noises and flashes. Cats can get disoriented by the scary noises and run into traffic while trying to seek a safe hiding place. Also, please take the time to help a lost animal if you find one.
- Help reduce stress and accidents indoors. Provide a "safety spot" in a room or where they normally sleep in the house. Even a well-mannered dog or cat may demonstrate atypical behavior while fireworks are going off. Remove anything you don’t want them to soil on or chew and replace it with a safe chew toy for dogs or cat nip toys for cats.
- Reduce scary sights and sounds by turning up a radio or television and shut all windows and doors to help drown-out loud bangs. Close curtains and blinds to block out the flashing lights.
- Think ahead for next year! If your companion animal suffers from noise anxiety, talk to your veterinarian about anxiety-reducing medication. Consult with a professional trainer for calming and desensitization techniques to help them overcome their fears.
Wildlife may also be extremely frightened by loud noises and bright flashes. Keep them in mind this holiday weekend and use fireworks with discretion. If you find an injured or orphaned wild animal, contact PAWS at 425.787.2500 x817.
Happy, safe Independence Day to all! | <urn:uuid:88efab68-3412-4c10-948f-7d5c29993d61> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.paws.org/2010/07/six-essentials-for-animal-safety-on-july-4th-.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00041-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931953 | 543 | 2.671875 | 3 |
MATTOON, COLES COUNTY, ILLINOIS
Comparison Values Used In Selecting Contaminants
Environmental Media Evaluation Guidelines (EMEGs) are developed for chemicals based on their toxicity, frequency ofoccurrence at National Priority List (NPL) sites, and potential for human exposure. They are derived to protect the mostsensitive populations and are not cut-off levels, but rather comparison values. They do not consider carcinogenic effects,chemical interactions, multiple route exposure, or other media-specific routes of exposure, and are very conservativeconcentration values designed to protect sensitive members of the population.
Reference Dose Media Evaluation Guides (RMEGs) are another type of comparison value derived to protect the mostsensitive populations. They do not consider carcinogenic effects, chemical interactions, multiple route exposure, or othermedia-specific routes of exposure, and are very conservative concentration values designed to protect sensitive members ofthe population.
Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs) are estimated contaminant concentrations based on a one excess cancer in amillion persons exposed to a chemical over a lifetime. These are also very conservative values designed to protect sensitivemembers of the population.
|Chemical Name||Frequency |
|Maximum Concentration||Comparison Value |
|Source of |
|Illinois Background Soils |
*ppm = parts per million
|Pathway name||Exposure Pathway Elements||Time|
|Source||Environmental medium||Point of exposure||Route of exposure||Exposed population|
|Soil||Site||Soil||On-site soil||Ingestion |
|Trespassers & on-site workers. (estimated number of persons potentially exposed = 20)||Past | | <urn:uuid:1d0e93a6-b54f-45b8-9fc7-811d3e32b21b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/pha.asp?docid=579&pg=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.743207 | 357 | 3.046875 | 3 |
This therefore is the reason why Lombard Street exists; that is, why England is a very great Money Market, and other European countries but small ones in comparison. In England and Scotland a diffused system of note issues started banks all over the country; in these banks the savings of the country have been lodged, and by these they have been sent to London. No similar system arose elsewhere, and in consequence London is full of money, and all continental cities are empty as compared with it.
The monarchical form of Lombard Street is due also to the note issue. The origin of the Bank of England has been told by Macaulay, and it is never wise for an ordinary writer to tell again what he has told so much better. Nor is it necessary, for his writings are in everyone s hands. Still I must remind my readers of the curious story.
Of all institutions in the world the Bank of England is now probably the most remote from party politics and from ‘financing.’ But in its origin it was not only a finance company, but a Whig finance company. It was founded by a Whig Government because it was in desperate want of money, and supported by the ‘City’ because the ‘City’ was Whig. Very briefly, the story was this. The Government of Charles II. (under the Cabal Ministry) had brought the credit of the English State to the lowest possible point. It had perpetrated one of those monstrous frauds, which are likewise gross blunders. The goldsmiths, who then carried on upon a trifling scale what we should now call banking, used to deposit their reserve of treasure in the ‘Exchequer,’ with the sanction and under the care of the Government. In many European countries the credit of the State had been so much better than any other credit, that it had been used to strengthen the beginnings of banking. The credit of the state had been so used in England: though there had lately been a civil war and several revolutions, the honesty of the English Government was trusted implicitly. But Charles II. showed that it was trusted undeservedly. He shut up the ‘Exchequer,’ would pay no one, and so the ‘goldsmiths’ were ruined.
The credit of the Stuart Government never recovered from this monstrous robbery, and the Government created by the Revolution of 1688 could hardly expect to be more trusted with money than its predecessor. A Government created by a revolution hardly ever is. There is a taint of violence which capitalists dread instinctively, and there is always a rational apprehension that the Government which one revolution thought fit to set up another revolution may think fit to pull down. In 1694, the credit of William III.’s Government was so low in London that it was impossible for it to borrow any large sum; and the evil was the greater, because in consequence of the French war the financial straits of the Government were extreme. At last a scheme was hit upon which would relieve | <urn:uuid:06a2885a-a618-46eb-a05b-3ca7ec698927> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/4359/38.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982163 | 621 | 3.1875 | 3 |
How do we get clean water?
If you are like me, there is nothing better than an ice-cold glass of clean water after I have been running, playing, or exercising. Where does that clean water come from? About 97% of the water on the Earth is found in the oceans. People don’t normally drink that because it has sodium in it. That leaves about 3% of Earth’s water that is found in other places, such as underground (known as groundwater), frozen in polar icecaps, in the air, or in bodies of water like ponds, lakes, and rivers. The Sun sends energy into our atmosphere that heats the water and causes it to evaporate. Evaporation occurs when a liquid (like water) turns into a gas. You have probably seen a teapot whistle, using evaporated water called steam. When water evaporates, it leaves behind much of the part we do not want to drink.
After it evaporates, the water vapor goes up into the atmosphere. It then becomes cooler, changes back into water (a process called condensation), and bunches together to form clouds. When so much water collects in the atmosphere that the air can no longer hold it, the water is sent back to Earth in the form of rain, sleet, snow, or hail (called precipitation). When the precipitation comes back to the Earth, it lands in oceans, lakes, streams, or on land. When the water seeps through the ground, material such as sand filters out many of the things that contaminate water.
Many people drink water out of wells where natural substances, such as sand, filter the water. But millions of other people who live in cities drink “city water.” That just means that the water goes to a water treatment facility that has man-made filters to clean the water. We should definitely be thankful to God for the clean water we get to drink that keeps us alive. | <urn:uuid:08c30489-d58a-4a90-9ae0-ab79cc9e3563> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.apologeticspress.org/apPubPage.aspx?pub=2&issue=1110&article=2111 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960896 | 401 | 3 | 3 |
A new state law mandates first responders have access to counseling services. And, we play the quiz!
Did You Know: Arizona Is Home To Ostriches
It’s a bird, no, it’s a dinosaur. Well actually, it’s an ostrich, that is believed to be both.
Really, an ostrich?
North Carolina paleontologists found that the soft tissue inside the thigh bone of a 65 million year-old unearthed T-Rex skeleton looked identical to that of an ostrich.
There is an abundance of ostrich species in the world. The highest quality is the African Black ostrich. Did you know that one of the largest African Black Ostrich ranch in the U.S. is found right here in Arizona?
"My father and my mother spend about two years in South Africa studying the ostrich industry and realized that there was a totally different kind of bird they were farming," Danna Cogburn Barrett said.
Cogburn Barrett and her parents own the Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch near Picacho Peak. There are 600 African Black Ostriches on the ranch which sits along Interstate 10, between Phoenix and Tucson.
They’re a desert animal, and this is the perfect climate for them. Arizona should’ve been the ostrich capital of the United States," Cogburn Barrett said.
That is because Arizona’s climate is similar to the black ostrich’s original environment in South Africa. Cogburn Barrett said the desert landscape and the abundance of alfalfa for feeding makes the location ideal for raising the largest living bird in the world.
Years ago, the family raised black ostriches for their meat. A 250 pound ostrich yields more than 100 pounds of red meat, leaner and healthier than chicken and turkey.
This unique bird has the highest quality hide for leather and oils. One black hide produces three pairs of boots at $800 each. Its lard is rich in omega fatty acids, and its extracted oil is used as a moisturizer and to treat skin ailments like eczema and burns.
A female ostrich produces 70 to 80 eggs a season, each weighing about four pounds, equivalent to two dozen chicken eggs.
Today, the Cogburn family is out of the meat producing business. Now their African Black ostrich ranch is an entertainment venue. Visitors can walk up to the ostriches and feed them. Don’t worry, there are feeding slots to pour the food in to, and besides they do not have teeth.
"You can feel them, touch them and smell them. That’s what it’s all about," Cogburn Barrett said.
Oh and one more thing, ostriches don not bury their heads in the ground. Cogburn Barrett and experts say that is a myth. They say the male ostrich is making a hole for the female to lay her four pound eggs. | <urn:uuid:cd3d064d-b5aa-4166-b602-cb64a12bbf3e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://kjzz.org/content/4328/did-you-know-arizona-home-ostriches | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938126 | 615 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What is the difference between a laser toner cartridge and an ink cartridge? The answer is simple, but it requires some explanation to fully understand the difference. Simply put, while ink cartridges are for use in inkjet printers, toner cartridges work in laser printers and copiers.
Fully explaining the difference between laser toner cartridges and ink cartridges, however, means explaining a bit about how each of them work.
Laser toner is a powder, usually simple carbon dust mixed with a polymer. When the powder is heated and applied to paper, the powder adheres to the paper in whatever pattern of words and images the user specifies to the printer. Older laser toner sometimes chipped off when printed pages were folded, but the addition of the polymer agent means today's laser-printed pages last indefinitely.
Ink cartridges work in a completely different way to produce similar results. Ink cartridges contain liquid ink that the printer sprays onto pages in whatever way the user wants. In fact, the printers that use liquid ink cartridges are called inkjet printers because they work by propelling the ink through jets or sprayers.
In general, laser toner cartridges produce printed pages that are sharper than pages printed from ink cartridges for text, but today's inkjet printers offer quality that nearly matches laser-printer quality. Color ink cartridges generally produce better photographic quality than color toner cartridges though.
Most laser printers also have another advantage over inkjet printers: They are faster. A warmed-up laser printer can often produce pages as quickly as the mechanism in the machine can roll them out. Most printers that use ink cartridges need more time, especially if best-quality printing is required.
Printers that use ink cartridges rather than laser toner have the important advantage of being much less expensive, however. That makes them perfect for home use and for small or budget-strapped offices.
Both ink and toner cartridges are available remanufactured at substantially lower cost than new cartridges from the original manufacturer. Cheap toner is almost always less expensive than ink when calculated on a cost per page basis.
Since the cartridges go empty long before they wear out, companies that sell remanufactured toner and ink cartridges can offer them for much less than new ones, saving customers dollars on their bottom lines. | <urn:uuid:335bd6fc-b532-464b-9c12-3de8f0850453> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.247inktoner.com/laser-toner | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939724 | 466 | 2.953125 | 3 |
July 12th, 2011
10:15 AM ET
Editor's note: This story was originally published by CNN's partner, Parenting.com.
If all the research about the links between smoking and health problems like lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke, as well as the associations between smoking and its impact on infertility, pre-term delivery, stillbirth, low birth weight and SIDS haven’t been enough to convince you to kick the habit, maybe this will.
A new review of dozens of past scientific studies has definitively linked smoking with certain serious birth defects including heart defects, missing or deformed limbs, gastrointestinal disorders and facial disorders.
The study, “Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects,” was published online in the journal Human Reproduction Update from the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, and is the first-ever comprehensive systematic review conducted to examine which specific birth defects are associated with smoking.
The research team reviewed observational studies published between 1959 and 2010, including 101 research studies.
Dr. Michael Katz, senior vice president for research and globalpPrograms of the March of Dimes, a leading non-profit organization devoted to pregnancy and baby health, says the study “tells us specifically how bad smoking is.”
Among the birth defects definitively linked to maternal smoking were increased risk of:
- heart defects
Additionally, the review found evidence that women who smoke are more likely to have a baby with two or more defects.
Although the review included a few surprises about the possible benefits of smoking, for example a reduced risk of skin defects like pigmentation disorders and moles, Dr. Katz said that the “overwhelming trend is that [smoking] is harmful,” and the takeaway message is that, “Any woman who is pregnant and smokes endangers not only herself, but her unborn child.”
According to data presented at the 2009 14th World Conference on Tobacco or Health in Mumbai, about 250 million women worldwide use tobacco daily. In the U.S., about 20% of women reported smoking in 2009, and despite the known risks, many women still smoke during pregnancy.
If you were a smoker, did you quit during pregnancy? Would these findings compel you to quit?
About this blog
Get a behind-the-scenes look at the latest stories from CNN Chief Medical Correspondent, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, Senior Medical Correspondent Elizabeth Cohen and the CNN Medical Unit producers. They'll share news and views on health and medical trends - info that will help you take better care of yourself and the people you love. | <urn:uuid:46a66cba-b5d3-4a40-ba3b-4deff0e6327e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/07/12/smoking-in-pregnancy-linked-to-serious-birth-defects/?hpt=hp_bn6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00185-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964351 | 538 | 2.546875 | 3 |
If you are not a medic then presumably you, like me, thought that we knew most of the basics of what causes high blood pressure as we age. It turns out that we really didn't and now a new computer model casts light on the real reason for high blood pressure.
There are many causes of high blood pressure, but the majority of cases are unexplained. The actual situation is that we really don't know the underlying mechanism that causes high blood pressure and simply have a long list of correlated, i.e. implicated, factors - age, lack of exercise, obesity, and so on.
You might think that the way to find out what causes high blood pressure would be to perform biological experiments, but Klas H. Pettersen, Scott M. Bugenhagen, Javaid Nauman, Daniel A. Beard & Stig W. Omholt at the Norwegian University of Life Science have tackled the problem in a completely different way. They have built a computer model of blood flow, incorporating sufficient detail to verify that it accurately simulates known changes in BP in given situations.
What is known about BP control is that there are pressure sensors in the walls of the major arteries. These are supposed to provide the feedback that the heart needs to keep the BP within normal limits - the so called baroreflex. However, it is also known that as the body ages the feedback or control mechanism seems to fail and the BP rises.
Model variables and relationships
The simple theory that the model was designed to test is whether or not this failure of the system to regulate itself could be due to the loss of elasticity of the blood vessels. Could it be that the sensors respond to the stress in the walls of the blood vessels, and if these harden and lose their elasticity the feedback produced by the sensors is reduced?
"By use of empirically well-constrained computer models describing the coupled function of the baroreceptor reflex and
mechanics of the circulatory system, we demonstrate quantitatively that arterial stiffening seems sufficient to explain age-related emergence of hypertension."
The change in strain v pressure with age
There is likely to be a contribution to the increase in BP with age from arterial stiffening but what the model showed clearly was that in fact it was sufficient to account for all of the loss of regulation. What this means is that the baroreflex may be operating perfectly but the changes in the mechanical properties of the tubes that carry the blood cause it to underestimate the BP.
"The mechanogenic hypothesis is intimately related to the fact that the baroreceptors do not respond to changes in blood pressure, but to changes in strain, and thus are likely to misinform the sympathetic system about the actual state of affairs when located in less compliant vessels."
The evidence that the model accurately captures the behavior of the complete system is that it reproduces the results of major surveys of BP with age and it models the sensitivity of the system to the Valsalva maneuver in subjects of varying ages. The Valsalva maneuver increases the BP when the subject breaths out hard against a closed airway.
This could provide new routes to creating medication to lower BP in an aging population.
"Finally, our results suggest that arterial stiffness represents a therapeutic target by which we may be able to exploit an otherwise intact machinery for integrated blood pressure regulation."
There is clearly still a lot of work for computer modeling to do in understand physiology. | <urn:uuid:a4e0fb79-cd35-4299-871b-61549154711d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.i-programmer.info/news/202-number-crunching/5855-computer-model-explains-high-blood-pressure.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955949 | 706 | 2.96875 | 3 |
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