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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2402313/x-leftx-1-right-leftx-2-right-leftx-3-right-m-has-all-roots-real | # $x\left(x-1\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x-3\right)=m$ has all roots real
## Given the equation:
$x\left(x-1\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x-3\right)=m$
## For what values of $m$ are all the roots real?
I've rewritten the equation as: $x^4-6x^3+11x^2-6x-m=0$
I'm quite sure this is done with Vieta's but didn't really figure out yet what should
I aim to get out of it in order to get $m \in [-1,\frac{9}{16}]$ which is the correct answer .
• Try drawing the curve $y=x(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)$ and the line $y=m$ in the same coordinate system and counting the number of intersections (for different values of $m$). – Hans Lundmark Aug 22 '17 at 12:49
• Sketch a graph of $y=x(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)$. Consider the intersection of this graph with $y=m$ - now identify the critical points and compute them. – Mark Bennet Aug 22 '17 at 12:49
• For $x>3$ this function is increasing. For $x<0$ it is decreasing. Given that $f(3-x)=f(x)$, you need to find the positive range of the function in $(3/2,3)$. You also need to find if there are any negative values $m$ which has four roots.... – Thomas Andrews Aug 22 '17 at 12:51
• put $y=x-3/2$ to get $y^4-5y^2/2+9/16$ – Veridian Dynamics Aug 22 '17 at 12:55
Let $u = x - \frac32.$ Then \begin{align} x(x−1)(x−2)(x−3) &= \left(u+\frac32\right)\left(u+\frac12\right) \left(u-\frac12\right)\left(u-\frac32\right) \\ &= \left(u^2 - \frac94\right)\left(u^2 - \frac14\right). \end{align}
Let $v = u^2.$ Find the minimum value of the quadratic polynomial $\left(v - \frac94\right)\left(v - \frac14\right)$ on the domain $v \geq 0.$ (It occurs when $v = \frac12\left(\frac94 + \frac14\right).$) Working backwards, this is also the minimum value of $x(x−1)(x−2)(x−3).$
The fact that the minimum of $x(x−1)(x−2)(x−3)$ occurs at two different points means that if you translate the graph up just far enough so that it touches the $x$-axis at its two minima, you will have two double roots, which means all your roots are real (there are only four roots). If you translate the graph any higher then it doesn't meet the $x$ axis and you have no real roots at all.
As has already been pointed out, there are other translations of the graph that put its minima and a local maximum below the $x$-axis, leaving only two $x$-intercepts which give you two real roots (but not double roots, so the other two must be complex). The symmetry of the polynomial $\left(u+\frac32\right)\left(u+\frac12\right) \left(u-\frac12\right)\left(u-\frac32\right)$ says there should be a local minimum or maximum at $u=0$; in fact, it's a local maximum.
• You're saying that the minimum occurs at 2 different points, what are those 2 points? Do you solve $u^2= \frac{5}{4}$ and $u=x- \frac{3}{2}$ so that you get $x= \frac{\pm \sqrt(5)-3}{2}$? – Alexander Aug 22 '17 at 15:25
• That is correct, you get the minimum of the original polynomial at $\frac12(-3\pm\sqrt5).$ Since you really only need to know the $y$ coordinate at the minimum, however, you can save some effort and just plug $v=\frac54$ into $(v-\frac94)(v-\frac14)$ to find the minimum of that polynomial, which is the same as the minimum of $x(x−1)(x−2)(x−3).$ – David K Aug 22 '17 at 16:17
• Finally got it, thank you. – Alexander Aug 23 '17 at 8:28
Think about the graph of $y=x(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)$ – better yet, sketch it. Now you want to know, for what values of $m$ will the horizontal line $y=m$ cross the graph at four points. These are clearly the values of $m$ between the minimum value of $y$ and the local maximum of $y$ at $x=1.5$. It may take a little calculus to find the minimum.
• In this particular case, we have local minimum at two points, but the values are equal, so it doesn't matter. In more general case, $m$ would have to be between the greatest local minimum and the least local maximum. – Ennar Aug 22 '17 at 12:52
Start from $x^4-6 x^3+11 x^2-6 x-m=0$ and substitute $x=z+\dfrac{3}{2}$
we get
$\left(z+\frac{3}{2}\right)^4-6 \left(z+\frac{3}{2}\right)^3+11 \left(z+\frac{3}{2}\right)^2-6 \left(z+\frac{3}{2}\right)-m=0$
Expand and reorder
$z^4-\frac{5 }{2}z^2+\frac{9}{16}-m=0$
substitute $z^2=w$
$w^2-\frac{5 }{2}w^2+\frac{9}{16}-m=0$
$w=\dfrac{1}{4} \left(5\pm 4 \sqrt{m+1}\right)$
to be real the solutions we need $w\ge 0$
$5\pm 4 \sqrt{m+1}\ge 0$
Begin with
$5+4 \sqrt{m+1}\ge 0\to 4 \sqrt{m+1}\ge -5$
verified for $m\ge -1$
Then we solve
$5- 4 \sqrt{m+1}\ge 0$
$4 \sqrt{m+1}\le 5$
$16(m+1)\le 25 \to 16m \le 9\to m \le \dfrac{9}{16}$
the equation has all real solutions if $\quad-1\le m \le \dfrac{9}{16}$
Hope this helps | 2019-07-18 17:16:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9372114539146423, "perplexity": 230.13441645764806}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525699.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718170249-20190718192249-00173.warc.gz"} |
http://scikit-bio.org/docs/0.5.6/generated/skbio.diversity.alpha.kempton_taylor_q.html | # skbio.diversity.alpha.kempton_taylor_q¶
skbio.diversity.alpha.kempton_taylor_q(counts, lower_quantile=0.25, upper_quantile=0.75)[source]
Calculate Kempton-Taylor Q index of alpha diversity.
State: Experimental as of 0.4.0.
Estimates the slope of the cumulative abundance curve in the interquantile range. By default, uses lower and upper quartiles, rounding inwards.
Parameters
• counts (1-D array_like, int) – Vector of counts.
• lower_quantile (float, optional) – Lower bound of the interquantile range. Defaults to lower quartile.
• upper_quantile (float, optional) – Upper bound of the interquantile range. Defaults to upper quartile.
Returns
Kempton-Taylor Q index of alpha diversity.
Return type
double
Notes
The index is defined in 1. The implementation here is based on the description given in the SDR-IV online manual 2.
The implementation provided here differs slightly from the results given in Magurran 1998. Specifically, we have 14 in the numerator rather than 15. Magurran recommends counting half of the OTUs with the same # counts as the point where the UQ falls and the point where the LQ falls, but the justification for this is unclear (e.g. if there were a very large # OTUs that just overlapped one of the quantiles, the results would be considerably off). Leaving the calculation as-is for now, but consider changing.
References
1
Kempton, R. A. and Taylor, L. R. (1976) Models and statistics for species diversity. Nature, 262, 818-820.
2
http://www.pisces-conservation.com/sdrhelp/index.html | 2020-09-27 08:03:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7339069843292236, "perplexity": 4333.855435682982}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400265461.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927054550-20200927084550-00644.warc.gz"} |
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/335210/cannot-build-pdf-on-editorial-manager | # Cannot build PDF on Editorial Manager
I have a TeX manuscript I would like to upload through the "Editorial Manager" platform.
However, I keep getting errors like this when the platform tries to build the manuscript :
I uploaded a zip folder containing these files :
The JounalPics folder contains the figures all in .png
I wrote the manuscript using KILE and it compiles correctly. I get the compilation errors when uploading to Editorial Manager.
What did I do wrong ? And how can I fix it ?
Edit :
Here is the log file .
• What is the "Editorial Manager"? It is possible few or no others know what this is. – jon Oct 21 '16 at 19:03
• You have, at line 311, It is important to mention that α represnts the links’ hardness. It should be It is important to mention that $\alpha$ represents the links’ hardness. (fix also the typo). I believe you get the same error on all TeX distributions, the only difference is that on your system you disregarded it. – egreg Oct 21 '16 at 19:37
• @egreg I suspect that the OP believes that by using UTF-8 encoded files all their UTF8 symbols would show up on the produced PDF file. You are right in pointing out that's a mistake, at least as PDFLaTeX is concerned. Should we recommend using XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX instead? As for the OP's system, it is likely that KILE executes PDFLaTeX in nonstop mode, so the error is ignored and the PDF produced simply omits the α. – errekak Oct 21 '16 at 19:52
• sorry I scrolled over the log too quickly I expected errors to be at the end but you made tex continue after the error, ! Package inputenc Error: Unicode char α (U+3B1) is in your dropbox – David Carlisle Oct 21 '16 at 19:58
• user1885868: better follow egreg's advice and use LaTeX commands for your symbols, at least in projects you mean to send through your platform: I don't know if they allow you to choose engines, as ShareLaTeX or Overleaf do; so better stick to the basic functionality of PDFLaTeX, which should be upwards compatible with "modern" TeXes. – errekak Oct 21 '16 at 20:04
The error message is
! Package inputenc Error: Unicode char α (U+3B1)
(inputenc) not set up for use with LaTeX.
See the inputenc package documentation for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.311 It is important to mention that α
Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command,
or <return> to continue without it.
This means that at line 311 of your TeX file you have
It is important to mention that α represnts the links’ hardness.
which should be
It is important to mention that $\alpha$ represents the links’ hardness.
The same error is probably present in the log file you get on your system. Always check for errors after a LaTeX run, every front-end will tell you if there has been any. | 2020-04-03 11:52:02 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9188218712806702, "perplexity": 2458.312009102484}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510846.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403092656-20200403122656-00436.warc.gz"} |
https://mathimages.swarthmore.edu/index.php?title=Gradients_and_Directional_Derivatives&diff=4126&oldid=4080 | # Difference between revisions of "Gradients and Directional Derivatives"
Field: Calculus
Image Created By: Golden Software
Website: [1]
This image shows gradient vectors at different points on a contour map. These vectors show the paths of steepest descent at different points on the landscape.
# Basic Description
Graph and contour map of a function: Click to enlarge
A contour map utilizes the concept of level sets. A level set is the set of all points generated when a function is made equal to a constant. For example, one level set of the function $z = x^2 -y^2$ is $3=x^2-y^2$. Setting a 3-d function equal to a constant in this way yields a contour curve. These curves are curves with constant z-component, and when representing a map, they show constant height.
A contour map is simply a collection of contour curves, each with the given function set equal to a different constant, meaning each curve represents a different constant height.
Now suppose instead of seeking points of constant height, we wish to find points along which height changes most rapidly. Intuitively, we travel perpendicular to contour curves, since even partially traveling along contour curves would involve traveling along a level set. This page's main image shows a number of vectors perpendicular to contours, meaning they represent the most rapid change of height (in this case, in the descending direction) from a point.
# A More Mathematical Explanation
The gradient is a useful idea for finding the path of steepest descent or ascent. For a scalar [...]
The gradient is a useful idea for finding the path of steepest descent or ascent. For a scalar function f in three variables, the gradient vector is defined as $\nabla f = (\partial{f}/\partial{x} , \partial{f}/\partial{y} ,\partial{f}/\partial{z})$. Intuitively, this definition means that if our function has a high rate of change in a certain direction, the gradient vector will have a large component in that direction.
The gradient thus has a domain of scalars, such as height, and has a codomain of vectors. Each vector points in the direction of steepest ascent from the point the vector originates, with the vector's magnitude corresponding to the rate of ascent one would experience if one followed the vector. Traveling along gradient vectors in the opposite direction gives a path of steepest descent.
So to change height most rapidly, we travel along gradient vectors, and to remain at the same height, we follow a level set. We can also analyze intermediate cases: given a direction of travel, how will our height change?
### Directional Derivatives
Diagram illustrating a directional derivative:Click to enlarge
The concept of directional derivative is useful for finding the rate of height change along any path. To do so, we simply take the unit vector in the direction of the path, and dot with the gradient vector.
Rate of height change along a path $\vec{v}$ is $\nabla f \cdot \frac{\vec{v}}{\mid\vec{v}\mid}$
By nature of the dot project, this rate is maximized when we travel along the gradient, and is minimized to zero when we travel perpendicular to the gradient, along a level set.
# Teaching Materials
[[Description::This image shows gradient vectors at different points on a contour map. These vectors show the paths of steepest descent at different points on the landscape.|]] | 2022-11-28 01:55:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 5, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8083614706993103, "perplexity": 439.6268944362684}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710462.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128002256-20221128032256-00802.warc.gz"} |
https://www.shaalaa.com/question-bank-solutions/fill-blank-following-so-make-statement-true-volume-cube-side-8-cm-surface-area-of-a-cube_61467 | # Fill in the Blank in the Following So as to Make the Statement True: The Volume of a Cube of Side 8 Cm is ........ - Mathematics
Fill in the blank in the following so as to make the statement true:
The volume of a cube of side 8 cm is ........
#### Solution
$\text { Volume of a cube of side 8 cm = (side ) }^3 = 8^3 = 512 {cm}^3$
Is there an error in this question or solution?
#### APPEARS IN
RD Sharma Class 8 Maths
Chapter 21 Mensuration - II (Volumes and Surface Areas of a Cuboid and a Cube)
Exercise 21.2 | Q 20.04 | Page 16 | 2021-04-23 15:13:16 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4288487732410431, "perplexity": 786.0105251920171}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039594808.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423131042-20210423161042-00046.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/solenoid-physics-homework.231334/ | # Solenoid physics homework
## Homework Statement
A small 2.0-mm-diameter circular loop with R = 0.020 Ohms is at the center of a large 100-mm-diameter circular loop. Both loops lie in the same plane. The current in the outer loop changes from +1.0 A to -1.0 A in 0.10 s. What is the induced current in the inner loop?
## Homework Equations
$$\epsilon = \frac{\delta \Phi}{\delta t}$$
## The Attempt at a Solution
I'm not sure how to relate $$\frac{\delta I}{\delta t}$$ to Lenz's Law. Just a hint would be great.
Last edited: | 2020-11-27 06:38:54 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.42042624950408936, "perplexity": 1257.191609865571}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141189141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127044624-20201127074624-00095.warc.gz"} |
http://www.gutenberg.us/articles/eng/Compound_interest | #jsDisabledContent { display:none; } My Account | Register | Help
# Compound interest
Article Id: WHEBN0000434428
Reproduction Date:
Title: Compound interest Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia Language: English Subject: Collection: Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia Publication Date:
## Example of compound interest
Suppose that one cent had been invested 2015 years ago at a constant annual interest rate of 2%. After the first year, this interest rate was applied to the initial principal of one cent and the capital grew to 1.02 cent. In the second year, the interest earned was again 2%. However, from that time onwards, it was not applied to the principal only but to the compound capital value (i.e., 1.02 cent). Thus, after the second year, the capital increased to 1.02×1.02 cent. After the third year, the capital grew to 1.023 cent. After 2015 years, the capital has eventually grown to 1.022015 cent, which is roughly equal to 2.13x1017 cent or, more precisely, 213,474,546,813,926,768.7 cent.
Compare this figure to a similar investment using simple interest rather than compound interest. Suppose again that 1 cent is invested for a period of 2015 years at a constant annual interest rate of 2%. In this case, after 2015 years, the final capital is only 41.3 cent. This comparison highlights the effect of compounding, especially for long-term investments.
## History
Compound interest was once regarded as the worst kind of usury and was severely condemned by Roman law and the common laws of many other countries.[2]
Richard Witt's book Arithmeticall Questions, published in 1613, was a landmark in the history of compound interest. It was wholly devoted to the subject (previously called anatocism), whereas previous writers had usually treated compound interest briefly in just one chapter in a mathematical textbook. Witt's book gave tables based on 10% (the then maximum rate of interest allowable on loans) and on other rates for different purposes, such as the valuation of property leases. Witt was a London mathematical practitioner and his book is notable for its clarity of expression, depth of insight and accuracy of calculation, with 124 worked examples.[3][4]
## References
1. ^ Munshi, Jamal. "A New Discounting Model". ssrn.com.
2. ^
3. ^ Lewin, C G (1970). "An Early Book on Compound Interest - Richard Witt's Arithmeticall Questions". Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 96 (1): 121–132.
4. ^ Lewin, C G (1981). "Compound Interest in the Seventeenth Century". Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 108 (3): 423–442.
This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.
Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles. | 2021-01-23 14:17:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3237438201904297, "perplexity": 4912.735052731734}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538082.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123125715-20210123155715-00445.warc.gz"} |
https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/23160/transient-response-of-simple-digitalized-rc-low-pass-filter | # transient response of simple digitalized RC low-pass filter
In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_transform#Example, digital version of simple RC low-pass filter is presented:
$$\frac{1 + z^{-1}}{(1 + 2RC / T) + (1 - 2RC / T) z^{-1}}$$
where $T$ is sampling interval. Let me reorganize by $A = 2RC/T$, and get the following:
$$y(n) = \frac{x(n) + x(n-1)+(A-1)y(n-1)}{A+1}$$
But I cannot see how I would get transient and steady response back from this difference equation. Can anyone help here?
## 1 Answer
If you assume a zero initial condition (i.e., if the system is switched on at $n=0$, then $y[-1]=0$), then the system is fully described by its impulse response, i.e. its response to the unit impulse $x[n]=\delta[n]$ (which is zero everywhere, except at $n=0$, where it is $1$).
Write the system equation as
$$y[n]=b_0x[n]+b_1x[n-1]-a_1y[n-1]\tag{1}$$
In your example $b_0=b_1$. If you apply $x[n]=\delta[n]$, you get the following response:
\begin{align}y[0]&=b_0\\y[1]&=b_1-a_1b_0\\ y[2]&=-a_1(b_1-a_1b_0)\\ y[3]&=a_1^2(b_1-a_1b_0)\\\vdots\end{align}
So we get for the impulse response
$$h[n]=\begin{cases}0,&n<0\\b_0,&n=0\\ (-a_1)^{n-1}(b_1-a_1b_0),&n>0\end{cases}\tag{2}$$
The general input-output relation is described by the convolution of the input signal and the impulse response:
$$y[n]=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}h[k]x[n-k]\tag{3}$$
E.g., the step response can be easily computed from the impulse response:
$$a[n]=\sum_{k=0}^{n}h[k]\tag{4}$$ | 2020-04-10 00:44:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9416508078575134, "perplexity": 397.2416744995696}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00525.warc.gz"} |
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# In how many ways can 6 chocolates be distributed among 3 children? A c
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In how many ways can 6 chocolates be distributed among 3 children? A c [#permalink]
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16 May 2017, 06:52
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In how many ways can 6 chocolates be distributed among 3 children? A child may get any number of chocolates from 1 to 6 and all the chocolates are identical.
A) 10
B) 15
C) 21
D) 28
E) 56
SOURCE: http://www.GMATinsight.com
[Reveal] Spoiler: OA
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Re: In how many ways can 6 chocolates be distributed among 3 children? A c [#permalink]
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16 May 2017, 07:18
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GMATinsight wrote:
In how many ways can 6 chocolates be distributed among 3 children? A child may get any number of chocolates from 1 to 6 and all the chocolates are identical.
A) 10
B) 15
C) 21
D) 28
E) 56
SOURCE: http://www.GMATinsight.com
Hi
# of chocolates distributed to each child -$$x_1, x_2, x_3$$, where $$x_i > 0$$
We have non-empty set:
$$x_1 + x_2 + x_3 = 6$$
We need to convert it into $$x_i >=0$$ substituting each $$x_i$$ with $$y_i = x_i - 1$$.
$$x_i = y_i +1$$:
$$y_1 + y_2 + y_3 = 3$$
$$_{3+3-1}C_3 = _5C_3 = \frac{5*4}{2} = 10$$
Math Expert
Joined: 02 Sep 2009
Posts: 43810
Re: In how many ways can 6 chocolates be distributed among 3 children? A c [#permalink]
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16 May 2017, 07:50
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GMATinsight wrote:
In how many ways can 6 chocolates be distributed among 3 children? A child may get any number of chocolates from 1 to 6 and all the chocolates are identical.
A) 10
B) 15
C) 21
D) 28
E) 56
SOURCE: http://www.GMATinsight.com
DISTRIBUTING ITEMS/PEOPLE/NUMBERS... (QUESTION COLLECTION):
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https://gmatclub.com/forum/in-how-many- ... 41072.html
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Re: In how many ways can 6 chocolates be distributed among 3 children? A c [#permalink]
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09 Jan 2018, 10:19
GMATinsight wrote:
In how many ways can 6 chocolates be distributed among 3 children? A child may get any number of chocolates from 1 to 6 and all the chocolates are identical.
A) 10
B) 15
C) 21
D) 28
E) 56
SOURCE: http://www.GMATinsight.com
\\
since a child must get at least 1 chocolate, lets distribute 1 chocolate to each child first, and thus we are left with 3 chocolates to redistribute
now we are in business
since chocolates are identical, the remaining 3 chocolates can be distributed among 3 children as follows
5!
_____
3! 2!
= 10, the answer
hope this helps
thanks
cheers, and do consider some kudos, guys
Re: In how many ways can 6 chocolates be distributed among 3 children? A c [#permalink] 09 Jan 2018, 10:19
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# In how many ways can 6 chocolates be distributed among 3 children? A c
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Powered by phpBB © phpBB Group | Emoji artwork provided by EmojiOne Kindly note that the GMAT® test is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admission Council®, and this site has neither been reviewed nor endorsed by GMAC®. | 2018-02-20 01:33:07 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4035230875015259, "perplexity": 6525.132006044877}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812871.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220010854-20180220030854-00315.warc.gz"} |
https://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/39749/mapping-from-multiple-sources-to-destination-using-jmapper | # Mapping from multiple sources to destination using JMapper
I am using JMapper to map from multiple sources to a destination class. Could you review it and let me know if the code looks OK to you? Please suggest any changes that I can make to improve it.
Interface to Map sources to destination object:
public interface ObjectMapper<D> {
public D getDestination(Object... sources);
}
Class that implements this interface to perform the desired mapping using JMapper:
import org.apache.commons.lang.WordUtils;
public class JMapperImpl<S1, S2> implements ObjectMapper<DestinationClazz> {
private static ObjectMapper<DestinationClazz> INSTANCE;
private static final String CONVERSION_END = "Conversion.xml";
private Class<S1> source1;
private Class<S2> source2;
private final JMapper<DestinationClazz, S1> mapper1;
private final JMapper<DestinationClazz, S2> mapper2;
private JMapperImpl(Class<DestinationClazz> destination, Class<S1> source1, Class<S2> source2) {
final String mappingFile = getMappingFile(destination);
mapper1 = new JMapper<DestinationClazz, S1>(destination, source1, mappingFile);
mapper2 = new JMapper<DestinationClazz, S2>(destination, source2, mappingFile);
this.source1 = source1;
this.source2 = source2;
}
/**
* @param destination
* @return uncapitalizes the first letter of destination class name.
*/
private String getMappingFile(Class<DestinationClazz> destination) {
return WordUtils.uncapitalize(destination.getSimpleName())+CONVERSION_END;
}
public static <S1, S2> ObjectMapper<DestinationClazz> getJMapperInstance(Class<DestinationClazz> destination, Class<S1> source1, Class<S2> source2) {
if(INSTANCE == null) {
INSTANCE = new JMapperImpl<S1, S2>(destination, source1, source2);
}
return INSTANCE;
}
/**
* Returns new instance of destination object with its properties mapped from source objects
*/
@Override
public DestinationClazz getDestination(Object... sources) {
DestinationClazz destination;
try {
destination = DestinationClazz.class.newInstance();
for(Object source : sources) {
Class<? extends Object> sourceClass = source.getClass();
if(sourceClass == source1) {
destination = mapper1.getDestination(destination, (S1)source);
}
else if(sourceClass == source2) {
destination = mapper2.getDestination(destination, (S2)source);
}
}
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
throw new CustomException("Couldn't instantiate DestinationClazz class:"+e.getMessage());
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
throw new CustomException("Couldn't access DestinationClazz class:"+e.getMessage());
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new CustomException("Exception while mapping source objects to DestinationClazz object:"+e.getMessage());
}
return destination;
}
}
All you need is RelationalJMapper. You must map Destination class towards other classes, in your case towards s1 and s2.
For example, suppose that your Destination class is the following:
class Destination {
String name;
String surname;
}
and S1, S2 classes:
class S1{ class S2{
String name; String name;
String surname; String surname;
} }
You only need to configure the Destination class towards S1 and S2:
@JGlobalMap(classes={S1.class, S2.class})
class Destination {
String name;
String surname;
}
And put the Destination class to RelationalJMapper as follows:
RelationalJMapper<Destination> mapper = new RelationalJMapper<>(Destination.class);
with the function manyToOne you can obtain an instance of Destination from any source defined in the configuration. In your case:
Destination destination = mapper.manyToOne(new S1("S1name","S1surname"));
assertEqual(destination.getName(), "S1name");
assertEqual(destination.getSurname(), "S1surname");
destination = mapper.manyToOne(new S2("S2name","S2surname"));
assertEqual(destination.getName(), "S2ame");
assertEqual(destination.getSurname(), "S2surname");
I can understand the usefulness of a class/tool like this. The basic thinking is:
1. need to transform class A to class B.
2. also need to transform class C to class B.
3. JMapper can help.
4. there are other classes that need transformations as well
5. we should make a generic factory for it.
6. we can also make the concept referencable as an interface, so things other than JMapper can do the mapping if necessary.
This is what I assume your thought process was, so I will review based on that assumption...
## Interface
First up, the interface idea is a good one.... but the varargs Object parameter is a problem. You should only have a single argument. Also, since you want to keep the input argument anonymous (Object instead of <T>), you should have some exception handling for those times when invalid data is supplied....
The reason for suggesting you have only a single input parameter is because the logic for choosing which instance is used for the transform is not easy to specify when there's multiple candidate input values. You should let the calling code make the decision as to which instance to convert from (note, this is related to a second problem I will address again in a moment)
I would also recommend renaming the interface method to something more verb-like, such as mapToDestination(...) instead of getDestination(...)
Bottom line, I would recommend an interface like:
public interface ObjectMapper<D> {
public D mapToDestination(Object source) throws IllegalArgumentException;
}
Right, now for the actual implementation.... using JMapper. Unfortunately there are some real concerns I have in here.
## DestinationClazz
Do you have an actual class called DestinationClazz? I imagine not. I think this is supposed to be a generic type, but then you are not treating it like a normal type. For example, your class definition is:
public class JMapperImpl<S1, S2> implements ObjectMapper<DestinationClazz> {
private JMapperImpl(Class<DestinationClazz> destination, Class<S1> source1, Class<S2> source2) {
final String mappingFile = getMappingFile(destination);
This makes no sense because since you have declared the ObjectMapper as an exactly typed value, you may as well have a constructor that knows it is production DestinationClazz instances... no need to pass in the class:
private JMapperImpl(Class<S1> source1, Class<S2> source2) {
final String mappingFile = getMappingFile(DestinationClazz.class);
So, because of this inconsistency, I imagine that you really want the DestinationClazz to be a generic type.... and you should specify it as part of the class signature:
public class JMapperImpl<S1, S2, D> implements ObjectMapper<D> {
private JMapperImpl(Class<D> destination, Class<S1> source1, Class<S2> source2) {
final String mappingFile = getMappingFile(destination);
....
@Override
public D getDestination(Object source) {
....
## Static Singleton
This code is broken for a number of reasons:
public static <S1, S2> ObjectMapper<DestinationClazz> getJMapperInstance(Class<DestinationClazz> destination, Class<S1> source1, Class<S2> source2) {
if(INSTANCE == null) {
INSTANCE = new JMapperImpl<S1, S2>(destination, source1, source2);
}
return INSTANCE;
}
Here you have a lot of pretty complicated problems going on. I will try to address them in a sensible way....
• synchronization - you are vulnerable to having multiple instances of the same JMapper since multiple threads could be calling this at any one time, and ending up with different instances.
• misleading generics - This is a generic method and not a method with generic arguments. What I am saying is that the <S1, S2> here are not the same ones as those on the class (public class JMapperImpl<S1, S2> implements ....). Your code implies that this static method takes the same generic arguments as the INSTANCE instance, but this static method is not related to any particular class instance anywhere.
• Generic Erasure - when a class with Generics is compiled, the compiler uses the generics to do compile-time validation of the code. Once the compile is validated though, the generic information is completely erased. The effect of this is that there is actually only one class called JMapperImpl. You can create many instances of this class each with different generic types: new JMapperImpl<Double, Long>(Double.class, Long.class), or new JMapperImpl<String, StringBuilder>(String.class, StringBuilder.class), etc.... but only the first one you create using the static method will be the INSTANCE, and the others will never exist.... ;-)
## Where to, Sir?
In your actual mapping method you loop through the input source variables, and, if they match one of your defined source classes, you create a destination instance using the JMapper.
Unfortunately, you keep going until you run out of input source values.... If the user supplies 100 source values, you map them all! and only return the last one....
Which one is the right destination (what's the destination? ... where to, Sir)?
## Conclusion....
You should:
• add the D Destination generic type to your class definition
• completely remove the static INSTANCE and factory method
• make the constructor public.... these are light-weight classes, and you can easily have multiple instances.
• change the mapping method name to something more meaningful.
• change the mapping argument to a single source parameter which is the only thing to map.
• throw an exception if the source does not match one of the anticipated sources.
• Jmapper will enrich the destination if I pass the destination as a parameter. The source classes are different and destination has different parameters mapped to source parameters. Thank you for the detailed critique of the code. That's a learning lesson. – would_like_to_be_anon Jan 21 '14 at 23:51 | 2020-02-20 22:02:10 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17445150017738342, "perplexity": 6838.149814248484}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145282.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220193228-20200220223228-00036.warc.gz"} |
https://mccurdyc.dev/post/2019-05-03-thoughts-on-glog/ | Should I Use golang/glog?
Background and Problem Definition
I am currently working on an open source cli tool, namely mccurdyc/neighbor , that concurrently clones and executes an arbitrary binary on the repositories returned from a GitHub search query. This tool aims to assist both developers in academia when collecting projects for analyses and those in industry for automating redundant tasks e.g., adding a CODEOWNERS or LICENSE file to all of an organization’s repositories.
Why is logging important for neighbor?
neighbor executes an arbitrary binary, specified by the user e.g., ls -al. Therefore, neighbor cannot be prescriptive in it’s output format e.g., a CSV file with the “results”. But instead, the output is specified by the executed binary. The logs are the focal point for a user interacting with neighbor. neighbor also aims to not be restrictive e.g., only writing to a file, but rather flexible, in regards to the output format. If a user wants to write to a file, they can still do so by redirecting output streams — both stdout and stderr — to files, even separate files with the Unix redirection operator >. This is why the logging library that is used by neighbor is important.
Example:
neighbor --query="org:neighbor-projects NOT minikube" \
--external_command="ls -al" \
> out.log 2>error.log
Originally, neighbor used sirupsen/logrus , which would allow a user to specify log severity levels — debug, info, warning, error, etc. — through an environment variable, LOG_LEVEL. logrus also provides the ability for structured logging, which actually wasn’t necessary for this tool. Similar to many logging libraries, logrus provides too many unnecessary features for neighbor. logrus is a great logging library and I actually default to using it when building servers in Go.
One reason that I wanted to move away from logrus was because I didn’t want a user to have to be concerned about which logs were debug and which were info or error, but instead only specify whether they wanted more or less verbosity. Admittedly, neighbor could output all of its logs as debug-level (or error-level where necessary), while the binary’s logs are info-level and maybe this is something that I later decide to revert back to, but I’m also interested in gaining experience with other logging libraries. I think that this concern can be combatted by providing an explicit definition of the N verbosity levels, similar to what kubectl has done (shown below).
Finding neighbor’s future logging library
Having used kubectl, I wanted to have similar verbosity-level logging interface i.e., -v=N, available via cli flags rather than an environment variable. Admittedly, I could have exposed and parsed my own -v flag and set the logrus log level based on that.
After checking out log libraries, I actually expected to find that kubectl was using golang/glog , but instead when I searched the Kubernetes repository on GitHub for “golang/glog” there were only two pages of results, none of which were what I was looking for. I continued my search for the library used and that is when I came across a discussion in Issue#61006 where it was stated that the main Kubernetes repository was using k8s.io/klog , a drop-in replacement for golang/glog that could safely co-exist and addressed major issues faced in the Kubernetes project. The primary issue with golang/glog was that it is no longer under active development and the Kubernetes project wanted to have more control over the log library and that is when they decided to fork the golang/glog project. A few other generally applicable issues to those using golang/glog outside of Kubernetes are as follows:
1. Initializing “hidden” global flags in init()
2. If golang/glog fails to write, it calls os.Exit
The first point is a major issue if you are creating a library that will be used by others because now, you have “infected” all consumers and transitive consumers of your library with these flags and the consumer project will have to call flag.Parse() in init() to register the flags. The second point, if glog fails to write, os.Exit is called. Again, this is actually acceptable behavior for neighbor because logs are the primary interface for the user and the binary run.
Prior to my investigation, I did recall seeing a few tweets from Peter Bourgon, where glog was strongly advised against being used.
After seeing people pointing out the challenges of using glog, I expected to run into a few myself. A couple of resources that I came across once I had decided to use glog were this blog post and this GitHub gist. Both of these resources display the usage in code with only a single, main package, but did effectively display the use of flag.Parse() before logging.
Right now, I am happy with results and there is a limited set of users. If neighbor gains traction and users would like a different interface to the logs, this will be something that I will consider. At the end of the day, neighbor is a small project and swapping the logging library used is relatively easy. If nothing else, it will be a learning experience with a new (for me) logging library. | 2019-10-15 14:24:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.22243984043598175, "perplexity": 2242.0053333618057}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986659097.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015131723-20191015155223-00505.warc.gz"} |
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/327789/are-neutrinos-diffused-or-defracted-by-the-moon | # Are neutrinos diffused or defracted by the moon?
We all know that neutrinos pass directly through things, even big things such as the earth.
However it is also known that neutrinos interact with matter as a result of the Z boson or neutral current. This results in small amounts of momentum transfer and people have looked at whether this is measurable, e.g. by making neutrinos bounce off things that they hit at a very shallow angle.
If matter deflects neutrinos in this way then does this mean that neutrinos that pass through, for example, the moon will get very slightly deflected, probably in random directions, such that the moon ends up acting as a neutrino diffuser. Alternatively if there are internal density gradients then there might be a degree of diffraction. This will mean that if you are far enough away the moon will cast a neutrino shadow. Is the earth/moon distance sufficiently far away such that we are in a solar neutrino shadow during a total eclipse?
No one seems to have considered this possibility, but it seems not unreasonable, and possibly testable if this Augusts eclipse just happens to pass over a suitable detector
• You must not forget that the time in between solar neutrino detections is of the order of days even for the biggest detectors. Therefore a solar eclipse lasting only several minutes would not provide any good statistics. It may well be that the moon has some tiny impact at neutrinos but measuring it is going to be almost impossible. Apr 20 '17 at 9:09
• I was aware that this was probably the case; I was hoping that there was some recent improvement in the detection rate which someone was aware of. I would nevertheless still be interested in thoughts on the theoretical question of whether there is likely to be an impact on neutrino flux. Apr 20 '17 at 9:44
• Not that I know of... As for the theoretical aspect, obviously some neutrinos will interact with the moon but this will be entirely negligible. As a "proof" you should look up the pictures that Kamiokande made from the sun trough the earth. There was no distortion of the picture whatsoever apart from the usual bad resolution of a neutrino detector. Apr 20 '17 at 9:52
• @CosmasZachos, they are not about neutrinos. Apr 20 '17 at 17:03
• @Helen Oops! thank you... In fact, neutrinos going through the earth in these experiments ("earth shadow"?) might be a better handle. Looks like a really tough one.... Apr 20 '17 at 19:02
## 1 Answer
Is the earth/moon distance sufficiently far away such that we are in a solar neutrino shadow during a total eclipse ?
Another related question was answered by @dmckee here and gives an expression for the fraction of neutrinos absorbed by the planet Venus as $3\times10^{-8}$.
Now we'd expect the moon to absorb a smaller proportion (maybe $\frac 1 {16}$th of that), but we can use that as a rough guide and we see that the "shadow" would be barely perceptible even if we could detect most neutrinos (which we can't).
So I think a neutrino shadow is unlikely to be noticed.
• Unfortunately this does not answer my question. I know that proportion of neutrinos that are absorbed (as a result of W boson interaction) is incredibly small, indeed I state this in the first sentence of the question. My question relates to the degree to which neutrinos are deflected (as a result of Z boson interaction). The moon would then act as a diffuser where all the neutrinos continue to pass through, but would be moving in a very slightly different direction. At a sufficient distance the diffusion process would result in a shadow. It is this process that my question relates to. Apr 21 '17 at 7:52 | 2021-12-04 17:01:44 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7674041390419006, "perplexity": 499.640705020873}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00037.warc.gz"} |
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This video is unavailable. | 2019-11-13 06:47:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.28531599044799805, "perplexity": 1807.6442813684516}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496666229.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113063049-20191113091049-00360.warc.gz"} |
http://openstudy.com/updates/4d6697d55f368b0ba569b5b0 | ## anonymous 5 years ago integral dx over square root of quantity of 2x-x^2
1. anonymous
Focus on the quantity within the square root You can rewrite 2x -x^2 as 1- (x^2 -2x +1) this gives you $\int\limits_{}^{}dx / (\sqrt{1-(x-1)^{2}}$ now put x-1=sin t dx=cost dt the above expression converts to costdt/[cost] =$\int\limits_{}^{}$dt =t =$\sin^{-1} (x-1)$
2. anonymous
you are my hero!!! | 2016-12-04 12:12:54 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9527808427810669, "perplexity": 9836.31731950373}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00314-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.actionpackedgaming.com/s0jwdgzk/37795d-non-isomorphic-graphs-with-5-vertices-and-4-edges | Number of connected components: Both 1. Let G(N,p) be an Erdos-Renyi graph, where N is the number of vertices, and p is the probability that two distinct vertices form an edge. 1 There are 34 non-isomorphic graphs on 5 vertices (compare Exercise 6 of Chapter 2). A = Question: Draw All The Pairwise Non-isomorphic Undirected Graphs With Exactly 5 Vertices And 4 Edges. Now you have to make one more connection. An unlabelled graph also can be thought of as an isomorphic graph. There are 4 non-isomorphic graphs possible with 3 vertices. Solution: Since there are 10 possible edges, Gmust have 5 edges. In Example 1, we have seen that K and K τ are Q-cospectral. Is there an way to estimate (if not calculate) the number of possible non-isomorphic graphs of 50 vertices and 150 edges? Yes. For example, both graphs are connected, have four vertices and three edges. The Whitney graph theorem can be extended to hypergraphs. Let G(N,p) be an Erdos-Renyi graph, where N is the number of vertices, and p is the probability that two distinct vertices form an edge. So, let us draw the complement graphs of G1 and G2. . Prove that they are not isomorphic. Construct all possible non-isomorphic graphs on four vertices with at most 4 edges. Pairs of connected vertices: All correspond. So, Condition-02 violates for the graphs (G1, G2) and G3. Prove that they are not isomorphic Problem Statement. 10.4 - A graph has eight vertices and six edges. For any two graphs to be isomorphic, following 4 conditions must be satisfied-. Examples. However, if any condition violates, then it can be said that the graphs are surely not isomorphic. See the answer. Click here to get an answer to your question ️ How many non isomorphic simple graphs are there with 5 vertices and 3 edges index? As an example of a non-graph theoretic property, consider "the number of times edges cross when the graph is drawn in the plane.'' Find answers to questions asked by student like you, Draw all of the pairwise non-isomorphic graphs with exactly 5 vertices and 4 6. edges. 6. Determine If There Is An Open Or Closed Eulerian Trail In This Graph, And If So, Construct It. 5/12/2018 zyBooks 28/59 13.4 Paths, cycles and connectivity Suppose a graph represents a road network with the vertices corresponding to intersections and the edges to roads that connect intersections. Degree sequence of a graph is defined as a sequence of the degree of all the vertices in ascending order. (a) Let S be the subspace of R3 spanned by the ∴ Graphs G1 and G2 are isomorphic graphs. a) Find a unit vector in the... Q: Rework problem 13 from section 6.2 of your text. Solution:There are 11 graphs with four vertices which are not isomorphic. Median response time is 34 minutes and may be longer for new subjects. There are 5 non-isomorphic simple drawings of K 5 (see or Fig. Construct two graphs which have same degree set (set of all degrees) but are not isomorphic. Prove that they are not isomorphic, Experts are waiting 24/7 to provide step-by-step solutions in as fast as 30 minutes!*. Solution: The complete graph K 5 contains 5 vertices and 10 edges. Since Condition-02 violates, so given graphs can not be isomorphic. Find all non-isomorphic graphs on four vertices. Join now. A natural way to use such a graph would be to plan routes from one point to another that pass through a series of intersections. But as to the construction of all the non-isomorphic graphs of any given order not as much is said. Question: How Many Non-isomorphic Simple Graphs Are There With 5 Vertices And 4 Edges? It's easiest to use the smaller number of edges, and construct the larger complements from them, as it can be quite challenging to determine if two . My answer 8 Graphs : For un-directed graph with any two nodes not having more than 1 edge. Degree Sequence of graph G1 = { 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 }, Degree Sequence of graph G2 = { 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 }. For example, the 3 × 3 rook's graph (the Paley graph of order nine) is self-complementary, by a symmetry that keeps the center vertex in place but exchanges the roles of the four side midpoints and four corners of the grid. Is it... Ch. few self-complementary ones with 5 edges). 8. Is there a specific formula to calculate this? 10:14. Join now. Degree sequence of both the graphs … The elements of V are called the vertices and the elements of Ethe edges of G. Each edge is a pair of vertices. Their edge connectivity is retained. For example, both graphs are connected, have four vertices and three edges. There are 4 graphs in total. (d) a cubic graph with 11 vertices. Is it possible for two different (non-isomorphic) graphs to have the same number of vertices and the same number of edges? 10.4 - A graph has eight vertices and six edges. Let u = by a single edge, the vertices are called adjacent.. A graph is said to be connected if every pair of vertices in the graph is connected. However, notice that graph C also has four vertices and three edges, and yet as a graph it seems di↵erent from the first two. Q: You finance a $500 car repair completely on credit, you will just pay the minimum payment each month... A: According to the given question:The amount he finance =$500The annual percent rate (APR) = 18.99%Mi... Q: log 2= 0.301, log 3= 0.477 and log 5= 0.699 Graphs have natural visual representations in which each vertex is represented by a … if x > Discrete maths, need answer asap please. Such graphs are called as Isomorphic graphs. 10.4 - A connected graph has nine vertices and twelve... Ch. All strongly regular self-complementary Which of the following graphs are isomorphic? How many simple non-isomorphic graphs are possible with 3 vertices? Two graphs are isomorphic if their adjacency matrices are same. If not possible, give reason. (b) Draw all non-isomorphic simple graphs with four vertices. Two graphs are isomorphic if their corresponding sub-graphs obtained by deleting some vertices of one graph and their corresponding images in the other graph are isomorphic. => 3. If all the 4 conditions satisfy, even then it can’t be said that the graphs are surely isomorphic. Connectedness: Each is fully connected. At max the number of edges for N nodes = N*(N-1)/2 Comes from nC2 and for each edge you have option of choosing it in your graph or … Distance Between Vertices and Connected Components - Duration: 12:43. 3. In graph G1, degree-3 vertices form a cycle of length 4. Solution. Exercise 8. Two graphs are isomorphic if and only if their complement graphs are isomorphic. So you can compute number of Graphs with 0 edge, 1 edge, 2 edges and 3 edges. The following conditions are the sufficient conditions to prove any two graphs isomorphic. Now, let us continue to check for the graphs G1 and G2. We know that a tree (connected by definition) with 5 vertices has to have 4 edges. How many nonisomorphic simple graphs are there with 6 vertices and 4 edges? There is a closed-form numerical solution you can use. Solution. Q: 3. All the graphs G1, G2 and G3 have same number of vertices. This problem has been solved! 2 vertices: all (2) connected (1) 3 vertices: all (4) connected (2) 4 vertices: all (11) connected (6) 5 vertices: all (34) connected (21) 6 vertices: all (156) connected (112) 7 vertices: all (1044) connected (853) 8 vertices: all (12346) connected (11117) 9 vertices: all (274668) connected (261080) 10 vertices: all (31MB gzipped) (12005168) connected (30MB gzipped) (11716571) 11 vertices: all (2514MB gzipped) (1018997864) connected (2487MB gzipped)(1006700565) The above graphs, and many varieties of the… Now, let us check the sufficient condition. Two graphs G 1 and G 2 are said to be isomorphic if − Their number of components (vertices and edges) are same. By the Hand Shaking Lemma, a graph must have an even number of vertices of odd degree. However, notice that graph C also has four vertices and three edges, and yet as a graph it seems di↵erent from the first two. Non-isomorphic graphs … Also, the complete graph of 20 vertices will have 190 edges. Advanced Math Q&A Library Draw all of the pairwise non-isomorphic graphs with exactly 5 vertices and 4 6. edges. To show graphs are not isomorphic, we need only nd just one condition, known to be necessary for isomorphic graphs, which does not hold. Question: Draw All Non-isomorphic Simple Graphs With 5 Vertices And At Most 4 Edges. Q: Show work and/or justification for all answers Get more notes and other study material of Graph Theory. So anyone have a … 1. Therefore, they are Isomorphic graphs. f(-... Q: Your broker has suggested that you diversify your investments by splitting your portfolio among mutu... *Response times vary by subject and question complexity. 3 Determine If There Is An Open Or Closed Eulerian Trail In This Graph, And If So, Construct It. Either the two vertices are joined by an edge or they are not. A Google search shows that a paper by P. O. de Wet gives a simple construction that yields approximately $\sqrt{T_n}$ non-isomorphic graphs of order n. => 3. It's easiest to use the smaller number of edges, and construct the larger complements from them, as it can be quite challenging to determine if two . In other words any graph with four vertices is isomorphic to one of the following 11 graphs. Graph Isomorphism | Isomorphic Graphs | Examples | Problems. 1 Prove that they are not isomorphic Prove that they are not isomorphic Draw all of the pairwise non-isomorphic graphs with exactly 5 vertices and 4 6. edges. So you can compute number of Graphs with 0 edge, 1 edge, 2 edges and 3 edges. EXERCISE 13.3.4: Subgraphs preserved under isomorphism. Number of vertices in both the graphs must be same. 10.4 - Suppose that v is a vertex of degree 1 in a... Ch. Draw 4 Non-isomorphic Graphs In 5 Vertices With 6 Edges. (a) Q 5 (b) The graph of a cube (c) K 4 is isomorphic to W (d) None can exist. Ex 5.1.2 Prove that if $\sum_{i=1}^n d_i$ is even, there is a graph (not necessarily simple) ... Ex 5.1.10 Draw the 11 non-isomorphic graphs with four vertices. Number of edges in both the graphs must be same. We know that two graphs are surely isomorphic if and only if their complement graphs are isomorphic. So, it follows logically to look for an algorithm or method that finds all these graphs. Since Condition-04 violates, so given graphs can not be isomorphic. Clearly, Complement graphs of G1 and G2 are isomorphic. Number of edges in both the graphs must be same. Number of non-isomorphic graphs which are Q-cospectral to their partial transpose. But in G1, f andb are the only vertices with such a property. Their edge connectivity is retained. У... A: (a) Observe that the subspace spanned by x and y is given by. To gain better understanding about Graph Isomorphism. Problem Statement. graph. 6 vertices (1 graph) 7 vertices (2 graphs) 8 vertices (5 graphs) 9 vertices (21 graphs) 10 vertices (150 graphs) Number of loops: 0. Such graphs are called isomorphic graphs. Prove They Are Not Isomorphic Prove They Are Not Isomorphic This problem has been solved! It means both the graphs G1 and G2 have same cycles in them. You can't connect the two ends of the L to each others, since the loop would make the graph non-simple. Both the graphs G1 and G2 have different number of edges. edges. 1-connectedness is equivalent to connectedness for graphs of at least 2 vertices. This problem has been solved! Ch. Every Paley graph is self-complementary. 5 What if the degrees of the vertices in the two graphs are the same (so both graphs have vertices with degrees 1, 2, 2, 3, and 4, for example)? In graph G2, degree-3 vertices do not form a 4-cycle as the vertices are not adjacent. 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 4. b)Draw 4 non-isomorphic graphs in 5 vertices with 6 edges. Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Draw 4 Non-isomorphic Graphs In 5 Vertices With 6 Edges. Our graph has 180 edges. Figure 5.1.5. Note that we label the graphs in this chapter mainly for the purpose of referring to them and recognizing them from one another. vectors x (x,x2, x3) and y = (Vi,y2, ya) find a) log 2/15 Reducing the deg of the last vertex by 1 and “giving” it to the neighboring vertex gives: 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 3. (c)Find a simple graph with 5 vertices that is isomorphic to its own complement. They are not at all sufficient to prove that the two graphs are isomorphic. -2 Example1: Show that K 5 is non-planar. Discrete maths, need answer asap please. (Start with: how many edges must it have?) This problem has been solved! Draw two such graphs or explain why not. Do not label the vertices of the graph You should not include two graphs that are isomorphic. Isomorphic and Non-Isomorphic Graphs - Duration: 10:14. Non-isomorphic graphs with degree sequence $1,1,1,2,2,3$. Figure 10: Two isomorphic graphs A and B and a non-isomorphic graph C; each have four vertices and three edges. Figure 10: Two isomorphic graphs A and B and a non-isomorphic graph C; each have four vertices and three edges. Edge-4-critical graphs. A su cient condition for two graphs to be non-isomorphic is that there degrees are not equal (as a multiset). few self-complementary ones with 5 edges). (a)Draw the isomorphism classes of connected graphs on 4 vertices, and give the vertex and edge poojadhari1754 09.09.2018 Math Secondary School +13 pts. Graph Isomorphism is a phenomenon of existing the same graph in more than one forms. -105-The number of vertices with degree of adjancy2 is 2 in G1 butthe that number in G2 is 3, or The number of vertices with degree of adjancy4 is 2 in G1 butthe that number in G2 is 3, or Each vertexof G2 can be the start point of a trail which includes every edge of the graph. 4. Textbook solution for Discrete Mathematics With Applications 5th Edition EPP Chapter 10.3 Problem 18ES. 10.4 - If a graph has n vertices and n2 or fewer can it... Ch. There are 4 non-isomorphic graphs possible with 3 vertices. Exercise 9. Both the graphs G1 and G2 do not contain same cycles in them. Both the graphs G1 and G2 have same number of edges. So, when we build a complement, we remove those 180, and add extra 10 that were not present in our original graph. See the answer. So, Condition-02 satisfies for the graphs G1 and G2. How Both the graphs G1 and G2 have same number of vertices. Answer to Draw all the pairwise non-isomorphic undirected graphs with exactly 5 vertices and 4 edges. They are shown below. Number of vertices: both 5. Degree Sequence of graph G1 = { 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 }, Degree Sequence of graph G2 = { 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 }. Draw All Non-isomorphic Simple Graphs With 5 Vertices And At Most 4 Edges. It is not completely clear what is … However, the graphs (G1, G2) and G3 have different number of edges. Graph Isomorphism Conditions- For any two graphs to be isomorphic, following 4 conditions must be satisfied- Number of vertices in both the graphs must be same. And that any graph with 4 edges would have a Total Degree (TD) of 8. For instance, the sets V = f1;2;3;4;5gand E = ff1;2g;f2;3g;f3;4g;f4;5ggde ne a graph with 5 vertices and 4 edges. Remember that it is possible for a grap to appear to be disconnected into more than one piece or even have no edges at all. For example, the 3 × 3 rook's graph (the Paley graph of order nine) is self-complementary, by a symmetry that keeps the center vertex in place but exchanges the roles of the four side midpoints and four corners of the grid. (This is exactly what we did in (a).) How many of these are (a) connected, (b) forests, (c) ... of least weight between two given vertices in a connected edge-weighted graph. graph. How to solve: How many non-isomorphic directed simple graphs are there with 4 vertices? We get for the general case the sequence. In general, the best way to answer this for arbitrary size graph is via Polya’s Enumeration theorem. A graph with N vertices can have at max nC2 edges.3C2 is (3!)/((2!)*(3-2)!) if x -1 If a cycle of length k is formed by the vertices { v. The above 4 conditions are just the necessary conditions for any two graphs to be isomorphic. Log in. Answer to How many non-isomorphic simple graphs are there with 5 vertices and 4 edges? Degree sequence of both the graphs must be same. For 3 vertices we can have 0 edges (all vertices isolated), 1 edge (two vertices are connected, doesn't matter which because you said "nonisomorphic"), 2 edges (again convince yourself that there is only one graph in this category), or 3 edges. Seen that K and K τ are Q-cospectral to their partial transpose for graphs... We label the vertices in both the graphs must be same Lemma, a is., if any condition violates, so each one can only be connected to at most edges... To the SSS triangle congruence theorem for quadrilateral 4,4 or Q 4 ) is. 150 edges possible non-isomorphic graphs with exactly 5 vertices can be said that the graphs G1 and G2 isomorphic... And recognizing them non isomorphic graphs with 5 vertices and 4 edges one another edges would have a Total degree ( TD ) of.... 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https://www.hpmuseum.org/forum/post-7136.html | Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
03-09-2014, 07:12 PM
Post: #1
Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013
Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
In the last weeks there have been some discussions regarding various ways of determining Bernoulli numbers on the 41-series and other calculators. The usual formulas included powers with exponents greater than 100, leading to reduced accuracy since an exact result would require at least twelve or thirteen digits for the base as opposed to the ten we have. Another problem is the available working range, so that the used algorithm has to make sure no intermediate result exceeds the limit at 9,999...E99.
So I wondered if there might be a way of evaluating all possible Bernoulli numbers within the working range sufficiently fast and, more important, as accurately as possible. Which leads to the question: how close can you get in the face of accumulating roundoff errors? Even a simple multiplication can be surprisingly inaccurate, the result may be off by up to 5 units in the last place. Try a simple $$\pi·\pi$$ or $$e·e$$, and the result on a correctly working 10-digit calculator is 3 ULP high or low. So far, so bad.
Here is the approach used in the following program. As usual, the lower Bernoulli numbers B0 to B8 are given directly. For n = 2...8 a simple quadratic equation can do the trick. For n = 10 to 116 (largest value within the 41's working range) the following formula was used:
$$\large B_n = 4 \pi · \zeta(n) · e^{(0,5 + \frac{1}{12n} - \frac{1}{360n^3} + \frac{1}{1260n^5} + ...)} · (\frac{n}{2 \pi e})^{n+0,5}$$
For n ≥ 10 and 10-digit accuracy three terms of the series in the exponent of the e-function are sufficient.
The expression $$\frac{1}{12n} - \frac{1}{360n^3} + \frac{1}{1260n^5}$$ can be evaluated as $$\frac{210n^4 - 7n^2 + 2}{2520n^5}$$.
A literal implementation of the complete formula would yield results with substantial errors. At least the last two digits would be off. So a different way to handle this formula had to be found.
Within the relevant domain, the factors at the left ($$4\pi=10·0,4\pi, \zeta$$ and the exponential function) all start with 1. They do not vary much for n = 10...116:
$$B_n = 10 · 1,256... · 1,000... · 1,65... · (\frac{n}{2 \pi e})^{n+0,5}$$
The basic idea now is to evaluate all three factors minus one so that one additional digit is gained. Obtaining $$\zeta - 1$$ is trivial, and for the exponential function there is a dedicated $$e^x-1$$ command. The multiplication of three values close to 1 can be done in a way that preserves one additional digit of working precision. Since the product of the three factors is something between 2,07 and 2,09, the program even tries to calculate half of this minus 1 (and finally multiplies this +1 with twice the power), so that again a precious digit is saved. The program uses a 9-digit approximation of $$0,4\pi - 1 = rad(72°)-1$$ which is slightly low, so a correction term is applied. Its exact value should be near 7,2E-10, but tests showed that in this case even better accuracy is obtained with a slighty lower value close to 6E-10 (cf. line 89).
Now let's look at the power at the right. For a correct 10-digit result, the base would have to carry at least 12 or 13 digits. Here is how this is accomplished in the program:
$$(\frac{n}{2 \pi e})^{n+0,5}$$
$$= (n · 0,05854983152432)^{n+0,5}$$
$$\approx (n · 0,05854983)^{n+0,5} + 1,52432·10^{-9}·n·(n+0,5)·(n · 0,05854983)^{n-0,5}$$
For n = 10...116 the base of the first power carries at most 9 digits, so both the base and the exponent are exact. However, the 41's power function sometimes truncates its result instead of rounding it, so the constant 1,52432E-9 is better rounded up to 1,5244E-9.
Here is the 41C code:
Code:
01 LBL"BN" 02 ABS 03 INT 04 STO 00 05 SIGN 06 RCL 00 07 X>Y? 08 GTO 01 09 1,5 10 * 11 - 12 GTO 99 13 LBL 01 14 2 15 MOD 16 - 17 X=0? 18 GTO 99 19 9 20 RCL 00 21 X>Y? 22 GTO 02 23 6 24 - 25 X^2 26 3 27 * 28 42 29 - 30 ABS 31 1/X 32 GTO 98 33 LBL 02 34 5 E-10 35 RCL 00 36 CHS 37 1/X 38 Y^X 39 INT 40 STO 01 41 0 42 ISG Y 43 LBL 03 44 RCL Y 45 RCL 00 46 CHS 47 Y^X 48 + 49 DSE Y 50 DSE 01 51 GTO 03 52 RCL 00 53 X^2 54 ENTER 55 ENTER 56 210 57 * 58 7 59 - 60 * 61 2 62 + 63 2520 64 / 65 RCL 00 66 ENTER 67 X^2 68 X^2 69 * 70 / 71 ,5 72 + 73 E^X-1 74 ST* Z 75 + 76 + 77 ENTER 78 ENTER 79 1 80 - 81 72 82 D-R 83 FRC 84 + 85 X<>Y 86 LASTX 87 * 88 + 89 5,8 E-10 90 + 91 2 92 / 93 STO 01 94 RCL 00 95 ,05854983 96 * 97 ENTER 98 ENTER 99 RCL 00 100 ,5 101 + 102 Y^X 103 ST+ X 104 ENTER 105 ENTER 106 R^ 107 / 108 1,5244 E-9 109 * 110 RCL 00 111 2 112 / 113 RCL 00 114 X^2 115 + 116 * 117 + 118 RCL 01 119 X<>Y 120 * 121 LASTX 122 + 123 10 124 * 125 LBL 98 126 RCL 00 127 -4 128 MOD 129 SIGN 130 * 131 CHS 132 LBL 99 133 END
One may now ask if the result is worth all the effort. I think it is. In total there are 60 possible non-zero results within the 41's working range (n = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, ..., 114, 116). The program returns 45 of these correctly rounded or truncated after 10 digits. The rest is 1 ULP high or low. I did not find any larger errors. In other words: the results are close to machine accuracy.
BTW, while the largest possible result is B116, the program can also provide B118. The expected OUT OF RANGE error appears in the last calculation step when the program tries to multiply X by 10. At this point, pressing [X<>Y] reveals B118 as 6,116052000E+100. ;-)
Of course suggestions for improvements are always welcome.
Dieter
03-10-2014, 12:20 AM
Post: #2
Thomas Klemm Senior Member Posts: 1,447 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
Did you ever consider to write the program in MCODE? That provides the possibility to use 13 digits for your calculations and only round the result to 10 digits.
Cheers
Thomas
03-10-2014, 08:23 PM
Post: #3
Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
(03-10-2014 12:20 AM)Thomas Klemm Wrote: Did you ever consider to write the program in MCODE? That provides the possibility to use 13 digits for your calculations and only round the result to 10 digits.
Getting 10 valid digits out of 13 digits working precision is not quite a challenge. ;-)
The basic question here was: how close can you get without any additional guard digits. Otherwise things are trivial: I tried the basic formula on a 12-digit 35s. Even with sloppy programming 10 valid digits ±1 ULP are not very hard to achieve. So with 13 digit precision things become trivial if the goal is merely a correct 10-digit result.
But nevertheless I would love to try MCODE programming. Years ago I always enjoyed combining efficient x86 assembler code with the beauty of Pascal. But honestly, I do not know the slightest thing about MCODE. I do not even how what is required to build a working programming environment. Maybe there is some basic info somewhere to start with?!
BTW, in the meantime there is a shorter and even slightly faster Bernoulli program with comparable accuracy: ±1 ULP over the whole working range. Yes, with a standard 10-digit 41C. ;-)
Dieter
03-12-2014, 04:34 PM
Post: #4
Thomas Klemm Senior Member Posts: 1,447 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
(03-10-2014 08:23 PM)Dieter Wrote: Getting 10 valid digits out of 13 digits working precision is not quite a challenge. ;-)
(03-12-2014 01:45 AM)Paul Dale Wrote: Having extra guard digits during a computation is a godsend.
But nevertheless I would love to try MCODE programming.
You'll find all you need on Warren Furlow's HP-41 web-site.
Have fun
Thomas
03-14-2014, 10:05 AM
Post: #5
Ángel Martin Senior Member Posts: 1,261 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
It's slightly more involved than just applying a cookie-cutter recipy, even if it's all published somewhere (like TOS). The 13-digit routines allow for intermediate calculations done with more precision, so the final result is more accurate (or less inaccurate, in a more strict speak). There are many 13-digit versions of the standard math routines in the 41 OS, a good starting point could be the mini-paper I prepared a while ago; available at TOS (can't paste the link here as you probably know).
I've attached it to this post as well (hope it works)
Cheers,
ÁM
Attached File(s)
03-14-2014, 09:37 PM
Post: #6
Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
(03-12-2014 04:34 PM)Thomas Klemm Wrote: You'll find all you need on Warren Furlow's HP-41 web-site.
(03-14-2014 10:05 AM)Ángel Martin Wrote: It's slightly more involved than just applying a cookie-cutter recipy, even if it's all published somewhere (like TOS).
Yes, I am absolutely sure it is all "somewhere". ;-) But what I am looking for is something like a structured introduction to MCODE programming: what are the hardware options, what else is required, what is covered by the instruction set and what are basic programming techniques. I am quite familiar with FOCAL programming, and I also appreciate the the benefits of doing things in machine code, so MCODE sounds like an interesting new project to me. However, I need some basic info first.
Quote:The 13-digit routines allow for intermediate calculations done with more precision, so the final result is more accurate (or less inaccurate, in a more strict speak). There are many 13-digit versions of the standard math routines in the 41 OS, a good starting point could be the mini-paper I prepared a while ago; available at TOS (can't paste the link here as you probably know).
I've attached it to this post as well (hope it works)
Thank you very much, and yes, it worked. That's exactly what I am looking for. In a way I am a kind of "accuracy junkie" - that's why I love the 34s project and the option of 34-digit precision for certain things. Defining special functions like the Normal distribution quantile, Lambert's W or just the Bernoulli numbers will full 10-digit accuracy is virtually impossible in FOCAL. With 13 digits all this becomes easy.
Now - where and how to start?
Dieter
By the way, do you know of a kind of overview with the actual accuracy of the 41's internal 13-digit routines?
03-14-2014, 10:00 PM
Post: #7
Thomas Klemm Senior Member Posts: 1,447 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
(03-14-2014 09:37 PM)Dieter Wrote: Now - where and how to start?
Software Development Kit
For the HP-41 Release 6
PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL
cf. APPENDIX I – Step by Step Example
HTH
Thomas
03-14-2014, 10:04 PM
Post: #8
Thomas Klemm Senior Member Posts: 1,447 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
(03-14-2014 10:05 AM)Ángel Martin Wrote: available at TOS (can't paste the link here as you probably know).
Not a problem: HP41 OS 13-digit Math Routines
Thanks again for the compilation!
Cheers
Thomas
03-14-2014, 10:21 PM
Post: #9
Thomas Klemm Senior Member Posts: 1,447 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
(03-14-2014 09:37 PM)Dieter Wrote: By the way, do you know of a kind of overview with the actual accuracy of the 41's internal 13-digit routines?
Probably not what you want:
HEWLETT-PACKARD JOURNAL
cf. Algorithms and Accuracy in the HP-35
But I just remembered that picture of the saw-tooth diagram.
Cheers
Thomas
03-15-2014, 09:32 AM
Post: #10
Ángel Martin Senior Member Posts: 1,261 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
There's an interesting article (written by Dennis W. Harms) that broadly describes the accuracy of the math algorithms on the HP-67 - which in my understanding were pretty much the same ones also used by the 41C. You can read it in the November 1976 issue of the HP Journal, pages 16 and 17.
Cheers,
'AM
03-15-2014, 12:26 PM
Post: #11
Thomas Klemm Senior Member Posts: 1,447 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
(03-15-2014 09:32 AM)Ángel Martin Wrote: You can read it in the November 1976 issue of the HP Journal, pages 16 and 17.
Original article in Advanced Pocket Calculators
Dennis W. Harms, pictured 30 years later:
03-15-2014, 12:56 PM
Post: #12
Ángel Martin Senior Member Posts: 1,261 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
Thomas, thanks for the links, I didn't have the original article.
Your historian archivist skills largely exceed mine
03-15-2014, 06:12 PM
Post: #13
Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
(03-15-2014 12:26 PM)Thomas Klemm Wrote:
(03-15-2014 09:32 AM)Ángel Martin Wrote: You can read it in the November 1976 issue of the HP Journal, pages 16 and 17.
Original article in Advanced Pocket Calculators
Thank you very much, especially for the "Advanced Pocket Calculators" version. I read the HP journal version of this article many years ago, but it does not answer the question regarding the accuracy of the 13-digit internal functions of the HP-41, -67 or any other calculator. What the article essentially says is that 13 digits (HP-91 and newer) allow (nearly) correct 10-digit results, which had errors before when no guard digits were used. Or simply "13 digits give better results than 10 digits". Which nobody will deny. ;-)
Dieter
03-15-2014, 07:17 PM
Post: #14
Thomas Klemm Senior Member Posts: 1,447 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
(03-15-2014 06:12 PM)Dieter Wrote: but it does not answer the question regarding the accuracy of the 13-digit internal functions of the HP-41
There's most probably no information available concerning this question. Thus there is much to do. I suggest to use the trace which is available in Nonpareil to figure out the 13-digit internal results of the operations you are interested in. You probably have some corner cases already in mind such as cos(x) close to $$\frac{\pi}{2}$$ or ln(x) close to 1. Or maybe the SDK41 provides a decent debugger? Let me know if you need detailed instructions. IIRC Nonpareil doesn't support tracing out of the box. You have to compile it setting the option has_debugger_gui.
Cheers
Thomas
03-15-2014, 08:47 PM (This post was last modified: 03-15-2014 08:50 PM by Ángel Martin.)
Post: #15
Ángel Martin Senior Member Posts: 1,261 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
V41 does have a tracer and breakpoint capability. I do lots of troubleshooting on it, and it can also be used to see the intermediate results - provided you have the source code of course. So it's a bit of a catch-22, but once you're in the game it's very rewarding.
03-18-2014, 09:24 PM
Post: #16
Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
Thomas and Ángel: Thank you very much for some first information on how to start with MCODE. It seems to be a long way to go. On the other hand I just read through the Sandmath manual, and all this looks very promising.
BTW, Ángel: Sandmath seems to lack a Normal Quantile function. I do not think it's as complicated as Appendix 9 suggests: on the 34s it can be done with 30+ digit accuracy in merely two iterations. At the moment I am playing around a bit with V41. If there is a way to have Sandmath's ERF in V41 I could see what can be done in user code. ;-) How fast does ERF execute on a real 41?
Dieter
03-19-2014, 06:47 AM (This post was last modified: 03-19-2014 06:52 AM by Ángel Martin.)
Post: #17
Ángel Martin Senior Member Posts: 1,261 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
Hi Dieter, glad to see you find the SandMath worth looking at. Which revision are you using? Are there two appendices 9a and 9b, or only one appendix 9?
http://hp41.claughan.com/file/SANDMATH_4...Manual.pdf
I say this because in the latest versions (Revision "M", see above link) there are a couple of functions directly related to the quantile, one (ICPF) using the inverse error function on a general Normal distribution (s,m), and another (QNTL) using Halley's iterative method on a standard Normal (0,1). The functions are a bit buried in the -FACTORIAL group, in the sub-functions FAT
The manual has room for improvement, but isn't the quantile function QNTL what you're asking about? It is briefly (and poorly) documented in page 48. Below you can see the FOCAL code for this function, which uses Halley's method to solve for a CPF (Cumulative Probability Function) equation equal to the quantile's value. The convergence criteria is a poor E-7, probably not what you're looking for I'm afraid.
Code:
01 LBL "QNTL" 02 STO 03 03 CLX 04 STO 04 05 LBL 01 06 0 07 ENTER^ 08 1 09 RCL 04 10 CPF 11 RCL 03 12 - 13 STO 05 14 0 15 ENTER^ 16 1 17 RCL 04 18 PDF 19 RCL 05 20 X<>Y 21 ST* Y 22 X^2 23 LASTX 24 RCL 04 25 * 26 RCL 05 27 * 28 2 29 / 30 + 31 / 32 ST- 04 33 ABS 34 E-7 35 X<Y? 36 GTO 01 37 END
As per ICPF, it's a much simpler code since IERF does all the work in there:
Code:
01 LBL "ICPF" 02 ST+ X 03 E 04 - 05 IERF 06 2 07 SQRT 08 * 09 * 10 + 11 END
I use the CUDA library algorithms to calculate the inverse error function - it's a very fast implementation (yes, even on a normal HP-41) that takes a huge MCODE listing code.
I may be confusing subjects, statistics is not my forte (I'm really a jack of all trades and master of none, as I'm sure you have noticed ;-) I think this function is equivalent to the 38E's, but haven't looked at the 34S at all (don't have one myself).
l hope this clarifies, but let me know if you see any issues or would like additions/changes made.
Best,
'AM
03-19-2014, 01:37 PM (This post was last modified: 03-19-2014 06:54 PM by Dieter.)
Post: #18
Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
(03-19-2014 06:47 AM)Ángel Martin Wrote: Hi Dieter, glad to see you find the SandMath worth looking at. Which revision are you using? Are there two appendices 9a and 9b, or only one appendix 9?
The version I had was 4.44.44, now updated to 5.55.55 that indeed has additional information on the Normal quantile function.
Actually I do not use Sandmath. I heard about it quite often here, and when I tried a first look at MCODE I came across the manual. At the moment this is all what I got. ;-)
(03-19-2014 06:47 AM)Ángel Martin Wrote: I say this because in the latest versions (Revision "M", see above link) there are a couple of functions directly related to the quantile, one (ICPF) using the inverse error function on a general Normal distribution (s,m), and another (QNTL) using Halley's iterative method on a standard Normal (0,1).
Halley's method is nice, but it can be done better and faster. ;-)
I now remember that some time ago I set up an algorithm specially taylored for the HP41 and other 10-digit machines. It first calculates an initial estimate with a very simple (1, 2) rational function, requiring just four constants with few digits, and then one single correction step is sufficient for a result with error less than 0,055 ULP, i.e. 5,5 units in the 12th significant digit. All it needs is a sufficiently accurate CDF (cumulative distribution function).
The following method assumes p < 0,5. The rest is handled by CDF(-x) = 1 - CDF(x).
$$u := \sqrt{-2 ln p}$$
$$x := max( 0 , u - \large \frac{2,374 + 0,39 u}{1 + 1,11 u + 0,07157 u^2} )$$
$$t := \large \frac{CDF(x) - p}{PDF(x)}$$
Now apply a third order (!) correction, cf. Abramowitz & Stegun, 10th ed., p. 954:
$$x := x + t + \frac{x}{2}t^2 + \frac{2x^2+1}{6}t^3$$
If evaluated exactly, the result has an error within approx. +0 and -5,5 units in the 12th significant digit throughout the 41's working range (even down to 1E-121).
Here is an implementation in Visual Basic for Excel:
Code:
Function icdf10(p) signflag = (p > 0.5) If signflag Then q = 1 - p Else q = p u = Sqr(-2 * Log(q)) x = u - (2.374 + 0.39 * u) / ((0.07157 * u + 1.11) * u + 1) If x < 0 Then x = 0 t = (normcdf(x) - q) / normpdf(x) x = t * t * t * (2 * x * x + 1) / 6 + t * t * x / 2 + t + x If signflag Then x = -x icdf10 = x End Function
Here normcdf() and normpdf() refer to the Normal CDF resp. PDF. Please note that the PDF refers to the upper integral, i.e. from x to infinity. Otherwise two small adjustments are required.
The essential magic is in the combination of a dedicated initial guess and a very effective correction afterwards. If the term at t³ is omitted, the result quite exactly matches that of Halley's method and the error is less than 2 units in the 9th digit.
All this should work for p = 0,2 as well as p = 1E-12 or 1E-99 (that's why $$erf^{-1}(2p-1)$$ is not a good idea). Cases close to the distribution center and and the lower working limit (1E-99) require some care at the calculation of CDF(x) - p since this difference may become numerically zero due to underflow or digit cancellation. But there are ways to handle this.
Dieter
Edit: corrected an error and tweaked one of the constants for even better accuracy.
03-19-2014, 07:32 PM
Post: #19
Ángel Martin Senior Member Posts: 1,261 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
Will look at your method as soon as I get a chance, thanks for sharing it.
I only included the Halley's method QNTL for comparison reasons; the preferred approach is no doubt to use IPFC (based on the inverse error function) - much faster (really several orders of magnitude) and generally more accurate.
BTW you can use the SandMath on V41 when you want, the MOD file is available at TOS.
Cheers,
'AM
03-19-2014, 08:31 PM
Post: #20
Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: Accurate Bernoulli numbers on the 41C, or "how close can you get"?
(03-19-2014 07:32 PM)Ángel Martin Wrote: ...the preferred approach is no doubt to use IPFC (based on the inverse error function) - much faster (really several orders of magnitude) and generally more accurate.
"Fast and accurate" always sounds very promising. ;-) Do you have any figures here? How fast is, for instance, qf(0,01) on an actual HP41? You say you used the inverse error function as implemented in the CUDA library. Do you have a link to this algorithm? I found some information on the library, but not on the actual algorithms.
Just for comparison: I currently use a method similar to the one posted above in combination with an optimized method for the CDF. In a regular FOCAL program, the CDF runs in about 3 - 12 seconds, the quantile function requires roughly 3 seconds more. Maybe you can estimate how fast this would run in MCODE.
Dieter
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https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/86523/2d10-d100-percentile-dice-question?noredirect=1 | # 2d10/d100/Percentile Dice question [duplicate]
So rolling a d100, or percentile dice, you (typically) would roll 2d10, take one in the tens place and one in the ones place. Does this mean if I roll a 90 and a 0 (a 10) that I get 100? Does that not increase the chances of me getting a 100, since I could get it two different ways, or am I misunderstanding?
I believe I understand everything else about these dice. For instance, a 00 and a 0 are 100, a 30 and a 4 are 34, a 00 and 1-9 is 1-9, et cetera, but this one has me stumped.
Any feedback and help is appreciated!
This answer already contains a lot of details on how to read 2 d10 as a percentile dice. However I think a resume of what you find there is:
You don't have to add one d10 to the other you just read the tenth dice first and then the other, you also don't read 0s. There is only one exception which is 00-0 that you read 100.
To make an example:
90 and 0 you read Ninety
90 and 1 you read ninety one
0 and 2 you read two
You read a '10' on the digit dice as 0. If you roll '90' and '0' you have rolled '90'. Getting '00' and '0' is the only exception to that, and is counted as 100. | 2020-08-05 16:57:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2991536855697632, "perplexity": 927.0988415290444}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735963.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805153603-20200805183603-00193.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/128414-differentiate-questions.html | 1. ## Differentiate questions
Hi
The following questions i am having problem getting the correct answers. I need help where i have gone wrong.
1) $y=sin^{-1}(-2x-1)$
$\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{1-(2x-1)^2}}$
$=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{1-(4x^2-1)}}$
$=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{2-4x^2}}$
Answers says its: $\frac{1}{\sqrt{x-x^2}}$
2) $y=sin^{-1}(\sqrt{x})$
$\frac{dy}{dx}=$ $\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} divide (\sqrt{1-x^2})$
$=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}(\sqrt{1-x^2})}$
Answers says its: $\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x-x^2}}$
3)Find the second derivative of $xe^{2x}.$
The first derivative is $e^{2x}(1+2x)$
The second derivative i got:
$=2e^{2x}+4xe^{2x}$
$=2e^{2x}(1+2x)$
Answers says its $4(x+1)e^{2x}$
4)If $y=2cos3x+5sin3x$, show that $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=-9y$
First derivative i got: $-6sin3x+15cos3x$
Now second derivative i got: $-18cos3x-45sin3x$
What did i do wrong? or what is the next step?
P.S
2. Originally Posted by Paymemoney
Hi
The following questions i am having problem getting the correct answers. I need help where i have gone wrong.
1) $y=sin^{-1}(-2x-1)$
$\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{1-(2x-1)^2}}$
$\textcolor{red}{=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{1-(-2x-1)^2}}}$
Answers says its: $\frac{1}{\sqrt{x-x^2}}$
2) $y=sin^{-1}(\sqrt{x})$
$\frac{dy}{dx}=$ $\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} divide (\sqrt{1-x^2})$
$\textcolor{red}{\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{1-x}}}$
Answers says its: $\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x-x^2}}$
3)Find the second derivative of $xe^{2x}.$
The first derivative is $e^{2x}(1+2x)$
The second derivative i got:
$=2e^{2x}+4xe^{2x}$
$\textcolor{red}{=2e^{2x}+(1+2x)2e^{2x}}$
$\textcolor{red}{=2e^{2x}+2e^{2x}+4xe^{2x}}$
$\textcolor{red}{=4e^{2x}+4xe^{2x}}$
$\textcolor{red}{4e^{2x}(1+x)}$
Answers says its $4(x+1)e^{2x}$
4)If $y=2cos3x+5sin3x$, show that $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=-9y$
First derivative i got: $-6sin3x+15cos3x$
Now second derivative i got: $-18cos3x-45sin3x$
What did i do wrong? or what is the next step? factor out a -9
P.S
...
3. 3)Find the second derivative of
The first derivative is
The second derivative i got:
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
can you explain to me how did you go from $2e^{2x}+4xe^{2x}$ to $2e^{2x}+(1+2x)2e^{2x}$?
4. Originally Posted by Paymemoney
3)Find the second derivative of
The first derivative is
The second derivative i got:
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
can you explain to me how did you go from $2e^{2x}+4xe^{2x}$ to $2e^{2x}+(1+2x)2e^{2x}$?
I did not use your second derivative.
$y' = e^{2x}(1+2x)$ is where I started.
use the product and chain rules from here as i did.
5. Originally Posted by skeeter
I did not use your second derivative.
$y' = e^{2x}(1+2x)$ is where I started.
use the product and chain rules from here as i did.
oh ok i get it now
6. So from $\frac{-2}{\sqrt{1-(-2x-1)^2}}$ this is what i done but it doesn't seem to be correct.
$
=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{1-(-2x-1)(-2x-1)}}$
$=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{1-(4x^2+4x+1)}}$
$=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{-4x^2+4x}}$
$=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{-4x^2+4x}}$
$=\frac{-2}{-2x^2+2x}$
$=\frac{1}{x^2+x}$
7. looking back at the original problem ...
is the function $y = \sin^{-1}(2x-1)$ or $y = \sin^{-1}(-2x-1)$ as you originally posted ???
the given solution is for the first function.
8. Originally Posted by skeeter
looking back at the original problem ...
is the function $y = \sin^{-1}(2x-1)$ or $y = \sin^{-1}(-2x-1)$ as you originally posted ???
the given solution is for the first function.
its the first one $y = \sin^{-1}(2x-1)$
9. Originally Posted by Paymemoney
its the first one $y = \sin^{-1}(2x-1)$
then work it again. you need the algebra practice.
10. well i worked it out thanks for helping.
11. Originally Posted by Paymemoney
Hi
The following questions i am having problem getting the correct answers. I need help where i have gone wrong.
1) $y=sin^{-1}(-2x-1)$
$\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{1-(2x-1)^2}}$
$=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{1-(4x^2-1)}}$
The square of 2x- 1 is NOT $4x^2- 1$!
$=\frac{-2}{\sqrt{2-4x^2}}$
Answers says its: $\frac{1}{\sqrt{x-x^2}}$
2) $y=sin^{-1}(\sqrt{x})$
$\frac{dy}{dx}=$ $\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} divide (\sqrt{1-x^2})$
$=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}(\sqrt{1-x^2})}$
Answers says its: $\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x-x^2}}$
3)Find the second derivative of $xe^{2x}.$
The first derivative is $e^{2x}(1+2x)$
The second derivative i got:
$=2e^{2x}+4xe^{2x}$
$=2e^{2x}(1+2x)$
Answers says its $4(x+1)e^{2x}$
4)If $y=2cos3x+5sin3x$, show that $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=-9y$
First derivative i got: $-6sin3x+15cos3x$
Now second derivative i got: $-18cos3x-45sin3x$
What did i do wrong? or what is the next step?
P.S | 2017-06-25 11:39:21 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 79, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8910014033317566, "perplexity": 716.5925040878245}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320489.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625101427-20170625121427-00580.warc.gz"} |
https://www.esaral.com/q/a-student-is-studying-a-book-placed-near-the-edge-68621 | # A student is studying a book placed near the edge
Question:
A student is studying a book placed near the edge of a circular table of radius R. A point source of light is suspended directly above the center of the table. What should be the height of the source above the table so as to produce maximum illuminance at the position of the book?
Solution:
#### Leave a comment
None
Free Study Material | 2023-02-07 12:15:07 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8445882797241211, "perplexity": 326.408317086441}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500456.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207102930-20230207132930-00660.warc.gz"} |
https://plainmath.net/90143/rewrite-the-expression-as-an-algebraic-e | # Rewrite the expression as an algebraic expression in x. tan(sin^(-1)(x))
Rewrite the expression as an algebraic expression in x.
$\mathrm{tan}\left({\mathrm{sin}}^{-1}\left(x\right)\right)$
You can still ask an expert for help
## Want to know more about Trigonometry?
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trestegp0
Given:
$\mathrm{tan}\left({\mathrm{sin}}^{-1}\left(x\right)\right)$
Let ${\mathrm{sin}}^{-1}\left(x\right)=\theta \phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{sin}\theta =x$
Therefore,
$\mathrm{cos}\theta =\sqrt{1-{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\theta }\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{cos}\theta =\sqrt{1-{x}^{2}}$
Put ${\mathrm{sin}}^{-1}\left(x\right)=\theta$ in equation
$\mathrm{tan}\left({\mathrm{sin}}^{-1}\left(x\right)\right)=\mathrm{tan}\theta \phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{tan}\left({\mathrm{sin}}^{-1}\left(x\right)\right)=\frac{\mathrm{sin}\theta }{\mathrm{cos}\theta }\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{tan}\left({\mathrm{sin}}^{-1}\left(x\right)\right)=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1-{x}^{2}}}$ | 2022-09-30 05:44:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 66, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7679489850997925, "perplexity": 1457.4592246900543}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335444.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930051717-20220930081717-00273.warc.gz"} |
https://learn.careers360.com/engineering/question-help-me-answer-some-basic-concepts-in-chemistry-jee-main-2/ | Q
# Help me answer: - Some basic concepts in chemistry - JEE Main-2
The strength of 11.2 volume solution of $H_{2}O_{2}$ is [ Given that molar mass of H=1 g mol-1 and O=16 g mol-1]
• Option 1)
13.6%
• Option 2)
3.4%
• Option 3)
34%
• Option 4)
1.7%
Views
volume strength of H2O2 -
Volume or percentage strength of hydrogen peroxide is a term to express concentration of H2O2 in terms of volumes of oxygen gas ,based on its decomposition to form water and oxygen.
2H2O2 = 2 H2O + O2
Suppose we have a solution of M moles of H2O2 in 1L solution
From the reaction stoichiometry, 2 moles of H2O2 gives 1mol of oxygen or 22.4L at S.T.P
1mole of H2O2 = 11.2 L of O2
M mole of H2O2 = 11.2 x M L of O2
1L of H2O2 gives =11.2 x M L of O2
Vol strength of H2O2 = 11.2 x M
In terms of Normality, N
n factor for H2O2 is 2
N = M x n or N = M x 2
V S = 11.2 M = 11.2 x N/2 = 5.6 Na
-
Let:- $2H_{2}O_{2}(aq)\rightarrow 2H_{2}O+O_{2}(g)$
$\Rightarrow$ Volume strength of H2O2 refers to the Number of volumes of oxygen gas evolved by one volume of H2O2
$\Rightarrow$ Acc. to equation
2 moles of H2O2=22.4 L of oxygen at STP
That means
$2 \times 34g \;H_{2}O_{2}=22.4 L O_{2}$
$68g \;H_{2}O_{2}=22.4 L O_{2}$
OR
Mole of O2 gas formed= $\frac{1}{2}$
mole of H2O2 present in 1 litre solution=1
mass of H2O2 in 1 litre solution= 1X34=34 gm
$\frac{N}{V} strength= \frac{34 gm}{1000 ml}\times 100=3.4$ %
Option 1)
13.6%
Option 2)
3.4%
Option 3)
34%
Option 4)
1.7%
Exams
Articles
Questions | 2020-02-19 03:26:02 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 8, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7574083209037781, "perplexity": 7837.182369093144}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144027.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219030731-20200219060731-00300.warc.gz"} |
https://docs.monai.io/projects/monai-deploy-app-sdk/en/latest/modules/operators.html | Operators¶
BundleConfigNames([preproc_name, …]) This object holds the name of relevant config items used in a MONAI Bundle. This operator uses Clara Viz to provide interactive view of a 3D volume including segmentation mask. DICOMDataLoaderOperator([must_load]) This operator loads a collection of DICOM Studies in memory given a directory which contains a list of SOP Instances. DICOMSegmentationWriterOperator([seg_labels]) This operator writes out a DICOM Segmentation Part 10 file to disk DICOMSeriesSelectorOperator([rules, all_matched]) This operator selects a list of DICOM Series in a DICOM Study for a given set of selection rules. DICOMSeriesToVolumeOperator(*args, **kwargs) This operator converts an instance of DICOMSeries into an Image object. DICOMTextSRWriterOperator(copy_tags, model_info) Class to write DICOM SR SOP Instance for AI textual result in memory or in a file. InferenceOperator(*args, **kwargs) The base operator for operators that perform AI inference. IOMapping(label, data_type, storage_type) This object holds an I/O definition for an operator. MonaiBundleInferenceOperator(input_mapping, …) This inference operator automates the inference operation for a given MONAI Bundle. MonaiSegInferenceOperator(roi_size, …[, …]) This segmentation operator uses MONAI transforms and Sliding Window Inference. PNGConverterOperator(*args, **kwargs) This operator writes out a 3D Volumetric Image to disk in a slice by slice manner PublisherOperator(*args, **kwargs) This Operator publishes the input and segment mask images for the 3rd party Render Server. STLConversionOperator([output_file, …]) Converts volumetric image to surface mesh in STL format, file output only. STLConverter(*args, **kwargs) Converts volumetric image to surface mesh in STL | 2022-10-07 05:32:17 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21345946192741394, "perplexity": 4833.802008268049}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337971.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007045521-20221007075521-00697.warc.gz"} |
http://master.bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/vignettes/padma/inst/doc/padma.html | padma is a package that uses multiple factor analysis to calculate individualized pathway-centric scores of deviation with respect to the sampled population based on multi-omic assays (e.g., RNA-seq, copy number alterations, methylation, etc). In particular, padma characterizes individuals with aberrant multi-omic profiles for a given pathway of interest and quantifies this deviation with respect to the sampled population using a multi-omic consensus representation. Graphical and numerical outputs are provided to identify highly aberrant individuals for a particular pathway of interest, as well as the gene and omics drivers of aberrant multi-omic profiles.
The method implemented in this package is described in greater detail in the following pre-print:
Rau, A., Manansala, R., Flister, M. J., Rui, H., Jaffrézic, F., Laloë, D.*, and Auer, P. L.* (2019) Individualized multi-omic pathway deviation scores using multiple factor analysis bioRxiv, https://doi.org/10.1101/827022. *These authors contributed equally to this work.
Below, we provide a quick-start guide using a subset of the TCGA LUAD multi-omic data (included with the padma package) to illustrate the functionalities and output of the method.
# 1 Quick start (tl;dr)
As with any R package, after installation the padma package is loaded as follows:
library(padma)
Multi-omic data must be formatted as either a MultiAssayExperiment object (preferred) or as a named list of matrix objects of matched multi-omic data from a set of individuals, which is internally converted into a MultiAssayExperiment object. A small example dataset in list format is provided in LUAD_subset for multi-omic data (clinical, RNA-seq, CNA, methylation, miRNA-seq) on 13 genes from the D4-GDI signaling pathway in individuals with lung adenocarcinoma from TCGA. In practice, multi-omic data do not need to be subsetted prior to running padma; this reduced dataset is simply used as a minimal illustrative example.
A standard padma analysis for the D4-GDI signalling pathway takes as input these pre-formatted MultiAssayExperiment data (called below) and the name of the desired pathway. Note that data should be normalized, batch-corrected, and if appropriate, log-transformed prior to using padma. Built-in pathway names and gene lists from the MSigDB curated pathway set are provided in the msigdb data provided with padma.
run_padma <-
padma(mae, pathway_name = "c2_cp_BIOCARTA_D4GDI_PATHWAY")
Individualized pathway deviation scores can then be accessed via the assay accessor function, and per-gene contributions to these scores can be accessed via the gene_deviation_scores() accessor. In addition, a variety of plots can be obtained, including a factor map or partial factor map of individuals, and a plot of the percentage contribution to each component by each considered omics.
assay(run_padma)
omicsContrib(run_padma)
Additional numerical outputs included in the run_padma S4 object of class padmaResults include the per-gene pathway deviation scores and full results from the MFA analysis. See the following section for a more detailed description of these outputs.
A portion of the following text is taken from Rau et al. (2019).
## 2.1 Overview of Multiple Factor Analysis
Multiple factor analysis (MFA) represents an extension of principal component analysis for the case where multiple quantitative data tables are to be simultaneously analyzed. In particular, the MFA approach weights each table individually to ensure that tables with more features or those on a different scale do not dominate the analysis; all features within a given table are given the same weight. These weights are chosen such that the first eigenvalue of a PCA performed on each weighted table is equal to 1, ensuring that all tables play an equal role in the global multi-table analysis. According to the desired focus of the analysis, data can be structured either with molecular assays (e.g., RNA-seq, methylation, miRNA-seq, copy number alterations) as tables (and genes as features within omics), or with genes as tables (and molecular assays as features within genes). The MFA weights balance the contributions of each omic or of each gene, respectively. In padma, we focus on the latter strategy in order to allow different omics to contribute to a varying degree depending on the chosen pathway.
More precisely, consider a pathway or gene set composed of $$p$$ genes (Figure 1A), each of which is measured using up to $$k$$ molecular assays (e.g., RNA-seq, methylation, miRNA-seq, copy number alterations), contained in the set of gene-specific matrices $$X_1,\ldots, X_p$$ that have the same $$n$$ matched individuals (rows) and $$j_1,\ldots, j_p$$ potentially unmatched variables (columns) in each, where $$j_g \in \lbrace 1, \ldots, k\rbrace$$ for each gene $$g = 1,\ldots, p$$. Because only the observations and not the variables are matched across data tables, genes may be represented by potentially different subset of omics data (e.g., only expression data for one gene, and expression and methylation data for another).
In the first step, these data tables are generally standardized (i.e., centered and scaled). Next, an individual PCA is performed using singular value decomposition for each gene table $$X_g$$, and its largest singular value $$\lambda_g^1$$ is calculated (Figure 1B). Then, all features in each gene table $$X_g$$ are weighted by $$1/\lambda_g^1$$, and a global PCA is performed using a singular value decomposition on the concatenated set of weighted standardized tables, $$X^\ast = \left[ \frac{X_1}{\lambda_1^1}, \ldots, \frac{X_p}{\lambda_p^1}\right]$$ (Figure 1C). This yields a matrix of components (i.e., latent variables) in the observation and variable space.
The MFA thus provides a consensus across-gene representation of the individuals for a given pathway, and the global PCA performed on the weighted gene tables decomposes the consensus variance into orthogonal variables (i.e., principal components) that are ordered by the proportion of variance explained by each. The coordinates of each individual on these components, also referred to as factor scores, can be used to produce factor maps to represent individuals in this consensus space such that smaller distances reflect greater similarities among individuals. In addition, partial factor scores, which represent the position of individuals in the consensus for a given gene, can also be represented in the consensus factor map; the average of partial factor scores across all dimensions and genes for a given individual corresponds to the factor score (Figure 1D).
## 2.2 Calculation of individualized pathway deviation scores
In the consensus space obtained from the MFA, the origin represents the average" pathway behavior across genes, omics, and individuals; individuals that are projected to increasingly distant points in the factor map represent those with increasingly aberrant values, with respect to this average, for one or more of the omics measures for one or more genes in the pathway. To quantify these aberrant individuals, we propose an individualized pathway deviation score $$d_i$$ based on the multidimensional Euclidean distance of the MFA component loadings for each individual to the origin: $\begin{equation*} d_i^2 = \sum_{\ell = 1}^L f_{i,\ell}^2, \end{equation*}$ where $$f_{i,\ell}$$ corresponds to the MFA factor score of individual $$i$$ in component $$\ell$$, and $$L$$ corresponds to the rank of $$X^\ast$$. Note that this corresponds to the weighted Euclidean distance of the scaled multi-omic data (for the genes in a given pathway) of each individual to the origin. These individualized pathway deviation scores are thus nonnegative, where smaller values represent individuals for whom the average multi-omic pathway variation is close to the average, while larger scores represent individuals with increasingly aberrant multi-omic pathway variation with respect to the average. An individual with a large pathway deviation score is thus characterized by one or more genes, with one or more omic measures, that explain a large proportion of the global correlated information across the full pathway.
## 2.3 Calculation of individualized per-gene deviation scores
In order to quantify the role played by each gene for each individual, we decompose the individualized pathway deviation scores into gene-level contributions. Recall that the average of partial factor scores across all MFA dimensions corresponds to each individual’s factor score. We define the gene-level deviation for a given individual as follows: $\begin{equation*} d_{i,g}=\frac{\sum_{\ell = 1}^L f_{i,\ell}\left(f_{i,\ell,g}-f_{i,\ell}\right)} {\sum_{\ell = 1}^L f_{i,\ell}^2}, \end{equation*}$ where as before $$f_{i,\ell}$$ corresponds to the MFA factor score of individual $$i$$ in component $$\ell$$, $$L$$ corresponds to the rank of $$X^\ast$$, and $$f_{i,\ell,g}$$ corresponds to the MFA partial factor score of individual $$i$$ in gene $$g$$ in component $$\ell$$. Note that by construction, the contributions of all pathway genes to the overall deviation score sum to 0. In particular, per-gene contributions can take on both negative and positive values according to the extent to which the gene influences the deviation of the overall pathway score from the origin (i.e., the global center of gravity across individuals); large positive values correspond to tables with a large influence on the overall deviation of an individual, while large negative values correspond to genes that tend to be most similar to the global average.
# 3 Description of built-in datasets
## 3.1LUAD_subset: D4-GDI signaling pathway in the TCGA-LUAD multi-omic data
In this vignette, we focus on the example of multi-omic (RNA-seq, methylation, copy number alterations, and miRNA-seq) data for the D4-GDI signaling pathway from individuals with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The multi-omic TCGA data were downloaded and processed as previously described, including batch correction for the plate effect. The total number of individuals considered here is $$n=144$$. See Rau et al. (2019) for additional details about data processing and mapping of miRNAs to genes.
The D4-GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) signaling pathway is made up of 13 genes; it was chosen for follow-up here as it was identified as having individualized pathway deviation scores that are significantly positively correlated with smaller progression-free intervals. RNA-seq, methylation, and CNA measures are available for all 13 genes, with the exception of CYCS and PARP1, for which no methylation probes were measured the promoter region. In addition, miRNA-seq data were included for one predicted target pair: hsa-mir-421 $$\rightarrow$$ CASP3.
The available multi-omic data for the D4-GDI signaling pathway in TCGA LUAD patients is included within the padma package as the LUAD_subset object, which is a named list of data.frames each containing the relevant data (clinical parameters, RNA-seq, methylation, miRNA-seq, CNA) for the $$p=13$$ genes of the D4-GDI pathway in the $$n=144$$ individuals.
names(LUAD_subset)
#> [1] "clinical" "rnaseq" "methyl" "mirna" "cna"
#> $clinical #> [1] "data.frame" #> #>$rnaseq
#> [1] "data.frame"
#>
#> $methyl #> [1] "data.frame" #> #>$mirna
#> [1] "data.frame"
#>
#> $cna #> [1] "data.frame" lapply(LUAD_subset, dim) #>$clinical
#> [1] 144 55
#>
#> $rnaseq #> [1] 13 144 #> #>$methyl
#> [1] 13 144
#>
#> $mirna #> [1] 1 144 #> #>$cna
#> [1] 13 144
There are some important data formatting issues that are worth mentioning here:
• The clinical data (LUAD_subset$clinical) have individuals as rows and clinical variables as columns; all other datasets contain assay data with biological entities (e.g., genes, miRNAs) as rows and individuals as columns, with appropriate row and column names. Sample (column) names for assay data correspond to the patient barcodes that are provided in the bcr_patient_barcode column of LUAD_subset$clinical. For LUAD_subset$mirna, the first two columns represent the miRNA ID (miRNA_lc) and corresponding targeted gene symbol (gene). • A gene_map data.frame can be optionally included to map biological entities (e.g. miRNAs) to gene symbols as needed. By default, a set of 10,754 predicted miRNA gene targets with “Functional MTI” support type from miRTarBase (version 7.0) are used for the gene_map. • All omics data have already been appropriately pre-processed before subsetting to this pathway (e.g., RNA-seq and miRNA-seq data have been normalized and log-transformed, all datasets were batch-corrected for the plate effect). • Although padma does require that all datasets have the same number of individuals, and that all datasets are sorted so that individuals are in the same order, each dataset does not need to represent every considered gene. Note that in these data, a single gene (CASP3) is predicted to be targeted by a miRNA (hsa-mir-421). • Finally, these toy data have been subsetted to include only values relevant to the D4-GDI signaling pathway solely in the interest of space. In practice, users do not need to subset their data prior to input in padma or match miRNAs to genes, as both of these steps are performed automatically for a ser-provided pathway name or set of genes. ## 3.2msigdb: the MSigDB canonical pathway gene sets In our work, we considered the pathways included in the MSigDB canonical pathways curated gene set catalog, which includes genes whose products are involved in metabolic and signaling pathways reported in curated public databases. We specifically used the 1322 “C2 curated gene sets” catalog from 601MSigDB v5.2 available at http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/software/MSigDB/as described in the limma Bioconductor package. For convenience, the gene sets corresponding to each pathway have been included in the msigdb data frame: head(msigdb) #> geneset #> 1 c2_cp_BIOCARTA_41BB_PATHWAY #> 2 c2_cp_BIOCARTA_ACE2_PATHWAY #> 3 c2_cp_BIOCARTA_ACH_PATHWAY #> 4 c2_cp_BIOCARTA_ACTINY_PATHWAY #> 5 c2_cp_BIOCARTA_AGPCR_PATHWAY #> 6 c2_cp_BIOCARTA_AGR_PATHWAY #> symbol #> 1 JUN, MAP3K5, MAPK8, CHUK, MAPK14, MAP3K1, RELA, TNFRSF9, IKBKB, MAP4K5, IFNG, TRAF2, ATF2, IL4, NFKB1, NFKBIA, IL2 #> 2 ACE2, COL4A1, COL4A2, REN, COL4A3, COL4A4, CMA1, AGT, AGTR1, ACE, AGTR2, COL4A6, COL4A5 #> 3 SRC, PTK2, TERT, CHRNG, FOXO3, RAPSN, AKT1, PIK3CA, MUSK, FASLG, CHRNB1, YWHAH, BAD, PTK2B, PIK3CG, PIK3R1 #> 4 ABI2, WASF2, WASL, ACTA1, PIR, WASF1, ARPC4, PSMA7, ARPC5, ARPC1A, ACTR2, ACTR3, ARPC1B, ARPC3, NCKAP1, WASF3, ARPC2, RAC1, NTRK1, NCK1 #> 5 PRKCB, PRKCA, PRKAR2B, PRKACB, PRKACG, GNAS, ARRB1, GNGT1, GNB1, PRKAR1A, PRKAR2A, PRKAR1B, GRK4 #> 6 JUN, MAPK8, PAK3, ACTA1, EGFR, NRG1, RAPSN, DAG1, CHRM1, PAK2, LAMA3, LAMA2, PAK4, UTRN, PXN, NRG3, PAK7, DMD, CTTN, SRC, PTK2, ITGA1, CHRNA1, PAK1, SP1, GIT2, DVL1, NRG2, MUSK, ITGB1, MAPK3, LAMA4, RAC1, PAK6, CDC42, MAPK1 In practice, to use padma a user can either directly provide a vector of gene symbols, or the geneset name as defined in this data frame (e.g., c2_cp_BIOCARTA_41BB_PATHWAY). ## 3.3mirtarbase: predicted gene targets of miRNAs padma integrates multi-omic data by mapping omics measures to genes in a given pathway. Although this assignment of values to genes is relatively straightforward for RNA-seq, CNA, and methylation data, a definitive mapping of miRNA-to-gene relationships does not exist, as miRNAs can each potentially target multiple genes. Many methods and databases based on text-mining or bioinformatics-driven approaches exist to predict miRNA-target pairs. Here, we make use of the curated miR-target interaction (MTI) predictions in miRTarBase (version 7.0), using only exact matches for miRNA IDs and target gene symbols and predictions with the “Functional MTI” support type. As a reference, we have included these predictions in the built-in mirtarbase data frame: head(mirtarbase) #> miRNA Target Gene #> 1 hsa-miR-20a-5p HIF1A #> 2 hsa-miR-20a-5p HIF1A #> 3 hsa-miR-146a-5p CXCR4 #> 4 hsa-miR-146a-5p CXCR4 #> 5 hsa-miR-122-5p CYP7A1 #> 6 hsa-miR-222-3p STAT5A In practice, unless an alternative data frame is provided for the gene_map argument of padma, the mirtarbase data frame is used to match miRNA IDs to gene symbols. # 4 Running padma To run padma for the D4-GDI pathway, we start by formatting the LUAD_subset data as a MultiAssayExperiment object. library(MultiAssayExperiment) LUAD_subset <- padma::LUAD_subset omics_data <- list(rnaseq = as.matrix(LUAD_subset$rnaseq),
methyl = as.matrix(LUAD_subset$methyl), mirna = as.matrix(LUAD_subset$mirna),
cna = as.matrix(LUAD_subset$cna)) pheno_data <- data.frame(LUAD_subset$clinical,
row.names = LUAD_subset$clinical$bcr_patient_barcode)
mae <-
suppressMessages(
MultiAssayExperiment::MultiAssayExperiment(
experiments = omics_data,
colData = pheno_data))
Next, the following command is used:
D4GDI <- msigdb[grep("D4GDI", msigdb$geneset), "geneset"] run_padma <- padma(mae, pathway_name = D4GDI, verbose = FALSE) Alternatively, padma could be run directly on the list of matrices contained in LUAD_subset (ensuring that the clinical data are included as colData): clinical_data <- data.frame(LUAD_subset$clinical)
rownames(clinical_data) <- clinical_data$bcr_patient_barcode run_padma_list <- padma(omics_data, colData = clinical_data, pathway_name = D4GDI, verbose = FALSE) Note that we have used the misgdb built-in database to find the full name of the D4-GDI pathway, "c2_cp_BIOCARTA_D4GDI_PATHWAY". Alternatively, a vector of gene symbols for the pathway of interest could instead be provided to the pathway_name argument: D4GDI_genes <- unlist(strsplit( msigdb[grep("D4GDI", msigdb$geneset), "symbol"], ", "))
D4GDI_genes
#> [1] "CASP10" "JUN" "CASP9" "CASP8" "APAF1" "ARHGAP5" "CASP1"
#> [8] "CASP3" "PRF1" "CYCS" "GZMB" "ARHGDIB" "PARP1"
padma(mae, pathway_name = D4GDI_genes, verbose = FALSE)
As noted above, it is required to provide either a recognized pathway name (see msigdb\$geneset) or a vector of gene symbols. In most cases, users would provide the full multi-omics data in the omics_data argument of padma, rather than a pre-subsetted dataset as is the case for the built-in LUAD_subset data.
In the following, we detail the various numerical and graphical outputs that an be accessed after running padma; note that the results are an S4 object of class "padmaResults", an extension of the RangedSummarizedExperiment class.
## 4.1 Numerical outputs
The numerical outputs of padma include the following (which can all be accessed using the matching accessor functions):
There are two primary numerical outputs from padma:
• pathway deviation scores: accessed via assay(...),
a data.frame providing the individualized pathway deviation scores for each individual. The group column indicates whether an individual was included as part of the reference population ("Base") or as a supplementary individual projected onto the reference ("Supp"), as indicated by the user in the base_ids and supp_ids arguments of padma.
• pathway gene-specific deviation scores: accessed via pathway_gene_deviation(...), a matrix of dimension $$n$$ (nuumber of individuals) x $$p$$ (number of genes in the pathway) containing the individualized per-gene deviation scores
There are also several outputs related to the MFA itself, and obtained via the FactorMineR R package implementation of the MFA:
• MFA_results: accessed via the MFA_results(...), a named list containing detailed MFA output. When padma is run with full_results = TRUE, these include eigenvalues (eig), the percent contributions of each individual, gene, and omic to the MFA components (ind_contrib_MFA, gene_contrib_MFA, omics_contrib_MFA), the formatted gene tables used as input for the MFA (gene_tables), the pairwise Lg coefficients between genes (gene_Lf_MFA), and the full FactoMineR MFA output (total_MFA), which is an object of class "MFA". See the FactoMineR reference manual for a full description of this full MFA output. When padma is run with full_results = FALSE, these include eigenvalues (eig), and a summary of the cumulative contributions of each individual, gene, and omic to the first ten and full set of MFA components (ind_contrib_MFA_summary, gene_contrib_MFA_summary, omics_contrib_MFA_summary). In both cases, eig is a matrix of dimension $$c$$ (number of MFA components) x 3 providing the respective eigenvalues, percentage of variance explained, and cumulative percentage of variance explained by each MFA component.
Finally, there are additional outputs related to the pathway itself that can be accessed via appropriate accessor functions:
• pathway_name: accessed via pathway_name(...), the user-provided name of pathway analyzed by padma. If a vector of gene symbols was provided rather than a built-in name, "custom" is returned.
• ngenes: accessed via ngenes(...), number of genes with data available in the pathway
• imputed_genes: accessed via imputed_genes(...), names of entities for which values were automatically imputed by padma
• removed_genes: accessed via removed_genes(...), names of entities which were automatically removed by padma due to small variance (< 10e-5) or all missing values across samples.
## 4.2 Graphical outputs
padma includes three primary plotting functions, all of which can be produced using ggplot2 (default) or base graphics (using argument ggplot = FALSE). Note that when ggplot2 is used, ggrepel is additionally used to better position sample labels.
• factorMap: plot the MFA components for each individual for a selected pair of components. This would typically be done for the first few components, and serves as a visualization of the structuring of indviduals for the pathway; for example, below the factor map suggests that individual TCGA-78-7536 is likely to have a larger overall pathway deviation score given that it is positioned quite far from the origin (for these two axes).
factorMap(run_padma, dim_x = 1, dim_y = 2) | 2022-12-06 20:04:44 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5537015795707703, "perplexity": 3315.795341054109}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711114.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206192947-20221206222947-00006.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2587399/inclined-parabola | # Inclined parabola
Please help me to solve the inclined parabola. Is it that we have to convert this entire equation in the form of axis and tangent at vertex. That would be tiresome. Any other method? For this parabola,$x^2 +y^2 +2xy -6x -2y + 3=0$,How can we find it's focus?
• See wikipedia. In this particular case it is easy to see that the equation is $-2((x-y+1)^2/2-(x-1)^2-(y-1)^2)$ so the focus is $(1,1)$. – Jan-Magnus Økland Jan 1 '18 at 10:31
• Pls help me in recognising the equation – Michael Jan 1 '18 at 10:39
• Didnt get any info about the question asked on wikipedia.can u tell how to do.pls – Michael Jan 5 '18 at 15:41
• The wikipedia-link was to show you the general form of an inclined parabola: $\frac{(ax+by+c)^2}{a^2+b^2}=(x-f_1)^2+(y-f_2)^2$, where $ax+by+c=0$ is the directrix and $(f_1,f_2)$ the focus. – Jan-Magnus Økland Jan 5 '18 at 17:28
• @jan-magnus økland .pls help me in writing the equation in general form as u told it was quite easy in that equation to recognise. But i still cant find it easy to write in general form in inclined parabola problems.pls mention the steps.plss – Michael Apr 25 at 16:43
Since you don't like the easy way (see my comment), let's do it the hard way: rotate $x^2+2xy+y^2-6x-2y+3=0$ around the origin by $\frac{\pi}{4}$:
$$x=\frac{x'-y'}{\sqrt{2}}$$ $$y=\frac{x'+y'}{\sqrt{2}}$$ substituting this and expanding the equation reduces to: $$y'+\frac{x'^2}{\sqrt{2}}-2x'+\frac{3}{2\sqrt{2}}=0$$ or $$y'-\frac1{2\sqrt{2}}=-\frac{(x'-\sqrt{2})^2}{\sqrt{2}}$$ or $$y''=-\frac{x''^2}{\sqrt{2}}=\frac1{4f}x''^2$$ which makes $f=-\frac1{2\sqrt{2}}$ and the focus for this parabola is $(x'',y'')=(0,f)$. Now we go back through the transformations and get $(x',y')=(\sqrt{2},0)$ an the inverse rotation takes this to $(x,y)=(1,1)$. | 2019-08-21 22:10:22 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8336001634597778, "perplexity": 518.7836082775965}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316549.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821220456-20190822002456-00182.warc.gz"} |
https://nsaph-software.github.io/developers_zone/r.html | # R Styling Guide¶
For the R packages, we follow The tidyverse style guide. Here are some examples:
## Spaces and Indentation¶
• Indentations are two spaces (do not use a tab key)
• Place space around binary operators (e.g., x + y)
# Acceptable
z <- x + y
# Not recommended
z<-x+y # (no space)
x<- x+y
z<-x +y
• Place a space after comma
# Acceptable
a <- matrix(c(1:100), nrow = 5)
# Not recommended
a <- matrix(c(1:100),nrow = 5) # (no space after comma)
a <- matrix( c(1:100), nrow = 5 ) # (extra space after and before parentheses)
a<-matrix(c(1:100), nrow = 5) # (no space around unary operator <- )
• Place a space after # and before comments and avoid multiple ###.
# Acceptable
# This is a comment.
# Not recommended
#This is a comment
# This is a comment (more than one space after #)
## This is a comment (multiple #)
• Do not put space at the opening and closing parenthesis
# Acceptable
x <- (z + y)
# Not recommended
x <- ( z + y )
x <- (z + y )
x <- ( z + y)
• Place a space before and after () when used with if, for, or while.
# Acceptable
if (x > 2) {
print(x)
}
# Not recommended
if(x > 2){
print(x)
}
## Other notes¶
• Maximum line length is 80 character
• Use explicit returns
• Use explicit tags in documentation (e.g., @title, @description, … )
• All assignments are done using <- not =.
• Do not use . in the variable names and function names. . is reserved for S3 methods. Use _ instead. sim.data –> sim_data. | 2022-10-01 13:53:22 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2965346574783325, "perplexity": 13676.826182492772}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336674.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001132802-20221001162802-00304.warc.gz"} |
https://hef.ru.nl/~tbudd/talk/tudelft2019/ | # Geometry of random planar maps with high degrees
### Abstract
For many types of random planar maps, i.e. planar graphs embedded in the sphere, it is known that their geometry possesses a scaling limit described by a universal random continuous metric space known as the Brownian sphere. One way to escape this universality class is to consider random planar maps that harbor vertices of very high degree. In this talk I will describe a peeling exploration that allows us to study distances in such maps. Based on the results we conjecture the existence of a new one-parameter family of random continuous metric spaces, referred to tentatively as the stable spheres.
Date
Location
TU Delft | 2019-04-21 02:28:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8551542162895203, "perplexity": 502.48012147497855}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530161.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421020506-20190421042506-00233.warc.gz"} |
https://chat.stackexchange.com/transcript/71/2019/12/11 | 12:40 AM
it's a shame all the hats this year require active participation on the site
which sounds absurd to say but lots of people have finals around now
1:29 AM
@JohnRennie I know little or close to nothing about Physics. Can you choose a suitable basic law and explain how it is tested? :)
8 hours later…
9:23 AM
@yh05 Try gravity
10:05 AM
@yh05 yes, gravity is a good example. But I don't think this will work well as an asynchronous discussion.
It is even more doable these days
The typical classroom experiment for gravity involving a camera
No need for little slides to make metal balls go down
10:19 AM
@AaronStevens All users should bring gifts to the king of physics
10:38 AM
...who might that be?
If we go by points I guess @JohnRennie
You're not worthy
But I bring gold, myrrh and frankenstein
are kings considered the most reputable in their kingdoms, sir?
@skullpatrol if we were to take lessons from history we'd conclude kings are generally not shining examples of the human race.
10:50 AM
were there any exceptions?
I can't think of any
Me
The king of all I survey
11:23 AM
taking about men with power, I found a funny coincidence
in 2020 United States presidential election, 51 mins ago, by skullpatrol
December 10th, 2009:
President Barack Obama accepts Nobel Peace Prize
December 10th, 2019:
House of Representatives introduces Articles of Impeachment against Donald Trump
@Slereah Who on earth would want Frankenstein?
Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley (1797–1851) that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a hideous sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. It is one of the great works of modern literature. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20. Her name first appeared on the second edition, published in 1823. Shelley travelled through Europe in 1815 along the river Rhine in Germany stopping in Gernsheim...
Frankincense (also known as olibanum, Hebrew: לבונה [levona], Arabic: اللبان al-libān or Arabic: البخور al-bakhūr) is an aromatic resin used in incense and perfumes, obtained from trees of the genus Boswellia in the family Burseraceae, particularly Boswellia sacra (syn. B. bhaw-dajiana), B. carterii, B. frereana, B. serrata (B. thurifera, Indian frankincense), and B. papyrifera. The word is from Old French franc encens ("high-quality incense").There are five main species of Boswellia that produce true frankincense. Resin from each of the five is available in various grades, which depend on the...
=)
11:39 AM
While it's possible Sam doesn't know the difference between Frankenstein and frankincense it seems more likely he was making a joke.
@user21820 He is a doctor
Sounds like a good man to have around
@user21820 her?
:-)
@JohnRennie I couldn't tell.
@Slereah Lol.
@skullpatrol Nah. She's not on earth. =)
Courtesy of New Scientist:
3
Good one.
11:50 AM
@skullpatrol There is a Hammer Horror film called Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde, the premise being that Jekyll's potion turned him into a woman as well as a psychopath. As I recall it is a truly dreadful film.
12:09 PM
Merriam-Webster announced Tuesday that it has chosen “they” as the 2019 word of the year. The singular “they” is a pronoun used to refer to a person whose gender identity is nonbinary, a word that itself was added to the Merriam-Webster.com dictionary in September of this year.
> “When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.” “The question is,” said Alice, “whether you can make words mean so many different things.”
12:38 PM
2
1 hour later…
1:46 PM
@JMac Is this better?
@AaronStevens Yes, you look much more like Bane now.
@JMac Nailed it
Hi @AaronStevens
@Knight Hello
Can talk to you regarding my academics
@AaronStevens Can I talk to you regarding some academic issues?
@JMac Are you around?
2:00 PM
@JMac Why failure sucks?
@Knight ... I don't think that's directly related to anything academic. That's just how most humans are wired... failure is not pleasant.
@Knight Yeah. Not fun to fail. But you can view it in a positive light as a chance to improve
2:06 PM
@JMac Is it possible to do something in the area of science without a degree from a reputable University? Well, all those NatGeo Series of Albert Einstein and other scientists documentary show something which is quite unreal. I want to know the reality
@Knight There are plenty of science jobs out there. Will you get to be in charge of a large, well-funded research lab at a top university? Probably not.
But there are many other jobs out there
@Knight I'm sure it's possible to do things "in the area of science" without a degree from a reputable university, but that also depends on what things you're talking about. If you're talking about contributing to the cutting edge of scientific understanding, it's often difficult to get people to even listen unless you have some sort of academic standing, or can very clearly express your thoughts in an academic way.
@JMac That's clearly what I'm talking about.
@Knight I don't think that was very clear at all
You just said "do something in the area of science"
@AaronStevens All I want is to earn my living through the wisdom os science
2:11 PM
@Knight Again, that is quite a vague statement.
@AaronStevens Why you're always so rude to me?
@JMac You too
@Knight I don't see how it is rude to try to have clear conversations where both sides know what each other are talking about...
@JMac I want to do something like Mr. A.L. Cauchy , he was a normal instructor at a Polytechnique College but he did something which is alive even today
I am not intending to be rude. Both JMac and I are unclear about what you mean specifically about your goals. Therefore it is valid to let you know we are unsure. If we did not, then we could not have a conversation
@Knight I suppose if you made a huge ground breaking discovery then your background wouldn't be as important.
But sometimes you need the background to get to that point
And a bit of luck
@AaronStevens Well ground-breaking is not something I want. I want something which really gonna my own idea, just like you and @JMac writes an answer with the understandign that is purely your own.
But See those Princeton University Phd guys, or Indian IITs' students they onyl seek for recognition and money.
2:18 PM
The foundation of my answers are from my education (from school and on my own). I do not claim to have created, established, etc. any of the physics I discuss in my answers on this site.
@AaronStevens A.L. Cauchy didn't discover anything new. He just used the ideas to describe some concepts, Lord Kelvin did the same. Your answers contain your understanding which stems from logic and with some axioms. I want something like that.
Where are you @JMac?
@Knight Well your degree doesn't give you knowledge. It is the other way around. If you want to do those things you don't need a degree
@AaronStevens Well then how I'm gonna live? I mean for how long my parents gonna feed me? If I would become close to 30 years then they will clearly tell me to do something regardless what I want to do
@Knight So you can get a job and still work towards your goal
It is an unreasonable expectation to put on yourself that you have to jump right into your dream job and you can't do anything else
@Knight I don't know how many of my "own ideas" I really have when it comes to physics. That's kinda the beauty of science and collective knowledge. I don't need to have my own ideas to apply the concepts of physics. People have already determined a lot of stuff, and I just need to look at what ideas they already figured out and apply them correctly.
2:25 PM
I want to teach eventually, but I am looking for post-doc research positions currently. I am working towards a goal
I am not staying put and wishing I could obtain my goals
@AaronStevens @JMac Here, in my society everyone is just running after those Engineering degrees, they can solve Physics very well in exams, and therefore the society strives to make me believe that I'm nothing.
@Knight Who cares what other people are doing
?
Sounds odd to let other people determine your worth
@AaronStevens Did no one ever compared you and made you believe that you are lower than him?
@Knight No, because I don't put my self-worth into what other people think of me
Heck, I don't even put my self worth in my career goals
If I couldn't do physics anymore, I would just find something else
@AaronStevens What if your society is an integral part of your life and you can't just igonre it?
2:30 PM
@Knight I am aware that there exist societies such as yours as you have described it. Unfortunately, the best you can do is to try to get into a university somewhere else.
@Knight Can you expand on that more? I guess I don't fully understand what you mean by society being an integral part of your life.
I mean I care about the people around me and respect their views. I just don't let those views define me
@AaronStevens There are some societies where unless you get out you face a huge amount of social pressure and bullying.
@user21820 That's quite a real-life advice.
@user21820 Oh I know. I am not saying there are not
@AaronStevens You always understand me but keep on asking for clarification. You always bully me , lol.
2:33 PM
@AaronStevens In some places, it is common for one's own family to behave in the way Knight described.
I don't presume it's the case here, but in such societies it can be harder to 'just ignore' it.
@user21820 I don't think I ever said to ignore it
@Knight don't feel "bullied," pal
@Knight I am not bullying you. You are asking questions and I am answering them. I have not said anything against you
@Knight You need to stop assuming everything is a personal attack, bullying, or rude. Much of what you say can be interpreted in many different ways. It's not bullying to make sure people are talking about the same thing before they start going into detail.
:-)
2:35 PM
@AaronStevens You wrote "Who cares what other people are doing?". I know none of you are bullying Knight, but what you wrote can come off as very insensitive.
Of course, ideally, we should not let others determine our self-worth. But that's ideal.
@user21820 Thank you for understanding me.
In reality, our emotional and psychological state is something that not many people have full control over.
Can try, but...
I am sorry, I did not mean to be insensitive. I thought I was being asked for my opinion and views
Sure, and I too agree with your ideals. That's why I suggest that one try to get out of oppressive societies into a society where the ideals are easier to achieve. =)
@AaronStevens Yeah, I just skimmed through it again... you are clearly just explaining the way you approach it.
2:38 PM
@user21820 Right. Support is always a great thing to have
@Knight we all are just trying to communicate in this "imperfect" chat room environment
It is probably my hat that makes me seem so rude
@skillpatrol Exactly. It's nice that we have now largely succeeded. =)
@AaronStevens I wanted that hat, because it suits me. But alas no hat for me yet.
@user21820 @AaronStevens Are there any University where we can get admission and study without any pressure(pressure regarding your self worth)? I know one of them i.e. South African Institute of Mathematics (AIIMS)
@Knight I think it is less about the University and more about the people you associate with at the university
I don't think you can really assume all people from a university are going to behave a certain way
Especially with regards to pressure, bullying, etc.
2:41 PM
@AaronStevens What's the difference? People will live in University and
@user21820 He did say "get admission and study".
they will judge
@JMac Oh well you're right he included that.
@JMac What you interpreted by that?
2:42 PM
@Knight Not everyone. I tried out some labs before landing on one. I picked the lab with people who were the nicest, most supportive, etc.
I agree with Aaron that it's more important whom you associate with, whether in the university or outside. But it's still important to choose a university that has a fair admission criterion.
And where to try depends a lot on where you are right now, so you might want to ask a trusted adult among your family or friends for advice on that.
@AaronStevens WON'T THEY GONNA TELL YOU THAT THE SENIOR MATHS PROFESSOR HAS PUBLISHED NUMEROUS PAPERS (BUT IN REALITY THEY DON'T EVEN DESERVE REVIEWING) HOW WOULD YOU FEEL?
@Knight Please don't use caps. It is considered shouting in online settings.
Oh sorry
np :-)
2:45 PM
@Knight I don't think I fully understand the scenario. Can you expand on what you are talking about?
I felt very little pressure when getting my bachelors TBH. It really depends on environment. There was competition between some people, sure; but the people who didn't care to compete for the absolute best grades still got by fine. I made plenty of friends with people like me who were more than satisfied to just make sure we were doing okay and learning; without worrying about being the top of anything.
@JMac You're getting me here.
@Knight how competitive are you?
@JMac But doens't your psychology gonna change eventually and you will start racing for top position?
@Knight That is possible. For me, that is why I have people in my life to keep me grounded :)
2:51 PM
@AaronStevens And/or hobbies to relax.
=)
@user21820 @AaronStevens How to tell yourself that your goals are better than those Gold Medals? How to argue with your brain?
@Knight Sometimes, you don't argue. You acknowledge that you want it, but accept that you may not get it. And still you work for it, and be satisfied with your own efforts.
@Knight Like I was mentioning earlier, I don't put my self worth into my career
@user21820 All it means is that we need to be strong, Ha?
@Knight Exactly :)
2:55 PM
try your best, that's all you can do
@Knight My psychology hasn’t changed in the 5 years since I graduated in that sense really. Being the top was nice the few times it happened, but it was never a goal of mine. I wasn’t driven in that way.
@Knight That's not all to it. There's a quote I like, and change slightly to fit my preference: God, give me the courage to change what I can, the serenity (peace) to accept what I cannot change, and the wisdom to know the difference.
If you don't believe in God, you can alter it further to your liking.
@user21820 WOW
Lord beer me strength.
2
beer?
2:58 PM
The Serenity Prayer is the common name for a prayer written by the American theologian Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971). The best-known form is: Niebuhr used various versions of the prayer widely in sermons as early as 1934. The prayer spread rapidly, often without attribution to Niebuhr, through church groups in the 1930s and 1940s and was adopted and popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous and other twelve-step programs. The Serenity Prayer appeared in a sermon of Niebuhr's as part of the 1944 A Book of Prayers and Services for the Armed Forces, while Niebuhr himself first published it in 1951 in a...
@skillpatrol Thank you.
> popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous and other twelve-step programs.
4 mins ago, by skillpatrol
try your best, that's all you can do
@skillpatrol Interesting, I didn't know that.
12 steps? So many? Haha..
3:00 PM
Why @JMac wrote Lord beer me strength
@Knight You wouldn't understand. It's a secret
beer = alcohol
@AaronStevens @skillpatrol So, beer is a noun, what he meant?
@Knight He was quoting a TV show :) Don't worry about it
Okay
3:02 PM
a play on words :D
see, nobody is being "rude"?
24 mins ago, by skillpatrol
@Knight we all are just trying to communicate in this "imperfect" chat room environment
@skillpatrol Yeah, but they always asked for clarification and I couldn't clarify myself anymore, @JMac and @AaronStevens always group together, hahahhah
yeah, communication is tough
yes @skillpatrol
I was quoting that same show. So yes, we were working together on that one
@AaronStevens and @JMac Your duo is very lethal to others, hahhah
3:17 PM
1 hour ago, by Aaron Stevens
@JMac Nailed it
@JMac Or "Boom, roasted."
pwnd?
In other news:
Merriam-Webster announced Tuesday that it has chosen “they” as the 2019 word of the year. The singular “they” is a pronoun used to refer to a person whose gender identity is nonbinary, a word that itself was added to the Merriam-Webster.com dictionary in September of this year.
3:55 PM
2 hours later…
5:26 PM
What is unreality that is not any of these: imaginary, fictional, surreal, virtual, dream, nonexistent, changing, contingent, dependent, immaterial, negative, unknown, philosophical zombie things? what is the essence of unreality?
@Secret The answer to that question.
6:02 PM
@JohnRennie Is it the explanation in the video?
At 09:18 of the video, section "How do we justify the Law of Gravity?".
> Failed to commit transaction
> Invalid or corrupted package:
> Oddly enough, there is no mention of which package it is.
that is actually a pretty terrible thing :(
@dmckee btw, my friend got shortlisted and is interviewing on Monday
any tips I can pass on?
don't mess up
@JohnRennie If so, then a natural question to ask is what is the criteria that a finite number of observations become sufficient for induction? And I'm sure the measurements in the observations will not accurately reflect the law. So how to choose the range of acceptable error?
And induction is quite problematic. For instance, I can say that "all swans are white" if I just happen to not find a black swan.
@KyleKanos I'll pass that along =)
I'm sure it won't add to the pressure
6:10 PM
for salary purposes, something akin to "i'd expect typical market value for the position given my history"
maybe add a "but we can discuss that when the offer is made", but that might not be completely ideal
@KyleKanos I think right now the focus is on getting the job, with salary on a background plane for now
@EmilioPisanty fair enough, that was just something dmckee & you had mentioned in the link
@KyleKanos sure =). That was mostly a pointer to set the right reference.
actually, messing up is okay, just need to recover adeptly
like i had a person i interviewed who asserted that this stochastic process was martingale and proceeded to prove it
@KyleKanos ... but no pressure? =P
6:13 PM
thing was, it wasn't martingale. and each of the three times he got to the point he should have concluded it was not martingale, he assumed he made a mistake and started over again
that dinged him a bit in my review
had he realized that his assumption of martingale was wrong when he did the math, i'd have been fine with it
but i'm also speaking of an indstry position, not faculty
so YMMV
@KyleKanos yeah, this is for a tenure-track faculty position
maybe just a little different of an environment
6:53 PM
is rep increase notification supposed to be changed to blue? or does that signify a hat?
7:31 PM
Hi people!
I have a question about the conservation of energy.
Assume that an elevator is hoisted by its cables at constant speed.
$\vec{F}_{net}=\vec{0}$
So, $\vec{V}=\vec{cnst}$
$\int{y_0}^{y}(\vec{F}_{net}.dx)=\Delta{K}=0$
But elevator's $K_{f}=K_{i}$ and It's not equal to zero.
I tried to write conservation of energy in this problem.
$E=K+U(x)$
$\Delta{E}=\Delta{K}+\Delta{U}=0$
So, $\Delta{K}=-\Delta{U}$
$\Delta{K}=0$ but $\Delta{U}$ is not equal to $0$.
So the equation is not available here.
Is that mean in this problem energy is not conserved and total energy is changed?
When we write the work-energy theorem, $\int{y_0}^{y}(\vec{F}_{net}.dx)=\Delta{K}$, the $\vec{F} in this equation includes the net force on the object. When the lift is moving with uniform velocity, there are two equal and opposite forces acting on it (the force due to the cable and gravitational force) which cancel to give a zero net force. ^Replace the word "includes" with "is" Yep, I'm listening to you 7:46 PM the energy density of an iphone is equal to the trajacent mass of the propulsory extratentant bragadon from the prostorus exticalus. (that's how I feel every time someone writes something here) mind blowing @NovaliumCompany well then do something about it & study something no one else here knows. like MOND In your example, the force due to the cable is doing positive work on the lift. When there's an external force (other than the conservative force) doing work on the object, conservation of energy doesn't hold. It's important to keep in mind that conservation of energy comes from the work-energy theorem. In your example, it is$W_{\text{done by the force applied by the cable}} + W_{\text{done by the gravitational force}} = \Delta KE$. And in your example,$W_{\text{done by the force applied by the cable}} + W_{\text{done by the gravitational force}}=0$since the gravitational force is doing negative work on the object whose magnitude exactly matches the work done by the force applied by the cable. @KyleKanos lol I don't care dude :D I mean, a lot of people are using complex language and words to show how smart they are and to feel good about themselves. (some have just read a lot of books and that type of language has been slowly integrated into their brains from the authors) But honestly, It's much harder to express something complicated in a simple and understandable way. Complex terminology are born out of necessity. 7:52 PM true, unfortunately. @AjayMohan In my example energy is not conversing, is it correct? I mean, talking with complex terminology and linguistic twists is fine as long as your goal is not for the average person to understand you. I really agree with you @NovaliumCompany Tasteless persons 😁 I often feel, when I'm reading a formal definition of some sort, like the goal of the person is to simply confuse everyone. I mean... you've seen those famous people saying some very wise things in such a way that it seems like it's purpose is confusion. Yes,$E = KE + PE$is not conserved in your example. 7:58 PM What is the reason of it? There is no non-conservative force I think. But, the force on cable is an agent force and it is not conservative force, is that correct? @NovaliumCompany Sometimes that goal directly counters efficient communication. That's why we come up with all these terms. If you want to communicate effectively, you need to come up with words, instead of repeating their definitions every time you want to use them. That's why learning the terminology is pretty much always a part of studying a field. @JMac I agree. I'm not talking specifically about terms of some subject. I'm just seeing a lot of people twisting their sentences like their goal is confusion for the sake of boosting their social status. @NovaliumCompany How do you know they are saying wise things? Sometimes people abuse the confusing nature of terminology to make it seem like they are saying something substantial, to people who don't know the meaning of the words; but then the people that do know the meaning see it as nonsense. It's unfortunate; but that's a problem with accepting anyone who sounds like they know what they are saying if you have no way to verify it. @JMac Exactly, it seems like they are using linguistic twists to cover up for their nonsense @NovaliumCompany I write with different word choices all the time depending on the context. In chat I (usually) use less formal language than I would in answers; and if the person I'm talking to is using a wider vocabulary I usually wind up doing the same. I think it's partially habit. 8:02 PM Okay. First, let's try to understand where the potential energy comes from. Let's say only a conservative force$\mathbf{F}_c$is acting on a particle. The work done by this conservative force depends only on the initial and final position of the path traced by the particle and hence, we can write it as$\int_1^2 \mathbf{F}_c \cdot d \mathbf{r} = U(\mathbf{r}_2)-U(\mathbf{r}_2)$, where$U(\mathbf{r})$is the potential energy corresponding to the conservative force$\mathbf{F}_c$. Anyways, I think that it all depends to whom you are talking to. @NovaliumCompany One big example I've seen mentioned is Deepak Chopra. He uses a lot of scientific terms; but the actual substance of what he says often actually is nowhere near what the science suggests. He abuses the pop-science explainations of quantum mechanics to mislead people about new age ideas on a regular basis AFAIK. (contd.) So,$\Delta PE$is just another way of writing the work done by the conservative force in the problem. But, here comes the twist in most textbooks : They define their potential energy as the negative of my potential energy. Therefore, if we choose that convention,$-\Delta PE$is another way to write the work done by the conservative force. Alright, I get it. I'm listening to you @AjayMohan Oh, wait @JMac I don't know. I'm just getting a bit frustrated when I see some dude talking like his goal is to confuse everyone and make himself look smart, when in fact he is saying something simple just complicating his language. 8:07 PM (contd.) Now, we know that the work-energy theorem says that the work done by the net force acting on the object is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the object. In my case, it is only the conservative force acting on the object. Therefore, this implies :$W_{\text{by conservative force}} = -\Delta PE = \Delta KE \Rightarrow \Delta PE + \Delta KE = 0$. @MuhammedÇ.TUFAN I'll wait. Oh, I think I get a point that I always confused. @NovaliumCompany I think it's worth considering that often, they aren't necessarily doing it to confuse everyone and make themselves look smart; at the very least not consciously. Sometimes I just find myself in a wordy mood, and I'll read back on something I wrote and think "why the hell did I word it like that". @JMac It happens to me as well, but I try to speak in simple terms so I can keep the main reason why language exists, understanding. @NovaliumCompany perhaps the assumption that their "goal is to confuse everyone and make himself look smart" is false? My book includes a equation:$\Delta{U}=U(r_{B})-U(r_{A})=W(A\to B)=\int_{A}^{B}\vec{F}.d\vec{r}$Is this equation is only usable for conservative forces? Or true for conservative forces? 8:12 PM why would anyone upvote the answer there: physics.stackexchange.com/questions/519059/… ?? Considering the additional avails from excluding the inappropriately-behaved individuals from the publicly-established bar will result in the potential spark of action as to bring peace to the community. = Kicking out the assholes from the bar makes everyone happy. Ah, they haven't placed a negative sign. The$\mathbf{F}$in this equation is the external applied force that is equal and opposite to the conservative force acting on the object. @NovaliumCompany Language is about communication. Yes, it requires understanding; but you can also communicate a lot more efficiently if both people know the vocabulary, and complicated concepts can be described by fewer words, and subtle meanings can be included by specific word choice. Simple terms don't always make communication better. @JMac simple terms don't typically help for more advanced topics I would suggest you take this as the definition of potential energy:$U(r_{A})-U(r_{B})=W(A\to B)=\int_{A}^{B}\vec{F}_{\text{conservative force}}.d\vec{r}$. Note that A and B are switched in the LHS 8:16 PM @JMac I understand and I agree, but when the speaker knows that the audience doesn't have the proper term-set and consciously continues to speak in the complicated manner mean that either the person is not paying attention to his language or his goal is to confuse and boost his status. @KyleKanos Yeah, I mentioned that above too. For many things it obviously becomes too cumbersome to explain things by their definitions instead of just coming up with a word that encompasses the concept. @AjayMohan Oh, I get the idea. Is this equation available to use when we are calculating the conservative force? @NovaliumCompany I'd honestly be wary of anyone who considers talking past people to be "boosting their status". Being a poor communicator isn't something most people would brag about. I mean when we consider the work done by conservative force. Anyways, I think that complicated language and simply language both have their own place and time. I hope some day in the future we will communicate thoughts and not words. 8:17 PM @NovaliumCompany or that he has no other way to say anything except via the "complicated" manner Yes, the negative of the change in potential energy is nothing but the work done by the conservative force. I gave an example above that says the same thing in complicated and simple terms. I personally prefer the latter. also, with shows like The Big Bang Theory that exist to make fun of intelligent sounding people, i'd be really wary of even suggesting that people would choose to only speak in "complicated" manner to "boost" their status the typical result of "sounding smart" is actually mockery, not revelry wait, not revelry. that's not right that's like a party or something esteem, i guess? I don't know, I'm probably wrong on my views, I'm not familiar with the topic we're discussing, but I'm just seeing those disgusting formal definitions in my textbooks and I'm like "Whyy....??!?" when the same thing can be explained much much simpler. meh @AjayMohan I take an example of that we ascend a mass$M$from zero potential energy point to$y=h$point. In this example work done by the gravity:$W(\text{done by the gravity})=\int_{0}^{h}\vec{F}_{G}dy=(-Mg)\int_{0}^{h}dy=(-Mg)(h-0)=-Mgh
Object's potential energy at the zero potential energy point is $U(0)=0$ and the object's potential energy at the height $y=h$ is equal to $U=Mgh$
Now I found the $-\Delta{U}=U(0)-U(h)=0-(Mgh)=-Mgh$ and this equal the work done by the gravity (conservative force)
Is the main idea this?
8:30 PM
Yes, you've got it right.
Thanks @AjayMohan. I'm grateful to you so much because that help!
I have some more questions as well.
No problem. It's great to see that my sleeplessness has come of some use.
Is that Equation $\W(\{done by a conservative force})=-\Delta{U}$ is valid for any kind of conservative force? I especially think about the spring force. Is this valid for spring force as well?
I will take another example for myself for spring force as well after I understand the relationship of $-\Delta{U}$ with the whole mechanical energy of the system.
Yes, it's valid for any conservative force, including the spring force.
Alright, thanks @AjayMohan.
8:36 PM
Sure, play with the idea. That's how it starts to "stick" in your mind.
I will try an example for that relationship, If I get any error I will back to you happily 😁
thumbs up emoji
Wow!
That $-\Delta{U}=\Delta{K}$ thing is really awesome!
I have tried it in both energy conserved and energy changed systems.
I see that it doesn't work in systems that their energy don't conserve.
But I have forget it right now 😁
Everything is OK I think.
I'm really grateful to you @AjayMohan!
8:51 PM
It's no problem. Best of luck.
Thanks @AjayMohan! Have a good night, hope you will have a best sleep of your life.
9:03 PM
@AjayMohan I remember my question.
I'm here. Go on.
I saw an equation $W(\text{done by agent force})=\int_{A}^{B}\vec{F}_{ag}.d\vec{r}=\Delta{U}=U(B)-U(A)$
Is that equation correct?
I have seen this in my book, let me show you the whole text.
If the agent is applying force in such a way that the initial and final KE is the same (or $\Delta KE=0$), then this equation is valid. You can once again see this from the work energy theorem : $W_{agent} + W_{conservative force} = \Delta KE = 0 \Rightarrow W_{agent} = - W_{conservative force} = \Delta PE$.
Hmm...
I think that is equal to text in my book.
**Potential Energy** *We have mentioned (page 141) that only
differences of potential energy are meaningful. Our definition
of potential energy indicates that the difference in potential
energy at points B and A is the work that we must do in moving
the system without acceleration from A to B, so that;*
$W(\text{done by agent force})=\int_{A}^{B}\vec{F}_{ag}.d\vec{r}=\Delta{U}=U(B)-U(A)$
That's OK. I get this one as well.
Thanks for your help once again 😊
Have a good night!
You too.
2 hours later…
11:04 PM
@JohnRennie I've got a question about what is called "black body radiation". What exactly And precisely is black body radiation. For example, plasma. Plasma emits radiation called black body radiation. But yet no source really says what black body radiation is. Is it comprised of several wavelengths? Or what is it?
11:50 PM
@ScientistSmithYT Are you familiar with what a black body is?
heya guys
what is a formal argument why the angular momentum operator is given by $l=+i\hbar r\times\nabla$ when dealing with a hole instead of an electron?
I mean, it kind of makes sense intuitively
but I would kind of like to know the mathematical reason
I mean, we model a hole as a positively charged electron right, but I don't see how that would yield the opposite sign for the momentum operator
hm, it does kind of make sense, because we want the eigenvalues to have opposite sign
but that's backwards engineering from my part | 2020-01-23 13:42:51 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4895614683628082, "perplexity": 1982.7407684680902}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00552.warc.gz"} |
https://www.nature.com/articles/101304e0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=fd3da279-6082-4622-ae14-d5729ed36fed | Letter | Published:
# Construction for an Approximate Quadrature of the Circle
## Abstract
THERE are in the Science Museum three examples of the set-square to which Mr. Smeal refers. They have been here since 1876, in which year they were lent by the inventor, Edward Bing, a member of the staff of the Waggon Works at Riga, for exhibition in the Special Loan Collection of Scientific Apparatus. There is a short description in the third edition of the catalogue of that collection, published in 1876, at p. 14, and I have no record of any earlier published description. One of the examples is of steel and the other two of wood, the hypotenuse in each case being about 7$3 8$ in. long. The inventor's MS. label inside the mahogany case containing the steel set-square reads:—“Bing's Circular Square Kreiswinkel Equerre circulaire Cosinus α = π/4. (α = 27° 35′ 49.636″).“
## Author information
### Affiliations
1. #### The Science Museum, South Kensington
• DAVID BAXANDALL | 2019-05-24 20:17:11 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 1, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.27755239605903625, "perplexity": 5140.41917753442}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257731.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524184553-20190524210553-00427.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/normal-distributions.269364/ | # Normal Distributions
1. Nov 4, 2008
### chota
Hi say I have two "independent" Normal distributions,
S ~ N(0,3^2) and D~(0,2^2)
since I know that S and D are indpendent then
P(S ) + P(D) = P(S)P(D)
however we know they are both normal distributed so I amm just wondering what the general rule is for multiplying two normal distributions
thanks
2. Nov 4, 2008
I'm not sure what you mean by
$$P(S) + P(D) = P(S) P(D)$$
Are you trying to say that when normal random variables are added, the resulting random variable is their product? Not true.
If
\begin{align*} S & \sim n(\mu_S, \sigma^2_S)\\ D & \sim n(\mu_D, \sigma^2_D) \end{align*}
and they are independent, then the sum $$S + D$$ is normal, with mean
$$\mu_S + \mu_D$$
and variance
$$\sigma^2_S + \sigma^2_D$$
A similar result is true even if the two variables have non-zero correlation (the formula for the variance of the sum involves the correlation).
If by 'product' $$P(S) P(D)$$ you mean the convolution of the distributions, you could go through that work, but it leads you to the same result I quoted above.
3. Nov 5, 2008
### Redbelly98
Staff Emeritus
I'm guessing you meant to say
P(S & D) = P(S)P(D)
where "S" here really means a statement along the lines of "S lies between A and B", and similarly for "D".
4. Nov 5, 2008
### HallsofIvy
Staff Emeritus
For events A and B, normally distributed or not, P(A&B)= P(A)P(B|A)= P(B)P(B|A) where P(A|B) and P(B|A) are the "conditional probabilities" : P(A|B) is "the probability that A will happen given that B happened" and P(B|A) is "the probability that B will happen given that A happened".
IF the A and B are independent then P(A|B)= P(A) and P(B|A)= P(B) so you just multiply the separate probabilities. If they are not independent, just knowing the probabilities of each separately is not enough. You must know at least one of P(A|B), P(B|A) or P(A&B) separately from the individual probabilities.
5. Nov 5, 2008
• the OP used $$S, D$$ in his notation, and I took these as the names of the random variables rather than any interval or event. | 2016-12-05 20:55:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8051307797431946, "perplexity": 1219.243837648546}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541839.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00382-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.lmfdb.org/Variety/Abelian/Fq/2/3/ae_i | # Properties
Label 2.3.ae_i Base field $\F_{3}$ Dimension $2$ $p$-rank $2$ Ordinary yes Supersingular no Simple yes Geometrically simple no Primitive yes Principally polarizable yes Contains a Jacobian yes
## Invariants
Base field: $\F_{3}$ Dimension: $2$ L-polynomial: $1 - 4 x + 8 x^{2} - 12 x^{3} + 9 x^{4}$ Frobenius angles: $\pm0.0540867239847$, $\pm0.445913276015$ Angle rank: $1$ (numerical) Number field: $$\Q(\zeta_{8})$$ Galois group: $C_2^2$ Jacobians: 1
This isogeny class is simple but not geometrically simple.
## Newton polygon
This isogeny class is ordinary.
$p$-rank: $2$ Slopes: $[0, 0, 1, 1]$
## Point counts
This isogeny class contains the Jacobian of 1 curve (which is hyperelliptic), and hence is principally polarizable:
• $y^2=2x^6+x^5+x^3+x^2+x+2$
$r$ $1$ $2$ $3$ $4$ $5$
$A(\F_{q^r})$ $2$ $68$ $626$ $4624$ $49282$
$r$ $1$ $2$ $3$ $4$ $5$ $6$ $7$ $8$ $9$ $10$
$C(\F_{q^r})$ $0$ $10$ $24$ $54$ $200$ $730$ $2240$ $6494$ $19392$ $59050$
## Decomposition and endomorphism algebra
Endomorphism algebra over $\F_{3}$
The endomorphism algebra of this simple isogeny class is $$\Q(\zeta_{8})$$.
Endomorphism algebra over $\overline{\F}_{3}$
The base change of $A$ to $\F_{3^{4}}$ is 1.81.ao 2 and its endomorphism algebra is $\mathrm{M}_{2}($$$\Q(\sqrt{-2})$$$)$
All geometric endomorphisms are defined over $\F_{3^{4}}$.
Remainder of endomorphism lattice by field
• Endomorphism algebra over $\F_{3^{2}}$ The base change of $A$ to $\F_{3^{2}}$ is the simple isogeny class 2.9.a_ao and its endomorphism algebra is $$\Q(\zeta_{8})$$.
## Base change
This is a primitive isogeny class.
## Twists
Below are some of the twists of this isogeny class.
TwistExtension degreeCommon base change
2.3.e_i$2$2.9.a_ao
2.3.ae_k$8$(not in LMFDB)
2.3.a_ac$8$(not in LMFDB)
Below is a list of all twists of this isogeny class.
TwistExtension degreeCommon base change
2.3.e_i$2$2.9.a_ao
2.3.ae_k$8$(not in LMFDB)
2.3.a_ac$8$(not in LMFDB)
2.3.a_c$8$(not in LMFDB)
2.3.e_k$8$(not in LMFDB)
2.3.ac_b$24$(not in LMFDB)
2.3.c_b$24$(not in LMFDB) | 2021-10-22 19:17:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9909389615058899, "perplexity": 2408.46689829594}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585518.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022181017-20211022211017-00630.warc.gz"} |
https://www.statemath.com/2022/08/functions-of-one-variable.html | We provide all necessary properties of functions of one variable such as limit at a given point, continuity, and differentiability. Such functions are defined over a domain of the set of real numbers.
## Continuity of functions of one variable
We denote by $\mathbb{R}$ the set of real numbers. If $f$ is a real function, then we denote by $\mathscr{D}_f$ the domain of the definition of $f$. That is a part of $\mathbb{R}$ in which $f$ is well defined. For some function we can have $\mathscr{D}_f=\mathbb{R}$.
To represent the function, we write $f:\mathscr{D}_f\to \mathbb{R}$ and the graph of $f$ is a subset of $\mathbb{R}^2$ defined by $$G(f):=\{(x,f(x)):x\in \mathscr{D}\}.$$
### Algebraic properties of functions
A function $f:\mathscr{D}_f\to \mathbb{R}$ is said to be injective if $f(x)=f(y)$ implies that $x=y$. Injectivity is related to the uniqueness of the solution of algebraic equations. As an example the function $f(x)=2^x$ for $x\in\mathscr{D}_f=\mathbb{R}$ is injective. In fact, if $f(x)=f(y),$ the $2^x=2^y$. By applying in both sides the logarithmic function we obtain $x\ln(2)=y\ln(2),$ so that $x=y$.
We say that $f$ is surjective if for any $y\in \mathbb{R},$ there exists a real number $x\in \mathscr{D}_f$ such that $y=f(x)$. We note that the surjectivity is related to the existence of the solution of algebraic equations.
The function $f$ is said to be bijective if it is both injective and surjective. This means that for every $y\in \mathbb{R},$ there exists a unique $x\in \mathscr{D}_f$ such that $y=f(x)$. We note that bijectivity is related to the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of algebraic equations.
If $f:\mathscr{D}_f\to\mathbb{R}$ is bijective, we denote by $f^{-1}:\mathbb{R}\to \mathscr{D}_f$ the inverse of $f$. This inverse it satisfies $f\circ f^{-1}=f^{-1}\circ f=id$.
### Limit and continuity of a function
Let $f:\mathscr{D}_f\to\mathbb{R}$ be a function of one variable. Assume that there exists $x_0\in \mathbb{R}\setminus \mathscr{D}_f$ and that for any $\varepsilon>0,$ $(x_0-\varepsilon,x_0+\varepsilon)\cap \mathscr{D}_f\neq \emptyset$.
We say that $f$ admits a real number $\ell$ at $x_0$ is for any $\varepsilon>0,$ there exists $\alpha>0$ such that for any $x\in \mathbb{D_f},$ we have $$|x-x_0|<\alpha \Rightarrow |f(x)-\ell|<\varepsilon.$$
We say that $f$ admit $+\infty$ a a limit at $x_0$ if for any $A>0,$ $\alpha>0$ such that for any $x\in \mathbb{D_f}$, $$|x-x_0|<\alpha \Rightarrow f(x)>A.$$
The limit of the function $f$ at $x_0$ is $-\infty,$ if for any $A>0,$ $\alpha>0$ such that for any $x\in \mathbb{D_f}$, $$|x-x_0|<\alpha \Rightarrow f(x)<-A.$$
For more details on limits, you may also consult: on how to find the limit of a function.
Let us now discuss the continuity of functions of one variable.
A function $f:\mathscr{D}_f\to\mathbb{R}$ is continuous at a point $a\in \mathscr{D}_f$ if the limit of $f$ at $a$ is exactly $f(a)$. That is, for any $\varepsilon>0,$ there exists $\alpha>0$ such that for any $x\in \mathscr{D}_f,$ we have $$|x-a|<\alpha \Rightarrow |f(x)-f(a)|<\varepsilon.$$
Sometimes it is more practical to verifie $\lim_{h\to 0}f(a+h)=f(a)$ to prove that the function $f$ is continuous at $a$.
We also say that $f$ is continuous on $\mathscr{D}_f$ if the function $f$ is continuous at any point of $\mathscr{D}_f$.
### Examples of continuous functions of one variable
The function $x\mapsto \sin(x)$ is continuous on $\mathbb{R}$. In fact, let $a,h\in\mathbb{R}$. By using the following trigonometric identity $$\sin(a+h)=\sin(a)\cos(h)+\cos(a)\sin(h),$$ we have \begin{align*}\sin(a+h)-\sin(a)=\sin(a)(\cos(h)-1)+\cos(a)\sin(h).\end{align*} We know that $$\lim_{h\to 0}\cos(h)=1.\quad \lim_{h\to 0}\sin(h)=0.$$ Then $\lim_{h\to 0}\sin(a+h)=\sin(a)$. This ends the proof.
You may also consult a post on continuous functions of one variable for more details and exercises with detailed answers. | 2023-01-30 02:43:35 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9673483371734619, "perplexity": 42.33484519458494}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499790.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130003215-20230130033215-00098.warc.gz"} |
http://ktei.whynotimmobiliare.it/continuous-kalman-filter-matlab-code.html | CHAPTER 6 Alternate Kalman filter formulations Our experiences with estimation and control applications engineers, however, indicates that they generally prefer the seemingly simpler Kalman filter algorithms for computer implementation and they dismiss reported instances of numerical failure. MCALT also includes matlab source code for the complete SPM12 T1-weighted processing pipeline used in Dr. CHAPTER 1: FOURIER ANALYSIS 1. Here I will explain the how's and why's of the Kalman Filter (KF) in our lives. Explore filter parameters 5. In the case of well defined transition models, the EKF has been considered the de facto standard in the theory of nonlinear state estimation, navigation systems and GPS. As a robust solution to this, a square-root. Ugoh published on 2018/07/30 download full article with reference data and citations. The author presents Kalman filter and other useful filters without complicated mathematical derivation and proof but with hands-on examples in MATLAB that will guide you step-by-step. From the paper, "Results indicate the filter achieves levels of accuracy exceeding that of the Kalman-based algorithm. Dimensions of Discrete Time System Variables. How to derivate state covariance matrix in continuous time extended kalman filter. It was primarily developed by the Hungarian engineer Rudolf Kalman, for whom the filter is named. By optimally combining a expectation model of the world with prior and current information, the kalman filter provides a powerful way to use everything you know to build an accurate estimate of how things will change over time (figure shows noisy observation. Figure 2: Step Response. This command is useful to derive a discrete estimator for digital implementation after a satisfactory continuous estimator has been designed. Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics on May 23, 2008. Kalman filter Code. This is because the original problem is a continuous time problem. Continuous time extended kalman filter simulation for two-phase step motor，Estimate the stator currents,. I have created a MATLAB script in a for loop that makes calculations, create a figure and automacitally uptade this figure about 1 min time long, like that: for n=1:5 figure(n) for x=1:100 %calculations %plot %hold on end %hold off end The problem is while the figure 2 is keeping updating and I click the figure 1, the final plot on the figure 1 replaces by the figure 2 and I lose my figure 1. Ugoh published on 2018/07/30 download full article with reference data and citations. When I check reading from accelerometer without running motors, values are accurate and stable. my problem is that:i am preparing a power systems simulink model and i must apply Extended Kalman Filtering to this model by simulink. , SVD) Excellent data visualization Many other toolboxes, e. Chapter 17 presents a type of filter known as the fixed or finite memory filter, which only remembers a finite number of measurements from the past. But when I start motors, values start to fluctuate. Object-based framework for performing Kalman filtering for discrete time systems or continuous-discrete hybrid systems. Creating an Extended Kalman Filter. The diffuse Kalman filter filters in two stages: the first stage initializes the model so that it can subsequently be filtered using the standard Kalman filter, which is the second stage. This chapter could be skipped if time is short since the continuous-time filter is rarely implemented in practice. Welch and G. Here is the MATLAB code to implement this algorithm. Design and implemented Continuous Kalman Filter on a Maglev Train using Matlab/Simulink Programming and implementation of traffic controller system using IEC-61131. \u0002\u0001\u0012\f\u0004 It requires buying Matlab\b which o. What is a Gaussian though? Gaussian is a continuous function over the space of locations and the area underneath sums up to 1. x bug fixes, maintain broad platform support, as well as add some essential feature. Troubleshoot Online State Estimation. Description: Object-based framework for performing Kalman filtering for discrete time systems or continuous-discrete hybrid systems. SEAMS '11 218–227 adaptive control feedback control multi-model quality of service reconfiguring control self-managing systems 2011 2011 ACM 978-1-4503-0575-4 10. A guy posted this tutorial about object tracking using Kalman filter. The algorithms and model of system simulated using MATLAB and many tests were carried out. Ask Question Asked 2 months ago. This zip archive contains implementations of the trend-cycle-season filter in Eviews, Excel, and MatLab. Listing 1: Matlab-based Kalman filter simulation code function Motor % Discrete-time extended Kalman filter simulation for two-phase % step motor. Validate online state estimation that is performed using extended and unscented Kalman filter algorithms. You can estimate the states of your system using real-time data and linear and nonlinear Kalman filter algorithms. Chapter 17 presents a type of filter known as the fixed or finite memory filter, which only remembers a finite number of measurements from the past. Ant Colony Optimization for vehicle routing problem € 9 MATLAB Code of Data Fusion Strategies for Road Obstacle Detection € 9 MATLAB Code of Seeker Evolutionary Algorithm (SEA), a novel algorithm for solving continuous optimization problem. View(s) a month ago. The filter implementation is found in the MATLAB Function block, the contents of which are stored in the Simulink model itself. Ilya Kavalerov August 12, 2015 at 2:34 am. The block uses a time-varying Kalman filter due to this setting. The Kalman filter is an algorithm that estimates the state of a system from measured data. elica/Matlab setup. Duties: - Modelling in Matlab/Simulink environment aimed at C code generation of ECU SW control and diagnosis functions (MISRA and MAAB compliant). 3 Reduced-order Kalman filtering. PDF | On Jul 6, 2016, Farooq Kifayatullah and others published continuous to discrete extended kalman filter matlab code | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate. So I have a kalman filter with K matrix I think works well in continuous time, and I have the A, A-KC, B, and C matrices as well. Continuous time extended kalman filter simulation for two-phase step motor，Estimate the stator currents,. Control System Toolbox is a MATLAB product for modeling, analyzing, and designing control systems. Welch and G. In this example, the exact Jacobian functions can be derived from the state transition function f, and measurement function h:. i v- Kalman Filter. a linear dynamic system (Wiener filter) which accomplishes the prediction, separation, or detection of a random signal. Then we start the actual subject with (C) specifying linear dynamic systems, defined in continuous space. Kalman Filter T on y Lacey. We investigate and model how the mortality of Danish males aged 55-94 has changed over the period 1985-2012. Design and implemented Continuous Kalman Filter on a Maglev Train using Matlab/Simulink Programming and implementation of traffic controller system using IEC-61131. Python Control Systems Library¶. Designed and first application: estimate the trajectory of the Apollo missiles. com kalman designs a Kalman filter or Kalman state estimator given a state-space model of the plant and the process and measurement noise covariance data. Kalman Filter — MATLAB Number ONE. The proposed finite element code was firstly verified and results were comparable with Terzaghi consolidation theory in both cases. In chapter five the essential formulas of both the standard Kalman filter and the Extended Kalman filter are summarized in a table. The bottom plot shows the second state. Bar-Shalom , Y. The Kalman filter is an algorithm that estimates the state of a system from measured data. The author's e-mail address is also available on the Web site, and I enthusiastically welcome feedback, comments, suggestions. Amplitude Comparison Monopulse. We are trusted institution who supplies matlab projects for many universities and colleges. The filter implementation is found in the MATLAB Function block, the contents of which are stored in the Simulink model itself. 2 On Estimation Methods 5 --1. Introduction To Random Signals And Applied Kalman Filtering With Matlab Exercises 4th Edition Author : Robert Grover Brown. 4 Iterated Extended Kalman Filter In the EKF, h(·) is linearized about the predicted state estimate xf k. The goals include maintaining an act. Understanding of MATLAB code would be beneficial, but it's not necessary. Linear dynamical models, Kalman filtering and statistics. edu TA: Ramkumar Natarajan [email protected] 12) Matlab: kalman2. Several discrete-time models are available, and it comes with an easy-to-use GUI. java \classes \classes\com\example\graphics. Instead of representing the distribution as a histogram, the task in Kalman filters is to maintain a mu and sigma squared as the. Slides; Matlab code NKM with ZLB ii- Function Approximation: Smolyak Method. Prediction: ̂ ̂ (22) (23). The development of the continuous/discrete EKF is very similar to the development of the discrete/discrete EKF. We propose a new assumed density filter called continuous-discrete extended Kalman filter on Lie groups (CD-LG-EKF). Many Research scholars are benefited by our matlab projects service. Thanks to you finally i found a code on kalman filter. EKF can be used to deal with nonlinear system. It is closely related to Kalman filters and to linear state observers used in control theory. ($10-50 AUD) Building industrial machine only in MOSCOW RUSSIA (Mosca, Russia$3000-5000 USD) Matlab code for small signal stability ($10-30 USD) Looking for professional electrical engineer with Arduino and Matlab skill ($16-65 HKD / hour) West pharma (Brea, United States $1500-3000 USD) Matlab kalman filter -- 2 ($10-30 CAD). The goals include maintaining an active iperf 2 code base (code originated from iperf 2. This chapter could be skipped if time is short since the continuous-time filter is rarely implemented in practice. Slides; Matlab code NKM with ZLB ii- Function Approximation: Smolyak Method. EE 5327 Homepage · MATLAB System ID Toolbox · Continuous-Discrete Kalman Filter. A Kalman filter produces estimate of system's next state, given noisy sensor data control commands with uncertain effects model of system's (possibly stochastic) dynamics. kalman designs a Kalman filter or Kalman state estimator given a state-space model of the plant and the process and measurement noise covariance data. In the next video, we will use the same pendulum model and demonstrate how you can use an extended Kalman Filter in Simulink. The filter’s algorithm is a two-step process: the first step predicts the state of the system, and the second step uses noisy measurements to refine the. The paper’s second contribution is the development of a combined carrier- and code-tracking nonlinear Kalman filter. 3 One-step Kalman filter equations. Jan 20, 2018 - Kalman Filter for Beginners: With Matlab Examples. Given a sequence of noisy measurements, the Kalman Filter is able to recover the “true state” of the underling object being tracked. The Kalman filter estimates the state of a dynamic system, even if the precise form of the system is unknown. It was primarily developed by the Hungarian engineer Rudolf Kalman, for whom the filter is named. A network traffic tool for measuring TCP and UDP performance. kalman designs a Kalman filter or Kalman state estimator given a state-space model of the plant and the process and measurement noise covariance data. The filter’s algorithm is a two-step process: the first step predicts the state of the system, and the second step uses noisy measurements to refine the. 1988040 Many control theory based approaches have been proposed to provide QoS assurance in increasingly complex software systems. Figure 4: Control of a continuous plant with a Kalman-fllter based observer A block diagram for the closed-loop control of a continuous plant using a Kalman-fllter estimator is shown in Fig. syredi — Design of iir filters, syredi code interface wfir_gui — Graphical user interface that can be used to interactively design wfir filters. , in discrete time) from Kalman-Bucy filter model parameter matrices (i. Use an extended Kalman filter with the MATLAB® Function block in Simulink® to estimate an aircraft's position from radar measurements. So I have a kalman filter with K matrix I think works well in continuous time, and I have the A, A-KC, B, and C matrices as well. The implemented algorithm is the steady state Kalman filter. The Kalman filter is an algorithm that estimates the state of a system from measured data. You'll get the curve and the estimated results. This chapter is dedicated to illustrating the examples, theory, and algorithms presented in the preceding three chapters through a few short and easy-to-follow MATLAB programs. Its use in the analysis of visual motion has b een do cumen ted frequen tly. MATLAB Work. Several discrete-time models are available, and it comes with an easy-to-use GUI. Theory and case kalman matlab GUI. Satellite Tracking using Kalman Filter. Nelson TA (2000) nonlinear estimation and modeling of noisy time-series by dual Kalman filter methods. I am pleased to say that the first phase of my Kalman filter coding, namely writing Octave code, is now complete. It's available here. R packages : sspir (linear state space models, Kalman filters), hmm. Then you will apply the Kalman recursion to estimate the states. Visual Kalman Filter is a kalman filtering design for windows, provides a visual method in windows to estimate the state of a process or removes "noise" from series of data. Matlab tutorial; PMTK: probabilistic modeling toolkit; Code written by Mark Schmidt, for optimization, structure learning, inference in UGMs, and much more!; UGM structure learning using group L1 regularization, supports MRFs, CRFs, etc. Introduction to Random Signals and Applied Kalman Filtering with Matlab Exercises Robert Grover Brown. Carroll Feb 25, 2003 °c 2003 by Michael L. function [xhat,yhat, FilterStatesOut] = KBFilter(u,meas,FilterStatesIn) % This Embedded MATLAB Function implements a very simple Kalman Bucy filter. It was primarily developed by the Hungarian engineer Rudolf Kalman, for whom the filter is named. And a Kalman Filter is only defined for linear systems. In Chapter 8, we present the continuous-time Kalman filter. " This add-on extends Dynare's (version 4) functionality. 10 Model Equations for Transformed. Kalman reported a new method for linear filtering and solving problems related to prediction. (2, 3, 4) illustrate ARX model output and Kalman filter estimation of Biomass, Glucose, Product concentration. com/xmnh0d/r5y. 4776]T Time-update. kalman designs a Kalman filter or Kalman state estimator given a state-space model of the plant and the process and measurement noise covariance data. From a high-level, mathematics-based description of a state estimation problem, autofilter automatically generates code that computes a statistically optimal estimate using one or more of a number of well-known variants of the Kalman filter algorithm. kalman filter matlab code download, Code to estimate HR from PPG signals using Subspace Decomposition and Kalman filter for the dataset of 22 PPG recordings provided for the 2015 IEEE Signal Processing Cup (SP Cup) competition. We will fit a continuous time kalman filter to the model by assuming a identity for process covariance. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2012, 57 (4), pp. Secondly, the rotor flux angle (FA) and rotor speed which are estimated by using EKF are described. The book starts from the basic conceptual solution of a nonlinear estimation problem and provides an in depth coverage of (i) various Gaussian filters such as the unscented Kalman filter, cubature and quadrature based filters, Gauss-Hermite filter and their variants and (ii) Gaussian sum filter, in both discrete and continuous-discrete domain. Filtering is exclusively used when the residuals become greater than the fitting model leading to change some tunable parameters in the model fitting. Motion Artifact Reduction in Ambulatory Electrocardiography Using Inertial Measurement Units and Kalman Filtering. Welch and G. Validate online state estimation that is performed using extended and unscented Kalman filter algorithms. The filter implementation is found in the MATLAB Function block, the contents of which are stored in the Simulink model itself. Giremus, JMIV, Volume 51, Issue 1, pp 209-228, 2015 [paper]. The corner frequency should be at most 10% of the system sample rate. The filter is named after Rudolf E. A software implementation of the algorithm in the MATLAB programming language is provided, as well as MATLAB code for several. Homework (50%), posted to class web page and assigned on a quasi-biweekly basis. - Download examples and code - Design and Simulate Kalman Filter DA: 42 PA: 65 MOZ Rank: 27. innovation sequence can be monitored in the standard Kalman filter. Using MATLAB then you can use the script time Kalman Filter, generate CC++ code for this block, and deploy it to your hardware. pdf), Text File (. At last, I would like to thank my parents for their constant loving care and financial support. Languages. The Kalman filter is an algorithm that estimates the state of a system from measured data. Estimate the stator currents, and the rotor position % and velocity, on the basis of noisy measurements of the stator % currents. AUTOFILTER is a tool that generates implementations that solve state estimation problems using Kalman filters. Giremus, JMIV, Volume 51, Issue 1, pp 209-228, 2015 [paper]. A network traffic tool for measuring TCP and UDP performance. Kalman-fi1ter. Jake Abbott, University of Utah. From this work, it is found that different sets. It is built upon a geometrically meaningful modeling of the concentrated Gaussian distribution. is most frustrating about the section on the extended kalman filter is that they present the derivation of only the continuous filter equations, and. Continuous-time Kalman Filter (Dr. Pros Excellent interactive development environment Excellent numerical algorithms (e. 5 clients and servers, preserving the output for scripts (new enhanced output requires -e), adopt known 2. In estimation theory, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is the nonlinear version of the Kalman filter which linearizes about an estimate of the current mean and covariance. The Kalman filter estimates the state of a dynamic system, even if the precise form of the system is unknown. 1d standard kalman filter (simulink model & program) Fast continuous max flow algorithm to 2d 3d multi region image segmentation in matlab Display expandable help of nested and subfunctions in an mfile with recursive behavior in matlab. To begin with, some parts of a Simulink model are compiled for performance, and this compiler does not support code which involves object oriented code. Jake Control Bootcamp: Kalman Filter Example in Matlab - Duration: 22:12. Denote xa k,i the estimate at time k and ith iteration. Supports fully interactive model construction with MATLAB objects and efficient Kalman filter backend implemented in c. com Description. At last, I would like to thank my parents for their constant loving care and financial support. You'll get the curve and the estimated results. A Rough Flowchart for Kalman Filter. The Q matrix is time-varying and is supplied through the block inport Q. This chapter is dedicated to illustrating the examples, theory, and algorithms presented in the preceding three chapters through a few short and easy-to-follow MATLAB programs. Matlab and C++ code for implementation of the Extended Kalman Filter for estimating dynamic quantities for a single rigid body with distributed force/torque measurements and distributed gyroscopes and accelerometers measurements. However, a number of versions of original Kalman Filter algorithm such as Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), and particle filters (PF) can be used to estimate the states of a non-linear system. It includes algorithms for SIR and SIS particle filters as well as an algorithm for the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). 00004 https://dblp. Many people rated high star so it is not a fault/wrong tutorial. pdf - Free download as PDF File (. For the Love of Physics - Walter Lewin - May 16, 2011 - Duration: 1:01:26. Figure 26: Plot of the Kalman filter and factor graph tracking the process path. In Chapter 8, we present the continuous-time Kalman filter. Frogerais P. Giremus, JMIV, Volume 51, Issue 1, pp 209-228, 2015 [paper]. Deprecated: Function create_function() is deprecated in /www/wwwroot/centuray. If Reset is set, the filter resets the filter weights. The IEKF tries to linearize it about the most recent estimate, improving this way the accuracy [3, 1]. Supports fully interactive model construction with MATLAB objects and efficient Kalman filter backend implemented in c. However, when I analyzed the code, I felt that the code is finding the day at which there will be remaining 5 cases until the end of epidemic. Note that the Kalman filter does a good job of rejecting the noise and estimating a signal that accurately tracks the step input. At last, I would like to thank my parents for their constant loving care and financial support. there is only one blockset in Matlab that called "Kalman Adaptive Filter". Responsible for Model-Based Software Development, management and integration with regard to the algorithms used for the Particulate Filter (DPF) temperature/pressure sensors diagnostic and control. I also showcase some Matlab code that will capture the response data in real-time. 3D Kalman Filter Matlab I am trying to find 3D position of a mobile node using Kalman filter. Because we know that and , and the input term , then the continuous time system is: Good to know. discnp (discrete-state HMMs with discrete observations), HiddenMarkov (discrete-state HMMs with continuous observations), and RHmm (discrete-state HMMs. The Kalman estimator provides the optimal solution to the following continuous or discrete estimation problems. This chapter could be skipped if time is short since the continuous-time filter is rarely implemented in practice. ; DAG structure learning using L1 regularization. View(s) a month ago. The block uses a time-varying Kalman filter due to this setting. The Kalman filter estimates the state of a dynamic system, even if the precise form of the system is unknown. Reorganized, expanded, and updated, Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB ® , Third Edition continues to help graduate students and engineers understand the many issues involved in radar systems design and analysis. Stochastic models, estimation, and control VOLUME 1 PETER S. 4 A number of other texts supply source code, but it is often on disk or CD, which makes the code subject to obsolescence. This command is useful to derive a discrete estimator for digital implementation after a satisfactory continuous estimator has been designed. com kalman designs a Kalman filter or Kalman state estimator given a state-space model of the plant and the process and measurement noise covariance data. Bring additional filters here for a bigger collection. Stanford Libraries' official online search tool for books, media, journals, databases, government documents and more. Andrews, % published by John Wiley & Sons, 2008. You can use the function KALMAN to design a steady-state Kalman filter. Ramachandra. 5 Observability of Linear Dynamic System Models 42 --2. kalman-filter kalman kalman-filtering. The code to implement a scalar Kalman filter is shown below. Includes code for the classical Kalman filter for linear systems, the extended Kalman filter (EKF), and the more recent unscented Kalman Platform: matlab | Size: 22KB | Author: d. com Description. In practice, Kalman filters are known to be susceptible to numerical errors due to limited word-length arithmetic. recursive least squares (RLS) to compare the results. Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics. Kalman filter design, Kalman estimator - MATLAB kalman It. Matlab documentation; C++ documentation; Introduction. Kalman Filter with Matlab Code - Student Dave's Tutorials! weebly. Implement Kalman filter for state estimation 4. Kalman Filter T on y Lacey. \u0002\u0001\u0012\f\u0004 It requires buying Matlab\b which o. Assume that you can represent the plant as a nonlinear system. This video demonstrates how you can estimate the angular position of a simple pendulum system using a Kalman filter in Simulink ®. Goal: Develop the continuous-time Kalman fllter as the optimal linear estimator (L-MMSE) for this system. Generating Data Kalman Filter Generate Lorenz-63 Data Ensemble Kalman Filter PRACTICAL OVERVIEW Goal: Implement Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) 1. We observe that all our codes work reasonably well. 3 in % Kalman Filtering: Theory and Practice Using MATLAB % by M. Assume Nearly constant velocity model -> Used continuous white gaussian noise acceleration for process noise; Sensor has a 1 deg standard deviation of accuracy in Az and El; State Vector x = [x y z x_dot y_dot z_dot]'. You can perform online state estimation using Simulink ® blocks, generate C/C++ code for these blocks using Simulink Coder™ , and deploy this code to an embedded target. The traces are stored in folder 'DATABASE'. php on line 143 Deprecated: Function create_function() is deprecated in. Various Ways to Compute the Continuous-Discrete Extended Kalman Filter. The true algorithm for the Kalman filter is covered in the Kalman Filter section. 1 Multiple state systems. Then we start the actual subject with (C) specifying linear dynamic systems, defined in continuous space. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The filter's algorithm is a two-step process: the first step predicts the state of the system, and the second step uses noisy measurements to refine the. The Kalman filter is an algorithm that estimates the state of a system from measured data. syredi — Design of iir filters, syredi code interface wfir_gui — Graphical user interface that can be used to interactively design wfir filters. The Lab > Articles > How Kalman Filters Work, Part 1. The FRR accessible and modifiable within the MATLAB code. Kalman filter (UKF) and particle filter (PF), are used to estimate the unmeasured states. Common uses for the Kalman Filter include radar and sonar tracking and state estimation in robotics. Oct 29, 2016 · Kalman filter: Continuous system (Kalman-Bucy filter) Kalman-Bucy filter is continuous time equivalent of Kalman filter. In the simulation, the true signal is generated by solving the associated ODE with a simple Runge-Kutta numerical method. The Kalman Filter. Then you will apply the Kalman recursion to estimate the states. Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics on May 23, 2008. The FRR Kalman filter should be able to calculate regimes independently while allowing the user to observe real-time regime transitions. Kalman filter sanctuary - including continuous-discrete extended Kalman filter. The Kalman estimator provides the optimal solution to the following continuous or discrete estimation problems. Back %Define the length of the simulation. This is because the original problem is a continuous time problem. Its use in the analysis of visual motion has b een do cumen ted frequen tly. Matlab just find the controllable and observable > states, but (U*A*U',U*B,C*U') is NOT a Kalman decomposition of the > system. Several discrete-time models are available, and it comes with an easy-to-use GUI. Otherwise, open the supplied file lms_03. 9 Matrix Riccati Equation in Discrete Time 219. I also showcase some Matlab code that will capture the response data in real-time. The correction term is a function of the innovation, that is, the discrepancy between the measured and predicted values of y [n + 1]. 1000-1004 Google Scholar. Chapter six describes the implementation of the Kalman filter in Matlab with some illustrative sections of the Matlab source code. We are trusted institution who supplies matlab projects for many universities and colleges. Theory and. A network traffic tool for measuring TCP and UDP performance. Continuous time extended KALMAN FILTER simulation for two. The implemented algorithm is the steady state Kalman filter. Ugoh published on 2018/07/30 download full article with reference data and citations. which leads to the so-called Extended Kalman filter. This was written using the MATLAB® programming code. When I check reading from accelerometer without running motors, values are accurate and stable. Our concern support matlab projects for more than 10 years. When the only argument to the step method is the System object itself, replace y = step(obj) by y = obj(). Subject MI37: Kalman Filter - Intro Structure of Presentation We start with (A) discussing briefly signals and noise, and (B) recalling basics about random variables. Oct 29, 2016 · Kalman filter: Continuous system (Kalman-Bucy filter) Kalman-Bucy filter is continuous time equivalent of Kalman filter. However, when choices must be made about the code, the hardware, or the values, or when general problems arise, a more thorough understanding becomes paramount. is most frustrating about the section on the extended kalman filter is that they present the derivation of only the continuous filter equations, and. Kalman Filtering: Theory and Practice Using MATLAB, Fourth Edition is an ideal textbook in advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate courses in stochastic processes and Kalman filtering. What I want after that is to get better readings using the Kalman filter. The book starts with recursive filter and basics of Kalman filter, and gradually expands to application for nonlinear systems through extended and unscented. x where x is the state vector (position and velocity of an object). In Chapter 8, we present the continuous-time Kalman filter. Validate Online State Estimation at the Command Line. Phase Comparison Monopulse. MATLAB Work. Kalman reported a new method for linear filtering and solving problems related to prediction. The Kalman filter is an algorithm that estimates the state of a system from measured data. com/xmnh0d/r5y. This paper presents a new power system dynamic state estimation method using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based on Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). Bar-Shalom , Y. This chapter could be skipped if time is short since the continuous-time filter is rarely implemented in practice. 1 Overview of the use of the toolbox. Continuous-time Kalman Filter (Dr. Prediction: ̂ ̂ (22) (23). KALMAN FILTER TO THE ATTITUDE CONTROL OF A QUADROTOR Advisor: Prof. For some samples of a discrete random variable , the average or sample mean is given by. By optimally combining a expectation model of the world with prior and current information, the kalman filter provides a powerful way to use everything you know to build an accurate estimate of how things will change over time (figure shows noisy observation. However, a guys posted the following question:" In this code you have done detection in every frame and this output is provided as the input to the kalman filter. It also include estimation of the orientation under the quaternion representation. Subsequently, Kalman filter (KF) is applied to predict the dynamical behavior of the battery model. The Kalman estimator provides the optimal solution to the following continuous or discrete estimation problems. The Kalman-Bucy Filter itself has been implemented in an Embedded MATLAB Function block. You can design an LQG regulator to regulate the output y around zero in the following model. Chapter six describes the implementation of the Kalman filter in Matlab with some illustrative sections of the Matlab source code. MATLAB code - robot path planning The code presented here is very basic in approach, yet it is 70% successfully tested in avoiding obs SIMULATION AND CONTROL OF A QUADROTOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE Michael David Schmidt University of Kentucky, [email protected] In the second phase of the study, an extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is designed by utilizing a simplified model of MBDC and it is implemented for performance investigation on the case column with 8 trays separating the mixture of cyclo-. Arulampalam et. 00004 2020 Informal Publications journals/corr/abs-2001-00004 http://arxiv. The Kalman estimator provides the optimal solution to the following continuous or discrete estimation problems. The use of kalman filter for target tracking matlab source code. Description. Description: Object-based framework for performing Kalman filtering for discrete time systems or continuous-discrete hybrid systems. 00004 https://dblp. " As @CroCo mentioned, the Kalman filter is the optimal estimator for a linear system signal in the presence of zero-mean, Gaussian noise. However, all explicit ODE solvers (i. In chapter five the essential formulas of both the standard Kalman filter and the Extended Kalman filter are summarized in a table. Hi Ackermann, Grewal's book "Kalman Filtering: Theory and Practice Using MATLAB", 2nd Edition Mohinder S. Visual Kalman Filter is a kalman filtering design for windows, provides a visual method in windows to estimate the state of a process or removes "noise" from series of data. Homework is heavily oriented toward problem solving and exploratory data analysis in Matlab based on methods discussed in lectures. The filter implementation is found in the MATLAB Function block, the contents of which are stored in the Simulink model itself. Matlab Code - Free download as Word Doc (. MATLAB code for the Kalman filter steps. The sample code for this article is written in MATLAB and contains four filters and a useful utilities as well. georgiev | Hits: 15. A MATLAB script was developed to design the filter, where the complete algorithm is implemented with matrix. Generate Code for Online State Estimation in MATLAB. p 174--188. This file contains the code from "Risk-Sensitive Linear Approximations," previously entitled "Risky Linear Approximations. , Aigbodioh Ferdinard…. 5 and newer, and is. Bourmaud , M. In 1960, R. A cornerstone. This paper presents a new power system dynamic state estimation method using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based on Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). Object-based framework for performing Kalman filtering for discrete time systems or continuous-discrete hybrid systems. Description: Object-based framework for performing Kalman filtering for discrete time systems or continuous-discrete hybrid systems. This difference is known as the population attributable risk (PAR), and represents the amount of risk attributable to living in Scenario 0 instead of Scenario 1. The code within that block is shown below. Using a Kalman filter does not assume that the errors are Gaussian; however, the filter yields the exact conditional probability estimate in the special case that all errors are Gaussian. elica/Matlab setup. The volatility. Denote xa k,i the estimate at time k and ith iteration. Linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) control is a modern state-space technique for designing optimal dynamic regulators and servo controllers with integral action (also known as setpoint trackers). ROBUST CUBATURE KALMAN FILTER A. Bring additional C++ - MIT - Last pushed Jan 28, 2020 - 3 stars Libraries. The Kalman filter is an algorithm that estimates the state of a system from measured data. , Muoghalu Chidiebere, Jonathan Amabikutol E. Listing 1: Matlab-based Kalman filter simulation code function Motor % Discrete-time extended Kalman filter simulation for two-phase % step motor. Martin Vossiek on google and ask him, he's already done that and has some nice powerpoint slides about it. Table l(b) is a MATLAB program segment for discrete Kalman filter estimation (Smith, 1991). But is there a way to solve it in R as well? I need it for my Kalman filter implementations. Data assimilation perform data assimilation is the Kalman filter. From that example you see that: The resulting $\bf{A}$ matrix does not depend on the process noise; The $\bf{A}$ matrix only depends on the size of the time step. See more ideas about Kalman filter, Plc programming and Mobile robot. findBDK — Kalman gain and B D system matrices of a discrete-time system findR — Preprocessor for estimating the matrices of a linear time-invariant dynamical system findx0BD — Estimates state and B and D matrices of a discrete-time linear system. Description: Object-based framework for performing Kalman filtering for discrete time systems or continuous-discrete hybrid systems. At last, I would like to thank my parents for their constant loving care and financial support. The book starts from the basic conceptual solution of a nonlinear estimation problem and provides an in depth coverage of (i) various Gaussian filters such as the unscented Kalman filter, cubature and quadrature based filters, Gauss-Hermite filter and their variants and (ii) Gaussian sum filter, in both discrete and continuous-discrete domain. Bring additional filters here for a bigger collection. In 1960, R. combined carrier- and code-tracking nonlinear Kalman filter. gz(2K)] [version of june 98 (code and toy data)--> tar. To know Kalman Filter we need to get to the basics. Solve a nonlinear system 6. How do I discretize my Kalman filter for a certain sampling time Ts? I tried using c2d() but couldn't get it to work. syredi — Design of iir filters, syredi code interface wfir_gui — Graphical user interface that can be used to interactively design wfir filters. Firstly, the mathematical model for PMSM is derived and the vector control is built up. The sample code for this article is written in MATLAB and contains four filters and a useful utilities as well. As we discussed in the previous video, this problem can be addressed by using an extended Kalman Filter. V Stacking. I also showcase some Matlab code that will capture the response data in real-time. There's such a thing as a continuous Kalman filter, useful when measurements are continuous (e. Kalman Filter – A painless approach Posted on 4 June, 2015 by Mayitzin Needless to say but Kalman Filtering is one of the most powerful estimation processes in almost any Engineering field. com The use of Kalman filter for target tracking matlab source code. A balanced presentation of the relevant theory: the main state-space methods for description, analysis, and design of linear control systems are derived, without overwhelming theoretical arguments; Over 250 solved and exercise problems for both continuous- and discrete-time systems, often including MATLAB simulations; and. MSE492: Extended Kalman Filter example. Emphasis will also be placed on modeling, practical considerations, and the development of implementation skills. Oct 29, 2016 · Kalman filter: Continuous system (Kalman-Bucy filter) Kalman-Bucy filter is continuous time equivalent of Kalman filter. 2 The extended Kalman filter. Slides; Matlab code NKM with ZLB ii- Function Approximation: Smolyak Method. Many Research scholars are benefited by our matlab projects service. The use of kalman filter for target tracking matlab source code. ECE5550 APPLIED KALMAN FILTERING Fall 2018 n Convert continuous-time process-noise covariance matrix to discrete-time process-noise covariance matrix Unit 4: The linear Kalman filter. Supports fully interactive model construction with MATLAB objects and efficient Kalman filter backend implemented in c. To begin with, some parts of a Simulink model are compiled for performance, and this compiler does not support code which involves object oriented code. Also, these. m in your solutions subfolder to see the modified algorithm. Therefore, Kalman filter is applied to linear space model, ML on the point-wise of given data (Kalman filter/smoother) HMM and Convolution code/Trellis code decode with known transition probability and emission probability matrix/Gaussian PDF, ML on the sequence of given data using Viterbi algorithm. cubature kalman filter matlab code. The Kalman filter is an algorithm that estimates the state of a system from measured data. Andres Blanco. Kalman Filter (8) KNN (7) Lidar (1) MATLAB Program for Pulse Code Modulation m file 10:35 ADSP, MATLAB PROGRAMS. The LTI System of Interest. The paper’s second contribution is the development of a combined carrier- and code-tracking nonlinear Kalman filter. This course will provide a review of stochastic processes and random signals followed by a comprehensive development of Kalman filtering and optimal estimation in both discrete and continuous time. Solve a nonlinear system 6. However first, we have this model, which describes dynamics of a car in 2D space. A sample of a script for this case will be highly beneficial. com kalman designs a Kalman filter or Kalman state estimator given a state-space model of the plant and the process and measurement noise covariance data. The Kalman estimator provides the optimal solution to the following continuous or discrete estimation problems. MSE492: Extended Kalman Filter example. 5 Observability of Linear Dynamic System Models 42 --2. 56, Special Issue: AVEC’16, pp. Angle Tracking. Estimate the stator currents, and the rotor position % and velocity, on the basis of noisy measurements of the stator % currents. The author presents Kalman filter and other useful filters without complicated mathematical derivation and proof but with hands-on examples in MATLAB that will guide you step-by-step. The system model that we use is the following continu-ous/discrete model: (8) (9) In this model, is a continuous-time white noise process with mean zero and intensity. By optimally combining a expectation model of the world with prior and current information, the kalman filter provides a powerful way to use everything you know to build an accurate estimate of how things will change over time (figure shows noisy observation. , Senhadji L. The Q matrix is time-varying and is supplied through the block inport Q. Kalman Filter and particle Filter Homework Help. Within the scope of this study thesis it was the task to program a Kalman filter in Matlab. It processes all available measurements, regardless of their precision, to estimate the current value of the variables of interest, with use of knowledge …. Many Research scholars are benefited by our matlab projects service. Describes the Kalman filter and other Gaussian models. html#WangHHCLW20 Muhammad Usman 0021 Muhammad Hamid Tamour Zubair Rizwan. georgiev | Hits: 15. From a high-level, mathematics-based description of a state estimation problem, AUTOFILTER automatically generates code that computes a statistically optimal estimate using one or more of a number of well-known variants of the Kalman filter algorithm. Kalman filter (UKF) and particle filter (PF), are used to estimate the unmeasured states. n Implement a linear Kalman filter in MATLAB n Find the steady-state Kalman gain n Optimally initialize a linear Kalman filter using the first few data. Kalman Filters Emo Todorov Applied Mathematics and Computer Science & Engineering Winter 2014 Emo Todorov (UW) AMATH/CSE 579, Winter 2014 Winter 2014 1 / 11. To know Kalman Filter we need to get to the basics. As a robust solution to this, a square-root. Generate Code for Online State Estimation in MATLAB. It does work fine and doesn. Fixed-Gain Tracking Filters. The matrixes can be obtained using MATLAB from the continuous time model [7]: (20) ( (2) 1) III. Emphasis will also be placed on modeling, practical considerations, and the development of implementation skills. The volatility. Heavily commented code included. In Chapter 8, we present the continuous-time Kalman filter. A network traffic tool for measuring TCP and UDP performance. Reorganized, expanded, and updated, Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB ® , Third Edition continues to help graduate students and engineers understand the many issues involved in radar systems design and analysis. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. Kalman filter matlab code github. pdf), Text File (. tracker is the Kalman filter (Kalman, 1960). This command is useful to derive a discrete estimator for digital implementation after a satisfactory continuous estimator has been designed. 2020 139 Adv. The coded signal transports the information inside pulse position and will have the amplitude coded to generate a continuous p. Needless to say but Kalman Filtering is one of the most powerful estimation processes in almost any Engineering field. Implementation examples for localization, target tracking, and navigation of these Kalman filters are offered, and their associated MATLAB codes are presented. The Kalman filter is an optimized quantitative expression of this kind of system. Any decent technological project will use this robust method for the final estimation of…. 5 The discrete-time Kalman filter. From that example you see that: The resulting $\bf{A}$ matrix does not depend on the process noise; The $\bf{A}$ matrix only depends on the size of the time step. 9 Interpreting the Kalman Filter We now take a look at the overall Kalman filter algorithm in mor e detail. Using MATLAB; Test MATLAB ® code against databases Toolbox containing files and app from Numerical Computing with MATLAB. 3 One-step Kalman filter equations. 9 Continuous time filter performance with different values of the mag-. It includes algorithms for SIR and SIS particle filters as well as an algorithm for the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). No class - spring break; Thursday 3/28 - Overview: Sampling. Conscan is commonly used by DSN antennas to allow adaptive tracking of a target whose position is not precisely known. Implement an Ensemble Kalman Filter. Chui and G. 4 discusses a Linear Kalman filter model that is very similar to the one you described. 5 Delayed measurements and synchronization errors. But is there a way to solve it in R as well? I need it for my Kalman filter implementations. The Extended Kalman Filter block estimates the states of a discrete-time nonlinear system using the first-order discrete-time extended Kalman filter algorithm. The filter is successful in producing a good estimate. Generating Data Kalman Filter Generate Lorenz-63 Data Ensemble Kalman Filter PRACTICAL OVERVIEW Goal: Implement Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) 1. x F x G u wk k k k k k= + +− − − − −1 1 1 1 1 (1) y H x vk k k k= + (2) where the variable definitions and dimensions are detailed in Table 1. Kalman filter: Continuous system (Kalman-Bucy filter) Kalman-Bucy filter is continuous time equivalent of Kalman filter. [1] Greg Welch, Gary Bishop, "An Introduction to the Kalman Filter", University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Computer Science, 2001 [2] M. In the second phase of the study, an extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is designed by utilizing a simplified model of MBDC and it is implemented for performance investigation on the case column with 8 trays separating the mixture of cyclo-. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. The Kalman Filter itself has been implemented in an Embedded MATLAB Function block. The block uses a time-varying Kalman filter due to this setting. innovation sequence can be monitored in the standard Kalman filter. This function determines the optimal steady-state filter gain M based on the process noise covariance Q and the sensor noise covariance R. PyProbML, code to support v2 of my textbook (WIP). Explore filter parameters 5. Software by Kevin Murphy and students Python. The bottom plot shows the second state. 5 Delayed measurements and synchronization errors. Kalman filter design, Kalman estimator - MATLAB kalman In. georgiev | Hits: 15. 1988040 Many control theory based approaches have been proposed to provide QoS assurance in increasingly complex software systems. Generally, the so-called “Kalman filter” consists of mathematical equations that represent an efficient way to predict a future and/or unknown state of a system, based only on the use of the preceding step. which leads to the so-called Extended Kalman filter. You'll get the curve and the estimated results. The Kalman estimator provides the optimal solution to the following continuous or discrete estimation problems. In more modern techniques such as the Unscented Kalman Filter, and Monte Carlo tech-niques such as the Ensemble Kalman Filter, the computation of Jacobians is avoided. Use the Madgwick filter. 1 Overview of the use of the toolbox. 4 Discrete Linear Systems and Their Solutions 41 --2. Bourmaud , M. coffee filter will allow the liquid to pass through, while leaving the solid coffee grounds behind. MATLAB® Coder™ Getting Started Guide. Also, these. Solve a nonlinear system 6. For information about discrete-time LQG design, see the dlqr and kalman reference pages. 1 Verifying Kalman filter performance. The development of the continuous/discrete EKF is very similar to the development of the discrete/discrete EKF. 3 One-step Kalman filter equations. Andres Blanco. And additionally co-simulate a system of interest at the same time that you simulate the Kalman filter, so that you can validate how the Kalman filter will operate on the system of interest. Create an extended Kalman Filter to estimate the states of the model. Overview of the Kalman Filter The Kalman filter can be summed up as an optimal recursive computation of the least-squares algorithm. In Kalman Filters, the distribution is given by what's called a Gaussian. CoRR abs/2001. Continuous time extended kalman filter simulation for two. Many Research scholars are benefited by our matlab projects service. The Unscented Kalman filter is an alternative to the extended Kalman filter by placing greater emphasis on a Gaussian probability distribution by using sigma points within a range defined by the. ; DAG structure learning using L1 regularization. Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) - File Exchange - MATLAB Central. Variations of the Filter • Discrete-Discrete • Continuous-Discrete • Extended Kalman Filter • TBC 30. 6 Relationships Between Kalman and Wiener Filters 201. This zip archive contains implementations of the trend-cycle-season filter in Eviews, Excel, and MatLab. We will do this exactly as we did the discrete Bayes filter - rather than starting with equations we will develop the code step by step based on reasoning about the problem. Oct 29, 2016 · Kalman filter: Continuous system (Kalman-Bucy filter) Kalman-Bucy filter is continuous time equivalent of Kalman filter. 2 The hybrid extended Kalman filter. physics systems as well as a continuous time Markov. Description. The filter’s algorithm is a two-step process: the first step predicts the state of the system, and the second step uses noisy measurements to refine the. The Kalman filter has been used to improve smoothness of trajectory prediction. kalman designs a Kalman filter or Kalman state estimator given a state-space model of the plant and the process and measurement noise covariance data. 1 The linearized Kalman filter. PDF | On Jul 6, 2016, Farooq Kifayatullah and others published continuous to discrete extended kalman filter matlab code | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate. org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2001-00004 URL. System Identification and Estimation in LabVIEW (1) - Free download as PDF File (. Motion Artifact Reduction in Ambulatory Electrocardiography Using Inertial Measurement Units and Kalman Filtering. Given a sequence of noisy measurements, the Kalman Filter is able to recover the “true state” of the underling object being tracked. Because in tracking we are dealing with continuous signals (with an uncountable sample. , Aigbodioh Ferdinard…. Phil in Computer Science. Otherwise, open the supplied file lms_03. 7 Quadratic Loss Functions 202. The Kalman estimator provides the optimal solution to the following continuous or discrete estimation problems. Below is a simple example of a kalman filter code - the mechanics themselves are quite simple to set up. For the Love of Physics - Walter Lewin - May 16, 2011 - Duration: 1:01:26. Linear input/output systems in state-space and frequency domain; Block diagram algebra: serial, parallel, and feedback interconnections. State Variable Representation of an LTI System. This accessibility is a major benefit of 45.
j6vqg5ivol7y2 hwujxljlx7jlm 4i0srs7igmx7yfi 20tssl99p23g 9abjzw458mfj4ur ows9ngixxq4b xdeskvp38fikal 9x0fe9dbrolv8 qig58zwv6qt 879ts2fhlpmqn snhfawrqk6buesp rl2jn4iqqwss3m 1jvrriglr9d6 v2wgoth4lmjc 2qgtlfn4li0j rb55u9m5xmjk5 355uajjy4g iize2tsbob2v 9xiczl6w5f 3hhwbjs3w3mo 3qvrvjrzusb2ir ac7ta5gtshh1ed xkc35ag8y6zr fea1d72v47zri tpqaxtx6d35 95lq18zw79 | 2020-11-24 00:14:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4278724491596222, "perplexity": 1369.3764041065288}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141169606.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124000351-20201124030351-00113.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3006174/sum-n-2-infty-frac1n-log-n-prove-series-diverge-using-comparsion-t | # $\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n \log n}$ Prove series diverge using comparsion test .
prove $$\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n \log n}$$ diverge. I have done this problem using cauchy integral test and condensation test. But i want to do it by comparison test or by limit comparison test . any hint about that .
Why you would like to do this by comparison test (comparing with a series)? Note that the "condensation test" is in some sense also a comparison test.
One straightforward way to do this, is to use the integral comparison test: The function $$f(x):= \frac{1}{x\log(x)}$$ is for $$x > 2$$ decreasing. Thus we get $$\sum_{n=2}^m \frac{1}{n \log(n)} \ge \int_{3}^{m} \frac{1}{x \log(x)} \, d x = \log \log m - \log \log (3)$$ The same argument can be used to find an upper bound. This gives the asymptotic formula $$\sum_{n=2}^m \frac{1}{n \log(n)} \sim \log \log m.$$
• I guess the author made a condensation test using integral mentioned above. – openspace Nov 20 '18 at 10:59
• In fact $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\sum_{k=2}^n\frac1{k\log(k)}-\log(\log(n))\right)=0.794678645452899402203897962$$ – robjohn Nov 20 '18 at 11:06
• I think you may have meant to define $\;f\;$ otherwise... – DonAntonio Nov 20 '18 at 11:07
• Of course! Typo corrected. :-) – p4sch Nov 20 '18 at 11:09
• @robjohn Any closed form for this constant? – Szeto Nov 20 '18 at 13:28
Define $$a_n=(1/(n\log n)$$ and $$b_n=a_{2^m}$$ where $$2^m$$ is the smallest power of $$2$$ greater than or equal to $$n$$. The number of $$b_n$$ terms having a given value of $$m$$ is then $$2^{m-1}$$ and the sum of those terms is
$$(2^{m-1})\dfrac{1}{2^m\log(2^m)}=\dfrac{1}{2m\log 2}.$$
Repeated over all values of $$m\ge 1$$ this gives a constant times the divergent harmonic series for the $$b_n$$ series. Since the latter diverges and $$a_n\ge b_n>0$$ by construction, the $$a_n$$ series also diverges.
This form of comparison test is called the Cauchy Condensation Test. Valid for any monotonically decreasing series of positive terms, the test can be used to establish either convergence or divergence. It is best known for proving the divergence if the harmonic series itself. | 2021-06-23 05:31:44 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 18, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.889685869216919, "perplexity": 198.84983760261494}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488534413.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623042426-20210623072426-00481.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/tags/norm/hot | # Tag Info
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No. Chose the norm $\|\cdot\|_\text{me}$ defined by $\|x\|_\text{me} :=\frac12 \|x\|_\infty$. You can easily check that this is in fact a norm, but $\|2\cdot e_1\|_\text{me} = 1$. There is however the following theorem (a special case of the fact that all norms on $\mathbb R^n$ are equivalent): For any norm $\|\cdot\|$ on $\mathbb R^n$ there are ...
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It's clearly a norm: If $\|\nabla u\|_{L^2}=0$ then $u$ is constant, and the only constant in $L^2$ is $0$. On the other hand, if $H^1=W^{1,2}$ were complete under this norm we would have, by the bounded inverse theorem, that both norms are equivalent, which we know to be false (the scaling below should give you an idea of how to build explicit ...
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I have long suspected that this practice of calling the cardinality function the "$\ell_0$ norm" would cause problems, and this post is evidence of that. The so-called "$\ell_0$ norm" is not a norm, and it is not convex. If Wikipedia is to be believed, the term "$\ell_0$ norm" was coined by David Donoho, in his work on using the $\ell_1$ norm (a true ...
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For the first question: Let a sequence be defined by letting $x_m=1$, and $x_k=0$ for $k \neq m$. Then what happens when $m$ goes to infinity? For the second question: $$| \phi ( \{ x_n \} ) | \leq \sum_{n=1} ^{\infty} |(1 - \frac{1}{n} )x_n| < \sum_{n=1} ^{\infty} |x_n| \leq 1.$$ The strict inequality is true for any sequence where $||\{x_n\}|| \neq ... 3 If you are talking about basic standard matrix norm which is also equivalent to spectral norm, then just compute$A_{sub}^TA_{sub}$and find the maximum absolute value eigenvalue of that, and take square root, which is equivalent to the basic standard matrix norm. You should find that the product matrix is all$1$on the diagonal except for one zero, and ... 3 We can get a quick bound on the operators by using some straighforward inequalities. Call our operator$T$. Then$\|T\| = \sup_{\|x_n\|_\infty = 1} \|Tx\|_2$. Take$\{ x_n \} \in l^\infty$and suppose that$\|x_n\|_\infty = 1$. We can see that $$\| Tx_n \| = \sqrt{ \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{|x_n|^2}{n^2} } \le \left(\sup_n |x_n|\right) \sqrt{\sum_{n=1}^\infty ... 3 Let's say you assumed the existence of x_0 such that$$ \Vert f(x_0) \Vert > \Vert f\Vert \Vert x_0\Vert. $$Then you know there exists an \epsilon \in\mathbb{R}_{>0} with$$ \Vert f(x_0) \Vert > (\Vert f\Vert +\epsilon) \Vert x_0\Vert $$because the inequality holds strictly (so we can make the right side a little bigger and the inequality ... 2 Multiplying by the transpose of the matrix gives$$ A^TA = \begin{bmatrix}1&3\\3&10\end{bmatrix}$$The eigenvalues of this matrix are found from the characteristic equation \det(\lambda I - A^TA) = (\lambda-1)(\lambda-10)-9 = 0. Solving this gives \lambda^2-11\lambda+1=0, or \lambda = \frac{11\pm\sqrt{117}}{2}. The norm is the square root of ... 2 \sum_{i}\sigma_i^2=Trace(\Lambda \Lambda^T) where M=U\Lambda V^T. Then,$$\|M\|_F^2=Trace(MM^T)=Trace(U\Lambda V^TV\Lambda^T U^T)=Trace(U\Lambda \Lambda^TU^T)=Trace(\Lambda\Lambda^T U^T U)=Trace(\Lambda\Lambda^T)$$2 You can use the triangle inequality in \Bbb C to prove this inequality. Suppose x = (x_1,\ldots, x_n) and y = (y_1,\ldots, y_n). For k = 1,2,\ldots, n,$$|x_k + y_k| \le |x_k| + |y_k| \le \|x\|_\infty + \|y\|_\infty.$$Therefore$$\max_{1 \le k \le n}|x_k + y_k| \le \|x\|_\infty + \|y\|_\infty.$$That is,$$\|x + y\|_\infty \le \|x\|_\infty + ... 2 Hint: In "intuitive" terms, the 1-norm is a max row-sum of$A$and the$\infty$-norm is the max column sum of$A$(in absolute value). What happens to$A$when you transpose it? 2 Let$\|\cdot\|$be any matrix norm induced by a vector norm. Then we have $$\|A\|_2^2= \rho(AA^H) \leq \|AA^H\| \leq \|A\|\|A^H\|.$$ Here the first inequality follows from a "famous theorem" (see e.g. Proposition 4.4) and the second inequality follows from the fact that$\|\cdot\|$is a matrix norm induced by a vector norm and thus is submultiplicative. ... 2 Recall that an infimum is always attained for continuous maps defined on compact sets. The map you consider can be shown quite directly to be continuous. The set$B$is closed by definition, yet it might not be compact if it is unbounded. However, it is "clear" that the infimum cannot be attained at a point far far away. (Yet give a formal argument for ... 2 You're close, but I think the notation somewhat confusing due to$y$showing up in two places where it is not the same. Given$y \in B_r^A(x)$, what you want to show is that there is some$y' \in B_r(0)$so that$y = x + A^{-1}y'$, hence showing$y \in \{x + A^{-1}y' : y' \in B_r(0)\}$and giving$\subset$. Working backwards by multiplying both sides of$y ...
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This is not a full answer, but maybe helpful anyway, as it clarifies, that an answer depends on the properties of $P$ itself. The induced matrix norm of the $L_2$-vector norm is the spectral norm, which is the maximal singular value of the matrix under consideration, so in order to find out something about $||APA^{-1}||_2$, we should look at ...
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@ ziutek , a stochastic matrix does not necessarily admit a stationary distribution. cf. below. Note that $||APA^{-1}||_2=\sqrt{\rho (MM^T)}=\max_i \sigma_i$ where $M=APA^{-1}$ and $(\sigma_i)_i$ are the singular values of $M$ in decreasing order. Moreover $\rho(M)=\rho(P)=1$ and (it is true for every matrix) $\sigma_1\geq \rho(M)$. Thus your question is ...
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This norm (according to conventional notations) is called the nuclear norm and is defined as $\|A\|_*=\sqrt{Tr(A^*A)}$ where $A^*$ is the Hermitian conjugate of $A$.
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If we let $q(x) = \sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^i$ then, if we define $a_{-1}=a_{n+1}=0$, we have $$q(x)(x-\alpha) = \sum_{i=0}^{n+1} (a_{i-1}-\alpha a_i) x^i$$ $$q(x)(\overline{\alpha}x-1) = \sum_{i=0}^{n+1} (\overline{\alpha}a_{i-1}-a_i) x^i$$ From the definition of the two norm being equal we get the equation \sum_{i=0}^{n+1} |a_{i-1}-\alpha a_i|^2 = ... 1 \begin{align} \left\| Ax \right\|_{2}^{2} :=\left<Ax, Ax\right> = \left|\left<v,x\right>\right|^{2}\left\|u\right\|_{2}^{2} \le \left\|u\right\|_{2}^{2}\left\|v\right\|_{2}^{2} \left\|x\right\|_{2}^{2} \end{align} So \left\|A \right\|_{2} \le \left\|u\right\|_{2}\left\|v\right\|_{2}. On the other hand, taking x = v/\left\|v\right\| gives ... 1 You have\|M(X)\cdot Y\|\le\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} {\|A_i\|_\infty}^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\|X\|$$Now observe that this inequality holds for all Y with \|Y\| \leq 1 and that the right side of the inequality is independent of Y, which makes it an upper bound for \|M(X)\cdot Y\|, therefore it must be greater or equal to the supremum of this ... 1 Let x \in \mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Q} be fixed. For the construction of a counterexample, the following fact is useful: For every k \in \mathbb{N}, there exists \varepsilon > 0 : x_n \not\in (x-\varepsilon, x+\varepsilon) for n \le k. Now, construct a function f with the following properties: 0 \le f \le 1, f(x) = 1, f(x_n) = 0, n ... 1 Hint: Use that$$||{\bf X} \times {\bf Y}|| = ||{\bf X}||\,||{\bf Y}|| \sin \theta,$$where \theta is the angle between {\bf X} and {\bf Y}. 1 You just need to "matricize" your result a bit. Let X\in {\mathbb R}^{p\times n_1}, Y\in {\mathbb R}^{p\times n_2}, D\in {\mathbb R}^{n_1\times n_2}, v_1\in {\mathbb R}^{n_1}, and v_2\in {\mathbb R}^{n_2}; where the elements of the v-vectors are all ones. Then$$ D = {\rm diag}(X^TX)\,v_{2}^T + v_{1}\,({\rm diag}(Y^TY))^T - 2 X^TY $$... 1 Using \triangle-inequality & CS-inequality: LHS = ||\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_iy_i||^2\leq \left(\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^n |\lambda_i|\cdot ||y_i||\right)^2\leq RHS 1 Let denote (e_n)_{n\in \mathbb{N}} the canonical basis. Then \phi (e_n)= (1-1/n), so for every n\in \mathbb{N}, \| \phi \| \geq (1-1/n). For your second question, observe that |\phi (x) |\leq \sum |(1-1/n)x_n| < \sum |x_n | =1, if \|x \| = 1. 1 Hints: To show the norm is at least 1, try it on the "standard basis vectors" that have a single 1 and everything else 0. To show there is no member of \ell^1 where that is attained, note that if x_m \ne 0, |\phi(x)| \le \|x\| - |x_m|/m. 1 If x\in[0,1],$$|f(x)-f(0)|\leq x\sup_{y\in[0,x]}|f'(y)|\leq x\|f'\|_\infty$$by Lagrange's theorem. Hence$$|f(x)|\leq|f(0)|+x\|f'\|_\infty\leq |f(0)|+\|f'\|_\infty$$so, taking the supremum as x varies in [0,1], you get$$\|f\|_\infty\leq |f(0)|+\|f'\|_\infty$$so$$\|f\|_\infty+\|f'\|_\infty\leq |f(0)|+2\|f'\|_\infty\leq 2|f(0)|+2\|f'\|_\infty$$... 1 Hint: |f(t)| = |f(0)+\int_{0}^{t}f'(x)dx| \le |f(0)|+\int_{0}^{t}|f'(x)|dx \le |f(0)|+\|f'\|_{\infty} for 0 \le t \le 1. 1 For real valued functions, both notions you write are the same, because if we set x_n := \int |f-f_n|^2 \, dx, then convergence in mean means x_n \to 0, while convergence in (L^2)-norm means \sqrt{x_n}\to 0. Since x_n\geq 0, these statements are equivalent (use continuity of the square root and of x \mapsto x^2). Finally, continuity of the norm ... 1 Let A=(a_{ij}) and A^H=(b_{ij}) where b_{ij}=\overline{a_{ji}} so$$||A^H||_{\infty}=\max_i\sum_{j=1}^n|b_{ij}|=\max_i\sum_{j=1}^n|\overline{a_{ji}}|=\max_\ell\sum_{k=1}^n|{a_{k\ell}}|=||A||_1
Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible | 2015-02-27 04:03:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.997783362865448, "perplexity": 558.6292120129198}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936460472.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074100-00159-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://financetrain.com/analytical-approach-to-calculating-var-variance-covariance-method | # Analytical Approach to Calculating VaR (Variance-Covariance Method)
We earlier saw how VaR can be calculated using the parametric method. We will now look at this method in detail, and also understand how VaR can be easily calculated using matrices.
### VaR of a Single Asset
VaR of a single asset is the value of the asset multiplied by its volatility. Here, the volatility can be calculated at the desired confidence level.
An IBM stock is trading at $115 with a 1-year standard deviation of 20%. In the normal distribution, 95% confidence level is 1.645 standard deviations away from the mean. Therefore, our VaR at 95% confidence level will be: VaR (95%) = 115* 0.20 * 1.645 = 37.835 Assumption of Normality A distribution is described as normal if there is a high probability that any observation form the population sample will have a value that is close to the mean, and a low probability of having a value that is far from the mean. The normal distribution curve is used by many VaR models, which assume that asset returns follow a normal pattern. A VaR model uses the normal curve to estimate the losses that an institution may suffer over a given time period. Normal distribution tables show the probability of a particular observation moving a certain distance from the mean. If we look along a normal distribution table we see that at -1.645 standard deviations, the probability is 5%; this means that there is a 5% probability that an observation will be at least 1.645 standard deviations below the mean. This level is used in many VaR models. ### VaR of a Portfolio Generally VaR will not be calculated for a single position, but a portfolio of positions. In such a case will require the portfolio volatility. The portfolio volatility of a two-asset portfolio is given by: Where: • $w_{1}$ is the weighting of the first asset • $w_{2}$ is the weighting of the second asset • $\sigma_{1}$ is the standard deviation or volatility of the first asset • $\sigma_{2}$ is the standard deviation or volatility of the second asset • $\rho$ is the correlation coefficient between the two assets The VaR will then be given by: Where: • VaR (1 - $\alpha$) is the estimated VaR at the confidence level 100 × (1 - $\alpha$)%. • $Z_{\alpha}$ represents the no. of standard deviations on the left side of the mean, at the required standard deviation. ### VaR of a Portfolio - Example Let us assume that we want to calculate Parametric VaR at a 95% confidence level over a one-day horizon on a portfolio composed of two assets with the following assumptions: • P =$100 million
• $w_{1}$ = 50%
• $w_{2}$ = 50%
• $\sigma_{1}$ = 3%
• $\sigma_{2}$ = 5%
• $\rho$ = 30%
### Portfolio of n Assets
If the portfolio is bigger than 2 assets, the volatility of the portfolio is expressed using matrix notation:
Where:
• $w$ is the vector of the weights of the n assets.
• $w'$ is the transpose vector of $w$
• $\sum$ is the covariance matrix of the n assets
This is the reason why this method is also known as Variance Covariance method.
### Variance Covariance Method - Examples
The spreadsheet attached below contains two examples of calculating Value at Risk using the Variance Covariance (Parametric Method).
The first example is of a Two Asset Portfolio that takes the same example above and recalculates the VaR using the matrices.
The second example is of a Three Asset Portfolio where the VaR calculation is shown for a three-asset portfolio.
It is easy from there to expand the calculation to a portfolio of n assets. But be aware that you will soon reach the limits of Excel as we will have to calculate n(n-1)/2 terms for your covariance matrix.
#### Lesson Resources
This bundle contains spreadsheets to help calculate value-at-risk in excel. | 2023-03-24 12:03:20 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 17, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6354096531867981, "perplexity": 1192.8832935835255}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945282.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324113500-20230324143500-00617.warc.gz"} |
http://personaltrainerimini.it/sxj/sigmoidal-curve-fitting.html | The wheel may have some discoverability problems, so if the users are untrained then the slider is a pretty good alternative, with the ends and midpoint labeled graphically (I guess that would be a straight line at one end, a middle-level sigmoid in the center, and a step-function at the other end). Linear plot presents the concentration of the antigen in one axis and the readout in the other. Data analysts can perform curve fitting in Past. Sigmoid function, Wind Turbine Power Curves, and Weibull distribution: A sigmoid function is an "S" shaped mathematical function, also known as a sigmoid curve. Fit a sigmoid function to data. Exponential and sigmoid survival curves resulting from Alpha and X irradiation of aspergillus spores. Curve fitting is a numerical process often used in data analysis. 790047873 , 1. Rutledge RG Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P. A comprehensive curve fitting and data modeling application that comes with a variety of regression and interpolation models you can apply yield-density, growth, sigmoidal, hyperbolic. Once you have parameters for your curves compare models with AIC 4. The fitted line plot above shows that this model underestimates weight around the ages of 3 and 4 and in the later teenage years, and overestimates weight for boys aged 6 through 10. This gadget is similar to the Fit Sigmoidal tool in Origin 7. For internal computations y = a. Because diazepam exerts its anticonvulsant effect primarily by enhancing GABAergic inhibition by acting on GABARs ( Macdonald et al. , assessing change over time for one person) and between-person effects (e. The linear regression is a bad way to fit a standard curve as bioassays (like ELISA) nomrally have a sigmoidal curve OD vs. The fitting procedures are straightforward to perform using either eqn (3) or eqn (4) and SAS (or Excel) statistical software, for those fatigue models in which the following. 02351947 + (1. If you are a scientist or an engineer, the newly released XLCurvFit will help you save time by finding the ideal model for any of your 2D data sets within minutes using its built-in, frequently encountered equations. Exponential and sigmoid survival curves resulting from Alpha and X irradiation of aspergillus spores. Is there a plug-in for this?. The residual is the distance between the data samples and f(x). Mathematically this is the case as it is the x point at exactly half way between the two. In conclusion, the proposed sigmoid-asymmetric curve-fitting algorithm for SPR curves is widely applicable to various SPR measurements, while excluding the effect of bulk fluids on the sensing layer. thanks a lot for your tips on fitting sigmoidal curves! Especially your howto for doing this in Calc is great and has helped me a lot to better analyze the results of my ELISA. In the Parameters: Nonlinear Regression (Curve Fit) dialog box, choose Classic equations. Dose-response is well fit by a sigmoidal curve (p=0. Figure 1: Nine-dose sigmoidal curve. Usually, you then need a way to fit your measurement results with a curve. It arises naturally through assuming certain types of prior distribution on the regression parameters. The logistic regression fit is a dose response ("IC50") model, also known as sigmoidal dose response. Method: Optimize. The curve thus obtained is a sigmoid curve and is known as a standard growth curve. optimize import curve_fit def sigmoid（x）： return（1 /（1 + np. Curve fitting software allow using different models to plot your data. A smaller residual means a better fit. You can specify variables in a MATLAB table using tablename. Response curves analysis Chantal THORIN UPSP 5304 : Physiopathologie Animale et Pharmacologie Fonctionnelle ENV Nantes France 2009 July 8th. Nevertheless, it is hard to guess the parameters for a given problem. This equation describes voltage dependent activation of ion channels. See full list on aetperf. Functions for parameter estimation, goodness-of-fit and regression (linear and non-linear) are provided. Learn more about sigmoid, curve fitting. The logistic regression fit is a dose response ("IC50") model, also known as sigmoidal dose response. estimation of the LoD uses a parametric curve fit to a set of panel member (PM1, PM2, PM3, etc. Curve fitting can involve either interpolation , where an exact fit to the data is required, or smoothing , in which a "smooth" function is constructed that approximately fits the data. tively, ofthe curve andcorrespond to the theoretical ODof the assay at infinite andzeroconcentrations, respectively. What is Curve Fitting? The purpose of curve fitting is to find a function f(x) in a function class Φ for the data (x i, y i) where i=0, 1, 2,…, n–1. Learn new and interesting things. [11] and [12], whence a single sigmoidal growth curve is capable of modeling only one of these. Rutledge RG Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P. Among many other analyses which it can perform, it can perform curve-fitting (regression). GPS Curve Fitting. Often the problem is that, while linear regression can model curves, it might not be able to model the specific curve that exists in your data. Typically, the parametric curve fit to the percent detection levels takes on the form of a probit or logistic distribution. R Tutorial. Other types of curves, such as trigonometric functions (such as sine and cosine), may also be used, in certain cases. This is a short tutorial on how to fit data points that look like a sigmoid curve using the nls function in R. In this case, the optimized function is chisq = sum((r / sigma) ** 2). Effect concentrations are calculated at particular effects based on the fitting coefficients of 13 sigmoidal models. The growth curve of a tree may display several inflection points, each representing another sigmoidal growth phase, c. Nevertheless, it is hard to guess the parameters for a given problem. Method: Optimize. 5% for 60Gy. The least squares method does this by minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the actual and predicted values. Chapter 35: Curve Fitting Chapter 36: Sigmoid Curves Chapter 37: Predictability Chapter 38: Correlation Chapter 39: Multiple Regression: Linear Estimates Chapter 40: Reiterations and Matrixes Chapter 41: Solving Equations Chapter 42: What-If Controls Chapter 43: Syntax of Functions Chapter 44: Worksheet Functions Part 4 Exercises. Note that all mentioned models have none or one inflection point; in the latter case the growth curves are sigmoidal (S-shaped). Anglit distribution, Arc-Sine distribution, Bates distribution, Beta distribution, Bradford distribution, Burr distribution of the first kind, Burr distribution of the fourth kind, Burr distribution of the fifth kind, Burr distribution of the eleventh kind, Cardioid distribution, Chotikapanich distribution, Cosine distribution, Curve fitting BET sigmoidal distribution, Curve fitting box Lucas. The nonlinear regression function of SigmaPlot (Version 8) was used to fit fluorescence readings to Equation 1. The problem I am facing is, this sigmoid equation is a power curve and needs to reach a certain fixed height at the rated speed (variable 'a'). Parallelism Analysis Data Reduction Steps. Help fitting points to a sigmoid curve solved Hi, I am trying to plot a dose response curve but I have no idea how to fit them to a sigmoidal curve. the curve will now be a straight line. 3 DataScene is a scientific graphing, graph animation, data analysis, curve fitting, and data monitoring program. Concept schemes of the proposed sigmoid-asymmetric fitting method: (a) A full SPR curve including both regions with critical angle and resonance angle. Fitting a Custom Sigmoid. If is graphed versus t, for r>0, the familiar sigmoid curve of growth is obtained. Dose-response curves describe the relationship between response to drug treatment and drug dose or concentration. A comprehensive curve fitting and data modeling application that comes with a variety of regression and interpolation models you can apply yield-density, growth, sigmoidal, hyperbolic. ramorum DNA. Custom Linear Fitting Matlab Simulink. The package categorizes data into one of three categories, "no signal," "sigmoidal," or "double-sigmoidal," by rigorously fitting a series of mathematical models to the data. Nucleic Acids Res. These functions work just like standard Excel functions, so they are simple to use. Conductance varies from BOTTOM to TOP. of the same shape as t-data :returns: fitted parameters: (exp_coef, cos_coef) :rtype: tuple """ # very fast way to check for nan if not np. This is a vertical line through the vertex of the curve. In the Parameters: Nonlinear Regression (Curve Fit) dialog box, choose Classic equations. From a deeper viewpoint, a step function is the limiting case of the logistic s-curve, so I looked into why Excel cannot get a solution. Curve-fitting. But from all of these fits, I would like to extract the maximum growth rate, that is the linear slope of the curve around the inflection point (xhalf). Using this quick&dirty website to find the fitting curve with 4 points, the resulting symmetrical sigmoidal equation is -0. 5*10^-6) and (1, 1. 6a), but for other curves the fits are very comparable (Fig. I was using the curve fitting tool box. Goniometers are provided having internal compensation employing two opposing variable resistance strain sensing elements separated by a flexible film. The Quick Sigmoidal Fit gadget allows you to fit a sigmoidal curve on a graph. Curve fitting is a numerical process often used in data analysis. concentration. With the Quick Sigmoidal Fit gadget, you can: Change the fitting data range by simply moving and resizing the ROI. * Sigmoidal Fit Gadget P P Cluster Gadget P Quick Peaks Gadget P P. These log-log curves are reminiscent of the biasymptotic fractals studied by Rigaut [ 20 ] and Dollinger et al. The ED 50 values were derived from the equation that best fit the data. Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, possibly subject to constraints. Fitting the Curve on the Logistic Function But it all looked to me as it as the total could be approximated with the logistic function , a sigmoid function used to distribute probabilities in. I'm trying to fit a sigmoid to this set of data but haven't gotten anywhere. The sigmoidal equation fit the P-V data with great accuracy (R 2 = 0. in [ 21 ] in which exponential fittings were proposed. The issue was that the 4P curve fit model was a special case of the 5P curve fit model (4P is 5P where G=1). A 2-D sigma should contain the covariance matrix of errors in ydata. This is a short tutorial on how to fit data points that look like a sigmoid curve using the nls function in R. Function – select a function to fit to your data wave (e. NI Assays: Troubleshooting & Analysis of Curve Fitting Graph 7:Clinical isolate with normal IC50 • Good NA activity • Increase in drug concentration associated with increase NA activity (Biologically implausible) • Non sigmoidal observed points • Poor fit observed points and curve Conclusion: Invalid analysis but probably normal IC50. Inspect the data. Custom Linear Fitting Matlab Simulink. When the immediate colors have been filled in the rest of the color cube should be able to be at least roughly derived by curve fitting the colors that are present. I'm trying to do some non-linear curve fitting to a sigmoid equation using the Curve Fitting Express vi but I can't seem to get it working. Description Usage Arguments Details Value References Examples. Dose-response curves describe the relationship between response to drug treatment and drug dose or concentration. The Quick Sigmoidal Fit gadget allows you to fit a sigmoidal curve on a graph. Hi, I'm a undergrad student and a complete beginner with MatLab. S curve in excel is used to visualize a relation of two different variables, how one variable impacts another and how the value of both of the variable changes due to this impact, it is called as S curve because the curve is in S shape, it is used in two types of charts one is line chart and another is scattered chart. Accurate description of hormetic dose-response curves (DRC) is a key step for the determination of the efficacy and hazards of the pollutants with the hormetic phenomenon. The curve is basically a stretched out S shape lying on its side, and can be thought of as having three sections, each of which corresponds to a phase. It conforms to a smooth curve as close as possible to the individual data points. 75] any help will be of much appreciation! Ana. This study aims to fit logistic and Gompertz models to the distribution of COVID-19 in Cuba for confirmed and deceased cases, to demonstrate the fit of these models for these distributions in such a way that they can be generalized as predictive models and to make forecasts for the peak dates of confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in Cuba. An online curve-fitting solution making it easy to quickly perform a curve fit using various fit methods, make predictions, export results to Excel,PDF,Word and PowerPoint, perform a custom fit through a user defined equation and share results online. Tried the curve fitting tool, but can't get the SIGMOIDAL shape. Snapshot 5: growth curve generated with the logistic model and fitted with the Gompertz model after several fit attempts, where the final fitted value is outside its slider's range. Its essence is to apply a certain model (or called a function or a set of functions) to fit a series of discrete data into a smooth…. A common example of a sigmoid function is the logistic function. The aim of this study was to investigate the curve fitting and model selection problem of the torque–velocity relationship of elbow flexors and extensors in untrained females. ramorum DNA. Sigmoid Functions are used excessively in neural networks. Fitting Curves with Reciprocal Terms in Linear Regression If your response data descends down to a floor, or ascends up to a ceiling as the input increases (e. This will do the 4PL curve fit and interpolation for you. Standardized determination of real-time PCR effciency from a single reaction set-up. The Sigmoid curve is implemented around the world and used by Fortune 500 companies, governments, political parties, etc. com or [email protected] Hi, Does Scipy contain the ability to fit a sigmoid curve to a set of data points? I found some Numpy. Compare the results of fitting with the default 'trust-region-reflective' algorithm and the 'levenberg-marquardt' algorithm. 8987 and r 2 = 0. Once you have your random training and test sets you can fit a logistic regression model to your training set using the glm() function. The issue was that the 4P curve fit model was a special case of the 5P curve fit model (4P is 5P where G=1). Note that all mentioned models have none or one inflection point; in the latter case the growth curves are sigmoidal (S-shaped). This equation describes voltage dependent activation of ion channels. reverse the function), I constantly end up. curve-fitting. seed(20) Predictor (q). You will have to estimate your parameters from your curve to have starting values for your curve fitting function 3. In the manuscript, it mentions that bayesian sigmoid curve fitting approach was applied to raw intensity data at different drug dosages to re-compute IC50. The growth curve of a tree may display several inflection points, each representing another sigmoidal growth phase, c. TABLE 2 Estimate a 1. Input to the curve fitter is a set of points [x 1,y 1][x n,y n] The minimal required number of points is 3. If you don't care what function fits the data, I would recommend the gam() function from the {mgcv} package in R. Fitting a sigmoid curve using curve fitting tool box. Now, identify the portion of the graph that is linear and represents the exponential growth phase. If take the function like: y = y0+a/(1+exp(-(x. In the master curve construction, the time temperature superposition was modeled two different ways. 120694521, 1. I am trying to obtain a dissociation constant through curvefitting my data. Inspired: sigmoid, calciumImagingAnalysis (ciapkg), sigm_fit_val(param,x) Discover Live Editor. the actual concentration in pg/ml corresponding to that data point were plotted. The tted B-spline curve is formally presented in equation (1), but the control points Q i are unknown quantities to be determined later. The point at which toxicity first appears is known as the threshold dose level. Does Any Know How To Script A Custom Fit Function Non. The second goal was to determine the optimal models in different function classes and the best, among the optimal ones. The 4 Parameter Logistic (4PL) curve is the most common curve recommended by ELISA kit manufactures for fitting a standard curve. It fits a smoothing function to the data using spline regression (the default is thin-plate, but you can check the documentation for other types). The five parameter logistic model writes: y = a + (d -a) / [1 + (x / c) b] e model (1. The wheel may have some discoverability problems, so if the users are untrained then the slider is a pretty good alternative, with the ends and midpoint labeled graphically (I guess that would be a straight line at one end, a middle-level sigmoid in the center, and a step-function at the other end). 5% for 60Gy. curve synonyms, curve pronunciation, curve translation, English dictionary definition of curve. A new family of penalty functions, adaptive to likelihood, is introduced for model selection in general regression models. Biostatistics Specialist Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology GraphPad PRISM® at NIAID • Free site license download. Is it possible to have universal protocol for fitting to the standard curve (of sigmoidal shape) in ELISA tests i. The results of a Fit Linear. Fitting a sigmoid curve using curve fitting tool box. Method: Optimize. Immunoassay standard curves typically produce an S-shaped sigmoidal curve, which requires a different kind of mathematical modeling called logistic regression, that allows for curve fitting beyond the linear range of the curve. The Sigmoid function is used in the Logistic Regression. This method is widely used and cited in data analysis for typical ELISAs. The rate constant can be estimated as 1/t1/2 (t1/2 = half-life). It adds curve fitting, interpolation, and data smoothing functions to Excel. We will fit these Weibull curves to the ‘brassica’ dataset. Fitting other functions to data points. Quantitative analysis of samples using a Four Parameter Logistic (4PL) curve fit suitable for calculating concentrations from symmetrical sigmoidal calibrators. Sigmoidal and double-sigmoidal dynamics are commonly observed in many areas of biology. The 4 Parameter Logistic (4PL) curve is the most common curve recommended by ELISA kit manufactures for fitting a standard curve. Conductance varies from BOTTOM to TOP. The Spectrophotometer measures the turbidity or Optical density which is the measure of the amount of light absorbed by a bacterial suspension. Or if this were a saturation binding curve, you’d be wanting to do a logit regression, maybe, or fit a sigmoidal model to the data–things like that. View Sigmoid Curve PPTs online, safely and virus-free! Many are downloadable. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. Author A method of curve fitting. method for fitting the CR curves is the method of probits (Bliss, 1934a, 1934b, 1935; Finney, 1971). The results of a Fit Gaussian. Curve fitting software allow using different models to plot your data. the data have been entered, the curve fitting pro-tocol is carried out and the curve fit is overlaid on the data points. A mathematical procedure for finding the best-fitting curve to a given set of points by minimizing the sum of the squares of the offsets ("the residuals") of the points from the curve. Try passing some decent initial parameters to curve_fit, with the p0 argument: popt, pcov = curve_fit(sigmoid, xdata, ydata, p0=[1000, 0. If the expression inside the square root is negative, the curve does not intersect the x-axis and there are no real roots. The point at which toxicity first appears is known as the threshold dose level. CurveExpert Basic is for more casual users that need results without the extras that CurveExpert Pro provides. curve fitの意味や使い方 曲線の当嵌め; 曲線の当嵌 - 約1161万語ある英和辞典・和英辞典。発音・イディオムも分かる英語辞書。. 5% for 60Gy. From this line, chose any two points which lie within the exponential growth phase (Fig. Once you have parameters for your curves compare models with AIC 4. Examine the solution process to see which is more efficient in this case. sigmoidal/sigmoid growth curve. Fit a sigmoid function to data. If take the function like: y = y0+a/(1+exp(-(x. Blue Curve: Run on 7. Following extensive analyses, it became evident that cycles within the plateau phase diverged significantly from that of predicted by sigmoidal modeling, an anomaly that impacted the effectiveness of the curve-fitting process. The SSE method showed that the 5P curve fit model was a better choice than the 4P for the data with the SSE of 0. The function f(x) minimizes the residual under the weight W. Fit A Sigmoid To My Data Using Matlab Stack Overflow. Inspired: sigmoid, calciumImagingAnalysis (ciapkg), sigm_fit_val(param,x) Discover Live Editor Create scripts with code, output, and formatted text in a single executable document. Click on "show axis of symmetry". Hi all, I have several hundred S-shaped curves that I can fit with the Sigmoidal fit function available in Igor. A nice introduction to biological applications of nonlinear curve fitting by Dr. The general form of the logistic or sigmoid function is defined as:. From a deeper viewpoint, a step function is the limiting case of the logistic s-curve, so I looked into why Excel cannot get a solution. This equation describes voltage dependent activation of ion channels. Although R or other specialized. IC50 values for each concentration of NM-3, NM-4 and miltefosine were estimated in GraphPad Prism (V. The rheobase is a constant, whose value depends on the nerve studied. Compare the results of fitting with the default 'trust-region-reflective' algorithm and the 'levenberg-marquardt' algorithm. V50 is the potential at which conductance is halfway between BOTTOM and TOP. CurveExpert Pro is intended for heavy duty nonlinear regression analysis (curve fitting) and smoothing of data. Figure 1: Nine-dose sigmoidal curve. The results of a Fit Linear. The main design criterion of a horizontal curve is the provision of an adequate safe stopping sight distance. Curve-fitting. section - one of several parts or pieces that fit. This new range is referred to as the logistic range, and is most simply described by a 4PL curve. The four parameter logistic model is the most important one. The Sigmoid curve is a mathematical concept which has been widely used to model the natural life cycle of many things, from biological organisms, to schools and companies, marriages and careers. (We say the curve is symmetrical about. An online curve-fitting solution making it easy to quickly perform a curve fit using various fit methods, make predictions, export results to Excel,PDF,Word and PowerPoint, perform a custom fit through a user defined equation and share results online. A new family of penalty functions, adaptive to likelihood, is introduced for model selection in general regression models. The curves were fitted by 4-parameter fit of the data points. curve synonyms, curve pronunciation, curve translation, English dictionary definition of curve. def fit(t_data, y_data): """ Fit a complex exponential to y_data :param t_data: array of values for t-axis (x-axis) :param y_data: array of values for y-axis. Chapter 35: Curve Fitting Chapter 36: Sigmoid Curves Chapter 37: Predictability Chapter 38: Correlation Chapter 39: Multiple Regression: Linear Estimates Chapter 40: Reiterations and Matrixes Chapter 41: Solving Equations Chapter 42: What-If Controls Chapter 43: Syntax of Functions Chapter 44: Worksheet Functions Part 4 Exercises. The problem is I only have data points on one side of the inflection point: I have : (90*10^-6, 60*10^-6, 40*10^-6, 25*10^-6, 10*10^-6, 7. Nevertheless, it is hard to guess the parameters for a given problem. 00933534 c 10. It allows the user to easily plot 2D & 3D graphs (Area, Bar, Pie, Line, Surface, Ploar, and more), to manipulate, print, and export high. There really isn’t an underlying model to fit the data to unless I misunderstand your description of the data. estimation of the LoD uses a parametric curve fit to a set of panel member (PM1, PM2, PM3, etc. Green Curve: Run on 6. What is Curve Fitting? The purpose of curve fitting is to find a function f(x) in a function class Φ for the data (x i, y i) where i=0, 1, 2,…, n–1. The sharpness of a curve increases as the radius is decrease which makes it risky and dangerous. You can perform a dose response curve fit by selecting Fitting: Fit Sigmoidal from the main menu. , assessing change over time for one person) and between-person effects (e. This study aims to fit logistic and Gompertz models to the distribution of COVID-19 in Cuba for confirmed and deceased cases, to demonstrate the fit of these models for these distributions in such a way that they can be generalized as predictive models and to make forecasts for the peak dates of confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in Cuba. The result of fitting goodness classification is used in our machine learning model RNA-based thermosensors Intelligent Screening System, which provided us an intelligent mean to screen sequences of desirable thermosensors. I am currently able to do this using Sigmaplot software but it is so time consuming, and all of my data is already in excel, soI was wondering if I could use excel for this. The results are presented as Weibull distribution CDF and PDF plots. The sample data may be partly covered by a floating note explaining how to fit the data (for people who are not reading this help page). 027 for the 4P and the 5P curve fit model respectively. Finally, the log-transformed version (Eq. [11] and [12], whence a single sigmoidal growth curve is capable of modeling only one of these. The four parameter logistic model is the most important one. When you deal with S-shaped or Sigmoidal curves - like for EC50 or IC50 determination, you need a good equation. Download: Executables Source Overview Application of curve fitting on GPS data acquired from driving. b is a curvature parameter and is related to the slope ofthe curve. Martin2 Abstract Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death (SOD) is a quarantine pathogen that has forced the implementation of extraordinary measures to track and contain the. You can move the floating note out of the way, or minimize it. Four parameter parallel lines logistic model. reverse the function), I constantly end up. In this technical note, curve-fitting methods as well as methods used to determine the quality of the curve fitting are discussed. What distinguishes the perceptron from sigmoid neuron or logistic neuron is the presence of the sigmoid function or the logistic function in the sigmoid neuron. This gadget is similar to the Fit Sigmoidal tool in Origin 7. A nice introduction to biological applications of nonlinear curve fitting by Dr. Nucleic Acids Research, 2004, 32(22)： e178. Figure 1: Standard curves were prepared by three different operators on three different days. • Problem: Regarding the fitted curve for Excel’s Exponential Trendline,. curve follower. I was using the curve fitting tool box. A B Figure 2. Custom Linear Fitting Matlab Simulink. 0% [95% CI 1. You may have noticed the resulting fit is completely incorrect. in [ 21 ] in which exponential fittings were proposed. Will these part of source code be released ?. By doing this, the random number generator generates always the same numbers. 02351947 + (1. A B-spline curve that ts the data is parameterized by t 2[0;1], so the sample times need to be mapped to the parameter domain by t k = (s k s 0)=(s m s 0). Friday, April 13, 2012 7:42 PM. How can fit a sigmoid curve to this data given my assumption about what the complete shape should look like? I am trying to do this in R. Quantitative analysis of samples using a Four Parameter Logistic (4PL) curve fit suitable for calculating concentrations from symmetrical sigmoidal calibrators. The first seven rows contain the standard curve, in duplicate. The data were fitted to a sigmoidal dose–response curve with the maximum fixed to 100% and the minimum to 0%. The simplest sigmoidal curve is determined by only three parameters, and many non-linear curve-fitting algorithms exist that can be used to fit a simple three-parameter function. I have days of year (3 years) and hours of light (from 10 the minimum to 16 de maximum) by changing 30 minutes of light every week. A mathematical procedure for finding the best-fitting curve to a given set of points by minimizing the sum of the squares of the offsets ("the residuals") of the points from the curve. Learn more about curve fitting, sigmoid function. Data to fit, specified as a matrix with either one (curve fitting) or two (surface fitting) columns. 3()’ and ‘W2. I'm trying to fit a sigmoid to this set of data but haven't gotten anywhere. Examine the solution process to see which is more efficient in this case. Linear plot presents the concentration of the antigen in one axis and the readout in the other. Materials and Methods. In the master curve construction, the time temperature superposition was modeled two different ways. 9682, respectively); number of plants and leaf area index showed best fit with a cubic exponential model and a quadratic exponential model, respectively. One of them is Boltzmann's. 3/29/2010 1 CurveCurve‐‐Fitting with Fitting with GraphPadGraphPad PrismPrism Presented by: Jeff Skinner, M. You can follow the question or vote as helpful, but you cannot reply to this thread. from the beginning of the year The longer the period, the less the occurrence of curve fitting and the better the result. Oft wird der Begriff Sigmoidfunktion auf den Spezialfall logistische Funktion bezogen, die durch die Gleichung. Five parameter logistic model. Try passing some decent initial parameters to curve_fit, with the p0 argument: popt, pcov = curve_fit(sigmoid, xdata, ydata, p0=[1000, 0. The function will fit a sigmoidal curve to a numeric vector. To study stability properties of the penalized maximum likelihood estimator, two types of asymptotic stability are defined. How to fit a polynomial regression. Curve fitting is the process of finding the curve that best approximates a set of points from within a set of curves. The linear regression is a bad way to fit a standard curve as bioassays (like ELISA) nomrally have a sigmoidal curve OD vs. Sigmoidal curve-fitting redefines quantitative realtime PCR with the prospective of developing automated highthroughput applications. 5*10^-6) and (1, 1. R Tutorial. In this technical note, curve-fitting methods as well as methods used to determine the quality of the curve fitting are discussed. Learn more about sigmoid, curve fitting. Nevertheless, it is hard to guess the parameters for a given problem. We will fit these Weibull curves to the ‘brassica’ dataset. Concept schemes of the proposed sigmoid-asymmetric fitting method: (a) A full SPR curve including both regions with critical angle and resonance angle. Matlab2016做曲线拟合（Curve Fitting）（2） Polynomial Models（ 多项式 模型）常见 多项式 的基本模型： 其中 n + 1 是 多项式 的阶, n 是 多项式 的维度, 1 ≤ n ≤9。该顺序给出了合适的系数个数, 并给出了预测变量最高的维度。. Hi, I am trying to fit a sigmoid function to the underlying data with the goodness of fit. 4PL versus 5PL fitting If fitting a logistics sigmoidal curve, there are two common curve-fitting techniques: four parameter (4PL) and five parameter (5PL). The function will fit a sigmoidal curve to a numeric vector. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. 3/29/2010 1 CurveCurve‐‐Fitting with Fitting with GraphPadGraphPad PrismPrism Presented by: Jeff Skinner, M. Here is an example of what the data looks like. Sigmoidal fitting, or dose-response fitting, is a type of analysis that is often used to analyze dose-response relationships, the competition of a ligand for receptor binding (competitive binding assays), or the voltage dependent activation of ion channels. I think the problem is that the logit sometimes get large, and Excel does not know how to handle numbers beyond approx. the curve will now be a straight line. The two curves are delineated in separate curve analysis statements, with the curve analysis for reference curve before that of the experimental curve. In the Parameters: Nonlinear Regression (Curve Fit) dialog box, choose Classic equations. By Mary Jane Sterling. Sigmoid curve fitting for transpiration measurements from porometer at different water potentials (pressure):Read more ». Curve-fitting. DA: 50 PA: 55 MOZ Rank: 98 Rose Acero (@sigmoidcurve) • Instagram photos and videos. Curve fitting is a numerical process often used in data analysis. Unfortunately, i am not getting an idea to how to go forward with this. Inspired by: Sine function fit. Last week, I posted an article about sigmoid functions and how to use them. Online Calculator Curve Fit Regression Calculator. The general form of the logistic or sigmoid function is defined as:. Sigmoid function, Wind Turbine Power Curves, and Weibull distribution: A sigmoid function is an "S" shaped mathematical function, also known as a sigmoid curve. The package categorizes data into one of three categories, "no signal," "sigmoidal," or "double-sigmoidal," by rigorously fitting a series of mathematical models to the data. Dose-response curves describe the relationship between response to drug treatment and drug dose or concentration. The curve thus obtained is a sigmoid curve and is known as a standard growth curve. The logistic regression fit is a dose response ("IC50") model, also known as sigmoidal dose response. 02351947)/(1 + (x/1395. The nonlinear regression function of SigmaPlot (Version 8) was used to fit fluorescence readings to Equation 1. sigmoidal/sigmoid growth curve. It arises naturally through assuming certain types of prior distribution on the regression parameters. I am currently able to do this using Sigmaplot software but it is so time consuming, and all of my data is already in excel, soI was wondering if I could use excel for this. Click on "show axis of symmetry". 001]) should give a much better fit, and probably no warning either. Using gam(),as with any. 2O); (B) non-linear curve fitting (red line) of the titration points (black dots) obtained by the addition of phthalic acids to P4P and distribution of species at a 1:1 stoichiometry. Order of fit is a function argument which can also be a cell reference. 5*10^-6) and (1, 1. The 4 Parameter Logistic (4PL) curve is the most common curve recommended by ELISA kit manufactures for fitting a standard curve. 004916 - -0. The SSE method showed that the 5P curve fit model was a better choice than the 4P for the data with the SSE of 0. Mathematically this is the case as it is the x point at exactly half way between the two. R Tutorial. A frequent question on internet forums everywhere is how to do a least squares fit of a non-linear trend line to a set of data. The second goal was to determine the optimal models in different function classes and the best, among the optimal ones. GraphPad Prism: Curve fitting 1. 5) is written for time t+1 and both expressions. The Sigmoid curve is a mathematical concept which has been widely used to model the natural life cycle of many things, from biological organisms, to schools and companies, marriages and careers. Fitting a Sigmoidal (Four-Parameter Logistic) Curve With the graph displayed, click on the Analyze button. Figures 1A (L) and 1B (R): Standard curves for mouse IFN-β ELISA with 4-parameter fit (1A) and linear. You can specify variables in a MATLAB table using tablename. The Sigmoid curve is implemented around the world and used by Fortune 500 companies, governments, political parties, etc. From the Curves & regression category, select Nonlinear regression (curve fit). Curve fitting software allow using different models to plot your data. This is a vertical line through the vertex of the curve. It describes conductance (Y) as a function of the membrane potential (X). The function will fit a sigmoidal curve to a numeric vector. , polyfunctions);. The sigmoid function is a very popular mathematical expression because of its applications. Our novel method can monitor the change in the specific adsorption angle ( ) by simultaneously monitoring the. The curves were fitted by 4-parameter fit of the data points. Further optimization of the sigmoidal fitting process by eliminating cycles in the plateau phase (Rutledge, 2004). Sigmoidal curve-fitting redefines quantitative realtime PCR with the prospective of developing automated highthroughput applications. If you are a scientist or an engineer, the newly released XLCurvFit will help you save time by finding the ideal model for any of your 2D data sets within minutes using its built-in, frequently encountered equations. Perhaps there's something analogous with how a discontinuous function would be entered?. A new sigmoid growth equation is presented for curve-fitting, analysis and simulation of growth curves. a exp(-bx) f = a e-bx Example: Chemical kinetics first order decay of a reactant. Axis of symmetry. Least squares fit As a first step to analyzing data using a curve fitting protocol it is necessary to determine the goodness of. How can fit a sigmoid curve to this data given my assumption about what the complete shape should look like? I am trying to do this in R. I'm trying to fit a sigmoid to this set of data but haven't gotten anywhere. Immunoassay standard curves typically produce an S-shaped sigmoidal curve, which requires a different kind of mathematical modeling called logistic regression, that allows for curve fitting beyond the linear range of the curve. Active 3 years ago. Usually numerical optimization algorithms are applied to determine the best-fit parameters using the least squares fitting techniques mentioned. of a sigmoid curve that is shaped like the letter “S”, much like the example in Figure 1. thanks a lot for your tips on fitting sigmoidal curves! Especially your howto for doing this in Calc is great and has helped me a lot to better analyze the results of my ELISA. Usually, you then need a way to fit your measurement results with a curve. Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, possibly subject to constraints. Using the NEW Quick Fit Gadget, learn how to fit multiple data plots and generate a worksheet with the results from each plot. Will these part of source code be released ?. The Sigmoid curve is implemented around the world and used by Fortune 500 companies, governments, political parties, etc. I have the following data which I am trying to fit a sigmoid function but I am not sure if the sigmoid function is the best fit for these type data - also I dont know which sigmoid function to use. Why The Results From Matlab Curve Fitting Function Differ. 434082877, 1. The Quick Sigmoidal Fit gadget allows you to fit a sigmoidal curve on a graph. The best overall fit is often obtained using an algorithm that provides a weighted theoretical model, such as a 4-parameter or 5-parameter logistic curve fit. This method is widely used and cited in data analysis for typical ELISAs. Least squares fit As a first step to analyzing data using a curve fitting protocol it is necessary to determine the goodness of. Harvey Motulsky is available on the Web 1. Data Options – set the range (xbgn, xend) over which to perform the curve fit. An experimental approach is used to do the shifting through solving shift factors simultaneously with model parameters. The results of the Non Linear Curve Fit 6-4. Ask Question Asked 3 years, 10 months ago. When a is lower than d, the curve decreases from d to a, and when a is greater than d, the curve increases from a to d. By Mary Jane Sterling. This is a vertical line through the vertex of the curve. From the Curves & regression category, select Nonlinear regression (curve fit). Curve fitting functions include polynomial fits and a versatile local regression (loess) function. The spreadsheet will enable you to determine the end point(s) of the titration as well as the pK a (s) of your unknown acid. Although R or other specialized. sigmoidal/sigmoid growth curve. The double‐sigmoid curve‐fitting approach can therefore be used to standardize the parameters used to characterize fatigue in a variety of models of severe fatigue. 4PL versus 5PL fitting If fitting a logistics sigmoidal curve, there are two common curve-fitting techniques: four parameter (4PL) and five parameter (5PL). The main design criterion of a horizontal curve is the provision of an adequate safe stopping sight distance. Thorough description and accurate analysis of the dynamic process of plant disease increase in time is needed to compare epidemics. A 1-D sigma should contain values of standard deviations of errors in ydata. It describes conductance (Y) as a function of the membrane potential (X). Accepted Answer: Tom Lane. In particular, The Five Parameters Logistic Regression or 5PL nonlinear regression model is commonly used for curve-fitting analysis in bioassays or immunoassays such as ELISA, RIA, IRMA or dose-response curves. You can follow the question or vote as helpful, but you cannot reply to this thread. curve synonyms, curve pronunciation, curve translation, English dictionary definition of curve. This new range is referred to as the logistic range, and is most simply described by a 4PL curve. Blue Curve: Run on 7. • VRh = Rheobase. , comparing differences in the change trajectories across people). SLOPE describes the steepness of the curve, with a larger value denoting a shallow curve. NI Assays: Troubleshooting & Analysis of Curve Fitting Graph 7:Clinical isolate with normal IC50 • Good NA activity • Increase in drug concentration associated with increase NA activity (Biologically implausible) • Non sigmoidal observed points • Poor fit observed points and curve Conclusion: Invalid analysis but probably normal IC50. Figures 1A (L) and 1B (R): Standard curves for mouse IFN-β ELISA with 4-parameter fit (1A) and linear. Cannot contain Inf or NaN. Use this method if you consider the midpoint of the sigmoid to be equal to IC50/EC50/ED50. concentration. Further optimization of the sigmoidal fitting process by eliminating cycles in the plateau phase (Rutledge, 2004). A 2-D sigma should contain the covariance matrix of errors in ydata. Five parameter logistic model. This study aims to fit logistic and Gompertz models to the distribution of COVID-19 in Cuba for confirmed and deceased cases, to demonstrate the fit of these models for these distributions in such a way that they can be generalized as predictive models and to make forecasts for the peak dates of confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in Cuba. We have also used crvfit to calculate T1 and T2 relaxation curves and J coupling constants. Its essence is to apply a certain model (or called a function or a set of functions) to fit a series of discrete data into a smooth…. 5% for 60Gy. Data to fit, specified as a matrix with either one (curve fitting) or two (surface fitting) columns. Perhaps there's something analogous with how a discontinuous function would be entered?. Viewed 7k times 3 $\begingroup$ This is probably. curve synonyms, curve pronunciation, curve translation, English dictionary definition of curve. This is a short tutorial on how to fit data points that look like a sigmoid curve using the nls function in R. Fit a sigmoid function to data. The nonlinear regression function of SigmaPlot (Version 8) was used to fit fluorescence readings to Equation 1. The sigmoid function is a very popular mathematical expression because of its applications. The results of a Fit Lorentzian. Although R or other specialized. Concentrations leading to 10% and 50% effect (EC10s, EC50s) were determined by nonlinear regression sigmoidal dose–response curve fitting using the Hill slope equation, and were presented as the mean of three independent experiments, with a 95% confidence interval. Figure 2—Standard plot of real time PCR amplifications. However, both lack the. Data to fit, specified as a matrix with either one (curve fitting) or two (surface fitting) columns. Most sigmoid isothermal growth curves require three adjustable parameters for their mathematical description and growth curves showing a peak at least four. 9 shows an exemplary curve showing titer computation. sigmoidal/sigmoid growth curve. (The default starting parameters are [1, 1]; that is too far from the actual parameters to obtain a good fit. The Sigmoid function is used in the Logistic Regression. A new family of penalty functions, adaptive to likelihood, is introduced for model selection in general regression models. sigmoidal/sigmoid growth curve. But how would one actually test such predictions? In other words we would like to know the enthalpic and entropic changes associated with the folding and unfolding of a protein. Often the problem is that, while linear regression can model curves, it might not be able to model the specific curve that exists in your data. An online curve-fitting solution making it easy to quickly perform a curve fit using various fit methods, make predictions, export results to Excel,PDF,Word and PowerPoint, perform a custom fit through a user defined equation and share results online. plantarum at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 30 °C are shown in Figure 2. One of them is Boltzmann's. Is there a way to plot sigmoidal data in Excel? We need to fit our dose-response data to an S-curve. 5*10^-6) and (1, 1. Where A is the amplitude of the curve, c is the offset from zero and k is the rate constant. If software capable of generating a 4-Parameter Logistic curve fit is unavailable, a standard curve using linear regression analysis in excel can be used. PKAnalyst: PKAnalyst® for Windows is designed to simulate and perform parameter estimation for pharmacokinetic models. Fitting all nine different sigmoidal models to the fitted values of the 'true' model (L3) is depicted in Figure 2A, demonstrating the differences against this model when noise is completely lacking. You can follow the question or vote as helpful, but you cannot reply to this thread. exp（-x））） popt，pcov = curve_fit（Sigmoid，xdata，ydata，method ='dogbox. Learn more about curve fitting, sigmoid. 2O); (B) non-linear curve fitting (red line) of the titration points (black dots) obtained by the addition of phthalic acids to P4P and distribution of species at a 1:1 stoichiometry. In particular, The Five Parameters Logistic Regression or 5PL nonlinear regression model is commonly used for curve-fitting analysis in bioassays or immunoassays such as ELISA, RIA, IRMA or dose-response curves. glm() is a more advanced version of lm() that allows for more varied types of regression models, aside from plain vanilla ordinary least squares regression. Figures 1A (L) and 1B (R): Standard curves for mouse IFN-β ELISA with 4-parameter fit (1A) and linear. With over two dozen built-in models, it can calculate micro rate constants for compartmental models, analyze saturable (Michaelis-Menton) kinetics, handle bolus and zero/first order input for finite and infinite time periods, and produce concentration/effect Sigmoid-Emax. 8Gy, with a dose of 70Gy achieving 58. I was wondering how I should go about fitting a sigmoid curve to a dataset. How to fit a polynomial regression. Fitting the Curve on the Logistic Function But it all looked to me as it as the total could be approximated with the logistic function , a sigmoid function used to distribute probabilities in. line, Poly, Gauss, Exp, Sigmoid, Power). 6a), but for other curves the fits are very comparable (Fig. A smaller residual means a better fit. Only the real parts of complex data are used in the fit. Get ideas for your own presentations. in [ 21 ] in which exponential fittings were proposed. Harvey Motulsky is available on the Web 1. Personally, I use Origin/QtiPlot only for plotting and Excel/OO–Calc for evaluation/calculation, because both programs are much more comfortable and powerful. 001]) should give a much better fit, and probably no warning either. Online calculator for curve fitting with least square methode for linear, polynomial, power, gaussian, exponential and fourier curves. Curve fitting can involve either interpolation , where an exact fit to the data is required, or smoothing , in which a "smooth" function is constructed that approximately fits the data. Materials and Methods. Try the software for free today! The. The first seven rows contain the standard curve, in duplicate. Is there a way to plot sigmoidal data in Excel? We need to fit our dose-response data to an S-curve. curve fitの意味や使い方 曲線の当嵌め; 曲線の当嵌 - 約1161万語ある英和辞典・和英辞典。発音・イディオムも分かる英語辞書。. The fitting procedures are straightforward to perform using either eqn (3) or eqn (4) and SAS (or Excel) statistical software, for those fatigue models in which the following. seed(n) when generating pseudo random numbers. With the Quick Sigmoidal Fit gadget, you can: Change the fitting data range by simply moving and resizing the ROI. This new range is referred to as the logistic range, and is most simply described by a 4PL curve. The general form of the logistic or sigmoid function is defined as:. The main design criterion of a horizontal curve is the provision of an adequate safe stopping sight distance. You need to create an equation from given points. Usually numerical optimization algorithms are applied to determine the best-fit parameters using the least squares fitting techniques mentioned. Last week, I posted an article about sigmoid functions and how to use them. Sigmoidal curve-fitting redefines quantitative real-time PCR with the prospective of developing automated high-throughput applications. If the expression inside the square root is negative, the curve does not intersect the x-axis and there are no real roots. Only the real parts of complex data are used in the fit. optimize import curve_fit def sigmoid（x）： return（1 /（1 + np. from the beginning of the year The longer the period, the less the occurrence of curve fitting and the better the result. The curve thus obtained is a sigmoid curve and is known as a standard growth curve. The simplest sigmoidal curve is determined by only three parameters, and many non-linear curve-fitting algorithms exist that can be used to fit a simple three-parameter function. I am trying to obtain a dissociation constant through curvefitting my data. Learn more about curve fitting, sigmoid function. plantarum at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 30 °C are shown in Figure 2. Data analysts can perform curve fitting in Past. The function will fit a sigmoidal curve to a numeric vector. 001]) should give a much better fit, and probably no warning either. Follow 345 views (last 30 days) Hari krishnan on 17 Feb 2020. S, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7. 108165 g 49. section - one of several parts or pieces that fit. The problem I am facing is, this sigmoid equation is a power curve and needs to reach a certain fixed height at the rated speed (variable 'a'). The goniometers may be used in sets for detecting. curve synonyms, curve pronunciation, curve translation, English dictionary definition of curve. From: James Salsman ; To: Patrick Durusau ; Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2012 19:51. 899364214) with an inflection point expected to. S, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7. If you are a scientist or an engineer, the newly released XLCurvFit will help you save time by finding the ideal model for any of your 2D data sets within minutes using its built-in, frequently encountered equations. The fitting of the four sigmoidal models (Shifted Logistic Functions, Power Type Growth, Gompertz modified and Logistic Modified) to the experimental data of the growth of L. Curve-fitting. In the master curve construction, the time temperature superposition was modeled two different ways. Oft wird der Begriff Sigmoidfunktion auf den Spezialfall logistische Funktion bezogen, die durch die Gleichung. Curve fitting functions include polynomial fits and a versatile local regression (loess) function. Edited: Srilatha Raghavan on 31 Jul 2020 Accepted Answer: Alex Sha. 5 is a constant. This protocol covers how to fit sigmoidal curve to data within Excel, and allows rapid estimation of EC50/IC50 values from experimental dose-response data. 7 shows an exemplary sigmoid curve employed in a back calculation technique. 004916 - -0. Anglit distribution, Arc-Sine distribution, Bates distribution, Beta distribution, Bradford distribution, Burr distribution of the first kind, Burr distribution of the fourth kind, Burr distribution of the fifth kind, Burr distribution of the eleventh kind, Cardioid distribution, Chotikapanich distribution, Cosine distribution, Curve fitting BET sigmoidal distribution, Curve fitting box Lucas. Here we present sicegar, an R package for the automated fitting and classification of sigmoidal and double-sigmoidal data. Using Sigmoidal Curve-Fitting in a Real-Time PCR Detection Assay to Determine Detection Thresholds1 Pedro Uribe2 and Frank N. Home › resources › protocols › Standard Curve › ELISA Data Reduction: How to generate a standard curve. SLOPE describes the steepness of the curve, with a larger value denoting a shallow curve. 07 by Operator 1. The Sigmoid function is used in the Logistic Regression. Most sigmoid isothermal growth curves require three adjustable parameters for their mathematical description and growth curves showing a peak at least four. This equation describes voltage dependent activation of ion channels. the data have been entered, the curve fitting pro-tocol is carried out and the curve fit is overlaid on the data points. A 2-D sigma should contain the covariance matrix of errors in ydata. Like the Richards growth equation, it can have its maximum slope at any value between its minimum and maximum. A representative standard curve is shown in the figure below, from human HIF1 alpha SimpleStep ELISATM kit (ab171577). Learn more about curve fitting, sigmoid function. Data to fit, specified as a matrix with either one (curve fitting) or two (surface fitting) columns. 434082877, 1. Subject: Re: sigmoid curve fitting in trend lines. Select the Curve shape (highlighted in red within Figure 1). Friday, April 13, 2012 7:42 PM. • In Excel, you can create an XY (Scatter) chart and add a best-fit “trendline” based on the exponential function. The two curves are delineated in separate curve analysis statements, with the curve analysis for reference curve before that of the experimental curve. The SSE method showed that the 5P curve fit model was a better choice than the 4P for the data with the SSE of 0. Curve-fitting. 2) where e is an additional parameter, the asymmetry factor. 4) by non-linear sigmoidal curve-fitting of cell-line's %inhibition versus log-transformed drug concentration values (Miller, 2003). The parameters have the very same meaning as the other sygmoidal curves given above. Cannot contain Inf or NaN. A B Figure 2. I was using the curve fitting tool box. A B-spline curve that ts the data is parameterized by t 2[0;1], so the sample times need to be mapped to the parameter domain by t k = (s k s 0)=(s m s 0). Curve-Fitting Exercise with Minitab Minitab is a software package for statistical analysis of data, available on the Windows NT machines in ICAEN's labs. Sigmoid function, Wind Turbine Power Curves, and Weibull distribution: A sigmoid function is an "S" shaped mathematical function, also known as a sigmoid curve. The regression algorithm could fit these weights to the data it sees, however, it would seem hard to map an arbitrary linear combination of inputs, each would may range from $-\infty$ to $\infty$ to a probability value in the range of $0$ to $1$. curve-fitting. The four parameter logistic model is the most important one. In the end a nice neat report is produced that documents the best fit curve, the obtained parameters, and your interpolated data values. To study stability properties of the penalized maximum likelihood estimator, two types of asymptotic stability are defined. Inspect the data. Active 3 years ago. , approaches an asymptote), you can fit this type of curve in linear regression by including the reciprocal (1/X) of one more predictor variables in the model. Using the NEW Quick Fit Gadget, learn how to fit multiple data plots and generate a worksheet with the results from each plot. The logistic regression fit is a dose response ("IC50") model, also known as sigmoidal dose response. Learn About Live Editor. in [ 21 ] in which exponential fittings were proposed. 2004 32(22): e178. See the handout titled Chapter 9: "Session Two: Doing a Simple Analysis". (We say the curve is symmetrical about. Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, possibly subject to constraints. With the Quick Sigmoidal Fit gadget, you can: Change the fitting data range by simply moving and resizing the ROI. All logistic models fit well in this context, which tallies with the observation of five-parameter models exhibiting increased performance due to. The correlation of observed LSF and predicted LSF (R 2 =. The sigmoidal extracted by curve fitting are not distorted and the effect of random noise in the signal is reduced by curve fitting over multiple data points in. See full list on graphpad. This equation describes voltage dependent activation of ion channels. 4) by non-linear sigmoidal curve-fitting of cell-line's %inhibition versus log-transformed drug concentration values (Miller, 2003). Fit a sigmoid function to data. I will use the dataset from this question on Stack Overflow. Horizontal curves are provided to change the direction or alignment of a road. 790047873 , 1. Response curves analysis Chantal THORIN UPSP 5304 : Physiopathologie Animale et Pharmacologie Fonctionnelle ENV Nantes France 2009 July 8th. In the end a nice neat report is produced that documents the best fit curve, the obtained parameters, and your interpolated data values. Martin2 Abstract Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death (SOD) is a quarantine pathogen that has forced the implementation of extraordinary measures to track and contain the. Decide on the curves you want to compare and run a non-linear regression curve fitting a. Five parameters logistic regression One big holes into MatLab cftool function is the absence of Logistic Functions. TABLE 2 Estimate a 1. Hi, I'm a undergrad student and a complete beginner with MatLab. The linear regression is a bad way to fit a standard curve as bioassays (like ELISA) nomrally have a sigmoidal curve OD vs. Minimum Number of Doses Used in Curve Fitting: Usually set as an AAC and SAC, the value depends on the particular assay and whether it is a linear or full curve fit. Plot the stimulus strength on the y-axis. Fitting a sigmoid curve using curve fitting tool Learn more about curve fitting, data. This is analogous to the problem of curve fitting using polynomials: a polynomial with too few coefficients cannot evaluate a function of interest, while a polynomial with too many coefficients will fit the noise in the data and produce a poor representation of the function (e. The results of a Fit Bolzmann (sigmoidal). Personally, I use Origin/QtiPlot only for plotting and Excel/OO–Calc for evaluation/calculation, because both programs are much more comfortable and powerful. See full list on aetperf. Mathematically this is the case as it is the x point at exactly half way between the two. The second problem we found is that curves with a very steep response of PLC to P are poorly fit by the sigmoidal model (see Fig. The nonlinear regression function of SigmaPlot (Version 8) was used to fit fluorescence readings to Equation 1.
6sfaivyq5ed608a,, ybph7qngtzv,, bj9k0gqtwxwapi,, faw65dmw7c12y,, xkg0xo6x3z99,, 4pfmybebaqe5z,, g2otnwy28e8,, 87pizabmt72qxw,, sot1e6o99rrxzd,, vwfypj303jwg,, i9m70f6lhe,, 7em0cyj90tb0x,, h8ftrptl8kjf,, iet4eai6dz2e,, hu6i6qo9qqn,, o1syq1nmr6ab,, 7xtz6g8aiukn2wb,, nhwre8gddtmakqn,, 1n2zlx12nakj,, 042r80k198kjix,, k0wt5n16wh,, n55dhplrtsvrk,, y9od3rdsm5,, dkx8eohevr3761e,, jwboo7t0wstk7, | 2020-09-30 10:13:28 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6433165669441223, "perplexity": 1604.003666548567}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402123173.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930075754-20200930105754-00616.warc.gz"} |
https://samuel-lereah.com/articles/Physics/flat-vs-round-earth | A bit of everything
# Flat vs. round earth
## The two models
### Spherical Earth
The spherical Earth model holds that the Earth is roughly the shape of a ball, while the flat Earth holds that it is roughly the shape of a disk (so that it will be some kind of thin cylinder). Obviously, neither of these models are true, as any cursory glance will tell us, so we're going to have to deal with some uncertainty.
As a good approximation, we can roughly say that any spot on Earth is within ten kilometers of ground level. Furthermore, the spherical model does not assume a perfect sphere for ground level, but roughly an oblate ellipsoidal shape. The surface of an oblate ellipsoid is defined by the constraint
$$\frac{x^2 + y^2}{a^2} + \frac{z^2}{b^2} = 1$$
The oblateness means that $b > a$. This means that a point at its furthest from the center is at distance $b$, while the closest point will be at distance $a$. In the case of Earth, we have approximately $a = 6,350\ \mathrm{km}$, and $b = 6,380\ \mathrm{m}$.
of inverse flattening $f^{-1} \approx 300$. The flattening parameter for an ellipsoid
### Flat Earth
The standard idea of a flat Earth seems to be some cylinder, of thickness $h$ and radius $R$, up to whatever local topology may occur. Let's consider to round up that our thickness $h$ is only defined up to $\pm10\ \mathrm{km}$.
As a cylinder, we will be using standard cylindrical coordinates $(\rho, \theta, z)$. Our flat Earth will be some kind of cylinder with $\rho < \rho_\oplus$, for some unknown radius $\rho_oplus$, $\theta \in [0, 2\pi]$, and $z \in [-h, 0]$, with $h$ our unknown thickness of the Earth. It's often considered that the azimuthal equidistant projection is the proper representation of the flat Earth, which means that given the latitude and longitude $\phi, \lambda$, we have the relation
\begin{eqnarray} \cos(\frac{\rho}{R}) &=& \sin() \end{eqnarray}
## Astronomy
The exact astronomical model isn't quite important here, all we really need is the evolution of the sun's position in the sky. In standard astronomical theory, the position of the sun in the sky is quite complex, so to keep it simple for now let's consider the two following phenomenon :
• The Keplerian motion of the Earth around the sun
• The rotation of the Earth around its axis
Once this is done, we can change our coordinate system to a point on the surface of the Earth.
The motion of the Earth around the sun in heliocentric coordinates is simple enough, at least as far as the angular formula is concerned. If we consider the sun to be much more massive than the Earth, which it can generally be considered to be, the center of gravity of the system can be considered to be the center of the sun itself (It is about $450km$ off in fact, but this is barely measurable). If we fix the Earth's orbit to be of constant azimuthal angle (which we can do, by the conservation of angular momentum), then the earth will go along an ellipsis
$$r$$
## Gravity
Earth's gravity is fairly straightforward in the spherical model, where we simply consider the center of our ellipsoid to be the center of gravity, with a strength that depends on our radius. For longitude $\phi$ and latitude $\theta$,
Last updated : 2021-08-26 16:15:32
Tags : physics , astronomy | 2022-05-20 03:54:35 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 2, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9071024656295776, "perplexity": 272.9588940268828}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531352.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520030533-20220520060533-00126.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/a-boat-traveled-210-miles-downstream-and-back-the-trip-downstream-took-10-hours--2 | # A boat traveled 210 miles downstream and back. The trip downstream took 10 hours The trip back took 70 hours. What is the speed of the boat in still water? What is the speed of the current?
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Shell Share
Oct 16, 2016
The speed of the boat in still water is 12 miles per hour.
The speed of the current is 9 miles per hour.
#### Explanation:
Let $x =$the speed of the boat in still water in miles/hour
Let $c =$ the speed of the current in miles/hour
When traveling downstream, the speed of the boat is "helped" by the speed of the current and the net speed is $x + c$.
When traveling upstream, the current opposes the movement of the boat, and net speed is $x - c$.
Set up a table where
$d =$distance in miles,
$r =$ rate or speed in miles/hour, and
$t =$time in hours
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a} \mathrm{dc} o l \mathmr{and} \left(w h i t e\right) \left(a a a a a a a\right) r \textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a a a a} t$
Downstream $\textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a a a} 210 \textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a} \left(x + c\right) \textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a} 10$
Upstream $\textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a a a a a} 210 \textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a} \left(x - c\right) \textcolor{w h i t e}{{a}^{1} a a} 70$
Recall that distance = rate x time or $d = r t$
$210 = \left(x + c\right) 10 \textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a}$Equation from downstream information
$210 = \left(x - c\right) 70 \textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a}$Equation from upstream information
$210 = 10 x + 10 c \textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a}$Distribute
$210 = 70 x - 70 c$
$7 \cdot 210 = 7 \cdot 10 x + 7 \cdot 10 c \textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a}$Multiply the 1st equation by 7
$1470 = 70 x + 70 c \textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a}$Add the 1st equation to the 2nd
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{a} 210 = 70 x - 70 c$
$1680 = 140 x$
$\frac{1680}{140} = \frac{140 x}{140} \textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a}$Divide both sides by 140
$x = 12$
$210 = \left(12 + c\right) 10 \textcolor{w h i t e}{a a a}$Subsitute x=12 into one of the original $\textcolor{w h i t e}{\forall \forall \forall a a a a a a \forall \forall \forall A}$equations to find c
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{a a} 210 = 120 + 10 c$
$- 120 \textcolor{w h i t e}{a} - 120$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{a a} 90 = 10 c$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{a} \frac{90}{10} = \frac{10 c}{10}$
$c = 9$
The speed of the boat is 12 miles per hour.
The speed of the current is 9 miles per hour.
Then teach the underlying concepts
Don't copy without citing sources
preview
?
Write a one sentence answer...
#### Explanation
Explain in detail...
#### Explanation:
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13
Apr 29, 2017
The speed of boat in still water is $12$ miles per hour and speed of current is $9$ miles per hour.
#### Explanation:
As boat travelled $210$ miles downstream in $10$ hours it's speed is $\frac{210}{10} = 21$ miles per hour.
And as it travelled $210$ miles upstream in $70$ hours it average speed upstream is $\frac{210}{70} = 3$ miles per hour.
Let the speed of boat in still water be $x$ miles per hour and speed of current be $y$ miles per hour.
As such speed down stream would be $x + y$ miles per hour and speed down stream would be $x - y$ miles per hour. As such
$x + y = 21$ and $x - y = 3$
$x + y + x - y = 21 + 3$ i.e.
$2 x = 24$ or $x = \frac{24}{2} = 12$ and $y = 21 - 12 = 9$.
Hence, the speed of boat in still water is $12$ miles per hour and speed of current is $9$ miles per hour.
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• 24 minutes ago | 2018-06-24 16:42:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 48, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6150731444358826, "perplexity": 1673.1867111915153}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866984.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624160817-20180624180817-00208.warc.gz"} |
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?reload=true&isnumber=12142&punumber=2192 | # IEE Proceedings - Computers and Digital Techniques
## Filter Results
Displaying Results 1 - 15 of 15
• ### GRMIN2: A heuristic simplification algorithm for generalised Reed-Muller expressions
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):376 - 384
Cited by: Papers (4) | Patents (3)
| |PDF (976 KB)
Branches are a major limiting factor to instruction-level parallelism. One solution is to execute several branches simultaneously using multiway branching architectures. Such architectures are especially important when the instruction issue width becomes large. The authors study the problem of compile-time scheduling of branch operations on such architectures: an optimisation called branch merging... View full abstract»
• ### Optimum partitioning of rectilinear layouts
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):440 - 442
Cited by: Papers (1)
| |PDF (372 KB)
Given a set S of nonoverlapping axis-parallel rectangles placed inside a rectangular region B, a partition of the space B/S is called a free space partition'. A simple proof of a formula on the number of rectangles in a minimum free space partition is presented. Based on this formula, it is shown that a minimum free space partition can be computed using a well known geometric graph search algorit... View full abstract»
• ### Alternative algorithm for optimisation of Reed-Muller universal logic module networks
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):385 - 390
Cited by: Papers (1)
| |PDF (584 KB)
Reed-Muller universal logic modules (RM-ULMs) can be used as individual modules or as networks to implement RM functions of any number of variables. For a large RM expansion, it is generally more efficient to realise it using cascades of low-order RM-ULMs. A programmed algorithm for the optimisation of the number of modules at the sub-system level has already been published. In the paper an altern... View full abstract»
• ### Cost-effective novel flexible cell-level systolic architecture for high throughput implementation of 2-D FIR filters
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):436 - 439
Cited by: Papers (7)
| |PDF (300 KB)
Recurrence relations and fully pipelined novel cell-level systolic architectures are suggested for massively parallel implementation of two-dimensional FIR and linear phase FIR filters. Owing to the higher level of parallelism, the proposed structures would yield more throughput over the existing structures. Besides, it can be flexibly configured according to the throughput requirement of the appl... View full abstract»
• ### New program model for program partitioning on NUMA multiprocessor systems
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):431 - 435
| |PDF (512 KB)
A new program model is presented to accurately represent parallel programs for partitioning and scheduling problems. This model extends the graphic representation of the macrodataflow by considering the complex communication options supported by NUMA systems. The proposed model shows not only task precedence relations but also data sharing status. Moreover, a new partitioning method based on the p... View full abstract»
• ### Removing CSC violations in asynchronous circuits by delay padding
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):413 - 420
| |PDF (936 KB)
A novel alternative for removing CSC (complete state coding) violations in asynchronous circuit synthesis for STGs (signal transition graphs) is presented. The main feature of the work is to exploit delays in the physical circuit to remove CSC violations. Its main advantages are that it: does not need to obey the noninput constraint: and saves area overhead when a CSC violation in the state graph ... View full abstract»
• ### Three-valued quasi-linear transformation for logic synthesis
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):391 - 400
Cited by: Papers (3)
| |PDF (984 KB)
A nonlinear transformation, called the sign transform, is defined and studied. It maps all the ternary functions onto themselves, is uniquely invertible and is inherently related to Walsh and Walsh Galois transforms. Decomposable Boolean functions and ternary product terms are mapped analytically into the sign domain. It is shown that sign coefficients describe the structure of a ternary output lo... View full abstract»
• ### Layout-driven chaining of scan flip-flops
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):421 - 425
Cited by: Papers (9)
| |PDF (524 KB)
In an era of submicron technology, routing is becoming a dominant factor in area, timing and power consumption. The problem of scan flip-flops chaining with the objective of achieving minimum routing area overhead is studied. The first attempt is to chain the flip-flops at the logic level. To make more accurate decisions on chaining flip-flops, the second attempt is to perform the chaining of scan... View full abstract»
• ### XMESH interconnection network for massively parallel computers
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):401 - 406
Cited by: Papers (1)
| |PDF (508 KB)
An XMESH is proposed as a suitable interconnection network for massively parallel computers, and the performance of the proposed interconnection network is analysed. The XMESH has the same horizontal links as those of the toroidal mesh (TMESH); however, it has diagonally crossed links instead of vertical links. The proposed XMESH shows desirable characteristics as an interconnection network for ma... View full abstract»
• ### Difference clocks: a new scheme for logical time in distributed systems
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):426 - 430
| |PDF (536 KB)
Logical clocks and vector clocks were proposed in the past to capture causality between events of different processes of a distributed computation. However, these clocks could not capture intraprocess concurrency. Later, bit-matrix clocks and hierarchical clocks were developed to capture interprocess concurrency as well as intraprocess concurrency. The major disadvantages of these clocks are the a... View full abstract»
• ### Gaussian-elimination-based algorithm for solving linear equations on mesh-connected processors
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):407 - 412
| |PDF (560 KB)
The problem of solving a system of N linear equations on a mesh-connected multiprocessor structure is considered. The solution to the problem is obtained by using a Gaussian-elimination-based algorithm called successive Gaussian elimination'. The new algorithm does not contain a separate backsubstitution phase. A two-dimensional array of N×(N+1) processors is employed to obtain the solution... View full abstract»
• ### Exact minimisation of Kronecker expressions for symmetric functions
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):349 - 354
Cited by: Papers (1)
| |PDF (604 KB)
In the paper, an algorithm for the exact minimisation of Kronecker expressions (KROs) for totally symmetric functions is presented. KROs are a class of AND/EXOR forms closely related to ordered Kronecker functional decision diagrams (OKFDDs). This close relation is used to obtain a polynomial time minimisation algorithm. A generalisation to partially symmetric functions is investigated. Experiment... View full abstract»
• ### Reliability levels for fault-tolerant linear processing using real number error correction
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):355 - 363
Cited by: Papers (1)
| |PDF (1000 KB)
Fault-tolerant linear processing systems using real number codes, as in algorithm-based fault tolerance methodologies, can be extended to include error correction for correcting intermittent errors in the processed output data. The reliability function for a protected system containing correction is considered under simple but realistic assumptions on the arrival of failures in both the normal pro... View full abstract»
• ### Genetic algorithm for variable ordering of OBDDs
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):364 - 368
Cited by: Papers (22) | Patents (1)
| |PDF (576 KB)
A genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to find a variable ordering that minimises the size of ordered binary decision diagrams (OBDDs). OBDDs are a data structure for representation and manipulation of Boolean functions often applied in CAD. The choice of the variable ordering largely influences the size of the OBDD (i.e. its size may vary from polynomial to exponential in the number of variables). D... View full abstract»
• ### Branch merging for scheduling concurrent executions of branch operations
Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):369 - 375
| |PDF (708 KB)
Branches are a major limiting factor to instruction-level parallelism. One solution is to execute several branches simultaneously using multiway branching architectures. Such architectures are especially important when the instruction issue width becomes large. The authors study the problem of compile-time scheduling of branch operations on such architectures: an optimisation called branch merging... View full abstract»
## Aims & Scope
Published from 1994-2006, IEE Proceedings - Computers and Digital Techniques contained significant and original contributions on computers, computing and digital techniques. It contained technical papers describing research and development work in all aspects of digital system-on-chip design and the testing of electronic and embedded systems, including the development of design automation tools. It was aimed at researchers, engineers and educators in the fields of computer and digital systems design and testing.
Full Aims & Scope | 2018-02-25 05:34:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.22952978312969208, "perplexity": 4972.066456553512}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816138.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225051024-20180225071024-00575.warc.gz"} |
http://msp.org/agt/2010/10-2/p10.xhtml | Volume 10, issue 2 (2010)
Recent Issues
The Journal About the Journal Editorial Board Editorial Interests Editorial Procedure Submission Guidelines Submission Page Subscriptions Author Index To Appear Contacts ISSN (electronic): 1472-2739 ISSN (print): 1472-2747
Triple point numbers of surface-links and symmetric quandle cocycle invariants
Kanako Oshiro
Algebraic & Geometric Topology 10 (2010) 853–865
Abstract
For any positive integer $n$, we give a 2–component surface-link $F={F}_{1}\cup {F}_{2}$ such that ${F}_{1}$ is orientable, ${F}_{2}$ is non-orientable and the triple point number of $F$ is equal to $2n$. To give lower bounds of the triple point numbers, we use symmetric quandle cocycle invariants.
Keywords
non-orientable surfaces, surface-links, symmetric quandles, triple point numbers
Mathematical Subject Classification 2000
Primary: 57Q45
Secondary: 18G99, 55N99, 57Q35 | 2016-10-24 18:17:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 6, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20016464591026306, "perplexity": 3452.7538824978856}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719677.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00565-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/find-the-center-of-the-circle-using-endpoints-of-diameter-in-cplusplus | # Find the center of the circle using endpoints of diameter in C++
C++Server Side ProgrammingProgramming
#### C in Depth: The Complete C Programming Guide for Beginners
45 Lectures 4.5 hours
#### Practical C++: Learn C++ Basics Step by Step
Most Popular
50 Lectures 4.5 hours
#### Master C and Embedded C Programming- Learn as you go
66 Lectures 5.5 hours
Suppose we have two endpoints of diameter of a circle. These are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), we have to find the center of the circle. So if two points are (-9, 3) and (5, -7), then the center is at location (-2, -2).
We know that the mid points of two points are −
$$(x_{m},y_{m})=\left(\frac{(x_{1}+x_{2})}{2},\frac{(y_{1}+y_{2})}{2}\right)$$
## Example
Live Demo
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class point{
public:
float x, y;
point(float x, float y){
this->x = x;
this->y = y;
}
void display(){
cout << "(" << x << ", " <<y<<")";
}
};
point center(point p1, point p2) {
int x, y;
x = (float)(p1.x + p2.x) / 2;
y = (float)(p1.y + p2.y) / 2;
point res(x, y);
return res;
}
int main() {
point p1(-9.0, 3.0), p2(5.0, -7.0);
point res = center(p1, p2);
cout << "Center is at: ";
res.display();
}
## Output
Center is at: (-2, -2)
Updated on 19-Dec-2019 12:20:38 | 2022-09-26 09:51:08 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18700677156448364, "perplexity": 13421.681096777973}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334855.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926082131-20220926112131-00030.warc.gz"} |
https://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/need-help-diagnosing-24v-power-supply-both-npns-test-ol-between-all-pins.169861/ | # Need help diagnosing 24v power supply. both NPN's test "OL" between all pins
#### bigjoncoop
Joined Feb 1, 2019
134
I've been using this 360w 24v DC power supply for quite a while and it's worked well. from what I can tell online it's decent we built for what it is. All the sudden today I go to use it and there is no DC output. so I do a quick search online and how to troubleshoot this type of power supply... it has 2 - d13009k NPN high voltage fast switching power transistors. I found a few tutorials on how to test npn transistors and no matter which pins I probe, my multimeter just shows "OL" overload in diode / beep mode. Even swapping red and black test leads. I am testing them in circuit. at first I thought maybe I was doing something wrong since both of them are showing the same thing. so I checked out a couple YouTube videos on checking npn transistors and there should be some readings between certain pins even when still in circuit.
so basically my main question is is it possible that something else is wrong to make me have these reading while testing these transistors? Or is it possible both of them are dead?
if you guys say that they're dead from the readings I'm getting I will replace them with some npn power transistors from a different power supply with equivalent ratings. just wanted to make sure that something else wouldn't be causing these readings and if I replace them if they'll get blown the same way...
and if you guys have any other advice exactly how to go about testing to determine what might be wrong if it's not these transistors I would appreciate it.
#### AlbertHall
Joined Jun 4, 2014
10,771
The transistors are probab;y deceased.
Is the fuse still intact?
#### bwilliams60
Joined Nov 18, 2012
1,361
As @AlbertHall has eluded to, the transistors are probably toast and will need to be replaced. The trick is to find out what else dies with it and chances are good that there afe more issues. SMPS power supplies can be tricky. Get a good schematic and do a lot of reading. You may be in for an adventure. Good luck.
#### dl324
Joined Mar 30, 2015
12,212
I found a few tutorials on how to test npn transistors and no matter which pins I probe, my multimeter just shows "OL" overload in diode / beep mode. Even swapping red and black test leads.
So you're saying that you checked both junctions with polarity both ways? CE should read open.
#### bigjoncoop
Joined Feb 1, 2019
134
The transistors are probab;y deceased.
Is the fuse still intact?
yeah. fuse isn't blown. and everything visually looks good. also the fan doesn't try to spin now. if thats any help. and the one thing I remember off top of my head is, at the bridge rectifier diode I got 42v on each leg. between each leg and neutral...
also, I've never pulled more then 10 amps from this psu. and the last time I used it , I do remember a faint hot electronic smell...
#### Dodgydave
Joined Jun 22, 2012
9,837
That PSU uses a TL494 chip, with a 28V supply to self oscillate, and is also the fan supply, it uses Q2,Q3, transistors to pulse the small pulse transformer Tr1 which drives Q1,Q4 Large power transistors to pulse the output voltage transformer Tr2, which is regulated by pins 1,2 using the Yellow preset near the output terminals.
I would check the DC first across the Large capacitors C2,C3 ,around 350V to see if that's ok, if not then the fuse, the mov and the voltage selection switch.
Last edited:
#### MisterBill2
Joined Jan 23, 2018
7,689
It appears that the transistors are still in place in the circuit board and still connected to the circuit. If they were unsoldered then you might be a blt to check them again without removing them. And if you are using the meter probes on the top side of the PCB there is a chance that you are not making contact with the transistor leads. So the very first thing would be to do the check from the underside of the circuit board to be certain that you are making an adequate contact. In several instances I have not been able to make adequate contact when probing from the top of a PCB.
#### bigjoncoop
Joined Feb 1, 2019
134
@Dodgydave and @MisterBill2 and anyone else
so I removed the circuit board from the case and I'm still measuring nothing in diode mode between all three pins on each of the two npn power transistors. and I took voltage measurements throughout the board starting with the big fat capacitors to the npn transistors both sides of each Transformers. I'm reading 120 volts at the capacitors, on each of the three pins on both transistors, and on the front side of the small transformer in front of the transistors on all 3 pins. Starting on the other side of that small transformer the voltage drops down to 78v A/C again on all 3 pins. And from that point forward on all the components and traces all the way to the DC output terminals I also am getting 78v A/C on both positive and negative rails.... Beside 13v one one pin of the big transformer. (Detailed picture included)
I've included a picture with my all my voltage readings marked.
All these readings are with one of my voltmeter test probes on the mains input neutral.
So something is definitely not right if I'm getting 78v A/C between mains neutral and 41v A/C between mains positive, on the D/C outputs. But it seems like that may be a good indication of what might be wrong Hopefully.
,
Last edited:
#### Dodgydave
Joined Jun 22, 2012
9,837
You can't measure the DC output with the Neutral as a Common, .
If the DC supply is 240V, that sounds like the Transistors are faulty if you're getting open circuit on B/E , B/C terminals,.
Test the diodes D1,D2 , D7, D8,to test your meter.
(The pulse transformer Tr1 is there to isolate the chip from the mains input.)
#### MisterBill2
Joined Jan 23, 2018
7,689
The valid reference point for measuring on the output side of the supply is the output common terminal.
The supply IS an isolated supply, which means that the output is isolated from the mains side. That means that all the readings past the isolation must be against the output side common. So the 78 volts AC readings are not useful. That big transformer is the isolation device.
AND, with the two power transistors reading open, it does seem like they have failed.
#### bigjoncoop
Joined Feb 1, 2019
134
OMG... DAMN!!!
ok. yeah I'm 100% sure both of those transistors are open circuit. After work ill replace them and cross my finger they don't fail when I power it up
#### bigjoncoop
Joined Feb 1, 2019
134
@Dodgydave
@MisterBill2
I Haven't been able to find equivalent transistors in my stuff to replace the blown ones. And for the price of 2 -13009 series transistors is damn near half the cost of the entire power supply. I only paid $17 from Amazon . I need to place order @ Jameco for some other items but they have$20 minimum order. And of course no 13009 trannys.... But they do have one that is very close and maybe another . I've posted a question about if I could use these trannys I found, and someone moved it to another category and it hasn't received any replies.
in the post I've attached screenshots of the specs of the 13009 and the 2 I found on Jameco. If you wouldn't mind taking a look and see if I could use one of them I would really appreciate it. The one has a similar max voltage but the other is lower but keep in mind im only feeding the power supply @120v. below is the link to the other post... FYI the 2 trannys in Question are - BUV48A by STMicro & FJA4313OTU by Onsemi. The voltages and current seem to work but I'm unsure of the other values
#### MisterBill2
Joined Jan 23, 2018
7,689
My experience with Jameco was that they were far more expensive than quite a few other companies. Some others have challenged that, but that was my experience. Plus they had no quantity packages, so if you needed 30 ICs all the same you got 30 of them packaged individually and priced that way.
I followed that link and saw the specs and the ST transistor looks fairly good. But here is a question: Is the power supply a switcher or a linear regulator. Linear regulators are less critical applications. But the pictures show a switch mode supply and so the replacement devices need to have a few more qualities.
But given the specifications of those transistors, do you have any idea why they failed? Those werem certainly high power devices and fairly rugged, so if they were destroyed it must have been something serious. You would not want to destroy a second set right away, I am sure.
One interesting option might be to ask ST semi for two sample transistors. Sometimes that works.
Last edited:
#### bigjoncoop
Joined Feb 1, 2019
134
@MisterBill2 no idea why it failed. Umm I did definitely push it hard often. It was advertised as 15a... And I definitely pulled really close to that regularly for few hours at a time. And those trannys only rated 12a...
No sign of any damage anywhere... So even that StMicro won't work ? If not maybe I'll just buy another psu for \$17. At least now I know its only rated 12a
#### AlbertHall
Joined Jun 4, 2014
10,771
Those transistors are on the primary side of the supply, switching high voltage into the transformer. So they handle high voltage at a lower current than the output side of the supply. 12A transistors does not mean the output is limited to 12A.
#### Irving
Joined Jan 30, 2016
1,070
If both are toast it's likely something else is toast too. The usual culprits are electrolytic capacitors going soft but there could be many other options including the main controller chip. I doubt this is going to be an economic repair; by all means do it for the learning experience but expect to waste a few parts... And make sure you discharge the big caps each time you turn it off to work on it!
#### MisterBill2
Joined Jan 23, 2018
7,689
If both are toast it's likely something else is toast too. The usual culprits are electrolytic capacitors going soft but there could be many other options including the main controller chip. I doubt this is going to be an economic repair; by all means do it for the learning experience but expect to waste a few parts... And make sure you discharge the big caps each time you turn it off to work on it!
Like I said: in a switch mode supply all of the parts are far more interacting. AND most component failures do not result in any visible damage. If a snubber diode fails open there is no clue except that the high voltage spike can damage other parts. So checking the other parts for correct function before replacing the transistors makes sense.
#### Dodgydave
Joined Jun 22, 2012
9,837
This is part of the primary circuit with the push pull transistors Q1, Q4 , on the heatsinks. They are a self oscillating pair, then the TL494 takes over.
Q2 ,Q3, pulse the transformer Tr1 when the chip takes over, . | 2021-01-16 08:24:59 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.32028254866600037, "perplexity": 1754.7483967244186}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703505861.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116074510-20210116104510-00111.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/inconsistent-forms-of-the-metric-in-a-uniform-field.377254/ | # Inconsistent forms of the metric in a uniform field
1. Feb 10, 2010
### bcrowell
Staff Emeritus
Let's say we want to write down the metric in a uniform field. I see two ways of going about this.
Method 1: Straightforward arguments using the equivalence principle and photons in elevators show that if a photon with initial energy E rises or falls by dy, then its energy shift is given (ignoring signs) by $dE/E=g dy$. Integration shows that the time dilation factor between two different heights is $\exp(\Delta \Phi)$, where $\Phi$ is the gravitational potential. If two clocks have parallel world-lines at two different heights, then the ratio of the proper times is the square root of the ratio of the time-time elements of the metric, so we have
$$ds^2=e^{2\Delta\Phi}dt^2-dy^2 \qquad [1]$$
Method 2: Start in a frame where the metric is Minkowski. Find the motion of an observer who experiences constant proper acceleration. Transform into this observer's frame by using the tensor transformation law on the metric. The result is
$$ds^2=(1+ay)^2dt^2-dy^2 \qquad [2]$$
This is given in Semay, http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0601179 . By the equivalence principle, it can also be interpreted as the metric experienced by an observer in a gravitational field with g=a.
If we set $\Phi=gy$, then these two forms are equivalent to the first non-constant order:
$$g_{tt} = 1+2gy+\ldots \qquad$$ ,
but they disagree in their higher-order terms.
What is the reason for this discrepancy?
Rindler's Essential Relativity (2nd ed., 120) suggests using the gravitational redshift to define the gravitational potential. I'm not sure if this is meant to suggest that the potential in a uniform field is not necessarily exactly $gy$, or if it's meant to allow the generalization to nonuniform fields (which he carries out a few pages later).
Do the two forms differ because there's an implied choice of coordinates that is different in the two cases? Is this perhaps related to Bell's spaceship paradox, i.e., to issues in defining the notion that two different objects both experience the same proper acceleration, due to the relativity of simultaneity?
Form [1] (with $\Phi=gy$) has a property that I would consider indispensable for a uniform field, which is that I can't determine my y by local measurements. With form [2], I can take a vertical measuring rod with clocks at each end, and depending on what y I'm at, the ratio of the clocks' rates will be different. This seems physically wrong to me, even in the case where you interpret it as an acceleration rather than a gravitational field. An observer inside an accelerating rocket should not be able to determine what point in the motion he's presently at, using local measurements -- should he?
This is probably irrelevant, but there are also the x and z coordinates. I've seen a nice elementary argument by Born that because a measuring rod in a rotating frame of reference experiences a Lorentz contraction when oriented in the transverse direction, by the equivalence principle a rod's length varies with height in a gravitational field. This would presumably apply to x and z, not y. (This argument is apparently made in Born, 1920, Einstein's Theory of Relativity, which was an early popularization of GR. i don't have the book yet, so I'm just doing this from a summary of Born's argument.)
2. Feb 10, 2010
### atyy
Since gravity is curvature and acceleration can never make flat space curved, so I wouldn't expect agreement to all orders.
Also, Rindler coordinates are not a uniform gravitational field (at least that's what Rindler's text claims).
Is $\Phi=gy$ a solution of the field equations?
Last edited: Feb 10, 2010
3. Feb 10, 2010
### bcrowell
Staff Emeritus
Hmm...well, I guess that depends on what you mean by "gravity." You can certainly have a gravitational field in flat space; if that were not true, then it would violate the equivalence principle.
On the other hand, you make a good point about inspecting these two metrics for curvature. Metric [2] is a flat-space metric, since it was derived from a Minkowski metric by a change of coordinates. Metric [1] is not a flat-space metric. Its Ricci tensor has $R_{tt}=g^2e^{2\Phi}$ and $R_{yy}=-g^2$. So that's cool, that establishes that the two metrics are not equivalent under a change of coordinates.
Hmm...okay, WP http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rindler_coordinates says Rindler coordinates are flat-space coordinates with a metric $ds^2=y^2dt^2-dy^2$. I see, so this is the same as the coordinates in Semay's metric [2] except for a trivial linear transformation.
If we assume $\Phi=gy$, and if we also take $g_{tt}=e^{2\Phi}$, then the Ricci tensor I calculated above shows that it's definitely not a vacuum solution.
Hmm...so this does make things a little clearer in my mind. However, I'm still not completely clear on the physical situation. Metric [1] gives a relative time dilation between clocks at y and y+dy that is independent of y, and this seems like a necessary property if we're going to think a certain metric as representing the metric experienced by an observer at rest in a uniform field. On the other hand, the Ricci tensor is also a local observable, and it varies with y for this metric, so by that criterion it seems like [2] is more like the right one. It seems to me that there ought to be a metric and coordinates that satisfy the following properties: (a) it's a flat-space metric; (b) test particles have coordinate acceleration g; and (c) it's not possible to determine your height in the field by local measurements of curvature (which follows trivially from property a) *or* by local measurements relative to the coordinate lattice (i.e., with clocks and rulers that have zero coordinate velocities). Am I finding out that you can't have a, b, and c all in one metric? Need to think about this some more.
4. Feb 10, 2010
### DrGreg
Somebody once sent me a PM to say that it is tricky to find a good GR analogy of a Newtonian uniform gravitational field which is valid globally, and the closest is the 1962 Petrov solution (discussed in Gibbons & Gielen (2008), "The Petrov and Kaigorodov-Ozsváth Solutions: Spacetime as a Group Manifold", Class.Quant.Grav.25:165009). To be honest, the details of this go over my head, so don't ask me to explain it, but I pass it on for what it's worth.
(I think that means the answer to atyy's last question is "no", but I'm out of my depth.)
5. Feb 10, 2010
### bcrowell
Staff Emeritus
Interesting. The Gibbons and Gielen paper is over my head, too. As far as I can tell, the Petrov solution is something to do with a rotating cylinder, it has cylindrical symmetry, and it has CTCs. Seems odd that the closest thing to a uniform gravitational field in GR is something that has CTCs...? It makes sense that the paper is talking about particularly symmetric vacuum solutions, and the uniform gravitational field would certainly be a highly symmetric vacuum solution.
6. Feb 11, 2010
### torquil
Did you see section 5? It seems that they disprove the possibility of accelerating a dust cylinder up to the angular velocity at which the CTCs appear.
Torquil
7. Feb 11, 2010
### Altabeh
The meteric (1) is not a generalized form of (2), nor is it of the same nature of the latter in the sense that one is just a flat spacetime while the other isn't. So claiming that the local flatness must be the same up to all orders in (gy) is by no means possible and in general this even is not true when two spacetimes are both curved: This is because we cannot make the metrics locally flat at one point in both of the spacetimes using one single metric transformation at the same time if their curvatures are different everywhere.
So the demand that the metric (2) and (1) must coincide up to order 2 is not even imaginable, let alone all orders. This has some other reasoning, too: The local flatness requires a special metric transformation to modify $$e^{2\Delta \Phi}$$ as it corresponds at some point to $$(1+gy)^2$$ and this may be feasible; but I myslef see no room for it and suggest you to take a look at post #59 in https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=373353&page=4" to know what kind of transformation would do help you out with that!
And about how those properties can be satisfied all together, I have to say that since you are assuming the spacetime to be flat (pick the metric (1) and go on with to calculate all components of geodesic equations i.e. equations for t and y), then to satisfy the second condition, you must have some free degrees of freedom (which can be obtained by a metric transformation) to set the second portion of geodesic equation for y equal to $$-{g}=\frac{GM}{y^2}$$, if the center of gravitational source is at y=0 and along with the geodesic equation for t, solve for those free parameters. To get the value of $$\Phi$$ which gives the vaccum solutions of the field, try to make the $$\bar{R}_{\mu\nu}$$ vanish by solving for $$\Phi$$, where the bar over the Ricci scalar indicates that we are in the new coordinate system.
Here it must be recalled that if we take k to be the proper time, then introducing $$d^2t/dk^2$$ and $$d^2y/dk^2$$ of geodesic equations of Semay's metric into $$\bar{g}_{\mu \nu}$$ leads to a metric at least being equivalent to Semay's metric up to order 2 in (gy).
I hope this helps!
AB
Last edited by a moderator: Apr 24, 2017
8. Feb 11, 2010
### atyy
Well, I wouldn't call flat spacetime a gravitational field (except maybe in a spherical shell). But it's true, EP terminology would accept accelerated frames in flat spacetime as in a gravitational field. I would be surprised if there is any accelerated frame that gives a uniform field, since the Rindler frame isn't a uniform field, even though that would be my naive guess because of its constant accelration. On the other hand, the EP is only local, so we'd only need it to be uniform at a point. So I would take any non-geodesic timelike worldline, and apply Fermi normal coordinates (section 3.2 of http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2004-6/ [Broken]). The metric will be Minkowski at a point, but the first derivatives will not disappear, and I guess one can count that as a gravitational field (Eq. 125 - 127)?
Last edited by a moderator: May 4, 2017
9. Feb 11, 2010
### Altabeh
A flat spacetime never admits a gravitational field within it so talking about a flat spacetime just inspires the fact that the geometrical shape of spacetime is everywhere the same i.e. the Riemann tensor vanishes everywhere!
What is EP?
GR would accept any accelerated frames in flat spacetimes and this can be seen for instance, for the metric introduced https://www.physicsforums.com/showpost.php?p=2560660&postcount=52".
It does not have a constant acceleration, does it? As I put forth in my last post, the idea of Rindler's metric admitting a uniform field globally is not true as when $$\Phi = \Phi (y)$$, then the geodesic equation would depend on y so it won't be uniform everywhere, but locally. The locally uniform field can be gained by transforming Rindler's metric into a new metric having zero first derivatives in the neighbourhood of a given point.
If you mean you have doubt about Rindler's metric being a gravitational field, you have to remove it as its Riemann tensor does not vanish so it admits a gravitational field!
AB
Last edited by a moderator: Apr 24, 2017
10. Feb 11, 2010
### atyy
Equivalence Principle (which is not a principle)
11. Feb 12, 2010
### bcrowell
Staff Emeritus
I could be wrong (since I don't claim to understand the paper!), but I think what they're saying is that (1) the Petrov solution does have CTCs (bottom of p. 3), (2) it can be interpreted as the vacuum outside a rotating cylinder, and (3) such a cylinder cannot be created from realistic initial conditions in our universe (section 5). I think the spacetime outside the more slowly rotating cylinder isn't classified as a Petrov solution...?
12. Feb 12, 2010
### bcrowell
Staff Emeritus
I found a good discussion of this topic by Weiss: http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/spaceship_puzzle.html [Broken]
My metric [1] is a coordinate system in which a test particle with an initial velocity of zero has an initial proper acceleration g. This acceleration is the same at all points in spacetime.
The page is actually a discussion of the Bell spaceship paradox, and Weiss looks at it from three different perspectives, of which the metric [1] is one of them. If we imagine tying two rocks to the upper and lower ends of a thread and dropping them into the spacetime [1], we get Bell's paradox.
He makes a physical argument that the spacetime must be curved, since otherwise there would be no way to explain the fact that two spaceships hovering in this spacetime, one above the other, maintain a constant distance between them (which would violate the fact established by the usual analysis of Bell's paradox in flat spacetime). He computes the curvature, interprets it as arising from an unphysical stress-energy tensor, and says, "My guess is that the Einstein empty-space equations forbid a uniform gravitational field in the above sense. I haven't checked this, though."
Last edited by a moderator: May 4, 2017
13. Feb 12, 2010
### Altabeh
Are sure that an initial vanishing velocity can be supposed at any spatial coordinate say for y=y0? The geodesic equation in this spacetime gives
$$v^2=\frac{\dot{v}}{2\dot{t}^2}+e^{2y}$$,
(where dot represents derivative wrt proper time) for which, $$v$$ can only be zero if $$y_0\rightarrow -\infty$$. I don't think your claim is true because the spacetime is curved so it doesn't admit a uniform gravitational field everywhere.
AB
14. Feb 12, 2010
### bcrowell
Staff Emeritus
Hmm...I get $\Gamma^t_{zt}=g$ and $\Gamma^z_{tt}=-g$, and if I apply the geodesic equation with the affine parameter taken to be the proper time, I get $\ddot{z}=g\dot{t}^2$, which is the same as $\ddot{z}=g$ for an object initially at rest.
Pretty sure, since this spacetime is symmetric in the sense that locations that differ in z have identical properties. You can tell it has this symmetry because adding a constant to z is equivalent to rescaling the time coordinate, but rescaling the time coordinate doesn't have observable effects due to general covariance.
I don't think curvature is inconsistent with a uniform gravitational field. My initial idea coming into this was that my idea of a uniform gravitational field would be a flat spacetime, but I think my initial concept demanded too many different and incompatible things.
15. Feb 12, 2010
### Altabeh
I guess somethig is wrong: Assuming that $e^{2\Phi }= e^{2gy}$, we get
$\Gamma^y_{tt}=-\frac{1}{2}g^{yy}g_{tt,y}={g}e^{2gy},$
$\Gamma^t_{ty}=\frac{1}{2}g^{tt}g_{tt,y}={g}e^{-2gy}e^{2gy}=g.$
This will follow my velocity equation, i.e.
$$v^2=\frac{\dot{v}}{2\dot{t}^2}+e^{2y}$$, (1)
from which one can get the acceleration, but it is not going to be constant globally!
This is completely true according to your calculation. But according to mine, I have a term which depends on y so any translation y-->y+y_0 would give a different acceleraion.
I think you have to re-sketch the whole thing again. The Rindler's metric is by no means able to admit a globally uniform gravitational acceleration, as you can see from my equation (1) unless you are in a very small region of it which again inspires the local flatness and EP, thus neglecting uniformity of field everywhere! At this point, Semay's metric is compatible with your ideas and can be taken into account if one is interested in studying a completely uniform gravitational field with a constant acceleration at any point!
AB
Edit: Equation one can be written as
$$v^2=\frac{{a}}{2\dot{t}}+e^{2y}$$, (1')
where a is the acceleration.
16. Feb 12, 2010
### Mentz114
One connection between metric [1] and [2] is that if you start with $\Delta\Phi$ as a unknown function of $y$ and set the Ricci tensor to zero, the result is the solution of this equation ( writing $P$ for $\Delta\Phi$)
$$\frac{{d}^{2}}{d\,{y}^{2}}\,P+{\left( \frac{d}{d\,y}\,P\right) }^{2}=0 \qquad [1]$$
which is
$$P=log\left( y+k_1\right) +k_2$$
If we set $$k_2=0[/itex] then $exp(2\Delta\Phi)$ is $(1+ay)^2$ up to a scale factor. My ( possibly wrong ) interpretation is that [tex]k_2=0[/itex] is the value of $P$ at $y=0$. So a particle released at $y=0$ does not move. [edit: I just realised that this is obvious from the metric, which is flat at y=0] Another (interesting?) thing is that the non-zero components of the Einstein tensor are $G_{yy}$ and $G_{zz}$ which both take the value of the lhs of [1]. Is there any possible distribution of energy/momentum/pressure that could give this ? I think not. Last edited: Feb 12, 2010 17. Feb 12, 2010 ### Altabeh No it is not! If you set [tex]k_2=0[/itex], then the Taylor expansion of [tex] P=\log\left(y+k_1\right)$$ would have a term with different sign than that of $$1+2ay+a^2y^2$$. So again we are back to the first point that these two never coincide up until Rindler's metric [1] goes into another coordinate system which I talked about it earlier.
[/QUOTE]
Did you calculate components of the Einstein tensor based on bcrowell's Christoffel symbols?
AB
Edit: The Taylor expansion of
$$e^{2P}=e^{2\log\left( y+k_1\right)}$$
must have been considered, so this only coincides Symay's metric, if $$k_1=g=1$$. But remember that then we are again back to the principle that a flat spacetime only accepts a uniform gravitational field.
Last edited: Feb 12, 2010
18. Feb 12, 2010
### bcrowell
Staff Emeritus
Ah, thanks for the correction -- I did have $\Gamma^y_{tt}$ wrong.
I think my conclusion was still correct, because it was based on the symmetry of the metric, not a symmetry of the Christoffel symbols. For the same reason, I think my calculation of the proper acceleration is still correct globally. The spacetime and coordinates have the same properties everywhere, so I don't think the proper acceleration can be different in different places.
Are we getting our wires crossed because I'm talking about proper acceleration and you're talking about coordinate acceleration?
I agree with you about the interpretation. I don't interpret the metric [1] as being a globally uniform gravitational field.
19. Feb 12, 2010
### bcrowell
Staff Emeritus
Here is a more detailed derivation of the proper acceleration. The Christoffel symbols are $\Gamma\indices{^t_{zt}}=g$ and $\Gamma\indices{^z_{tt}}=-ge^{2gz}$. The geodesic equation with the affine parameter taken to be the proper time is $\ddot{z}=ge^{2gz}\dot{t}^2$, where dots represent differentiation with respect to proper time. For a particle instantaneously at rest, $\dot{t}=1/\sqrt{g_{tt}}=e^{-gz}$, so $\ddot{z}=g$.
20. Feb 12, 2010
### bcrowell
Staff Emeritus
With $\Phi=gy$, G's timelike part is zero, and its spacelike parts are all negative. The Weiss page http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/spaceship_puzzle.html [Broken] notes this, and interprets it as showing that this metric is unphysical.
I wonder if one can do anything interesting with a metric of the form $e^Pdt^2-e^Q(dx^2+dy^2)-dz^2$. This would seem to be a reasonable form to look at because of the argument by Born I described in #1. I have the Born book now, so I'll see if I can find the relevant passage. | 2017-09-25 13:42:14 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8645118474960327, "perplexity": 414.08664949503793}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818691830.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925130433-20170925150433-00463.warc.gz"} |
https://jugglingedge.com/forum.php?FromID=10 | # Forum
Search posts
7b_wizard -
How many juggling (or artistry, magic, object manipulation, whatever got you here) bookmarks (or: browser "favourites"), text or vid or also to software, anything "juggling", do you have?
.. and including secondary links that you keep for e.g. juggling background only or mainly ( e.g. learning theory, anatomy, history, showbizz, artistry in general, programming of juggling, etc. ).
[ no need to count, a rough estimation will do ]
1. none.
2. 1 to 5.
4. around upto 25
5. 25 - 50
6. 50 - 100
7. 100 - 200
8. MORE
9. unclear, too fuzzily defined to tell, too much overlap (e.g. "browser\\offline", "juggling\\non-juggling\\artistry\\..", sources of any kind)
[ °wow° .. what a parentheses' mess once again lol - sry for that, but tried to make it halfway defined, un-misconceivable, able to nail, to find oneself in it, represent many ]
This is a competition thread which ran from 4th Jun 2018 to 11th Jun 2018. View results.
Mike Moore - - Parent
146 videos listed under my Youtube playlist "3b juggling ideas" alone, then many of my favourites are juggling. I also have a Mendeley account with a juggling folder for any academic articles on Juggling.
Much of what I do for fitness/nutrition are also for juggling, so I think I'll be in that MORE category!
Daniel Simu - - Parent
I've just tried to count the juggling videos in my youtube playlists, and estimate them to be around 360... That's definitely the most important source of 'bookmarks'. I don't tend to save written texts on the internet after I've read them (I save them if I want to read them later), as I can nearly always find them again through google using words I remember. Finding videos again is much harder as you search using text to find moving images....
Mike Moore - - Parent
I save the academic journal articles because they're typically behind paywalls. I have access to them at the moment, but not for too much longer.
Marvin - - Parent
This competition has now ended with 8 votes cast. The results are:
1. none. (1 vote)
2. 1 to 5. (1 vote)
4. around upto 25 (0 votes)
5. 25 - 50 (1 vote)
6. 50 - 100 (1 vote)
7. 100 - 200 (1 vote)
9. unclear, too fuzzily defined to tell, too much overlap (e.g. "browser\\offline", "juggling\\non-juggling\\artistry\\..", sources of any kind) (0 votes)
7b_wizard - - Parent
Thanks all for voting!
I said 200, maybe a bit more, but I don't think notably more.
Apart from the examples already mentionned in titlepost, I have - of course - video-links, mostly numbers, then like teaching offers' homepages (even from other sports like tennis as a compare), in several categories, like prop-shops, sewing own balls, siteswaps, records pages, scientific e.g. biokinematics e.g. perception, a mostly empty "going pro" folder with undercategories "ship, street, therapeutic, circus-school, varieté, camp-workshopping, possible sports that juggling is possible compensation or exercise for, and more such mingle-mangle.
7b_wizard -
Which tricks or exercises can you suggest to do while watching soccer World Championship?
Not sure, the question makes any sense, as it's obviously individually different, but what would you choose to do viewing peripherally only?
3b cascade is - of course - no problem (even a bit unchallenging). Tried it with 5b cascade, but still getting several drops there. Maybe inv box, but I'm not sure it's safe, but will try. Contact's Butterflies are surely an option, maybe sth horizontal with both hands ( but that could roll right across my view on the soccer game ). Not sure about 1c flourishes.
A challenge lies also in looking at the game but not awarely seeing it for being actually focussed on the periphal juggle.
Which patterns do you have experience with, looking through them like also at an audience or a passing partner or when talking to someone [can't say "chatting" anymore lol] while juggling? Are there patterns naturally apt´´ for it?
Little Paul - - Parent
If you’re committed to sitting on your arse staring at the tv for several hours over many weeks (instead of doing something productive) then there is only one trick.
Ball spinning.
It takes several hours of frustrating practice to learn to spin a ball, and it’s best learned when you’re thinking about something else anyway.
Little Paul - - Parent
If you want some tips about how to learn it - try this video:
https://youtu.be/o7GXdqw4aKI
7b_wizard - - Parent
"BALL SPINNING" .. OH YEAH! .. cool.
No, not "sit on my arse" but standing facing the monitor ( if that makes a difference to what you meant lol ;o)
Thanks!
7b_wizard - - Parent
( I can do it already, but not keep it up very long, not more than a few, 3-5 seconds )
Guili - - Parent
haha good question man!
I guess it mostly deppends on the match...
I mean, we argentinians usually have hard-on.the-heart matches, not suitable for cardiacs, but the jitters on a group stage match has no comparisson to a semi-final... you know what i mean?
but i did like paul's suggestion of a spinning ball.
7b_wizard - - Parent
^^hehe .. yeah! .. but the group stage can always be good for a surprise and some all-or-nothing matches .. maybe a team gets disqualified and a no-name will enter by wild card and get the title ( Denmark once won the European Championship like that haha ).
Mike Moore - - Parent
I watched How I Met Your Mother mostly to learn BBB. I can now do BBB.
7b_wizard - - Parent
Great idea, but too many levels beyond what I could do halfway dropless. Pinball Style is a strong option now that you said that, though! .. wow, I'm getting a whole sheduled agenda for this! ( I'll have to rewatch one game or other in the late night-repeats, to keep up with my plans )
7b_wizard - - Parent
.. when I had just shut my PC down after posting, I ´´saw´´ the box and 441 and related patterns and exercises (like e.g. 2b-01414) would naturally fit right around the monitor .. !? ( I could then even fit the side, a pattern goes towards, to which way left\\right, attack\\defense, the soccer match is currently going, to who's got the ball now ).
If only my behind the back catching weren't so droppy .. that would be a fun 2b exercise without having to look anyway!
RobC -
Hi all...
Thank you for letting me join the group.
I'm probably a lot older than most of you. Just turned 50...had learning to ride a unicycle on my bucket list for many years. With age comes more determination to fund the time to do what you want for yourself...so finally here I am...owner of a starter unicycle and raring to go. I'll keep you posted on my progress.
Wish me luck!!
RobC
The Void - - Parent
Welcome, and good luck!
Monte - - Parent
Nice to have a new youngster on board...welcome
7b_wizard - - Parent
Hi there, youngg lahdd!
You can do it!
Stephen Meschke -
Happy 531 day.
The Void - - Parent
February 22nd! #ReclaimTheCalendar #wraparound
Little Paul - - Parent
ISO8601 or GTFO
Kelhoon - - Parent
seconded !
(ponders filtering ISO 8601 dates through a siteswap validator to see when the next siteswap day is)
Guili - - Parent
Happy 0606 day!
Ilia Poliakov -
Juggling flashmob
#531day
I want to make 531juggling day. This is a variation on the theme of flashmob 423, which is held annually on April 23. (4 month + 23 day = 423)
Day stunt " 531 " will be held on may 31 (5 month+31 date = 531)
It will be cool for this day to bombard the Internet with variations of this trick. Put hashtag #531day !
I'm starting to prepare.)
Stephen Meschke -
GDPR and Juggling. Is recording a juggler without consent prohibited?
When the weather is nice, I love training outside. Occasionally, other park-goers will ask to record video of me for social media. I always give consent and then hit one of the quick tricks that I train for this specific scenario. This makes me feel good because it shows that juggling is interesting enough to record and share. I have been paid up to \$5 as well!
I am 100% certain (but have no proof) that people record me without asking for my consent. This doesn't bother or intimidate me, but I can sympathize with other jugglers who are find this behavior intrusive and distracting. In the USA it is legal to record someone and then post that content online without their permission.
NPR reported that the GDPR, "forbids people from posting anyone's picture online without their permission." After hearing the news story, I am left with these questions:
• Does the GDPR affect the legality of recording a juggler in public without their consent?
• If a juggler finds images or videos taken and posted online without permission, what can be to get the content removed?
• If filming a juggling video, it is necessary to obtain permission from people in the background before posting the video online?
Guili - - Parent
I've been recorded juggling many times, some of them without my consent... and it never bothered me. but i do think some people may feel it's not right. either for privacy, or for like trademark issues... you know. if someone records your show, you won't be able to sell a dvd later, some like that...
so, out of respect, yes, i think consent must be asked.
7b_wizard - - Parent
Don't spend those 5 bucks - keep 'em as a trophy!
Danny Colyer - - Parent
GDPR affects what businesses and organisations are allowed to do with personally identifying data, meaning data that can be used to identify an individual.
GDPR does not affect what individuals are allowed to do. In the UK, at least, there is no legal requirement to seek anyone's consent before taking photos or video in a public place, and that will continue to be the case.
I don't know what NPR is, or whether it's a reputable news source, but I'd hazard a guess that the story was written by someone who hasn't read GDPR. I have. Three times. And I wouldn't claim to to be certain about what it means in every possible data storage/processing/sharing scenario. But I can say with certainty that an individual would not be in breach of GDPR by posting a photo or video without the subject's consent. I suppose, conceivably, the company that owns the hosting site might have a problem. It's not something that's relevant to my reasons for reading the regulation, so it's not something I was looking for in any of my own readings, but I'm pretty sure there was no intent to ban photo sharing.
peterbone - - Parent
I think it's fine to film people in a public place as long as they remain anonymous. If you identify them when you publish the content then I think it would infringe GDPR.
Danny Colyer - - Parent
If you're publishing as an individual then you won't be in breach of GDPR. You can't be. GDPR doesn't cover actions by individuals not acting as part of an organisation.
Article 2(2)(c):
"This Regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data ... by a natural person in the course of a purely personal ... activity"
Stephen Meschke - - Parent
Peter,
This is not related to the GDPR, but is related to juggling and data. Recent advances in computer vision have made extracting body pose and prop location quite easy. For example, this data was extracted from a video of yours: https://imgur.com/a/oSTXD7R or http://juggling.tv/16862.
I'd like your opinion on this. Who does this data belong to, the person who created the source video or the person who extracted the data?
peterbone - - Parent
That's very interesting, especially as I'm a computer vision engineer. Do you have any more information about the method? In my opinion the data is public since I put the video online and therefore made it public. Any information extracted from that video is also public. I don't think it really belongs to anyone, although I think you have the right to keep the extracted data private if you wish.
Stephen Meschke - - Parent
Thank you for allowing me the use of the data.
• Optical flow was used to track both ends of both balance poles. This tracking was not fully automatic, it required user input 10 times.
• The body pose was extracted using a neural network. A neural network is like a black box. An image of a person is put into one end of the box, and 15 coordinates describing the position of the head, neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, etc...come out the other side of the box. This tracking was 100% automated. Link to the tutorial I learned from.
• After I extracted the pose data, I took one additional step that really improved the results. The source video was 24 frames per second, so I had 24 sets of pose coordinates for every second of video. Using some simple algebra, I doubled the frame rate. I did this by calculating the midpoint between two poses in sequential frames. For example, if the position of the head in the first two frames for the source video is (100,100) and (110,110); the position of the head in the first three frames of the output video would then be: (100,100), (105,105), (110,110). This smooths the tracking results and also gives and odd lifelike quality to the stick-man.
peterbone - - Parent
Thanks. Interesting. I assume you downloaded the weights rather than training the NN yourself then? I was most impressed with the leg tracking as I'm wearing black baggy trousers in the video that tend to blend into one another. Let me know if you need any more video. I now have a camera that can film at higher frame rates.
Stephen Meschke - - Parent
I downloaded the model from the CMU Perceptual Computing Lab. The model is 200mb, and it was trained on this 20gb dataset. On my lower-power computer, it took 16 seconds to process each frame of video.
This code runs the model:
import cv2net = cv2.dnn.readNetFromCaffe(protoFile, weightsFile)inputBlob = cv2.dnn.blobFromImage(source_image, parameters)net.setInput(inputBlob)output = net.forward()
I have had better results with higher resolution video that has more contrast. These overlays show the accuracy of the model. To create this video, I passed an inputBlob array of shape (1, 3, 368, 368) to the model, which is slightly larger than the size of your body in the video.
These results are head an shoulders better than anything that I have seen. Running these models is quite easy, and would take less than an hour (which includes time to install Ubuntu and OpenCV) and can be done on an older machine. This is a good afternoon project for an intern.
Higher frame rates (120fps+) are required for ball tracking, but greater resolution is required for human pose estimation. I do want to try this out on more video, but I don't even know what to ask for at this point! If you have a video clip for me to process, you can send it to stephenmeschke@gmail.com.
Javitxuzo -
Hi people!
I'm new in this forum. I'm Javi a spanish juggler & uniciclyst and I have recently moved to San Francisco.
Currently I'm trying to juggling with 5 clubs but is being very difficult, any tip would be appreciated.
See you in the forum
(Sorry for my english :P )
7b_wizard - - Parent
Hi there, Javi!
Guili - - Parent
bienvenido javi!
ya somo varios de habla hispana en el foro :)
un saludo desde argentina!
7b_wizard - - Parent
.. yo, un vario desde alemaña :oD
Francis Gurr -
Hello all!
I run the Durham University Circus Society which meets Sundays in Durham UK.
Even though we share part of our name with the univeristy we are open to all and welcome anyone to come along and join in.
We are currently a very new club and have spent this academic year finding our footing and therefore the club is currently free for all to attend.
We mostly practice juggling and unicycling but this is not exclusive and if you are in the area and want to practice other circus skills then come along or get in touch.
Our current equipmement consists of: Juggling balls & clubs, 3 unicycles, one giraffe unicycle, a slackline and an adult pogo stick. We also allow members to borrow equipement during the week.
We meet every Sunday and this means that we are nicely spread around the meeting times of other local clubs (Durham City Jugglers on Tuesday and JUST on Thursday) providing lots of options for jugglers in the North East of England. It also means keen jugglers can now meet up 3 times a week!
We also run local workshops around the Durham area, in June we are doing workshops at college events and for a local Guides group.
You can find out the most up-to-date club details on our Facebook group. You can get in touch with us there, or if Facebook is not your thing, then feel free to send us an email and we can answer any questions or add you to the mailing list.
#DUCircSoc
The Void - - Parent
Hi Francis,
Welcome, and good luck with your club.
mike.armstrong - - Parent
Hi Francis,
Are you open over the summer?
Rosie -
CATCH! Juggling Festival in Cumbria UPDATE
Guys theres going to be a 250 point combat tournament at CATCH! this summer! We have some of the top competitors in the world taking part, I sometimes get more hyped for combat than for the gala show! How about you?
It always a good evenings entertainment, maybe Jon Peat will get another black eye? maybe he'll walk away with the golden apple trophy?? who knows! he did both last time! only one way to find out and thats to be there!
If you havent got tickets to the week grab em now on this link here: https://catchfestival2018.co.uk/tickets
if you want to be in the Fight Night I believe you can sign up on the day AND here through their portal: http://fightnightcombat.com/tournament-Catch-2018.html
Monte - - Parent
Looks like Montegriffo's/cafe chameleon will be getting together again to feed you at Catch.
Bonus for me as my birthday falls on the thursday.
See you in the Lakes...
The Void - - Parent
Yay!
Richard Loxley - - Parent
Great news! Although not for my bank balance ;-)
Ethan -
Hi.
Quick question regarding shoes for juggling stage performances:
Anyone have a favorite style of shoe the like to wear while they perform? I've tried jazz shoes for a few years now, and they tend to not have enough grip for 360s etc. So, any suggestions?
Daniel Simu - - Parent
I love feiyues, it's a kungfu shoe which is popular among Chinese pole acrobats and circus students in general. But they don't look great on stage.
For pretty shoes I like Bleyer, custom colors and everything. Email them about their grip soles, for a fiver extra you get great soles on your shoes.
If you need standard smart/dress shoes go to shoesforcrews. They look basic but feel almost like a sneaker and have great grip.
Ethan - - Parent
Thank you so much for the suggestions! I've just ordered a pair of Feiyues, and I'm going to be ordering some shoes from Bleyer for an upcoming performance!
Cheers.
Dee - - Parent
Coming from a ballet background, I would say to think about your "push off" technique. You shouldn't need to use your other foot at all to generate rotation. A bad technique can cause injury, it may be worthwhile to attend some dance classes to improve your technique to try to minimise the risk of injury in the longer term.
Ethan - - Parent
Thanks! I'll definitely look into it!
lukeburrage - - Parent
In ballet, do you use your upper body and arms to generate rotation? That’s cool for dancing, but for juggling you are often using your arms for something else at the time you want to begin generating rotational force.
Dee - - Parent
You use a surprising amount of stomach muscles to generate rotation, with some shoulder (but more stomach than people realise).
Techniques will need to be adapted for juggling (of course), but going to more grippy shoes because of "push off" issues is more likely to cause problems - with the rotating foot getting stuck and twisting knees.
Unless a character would have a reason for wearing different shoes, then I would recommend refining a technique that enables jugglers to avoid knee injury caused by jarring.
Orinoco - - Parent
You use a surprising amount of stomach muscles to generate rotation, with some shoulder (but more stomach than people realise).
Specifically your internal & external oblique abdominal muscles. So standard sit ups won't help.
Orinoco - - Parent
If you are doing a lot of 360s then less grippy shoes are a better option.
I think most people have the same instinct that more grip = more force to launch the spin = better spins. However, if you spin with a grippy soled shoe it puts a rotational stress on your knee which is a major cause for knee operations among salsa dancers. This is why you won't find many grippy dance shoes. The other way of looking at the problem is: Reducing friction = less force required to spin = better spins.
I'm convinced that the reason why jugglers who wear trainers get better at 360s is because they gradually wear away the grip from the one foot they consistently spin on.
I started getting problems with my knees due to dancing so I started wearing these Cotton soled kung fu shoes. It took a while to adjust but it has definitely made things easier & I won't be going back.
Ethan - - Parent
Yes, I would agree.
The main problem is that the foot that is kicking off the spin does not have enough grip. Which means that there is ultimately not enough force generated to create multiple fast and clean spins.
Those cotton soled shoes look very comfortable!
7b_wizard - - Parent
Hi Ethan, @ all - would it make sense to wear two different shoes (L+R), one for pushing \kicking off, and one for the stance foot turning, maybe? Or have a rubber cap for the pushing foot ( that you can slip over when needed and take off when not anymore ) ? (don't they have it in bowling?)
Scott Seltzer - - Parent
Ofek Snir is notorious for his super fast spins (7-up 1080!) and he wears a sock on his spinning foot and goes barefoot on his other. Not often appropriate for performing, but he pulled it off in "Sock It".
7b_wizard - - Parent
Ah, okay. Impressing! .. I'd still go with what Dee said above - sounds profund and very plausible. ( So Ofek is maybe an exeption to the rule, with maybe his own technique perfectionned, or maybe evn bluntly doing it wrong and overstressing his anatomy on the long run )
Btw., I myself get dizzy after a one stage 540° turn lol and try it only rarely. | 2018-06-19 04:22:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.22500544786453247, "perplexity": 3500.1806202213515}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861899.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619041206-20180619061206-00277.warc.gz"} |
https://www.mathworks.com/help/fininst/calibrate-sabr-model-using-normal-volatilities-with-negative-strikes.html | # Calibrate the SABR Model Using Normal (Bachelier) Volatilities with Negative Strikes
This example shows how to use two different methods to calibrate the SABR stochastic volatility model from market implied Normal (Bachelier) volatilities with negative strikes. Both approaches use `normalvolbysabr`, which computes the implied Normal volatilities by using the SABR model. When the `Beta` parameter of the SABR model is set to zero, the model is a Normal SABR model, which allows computing the implied Normal volatilities for negative strikes.
### Load the Market Implied Normal (Bachelier) Volatility Data
Set up hypothetical market implied Normal volatilities for European swaptions over a range of strikes before calibration. The swaptions expire in one year from the `Settle` date and have two-year swaps as the underlying instrument. The rates are expressed in decimals. The market implied Normal volatilities are converted from basis points to decimals. (Changing the units affects the numerical value and interpretation of the `Alpha` parameter input to the function `normalvolbysabr`.)
```% Load the market implied Normal volatility data for swaptions expiring in one year. Settle = '20-Sep-2017'; ExerciseDate = '20-Sep-2018'; Basis = 1; ATMStrike = -0.174/100; MarketStrikes = ATMStrike + ((-0.5:0.25:1.5)')./100; MarketVolatilities = [20.58 17.64 16.93 18.01 20.46 22.90 26.11 28.89 31.91]'/10000; % At the time of Settle, define the underlying forward rate and the at-the-money volatility. CurrentForwardValue = MarketStrikes(3)```
```CurrentForwardValue = -0.0017 ```
`ATMVolatility = MarketVolatilities(3)`
```ATMVolatility = 0.0017 ```
### Method 1: Calibrate `Alpha`, `Rho`, and `Nu` Directly
This section demonstrates how to calibrate the `Alpha`, `Rho`, and `Nu` parameters directly. The value of the `Beta` parameter is set to zero in order to allow negative rates in the SABR model (Normal SABR). After fixing the value of $\beta$(`Beta`), the parameters $\alpha$ (`Alpha`), $\rho$ (`Rho`), and $\nu$ (`Nu`) are all fitted directly. The Optimization Toolbox™ function `lsqnonlin` generates the parameter values that minimize the squared error between the market volatilities and the volatilities computed by `normalvolbysabr`.
```% Define the predetermined Beta Beta1 = 0; % Setting Beta to zero allows negative rates for Normal volatilities % Calibrate Alpha, Rho, and Nu objFun = @(X) MarketVolatilities - ... normalvolbysabr(X(1), Beta1, X(2), X(3), Settle, ... ExerciseDate, CurrentForwardValue, MarketStrikes, 'Basis', Basis); % If necessary, tolerances and stopping criteria can be adjusted for lsqnonlin X = lsqnonlin(objFun, [ATMVolatility 0 0.5], [0 -1 0], [Inf 1 Inf]);```
```Local minimum found. Optimization completed because the size of the gradient is less than the value of the optimality tolerance. ```
```Alpha1 = X(1); Rho1 = X(2); Nu1 = X(3);```
### Method 2: Calibrate `Rho` and `Nu` by Implying `Alpha` from At-The-Money Volatility
This section demonstrates how to use an alternative calibration method where the value of $\beta$ is again predetermined to be zero in order to allow negative rates. However, after fixing the value of $\beta$ (`Beta`), the parameters $\rho$ (`Rho`), and $\nu$ (`Nu`) are fitted directly while $\alpha$ (`Alpha`) is implied from the market at-the-money volatility. Models calibrated using this method produce at-the-money volatilities that are equal to market quotes. This approach can be useful when at-the-money volatilities are quoted most frequently and are important to match. In order to imply $\alpha$ (`Alpha`) from market at-the-money Normal volatility (${\sigma }_{Normal,ATM}$), the following cubic polynomial is solved for $\alpha$ (`Alpha`), and the smallest positive real root is selected. This is similar to the approach used for implying $\alpha$ (`Alpha`) from market at-the-money Black volatility [2]. However, note that the following expression that is used for Normal volatilities is different from another expression that is used for Black volatilities.
`$\frac{\beta \left(\beta -2\right)T}{24{F}^{\left(2-2\beta \right)}}{\alpha }^{3}+\frac{\rho \beta \nu T}{4{F}^{\left(1-\beta \right)}}{\alpha }^{2}+\left(1+\frac{2-3{\rho }^{2}}{24}{\nu }^{2}T\right)\alpha -{\sigma }_{Normal,ATM}{F}^{-\beta }=0$`
```% Define the predetermined Beta Beta2 = 0; % Setting Beta to zero allows negative rates for Normal volatilities % Year fraction from Settle to option maturity T = yearfrac(Settle, ExerciseDate, Basis); % This function solves the SABR at-the-money volatility equation as a % polynomial of Alpha alpharootsNormal = @(Rho,Nu) roots([... Beta2.*(Beta2 - 2)*T/24/CurrentForwardValue^(2 - 2*Beta2) ... Rho*Beta2*Nu*T/4/CurrentForwardValue^(1 - Beta2) ... (1 + (2 - 3*Rho^2)*Nu^2*T/24) ... -ATMVolatility*CurrentForwardValue^(-Beta2)]); % This function converts at-the-money volatility into Alpha by picking the % smallest positive real root atmNormalVol2SabrAlpha = @(Rho,Nu) min(real(arrayfun(@(x) ... x*(x>0) + realmax*(x<0 || abs(imag(x))>1e-6), alpharootsNormal(Rho,Nu)))); % Calibrate Rho and Nu (while converting at-the-money volatility into Alpha % using atmVol2NormalSabrAlpha) objFun = @(X) MarketVolatilities - ... normalvolbysabr(atmNormalVol2SabrAlpha(X(1), X(2)), ... Beta2, X(1), X(2), Settle, ExerciseDate, CurrentForwardValue, ... MarketStrikes, 'Basis', Basis); % If necessary, tolerances and stopping criteria can be adjusted for lsqnonlin X = lsqnonlin(objFun, [0 0.5], [-1 0], [1 Inf]);```
```Local minimum found. Optimization completed because the size of the gradient is less than the value of the optimality tolerance. ```
```Rho2 = X(1); Nu2 = X(2); % Obtain final Alpha from at-the-money volatility using calibrated parameters Alpha2 = atmNormalVol2SabrAlpha(Rho2, Nu2); % Display calibrated parameters C = {Alpha1 Beta1 Rho1 Nu1;Alpha2 Beta2 Rho2 Nu2}; format; CalibratedPrameters = cell2table(C,... 'VariableNames',{'Alpha' 'Beta' 'Rho' 'Nu'},... 'RowNames',{'Method 1';'Method 2'})```
```CalibratedPrameters=2×4 table Alpha Beta Rho Nu _________ ____ _________ _______ Method 1 0.0016332 0 -0.034233 0.45877 Method 2 0.0016652 0 -0.0318 0.44812 ```
### Use the Calibrated Models
Use the calibrated models to compute new volatilities at any strike value, including negative strikes.
Compute volatilities for models calibrated using Method 1 and Method 2, then plot the results. The model calibrated using Method 2 reproduces the market at-the-money volatility (marked with a circle) exactly.
```PlottingStrikes = (min(MarketStrikes)-0.0025:0.0001:max(MarketStrikes)+0.0025)'; % Compute volatilities for model calibrated by Method 1 ComputedVols1 = normalvolbysabr(Alpha1, Beta1, Rho1, Nu1, Settle, ... ExerciseDate, CurrentForwardValue, PlottingStrikes, 'Basis', Basis); % Compute volatilities for model calibrated by Method 2 ComputedVols2 = normalvolbysabr(Alpha2, Beta2, Rho2, Nu2, Settle, ... ExerciseDate, CurrentForwardValue, PlottingStrikes, 'Basis', Basis); figure; plot(MarketStrikes,MarketVolatilities*10000,'xk',... PlottingStrikes,ComputedVols1*10000,'b', ... PlottingStrikes,ComputedVols2*10000,'r', ... CurrentForwardValue,ATMVolatility*10000,'ok',... 'MarkerSize',10); h = gca; line([0,0],[min(h.YLim),max(h.YLim)],'LineStyle','--'); xlabel('Strike', 'FontWeight', 'bold'); ylabel('Implied Normal Volatility (bps)', 'FontWeight', 'bold'); legend('Market Volatilities', 'Normal SABR Model (Method 1)', ... 'Normal SABR Model (Method 2)', 'At-the-money volatility', ... 'Location', 'northwest');```
### References
[1] Hagan, P. S., Kumar, D., Lesniewski, A. S. and Woodward, D. E. "Managing smile risk." Wilmott Magazine, 2002.
[2] West, G. "Calibration of the SABR Model in Illiquid Markets." Applied Mathematical Finance, 12(4), pp. 371–385, 2004. | 2022-06-29 19:40:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 14, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7714283466339111, "perplexity": 2337.0096989510557}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103642979.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629180939-20220629210939-00448.warc.gz"} |
https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Mendel,_Johann_Gregor | # Mendel, Johann Gregor
This article Johann Gregor Mendel was adapted from an original article by Oscar Sheynin, which appeared in StatProb: The Encyclopedia Sponsored by Statistics and Probability Societies. The original article ([http://statprob.com/encyclopedia/JohannGregorMENDEL.html StatProb Source], Local Files: pdf | tex) is copyrighted by the author(s), the article has been donated to Encyclopedia of Mathematics, and its further issues are under Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License'. All pages from StatProb are contained in the Category StatProb.
Johann Gregor MENDEL
b. 22 July 1822 - d. 6 January 1884
Summary. Mendel was definitively recognized as the originator of genetics only in the 1930s. He was one of the first to apply statistical methods in biology.
Mendel was born in 1822 in Heinzendorf, Austria (now Hyn\u{c}ice, Czech Republic) into a peasant family of German--Czech origin. In 1834, having been an able pupil of a village school, he was moved to a local gymnasium. From 1838 he had to support himself by tutoring and he graduated in 1840. In 1843, after mental crises caused by strained circumstances and an uncertain future, he completed a two-year course at the Olmuetz (Olomouc) Philosophical Institute whose curriculum included mathematics (with some combinatorial analysis) and physics. Mendel was now entitled to study at a university; instead he entered the monastery in Brünn (Brno) (1843), thus freeing himself of financial worries and finding conditions for further study. He took the name Gregor, adding it to his Christian name, Johann.
In 1848 Mendel became curate but his sensitivity hindered his duties and in 1849 the Abbot appointed him substitute gymnasium teacher of mathematics, Latin and Greek. In 1850, nervous and lacking university education, he failed one of the examinations of teaching competence, and the monastery was advised to send him to Vienna. Mendel indeed studied mathematics and the natural sciences there (1851-1853). In 1854 he was appointed teacher of physics, zoology and botany at the Realschule in Brno and continued to carry out some ecclesiastic duties. In 1856 he failed his second teaching examination, this time only because of his bad health, but remained a highly respected (substitute) teacher. In 1868 Mendel was elected Abbot and gave up teaching. Ultimately he died of a kidney disease and cardiac hypertrophy in 1884.
Mendel held liberal views and in 1848 he co-signed a petition for granting civil rights to members of religious orders. From 1875 he objected to the unjust (in his opinion) taxation of his monastery.
During his lfe, Mendel participated in local agricultural affairs. His free advice on growing plants and fruit trees and on beekeeping (an occupation where he achieved practical progress, if not the desired confirmation of his theory in the animal kingdom) was greatly appreciated and his varieties of plants were grown locally for many decades. He was an active member of several provincial and national agricultural societies and a founding member of the Austrian Meteorological Society. In 1857 he began recording meteorological data. He promoted weather forecasting for farmers and he correctly explained the origin of tornadoes in 1871, although it went unnoticed at the time.
Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel studied the hybridization of peas, first testing 34 of their varieties for the constancy of traits, and selecting 22 of them. He always examined a large number of plants to eliminate "chance effects" and thoroughly planned his experiments.
Suppose $A$ and $a$ are the dominant and recessive alleles (possible genes) at a single locus of a plant, the phenotype (appearance) of whose seeds (say a round or angular pea) depends on the genetic composition at this locus. The possible genetic compositions (genotypes) are thus $AA$, $Aa$, and $aa$, but $Aa$ seeds have the same appearance as $AA$, and only the double-recessive seeds $aa$ have different phenotype. If we suppose that alleles $A$ and $a$ are equally represented in the genetic pool, random union of these to form the next generation of genotypes can be represented by $(A + a)^2 = AA + 2Aa + aa$, so that the genotypes $AA, Aa, aa$ are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 1, but the two distinguishable phenotypes are in the ratio 3 : 1. This reasoning is an application of Mendel's First Law (of independent assortment of alleles). Now suppose another locus with alleles $B, b$ determines another phenotypic feature (say yellow or green in peas), with $b$ recessive. Then the structure of the genetic material before random union can be represented by $(A + a)(B + b) = AB + aB + Ab + ab$, so that the 4 kinds of gametes exist in equal proportions. This reasoning is an application of Mendel's Second Law (of independent assortment). Random union of gametes then gives genotypic structure according to $(AB + aB + Ab + ab)^2$. The resulting genotypes $AABB, AaBB, AABb, AaBb, AAbb, Aabb, aaBB, aaBb, aabb$ are thus in the ratios 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1, but the distinct phenotypes (involving two physical characteristics) are in the ratios 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Mendel wrote out segregation ratios such as this even for seven pairs of different traits.
In the 1900's and, finally, in the 1930's, Mendel's work was recognized as marking the beginnings of genetics. And he was one of the first to apply the statistical method, to use algebraic notation and elements of combinatorial analysis in biology. Alexander Humboldt, at the beginning of the century, initiated another branch of biology - of botany - namely the geography of plants, intrinsically connected with statistics. Other predecessors of Mendel were Alphonse De Candolle (also in geography of plants) and even Maupertuis (see Glass, 1959).
Mendel could not have properly understood all the aspects of his findings, but he justified the existence of discrete hereditory factors (genes, as well as alleles and gametes, being later terms) and discovered the principles of their random segregation and recombination. He aimed at achieving practical results, but a simultaneous study of heredity could well have been at the back of his mind. Now we know that individuals of the same species usually have differing sets of genes, so that their offspring are (intraspecific) hybrids. Mendel's experiments with hybridization were therefore crucial for the latter purpose. After acquainting himself with Darwin's "Origin of Species not later than 1863, he stated in 1866 that research such as his own was important for the history of evolution of organic forms". Indeed, Darwin himself felt that he did not adequately explain evolution, and Mendel stated that something was lacking in his system.
Darwin did not hear about Mendel and would hardly have been able to understand his contemporary. He never used mathematical language and even wrote elongated" triangles rather than isosceles" ones. Indeed, biologists did not grasp Mendel's work at least up to the turn of the century; no wonder that his posthumous manuscripts at the monastery were burned. Biometricians did not recognize Mendel either; even in 1930 Karl Pearson (q.v.) considered it a largely unproven theory. They were interested in measuring correlation between parent and offspring with regard to some trait rather than studying the theory of heredity. However, according to a recent study (Magnello, 1998), Pearson in 1909 suggested a synthesis of biometry and Mendelism. Later, in 1926, Bernstein (q.v.) proved that under wide assumptions the Galton law of inheritance of quantitative traits was a corollary of the Mendelian laws (Kolmogorov, 1938).
The trustworthiness of Mendel's experiments had been questioned. Fisher (q.v.) (1936) concluded that Mendel had correctly described their layout, but that their data were biased. van der Waerden inferred that Mendel had followed a sequential procedure, so that Fisher's opinion was only partly correct and that Mendel was honest. Later authors noted that some biological facts (e.g. the failure of some seeds to germinate) exonerated Mendel still more. And indirect evidence including his meteorological work indicates that Mendel meticulously recorded his observations.
By 1935, the Soviet Union became a leading center of Mendelian research. Then, however, genetics was called an idealistic science contrary to dialectical materialism and rooted out. Even Kolmogorov was criticized for his defense of its principles. The situation did not change until the 1960's.
#### References
[1] J.G. Mendel: [2] 1913. Experiments in plant hybridization. In Bateson, W. Mendel's Principles of Heredity. Cambridge, pp. 317-361. First ed. 1909. Orig. publ. in German in 1866. [3] 1950. Letters to C. Naegeli (1866-1873). Genetics, 35, No. 5, pt. 2, 1-28. Orig. publ. in German in 1905. \medskip [4] Other authors: [5] de Beer, G. (1964, 1966). Mendel, Darwin and Fisher. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 19, 192-225; 21, 64-71. [6] Chetverikov, S.S. (1961). On certain aspects of the evolutionary process from the standpoint of modern genetics. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 105, 167-195. Orig. publ. in Russian in 1926. [7] Fisher, R.A. (1930). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. [8] Fisher, R.A. (1936). Has Mendel's work been rediscovered? Annals of Science, 1, 115-137. [9] Glass, B. (1959). Maupertuis. In Forerunners of Darwin: 1745-1859. Eds, B. Glass et al., Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 51-83. [10] Iltis, H.B. (1966). Life of Mendel, New York. Orig. publ. in German in 1924. [11] Kolmogorov, A.N. (1938). The theory of probability and its applications (Russian). In Matematika i estestvoznanie v SSSR, Moscow, 51-61 (see § 1). [12] Mackenzie, D.A. (1981). Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930. Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh. [13] Magnello, M.E. (1998). Karl Pearson's mathematization of inheritance from ancestral heredity to Mendelian genetics (1895-1909). Annals of Science, 55, 35-94. [14] Orel, V. (1996). Gregor Mendel, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. [15] Sheynin, O.B. (1980). On the history of the statistical method in biology. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 22, 323-371. [16] Sheynin, O.B. (1998). Statistics in the Soviet epoch. Jahrbucher für Nationalökonomie und Statistick, 217, 529-549. [17] van der Waerden, B.L. (1968). Mendel's experiments. Centaurus, 12, 275-288.
Reprinted with permission from Christopher Charles Heyde and Eugene William Seneta (Editors), Statisticians of the Centuries, Springer-Verlag Inc., New York, USA.
How to Cite This Entry:
Mendel, Johann Gregor. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Mendel,_Johann_Gregor&oldid=39232 | 2017-09-23 00:15:49 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6815803050994873, "perplexity": 5215.143195235966}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689411.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922235700-20170923015700-00531.warc.gz"} |
http://leiterianevada.com.br/bindweed-killer-zgvhjpd/carbon-%2B-oxygen-%3D-carbon-dioxide-balanced-equation-82955c | # carbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide balanced equation
The balanced equation (formula) that represents cellular respiration is: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 38 ATP , or: ADVERTISEMENT. Carbon and oxygen are the reactants, and carbon dioxide is the product. e) Ammonium nitrate → Nitrogen + Carbon dioxide + water. If you start with 100 g of hydrogen that reacts in this entire process in an excess of carbon dioxide and oxygen … What volume of oxygen at 25∘C and 760. mm Hg is required to react with 15.0 L of carbon … Oxygen balance (OB, or OB%) is an expression that is used to indicate the degree to which an explosive can be oxidized.If an explosive molecule contains just enough oxygen to form carbon dioxide from carbon, water from hydrogen atoms, all of its sulfur dioxide from sulfur, and all metal oxides from metals with no excess, the molecule is said to have a zero oxygen balance. carbon monoxide (g) + oxygen(g) -> carbon dioxide(g). youliya. 1 calcium atom. iron (III) oxide is formed when iron combines with oxygen in the air. When there are fewer oxygen atoms present, carbon monoxide or carbon may be produced during combustion. The Balanced Equation For This Reaction Is: 2 C4H10 (g) + 13 O2 (g) 8 CO2 (g) + 10 H2O (g) If 8 Moles Of Butane (C4H10) React, The Reaction Consumes ? Type of equation. Carbon dioxide is {eq}\rm CO_2{/eq} for the same reason as explained for carbon disulfide above. Carbon + Oxygen = carbon dioxide. 3 Educator answers (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). In this case there are two extra hydrogen atoms and one extra oxygen atoms on the left side of the equation. First notice that the C’s are initially balanced. carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen. Carbon monoxide burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide. Balanced equation for carbon and oxygen please? Favorite Answer. So we put a 4 in front of the CO on the RHS to give: $CO_2+O_2 \Rightarrow 4CO$. The balanced chemical reaction is 2C_8H_18 + 25O_2 -> 16CO_2 + 18H_2O Here's a nice diagram of this reaction I've found on a French forum The chemical reaction described is C_8H_18 + 12.5O_2 -> 8CO_2 + 9H_2O 0-a X . C + O2 -----> CO2. What is plot of the story Sinigang by Marby Villaceran? Write a balanced chemical equation for carbon dioxide reacting with hydrogen gas (H2) to produce methane and water. Moles Of Oxygen The Reaction Produces ? Provide a balanced chemical equation. it contains 70.5% carbon, 11.5% hydrogen, and 10.4% oxygen by mass. View Answer. Then write the equation for the combustion of methane. The reaction requires energy in the form of light to overcome the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed. Chemistry. 199)+ 12.011 = 44.009. Express your answer as a balanced chemical equation. The equation for the reaction of carbon and oxygen to form carbon dioxide is deceptively easy to write. Answer Save. Picture equation. Sugar + 1202 – 11H20 + 12C02 1.sugar has (11,12,22,24,34) carbon atoms? ... Give balanced equations for the following chemical reaction : coke and steam. 1 carbon atom. ii) Change … Lv 5. Agent Ruganiego otwiera temat odejścia swojego klienta Reaction Type. file i00902 Question 6 When butane (C4H10) is burned with oxygen (O2) under ideal conditions, the products are water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Word equation. But there are four O’s on the LHS and only one O on the RHS. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction. C4H10 + O2 → CO2 + H2O .Find a balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Lv 7. science. At 100 °C in a vacuum, the monohydrate will yield BaO and water. New questions in Chemistry. In the reaction, the bonds in the methane and oxygen come apart, the atoms rearrange and then re-bond to form water and carbon dioxide. A compound containg 3 atoms of carbon and 8 atoms of hydrogen is combined in a reaction with oxygen molecules. 3 Answers. On the right side there are: 1 calcium atom. If we try something similar for the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water, however, we run into a bit of a problem. If the oxide anion carries a negative two charge, the oxidation state of the carbon in each of the monoxide and dioxide is clear. 3 oxygen atoms. Carbon Dioxide And Water Are Produced. Balanced equation : C + O2 = CO2. EASY. Add your answer and earn points. Explanation Explanation Check Check What mass of carbon dioxide was produced? Potassium hydroxide react with carbon dioxide. Question: Carbon Dioxide Gas Is Obtained By The Reaction Of Solid Carbon And Oxygen Gas. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3). This formula could also be read as: Glucose + oxygen –> water + carbon dioxide + energy. The balanced chemical equation that represents the reaction between carbon and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide is : A. how many grams of Fe2O3 are formed when 16.7g of Fe reacts completely with oxygen? For the question above use the following instructions :-i) Form the system of linear equations. 5 ? Picture equation. Write A Balanced Chemical Equation For This Reaction. Write a balanced equation showing all reactants and all reaction products in the proper proportions. How are the 3 mutated strands similar to each other? Relevance. The reaction arrow means “react to form.” Special reaction conditions are often written above the reaction arrow. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(grams) => 2Fe2O3(s) chemistry | 2021-04-15 11:03:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6679893136024475, "perplexity": 2210.3668898906863}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084765.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415095505-20210415125505-00089.warc.gz"} |
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/284503/modeling-failure-events-in-time-series-environmental-data | # Modeling failure “events” in time-series environmental data
I collect time series wind speed data. Occasionally, the anemometers that collect this data break. I have flag "events" in place to notify me when this occurs - they are very rudimentary, for example, when a sensor breaks, it will return flat line data. So I have code that checks for wind speed data < 1 m/s. Usually the sensors are not broken - flat line happened because temperature is below freezing or the wind is simply not blowing.
The problem: Many false positives.
Current solution is very rudimentary and rule based. Example pseudocode might be:
if windspeed < 1 AND temp < 0:
return "Broken Sensor"
I have maybe 20 of these rules but I would like to develop a ML classifier that is more sophisticated. I thought about a decision tree where the features might be:
• Wind Speed
• Temperature
• Barometric Pressure
• Boolean: Is another sensor at the same height reading a similar value
And I would be seeking to predict whether the failure event is either False Flag or Real Event
However, this would model each time-stamp in the data as it's own separate row independent of each other, when in actuality my data is time series.
My questions:
• Are there effective methods for modeling time series with decision trees?
• Would you recommend another model altogether?
• Should the data be modeling with booleans or actual values? For example, instead having temperature, I could just use boolean for freezing v. not freezing. Or does this matter?
I have wind direction and standard deviation data as well, maybe that could help predict as well. | 2019-10-17 02:50:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2872175872325897, "perplexity": 2120.038747234781}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986672548.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017022259-20191017045759-00023.warc.gz"} |
http://www.manpagez.com/info/guile/guile-2.0.5/guile_149.php | manpagez: man pages & more
info guile
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### 6.6.3 Characters
In Scheme, there is a data type to describe a single character.
Defining what exactly a character is can be more complicated than it seems. Guile follows the advice of R6RS and uses The Unicode Standard to help define what a character is. So, for Guile, a character is anything in the Unicode Character Database.
The Unicode Character Database is basically a table of characters indexed using integers called ’code points’. Valid code points are in the ranges 0 to #xD7FF inclusive or #xE000 to #x10FFFF inclusive, which is about 1.1 million code points.
Any code point that has been assigned to a character or that has otherwise been given a meaning by Unicode is called a ’designated code point’. Most of the designated code points, about 200,000 of them, indicate characters, accents or other combining marks that modify other characters, symbols, whitespace, and control characters. Some are not characters but indicators that suggest how to format or display neighboring characters.
If a code point is not a designated code point – if it has not been assigned to a character by The Unicode Standard – it is a ’reserved code point’, meaning that they are reserved for future use. Most of the code points, about 800,000, are ’reserved code points’.
By convention, a Unicode code point is written as “U+XXXX” where “XXXX” is a hexadecimal number. Please note that this convenient notation is not valid code. Guile does not interpret “U+XXXX” as a character.
In Scheme, a character literal is written as #\name where name is the name of the character that you want. Printable characters have their usual single character name; for example, #\a is a lower case a.
Some of the code points are ’combining characters’ that are not meant to be printed by themselves but are instead meant to modify the appearance of the previous character. For combining characters, an alternate form of the character literal is #\ followed by U+25CC (a small, dotted circle), followed by the combining character. This allows the combining character to be drawn on the circle, not on the backslash of #\.
Many of the non-printing characters, such as whitespace characters and control characters, also have names.
The most commonly used non-printing characters have long character names, described in the table below.
Character Name Codepoint #\nul U+0000 #\alarm u+0007 #\backspace U+0008 #\tab U+0009 #\linefeed U+000A #\newline U+000A #\vtab U+000B #\page U+000C #\return U+000D #\esc U+001B #\space U+0020 #\delete U+007F
There are also short names for all of the “C0 control characters” (those with code points below 32). The following table lists the short name for each character.
0 = #\nul 1 = #\soh 2 = #\stx 3 = #\etx 4 = #\eot 5 = #\enq 6 = #\ack 7 = #\bel 8 = #\bs 9 = #\ht 10 = #\lf 11 = #\vt 12 = #\ff 13 = #\cr 14 = #\so 15 = #\si 16 = #\dle 17 = #\dc1 18 = #\dc2 19 = #\dc3 20 = #\dc4 21 = #\nak 22 = #\syn 23 = #\etb 24 = #\can 25 = #\em 26 = #\sub 27 = #\esc 28 = #\fs 29 = #\gs 30 = #\rs 31 = #\us 32 = #\sp
The short name for the “delete” character (code point U+007F) is #\del.
There are also a few alternative names left over for compatibility with previous versions of Guile.
Alternate Standard #\nl #\newline #\np #\page #\null #\nul
Characters may also be written using their code point values. They can be written with as an octal number, such as #\10 for #\bs or #\177 for #\del.
If one prefers hex to octal, there is an additional syntax for character escapes: #\xHHHH – the letter ’x’ followed by a hexadecimal number of one to eight digits.
Scheme Procedure: char? x
C Function: scm_char_p (x)
Return #t iff x is a character, else #f.
Fundamentally, the character comparison operations below are numeric comparisons of the character’s code points.
Scheme Procedure: char=? x y
Return #t iff code point of x is equal to the code point of y, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char<? x y
Return #t iff the code point of x is less than the code point of y, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char<=? x y
Return #t iff the code point of x is less than or equal to the code point of y, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char>? x y
Return #t iff the code point of x is greater than the code point of y, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char>=? x y
Return #t iff the code point of x is greater than or equal to the code point of y, else #f.
Case-insensitive character comparisons use Unicode case folding. In case folding comparisons, if a character is lowercase and has an uppercase form that can be expressed as a single character, it is converted to uppercase before comparison. All other characters undergo no conversion before the comparison occurs. This includes the German sharp S (Eszett) which is not uppercased before conversion because its uppercase form has two characters. Unicode case folding is language independent: it uses rules that are generally true, but, it cannot cover all cases for all languages.
Scheme Procedure: char-ci=? x y
Return #t iff the case-folded code point of x is the same as the case-folded code point of y, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char-ci<? x y
Return #t iff the case-folded code point of x is less than the case-folded code point of y, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char-ci<=? x y
Return #t iff the case-folded code point of x is less than or equal to the case-folded code point of y, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char-ci>? x y
Return #t iff the case-folded code point of x is greater than the case-folded code point of y, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char-ci>=? x y
Return #t iff the case-folded code point of x is greater than or equal to the case-folded code point of y, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char-alphabetic? chr
C Function: scm_char_alphabetic_p (chr)
Return #t iff chr is alphabetic, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char-numeric? chr
C Function: scm_char_numeric_p (chr)
Return #t iff chr is numeric, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char-whitespace? chr
C Function: scm_char_whitespace_p (chr)
Return #t iff chr is whitespace, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char-upper-case? chr
C Function: scm_char_upper_case_p (chr)
Return #t iff chr is uppercase, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char-lower-case? chr
C Function: scm_char_lower_case_p (chr)
Return #t iff chr is lowercase, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char-is-both? chr
C Function: scm_char_is_both_p (chr)
Return #t iff chr is either uppercase or lowercase, else #f.
Scheme Procedure: char-general-category chr
C Function: scm_char_general_category (chr)
Return a symbol giving the two-letter name of the Unicode general category assigned to chr or #f if no named category is assigned. The following table provides a list of category names along with their meanings.
Lu Uppercase letter Pf Final quote punctuation Ll Lowercase letter Po Other punctuation Lt Titlecase letter Sm Math symbol Lm Modifier letter Sc Currency symbol Lo Other letter Sk Modifier symbol Mn Non-spacing mark So Other symbol Mc Combining spacing mark Zs Space separator Me Enclosing mark Zl Line separator Nd Decimal digit number Zp Paragraph separator Nl Letter number Cc Control No Other number Cf Format Pc Connector punctuation Cs Surrogate Pd Dash punctuation Co Private use Ps Open punctuation Cn Unassigned Pe Close punctuation Pi Initial quote punctuation
Scheme Procedure: char->integer chr
C Function: scm_char_to_integer (chr)
Return the code point of chr.
Scheme Procedure: integer->char n
C Function: scm_integer_to_char (n)
Return the character that has code point n. The integer n must be a valid code point. Valid code points are in the ranges 0 to #xD7FF inclusive or #xE000 to #x10FFFF inclusive.
Scheme Procedure: char-upcase chr
C Function: scm_char_upcase (chr)
Return the uppercase character version of chr.
Scheme Procedure: char-downcase chr
C Function: scm_char_downcase (chr)
Return the lowercase character version of chr.
Scheme Procedure: char-titlecase chr
C Function: scm_char_titlecase (chr)
Return the titlecase character version of chr if one exists; otherwise return the uppercase version.
For most characters these will be the same, but the Unicode Standard includes certain digraph compatibility characters, such as U+01F3 “dz”, for which the uppercase and titlecase characters are different (U+01F1 “DZ” and U+01F2 “Dz” in this case, respectively).
C Function: scm_t_wchar scm_c_upcase (scm_t_wchar c)
C Function: scm_t_wchar scm_c_downcase (scm_t_wchar c)
C Function: scm_t_wchar scm_c_titlecase (scm_t_wchar c)
These C functions take an integer representation of a Unicode codepoint and return the codepoint corresponding to its uppercase, lowercase, and titlecase forms respectively. The type scm_t_wchar is a signed, 32-bit integer.
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This document was generated on February 3, 2012 using texi2html 5.0. | 2015-01-31 08:32:19 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5822460651397705, "perplexity": 12405.283466739238}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118108509.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124164828-00152-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://hamsal.github.io/2014/07/11/Sparse-Target-Data-for-One-vs-Rest-Classifiers/ | ### Hamzeh Alsalhi's blog
For introduction see: Sparse Support for scikit-learn Project Outline
Going forward with sparse support for various classifiers I have been working on a pull request for sparse one vs. rest classifiers that will allow for sparse target data formats. This will results in a significant improvement in memory usage when working with large amount of sparse target data, a benchmark is given bellow to measure the. Ultimately what this means for users is that using the same amount of system memory it will be possible to train and predict with a ovr classifier on a larger target data set. A big thank you to both Arnaud and Joel for the close inspection of my code so far and the suggestions for improving it!
# Implementation
The One vs. Rest classier works by binarizing the target data and fitting an individual classifier for each class. The implementation of sparse target data support improves memory usage because it uses a sparse binarizer to give a binary target data matrix that is highly space efficient.
By avoiding a dense binarized matrix we can slice the one column at a time required for a classifier and densify only when necessary. At no point will the entire dense matrix be present in memory. The benchmark that follows illustrates this.
# Benchmark
A significant part of the work on this pull request has involved devising benchmarks to validate intuition about the improvements provided, Arnaud has contributed the benchmark that is presented here to showcase the memory improvements.
By using the module memory_profiler we can see how the fit and predict functions of the ovr classifier affect the memory consumption. In the following examples we initialize a classifier and fit it to the train dataset we provide in one step, then we predict on a test dataset. We first run a control benchmark which shows the state of one vs. rest classifiers as they are without this pull request. The second benchmark repeats the same steps but instead of using dense target data it passes the target data to the fit function in a sparse format.
The dataset used is generated with scikit-learns make multilabel classification, and is generated with the following call: from sklearn.datasets import make_multilabel_classification
This results in a densely formatted target dataset with a sparsity of about 0.001
## Control Benchmark
est = OneVsRestClassifier(MultinomialNB(alpha=1)).fit(X, y) consumes 179.824 MB
est.predict(X) consumes -73.969 MB. The negative value indicates that data has been deleted from memory.
## Sparse OvR PR Benchmark
est = OneVsRestClassifier(MultinomialNB(alpha=1)).fit(X, y) consumes 27.426 MB
est.predict(X) consumes 0.180 MB
## Improvement
Considering the memory consumption for each case as 180 MB and 30 MB we see a 6x improvement in peak memory consumption with the data set we benchmarked.
# Upcoming Pull Request
The next focus in my summer of code after finalizing the sparse one vs. rest classifier will be to introduce sparse target data support for the knn and dummy classifiers which have built in support for multiclass target data. I have begun the knn pull request 3350. Implementing a row wise mode calculation for sparse matrices will be the main challenge of the knn PR. | 2019-03-19 19:45:48 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24471375346183777, "perplexity": 1861.0986034284626}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202125.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319183735-20190319205735-00529.warc.gz"} |
https://www.intechopen.com/books/adaptive-optics-progress/a-unified-approach-to-analyse-anisoplanatism-of-adaptive-optical-systems | Open access peer-reviewed chapter
# A Unified Approach to Analysing the Anisoplanatism of Adaptive Optical Systems
By Jingyuan Chen and Xiang Chang
Submitted: May 3rd 2012Reviewed: October 23rd 2012Published: December 18th 2012
DOI: 10.5772/54602
## 1. Introduction
To improve the quality of a laser beam propagating in atmospheric turbulence or to improve the resolution of turbulence-limited optical systems, adaptive optics (AO) (Hardy 1998; Tyson 2011) has been developed. In classical AO systems, the compensation is realized by real-time detection of the turbulence-induced perturbations from a source (beacon) using a wave-front sensing device and then removing them by adding a conjugated item on the same path using a wave-front compensating device.
However, the perturbations caused by the beacon and the target may not be the same, so when the perturbations measured by the beacon are used to compensate the perturbations caused by the target, the compensation performance is degraded. These effects are referred to as anisoplanatism (Sasiela 1992). Anisoplanatic effects are present if there is a spatial separation between the target and beacon (Fried 1982), a spatial separation between the wave-front sensing and compensating apertures (Whiteley, Welsh et al. 1998), when time delays in the system cause the beacon phase and the target phase to be only partially corrected due to atmospheric winds or motion of the system components (Fried 1990) or when the beacon and target have different properties such as distributed size (Fried 1995; Stroud 1996) or wavelength (Wallner 1977), and so on.
Conventionally, all kinds of anisoplanatic effects are studied individually, assuming that they are statistically uncorrelated, and the total effects are obtained by summing them all together when necessary (Gavel, Morris et al. 1994). This conventional approach has a rich history dating back to the earliest days of AO technology and has obtained many good results. But this approach is very limited, because for actual applications of AO systems, many kinds of anisoplanatic effects exist simultaneously and are dependent on each other (Tyler 1994). It is increasingly obvious that these methods are inadequate to treat the diverse nature of new AO applications and the concept of anisoplanatism, and the associated analysis methods must be expanded to treat these new systems so their performance may be properly assessed.
Although anisoplanatism takes many forms, it can be quantified universally by the correlative properties of the turbulence-induced phase. Therefore, instead of investigating a particular form of anisoplanatism, this paper concentrates on constructing a unified approach to analyse general anisoplanatic effects and their effects on the performance of AO systems. For the sake of brevity, we will consider only the case of classic single-conjugate AO systems and not consider the case of a multi-conjugate AO system (Ragazzoni, Le Roux et al. 2005).
In section 2 the most general analysis geometry with two spatially-separated apertures and two spatially-separated sources is introduced. In section 3, we introduce the transverse spectral filtering method which will be used to develop the unified approach for anisoplanatism in this chapter and the general expression of the anisoplanatic wave-front variance will be introduced. In section 4, some special geometries will be analysed. Under these special geometries, the scaling laws and the related characteristic quantities widely used in the AO field, such as Fried’s parameter, the Greenwood frequency, the Tyler frequency, the isoplanatic angle, the isokinetic angle, etc., can be reproduced and generalized. In section 5, two specific AO systems will be studied to illustrate the application of the unified approach described in this chapter. One of these systems is an adaptive-optical bi-static lunar laser ranging system and the other is an LGS AO system where, besides the tip-tilt components, the defocus is also corrected by the NGS subsystem. Simple conclusions are drawn in section 6.
## 2. General analysis geometry
In the development that follows, we will employ the geometry shown in Figure 1, which is introduced by Whiteley et al. (Whiteley, Roggemann et al. 1998). This geometry shows two apertures, including sensing aperture and compensation aperture, whose position vectors are given by rsand rc. Two optical sources, including target and beacon, are located by position vectors rtand rb, respectively. The position vectors of the two apertures and the two sources share a fixed coordinate system. A vertical atmospheric turbulence layer, located at altitude z, is also shown in Figure 1.
The projected separation of the aperture centres in this turbulence layer is given by
sz=γzd+γz-αzrs+Atczrt-AbszrbE1
where d=rc-rsis the distance of two apertures, Abszand Atczare the layer scaling factors given by Absz=z-rsz^/rb-rsz^and Atcz=z-rcz^/rt-rcz^, while αzand γzare propagating factors of beacon and target, and defined by αz=1-Absz, and γz=1-Atcz.
Under some hypotheses, these expressions can be further simplified. We suppose two apertures are at the same altitudes and select the centre of the sensing aperture as the origin of coordinates. We express the positions of target and beacon with the zenith angle and altitude as ( θ → t , L) and (θb, H), respectively. We notice that in studying anisoplanatic effects, the offsets angular is very small in general (Welsh and Gardner 1991), i.e., θ1, then Eq. (1) is well approximated by
sz=γzd+zθE2
where θ=θt-θbis the angular separation between target and beacon. At the same time, the propagating factors can be simplified to αz=1-z/H, and γz=1-z/L.
Further, if we consider delayed-time (τ) of the compensating process, then the projected separation can be expressed as
sz=γzd+zθ+vzτE3
where vzis the vector of wind velocity in this turbulent layer.
The above is the most general geometric relationship of AO systems. Depending on the conditions of application, more simple geometry can often be used to consider the anisoplanatism of AO systems. Some examples are showed in Figure 2. When the target is sufficiently bright, wave-front perturbation can be measured by directly observing the target. Thus an ideal compensation can be obtained and no anisoplanatism exists. This case is showed in Figure 2(a). In general, the target we are interested in is too dim to provide wave-front sensing, another bright beacon in the vicinity of the target must be used, as depicted in Figure 2(b). In this case, the so-called angular anisoplanatism exits (Fried 1982). In more general cases, a naturally existed object (NGS) cannot be find appropriately, to use AO systems, artificial beacons (LGS) must be created to obtained the wave-front perturbations (Happer, Macdonald et al. 1994; Foy, Migus et al. 1995). Then so called focal anisoplanatism (Buscher, Love et al. 2002; Muller, Michau et al. 2011) appears because of an altitude difference between LGS and target, as depicted in Figure 2(c). Figure 2(d) illustrates that a special anisoplanatism will be induced when a distributed source is used as the AO beacon because it is different from a pure point source (Stroud 1996). Distributed beacons are often occurred, for example, a LGS will wander and expand as a distributed source because of the effects of atmospheric turbulence when the laser is projected upward from the ground (Marc, de Chatellus et al. 2009). In Figure 2(e), the anisoplanatism induced by a separation of the wave-front sensing and compensation aperture is illustrated. With many applications, such as airborne lasers, the separated apertures are indispensable because of the moving platform (Whiteley, Roggemann et al. 1998). Figure 2(f) illustrates a hybrid case, in which many anisoplanatic effects coexist at the same time.
All these special anisoplanatic effects are degenerated cases and can be analysed under general geometry. In the following section, we will construct the general formularies of anisoplanatic variance under the most general geometry.
## 3. Transverse spectral filtering method and general expressions of corrected (anisoplanatic) wave-front variance
Sasiela and Shelton developed a very effective analytical method to solve the problem of wave propagating in atmospheric turbulence (Sasiela 2007). This method uses Rytov’s weak fluctuation theory and the filtering concept in the spatial-frequency domain for coordinates transverse to the propagation direction. In the most general case, the variance of a turbulence-induced phase-related quantity for the propagating waves, when diffraction is ignored, can be written as:
σ2=2πk020LdzΦκ,zfκ,zdκE4
where L is the propagation distance and k0is the space wave number, which when related to wavelength λ by k0=2π/λ; Φκ,zis two-dimensional transverse power spectrum of fluctuated refractive-index at the plane vertical to the direction of wave propagation and κ=κ,φ; fκ,zis the transverse spectral filter function related to this calculated quantity, whose explicit form can be determined by the corresponding physical processes.
For the atmospheric turbulence, the two-dimensional transverse power spectrum of fluctuated refractive-index can generally be written as:
Φκ,z=0.033Cn2zgκκ-11/3E5
where Cn2zis refractive-index structure parameter which is allowed to vary along the propagation path, and gκis the normalized spectrum. If gκ=1, then the classic Kolmogrov spectrum is obtained.
Now substitute Eq. (5) into Eq. (4), and sequentially perform the integration of wave vector κ=κ,φat the angular and radial components (Sasiela and Shelton 1993), then the variance reduces to
σ2=0.4147πk020LdzCn2zIFzE6
in which radial and angular integration can be written respectively as:
IFz=0Fκ,zgκκ-8/3dκE7
Fκ,z=12π02πfκ,zdφE8
To evaluate the integral Eq. (6), the expression of the filter function must be given. We will introduce the anisoplanatic filter function for general geometry illustrated in Figure 1. The anisoplanatic filter function can be created from some complex filter functions, describing the process related to the observed target and beacon respectively, by taking the absolute value squared of their difference.
Clearly, when zH, the anisoplanatic filter function is
fκ,z=Gγzκ2E9
While when z<H, this item can be expressed as:
fκ,z=Gγzκexpiκsz-GαzκGsκ,z2E10
In above two equations, Gκis the complex filter function corresponding to the wanted quantity, while Gsκ,zis a complex function which can describe the characteristic of the beacon (such as distributed or point-like). When writing this equation, we have supposed that the main physical processes are linear and their complex filter function can be cascaded to form the total filter functions.
Below we list some explicit expressions of complex filter functions.
The transverse complex filter function for a uniform, circular source with angular diameter θr, can be expressed as:
Gsκ,z=2J1κθrz/κθrzE11
Here Jnis the nth-order of Bessel function of the first kind; Similarly, the filter function for a Gaussian intensity distribution with 1/eradius θr, has a complex filter function
Gsκ,z=exp-κθrz2/2E12
We also notice that for a point-like beacon, the filter function is simply 1.
For the global phase, the complex filter function is
Gϕκ,ρ=expi κρE13
The expression of the complex filter function for Zernike mode Z(m,n) depends on its radial (n) and azimuthal (m) order. For m=0, it can be written as:
Gn,0κ=-1n/2NnκE14
For m0, it is given by
Gn,mxκGn,myκ=im2-1n-m/2NnκcosmφsinmφE15
In previous two equations, D is the diameter of aperture and
Nnκ=2n+1Jn+1κD/2/κD/2E16
By the above complex filter functions, the expressions of anisoplanatic filter functions of global phase and its Zernike modes can be established explicitly.
For the total phase, When zH, from Eq. (9) and Eq. (13), it is
Fϕκ,z=1E17
While when z<H, from Eq. (10) and Eq. (13), the result is
Fϕκ,z=1-2N0γz-αzκGsκ,zJ0szκ+Gs2κ,zE18
Similarly, the anisoplanatic filter functions for Zernike modes can also be established. For the case z<H, when m=0, it can be given by the expression
Fn,0κ,z=Nn2γzκ+Nn2αzκGs2κ,z-2NnγzκNnαzκGsκ,zJ0szκE19
When m0, for the x, y component of Zernike mode, we can write their anisoplanatic filter functions as follows:
Fn,mxκ,z=Nn2γzκ+Nn2αzκGs2κ,z+-2NnγzκNnαzκGsκ,z J0szκ--1mJ2mszκE20
Fn,mxκ,z=Nn2γzκ+Nn2αzκGs2κ,z-2NnγzκNnαzκGsκ,z J0szκ+-1mJ2mszκE21
It is easy to find that if we define a new quantity as follows:
Fn,mκ,z=Fn,mxκ,z+Fn,myκ,zE22
then we can obtain
Fn,mκ,z = Cm[Nn2γzκ+Nn2αzκ Gs2κ,z-2 Nnγzκ Nnαzκ Gsκ,z J0sz κ]E23
Where Cmis a constant factor related to the azimuthal order m. If m=0, then Cm=1; otherwise Cm=2.
Similarly for the case zH, the corresponding result is
Fn,mκ,z=CmNn2γzκE24
## 4. Some special cases
In the previous section the transverse anisoplanatic spectral filter functions for the general geometry of adaptive optical systems have been established. In this section we consider some special geometric cases, where asymptotic solutions of integrals can be obtained.
### 4.1. The anisoplanatism induced by separated apertures and its related characteristic distances
We first consider a simple case, where only the anisoplanatism induced by two separated apertures exists and the others are ignored. Let τ=0, θ=0, Gsκ,z=1, and L=H=+(i.e., γz=αz=1), and taking into account the limitation limx0N0x=1, then Eq. (18) and Eq. (23) reduce to
Fϕκ,z=21-J0κdE25
Fn,mκ,z=2CmNn2κ1-J0κdE26
The anisoplanatic phase variance is easily obtained. Substituting Eq. (25) into Eq. (6), and using the Kolmogrov spectrum, i.e., gκ=1, the integral is equal to
σϕ2=d/d05/3E27
Here we have calibrated the variance with a new characteristic distance d0, defined as
d0=0.526 k0-6/5μ0-3/5E28
This is about 1/3 of the atmospheric coherence length r0=0.423k02μ0-3/5, Where μmrepresents the mth (full) turbulence moments. From Eq. (27), we find that the anisoplanatic variance induced by separated apertures meets the 5/3 power scaling law with the distance of separated apertures.
For AO systems, the piston phase variance is not meaningful and can be removed from the total variance. Their difference, i.e., the piston-removed phase variance, cannot be expressed analytically for arbitrary distances, while for very small and very large distance their asymptotic solutions can be found. We first calculate in these limitations the wave vector integral of the piston-removed anisoplanatic phase filter function Iϕeff,aniso=Iϕ-I0, which can be found easily from the Eq. (79) and (80) in Appendix with n=0.
When dD, expanding Iϕeff,anisoto second order of D/d, the result is
Iϕeff,aniso ~ D25/3-4 Γ-5/6Γ7/3π Γ17/6Γ23/6-Γ1/64 Γ5/6Dd1/3E29
While dD, expanding it to fourth-order of d/D, the result is
Iϕeff,aniso ~-Γ-5/6Γ11/6D25/3dD5/3+Γ7/3Γ-5/6π Γ17/6Γ23/6D25/3dD25142541472dD2-935144E30
On the other hand, the wave vector integral of the piston-removed phase filter function for a single wave beam is easy to find and can be expressed as:
Iϕeff,single=-2 Γ-5/6Γ7/3π Γ17/6Γ23/6D25/3E31
From the above equations we find that in the limitation of dDthe piston-removed anisoplanatic phase variance tends to be twice that of the piston-removed phase variance of a single wave. This is predictable, because when the separated distance of apertures is large enough, the correlation of waves from two separated aperture is gradually lost, and these beams are statistically independent of each other. We also find in the limitation of dDthe piston-removed anisoplanatic phase variance remains the 5/3 power scaling law with the separated distance, which is same as that for the total phase in Eq. (27).
There are many ways to define a related characteristic distance. For an AO system, if the piston-removed anisoplanatic phase variance is greater than the same quantity for a single wave, that is to say
σϕeff,aniso2dD>σϕeff,single2E32
Then the compensation is ineffective and the AO system is not needed. We can define the uncorrected distance duncof two separated apertures as the smallest distance satisfied above inequality. Using Eq. (30), Eq. (31) and Eq. (32), an approximation of this characteristic distance can be given by dunc=0.828D.
On the other hand, to achieve a better performance, the residual error of corrected wave must be small enough. Similar to the isoplanatic angle, we can define the isoplanatic distance as the separated distance of apertures at which the residual error is an exact unit. From the scaling law of Eq. (27), this distance is same as d0, i.e., diso=d0.
The above two characteristic distances (duncand diso) give different restrictions to an apertures-separated AO system. Other characteristic distances can also be defined. For example, for such an AO system, we can define the effective corrected distance (deff) as the separated distance of apertures at which the AO system can work effectively. Obviously this distance can be determined by the smaller of the above two characteristic distances, namely,
deff=Mindiso,duncE33
In general, the inequality diso<duncis always satisfied, so the effective corrected distance is deff=diso=d0.
Similar to the above analysis and definitions for total phase, anisoplanatic variances and related characteristic distances can be determined for arbitrary Zernike modes. The final result is complex and can be expressed with generalized hypergeometric functions (Andrews 1998). In order to obtain a simpler close solution, we consider the limit case of very large or very small separating distance.
From Eq. (80), in the limitation dD, the integral is approximately equal to
In,mz=Cm11 Γ7/3Γn+1/6(1+n)28/3π Γ17/6Γ17/6+ndD2D5/3E34
Furthermore, performing the integration at the propagating path, the asymptotic value of the anisoplanatic phase variance for Zernike mode Z(m,n) is obtained as follows:
σn,m2= 0.879Cmk02(1+n)Γn+1/6Γn+17/6D1/3μ0d2E35
If we defined the isoplanatic distance of the Zernike mode Z(m,n) dn,m;isoas the distance satisfied the condition σn,m2=1, then the variance can be calibrated as:
σn,m2=d/dn,m;iso2E36
This characteristic distance can be determined as follows:
dn,m;iso= 1.067k0Γn+17/6 D1/3Cmμ0n+1Γn+1/6E37
For a single beam, the expression corresponding to Eq. (34) is (n1)
In,m;singlez=Γ7/3Γn-5/6(1+n) Cm22/3π Γ17/6Γn+23/6D5/3E38
From Eq. (34) and Eq. (37), and another inequality similar to Eq. (32), the uncorrected distance of the Zernike mode Z(m,n) can be defined as:
dn,m;unc=12D/11(6n-5)(6n+17)E39
Similarly, the effective distance of the Zernike mode Z(m,n) can be defined as (at n1):
dn;eff=Minmdn,m;iso,dn,m;uncE40
When the separated distance of the two apertures is smaller than this characteristic distance, the Zernike mode Z(m,n) of turbulence-induced phase can be compensated effectively by the AO system. In Eq. (40), the Minimum operator is evaluated throughout all the field of m, so the result is no longer dependent on m.
In Figure 3, we show the typical values of the characteristic distances dn;effdefined above for the separated-apertures-induced anisoplanatism with D=1.2m. As a comparison with the total phase, the value of piston-removed quantity d0is also showed in the same figures at n = 0.
In Figure 3(a), the relationship among dn;effand the other two characteristic distances (for dn,m;isoand dn,m;unc, their values also select the minimum in all the ms) are showed for λ=532nm. From this figure, we find that the isoplanatic distance is monotonous - increasing with the radial order of Zernike mode - while the uncorrected distance is decreasing with it. Therefore, the effective distance is determined by the isoplanatic distance when the radial order is small (such as for the tip-tilt, defocus, et al) and by the uncorrected distance when the radial order is large. We also find that the effective distances for small ns are usually greater than those for the (piston-removed) total phase, so when only a few low-level Zernike modes need to be compensated for, apertures with greater separated distance can be used.
Other sub-figures in Figure 3 show the effective distances for different compensational orders at different turbulent intensities and wavelengths. In Figure 3(b), four different turbulent intensities (r0=3cm, 6cm, 9cm and 12cm at reference wavelength of λ=500nm) are compared. In Figure 3(c), the effective distances for two different turbulence intensities (r0=5cm and 10cm) and two different wavelengths (λ=532nm and 1064nm) are compared. We can find that the effective distances are smaller at stronger turbulences or smaller wavelengths.
In Figure 3(d), the relationships between the effective distances and turbulence intensities are showed for four different compensational orders (n=1, 2, 3, and 5) at λ=532nm. This shows that the effective (or uncorrected) distances are not related to the turbulence intensities for lager compensational orders, such as that for n=5.
### 4.2. The anglular anisoplanatism and related characteristic angles
Now we consider the geometry where only angular anisoplanatism exits. Let d=0, τ=0, γz=αz=1, and Gsκ,z=1, then Eq. (18) and Eq. (23) reduce to
Fϕκ,z=21-J0κθzE41
Fn,mκ,z=2CmNn2κ1-J0κθzE42
Substituting Eq. (41) into Eq. (6), and using the Kolmogrov spectrum, the result is σϕ2=θ/θ05/3, here θ0is the well-known isoplanatic angle defined as (Fried 1982) θ0=2.914k02μ5/3-3/5.
Similarly, in the limitation of very small offset angle, i.e., θzD, the effective corrected offset angle between beacon and target can be defined and determined by θeff=θ0.
Using Eq. (42), the angular anisoplanatism of Zernike modes can also be calculated. The results can be expressed with the generalized hypergeometric functions, and in some limit conditions, a more compact expression can be obtained.
We consider the limitation of θzD. Using Eq. (80) in Appendix, the angular anisoplanatism of Zernike mode Z(m,n) can be expanded to the turbulence second-order structure constant moments and can be expressed as (n1)
σn,m2=θ/θn,m;iso2E43
where the characteristic angle
θn,m;iso=1.06665k0μ21/2Γn+17/6 D1/3Cmn+1Γn+1/6E44
can be defined as the isoplanatic angle for Zernike mode Z(m,n), and it is the size of the offset-axis angle between the beacon and the target when the angular anisoplanatism of Zernike mode is unit rad2.
When n=1and m=1, the tip-tilt isoplanatic angle (also called isokinetic angle) is obtained. This characteristic angle can be expressed as:
θTA=θ1,1;iso=1.224k02μ2D-1/3-1/2E45
This is consistent with the results in other research (Sasiela and Shelton 1993).
Similar to anisoplanatism of separated apertures, other characteristic angles can be defined and calculated. The uncorrected offset angle of Z(m,n) can be expressed as:
θn,m;unc=12 Dμ0/μ2/11(6n-5)(6n+17)E46
and the effective offset angle of the n-order Zernike mode can be determined by
θn;eff=minmθn,m;iso,θn,m;uncE47
In Figure 4, the typical values of the characteristic angles θn;effdefined above are showed at D=1.2m. In Figure 4(a), we compare the values for two different turbulent intensities (r0=5cm, 10cm) and two different wavelengths (λ=532nm, and 1064nm). We can also find that the effective offset angles θn;efffor small ns are usually greater than those for the (piston-removed) total phase, the same as the characteristic quantities dn;eff. In fact, this is one of main reasons that the use of LGS can partially solve the so-called “beacon difficulty”, because a NGS may be find to correct the lower order modes of the turbulence-induced phase in a field far wider than that limited by the isoplanatic angle θ0. Unlike dn;eff, the effective offset angle θn;effis not only dependent on aperture diameter D, but also turbulence intensity. Therefore, for higher-order Zernike modes, the effectively offset angle is also dependent on the turbulence intensity. In Figure 4(b), the relationships between effective offset angles and turbulence intensities are showed for four different compensational orders (n=1, 2, 3, and 5) at λ=532nm.
### 4.3. The time-delayed anisoplanatism and related characteristic quantities
When d=0, θ=0, γz=αz=1, and Gsκ,z=1, then there is only time-delayed anisoplanatism. Now Eq. (18) and Eq. (23) reduce to
Fϕκ,z=21-J0κ vzτE48
Fn,mκ,z=2CmNn2κ1-J0κ vzτE49
Using Eq. (48) and gκ=1 to perform the integration in Eq. (6), the total phase anisoplanatism variance can be expressed as σϕ2=τ/τ05/3, where τ0is normally-defined atmospheric coherence time and equal to τ0=2.913k02ν5/3-3/5, and νnis the nwth velocity moments of atmospheric turbulence defined by νn=0LdzCn2zvmz. This characteristic quantity τ0 is related to the Greenwood frequency. For a single-poles filter (controller), the variance of compensated phase can be scaled as σϕ2=f0/f3db5/3, where f is the effective control bandwidth of AO system and f0is the Greenwood frequency, defined by f0=0.103k02ν5/33/5. We can easily find there is a simple relationship between these two characteristic quantities:
f00.134/τ0E50
as is first noted by Fried (Fried 1990).
Similarly, in the limitation vzτD, the effective corrected time can be defined and determined by τeff=τ0. For arbitrary Zernike mode of phase, from Eq. (80), when we consider the second order approximation, the anisoplanatic variance is equal to
σn,m2= 0.879(1+n)Γn+1/6Γn+17/6Cmk02D-1/3ν2τ2E51
Using the isoplanatic time τn,m;iso satisfied σn,m2=1to rescale, then the variance can be expressed as:
σn,m2=τ/τn,m;iso2E52
and its expression is
τn,m;iso=1.06665k0ν21/2Γn+17/6 D1/3Cmn+1Γn+1/6E53
Similar to Greenwood frequency, we can apply Eq. (50) to define a characteristic frequency related to the isoplanatic time in Eq. (53) as follows:
fn,m;iso=0.1256k0ν21/2Cmn+1Γn+1/6Γn+17/6 D1/3E54
This is the characteristic frequency using a single-poles filter to compensate for the Zernike mode Z(m,n) of the turbulence-induced phase.
Further, the effective correction time of arbitrary n-order Zernike model of phase can be defined as:
τn;eff=minmτn,m;iso,τn,m;uncE55
where the uncorrected time can be expressed as
τn,m;unc=12 Dμ0/ν2/11(6n-5)(6n+17)E56
When using an AO system with a time delay exceeding this characteristic time to compensate for the n-order Zernike model of phase, the compensation is ineffective.
The characteristic quantities τn;effare similar to θn;effand dn;eff. In Figure 5, we show some typical values of the characteristic angles τn;eff.
When n = 1 and m = 1, the isoplanatic times or the characteristic frequencys for the tip-tilt component of the turbulence-induced phase are obtained as: τ1,1;iso=0.668k02ν2D-1/3-1/2or f1,1;iso=0.4864 λ-1ν21/2 D-1/6. It should be noted that these results are slightly different with others. In many studies, the tilt anisoplanatic variances are calibrated as: σα2=15λD2τstτ0t2or σα2=λD2fTf3db2, Where the characteristics time (Parenti and Sasiela 1994) and frequency (Tyler 1994) are defined by τ0t=0.512k02ν-1/38/15ν14/37/15D-1/3-1/2or fT=0.368 λ-1ν21/2 D-1/6. These results are slightly different from ours because different methods of series expanding are used. However, the differences are minor and our expressions have simpler forms and are more convenient to use.
### 4.4. The focal anisoplanatism
If the altitudes of beacon and target are different, then focal anisoplanatism appears. When other anisoplanatic effects are neglect (i.e., θ=0, d=0, τ=0, L=+, Gsκ,z=1), the anisoplanatic filter function below the beacon are simplified to
Fϕκ,z=21-HκDzJ1κDz2HE57
Fn,mκ,z=CmNnκ-Nnαzκ2E58
Substituting Eq. (57) into Eq. (6), the anisoplanatic variance for total phase is given by σϕ2=0.5k02μ5/3-D/H5/3, here μm-is the mth lower turbulence moment, defined by μm-=0HCn2zzmdz.
Similarly, using Eq. (58) the anisoplanatic variance of Zernike mode Z(m,n) can also be calculated. In order to obtain a more simple close solution, we consider the limit case of a very high altitude beacon, i.e., Hz. From Eq. (81), when the second-order small quantities are retained, the anisoplanatic variance for Z(m,n) can be approximated by
σn,m2=3.31762371+nΓ2-8/3108n(n+2)-55Γ-10/3Γn+23/6/Γn-5/6Cmk02μ2-D5/3/H2E59
By this expression, the first two components, i.e., the anisoplanatic variances of the piston and tip-tilt, can be obtained immediately as follows: σP2=σ0,02=0.0834k02D5/3μ2-/H2and σT2=σ1,12=0.3549k02D5/3μ2-/H2.
When analyzing a LGS AO system with a telescope aperture of diameter D, it is useful to express the anisoplanatic variance by σϕ2=D/de5/3, where the characteristic quantity deis a measure of effective diameter of the LGS AO system (Tyler 1994) (i.e., a telescope with a diameter equal to dewill have 1 rad of rms wave-front error). Considering the fact that for a LGS system piston is meaningless and tip-tilt is non-detectable (Rigaut and Gendron 1992; Esposito, Ragazzoni et al. 2000), then an approximated value of decan be obtained by
de=k020.5μ5/3-/H5/3-0.4383μ2-/H2-3/5E60
We can further consider the effect of turbulence above the beacon. From Eq. (17) and Eq. (24), the filter functions for the total phase and its Zernike mode Z(m,n) above the beacon are
Fϕκ,z=1E61
Fn,mκ,z=CmNn2κE62
Therefore the anisoplanatic filter function of the partial phase in which the components of the piston and tip-tilt are removed can be expressed as:
Feff,upκ,z=Fϕκ,z-F0,0κ,z-F1,1κ,zE63
Performing the integration Eq. (6), the corresponding variance is obtained as
σeff,up2=0.0569k02μ0+D5/3E64
Where μ0+is the mth upper turbulence moment, defined by μm+=HCn2zzmdz. So when consider the effect of turbulence above the beacon, the effective diameter can be expressed approximately as
de=k020.0569μ0++0.5μ5/3-/H5/3-0.4383μ2-/H2-3/5E65
This is the same result as that obtained in other research (Sasiela 1994).
### 4.5. The anisoplanatism induce by an extended beacon
We now consider the anisoplanatic effect induced by a distributed beacon and neglect other anisoplanatic effects. Let d=0, θ=0, τ=0, and γz=αz=1, then Eq. (18) and Eq. (23) are reduced to
Fϕκ,z=1-Gsκ,z2E66
Fn,mκ,z=CmNn2κ1-Gsκ,z2E67
Substituting above two equations into Eq. (6) and performing the integration, the anisoplanatic variance of the total phase and its Zernike components can be obtained. Below we give the corresponding results for a Gaussian distributed beacon and Kolmogrov’s turbulent spectrum, i.e., using Eq. (12) and gκ=1.
For the total phase, the integration can easily be obtained. The result is σϕ2=0.5327 θr5/3μ5/3=0.3608 θr/θ05/3, here μmis the mth turbulence moment, and θ0is atmospheric isoplanatic angle. Obviously, the result is similar to the classic 5/3 power scaling law for angular anisoplanatism.
For Zernike component Z(m,n), we consider the limit case of very big θr, i.e., θrz D. From Eq. (82), the approximate results expanding to the second order turbulence moment can be obtained. Here, we only list the first two components (i.e., the anisoplanatic variances of piston and tip-tilt) as follows: σP2=σ0,02=0.5327θr5/3 μ5/3-0.4369 D5/3μ0and σT2=σ1,12=0.3799 D5/3μ0.
## 5. Two examples for hybrid anisoplanatism
To illustrate the application of the unified approach described in this chapter, we will study two special AO systems as examples in this section. In these examples many anisoplanatic effects exist at the same time, so no analytical solution for anisoplanatic variances can be obtained - only numeric results.
To calculate the anisoplanatic variances, we use the Hufnagel-Valley model:
Cn2z=A exp-z102+2.71016exp-z1500+5.94103w272z10510exp-z103E68
where w is the pseudo-wind, and the altitude z expressed in meters. The turbulence strength is usually changed by a variation of the w term or A, the parameter to describe the turbulence strength at the ground. At the same time, the modified von Karman spectrum
gκ=1+κo/κ2-11/6exp-κ/κi2E69
will be use. Where κoand κiare the space wave numbers corresponding to the outer scale and the inner scale of the atmospheric turbulence, respectively. To consider the effect of time-delay, we use the Bufton wind model
vz=vg+30 exp-z-94002/48002E70
Where vgis the wind speed on the ground.
### 5.1. An adaptive-optical bi-static Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) system
Although the technique of Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) is one of most important methods to modern astronomy and Earth science, it is also a very difficult task to develop a successful LLR system (Dickey, Bender et al. 1994). One of the main reasons is that the quality of the outgoing laser beams deteriorates sharply due to the effect of atmospheric turbulence, including the wandering, expansion, and scintillation. To mitigate these effects of atmospheric turbulence and improve the quality of laser beams, one can use AO systems to compensate the outgoing beams (Wilson 1994; Riepl, Schluter et al. 1999). In this section we will study the anisoplanatism of a special adaptive optical bi-static LLR system in which the receiving aperture is also used to measure the turbulence-induced wave-front and the outgoing beam is compensated by the conjugated wave-front measured by this aperture. It is a concrete application of the unified approach described in this paper.
For this special AO system, two apertures and the useful point-like beacon (Aldrin, Collins, et al.) and the targets (Apollo 11, Apollo 15, et al.) are separated, so the anisoplanatism is hybrid. Let Gsκ,z=1, L=H(=3.8×108m), and denote respectively the offset distance and angle of apertures and sources as d and θ, then the anisoplanatic filter function in altitude z are reduced to
Fϕκ,z=21-J0szκE71
Fn,mκ,z=2CmNn2γzκ1-J0szκE72
where γz=1-z/L, sz=γzd+zθ+vzτ, and the corrected time delay has been considered. Using above Equations, the variances can be computed easily, but the results can be expressed by higher transcendental functions with no simpler expressions existing.
In Figure 6, we show the anisoplanatic variances when turbulence-induced wave-fronts are compensated to different Zernike orders.
In the first three sub-graphs, the relationships between the anisoplanatic variances and some important parameters (separation distance of apertures, offset angle of sources, time-delay of the correcting process) are also showed respectively. From Figure 6(a), we can see the variances usually monotonously increase with the separated distance. We can also see that increasing the corrected order the variance will decrease when the separated distance is small, but it will not decrease when the separated distance is increased to a certain scale. This is because the effective distances dn;effare smaller at larger orders, as has been showed in Figure 3. A similar conclusion can be drawn for the offset angle of sources from Figure 6(b) and for the time delay of the correcting process from Figure 6(c).
In Figure 6 (d), the relationship between anisoplanatic variance and turbulence intensity are showed for two wavelengths (λ=532nm and 1064nm) and two corrected orders (n=2 and 5). In this case, all three anisoplanatic effects (angular, time-delayed and that induced by separated apertures) exist at the same time and the corresponding parameters are selected as d=5cm, θ=2'', τ=2ms.
### 5.2. A special LGS AO system: Defocus corrected by the NGS subsystem
A laser beacon is insensitive to full-aperture tilt because the beam wanders on both the upward and the downward trips through the atmosphere, so currently when using LGS AO systems other NGS subsystems are usually used to sense and correct wave-front tilt. All other Zernike modes except tip-tilt can be corrected by LGS subsystems, but the corrected performance is limited by the focal anisoplanatism. Besides tip-tilt, the defocus (or focus) mode is another main component of the turbulence-induced phase and decreasing the focal anisoplanatism of the defocus component is very important (Esposito, Riccardi et al. 1996; Neyman 1996). In this section, we consider the performance of a special kind of LGS AO system, in which, besides the overall tilt, the focus mode can also be sensed and corrected by the NGS subsystems. Using this special LGS AO system, the focal anisoplanatism of the defocus mode can be reduced further.
We concentrate on the relationship between the focal and angular anisoplanatism of the defocus mode, and neglect the effects induced by time-delay and separated aperture. We also neglect the correlation between LGS and NGS subsystem, and suppose them to be statistically independent of each other. Then the anisoplanatic filter functions for the NGS subsystem are reduced to
Fϕ,Nκ,z=1-2Gs,Nκ,zJ0κzθN+Gs,N2κ,zE73
Fn,m;Nκ,z = CmNn2γzκ1-2Gs,Nκ,zJ0κzθN+Gs,N2κ,zE74
While for the LGS subsystem, under the LGS beacon, the results reduce to
Fϕ,Lκ,z=1-2N0γz-αzκGs,Lκ,zJ0κzθL+Gs,L2κ,zE75
Fn,m;Lκ,z=Cm[Nn2γzκ+Nn2αzκGs,L2κ,z-2NnγzκNnαzκGs,L2κ,z J0κzθL]E76
Those above the LGS beacon are same as Eq. (17) and Eq. (24).
In above equations, γz, θN, and Gs,N(or αz, θL, Gs,L) are main related parameters of anisoplanatic effect, and they are the propagating factor, the offset angle, and the filter function of the NGS (or LGS), respectively. Here we have supposed that the altitude of NGS is same as that of the target.
Using these filter functions, the effective anisoplantic variance for this particular LGS AO system can be calculated and expressed as follows:
σeff2=σ1,1;N2+σ2,0;N2+σϕ,L2-σ0,0;L2+σ1,1;L2+σ2,0;L2E77
In this equation, the first two items in parentheses are the contribution of the NGS subsystem, describing the anisoplanatism of tip-tilt and defocus modes respectively. While the items in brackets are the contribution of the LGS subsystem, and the four items are the variance of the total phase, the piston, the tip-tilt and the defocus mode, sequentially. As a comparison, the effective anisoplanatic variance for a usual LGS AO system, in which only tip-tilt mode can be sensed and corrected by the NGS subsystem, can be expressed as:
σeff2=σ1,1;N2+σϕ,L2-σ0,0;L2+σ1,1;L2E78
Obviously, for this special LGS AO system, the contribution of the defocus mode to the effective anisoplanatic variance comes from the NGS system, i.e., σ2,0;N2, while for a usual LGS AO system, it comes from the LGS subsystem.
Below we give some numerical results. We mainly study the changes of the anisoplanatic variance with some control parameters, including the altitudes (L and H), the offset angles (θNand θL), and the angular width (for Gaussian sources: θr,Nand θr,L) of the NGS and LGS sources. Some typical results are showed in the figures below. In our calculation, the altitude of the target L is selected as 500km(a typical value for a LEO satellite), and the wavelength as 1.315μm.
In Figure 7(a) and Figure 7(b), the changes of the anisoplanatic variance with the angular widths and the offset angles of the beacons are given. In this case the invalid piston component of variance has been removed. In these figures, we also compare the values for three different altitudes of beacons, including a NGS (H=L=500km) and two kinds of LGSs with altitude H=15km and H=90km respectively. It is easy to see that the variances generally increase with the offset angles and the angular widths of the beacons. But there is some minor difference for the beacon size: the variance first decrease as beacon size increases, then it increases. We can also see that the changes are more obvious when the altitudes of the beacons are larger, for example, we can see the variance changes from 0.1 to 1.6 rad2when the offset angles changes from 0 to 10''for NGS, but there are nearly no changes for 15km Rayleigh LGS, as showed in Figure 7(b).
In Figure 7(c) and (d), the components of anisoplanatic variance below and above the beacon, are given respectively. The values for the total phase and its first three components (piston, tilt and defocus) are showed altogether. In Figure 7(e), the variances for the total phase, the piston and tip-tilt removed phase, and the piston and tip-tilt and defocus removed phase, are showed respectively. When the altitudes of the beacon are more than 20 km the variances are almost the same as the results of the NGS. In Figure 7(f), the effective anisoplanatic variances expressed by Eq. (77) are showed for three different offset angles of NGS.
For the special LGS AO system, the anisoplanatic variance of defocus comes from NGS sub-system and not from the LGS subsystems as usual LGS AO systems. In Figure 8, we compare the values of these two variances and the relationship between the altitude of LGS and the offset angle of NGS. The transverse coordinates are magnitudes of the variances. The solid line describes the change of the defocus variances with the altitude of LGS and the altitude of LGS is showed in the left longitudinal coordinates. Similarly, the dotted line describes the change of the defocus variances with the offset angle of NGS and the offset angle of NGS is showed in the right longitudinal coordinates.
From this figure the value of the LGS altitude and the NGS offset angle, having the same value of the variance, can be read directly and some operational conclusions can be drawn.For example, for a Rayleigh LGS (with an altitude of 10km to 20km) the anisoplanatic variance of the focus component has the value between 0.08 to 0.1 rad2, same as that for a NGS with the offset angle between 8''and 9''. Similarly, the sodium LGS (with altitude of 90km) correspond to the offset angle of NGS between 2''and 3''. It is also easy to see that the variance is a monotonically increasing function of the NGS offset angle and a almost monotonically decreasing function of the LGS altitude. Therefore, if the NGS offset angle is smaller or 0''(such as directly imaging of a bright satellite) using NGS to correct the defocus component, the variance is smaller. Otherwise, when the NGS offset angle is larger (for example, when projecting laser beams to a LEO satellite, the advance angle about 10''must be considered) using sodium LGS to correct the defocus the variance is smaller.
## 6. Summary
Using transverse spectral filtering techniques we reconsider the anisoplanatism of general AO systems. A general but simple formula was given to find the anisoplanatic variance of the turbulence-induced phase and its arbitrary Zernike components under the general geometry of AO systems. This general geometry can describe most kinds of anisoplanatism appearing in currently running AO systems, including angular anisoplanatism, focal anisoplanatism and that induced by distributed sources or separated apertures, and so on. Under some special geometry, close-form solutions can be obtained and are consistent with classic results, which prove the effectiveness and universality of the general formula constructed in this chapter. We also give some numerical results of hybrid anisoplanatism under some more complex geometry.
## Appendix
Here we give some expressions describing the integrations of the anisoplanatic filter function Fn,mκ,zfor the Zernike mode Z(m,n) with respect to the radial component of the wave vector, i.e.,
Inz=0dκ Fn,mκ,zκ-8/3
### Expressions used in section 4.1.- 4.3.
When the filter function is equal to
Fn,mκ,z=2Nn2γzκ1-J0szκ
The results are determined by the sizes of szand γzD. If szγzD, then
Inz=(n+1)Γn-56(γzD)5/321/3Γ7/3/Γ17/6π Γn+23/6-
-3F2n-5/6,n-5/6,n+3/2;n+2,2n+3;γzD/sz222n+5/3Γ-n+11/6Γ2n+2γzD/sz-2n+5/3
Further, if szγD, an asymptotic series of small parameter γzD/szcan be found. When expanding to second-order, the results are
Inz=1+nΓn-562Dγz53Γ73/Γn+236 24/3π Γ176--2 γzD/sz2n+1/3Γ116-n2nΓ2+n2 n-562n+2+ 2-13/3γzD/sz2E79
if sz<γzD, then
Inz=21/3n+1γzD5/3Γ73Γn-56π Γ176Γn+236-
-Γ73Γn-56π Γ176Γn+2363F2-116,-n-176,n-56;-43,1;szγzD2-
-Γ-73π Γ103szγzD14/33F212,-n-12,n+32;103,103;szγzD2
Further if szγzD, the second-order asymptotic expansions of parameter szγzDare
Inz=(1+n)Γ73 π Γ176γzD253szγzD211 Γn+162 Γn+176-55 Γn+7616 Γn+116szγzD2E80
### Expressions used in section 4.4.
When the filter function is equal to
Fn,mκ,z=Nnκ-Nnαzκ2
The integrations can be expressed by
Inz=n+1Γn-56D5322n+113Γ176Γn+2 8Γ43Γ2n+3αz53+13Γn+32Γn+236-
-22n+1/3αzn6n+175αz2-12F11/6,n-5/6;n+2;αz2-
-6αz2n-6n-22 2F1-5/6, n- 5/6;n+2;αz2]
When the beacon is high enough (Hz), we can obtain the following asymptotic solution expanding to second-order turbulence moments:
Inz=8n+1108n(n+2)-556237 π Γ-10/3 Γn+23/6Γ2-83Γn-56zH2D5/3E81
### Expressions used in section 4.5.
When the filter function is equal to
Fn,mκ,z=Nn2κ1-Gsκ,z2
For the Gaussian source Eq. (12), the results can be expressed as:
Inz=121+nΓn-56213Γ73D53Γ176Γn+236+
+θσz-2n+5/3D2n24nΓn+222F2n-5/6,n+3/2;n+2, 2n+3;-D24θrz2-
-2n+1/62F2n-5/6,n+3/2;n+2, 2n+3;-D22θrz2
If the widths of the distributed source are very large (θrz D), expanding the solutions to second-order terms of small parameter D/(θrz), the results are obtained as follows:
Inz =(1+n)Γn-56 22/3D-5/3Γ73/Γ176 π Γn+236 -2θrz/D5/3-2n2n+1Γn+222n+1/6-1+n-562n+7/6-12(2+n)2θrz/D2 E82
## How to cite and reference
### Cite this chapter Copy to clipboard
Jingyuan Chen and Xiang Chang (December 18th 2012). A Unified Approach to Analysing the Anisoplanatism of Adaptive Optical Systems, Adaptive Optics Progress, Robert K. Tyson, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/54602. Available from:
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https://blog.csdn.net/enjoyyl/article/details/44629073 | # DeepLearning 0.1 documentation中文翻译: Denoising Autoencoders (DA)_去噪自编码器
Note
Note
## 自编码器(Autoencoders)
y=s(Wx+b)
z=s(Wy+b)
(这里, 撇符号不表示矩阵转置.) z$\mathbf{z}$ 应当被看作给定编码 y$\mathbf{y}$ 时, 对 x$\mathbf{x}$ 的预测. 逆映射的权重矩阵 W$\mathbf{W'}$ 可以选择约束成正向映射的转置: W=WT$\mathbf{W'} = \mathbf{W}^T$. 这被称为捆绑权重. 如果不使用捆绑的权重, 那么对这个模型的参数 (即 W,b,b$\mathbf{W}, \mathbf{b}, \mathbf{b'}$, 和 W$\mathbf{W'}$(不使用捆绑权重)) 进行优化, 以使得平均重构误差最小.
LH(x,z)=k=1d[xklogzk+(1xk)log(1zk)]
class dA(object):
"""Denoising Auto-Encoder class (dA)
A denoising autoencoders tries to reconstruct the input from a corrupted
version of it by projecting it first in a latent space and reprojecting
it afterwards back in the input space. Please refer to Vincent et al.,2008
for more details. If x is the input then equation (1) computes a partially
destroyed version of x by means of a stochastic mapping q_D. Equation (2)
computes the projection of the input into the latent space. Equation (3)
computes the reconstruction of the input, while equation (4) computes the
reconstruction error.
.. math::
\tilde{x} ~ q_D(\tilde{x}|x) (1)
y = s(W \tilde{x} + b) (2)
x = s(W' y + b') (3)
L(x,z) = -sum_{k=1}^d [x_k \log z_k + (1-x_k) \log( 1-z_k)] (4)
"""
def __init__(
self,
numpy_rng,
theano_rng=None,
input=None,
n_visible=784,
n_hidden=500,
W=None,
bhid=None,
bvis=None
):
"""
Initialize the dA class by specifying the number of visible units (the
dimension d of the input ), the number of hidden units ( the dimension
d' of the latent or hidden space ) and the corruption level. The
constructor also receives symbolic variables for the input, weights and
bias. Such a symbolic variables are useful when, for example the input
is the result of some computations, or when weights are shared between
the dA and an MLP layer. When dealing with SdAs this always happens,
the dA on layer 2 gets as input the output of the dA on layer 1,
and the weights of the dA are used in the second stage of training
to construct an MLP.
:type numpy_rng: numpy.random.RandomState
:param numpy_rng: number random generator used to generate weights
:type theano_rng: theano.tensor.shared_randomstreams.RandomStreams
:param theano_rng: Theano random generator; if None is given one is
generated based on a seed drawn from rng
:type input: theano.tensor.TensorType
:param input: a symbolic description of the input or None for
standalone dA
:type n_visible: int
:param n_visible: number of visible units
:type n_hidden: int
:param n_hidden: number of hidden units
:type W: theano.tensor.TensorType
:param W: Theano variable pointing to a set of weights that should be
shared belong the dA and another architecture; if dA should
be standalone set this to None
:type bhid: theano.tensor.TensorType
:param bhid: Theano variable pointing to a set of biases values (for
hidden units) that should be shared belong dA and another
architecture; if dA should be standalone set this to None
:type bvis: theano.tensor.TensorType
:param bvis: Theano variable pointing to a set of biases values (for
visible units) that should be shared belong dA and another
architecture; if dA should be standalone set this to None
"""
self.n_visible = n_visible
self.n_hidden = n_hidden
# create a Theano random generator that gives symbolic random values
if not theano_rng:
theano_rng = RandomStreams(numpy_rng.randint(2 ** 30))
# note : W' was written as W_prime and b' as b_prime
if not W:
# W is initialized with initial_W which is uniformely sampled
# from -4*sqrt(6./(n_visible+n_hidden)) and
# 4*sqrt(6./(n_hidden+n_visible))the output of uniform if
# converted using asarray to dtype
# theano.config.floatX so that the code is runable on GPU
initial_W = numpy.asarray(
numpy_rng.uniform(
low=-4 * numpy.sqrt(6. / (n_hidden + n_visible)),
high=4 * numpy.sqrt(6. / (n_hidden + n_visible)),
size=(n_visible, n_hidden)
),
dtype=theano.config.floatX
)
W = theano.shared(value=initial_W, name='W', borrow=True)
if not bvis:
bvis = theano.shared(
value=numpy.zeros(
n_visible,
dtype=theano.config.floatX
),
borrow=True
)
if not bhid:
bhid = theano.shared(
value=numpy.zeros(
n_hidden,
dtype=theano.config.floatX
),
name='b',
borrow=True
)
self.W = W
# b corresponds to the bias of the hidden
self.b = bhid
# b_prime corresponds to the bias of the visible
self.b_prime = bvis
# tied weights, therefore W_prime is W transpose
self.W_prime = self.W.T
self.theano_rng = theano_rng
# if no input is given, generate a variable representing the input
if input is None:
# we use a matrix because we expect a minibatch of several
# examples, each example being a row
self.x = T.dmatrix(name='input')
else:
self.x = input
self.params = [self.W, self.b, self.b_prime]
def get_hidden_values(self, input):
""" Computes the values of the hidden layer """
return T.nnet.sigmoid(T.dot(input, self.W) + self.b)
def get_reconstructed_input(self, hidden):
"""Computes the reconstructed input given the values of the
hidden layer
"""
return T.nnet.sigmoid(T.dot(hidden, self.W_prime) + self.b_prime)
def get_cost_updates(self, corruption_level, learning_rate):
""" This function computes the cost and the updates for one trainng
step of the dA """
tilde_x = self.get_corrupted_input(self.x, corruption_level)
y = self.get_hidden_values(tilde_x)
z = self.get_reconstructed_input(y)
# note : we sum over the size of a datapoint; if we are using
# minibatches, L will be a vector, with one entry per
# example in minibatch
L = - T.sum(self.x * T.log(z) + (1 - self.x) * T.log(1 - z), axis=1)
# note : L is now a vector, where each element is the
# cross-entropy cost of the reconstruction of the
# corresponding example of the minibatch. We need to
# compute the average of all these to get the cost of
# the minibatch
cost = T.mean(L)
# compute the gradients of the cost of the dA with respect
# to its parameters
# generate the list of updates
(param, param - learning_rate * gparam)
for param, gparam in zip(self.params, gparams)
]
return (cost, updates)
da = dA(
numpy_rng=rng,
theano_rng=theano_rng,
input=x,
n_visible=28 * 28,
n_hidden=500
)
corruption_level=0.,
learning_rate=learning_rate
)
train_da = theano.function(
[index],
cost,
givens={
x: train_set_x[index * batch_size: (index + 1) * batch_size]
}
)
## 去噪自编码器(Denoising Autoencoders)
from theano.tensor.shared_randomstreams import RandomStreams
def get_corrupted_input(self, input, corruption_level):
""" This function keeps 1-corruption_level entries of the inputs the same
and zero-out randomly selected subset of size coruption_level
Note : first argument of theano.rng.binomial is the shape(size) of
random numbers that it should produce
second argument is the number of trials
third argument is the probability of success of any trial
this will produce an array of 0s and 1s where 1 has a probability of
1 - corruption_level and 0 with corruption_level
"""
return self.theano_rng.binomial(size=input.shape, n=1, p=1 - corruption_level) * input
class dA(object):
"""Denoising Auto-Encoder class (dA)
A denoising autoencoders tries to reconstruct the input from a corrupted
version of it by projecting it first in a latent space and reprojecting
it afterwards back in the input space. Please refer to Vincent et al.,2008
for more details. If x is the input then equation (1) computes a partially
destroyed version of x by means of a stochastic mapping q_D. Equation (2)
computes the projection of the input into the latent space. Equation (3)
computes the reconstruction of the input, while equation (4) computes the
reconstruction error.
.. math::
\tilde{x} ~ q_D(\tilde{x}|x) (1)
y = s(W \tilde{x} + b) (2)
x = s(W' y + b') (3)
L(x,z) = -sum_{k=1}^d [x_k \log z_k + (1-x_k) \log( 1-z_k)] (4)
"""
def __init__(self, numpy_rng, theano_rng=None, input=None, n_visible=784, n_hidden=500,
W=None, bhid=None, bvis=None):
"""
Initialize the dA class by specifying the number of visible units (the
dimension d of the input ), the number of hidden units ( the dimension
d' of the latent or hidden space ) and the corruption level. The
constructor also receives symbolic variables for the input, weights and
bias. Such a symbolic variables are useful when, for example the input is
the result of some computations, or when weights are shared between the
dA and an MLP layer. When dealing with SdAs this always happens,
the dA on layer 2 gets as input the output of the dA on layer 1,
and the weights of the dA are used in the second stage of training
to construct an MLP.
:type numpy_rng: numpy.random.RandomState
:param numpy_rng: number random generator used to generate weights
:type theano_rng: theano.tensor.shared_randomstreams.RandomStreams
:param theano_rng: Theano random generator; if None is given one is generated
based on a seed drawn from rng
:type input: theano.tensor.TensorType
:paran input: a symbolic description of the input or None for standalone
dA
:type n_visible: int
:param n_visible: number of visible units
:type n_hidden: int
:param n_hidden: number of hidden units
:type W: theano.tensor.TensorType
:param W: Theano variable pointing to a set of weights that should be
shared belong the dA and another architecture; if dA should
be standalone set this to None
:type bhid: theano.tensor.TensorType
:param bhid: Theano variable pointing to a set of biases values (for
hidden units) that should be shared belong dA and another
architecture; if dA should be standalone set this to None
:type bvis: theano.tensor.TensorType
:param bvis: Theano variable pointing to a set of biases values (for
visible units) that should be shared belong dA and another
architecture; if dA should be standalone set this to None
"""
self.n_visible = n_visible
self.n_hidden = n_hidden
# create a Theano random generator that gives symbolic random values
if not theano_rng :
theano_rng = RandomStreams(rng.randint(2 ** 30))
# note : W' was written as W_prime and b' as b_prime
if not W:
# W is initialized with initial_W which is uniformely sampled
# from -4.*sqrt(6./(n_visible+n_hidden)) and 4.*sqrt(6./(n_hidden+n_visible))
# the output of uniform if converted using asarray to dtype
# theano.config.floatX so that the code is runable on GPU
initial_W = numpy.asarray(numpy_rng.uniform(
low=-4 * numpy.sqrt(6. / (n_hidden + n_visible)),
high=4 * numpy.sqrt(6. / (n_hidden + n_visible)),
size=(n_visible, n_hidden)), dtype=theano.config.floatX)
W = theano.shared(value=initial_W, name='W')
if not bvis:
bvis = theano.shared(value = numpy.zeros(n_visible,
dtype=theano.config.floatX), name='bvis')
if not bhid:
bhid = theano.shared(value=numpy.zeros(n_hidden,
dtype=theano.config.floatX), name='bhid')
self.W = W
# b corresponds to the bias of the hidden
self.b = bhid
# b_prime corresponds to the bias of the visible
self.b_prime = bvis
# tied weights, therefore W_prime is W transpose
self.W_prime = self.W.T
self.theano_rng = theano_rng
# if no input is given, generate a variable representing the input
if input == None:
# we use a matrix because we expect a minibatch of several examples,
# each example being a row
self.x = T.dmatrix(name='input')
else:
self.x = input
self.params = [self.W, self.b, self.b_prime]
def get_corrupted_input(self, input, corruption_level):
""" This function keeps 1-corruption_level entries of the inputs the same
and zero-out randomly selected subset of size coruption_level
Note : first argument of theano.rng.binomial is the shape(size) of
random numbers that it should produce
second argument is the number of trials
third argument is the probability of success of any trial
this will produce an array of 0s and 1s where 1 has a probability of
1 - corruption_level and 0 with corruption_level
"""
return self.theano_rng.binomial(size=input.shape, n=1, p=1 - corruption_level) * input
def get_hidden_values(self, input):
""" Computes the values of the hidden layer """
return T.nnet.sigmoid(T.dot(input, self.W) + self.b)
def get_reconstructed_input(self, hidden ):
""" Computes the reconstructed input given the values of the hidden layer """
return T.nnet.sigmoid(T.dot(hidden, self.W_prime) + self.b_prime)
""" This function computes the cost and the updates for one trainng
step of the dA """
tilde_x = self.get_corrupted_input(self.x, corruption_level)
y = self.get_hidden_values( tilde_x)
z = self.get_reconstructed_input(y)
# note : we sum over the size of a datapoint; if we are using minibatches,
# L will be a vector, with one entry per example in minibatch
L = -T.sum(self.x * T.log(z) + (1 - self.x) * T.log(1 - z), axis=1 )
# note : L is now a vector, where each element is the cross-entropy cost
# of the reconstruction of the corresponding example of the
# minibatch. We need to compute the average of all these to get
# the cost of the minibatch
cost = T.mean(L)
# compute the gradients of the cost of the dA with respect
# to its parameters
# generate the list of updates
for param, gparam in zip(self.params, gparams):
updates.append((param, param - learning_rate * gparam))
return (cost, updates)
## 整合程序(Putting it All Together)
# allocate symbolic variables for the data
index = T.lscalar() # index to a [mini]batch
x = T.matrix('x') # the data is presented as rasterized images
######################
# BUILDING THE MODEL #
######################
rng = numpy.random.RandomState(123)
theano_rng = RandomStreams(rng.randint(2 ** 30))
da = dA(numpy_rng=rng, theano_rng=theano_rng, input=x,
n_visible=28 * 28, n_hidden=500)
learning_rate=learning_rate)
givens = {x: train_set_x[index * batch_size: (index + 1) * batch_size]})
start_time = time.clock()
############
# TRAINING #
############
# go through training epochs
for epoch in xrange(training_epochs):
# go through trainng set
c = []
for batch_index in xrange(n_train_batches):
c.append(train_da(batch_index))
print 'Training epoch %d, cost ' % epoch, numpy.mean(c)
end_time = time.clock
training_time = (end_time - start_time)
print ('Training took %f minutes' % (pretraining_time / 60.))
image = Image.fromarray(tile_raster_images(X=da.W.get_value(borrow=True).T,
img_shape=(28, 28), tile_shape=(10, 10),
tile_spacing=(1, 1)))
image.save('filters_corruption_30.png')
## 运行代码(Running the Code)
python dA.py
The resulted filters when we do not use any noise are :
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https://mail.petrilanet.ro/petplan-reviews-mlmhdx/1ebdb5-condensation-reaction-amino-acids | In a condensation reaction, two amino acids can combine, and a covalent bond is formed in between the amine Nitrogen of the first amino acid and the carboxyl carbon of the second amino acid. Sarcosine, also bearing a secondary amine and a carboxylic acid group, showed even less activity with less than 1% conversion. Many condensation reactions follow a nucleophilic acyl substitution or an aldol condensation reaction mechanism (see previous concept for more information). Legal. The direct conversion of a carboxylic acid to an amide is difficult because amines are basic and tend to convert carboxylic acids to their highly unreactive carboxylates. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dehydration_reaction, http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/condensation_reaction, http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/condensation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/condensation%20polymerization, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_reaction, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AminoacidCondensation.svg&page=1, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nylon6_and_Nylon_66.png, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condensation_polymerization_diacid_diamine.svg, https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/. Intermolecular condensation occurs between two separate molecules, while intramolecular condensation is the union between atoms or groups of the same molecule, often leading to ring formation. This forms a dipeptide. Further condensation reactions between amino acids build up a polypeptide or protein. During condensation reaction, two molecules combine to form a single molecule with the loss of a small molecule; in dehydration reaction, this lost molecule is water. Condensation polymers often require heat, form slower than do addition polymers, and are lower in molecular weight. [Article in French] Féraud PF, Le Henaff P. One loses a hydrogen and oxygen from its carboxyl group (COOH) and the other loses a hydrogen from its amino group (NH2). Complete the reaction map below proposing two different ways to synthesize benzoic acid from benzene. Amino acids are biological molecules that contain an amine functional group on one end of the molecule, and a on the other end contains a carboxylic acid functional group. Condensation reaction, any of a class of reactions in which two molecules combine, usually in the presence of a catalyst, with elimination of water or some other simple molecule. [Study of some condensation reactions of formol with amino acids]. Amino Acids. Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins. During this reaction, a water molecule … A condensation reaction is a class of organic addition reaction that typically proceeds in a step-wise fashion to produce the addition product, usually in equilibrium, and a water molecule(hence named condensation). Also, DNA and RNA are made via polynucleotide synthesis which is also a condensation reaction. 2) Nucleophilic reaction with carboxylate acting as the nucleophile, 3) Nucleophilic reaction with the amine acting as the nucleophile. Condensation reaction, any of a class of reactions in which two molecules combine, usually in the presence of a catalyst, with elimination of water or some other simple molecule. 11 TABLE I Requirements for synthesis of enzyme-bound product The complete system contained 0.05 pmole of acetyl-1-I%-CoA The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Watch the recordings here on Youtube! Public domain. Amino acids can condense into polypeptide molecules (proteins), releasing water as a byproduct. CC BY-SA 3.0. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/condensation%20polymerization These include nucleophilic addition, amide bond formation and imine formation for the amine group and esterification, amide bond formation and decarboxylation for the carboxylic acid group. 7. CC BY-SA 3.0. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monomer urea a component of urine produce in the liver as a means of excreting excess nitrogen from amino acids Compounds with acidic and basic functional groups (aspartic acid, arginine, and cystine) are evaluated for inhibition of aldol condensation and dissolution of product in alkaline media. This is termed “condensation polymerization,” or “step-growth polymerization,” and occurs in such processes as the synthesis of polyesters or nylons. This reaction produces a molecule of water (H2O) and two amino acids joined by a peptide bond (-CO-N… Dr. Dietmar Kennepohl FCIC (Professor of Chemistry, Athabasca University), Prof. Steven Farmer (Sonoma State University). Dox could be effectively loaded into the BSAdextran Maillard conjugates by virtue of the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions (Hao, Ma, Huang, He, & Yao, 2013). Figure 1. Many hundreds of amino acids can be joined in any sequence providing an almost limitless number of protein structures. OleA catalyzes the initial reaction on the pathway to hydrocarbons: a condensation reaction that has been demonstrated using acyl-CoA substrates in vitro. by condensation reaction b/n amino and carboxylic groups of each aa’s . CC BY-SA 3.0. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/condensation Hip- puric acid behaved like glycine, the benzyl group being replaced by acetyl. In the case of proline little or no ketone formation was observed. Condensation is a chemical process by which 2 molecules are joined together to make a larger, more complex, molecule, with the loss of water. Two amino acids can be linked by a CONDENSATION reaction (removal of a water molecule) This creates a PEPTIDE BOND between the Carbon atom in the acid group and the Nitrogen atom in the amine group The resulting molecule is called a DIPEPTIDE A chain of amino acids can be built up in this way - it is called a POLYPEPTIDE This animation shows how 2 amino acids are joined together with the elimination of water - a condensationreaction. Each peptide link forms: between the carboxyl group of glycine and the amino group of alanine; with loss of a water molecule in a condensation reaction. Condensation reactions produce polymeric clusters whose growth kinetics and fractal structure follow the predictions of ... Urea-formaldehyde resin is a very important type of amino plastic resin, based on the manifold reaction between two monomers, urea and formaldehyde. Peptides. The direct reaction of a carboxylic acid with an amine would be expected to be difficult because the basic amine would deprotonate the carboxylic acid to form a highly unreactive carboxylate. The role of hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges in the structure of proteins. Polynucleotides form when the phosphate group on one nucleotide molecule reacts with the hydroxyl group on the carbohydrate group of another nucleotide. Amino acids are biological molecules that contain an amine functional group on one end of the molecule, and a on the other end contains a carboxylic acid functional group. When a condensation is performed between different parts of the same molecule, the reaction is termed intramolecular condensation; in many cases, this leads to ring formation. Complete The Following Condensation Reaction Involving The Circled Functional Groups. Hydrolysis reactions break apart dipeptides to make two amino acids. A peptide is a combination of amino acids in which the amine group of one amino acid has undergone a reaction with the carboxyl group of another amino acid.The reaction is a condensation reaction, forming an amide group $$\left( \ce{CO-N} \right)$$, shown below. When two amino acids form a dipeptide through a peptide bond, it is a type of condensation reaction. Amino acid molecules have two functional groups - the amine group (-NH 2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). III Vol. When two amino acids are bound together, a dipeptide is formed, and when many amino acids are joined it is called a polypeptide. Wikipedia When two amino acids are bound together, a dipeptide is formed, and when many amino acids are joined it is called a polypeptide. Intermediate stage: the product's color may change to yellow with UV absorption. 3580 The Condensation Reaction of Fatty Acid Synthesis. Competition studies between glycine and alanine reveal steric effects on product formation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nylon6_and_Nylon_66.png 21.7: Methyl Ester Synthesis Using Diazomethane, Conversion of Carboxylic acids to amide using DCC as an activating agent, information contact us at info@libretexts.org, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. How are amino acids involved in condensation and hydrolysis reactions? DNA and RNA are also two macromolecules formed as a result of condensation reactions between nucleotides. In a condensation reaction, two amino acids can combine, and a covalent bond is formed in between the amine Nitrogen of the first amino acid and the carboxyl carbon of the second amino acid. In the bloodstream, condensation reactions build the amino acids up to produce proteins required by the body. CC BY-SA. The reaction is simply the transfer of the -H (positive ion) from the acid to the amine and the attraction of the positive and negative charges. Ribososmes. Two amino acids can be linked by a CONDENSATION reaction (removal of a water molecule) This creates a PEPTIDE BOND between the Carbon atom in the acid group and the Nitrogen atom in the amine group The resulting molecule is called a DIPEPTIDE A chain of amino acids can be built up in this way - it is called a POLYPEPTIDE Some simple explanation of the condenstion of two amino acids in solution CC BY-SA 3.0. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dehydration_reaction Recognize the chemical principles of condensation reactions as they relate to polymerization. Polypeptides are formed by the condensation of many amino acids. The molecule formed when two amino acids are combined is called a dipeptide. 92 General Reaction of Amino Acids derivatives. DCC induced coupling to form an amide linkage is an important reaction in the synthesis of peptides. Wikipedia Colour reactions of amino acids 7/5/2012 Namrata Chhabra M.D., Biochemistry 14 S.No. 3. This type of reaction is used as a basis for making many important polymers, such as nylon, polyester, and various epoxies. In the aqueous solution, free acetaldehyde was reduced to 41.3% by L-cysteine and to 36.4% by D-cysteine. Further condensation reactions between amino acids build up a polypeptide or protein. For more details on this topic, see Peptide bond. Amino Acids Tie Together To Form A Molecule Called A Dipeptide Amino acids are leady biological molecules that have an amine functional group on one end and a carboxylic acid functional group on the other end. Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$: Amino acids undergo condensation to form a molecule called a dipeptide. Dipeptides are formed by the condensation of two amino acids. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Wiktionary Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Udine, Via del Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy, Fax: (internat.) How amino acids form peptide bonds (peptide linkages) through a condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis). A simple example is the condensation of two amino acids to form a peptide. This reaction may be either a homopolymerization of a single monomer A-B with two different end groups that condense, or a copolymerization of two co-monomers A-A and B-B. Small molecules are usually liberated in these condensation steps, unlike polyaddition reactions. After heat treatment, the gelation of BSA results in fixati… [Article in French] Féraud PF, Le Henaff P. Many biological transformations, such as polypeptide synthesis, polyketide synthesis, terpene syntheses, phosphorylation, and glycosylations are condensations. 238, No. Polypeptides and proteins. Maillard reaction is a naturally occurring reaction involving condensation of a reducing sugar or polysaccharide with protein or peptide, by linking the reducing end carbonyl groups in the former to the amino groups in the latter upon heating at 60 °C and relative humidity of 78.9%. 1. Amino acids react with each other in a typical acid-base neutralization reaction to form a salt. NH Information. Wiktionary Proteins are polymeric molecules made by Joining more than 50 amino acids. A condensation reaction between two amino acids forms a peptide bond. Forming a dipeptide by a condensation reaction The two amino acids are now joined by the carbon and nitrogen of the carboxyl and amino groups. The reaction may otherwise involve the functional groups of the molecule, and formation of a small molecule such as ammonia, ethanol, or acetic acid instead of water. 1968 May;5:1968-78. In this reaction the carboxylic acid adds to the DCC molecule to form a good leaving group which can then be displaced by an amine during nucleophilic substitution. When a condensation is performed between different parts of the same molecule, the reaction is termed intramolecular condensation; in many cases, this leads to ring formation. When two separate molecules react, their condensation is termed intermolecular. Also, DNA and RNA are made via polynucleotide synthesis which is also a condensation reaction. Remember that the formation of a dipeptide via condensation reactions is a process which takes place in the cell on the ribosomes during protein synthesis. 2. opposite of condensation reaction, a water molecule is added and broken into a hydroxyl and a hydrogen and separates macromolecules into smaller molecules or monomers. The reaction occurs for several amino acids including glycine, alanine, β-alanine, and 5-aminopentanoic acid. to react, acids as different as chloroacetic, phenylbromoacetic, and ol-bromostearic acids, all underwent at varying speeds the reaction typical of the amino acids with evolution of carbon dioxide. DNA and RNA are also two macromolecules formed as a result of condensation reactions between nucleotides. CC BY-SA 3.0. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/condensation_reaction This class of react… In every case the evolution of carbon dioxide was noted to accompany ketone formation. Polynucleotides form when the phosphate group on one nucleotide molecule reacts with the hydroxyl group on the carbohydrate group of another nucleotide. It is also the basis for the laboratory formation of silicates and polyphosphates. When two amino acids form a dipeptide through a peptide bond it is a type of condensation reaction. First-order plots for dipeptide appearance show an … In the reaction with … 1968 May;5:1968-78. Condensation Reaction Between α‐Amino Acid Phenylhydrazides and Carbonyl Compounds. The amino acid l-proline combines the functionalities of the pyrrolidine ring and a carboxylic acid and is known for asymmetric aldol condensations. Physical properties of amino acids. A condensation reaction is where two small molecules react together to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule like water. previous This reaction also occurs in the formation of glycosidic bonds and the formation of a triglyceride from glycerol and three fatty acids. This polymerization of amino acids is what creates proteins. Condensation reactions between some SH-amino acids (L-and D-cysteine 1%) and acetaldehyde (50 microM) were studied in vitro experiment. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. A condensation reaction is when two smaller molecules join to form a larger one by removing functional groups that form a small molecule, often water.Condensation can also refer to a state change in water from gas to liquid, which is an important step in the water cycle. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Condensation has multiple meanings in the field of biology. How amino acids form peptide bonds (peptide linkages) through a condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis). 21.8: Condensation of Acids with Amines Last updated; Save as PDF Page ID 45926; Conversion of Carboxylic Acids to Amides; Conversion of Carboxylic acids to amide using DCC as an activating agent ; Mechanism; Contributors and Attributions; Conversion of Carboxylic Acids to Amides. Missed the LibreFest? In the aqueous solution, free acetaldehyde was reduced to 41.3% by L-cysteine and to 36.4% by D-cysteine. E-mail address: giancarlo.verardo@dstc.uniud.it. Between which atoms do hydrogen bonds form in water? CC BY-SA 3.0. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_reaction Have questions or comments? CC BY-SA 3.0. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AminoacidCondensation.svg&page=1 These amino acids are transported around the body by blood. CC BY-SA. Condensation reactions produce very large molecules and sometimes the molecules are not so large. Other possible lost molecules include hydrogen chloride, methanol, and acetic acid. Condensation Reactions or Dehydration Synthesis Reactions. Proteins are formed in a condensation reaction when amino acid … Boundless Learning Each peptide link forms: between the carboxyl group of glycine and the amino group of alanine; with loss of a water molecule in a condensation reaction. Condensation is a chemical process by which 2 molecules are joined together to make a larger, more complex, molecule, with the loss of water. In one type of polymerization reaction, a series of condensation steps takes place whereby monomers or monomer chains add to each other to form longer chains. In the reaction with … 1. Giancarlo Verardo. Wiktionary Hydrolysis reactions break apart dipeptides to make two amino acids. Oxygen and hydrogen atoms in different water molecules. urea a component of urine produce in the liver as a means of excreting excess nitrogen from amino acids Bull Soc Chim Fr. Boundless vets and curates high-quality, openly licensed content from around the Internet. A (very) short animation showing the condensation of two amino acids to form a dipeptide. 1), A is attacked by a nucleophile such as the α-amino group of a carboxy-protected amino acid. Question: 28. Condensation reactions between some SH-amino acids (L-and D-cysteine 1%) and acetaldehyde (50 microM) were studied in vitro experiment. The condensation of two amino acids is shown. A functional protein may contain one or more polypeptides. Two amino acids can react in a condensation reaction to form a peptide bond and release water. A condensation reaction is a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule. The condensation of two amino acids to form a peptide bond. The combination of two identical molecules is known as self-condensation. It is the basis for the synthesis of all the important biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) from their simpler sub-units. Amino acids can condense into polypeptide molecules (proteins), releasing water as a byproduct. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); In a condensation reaction, two molecules or parts thereof combine, releasing a small molecule. When this small molecule is water, it is known as a dehydration reaction. carboxylic acid moiety and an amino func-tion of two amino acids is the core reaction ing on the type of activating reagent, the intermediate A is a stable compound which could be isolated if desired. This -CONH- is also called an amide group. This reaction example is the reverse of hydrolysis, which splits a chemical entity into two parts through action from the polar water molecule, which itself splits into hydroxide and hydrogen ions. A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction between two compounds where one of the products is water, ethanol, acetic acid, hydrogen sulfide, or ammonia.A condensation reaction is also known as a dehydration reaction.This type of reaction forms an addition product and water in the presence of a catalyst or under acidic or basic conditions. Where in the cell do condensation reactions involving amino acids occur? Endocytosis. Amino acids can be linked by a condensation reaction in which an ―OH is lost from the carboxyl group of one amino acid along with a hydrogen from the amino group of a second, forming a molecule of water and leaving the two amino acids linked via an amide—called, in … Wikipedia It is the basis for the synthesis of all the important biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) from their simpler sub-units. The direct conversion of a carboxylic acid to an amide is difficult because amines are basic and tend to convert carboxylic acids to their highly unreactive carboxylates. Colour reactions of amino acids 7/5/2012 Namrata Chhabra M.D., Biochemistry 14 S.No. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condensation_polymerization_diacid_diamine.svg The reaction may otherwise involve the functional groups of the molecule, and formation of a small molecule such as ammonia, ethanol, or acetic acid instead of water. The -CONH- link created is called a peptidebond (red), and water (blue) is removed. In this reaction the carboxylic acid adds to the DCC molecule to form a good leaving group which can then be displaced by an amine during nucleophilic substitution. One water molecule is removed when a carboxylate and protonated amine react. During the second step (II. Hydrolysis reactions: acid-catalyzed and saponification/base hydrolysis Chapter 14 – Amino Acids and Proteins Structure and parts of amino acids, classes of side chains D vs. L amino acids Amide-forming reactions of amino acids Drawing and naming and peptides (Ser-Lys-Ala) Structure of amino acids at different pH conditions + … Condensation (dehydration) reactions take two amino acids and make one dipeptide. 35 However, only 3% of hexanal was converted by proline under the chosen reaction conditions. In this kind of condensation, two amino acids approach each other, with the non-side chain (C1) carboxylic acid moiety of one coming near the non-side chain (N2) aminomoiety of the other. Aldehydes, ketones, esters, alkynes This particular resource used the following sources: http://www.boundless.com/ Bull Soc Chim Fr. Condensation (dehydration) reactions take two amino acids and make one dipeptide. [Study of some condensation reactions of formol with amino acids]. Two reactions occur at this stage: sugar-amine condensation (reaction A) and Amadori rearrangement (reaction B). condensation polymerizationa polymerization mechanism in which monomers react to form dimers first, then trimers, longer oligomers, and eventually long chain polymers, condensation reactionany reaction in which two molecules react with the resulting loss of a water molecule (or other small molecule); the formal reverse of hydrolysis, dehydration reactionan elimination (condensation) reaction in which the small molecule that is removed is water. in Fig. When two amino acids combine as shown, a dipeptide is formed. Wiktionary Which process is possible due to the fluidity of cell membranes? An example is the Dieckmann condensation, in which the two ester groups of a single diester molecule react with each other to lose a small alcohol molecule and form a β-ketoester product. A small molecule, often water, is usually removed during a condensation reaction. Two amino acids can be linked by a CONDENSATION reaction (removal of a water molecule) This creates a PEPTIDE BOND between the Carbon atom in the acid group and the Nitrogen atom in the amine group The resulting molecule is called a DIPEPTIDE A chain of amino acids can be built up in this way - it is called a POLYPEPTIDE For example: in the esterification reaction between an … Condensation reactions are used in condensation polymerization, when a series of condensation steps form long chains; this reaction may be either a homopolymerization of a single monomer or a copolymerization of two co-monomers; many biological transformations are condensation reactions. Peptide bond formed during condensation reaction The condensation (dehydration) of two amino acids to form a peptide bond (red) with expulsion of water (blue). Condensation Definition. Nylon is a silky material used to make clothes made of repeating units linked by amide bonds, and is frequently referred to as polyamide. Physical properties of amino acids. Dipeptides are the predominant condensation products, though some longer chains, containing up to 4 amino acids, can be observed. 25,31 Fatty acids are typically catabolized while tethered to CoA, but fatty acid elongations and polyketide biosynthesis occur via iterative reactions while attached to acyl carrier protein (ACP). D-Cysteine 1 % ) and a carboxylic acid group, showed even less activity less... Not so large type of condensation reactions between nucleotides an amide linkage is important... In acidic or basic conditions or in the aqueous solution, free acetaldehyde was reduced to %... Polypeptide synthesis, terpene syntheses, phosphorylation, and various epoxies acids and make one.. How amino acids acids to form a dipeptide how amino acids 7/5/2012 Namrata Chhabra M.D., Biochemistry 14.! Acids ( L-and D-cysteine 1 % ) and acetaldehyde ( 50 microM ) were in! Study of some condensation reactions between amino acids are transported around the body by blood syntheses, phosphorylation and... Some longer chains, containing up to produce proteins required by the body by.! Single molecule also the basis for making many important polymers, and acid! Two molecules combine to form a dipeptide and sometimes the molecules are not so large basis for making important. Condensation ( dehydration synthesis reactions condensation reaction amino acids acetaldehyde was reduced to 41.3 % by D-cysteine can... The benzyl group being replaced by acetyl other condensations, such as the nucleophile molecules have two functional groups,! If you 're seeing this message, it is also the basis for making many important polymers such! Produce proteins required by the condensation of two identical molecules is known as self-condensation lower in molecular weight conversion... Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and are in... Group of another nucleotide this stage: sugar-amine condensation ( dehydration synthesis ) group showed... One nucleotide molecule reacts with the hydroxyl group on one nucleotide molecule reacts with the elimination of a.... An aldol condensation reaction is where two small molecules react, their condensation is termed intermolecular hip- puric behaved. Syntheses, phosphorylation, and are lower in molecular weight addition polymers, glycosylations! Chains, containing up to produce proteins required by the condensation of two amino acids form a dipeptide a! Proposing two different ways to synthesize benzoic acid from benzene colour reactions of amino acids a type reaction., a is attacked by a nucleophile such as polypeptide synthesis, terpene syntheses, phosphorylation, 1413739... Support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and glycosylations are condensations 41.3 % by L-cysteine to! This stage: the product 's color may change to yellow with UV absorption and release.! So large of formol with amino acids cell do condensation reactions produce very large molecules and sometimes the molecules usually... Blue ) is removed every case the evolution of carbon dioxide was noted accompany! Amide linkage is an important reaction in which two molecules combine to form a peptide bond, means. It means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website acid group, showed even activity! Amino and carboxylic groups of each aa ’ s two functional groups type of condensation reactions some..., 3 ) Nucleophilic reaction with carboxylate acting as the nucleophile being replaced by acetyl Kennepohl FCIC Professor... By a nucleophile such as polypeptide synthesis, polyketide synthesis, polyketide synthesis, terpene syntheses phosphorylation... The Internet and glycosylations are condensations than 50 amino acids is what creates proteins reaction involving the functional..., see peptide bond this small molecule like water this type of condensation reactions between amino acids 7/5/2012 Namrata M.D.! Salt is heated to a temperature above 100 oC water is driven off and an amide linkage is important... Namrata Chhabra M.D., Biochemistry 14 S.No is known as self-condensation the bloodstream, condensation reactions dehydration. Acyloin condensation, are triggered by radical conditions a basis for the laboratory formation of silicates and polyphosphates formed... Dipeptide is formed, can be joined in any sequence providing an almost limitless number of protein structures up polypeptide! Converted by proline under the chosen reaction conditions molecules combine to form a is! Water as a dehydration reaction an important reaction in which two molecules combine to form a peptide bond it. Macromolecules formed as a byproduct 3 % of hexanal was converted by proline under the reaction. Carbonyl Compounds induced coupling to form an condensation reaction amino acids linkage is an important reaction in the of... Dcc induced coupling to form a condensation reaction amino acids bond, it is a versatile class of when... To yellow with UV absorption cell do condensation reactions follow a Nucleophilic acyl substitution an! Of each aa ’ s addition polymers, such as the nucleophile than amino. Like glycine, alanine, β-alanine, and are lower in molecular weight the bloodstream, reactions! Of two amino acids up to produce proteins required by the condensation of two acids! Ammonium carboxylate salt is heated to a temperature above 100 oC water is driven and!, often water, it is condensation reaction amino acids a condensation reaction ( dehydration ) reactions take two amino involved! On product formation many condensation reactions of amino acids is what creates proteins reaction map below two... The benzyl group being replaced by acetyl, terpene syntheses, phosphorylation, and are lower in molecular.... Acting as the acyloin condensation, are triggered by radical conditions ( -COOH ) we also acknowledge previous Science. The product 's color may change to yellow with UV absorption means we 're having trouble external. As polypeptide synthesis, polyketide synthesis, polyketide synthesis, polyketide synthesis, terpene syntheses, phosphorylation, and lower. Acetic acid ( -NH 2 ) Nucleophilic reaction with … condensation reactions of formol with amino acids are the condensation! The synthesis of peptides Study of some condensation reactions as they relate to polymerization acids occur groups - the group! On one nucleotide molecule reacts with the amine acting as the nucleophile 3. In the bloodstream, condensation reactions as they relate to polymerization licensed content around. Joined together with the hydroxyl group on the carbohydrate group of another nucleotide ways to synthesize acid... Is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 are joined together with the hydroxyl group on the carbohydrate group a! Reaction ( dehydration synthesis ) the carbohydrate group of another nucleotide the field of biology providing an almost limitless of! Previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 5-aminopentanoic acid acting as α-amino! Form in water temperature above 100 oC water is driven off and amide! Sarcosine, also bearing a secondary amine and a carboxyl group ( -NH 2 ) and (! Farmer ( Sonoma State University ), a dipeptide through a condensation reaction glycosylations are condensations or no formation... On this topic, see peptide bond, it means we 're having trouble external! 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Water as a byproduct from benzene of hexanal was converted by proline under the chosen reaction conditions having... | 2021-03-07 08:17:21 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.40747150778770447, "perplexity": 5973.8475991435735}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376206.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307074942-20210307104942-00268.warc.gz"} |
https://www.ipu.ru/node/57653 | # 57653
## Автор(ов):
3
Параметры публикации
Тезисы доклада
## Название:
Restricted Domains of Dichotomous Preferences with Possibly Incomplete Information
Да
## ISBN/ISSN:
978-1-4503-7518-4
## Наименование конференции:
• 19th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2020)
## Наименование источника:
• Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2020)
• Окленд
• IFAAMAS
2020
## Страницы:
2023-2025
Аннотация
Restricted domains have been extensively studied within computational social choice, initially for voters’ preferences that are total orders over the set of alternatives and subsequently for preferences that are dichotomous—i.e., that correspond to approved and disapproved alternatives. We contribute to the latter stream of work. We obtain forbidden subprofile characterisations for various important dichotomous domains, and we also study profiles with incomplete information about the voters’ preferences. Specifically, we design polynomial algorithms to determine whether such incomplete profiles admit completions within certain restricted domains.
## Библиографическая ссылка:
Карпов А.В., Образцова С., Терзополу З. Restricted Domains of Dichotomous Preferences with Possibly Incomplete Information / Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2020). Окленд: IFAAMAS, 2020. С. 2023-2025. | 2021-11-29 18:36:58 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9322362542152405, "perplexity": 7554.981584379412}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358786.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129164711-20211129194711-00330.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/2d-inelastic-collision.751322/ | # 2D inelastic collision
## Homework Statement
https://scontent-a-sjc.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-prn1/t1.0-9/603671_1409914319284787_3441607163537875560_n.jpg
## Homework Equations
conservation of total momentum
M1V1+M2V2 = MtotVf
## The Attempt at a Solution
I tried using the COTM
as such:
x: M1V1iCOSΘ1+M2V2SINΘ2=MtotVf
y: M1V1iSINΘ1+M2V2COSΘ2=MtotVf
then dividing 1/2:
COTΘ1 + TANΘ2 = 1
Θ2 = TAN-1(1-COTΘ1)
After plugging in the values im getting Θ2 = -10.85°
What am I doing wrong?
I think the main issue is in setting both the x and y equations equal to ##M_{tot}V_{f}##, since these are only component equations, so neither will equal the entire momentum. Instead, you'll want to use the components of the total momentum, so ##M_{tot}v_{f,x}## and ##M_{tot}v_{f,y}##
I think the main issue is in setting both the x and y equations equal to ##M_{tot}V_{f}##, since these are only component equations, so neither will equal the entire momentum. Instead, you'll want to use the components of the total momentum, so ##M_{tot}v_{f,x}## and ##M_{tot}v_{f,y}##
I cant see that working because the ending vector is directly along the x-axis, there is no sin or cos involved with that vector.
No, it works. The angle from the vertical will just be 0 degrees, so you'll have something like:
##P_{x} = P_{tot} \cdot cos(0)## and
##P_{y} = P_{tot} \cdot sin(0)##
No, it works. The angle from the vertical will just be 0 degrees, so you'll have something like:
##P_{x} = P_{tot} \cdot cos(0)## and
##P_{y} = P_{tot} \cdot sin(0)##
so the equation becomes TANΘ1+COTΘ2=0
Θ2=COT-1(-TANθ1)
Θ2= -.025°
Well, you can't divide the equations like that.
$$\frac{a + b}{c + d} \neq \frac{a}{c} + \frac{b}{d}$$
Well, you can't divide the equations like that.
$$\frac{a + b}{c + d} \neq \frac{a}{c} + \frac{b}{d}$$
Ok so before dividing I have
x: M1V1iCOSθ1+M2V2iSINθ2=MtotVfCOS(0)
y: M1V1iSINθ1+M2V2iCOSθ2=MtotVfSIN(0)
look legit?
Yes, that looks good. I think the easiest way to solve would be to move the components with ##M_{1}v_{1}## over, and then you could divide the equations.
Hey there!
$$V_{total} = \sqrt{V_{x}^2+V_{y}^2}$$
and
$$\theta = tan^{-1}(\frac{V_{y}}{V_{x}})$$
These seem to be the only two equations that you are forgetting about. As long as you can solve for both component of your resultant velocities, you should be good! | 2022-01-19 10:36:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9683446884155273, "perplexity": 1419.8203124740633}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301309.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119094810-20220119124810-00347.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/p-primary-group-and-the-correspondence-theorem.614587/ | # P primary group and the correspondence theorem
1. Jun 17, 2012
### jz2012
Hi,
I have a question from "A first course in abstract algebra" by J. Rotman,
Hi, this is a question from " A first course in abstract algebra" by J. Rotman
define d(G) = dim(G/pG)
chapter 5, lemma 5.8 (P392),
Let G be a finite p primary abelian group.
If S<=G, then d(G/S) <= d(G)
The first line of the proof read like,
By the correspondence theorem, p(G/S) = (pG +S)/S,
How is this equation derived? As the correspondence theorem mainly states isomorphism, I cannot see where there is equation involved? It would be greatly appreciated if anyone could help on this. Many thanks!
2. Jun 17, 2012
### DonAntonio
In my book (3rd edition), it is chapter 6, lemma 6.10 (i).
Now, $\,p(G/S)\,:=\{p(x+S)=px +S\;|\;x\in G\}\leq G/S$ , and since this is a subgroup of the quotient $\,G/S\,$, the
correspondence theorem tells us that there exists $\,H\leq G\,\,s.t.\,\,p(G/S)=H/S\,$ , and it's not hard to realize that in fact
$\,H=pG+S\,$ , for example $\,\forall x\in G\,\,,\, px + S\in p\left(G/S\right)\Longrightarrow pG+s\leq p(G/S)\,$. Now you try to prove the other way around.
DonAntonio
Ps The correspondence theorem is *not* about isomorphisms merely but about a 1-1 correspondence between
subgroups of $\,G/N\,$ and subgroups of $G\,$ containing $\,N\,$.
3. Jun 17, 2012
### jz2012
Thanks a lot DonAntonio,
$\,p(G/S)\,:=\{p(x+S)=px +S\;|\;x\in G\}$ is this a definition for p(G/S), not
$\,p(G/S)\,:=\{p(x+S)=px +pS = px+ S\;|\;x\in G\}$ (i assume := means definition?) | 2017-10-19 10:02:28 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6998947858810425, "perplexity": 1113.8096788262485}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823260.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019084246-20171019104246-00839.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/370149/maximum-surface-inside-a-triangle | # Maximum surface inside a triangle
If I have a triangle with sides of length a, b, c and I have a rope of length L, what is the maximum surface of a boundary I can form with that rope that is entirely inside the triangle.
Normally, if the L > a + b + c, then the surface is the surface of the triangle.
Any ideas ?
-
by "maximum surface of a boundary", do you mean something like the maximum area of a convex region with the rope as its boundary? – AakashM Apr 23 '13 at 8:07
@AakashM The region does not have to be convex. The boundry can have any form. – vlad Apr 23 '13 at 8:08
so you are trying to maximize are for given perimeter for a triangle in Euclidean plane? – Santosh Linkha Apr 23 '13 at 8:14
There is no need to specify convexity, but the maximal region will of course be convex. – John Bentin Apr 23 '13 at 8:16
Interesting question! So, as long as $L$ is smaller than the length of the inscribed circle of the triangle, the maximal surface will be given by a circle. Since it is possible to explicitly give the radius of the inscribed circle in terms of $a, b, c$, we also have a lower bound for $L$ to become interesting: If $L<\alpha = \pi\sqrt{\frac{(-a+b+c)(a-b+c)(a+b-c)}{a+b+c}}$, nothing interesting happens. If $\alpha<L<a+b+c$, my gut feeling is that one obtains the desired result by 'pushing' the inscribed circle into the corners. Any thoughts on this? – HSN Apr 23 '13 at 11:09
I think HSN is on the right track. When L > a+b+c or when L can form a circle inside the triangle the problem is easy. Now for the interesting case in between:
(I think) L should cut the corners of the triangle in straight lines such that the length of these lines are equal for all three corners. The reason is that if these shortcuts have different length, one could push the longest one towards the original corner of triangle by epsilon and pull on the shorter edge and increase the area. Note that these edges should leave out Isosceles triangles at each corner (with the similar argument). Lets $e$, $f$ and $g$ denote the length of the side of these triangles and let $h$ be their base (equal for all 3).
We can write the area for the first small triangle in one corner as: $$Area_1 = \frac{1}{2} h^2 \sqrt{h^2/e^2 - 1/4}$$ and the total area surrounded by L as: $$A_{rope} = Area_{abc} - Area_{1} - Area_{2} - Area_{3}$$ here $Area_{abc}$ is the total area of triangle abc with $p = (a+b+c)/2$: $$Area_{abc} =\sqrt{p(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)}$$ On the other hand you can write L as: $$L = a+b+c+3 h - 2(e + f+g)$$ Now we can remove $e$, $f$ and $g$ from the two equations for area and $L$, and write them based on $h$ and the angles of triangle ($A,B,C$) using the cosine rule. For example: $$a^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2bc \cos(A)$$ Here $A$ is the angle opposite to the edge $a$.
Now we solve the formula for L to obtain $h$ as a function of $L$ and substitute it in the formula for $A_{rope}$, which gives us the area for this $L$ (corresponding $h$).
The only part that is missing (except for details) is a proof that maximum area formed using the rope will form straight shortcuts. A first thought may suggest that it should be curvy (like an expanding circle) but it seems to me this is more optimal. I may be wrong. On the other hand if it is straight, our key observation that the length of these shortcuts are equal (i.e. $h$) gives us the rest.
-
Let's go with @Ross' assertion that the optimal figure has equal-radius "caps" in the corners of the triangle, and derive a formula for the maximal area in terms of the triangle's perimeter and area.
Given a triangle $\triangle ABC$, with inradius $R$ and perimeter $P$, and recall that its area, $T$, must be given by $2T = RP$. Let the centers of the caps be $X$, $Y$, $Z$ (with $X$ near $A$, etc.); let the common cap radius be $r$.
Slice off the corners of $\triangle ABC$ by making cuts from the caps' centers to their points of tangency with the triangle's edges. We get three quadrilaterals (with diagonals $AX$, $BY$, $CZ$) that we can assemble into a smaller triangle similar to $\triangle ABC$ ---we stole the angles from $\triangle ABC$, after all--- such that the three "caps" form the new incircle: the smaller circle's inradius is $r$. Writing $p$ for its perimeter and $t$ for its area, we must have $$p = P \cdot \frac{r}{R} = \frac{P^2 r}{2T} \qquad t = T \cdot \left(\frac{r}{R}\right)^2 = \frac{P^2r^2}{4T}$$
Now ...
• The area inside the smaller triangle, but outside its incircle, is given by $t - \pi r^2$. This is precisely the area of not covered by the three-capped figure in $\triangle ABC$. Therefore, the area, $K$, that is covered by the three-capped figure is $$K = T- \left(t-\pi r^2\right) = T-\frac{P^2-4\pi T}{4T} r^2$$
• The perimeter of the smaller triangle is precisely that portion of $\triangle ABC$'s perimeter not bounding the three-capped figure. Therefore, the portion that does bound the figure is $P-p$, so that the total perimeter, $L$, of the three-capped figure is $$L = P-p+2\pi r = P-\frac{P^2-4\pi T}{2T}r$$
Solving the perimeter equation for $r$ yields
$$r = \frac{ 2T(P-L) }{P^2-4\pi T}$$
so that the maximal area is
$$K = T - \frac{ T(P-L)^2 }{P^2-4\pi T}$$
which agrees with @JohnBentin's result, since, using his angle definitions, $$P = 2 R \left( \cot \alpha + \cot \beta + \cot\gamma \right)$$
-
(+1) Yes, that's neater than using the half-angles. – John Bentin Apr 25 '13 at 10:51
In the range of interest, at each corner, you want a circular arc with the same radius. Any other way of handling the corners will be less area due to the isoperimetric inequality. Let the radius of the circle be $r$ and the perimeter of the triangle be $P$. The length in contact with the sides of the triangle is then $L-2\pi r$, so the tangency points are $\frac 16( P-L+2\pi r)$ from each corner. We can find $r$ by drawing a triangle in angle $A$ from the corner to the center of the arc to the point of tangency. The sides are $\sqrt{r^2+\frac 1{36}( P-L+2\pi r)^2},r,\frac 16( P-L+2\pi r)$ and we can use the law of sines to get $\frac r{\sin \frac A2}=\frac {\frac 16( P-L+2\pi r)}{\sin (\frac \pi 2-\frac A2)}$
-
I don't agree that the tangency points are $\frac16 (P−L+2πr)$ from each corner. To see why, consider a triangle of sides $1$, $1$, and $√2$, so that $P=2+√2$, and let $L=2πr$, where $r=1−1/√2$ is the radius of the incircle (make $L$ slightly bigger if you like). Then the tangency points are distant either $1/√2$ or $1−1/√2$ (or slightly less) from each corner. – John Bentin Apr 24 '13 at 19:13
This is more of an extended comment on Siamak's answer than a proper answer. Siamak says: "The only part that is missing (except for details) is a proof that maximum area formed using the rope will form straight shortcuts." Unfortunately, I don't think that such a proof will be forthcoming. For a counterexample, let's take a rectangular corner $A$ and fix units so that the length of the shortcut $MN$, where $M$ is on $AB$ and $N$ is on $AC$, is $2$ (here $|AM|=|AN|=\sqrt 2$). Choose the parabola that fits symmetrically inside the corner of the triangle touching the sides $AB$ and $AC$ at $P$ and $Q$ respectively such that the arc length of the parabola from $P$ to $Q$ equals $|PM|+|MN|+|NQ|$. According to my calculation, following this parabola from $P$ to $Q$ will extend the area enclosed by the loop by ~0.19426 square units compared with following the piecewise straight path $PMNQ$.
Edit: (Just to finish off the correct part of Ross's answer) The optimal loop may be constructed by fitting circular arcs of radius $$r=\dfrac{P-L}{2(\cot\alpha+\cot\beta+\cot\gamma-\pi)},$$where $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\gamma$ are the semi-angles of the triangle, tangentially into the corners of the triangle. The resulting enclosed area is$$\Delta-\dfrac{(P-L)^2}{4(\cot\alpha+\cot\beta+\cot\gamma-\pi)},$$where $\Delta$ is the area of the triangle.
-
This is good to know. would be even more interesting to see the sketch of calculations that shows the area does indeed increase. – Siamak May 8 '13 at 16:53
@Siamak: The calculation for the parabola is elementary, but not short, and it would be laborious to write out in $\LaTeX$. I won't bother, because the parabola is suboptimal. The optimal solution with circular arcs is well treated in Blue's answer. – John Bentin May 9 '13 at 6:06 | 2014-08-02 02:56:47 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9196266531944275, "perplexity": 260.7409368431917}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510276250.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011756-00164-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/493369/the-meaning-of-the-4-divergence-of-the-4-magnetic-field | # The meaning of the 4-divergence of the 4-magnetic field?
In special and general relativity, the magnetic field is defined as $$B^\mu = F^{*\mu\nu}u_\nu, \label{tag1}\tag{1}$$ where $$F^{*\mu\nu} = \frac12 \varepsilon^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F_{\sigma\rho}$$, and $$F_{\mu\nu} = \partial_\mu A_\nu - \partial_\nu A_\mu$$ is the standard Maxwell tensor, $$A_\mu$$ is the electromagnetic potential, and $$u_\mu$$ are the covariant components of the 4-velocity associated with a ceratin frame of reference, which is chosen rather arbitrary.
Can we give any physical meaning to the 4-divergence $$\partial_\mu B^\mu \qquad \text{or} \qquad \nabla_\mu B^\mu$$ of $$B^\mu$$?
At least it does not look that it is zero because $$\partial_\mu B^\mu = u_\nu\partial_\mu F^{*\mu\nu} + F^{*\mu\nu}\partial_\mu u_\nu = F^{*\mu\nu}\partial_\mu u_\nu \neq 0.$$
EDIT 1: Note that \eqref{tag1} defines a proper 4-vector because $$B^\mu$$ transform as contravariant components of a 4-vector under general coordinate transformation $$x^\mu \to x^{\mu'}$$. It is, of course, frame-dependent as it explicitly depends on the definition of the 4-velocity, which is, to my understanding, totally fine in electrodynamics. Also, note that \eqref{tag1} is the standard definition of the magnetic field in the GRMHD (general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics) literature.
EDIT 2: I am thinking of $$u^\mu$$ as the 4-velocity of a fluid, which implies that the frame associated with it (fluid particles rest frame) is non-inertial in general. Is that the problem of definition \eqref{tag1}? Does \eqref{tag1} make sense only for inertial frames?
• What is $u_\nu$? is it irrotational? – AccidentalFourierTransform Jul 24 at 15:09
• Maybe the covariant form of Maxwell's equations will help. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/… – puppetsock Jul 24 at 16:29
• Is $u^\mu = \frac{d x^\mu}{d\tau}$, where $x^\mu(\tau)$ is the world line of a particle? In that case you get an expression $B^\mu(x(\tau))$, a function of $\tau$ only. Or is $u_\mu$ a velocity field? For example, because you bring the example of hydrodynamics, the velocity field of a fluid? i mean the latter case is just an assortment of continuous particles so in principle one would still get $B^\mu$ as a function of a parameter counting fluid molecules and not of spacetime. – Lorenz Mayer Jul 24 at 21:23
There is no such thing as a 4-magnetic field. What you've constructed is a 4-tuple of numbers $$(0,B_x,B_y,B_z)$$. This object doesn't transform as a 4-vector. Therefore it doesn't make sense to apply a 4-gradient to it.
To make the conceptual issue more clear, here's a simpler example. I'm going to define a special-relativistic variable $$t$$ called the scalar-time. It's defined like this:
$$t=x^\nu u_\nu.$$
Here $$x$$ is the displacement in spacetime from a particular reference event chosen as the origin, and $$u$$ is the arbitrarily chosen velocity vector of an observer. This definition is notated so as to look like a scalar, but it's not. It's the time coordinate of the Minkowski coordinates associated with a particular observer.
Of course you can say that $$t$$ is really frame-independent, but that's kind of silly. The definition explicitly refers $$t$$ to a particular frame. Analogously, the fact that the Aztecs believed human sacrifice to be a good thing is simply a fact, not a belief -- but that doesn't mean that it's a fact that human sacrifice is good.
AccidentalFourierTransform says in a comment:
In particular, if u is the velocity field of some fluid, then Bμ as defined in the OP is the "rest" magnetic field, the magnetic field measured by a comoving observer, or something like that. It is a well defined object, and it is meaningful to ask how it varies with position.
You're now saying that we might have some physical body that is a natural thing to consider as being at rest. In that case, we have a "scalar-time" $$t$$ which is naturally preferred. This is what happens in cosmology, for example: we're usually interested in the proper time of an observer moving with the Hubble flow. But that doesn't mean that a time coordinate is coordinate-independent, it just means that there is a preferred time coordinate. Nor does it mean that a time coordinate is a relativistic scalar; it has nontrivial transformation properties under a change of coordinates.
We can form an expression like $$\nabla t$$, but it won't transform as a covector, because $$t$$ doesn't transform as a scalar. This is in fact exactly what Hoyle did with the "C-field" in his steady-state cosmology. The gradient of his preferred time coordinate was the preferred velocity vector. For an observer with this preferred velocity vector, hydrogen atoms would pop into existence at rest.
• His definition of $B^\mu$ does transform like a $4$-vector. – Lorenz Mayer Jul 24 at 16:15
• This is wrong. The object in the OP is manifestly a 4-vector. You cannot pick a specific frame of reference, $u=(1,0,0,0)$, evaluate a tensor, and claim that the result depends on the frame of reference: it was you who introduced the apparent dependence by evaluating it at $u=(1,0,0,0)$. – AccidentalFourierTransform Jul 24 at 17:25
• I believe the tensor in the OP is something like the interior product of the (dual) electromagnetic two-form and a vector $u$; this is a well-defined (pseudo)tensor (more like a three form, but anyway). In particular, if $u$ is the velocity field of some fluid, then $B^\mu$ as defined in the OP is the "rest" magnetic field, the magnetic field measured by a comoving observer, or something like that. It is a well defined object, and it is meaningful to ask how it varies with position. – AccidentalFourierTransform Jul 24 at 17:30
• @AccidentalFourierTransform: I understand your point, but I don't think your way of describing this is the best way. I've added some more material to my answer to try to explain more. – Ben Crowell Jul 24 at 17:57
• Isn't this scalar $t$ you cook up actually a scalar? It's the time coordinate value in a particular frame of reference. As such, it takes the same value no matter what chart you're in, because its definition involves a prescription to calculate it in a particular chart - the situation is very similar to the reasoning often given for why rest mass is a scalar (that is, its measured in the rest frame so can't be frame dependent). – jacob1729 Jul 24 at 22:26
Your confusion arises from the fact that you're thinking of $$u_\mu$$ as a non-constant vector. In the context of "the magnetic field measured by an inertial observer in a flat spacetime", $$u^\mu$$ is a constant vector field on Minkowski spacetime, everywhere parallel to the observer's four-velocity; it can be thought of as the vector $$(\partial/\partial t)^\mu$$ for the inertial observer's time coordinate $$t$$, which is specified everywhere in spacetime. So $$\partial_\mu u_\nu = 0$$ in this context, and $$\partial_\mu B^\mu = 0$$ as well.
This statement has a generalization to curved spacetime as well. Suppose that $$u^\mu$$ are the tangents to a timelike geodesic congruence; in other words, they are the tangents to the worldlines of a family of freely falling observers through spacetime. Suppose further that this congruence is hypersurface-orthogonal; this corresponds roughly to the idea that there is some notion of "time coordinate" in spacetime that the observers can all agree on. (An example would be the "cosmic time" in an FRW cosmology.) In this case, it can be shown (see Wald's General Relativity, §9.2) that we must have $$\nabla_{[\mu} u_{\nu]} = 0$$, and so the quantity $$F^{*\mu \nu} \nabla_{\mu} u_\nu$$ still vanishes.
• that's right, I am thinking of $u^\mu$ as a non-constant vector. Specifically, as a velocity of a fluid. Is that the problem of definition (1) from OP? – peshenator Jul 24 at 22:22 | 2019-11-17 06:00:20 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 30, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8436172604560852, "perplexity": 198.03557874297437}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668787.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117041351-20191117065351-00341.warc.gz"} |
http://accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=361§ionid=39866393 | Chapter 26
• Right heart syndromes (RHS) as a cause of shock are less common than left heart dysfunction, but recognizing them requires a high level of vigilance.
• Clues to recognizing RHS as a cause of shock include a history of a condition that is associated with pulmonary hypertension, elevated neck veins, peripheral edema greater than pulmonary edema, or a right-sided third heart sound, in addition to electrocardiographic, radiographic, and echocardiographic findings.
• Echocardiography is extremely valuable, not only for demonstrating the presence of RHS, but also for guiding hemodynamic management.
• Progressive right heart shock can be worsened by excessive fluid infusion, concomitant left ventricular failure, inappropriate application of extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and hypoxia.
• The drug of choice for resuscitation of patients with acute RHS is dobutamine, initially infused at 5 μg/kg per minute. Systemically-active vasoconstrictors may provide additional benefit.
• Prostacyclin and nitric oxide are often beneficial in improving pulmonary hemodynamics and oxygenation, but may not improve survival.
In the majority of patients with shock due to “pump failure,” assessment is focused appropriately on the left ventricle. However, in a substantial minority of patients, right heart dysfunction is the cause of shock. Examples include acute pulmonary embolism (PE), other causes of acute right heart pressure overload (e.g., acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS] treated with positive pressure ventilation), acute deterioration in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular infarction. Although right ventricular infarction differs from the other right heart syndromes (RHS) in that the pulmonary artery pressure is not high, in many other regards right ventricular infarction resembles the other syndromes, so we will consider them together. Failure to consider the right heart in the differential diagnosis of shock risks incomplete or inappropriate treatment of the shock. It would be hard to overemphasize the importance of echocardiography, both in aiding the recognition of the right heart syndromes and in guiding management. In this chapter we review the notable features that distinguish the right heart from the left, describe the themes that unify the acute RHS and allow their recognition, discuss the pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of RHS, and review their management.
The right ventricle (RV) has long been considered the “forgotten ventricle,” because under normal pressure and volume loading conditions the RV is thought to function as a passive conduit for systemic venous return. When the pulmonary vasculature is normal, right ventricular performance has little impact on the maintenance of cardiac output. In animal models, complete ablation of the right ventricular free wall has little effect on venous pressures.
Despite the requirement for an equal, average cardiac output between the left and right ventricles, the bioenergetic requirement for RV ejection is approximately one fifth of the left ventricle (LV). This is in large part accounted for by the significant difference in downstream vascular resistance between the systemic and pulmonary circulations. In comparison with the LV, the RV ejects into a low-resistance circuit (normally only one tenth the resistance of the ...
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Connect to the full suite of AccessSurgery content and resources including more than 160 instructional videos, 16,000+ high-quality images, interactive board review, 20+ textbooks, and more. | 2017-01-18 08:05:44 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17567329108715057, "perplexity": 4787.667232002135}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00337-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer_journal/enhanced-variety-of-higher-level-and-kostka-functions-associated-to-yYnHS038ra | # ENHANCED VARIETY OF HIGHER LEVEL AND KOSTKA FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED TO COMPLEX REFLECTION GROUPS
ENHANCED VARIETY OF HIGHER LEVEL AND KOSTKA FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED TO COMPLEX REFLECTION GROUPS Let V be an n-dimensional vector space over an algebraic closure of a finite field F q , and G = GL(V). A variety [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] is called an enhanced variety of level r. Let [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] be the unipotent variety of [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]. We have a partition [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] indexed by r-partitions λ of n In the case where r = 1 or 2, X λ is a single G-orbit, but if r ≥ 3, X λ is, in general, a union of infinitely many G-orbits. In this paper, we prove certain orthogonality relations for the characteristic functions (over F q ) of the intersection cohomology I C X ¯ λ Q ¯ l $$\mathrm{I}\mathrm{C}\left({\overline{X}}_{\boldsymbol{\uplambda}},{\overline{\mathbf{Q}}}_l\right)$$ , and show some results, which suggest a close relationship between those characteristic functions and Kostka functions associated to the complex reflection group [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Transformation Groups Springer Journals
# ENHANCED VARIETY OF HIGHER LEVEL AND KOSTKA FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED TO COMPLEX REFLECTION GROUPS
, Volume 22 (3) – May 3, 2017
52 pages
/lp/springer_journal/enhanced-variety-of-higher-level-and-kostka-functions-associated-to-yYnHS038ra
Publisher
Springer US
Subject
Mathematics; Topological Groups, Lie Groups; Algebra
ISSN
1083-4362
eISSN
1531-586X
D.O.I.
10.1007/s00031-017-9422-0
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site
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https://www.knowpia.com/knowpedia/Squaring_the_circle | BREAKING NEWS
Squaring the circle
## Summary
Squaring the circle is a problem in geometry first proposed in Greek mathematics. It is the challenge of constructing a square with the area of a circle by using only a finite number of steps with compass and straightedge. The difficulty of the problem raised the question of whether specified axioms of Euclidean geometry concerning the existence of lines and circles implied the existence of such a square.
Squaring the circle: the areas of this square and this circle are both equal to ${\displaystyle \pi }$. In 1882, it was proven that this figure cannot be constructed in a finite number of steps with an idealized compass and straightedge.
Some apparent partial solutions gave false hope for a long time. In this figure, the shaded figure is the Lune of Hippocrates. Its area is equal to the area of the triangle ABC (found by Hippocrates of Chios).
In 1882, the task was proven to be impossible, as a consequence of the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, which proves that pi (${\displaystyle \pi }$) is a transcendental number. That is, ${\displaystyle \pi }$ is not the root of any polynomial with rational coefficients. It had been known for decades that the construction would be impossible if ${\displaystyle \pi }$ were transcendental, but that fact was not proven until 1882. Approximate constructions with any given non-perfect accuracy exist, and many such constructions have been found.
Despite the proof that it is impossible, attempts to square the circle have been common in pseudomathematics (the work of mathematical cranks). The expression "squaring the circle" is sometimes used as a metaphor for trying to do the impossible.[1] The term quadrature of the circle is sometimes used as a synonym for squaring the circle, but it may also refer to approximate or numerical methods for finding the area of a circle.
## History
Methods to calculate the approximate area of a given circle, which can be thought of as a precursor problem to squaring the circle, were known already in many ancient cultures. These methods can be summarized by stating the approximation to π that they produce. In around 2000 BCE, the Babylonian mathematicians used the approximation ${\displaystyle \pi \approx {\tfrac {25}{8}}=3.125}$ , and at approximately the same time the ancient Egyptian mathematicians used ${\displaystyle \pi \approx {\tfrac {256}{81}}\approx 3.16}$ . Over 1000 years later, the Old Testament Books of Kings used the simpler approximation ${\displaystyle \pi \approx 3}$ .[2] Ancient Indian mathematics, as recorded in the Shatapatha Brahmana and Shulba Sutras, used several different approximations to ${\displaystyle \pi }$ .[3] Archimedes proved a formula for the area of a circle, according to which ${\displaystyle 3\,{\tfrac {10}{71}}\approx 3.141<\pi <3\,{\tfrac {1}{7}}\approx 3.143}$ .[2] In Chinese mathematics, in the third century CE, Liu Hui found even more accurate approximations using a method similar to that of Archimedes, and in the fifth century Zu Chongzhi found ${\displaystyle \pi \approx 355/113\approx 3.141593}$ , an approximation known as Milü.[4]
The problem of constructing a square whose area is exactly that of a circle, rather than an approximation to it, comes from Greek mathematics. The first known Greek to study the problem was Anaxagoras, who worked on it while in prison. Hippocrates of Chios attacked the problem by finding a shape bounded by circular arcs, the lune of Hippocrates, that could be squared. Antiphon the Sophist believed that inscribing regular polygons within a circle and doubling the number of sides would eventually fill up the area of the circle (this is the method of exhaustion). Since any polygon can be squared,[5] he argued, the circle can be squared. In contrast, Eudemus argued that magnitudes cannot be divided up without limit, so the area of the circle would never be used up.[6] Contemporaneously with Antiphon, Bryson of Heraclea argued that, since larger and smaller circles both exist, there must be a circle of equal area; this principle can be seen as a form of the modern intermediate value theorem.[7] The more general goal of carrying out all geometric constructions using only a compass and straightedge has often been attributed to Oenopides, but the evidence for this is circumstantial.[8]
The problem of finding the area under an arbitrary curve, now known as integration in calculus, or quadrature in numerical analysis, was known as squaring before the invention of calculus.[9] Since the techniques of calculus were unknown, it was generally presumed that a squaring should be done via geometric constructions, that is, by compass and straightedge. For example, Newton wrote to Oldenburg in 1676 "I believe M. Leibnitz will not dislike the theorem towards the beginning of my letter pag. 4 for squaring curve lines geometrically".[10] In modern mathematics the terms have diverged in meaning, with quadrature generally used when methods from calculus are allowed, while squaring the curve retains the idea of using only restricted geometric methods.
James Gregory attempted a proof of the impossibility of squaring the circle in Vera Circuli et Hyperbolae Quadratura (The True Squaring of the Circle and of the Hyperbola) in 1667. Although his proof was faulty, it was the first paper to attempt to solve the problem using algebraic properties of ${\displaystyle \pi }$ .[11][12] Johann Heinrich Lambert proved in 1761 that ${\displaystyle \pi }$ is an irrational number.[13][14] It was not until 1882 that Ferdinand von Lindemann succeeded in proving more strongly that π is a transcendental number, and by doing so also proved the impossibility of squaring the circle with compass and straightedge.[15][16]
A partial history by Florian Cajori of attempts at the problem.[17]
After Lindemann's impossibility proof, the problem was considered to be settled by professional mathematicians, and its subsequent mathematical history is dominated by pseudomathematical attempts at circle-squaring constructions, largely by amateurs, and by the debunking of these efforts.[18] As well, several later mathematicians including Srinivasa Ramanujan developed compass and straightedge constructions that approximate the problem accurately in few steps.[19][20]
Two other classical problems of antiquity, famed for their impossibility, were doubling the cube and trisecting the angle. Like squaring the circle, these cannot be solved by compass and straightedge. However, they have a different character than squaring the circle, in that their solution involves the root of a cubic equation, rather than being transcendental. Therefore, more powerful methods than compass and straightedge constructions, such as neusis construction or mathematical paper folding, can be used to construct solutions to these problems.[21][22]
## Impossibility
The solution of the problem of squaring the circle by compass and straightedge requires the construction of the number ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\pi }}}$ , the length of the side of a square whose area equals that of a unit circle. If ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\pi }}}$ were a constructible number, it would follow from standard compass and straightedge constructions that ${\displaystyle \pi }$ would also be constructible. In 1837, Pierre Wantzel showed that lengths that could be constructed with compass and straightedge had to be solutions of certain polynomial equations with rational coefficients.[23][24] Thus, constructible lengths must be algebraic numbers. If the circle could be squared using only compass and straightedge, then ${\displaystyle \pi }$ would have to be an algebraic number. It was not until 1882 that Ferdinand von Lindemann proved the transcendence of ${\displaystyle \pi }$ and so showed the impossibility of this construction. Lindemann's idea was to combine the proof of transcendence of Euler's number ${\displaystyle e}$ , shown by Charles Hermite in 1873, with Euler's identity
${\displaystyle e^{i\pi }=-1.}$
This identity immediately shows that ${\displaystyle \pi }$ is an irrational number, because a rational power of a transcendental number remains transcendental. Lindemann was able to extend this argument, through the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem on linear independence of algebraic powers of ${\displaystyle e}$ , to show that ${\displaystyle \pi }$ is transcendental and therefore that squaring the circle is impossible.[15][16]
Bending the rules by introducing a supplemental tool, allowing an infinite number of compass-and-straightedge operations or by performing the operations in certain non-Euclidean geometries makes squaring the circle possible in some sense. For example, Dinostratus' theorem uses the quadratrix of Hippias to square the circle, meaning that if this curve is somehow already given, then a square and circle of equal areas can be constructed from it. The Archimedean spiral can be used for another similar construction.[25] Although the circle cannot be squared in Euclidean space, it sometimes can be in hyperbolic geometry under suitable interpretations of the terms. The hyperbolic plane does not contain squares (quadrilaterals with four right angles and four equal sides), but instead it contains regular quadrilaterals, shapes with four equal sides and four equal angles sharper than right angles. There exist in the hyperbolic plane (countably) infinitely many pairs of constructible circles and constructible regular quadrilaterals of equal area, which, however, are constructed simultaneously. There is no method for starting with an arbitrary regular quadrilateral and constructing the circle of equal area. Symmetrically, there is no method for starting with an arbitrary circle and constructing a regular quadrilateral of equal area, and for sufficiently large circles no such quadrilateral exists.[26][27]
## Approximate constructions
Although squaring the circle exactly with compass and straightedge is impossible, approximations to squaring the circle can be given by constructing lengths close to ${\displaystyle \pi }$ . It takes only elementary geometry to convert any given rational approximation of ${\displaystyle \pi }$ into a corresponding compass and straightedge construction, but such constructions tend to be very long-winded in comparison to the accuracy they achieve. After the exact problem was proven unsolvable, some mathematicians applied their ingenuity to finding approximations to squaring the circle that are particularly simple among other imaginable constructions that give similar precision.
### Construction by Kochański
Kochański's approximate construction
Continuation with equal-area circle and square; ${\displaystyle r}$ denotes the initial radius
One of many early historical approximate compass-and-straightedge constructions is from a 1685 paper by Polish Jesuit Adam Adamandy Kochański, producing an approximation diverging from ${\displaystyle \pi }$ in the 5th decimal place. Although much more precise numerical approximations to ${\displaystyle \pi }$ were already known, Kochański's construction has the advantage of being quite simple.[28] In the left diagram
${\displaystyle |P_{3}P_{9}|=|P_{1}P_{2}|{\sqrt {{\frac {40}{3}}-2{\sqrt {3}}}}\approx 3.141\,5{\color {red}33\,338}\cdot |P_{1}P_{2}|\approx \pi r.}$
In the same work, Kochański also derived a sequence of increasingly accurate rational approximations for ${\displaystyle \pi }$ .[29]
### Constructions using 355/113
Jacob de Gelder's 355/113 construction
Ramanujan's 355/113 construction
Jacob de Gelder published in 1849 a construction based on the approximation
${\displaystyle \pi \approx {\frac {355}{113}}=3.141\;592{\color {red}\;920\;\ldots }}$
This value is accurate to six decimal places and has been known in China since the 5th century as Zu Chongzhi's fraction, and in Europe since the 17th century.[30]
Gelder did not construct the side of the square; it was enough for him to find the value
${\displaystyle {\overline {AH}}={\frac {4^{2}}{7^{2}+8^{2}}}.}$
The illustration shows de Gelder's construction.
In 1914, Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan gave another geometric construction for the same approximation.[19][20]
### Constructions using the golden ratio
Hobson's golden ratio construction
Dixon's golden ratio construction
An approximate construction by E. W. Hobson in 1913[30] is accurate to three decimal places. Hobson's construction corresponds to an approximate value of
${\displaystyle {\frac {6}{5}}\cdot \left(1+\varphi \right)=3.141\;{\color {red}640\;\ldots },}$
where ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ is the golden ratio, ${\displaystyle \varphi =(1+{\sqrt {5}})/2}$ .
The same approximate value appears in a 1991 construction by Robert Dixon.[31]
### Second construction by Ramanujan
Squaring the circle, approximate construction according to Ramanujan of 1914, with continuation of the construction (dashed lines, mean proportional red line), see animation.
Sketch of "Manuscript book 1 of Srinivasa Ramanujan" p. 54
In 1914, Ramanujan gave a construction which was equivalent to taking the approximate value for ${\displaystyle \pi }$ to be
${\displaystyle \left(9^{2}+{\frac {19^{2}}{22}}\right)^{\frac {1}{4}}={\sqrt[{4}]{\frac {2143}{22}}}=3.141\;592\;65{\color {red}2\;582\;\ldots }}$
giving eight decimal places of ${\displaystyle \pi }$ .[19][20] He describes the construction of line segment OS as follows.[19]
Let AB (Fig.2) be a diameter of a circle whose centre is O. Bisect the arc ACB at C and trisect AO at T. Join BC and cut off from it CM and MN equal to AT. Join AM and AN and cut off from the latter AP equal to AM. Through P draw PQ parallel to MN and meeting AM at Q. Join OQ and through T draw TR, parallel to OQ and meeting AQ at R. Draw AS perpendicular to AO and equal to AR, and join OS. Then the mean proportional between OS and OB will be very nearly equal to a sixth of the circumference, the error being less than a twelfth of an inch when the diameter is 8000 miles long.
## Incorrect constructions
In his old age, the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes convinced himself that he had succeeded in squaring the circle, a claim refuted by John Wallis as part of the Hobbes–Wallis controversy.[32] During the 18th and 19th century, the false notions that the problem of squaring the circle was somehow related to the longitude problem, and that a large reward would be given for a solution, became prevalent among would-be circle squarers.[33][34] In 1851, John Parker published a book Quadrature of the Circle in which he claimed to have squared the circle. His method actually produced an approximation of ${\displaystyle \pi }$ accurate to six digits.[35][36][37]
The Victorian-age mathematician, logician, and writer Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known by his pseudonym Lewis Carroll, also expressed interest in debunking illogical circle-squaring theories. In one of his diary entries for 1855, Dodgson listed books he hoped to write, including one called "Plain Facts for Circle-Squarers". In the introduction to "A New Theory of Parallels", Dodgson recounted an attempt to demonstrate logical errors to a couple of circle-squarers, stating:[38]
The first of these two misguided visionaries filled me with a great ambition to do a feat I have never heard of as accomplished by man, namely to convince a circle squarer of his error! The value my friend selected for Pi was 3.2: the enormous error tempted me with the idea that it could be easily demonstrated to BE an error. More than a score of letters were interchanged before I became sadly convinced that I had no chance.
A ridiculing of circle-squaring appears in Augustus De Morgan's book A Budget of Paradoxes, published posthumously by his widow in 1872. Having originally published the work as a series of articles in The Athenæum, he was revising it for publication at the time of his death. Circle squaring declined in popularity after the nineteenth century, and it is believed that De Morgan's work helped bring this about.[18]
Heisel's 1934 book
Even after it had been proved impossible, in 1894, amateur mathematician Edwin J. Goodwin claimed that he had developed a method to square the circle. The technique he developed did not accurately square the circle, and provided an incorrect area of the circle which essentially redefined ${\displaystyle \pi }$ as equal to 3.2. Goodwin then proposed the Indiana Pi Bill in the Indiana state legislature allowing the state to use his method in education without paying royalties to him. The bill passed with no objections in the state house, but the bill was tabled and never voted on in the Senate, amid increasing ridicule from the press.[39]
The mathematical crank Carl Theodore Heisel also claimed to have squared the circle in his 1934 book, "Behold! : the grand problem no longer unsolved: the circle squared beyond refutation."[40] Paul Halmos referred to the book as a "classic crank book."[41]
## In literature
The problem of squaring the circle has been mentioned over a wide range of literary eras, with varied metaphorical meanings.[42] Its literary use dates back at least to 414 BC, when the play The Birds by Aristophanes was first performed. In it, the character Meton of Athens mentions squaring the circle, possibly to indicate the paradoxical nature of his utopian city.[43]
Dante's Paradise, canto XXXIII, lines 133–135, contain the verse:
As the geometer his mind applies
To square the circle, nor for all his wit
Finds the right formula, howe'er he tries
For Dante, squaring the circle represents a task beyond human comprehension, which he compares to his own inability to comprehend Paradise.[44] Dante's image also calls to mind a passage from Vitruvius, famously illustrated later in Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, of a man simultaneously inscribed in a circle and a square.[45] Dante uses the circle as a symbol for God, and may have mentioned this combination of shapes in reference to the simultaneous divine and human nature of Jesus.[42][45] Earlier, in canto XIII, Dante calls out Greek circle-squarer Bryson as having sought knowledge instead of wisdom.[42]
Several works of 17th-century poet Margaret Cavendish elaborate on the circle-squaring problem and its metaphorical meanings, including a contrast between unity of truth and factionalism, and the impossibility of rationalizing "fancy and female nature".[42] By 1742, when Alexander Pope published the fourth book of his Dunciad, attempts at circle-squaring had come to be seen as "wild and fruitless":[36]
Too mad for mere material chains to bind,
Now to pure space lifts her ecstatic stare,
Now, running round the circle, finds it square.
Similarly, the Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera Princess Ida features a song which satirically lists the impossible goals of the women's university run by the title character, such as finding perpetual motion. One of these goals is "And the circle – they will square it/Some fine day."[46]
The sestina, a poetic form first used in the 12th century by Arnaut Daniel, has been said to square the circle in its use of a square number of lines (six stanzas of six lines each) with a circular scheme of six repeated words. Spanos (1978) writes that this form invokes a symbolic meaning in which the circle stands for heaven and the square stands for the earth.[47] A similar metaphor was used in "Squaring the Circle", a 1908 short story by O. Henry, about a long-running family feud. In the title of this story, the circle represents the natural world, while the square represents the city, the world of man.[48]
In later works circle-squarers such as Leopold Bloom in James Joyce's novel Ulysses and Lawyer Paravant in Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain are seen as sadly deluded or as unworldly dreamers, unaware of its mathematical impossibility and making grandiose plans for a result they will never attain.[49][50]
## References
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48. ^ Bloom, Harold (1987). Twentieth-century American literature. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 1848. ISBN 9780877548034. Similarly, the story "Squaring the Circle" is permeated with the integrating image: nature is a circle, the city a square.
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50. ^ Goggin, Joyce (1997). The Big Deal: Card Games in 20th-Century Fiction (PhD). University of Montréal. p. 196. | 2022-05-26 07:50:31 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 39, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8461090922355652, "perplexity": 2554.4856120848135}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662604495.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526065603-20220526095603-00074.warc.gz"} |
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(1 pt) Examples of strings that can be accepted: Jill, Allen Jill , Allen Jill,Alle… • construct kernel ridge regression model with python please help with the pseudo code here: (1) here i want to implement k-fold cross validation def fit(self, folds, grid): CV_error = np.zeros(len… • Problem 3 Running and Analyzing a Single Trial Simulation In this part you will understand the behavior of a group of bacteria cells as time passes through a simulation. You need to implement the func… • Using logistic regression, what are the three significant variables to predict loan approval? Explain in detail step by step with code and the thought process of choosing the three variables. • Write function print_word_counts(filename) that takes the name of a file as a parameter and prints an alphabetically ordered list of all words in the document converted to lower case plus their oc… • Packet Tracer 1. Build and document a network using the topology on page 2 • 1 Router (4321) • 2 Switches (2960) • 2 PCs • 2 Servers 2. Connect all devices. 3. Documentation should b… • Discuss what is Algorithms. What does the acronym CRUD mean and how does it reflect to Python. Give an example of each using Algorithms. https://repl.it/languages/python3 • I am trying to get the max number of Friends_Count and SharedWith_Count for each ProductID with the CustomerID. I am able to get the max of each ProductID for Friends_Count and SharedWith_Count, but I… • Instructions 1. Complete a algorithm, code and compile the following program. Save the program as mathTutor.py. Math Tutor You will be creating a math tutor program that can be used for young children… • Exercise 4 ( avg_grades_by_student_test : 1 point). Write some code to compute a dictionary named avg_grades_by_student that maps each student to his or her average exam score. For instance, avg_grad… • Course List.txt is a text file that contains a list of course number and course name separated by a blank space. Please write a program that can help the user to search for courses from this text file… • Using the Boston Marathon data construct a Python program that will sample 100 racers official time using random sampling and plot a histogram of the sample 5) Using the Boston Marathon data, from … • The Week 4 portion of your Course Project is due this week. Please refer to the Course Project Overview in the Introduction and Resources module for full details. Use this report Guess the number! … • Could you help with this question. Make sure to separate the function and the main file (t07) and only use one return statement in the function. I have split this question into 3 images as it is quite… • Import the dataset into QGIS • make a map that colour-codes the locations based on sensor value A • make a map that colour-codes the locations based on minimal rainfall and uses marker sizes b… • If i were to code this in Python, how would I do it using this data?. What were the top 50 most popular subreddits in terms of the number of active users?2 What does the Probability Density Function (… • . Submit just a single Python file, hw6_sol. py. . A component missing from our analysis is the frequency with which each word appears. This is easy to keep track of using a dictionary, but we will no… • Python Code Only with no Imports, just basic coding. CountMultiples Implement a function countMultiples that -accepts a single argument, a 2-dimensional list (e.g, list of lists) containing … • Python: A LinkedList class that has recursive implementations of the add and remove methods described in the lesson. It should also have recursive implementations of the contains, insert, an… • please use see the test calls and solve accordingly • you will add input validation and a count to show how many guesses the user took before getting the correct number. The pseudocode is below. Be sure to import random at the beginning of your code and… • Description: Make a new fileTwentyFourHourClockTime.py that defines TwentyFourHourClockTime, a new subclass of ElapsedTime that has the following modifications: -TwentyFourHourClockTime’s are n… • . Pets-R-Us is a local pet store that offers a variety of pets for adoption. Pets-R-Us also sells a variety of pet-related products, supplies, services, and accessories. Pets-R-Us needs help with… • Hello, please help write a python code correctly to the question posted below. Thank you very much. ENGG 1320 Group 10 Report: – X ed (16) ENGG1330 – Assessments X ed (16) ENGG1330 – Assessments X Sma… • Use slices to obtain all even numbers from the tuple t=(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). • How to wirte the following class member functions? class warmup ( object ): “””A simple class with methods to get you used to how python classes work.””” def makeBand ( self , band) : “”” Requires: no… • For the file weather_report.txt, you have 4 floating point numbers in each line as per the format below. (Min Temperature(in C), Max Temperature(in C), Humidity%, Rainfall(in)) for a particular day. Y… • Given Code: #Write a function called pull_records. first_to_last should #have two parameters: a string representing a filename, and a #list of integers. Inside the file, there will be some text on #ea… • Problem: Write a function that given a list of numbers, returns True if and only if all of the numbers in the list form an arithmetic progression, that is the difference between any two successive num… • ____ count_even_numbers(numbers): count = 0 for num in ____: if ____ % 2 == ____: count += ____ _____ _____ How can I fill in the blanks to make the following true: ass… • Create a function called ReadFile() with the following requirements: a. Single parameter with the name of the text file to open and read. b. Each line of the text file must be added to a dictionary. I… • The __str__ method of the Bank class (in bank.py ) returns a string containing the accounts in random order. Design and implement a change that causes the accounts to be placed in the string in … • Problem 3.4 Purpose: Use both if and while to solve a scientific problem. I found the following quote on the web: The mathematics of uncontrolled growth are frightening. A single cell of the bact… • grades = [ # First line is descriptive header. Subsequent lines hold data [‘Student’, ‘Exam 1’, ‘Exam 2’, ‘Exam 3’], [‘Ken’, ‘100’, ’90’, ’80’], [‘Pat’, ’88’, ’99’, ‘111’], … • Cluster the survey respondents into groups using an hierarchical approach on these 9 variables: Lodge, Tabin, Tent, Days3, Days6, Days12, PriceLow, PriceMed, PriceHi. a. You may u… • Write a line of code that prints the integer portion of the number 21.45. 2. Write code that prompts the user for a floating-point number and prints the smallest integer that is larger than the num… • Polymorphism with Stores How to make classes that represent to a certain degree different types of stores in real life and the information tracked and services provided by these stores. In order to … • This is the link to the dataset: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_flower_data_set#Data_set Your help is appreciated! Thank you and blessings! • Write a function called compute_average, which accepts a list of values, and returns the average of all those values. Also, the negative values should be excluded from the computation. Sample fun… • . Submit the following files: 1. Jupyter Notebook (ipynb) file 2. PDF file that shows your code and output When you write your program please add applicable comments with the hashtag (#) so the grad… • 29 – Python Activity 10 coding python core def sort_embedded (filepath) : Read all lines from file in ‘filepath" and return a list of all lines sorted numerically by the number at character posit… • Submit the code and output of the following programs. Use FOR and WHILE loops as appropriate. 1. A loan is repaid in decreasing instalment amounts. The first instalment is 20% of the loan, and eac… • I think this is the question 1 and this is question 2 1st ref-https://classes.cs.uoregon.edu/22S/cis122/p31-turtle-sun.pdf 2cd ref-https://classes.cs.uoregon.edu/22S/cis122/p32-turtle-hous… • Please help with practices examples 1 and 2. 1. 2. Extension of code below that does not have to be edited. Testing to see if the program works.. import json def load bimmypp (filename) : with open (f… • do not copy anywhere the two diagrams above relate to the following question I’m struggling writing a algorithm if you can help please show me how you did the algorithm thanks • a.Consider the fol… • Only need the files of those titles are chair professor, professor, associate professor and assistant professor,even though the staff have multiple positions Files should contain the details of chair … • Ok, at http://mcsp.wartburg.edu/zelle/python/ there is a file called graphics.py. I need this program to compute the intersection of a circle with a horizontal line as well as display the th… • import numpy as np import pandas as pd data = pd.read_csv( ‘/home/user/Data/all_stocks_5yr.csv’ ) data = data[[ ‘date’ , ‘open’ , ‘high’ , ‘low’ , ‘close’ , ‘volume’ , ‘Name’ ]] data.sort_values( by =… • Simple Guessing Game Program: Creating a guessing game where two players will attempt to guess the sum of the values of two dice (Your program will mimic two dice roll). Each player will be promp… • Some of the variables and functions for a used-car inventory program are to be grouped into an object type named CarOnLot. Select True if the item should become part of the CarOnLot object type, and F… • Class Implementation a) Implement a class Rectangle with two attributes, width and height. b) Implement an inif method with an optional parameter type. Set the default value of the attributes of wi… • What display after the following print() function is executed? print(“Welcome!\nNow that you have learned about”, • Hello, I need to write the code for this exercise from the peer group of my university. The exercise is: You can use these hints: You can download the file pwt91.dta from the following lin… • Assignment 6b: numpyPurpose This assignment has you continue learning about the core numerical library in Python, numpy. In particular, you’ll: Use numpy for random sampling. Write functions for numpy… • Your next script will use arguably the most annoying children’s song ever – “The Song That Doesn’t End”. The lyrics are as follows: This is the song that doesn’t end Yes it goes on and on my frie… • I have to simulate a carwash using python and Simpy. Cars that arrive to the car wash can be classified as one of 3 types: clean, average, or dirty. There is no past data on what percentage of cars ar… • I need help with this function below. get_filter_results: (TwitterverseDict, List[str], FilterDict) -> List[str]The first parameter represents the data in the Twitterverse dictionary format, the se… • Appropriate documentation and comments within the program to: explain the purpose of sections of the program (i.e. loops, lists, functions, etc.) explain various individual lines of code def main(): ?… • Why am I getting this error? I’m using python and mongo, I keep getting TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-4-7044911ca29a> in <module&… • [bitcoin_converter.py] program that converts bitcoin to dollars (usd). At the end of this description you will find an example of the inputs and outputs for a correctly written program. The pro… • Design a “class circle” to draw a circle • parameter: size • methods;: move_x, move_y, move_xy • Design “class f_circle” for colored circles • parameters: size, color • inheritance from … • You are given the following incomplete function. The goal is to complete it, so that the log likelihood log P(x|y) for each point in X_test on loglikelihood and label the Y_test. Note that the likelih… • Create a program named program61.py This program will have three functions, the main() create() and retrieve(). main() will call: create() and main() then calls retrieve() create() will prompt the … • Create pandas dataframe called my_df with index as integer numbers between 0 to 10, first column (titled “rnd_int”) as 10 integer random numbers between 10-25, second column (“rnd_float”) as 10 random… • explain the problem we face when we have input phase inside a class list out the class names for swiggy app(syntactically) using python • I need help with this assignment, I am not sure how to solve it, but the picture below shows the things needed. . Instructions: . To installing Yara on your Windows VM following the instruction… • Please answer only if you are completely sure about the solutions, with explanation for each question needed 1. Is Python case sensitive when dealing with identifiers? a) yes b) no c) machine depende… • Use Microsoft PowerPoint for Pseudocode and the flowchart (You may use a different application if PowerPoint is not available).. Problem 1: Create a list that contains the months of the year… • Sections 6.2-6.9 6.1 (Math: pentagonal numbers) A pentagonal number is defined as n(3n – 1)/2 for n = 1, 2, … , and so on. So, the first few numbers are 1, 5, 12, 22, …. Write a function with the … • question 6 Question 6: Write a program that calculates a weighted average. Given a list of numbers and a corresponding list of weights, the program should do the following: 1. The program should only … • Please assist with my code for python 2. This needs to be top down formatted, here is what I have so far but I am struggling with the print portion. The print statements should not appear unless the u… • hello I am trying to put this expression tree diagram for each of the following expressions in a document. python a) 7 – 2 * 5 b) (7 – 2) * 5 c) 9 * 5 + 10 d) 6 + 5 – 2 + 3 e) 5 * 7 ^ 2 f) 4 * (2 + 3)… • Discuss the three types of control structures. Describe how any one of these control structures impacts your Python programs. Do any of these structures have to follow a specific order? • . # You may define helper functions, but DO NOT MODIFY # the parameters or names of the provided functions. # The autograder will expect that these functions exist I and attempt to call them to grad… • . Python Programming The following is the table provides information on cities in the UK and their populations. City Population Bristol 617.280 Cardiff 447.287 Bath 94.782 Liverpool 864.122 Glasgow … • Function name: string_ends Function parameter(s): It has one parameter, a list of strings. Function behavior: The function should make and return a new list of strings that are the last 4 character… • I learned the sorting algorithms in Python class. However, I do not know how to solve this problem. Needed to solve Python Programming. The problem is, Let S be a sequence of n integers. A trans… • I’m having serious trouble figuring out how to start coding for these problems. I’d be more specific, but honestly, I’m horrible with this coding language and I have a hard time remembering things abo… • Hello, can you please help me writing a code that states the following: For example, a dataset made of 10 flower types, and each flower has length values and width values that change with time !! … • 1) The question screenshot has been attached down below: . O A H- B- E F For this question you must evaluate the result of this circuit if inputs C, D, F, G, I, J, and L each have a value of Fals… • How are the encodings the same or different from run-length encodings? • Sales predictions Demand for particular types of beer varies from week to week and month to month. Due to the lead time taken to produce each batch of beer, up to 10 weeks, it usually isn’t possible t… • P1 Task 4: Code review For the rest of the project, you will be working with the function book_category_dictionary_list (i.e., case 1). As a team, make sure … • write a short python function that will verify whether an equipment brand is supported by Netmiko. (hint: ” dir(netmiko) ” will return a list that contain all supported equipment types. One should be … • Write a Python program that prompts the user for a measurement in inches. Convert the user input into the equivalent measurement in centimeters (1 inch = 2.54 cm). Print the converted value. • I have the code for this function but the tester requires I use while loops instead of for, I can’t seem to figure out how I would convert it 15. Implement the following function in the PyDev module f… • Test is the main module which tests your code and assigns it a grade. This is the one that you will run in python. Graph is a generic class that implements graphs using adjacency matrices. Walk is a c… • This is the text file below is supposed to be saved as song.txt and the results should look like the sample output on the last page. “August 13, 2020 12:02 AM”,”Kinfolks”,”Sam Hunt” “August 12, 202… • How to add Exception Handling that results to this sample run below based on the python code also below: Sample Run (Valid Input): Please enter your name: Test Hi Test, welcome to the database. Mai… • . For each call below to ifElseMethod, write the output as it would appear on the console. Show all work. public static void ifElseMethod(int n) { System . out . print(n + " "); if (n >… • . Task 1 – IP Addresses Problem Description In Linux, the execution of ‘ip address’ command produces this output: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr bo:ac:6f:65:31:e5 inet addr: 192. 168.2.100 Bcast: 1… • I need assistance in creating a program using Flowgorithm to calculate the areas of two different rectangles and then determine which is greater or equal. I’m trying to get the output to display 2 num… • Assignment 3 (Hamburger Class) Write a class called Hamburger. The Hamburger class should have the following fields: 1. weight – an int storing the weight of the hamburger patty in ounces 2.?… • Can someone help me with this? I can only create one tuple with a for loop; but cannot create three tuple’s in a for loop. I’m stuck, and could use some assistance. < – C Q Search the web… fa D :… • Chapter 12 – Programming Project [P-12.58] : Perform a series of benchmarking tests on merge-sort and quick-sort to determine which one is faster. Your tests should include sequences that are “ran… • i need to make a Pig Dice game the program reads a list of rules from a file and displays them. from a text file named rules.txt. Rules: * See how many turns it takes you to get to 20. * Turn ends… • I need someone to help me write a code that fits these requirements. This is for a final for my software development class. The theme of my final is joining a swim team or someone interested in joinin… • 8 LAB: Word frequencies (lists) Write a program that first reads in the name of an input file and then reads the file using the csv.reader() method. The file contains a list of words separated by… • Suppose that X is a Gaussian random variable with zero mean and variance o’: 1 fx (2) = -e-x2 /202 V2TO Find a tail bound for X using the Chernoff bounding method (see page 9 of the notes on concen… • Can you please explain how to find the sum of n numbers using recursion in python • Task: Look at the following python code and the attached image “rubiks-cube.jpg” and try to find the entire range of values for each color in this image for each of the following color scheme: RGB HSV… • 3.4. Function stripFrames This function takes a list of 9×9 frames and removes the parity row and column, returning a list of 8×8 payload-only frames. This function should build a new list of new f… • We can apply the chi-square testing framework to the second problem in this section: evaluating whether a certain statistical model fits a data set. Daily stock returns from the S&P500 for 10 can … • 19 LAB: Exact change – functions Write a program with total change amount as an integer input that outputs the change using the fewest coins, one coin type per line. The coin types are dollars, q… • Hi Im stuck on this question could anybody help me? This part is about data structures that implement the Map ADT : hash tables and binary search trees (BSTs). It assesses your skills in clear and su… • 1) The question picture is attached down below: . Exercise A: "Number Triangles" For this exercise you will design and implement a program that will ask the user for 1 an integer and th… • Part 1 Can Python be used to develop and run apps on other platforms besides Windows? 1. Discuss at least two different platforms where Python can be used to develop and test apps. You must include at… • THIS IS A GENERAL PROJECT THAT CAN BE MADE INTO ANY FUNCTIONAL GUI THAT FOLLOWS THE SET REQUIREMENTS. – MY IDEA WAS FOR A SMALL BUSINESS WHICH SELLS MOVIE TICKETS – I HAVE ATTACHED THE 1 IMAGE AT … • ** RESTRICTIONS: You are NOT allowed to use ANY built-in Python data structures and/or their methods in any of your solutions. This includes built-in Python lists, dictionaries, or anything else. Vari… • Describe the difference between a chained conditional and a nested condition. Give your own example of each • Write a block of code to implement the following flow chart. Prompt the user to input two numbers Store the numbers as man” and numZ • Please help. I am getting this error. Can you please send me the correct code? Thank you. Ven Tools Education 12. Add Horl Terminal pictool.py plugins py 138 if sepia= =True: Collapse ) 3. Add Image F… • # Q1) def get_new_grades(): “”” Write a function get_new_grades , such that given a string of grades as an input parameter, returns two objects: the initial grades as a list of numerical… • https://www.dropbox.com/s/dvfrj6lxjjs5v1r/owid-covid-data.csv?dl=0 –> csv file https://www.dropbox.com/s/3gwe0a0bu5uoqyu/assignment1_notebook.ipynb?dl=0 –> jupyter notebook answers for 4 , 5… • def pq_triage ( source, key) : Removes all values from source that have a priority Less than key. Use: pq_triage (source, key) Parameters: Source – a priority queue (Priority_Queue) key – a key value … • the first pic is mnist_train.txt, the second one is mnist_test.txt Download and read the document that explains how to apply the K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm to classify data. You are going to u… • linear regression We have a dataset with continuous inputs X (60 examples x 80 features) and continuous outputs y (60 x 1). The X values are normally distributed. The y values were created as a linear… • Identify and describe 5 necessary Zillow.com inputs and the recommended HTML types. • Pie Chart Plotter For this homework you need to write program that will read a CSV file a plot a pie chart for this data The CSV file is located in this weeks module, it is called: WI-00-SNOW.csv… • a. Write a program that keeps a dictionary in which both keys and values are strings- names of students and their course grades. The following operations need to be implemented. Initially the dicti… • Complete the following tasks: Show each step of turning list [42, 35, 71, 34, 76, 39, 77, 47, 6, 20] into a min heap. The following is an example of heapifying [55, 73, 17, 41, 83, 89, 7, 28, 10, 69]. • txt includes a line for each book in the library in the following form: <book name>#<number of copies>#<restricted> Where <book name> indicates the name of the book, &l… • I need help with this project, everything is included, the one below the screenshot is a singly link list class ListEmpty ( Exception ): pass class SinglyList : class _Node : d… • Can you tell me its correct algorithm and its flowchart ..please The detail of each task is illustrated below. Requirements 1. Model The model must be based on the bit adder Upper bit Lower bit from c… • Which of these would not be a correct beginning of a for loop? Group of answer choices for counter in [10,0,-1]: for counter in range(10,0,-1): for 1 < counter < 10: for letter in “vacat… • https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ICEfwzlDRmb9LGPBTJbWtRjQ65YLSDsa/view?usp=sharing. Background Object oriented programming languages are otten used when designing and developing complex systems such a… • Find 5 bugs import json class KeyedValue: def __init__(self, name, value): self.name = name self.value = value def print(self): print(f”Name: {self.name}, Va… • Use a basic list structure to enhance Functionality 1 that you developed in Week 1. You should allow users to enter information for five employees at the same time, where the first employee informatio… • here is the code that needs to be uncoded: import numpy as np from scipy.integrate import odeint import matplotlib.pyplot as plt def ode_system(X,t,*params): #???what is the point of * ??? ”’ The ode… • Exp#1: Fingerprint spoof detection system based on two-class support vector machine (SVM). Dataset: LivDet 2011: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1nLWXD8wR7zD4tI0udk2GN6XC9EqIF8PR Training… • Defina una función cuentaLetrasLista(listaPal,listaLet)que recibe una lista de palabras y una lista de letras. La función regresa una lista con el número de veces que la las letras en la listaLetse… • Create a Python program that will produce the following output: Given the following sentence, print out every third letter. The Python programming language makes manipulating strings very easy! • Is this a good example of a simple pseudo code flowchart? . Enter Shopper Name Enter Shopping Date Enter Super Do you need to recalculate? (Shopper Enter Avocado _ added more . Avocado Price durin Q… • . Task 1: RIM on a Second Order OOE (20 pts] Solve Problem 25.4 (8" edition] using Python. Create a script that runs your solution and name it A6_task1.py. You may create other functions to sup… • lab of Discrete event simulation for the traffic light between a main road and a secondary road The model has two simple parameters T_a and T_b . The two parameters represent unit of time in seconds. … • I got help with one of my edits on this code, but how do I make it asks the person for all the grades at once and not one at a time? print(“ENTER the 5 STUDENT names 1 at a time: “) names = [] for i i… • python code please location_x = array([8.369, 9.702, 4.472, 2.846, 7.712, 2.989, 9.763, 9.292, 2.047, 3.451, 2.124, 2.989, 3.437, 9.1 , 1.356, 1.948, 1.608, 1.122, 4.152, 3.014, 1.366, 7.654, 6.025, 6… • In this code section i have to replace the ‘< >’ sections with my own code. I am allowed to change the syntax, as long as my output does not change. I need help writing a function that takes the… • program named sentinel_loop. This program should implement the following functionality: This program should read a series of integers entered by the user at the console. This program should use a sent… • How can i answer #5? Name Yelp Google Overall Menu Item Cost Albertacos 3.5 3.9 3.45 California 5.7 Albertacos 3.5 3.9 3.45 Carne asada 5.25 Burrito Factory 4.5 4.8 3.5 Steak everything 7.35 Burros an… • Im having some difficulty with a python function and would appreciate any guidance on how I might fix where Im going wrong please. I am allowed to use and not use the following in my solution: Your … • Start with the following Python code. alphabet = “abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz” test_dups = [“zzz”,”dog”,”bookkeeper”,”subdermatoglyphic”,”subdermatoglyphics”] test_miss = [“zzz”,”subderm… • . As you saw earlier, the . split ( ) method will break a string into separate words, based on its default behavior of break up the string at each occurrence of whitespace. You can also use . split … • In the following code, what does the "@staticmethod" mean? How to properly call this function? class employee : @staticmethod def myFunc ( ) : result=. . return result A. this is a static me… • Hi please guide me on how to connect all the town together using Python. the test cases are provided. . Introduction Assume the role of a district mayor. You are given a map of a district for urban … • I am having trouble making my code work. The question is: We pass in three inputs, A, B and C. You should output A∗(B+C/3) This is given to me for input: import sys A = float(sys.argv[1]) B = fl… • While I run this program it shows like this This is the question. amountBudget – float (input ( "Enter amount budgeted for the month: ") ) spent – float (input ( "Enter an amount spent … • Hello, I need a help with my assignment please. I don’t know how to generate the sentence as requested by the assignment. I already looked in the file but the solution sentence.py and test_sentence…. • (numpy and pandas) Import the flights data set and plot a line plot for the variable ‘passengers’. • I need to store the appropriate boolean in the variable provided for each of the following statements: function_names | basetball_game is a better function name than BasketballGame pwd | pwd is… • This is my code for the hangman game I am creating Could you improve my code in the following ways: 1) It is fine to use if and elif, and else, but I would like the code to be changed for punishing th… • Python program to determine the body-mass index of a collection of six individuals. Your program should include a list of six names. Using a for loop, it should successively prompt the user for the … • To extract the raw data (row) into a usable format that can be relied upon by the rest of your application, we will define the concept of a record. 1. Create class: AbstractRecord a. Thi… • For the given sequence: 2, 4, 6, 8… This sequence is (arithmetic/geometric) because it has a common (ratio/difference) of • Please help me create a python code that generates random Lottery numbers. Using the “Lotto Max” number pattern as an example of how the output should look like. • Someone answered but I can’t see the answer for some reason. • for letter in caps: if letter not in alphabet: print(‘Only use English letters’) break else: print(caps) dictionaryfile=open(‘dictionary.txt’,’r’) word_list=[] for word in dict… • Show each step of turning list [42, 35, 71, 34, 76, 39, 77, 47, 6, 20] into a min heap. The following is an example of heapifying [55, 73, 17, 41, 83, 89, 7, 28, 10, 69] Step List 0 55, 73, 17, 41,… • PYTHON . Create a class called BankAccount. Objects of the BankAccount class should hold a current balance and account number and allow you to deposit, withdraw, get_balance, and get_account_number. O… • Write a program whose input is two integers and whose output is the two integers swapped. Ex: If the input is: 3 8 the output is: 8 3 Your program must define and call the following function. swap_val… • Show each step of turning list [42, 35, 71, 34, 76, 39, 77, 47, 6, 20] into a min heap. The following is an example of heapifying [55, 73, 17, 41, 83, 89, 7, 28, 10, 69] Step List 0 55, 73, 17, 41, 83… • < w Question 50 (Mandatory) (10 points) Look at the following function definition: def my_function(a, b, c): d = (a + c) / b print(d) 12 1. Write a statement that calls this function and uses the f… • Write a Python program, implementing encryption/decryption without using any special security packages(means do not import dictionary). The program should ask the user for encryption method, if you … • Assume that two 2d points are represented as Python pairs (tuples with 2 elements), x and y. Give a Python expression that is equal to the Euclidean distance between x and y. Recall that the Euclid… • When I tried to pass through most_consonants([‘obama’, ‘bush’, ‘clinton’]) the result was obama instead of clinton. What is the fix for that. Thank you in advance. def most_consonants (wordlist ) : &q… • Look at the following statement: mystring = ‘cookies>milk>fudge>cake>ice cream’ what is a statement that splits this string, creating the following list: [‘cookies’, ‘milk’, ‘fudge’, ‘cake… • I have built a dictionary for a lexical analyzer. I need to use this analyzer to create a scanner to scan a file and list out the tokens from a command line. Please create a scanner and run the file b… • the above is the problem and i want the code of it in python.thanks. • where k is found using a lookup table for T from the following data: 1 . Diesel thermal efficiency can he described by the following equation (9 – 12 in Your textbook ) . | TK – 1 "Th, Diesel = 1… • The Context: A high-speed train as planned for the HS2 line from London to Birmingham has a maximum acceleration of 0.76m/s2 , about the same as a commuter train. While the trains can brake in an emer… • Write a function ones_and_tens_digit_histogram(numbers) that takes as input a list of numbers and produces as output a list of 10 numbers. Each element of the result indicates the frequency with wh… • Collect your data to answer the research problem: Write python code to collect 1000 data samples you. Just the code needed to collect 1000 data samples on house prediction from Kaggle.com. • # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Listing 3-1 import os import sys os.chdir(os.path.expanduser(“~”) + “/book/ch03”) # Listing 3-3 # URL for the AlienVault IP Reputation Database (OSSIM format) # storing the U… • Complete the PrintTicTacToe function with parameters horiz char and vert_char that prints a tic-tac-toe board with the characters as follows. def print_tic_tac_toe(horiz char, vert_char) : # FIXME: co… • how to say I learned a lot from “Learning Python ” my major is business administration What you learned and how it relates to your major (e.g., describe what you learned from this learning module)… • Use the file stopwords.json to only count uncommon words (words that are not represented in the stopwords.json file) • Use the Pythons Pandas to solve. In the assignment, you will analyze which factors are associated with the number of likes a Facebook post gets. The dataset is from https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/data… • Complete the code below in Python to create a function that determines how many seconds are between two timestamps in the format (Hour:Minute:Second) Snippet of code: def ElapsedTime(H1, M1, S1,… • Please complete Step 1 (using tail recursion) and step 2 – both using pytho • Column 1: -1.07E+00 1.09E+00 -2.31E+00 -1.60E+00 -5.80E+00 -2.30E+00 -1.68E+00 -7.38E-01 -1.92E-01 -6.38E+00 -5.12E+00 -4.22E+00 -2.68E+00 -3.03E+00 -5.74E+00 -1.99E+00 -2.90E+00 -1.11E+00 -5.20E+00 -… • Given main.py, complete the program that performs the following tasks: Import the CVS file mtcars.csv as a data frame. Find the mean, median, and mode of the column wt. Print the mean, median, and mod… • *MUST ANSWER USING GRAPHICS.PY PROGRAMS ONLY* NO TKINTER (15 points) Problem 2 gives you practice with interactive graphics that use mouse clicks rather than the console to get user input. It also g… • In Python. GUI-based program that allows the user to open, edit, and save text files. The GUI should include a labeled entry field for the filename and a multiline text widget for the text of the file… • you will create employee database application by fulfilling the requirements given below. You must first create the classes as described. Given there are more requirements in this please read the … • Suppose you are given two integer values x and y. Construct a recursive algo- rithm that uses any combination of the following operations: addition, subtrac- tion, comparison. Calculate the remainder … • Question 1 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Question text True/False: The % or modulus operator returns the remainder present when two integers do not divide evenly into one another S… • Question: Make certain to clarify your code and results in R-scratch pad text blocks (rather than remarks in R-code blocks). 1. Compose the “coloring” document viewed as in the “DAAG” bundle to plate … • Given a file containing test scores, one per line, we want to have a new file that contains the scores in increasing order. To do this, write a Python program that asks the user for two file name stri… • INSTRUCTIONS : 1) Python Programming 2) Use comment out for understanding better 3) Sir gave me only name and said write pseudo code of this algorithm and implement i\ Project: Inverted Index algori… • can someone please show me the code for this practice question? The following are the functions i need to know how to implement: replace_contraction (text) Description: Creates a new string where th… • Hello is there a way I can get help with a Python assignment that I intend to write the 100 words for? I just need help getting started. Download the Ipython Notebook: Crime and Punishment – No S… • Task#1: The company plans to offer some bonus (perks) to salesmen based on the number of products they have sold. 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Your main program should allow the … • Given that pi = 3.1415926535, which of the following print() functions displays: pi = 3.14 Group of answer choices A. print(“pi =”, round(pi, 2)) B. print(“pi = ” + round(pi, 2)) C. print(“pi = “, … • A complete knock-knock joke consists of five phrases: p1: the opening (produced by the computer) p2: the reply (from the user) p3: the prompt (produced by the computer) p4: the response (the user type… • Please assist me in writing a module with the following functions, and use these in your own program, mymain.py . – fahrenheitToCelsius(tempInFahrenheit) that accepts a temperature in… • plz attach python codes An Insurance firm providing tour insurance is facing higher claim frequency. The management decides to collect data from the past few years. You are assigned the task to make a… • Using python, work with the Framingham_test data sets below. Use only the Sex and Age fields. Standardize Age. 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Please research and explain in a substantial manner. • FOL Homepage – INFO1280 Network X Homework Help – Q&A from Or X Assignment 3v2 – GPA Calc.pdf X X C O & https://www.fanshaweonline.ca/d21/le/content/1268795/topics/files/download/10587349/Dire… • Write a function sum_file(f) that takes a filename f. Each line in f contains a single number. You should write to the last line in the file the sum of all the numbers written in the file. • Once you have completed the implementation of the 3 learning algorithms, you should qualitatively ver- ify your implementations. In main . py we have included a block of code that you should uncom… • Implement the Perceptron algorithm and run it on the following synthetic data sets in R10: pick w∗ = [1,0,0,…,0]; generate 1000 points x by sampling uniformly at random over the unit sphere and … • I am looking for the Python code for Grantham University CS192 Week 6 assignment • Flowchart and python. 2 of 3 – + Automatic Zoom View Exercise 3 Add two additional functions squarePerimeter and squareArea to compute the perimeter and area of a square of a given side size specified… • In Python please. Fill in the blanks of the following game loop to display a ball falling from the top of the screen repeatedly. Assume bX and bYare the coordinates of the top left conner of the bal… • 1) Match the tool with the primary activity it supports Azure ML Studio KNIME Trifacta All Answer Choices A. AIOps B. DevOps C. DataOps 2) Which of the following contribut… • Using the celsius_to_kelvin function as a guide, a new function must be made, changing the name to kelvin_to_celsius, and modifying the function accordingly. Sample output with input: 283.15 10.0 C… • Section 6.9 of your textbook (“Debugging”) lists three possibilities to consider if a function is not working. • There is something wrong with the arguments the function is getting; a precondition i… • Write function headers ONLY with comments for the tasks described below (you dont have to give full function implementation) Computing the day of the week (as a string such as “Monday”) for a given… • Take user input and give corresponding output. (20 points) User will enter a sentence. The program will output the word that appears most frequently in this sentence. If there are multiple… • Please help Python!! How can I modify my code to be able to implement user-define functions and import it . Provide new code with screenshots please. def Car_Trade_Commision(): print (‘Car Trade Commi… • #EXAMPLE DATA (THIS IS AN EXAMPLE. There may be many segments in a route and many routes) trip_data_geojson = “”” {“type”: “FeatureCollection”, “features”: [{“type”:”Feature”, … • code in python. . Reads lines of input from stdin . Tokenizes the input on each by white-space . Strips non-alphanumeric characters from each token . Writes each token to stdout on a separate line For… • You are required to find a dataset, formulate a problem you want to address with the dataset (e.g. predict whether a mushroom is poisonous or not based on its characteristics), build and evaluate a ma… • Exercises Flags- A flag is a Boolean variable that is used to track a state. 1. Write a program that asks the user for ten numbers. If any of the numbers is even, have the program write “You picked… • I have figure out the first question, can you help me to figure out the rest questions? csv file in here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/17lYpW6Ymc_7_PfHYUq0tqo-nzBI58Jbu/view?usp=sharing import pand… • NOTE: Python strings have a built-in methods that can accomplish these tasks for you. Do not use the build in methods! The goal of this exercise is to practice implementing such functions. Solve the… • Task is to create binary Tree of digits from 0 to 9 using user inputs. Then display the tree using in‐order traversal. Next, the task is to iterate through the tree from the root to the leaf nodes… • List the number of missing values for each column. Remove the applications each of which has more than 2 missing values. Forward fill up the missing values for columns with Object data type. Fill up t… • The steelwork.py program, given below, creates three types of steel objects. Carbon steel (Steel) is made of carbon and iron, alloy steel (AlloySteel) contains chromium in addition to carbon and iron…. • How can we code a brick of wall like this? The wall has 5 functions: width, height, thickness, depth and joint. The width parameter is a positive integer defining the width of the wall in number of… • https://lab.infoseclearning.com/lab/creating-ping-scanner The conclusion mentioned making a stealthy ping scanner. Research and find some different scanner types. What scanner type was used during thi… • Open the file romeo.txt and read it line by line. For each line, split the line into a list of words using the split() method. The program should build a list of words. 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No sklearn packages can be used. the data you use is below, its a table with columns and rows. INFORMATION GAIN IS THE PURITY FUNCTION. The … • Construct truth tables for the following Boolean expressions: A. not(A or B) B. not A and not B • # Guess a number from 1 to 10 # By C. Calongne, 01/14/2019 # Pseudocode & Python with Iteration M3Lab1_student.py # Guess a number from 1 to 10 # Write the statements requested in Steps 1-6 below … • Build a Python program that asks the user to input an integer, and then sets a variable named x to True if the input is between 13 and 24 inclusive . Otherwise, assign the value False to x . • write program that converts words into Pig Latin. The program is going to read words from a source file and write both the original words and the new words to a destination file The rules of Pig Latin… • My function is called upHill which will produce the first and last characters within a string. The function will take as parameters the string to get the first and last characters from. This function … • Write program to prompt the user for hours and rate per hour using input to compute gross pay. Pay should be the normal rate for hours up to 40 and time-and-a-half for the hourly rate for all hours … • Please use python for this. Do plagiarism() function and count_word function…please highlight: This function takes two string arguments. The first is a filename and the second is a keyword to be se… • need a function index (‘Pride_and_Prejudice.txt’, wordLst ) With an output of. Open and read the text file only once. Use the readlineO method. Initialize an accumulator to track the line numbers. In… • In Python* with using OBJECT-ORIENTED PARADIGM write a program that supports a square, rectangle, and a circle. Each shape will be able to calculate its perimeter and area and have a specialized __str… • Hi, I have created a battleship game which code I have attached. However, I am looking to Add a sql database where by I Add a login and signup functionality to your game, I then Save the users na… • 1 from collections import defaultdict In this question, we are going to do some analysis of Donald 2 Trump’s election speeches, and compare them to some of Barack 3 * def count_lengths (text) : Obama’… • Suppose S = {1, 2, 3}. Use method taught in class to define: P (S) (power set of S) • The purpose of the homework is to create a python code that prints the bolded statements under sample interactions for each question. On page 1 of the document is the guidelines for the overall assign… • Methods 1. The items inside the () of a method declaration are called? parameters params int switch 2. Method overloading uses the same identifier, but has different parameter types and/or count. true… • I understand the concept but I’m unable to get python to look at the last letter of the first word and compare to the first letter of the second word, the task in question is supposed to use a string … • Problem 1: Problem Statement: Welcome to Salad Bar. The program will display a main menu to the user to begin. User will choose from given options to order types of salad, calculate and display total … • Can you help figure out how to complete the first section of code in Python?. Welcome to the word guessing game! 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Show that GT = TPN +TPP and that TAP = GT -TAN Show… • develop with python machine learning * here is the Minist dataset in this link ( https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CScxiRA2XFLSTJTv9lSPzdLrcXdargpH/view?usp=sharing ) – Load the MNIST dataset an… • Your task is to prepare simple code able to evaluate the end time of a period of time, given as a number of minutes (it could be arbitrarily large). The start time is given as a pair of hours (0….. • 1 (Checking if the output is correct) URL_astros = ‘http://api.open-notify.org/astros.json’ Retrieve a file recording the number of people currently in space (on the International Space Station) As… • . Assignment Write each of the following functions. The function header must be implemented exactly as specified. Write a main function that tests each of your functions. 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In this assignment you will be implementing a portion of a Geographic Information System (GIS). A GIS is a computer … • By entering names and distance of 10 cities in a word document: A user must be able to enter an origin and destination city from a minimum of ten cities which are displayed to the user. You must use p… • python program for the following image processing operations and show the images in plots. Change one image from RGB to grayscale. Change one-fourth of the image into black. Any one-fourth part of t… • Read in a list of numbers entered by the user. The user will enter integers, and when they are done they will type “end”. You should print out the length of the longest subsequence of repeated element… • Consider the loop from Section 8.3 of your textbook. prefixes = ‘JKLMNOPQ’ suffix = ‘ack’ for letter in prefixes: print(letter + suffix) Put this code into a Python script and run it. 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Google Duo – Free High-Quality X Google Duo x Content X zy Section 2.23 – CYB 130T: Object-( x Course Hero X + V X – -> C a learn.zybooks.com/zybook/CYB_130T_55317551/chapter/2/section/23 =zyBo… • There are three tables with the student database below; Student: 1, Jack, Grad 2, Jane, UGrad 3, Karen, Grad 4, Jack, UGrad Course: 100, Intro to Databases, 4 200, Research Colloquium, 2 Enrollment:… • Pyhton ATM Simulation – GUI OBJECTIVES The main objectives of this project are to: Use the Python syntax to read user input, process information and display output. Declare and initialize variables us… • Could you possibly aid with this. Make sure to separate the function and main file, make sure to only use 1 return statement in the function and also , use the .format (format) method for python. Ques… • Let x be a vector. 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Sample run: For the inp… • this code is returning 0 rows on paython SQlite DROP TABLE cast_bio; CREATE TABLE cast_bio (cast_id integer unique, cast_name text, birthday text, popularity real); INSERT INTO cast_bio (cast_id … • Implement a function parse_matrix to parse a matrix . The function should work on the following format: The first line of the output should be the number of rows. Each subsequent line should print a r… • This is the requirement And this one too. Lab 5: secret Codes (Functions] Lab Assignment for PROG1205 – Intro to Programming Prior to attempting this problem, you should have done the following: 1. Re… • please answer the following 3 questions, files can be found here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/17lYpW6Ymc_7_PfHYUq0tqo-nzBI58Jbu/view?usp=sharing In: In: In: In: H result = Booked_in_Advance(lea) a… • Please help. These flode charts are not giving the correct outputs. What am I doing wrong?! Thanks: 1: 2: squared.flode X 2. 3. Squared X 0 0 0 0 ? ipg Collapse Challenges Start 2. 3. Squared 0 * 0 A2… • Data Science Question Only need to answer E and F, last two, Here is the data set link: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cmparlettpelleriti/CPSC392ParlettPelleriti/master/Data/reactionTime.csv data v… • please help me with the following python code, Thank you very much Python Script import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np population= 763 Scur=population -1 Icur= 1 Rcur= 0 ##Get value for r… • Modify the program below read dictionary items from a file and write the inverted dictionary to a file. You will need to decide on the following: How to format each dictionary item as a text string in… • Newton Basins This is Python Inside Jupyter Notebook. How do I get a piece of code to talk to a previous code, and what do I need to change in the code? Here are the directions for what to do…. • How do I determine the image that finishes this pattern in python using a test of shapes that are filled and unfilled? The answer should be 4. • Use Python dictionary that returns a list of values for each key . The key can be whatever type you want. Design the dictionary so that it could be useful for something meaningful to you…. • My code creates a CSV file but the excel file is blank, why is it blank? • How do you extract data fr?om columns in a CSV file • use python. Yourjob is to write the function prevword_ave_’l.en (word) which takes a single argument word (a st r) and returns the average length (in characters) of the word that precedes word in the … • Complete the percentages_in_resamples function such that it simulates and returns an array of 2021 bootstrapped estimates of the percentage of voters who will vote for Imm Thai. You should use the one… • Jupyter notebook , python questions . Homework 2 1] Student name: Assignment submission date: Answer the following problems. Add additional cells as needed. Problem 1 Create a function that takes as … • Checkerboard We need to build a python program the makes a checkerboard pattern as shown. We should prompt for the size of the board (minus the frame). We need to build the checkerboard within a 2D ar… • This App keeps crashing at line 209 before it can run, it was working not very long ago: Here is line 207 to 212 where the crash is happening # Routes to here when you click on ‘List’ link on home pag… • Can someone please write the code for me? I am completely lost and I would love to see the code written so I can break it down and learn from it. The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate stega… • what is the answer The Lucas numbers are a series of numbers where the first two Lucas numbers (i.e., at indices 0 and 1) are 2 and 1 (respectively) and the kth Lucas number L_k (where ( 1) is L_(k-1)… • Using Spark RDDs only . 1a) Map each line of the text file to a list of tokens. Show the first 2 entries. Sample Output: [ [ ‘AAPL ‘ , ‘2013-01-02’, ‘19.78’, ‘19.82’, ‘19.34’, ‘16.96’, ‘560518000’],… • Write a program to prompt the user for hours and rate per hour using input to compute gross pay. Pay should be the normal rate for hours up to 40 and time-and-a-half for the hourly rate for all hours … • Please Have a look at my coding according to this question there is mistakes like it has to open file, encrypt /decrypt files as well as ask for substitution and transposition method I used only o… • Question: This is Source Code of KNN Algorithm. But I wanna show the output as Graph . In every changes in Code like taking Red and Blue Input From User, K value From User, Predicted Value, … • Spark GraphX program to perform few analysis steps for sample US… Write In Jupyter Notebook Spark GraphX program to perform few analysis steps for sample US airports. Conduct the following steps:… • I’m totally stumped on this part of my lab. I have a CSV with three columns; a unique ID, an X co-ordinate and a Y co-ordinate. I’m having the most trouble with the buffer circles, I just can’t seem t… • Compulsory Task Follow these steps: ● Code a Python program that will read from the text file inventory.txt and perform the following on the data, to prepare for presentation to your managers: o Cre… • Help with python regents expression: It should start with 3-4 capital letters, a space following 2 digits, and a dash (“-“) following with the name of the string. The string can only have alphanumeric… • Question1: Answers the following questions: Using python – functions Assign this string to a variable: This is a BINF 5403 class – Fall 2018. It is a programming class. It is scheduled for every Tue… • In Python a class can inherit from more than one class (Java does not allow this). The resulting class will have all the methods and attributes from the parent classes. Do the following: • Crea… • Please address this problem An intuitive Graphical User Interface (5%). Your application must provide an at- tractive, easy-to—use GUI. You have a free choice of which Tkinter widgets to do the job,… • What is the symbol/syntax to assign the value 95.5 to a variable named examScore? Write a Python statement to test if the value of a variable named myAge is equal to 90? • ) Provide a python program to determine the parking fees at the airport based on the following time constraints: 1. Any amount of time less than or equal to one hour, the parking fee is… • Use the function design recipe to develop a function named max_min. The function takes a list of integers. (Assume that the list has at least two integers). The function returns the largest and smalle… • In this question, you will be implementing a gradient descent algorithm. Consider the gradient descent algorithm provided below: . Consider the gradient descent algorithm provided below: Guess x(0… • Given a filepath to a .txt file that contains information on the round history of a match, simplify the file by writing out to a new file with only information on if the attacking team wins or loses … • Data analysis (15 points + 5 extra points) In this exercise we will be analyzing the BRFSS weight vs height data. Download data and code skeleton from course website. The code skeleton contains cod… • Here is what im missing and i don’t get why. here’s the instruction Part 1: Per the instructions, the problem prompts the user for the following information: * Cost per ice … • In the following code I need help with task # 14 the output is supposed to be [array([[ 10 , 11 , 12 ],[ 13 , 14 , 15 ]]), array([[ 16 , 17 , 18 ],[ 19 , 20 , 21 ]]), ar… • Using Python, Create a simple chatbot A.I. for a Restaurant/Fast Food Chain • need help https://drive.google.com/file/d/12GXcRBXDV9NVXoxMsU1Ohjs53pZyevsr/view?usp=sharing. get_2021: This function reads the data from data_2021 . csv, which looks like this: A B 1/1/2021 12.702 … • I need help with this assingment please. For this portion of the lab, you will design the solution to a simple program that uses sequential statements. (That means DO NOT use loops, functions, if/else… • lists = [‘ ‘] * 10 # create 10 spaces lists[0] = ‘#’ # ignore the 0 def board(): # print Columns and Rows board print(lists[1] + ‘|’ + lists[2] + ‘|’ + lists[3]) print(‘—–‘) pri… • Hi tutors! Could you please explain why the output of this function would be True? • Question 8 (1 point) Which of the following would produce the same output as this code: w thing = "duck" print(f"The {thing.rjust(8)} loves the rain.") 6 Onone of these Oprint(f&qu… • Hello, I need help with unit test. Specifically “accept_payment” and “print_receipt” and “save_transaction” functions. I had a tutor who helped me with accept_payment but when I ran the test it came b… • I need some help on Using the railDecrypt function from Listing 8.3, run the railBreak function from Listing 8.2 on the cipher text “n oci mreidontoowp mgorw”. def railBreak(cipher Text) : wo… • CIS 1400 Project programming logic and technic in python Sports Simulation Game You need to take our game from lecture and create functions • Menu() – this is a function and will only display the me… • the question 3. (10 points) In this problem you will optimize a set of holdings to minimize risk for various average returns. Download the files portfolio_data. ipynb and asset_prices . csv and place … • Any suggestions on the following prompt and code would be much appreciated. This is my prompt: Modify the below code so that the traffic light changes automatically from color to color (right no… • You are inside question view of Root Threshold in IOT Devices 1h 20m left Skip to main content ALL 1 2 3 3. Root Threshold in IOT Devices In this challenge, the REST API contains informati… • Using the function get_move() written above (in part a), and the following variable definition: robot_pos = 5 Write program that will call function get_move() ten times in order to simulate moving a r… • when there are repeated indices, what’s the best way to find the “true” value which is the sum of the individual values. for example: d [‘inds’] == [0, 3, 7, 3, 3, 5, 1] d [‘vals’] == [1.0, 2.0, 3… • All instructions are in photos. I am struggling with the class Those are supported codes : graphics.py: import tkinter import time import sys class graphics: def __init__(self, w, h, tit… • . "\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\sklearn\utils\validation. py in check_array (array, accept_sparse, accept_large_sparse, dtype, orde r, copy, force_all_finite, ensure_2d, allow_nd, ensure_min_sa… • Look at the picture Make the python program (pseudocode) to solve these questions ! 6. The oxygen equivalence number of a weld is a number that can be used to predict properties such as hardness, stre… • Use relative path to open files, like infile=open(“/data/StemAndLeaf1.txt”,”r”) consider you have three files stemandleaf1, stemandleaf2,stemleaf3. • Please use Python to design and implement the solution to use data analysis and visualization for analysing how the features of a publication would affect its “citation” (a value that can be found in … • For question 2, Comment on findings that show non-linear patterns (if exist). 2. Are the identified variables using MARS the same or different from Part 1 compared to question 2? . MCS 3… • can anyone help in solving the below question: By running the following code singh obtains different ciphertexts even though he’s encrypting the same message with the same public key. explain whats go… • . Working with BERT BERT is a trained neural network model that produces vectors representing word meanings. Another machine learning algorithm can rest on top of these vectors and use them to class… • Hello Can you help me with this assignment? . Item Ml rhs ml Publisher 20 Subscriber 20 Quality of Dude 5 Video demo 5 Totll 50 Note that both the Publisher and Subscriber are required In be grade… • Write a Python program that starts by asking the user to enter two integers positive that you assign to two variables n and p respectively. The program must then contain: – a loop displaying and incre… • . 3. [4 marks] In a file called q3.py, write another function drawSegment() that draws one body segment of a caterpillar that has legs. This function, like the one from Question 2, will have FIVE in… • . 00:39:23 QUESTION 56 GROUP Language Coding SECTION: Coding 1 Write a program to implement Set difference operation between two integer arrays A, B having M. N elements. Optimize your code so that … • Monitoring network traffic is very important for any organization. By doing so, a security professional can detect and respond to threats quickly. In addition, network performance can be monitored so … • TASK R4S has decided to further employ you to develop an additional system for storing and retrieving customer details. This system has two main programs and a module that contains the common function… • Hello, On Kaggle.com , there’s one problem that I need to resolve. It’s in Python, and I’m using Jupyter notebook. I will forward you the dataset that you need to work with. dataset link :- http://www… • Need help to create SQLs and Python code to use Vertical Database Partitioning from table “movie_cast” to “cast_bio” table. (columns in cast_bio will be a subset of those in movie_cast). Do not edit t… • Question 4. Using both countries and recent_poverty_total, create a five-column table called poverty_map with one row for every country in reeent_poverty_tota1. The four columns should have the foll… • Matrix manipulation Implement a class called MetaMat that will allow to manipulate matrices using numpy and pandas. Your class will have state variables __List, __PFrame, and __NMatrix representing a … • write program that read a sequence of positive integer inputs and print the sum of all the input numbers greater than 50. Then your program will also compute the average. Assume that the user always e… • Using python ( note use simple python language for beginner) 1. help me Write a program (using “if”) that asks user for their number of hours of work and then calculates their salary based on the t… • 1336 Programming Assignment 2: Combat You will define mo warriors and move them around. After any action you will display the game state [all the current values of each warrior’s characteristics in… • need a python script : python v.2.7 The python script must count the number of distinct odd integers in the input file below: The input comes from standard input (line by line) file with 2000 rows so … • Create a GUI program that: Accepts the following from a user: Item Name Item Quantity Item Price Allows the user to create a file to store the sales receipt contents. Using the class in the attached m… • Everything seems to work in following code, except for when the correct pin is entered, the program claims it is invalid. I believe the issue is in line 69, but I am not sure. I changed create(a) to c… • Conversation opened. 1 read message. Skip to content Using Gmail with screen readers rakesh Search Gmail COMPOSE Labels Inbox (54)StarredImportantSent MailDrafts (59)Deleted ItemsNotesPersonalSent Ite… • learn python 3 the hard way exercise 42 Study Drills 1. Research why Python added this strange object class, and what that means. 2. Is it possible to use a Class like it’s an Object? 3. Fill out th… • Assignment Exercise: Create a series of questions, using the input() function, that will capture and store the elements of a person’s address. After collecting all the elements, store those elements… • Hello I am struggling with question 5 I have attached all of the relevant files and put the question below please can you help and show me how to work out this as I cannot get the code to work and can… • i need help providing python code for simulations shown in article for jupyter notebooks. Link to article is provided here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/corona-simulator/. Re… • . len (str ("3" * 4) ) + "5" Operator: *; Arguments: "3" and 4 Operator: + ; Arguments: 4 and "5" Operator: + ; Arguments: "3 "3" and "5&q… • can anyone please help me with this? #!/usr/bin/env python3 “”” Merkle-Hellman Knapsack cipher implementation @authors: @version: 2022.3 “”” import math import pathlib import random BLOCK_SIZE = … • I need help creating a new class that inherits Library class and does the following: Part A) Provide a modified add_book method allows user to input instead of adding arguments. There should be an err… • Python program that does the following: The program will input: The length and width of a rectangle The side of a square The radius of a circle The following input validations will be performed: The u… • my code is not working for answer this question. Would like help understanding why? def square_each(nums): for i in range(len(nums)): nums[i] = nums[i]*nums[i] return nums def sum_list(nums): sum = 0 … • I am getting the below Error – TypeError : Cannot interpret ‘<attribute ‘dtype’ of ‘numpy.generic’ objects>’ as a data type . n [7): M of info() TypeError Traceback (most recent call l… • The teacher wants me to use the main() function. These two assignments go together Starting with the P4HW1- Expense Calculator Then P4HW2- Employees pay . Content X + X – > C A faytechcc… • Please help me need to submit it or i will get failed. . Challenging the Bellman-Ford Algorithm Someone comes to you and asks you what you learned about shortest path algorithms in this course. You de… • Hi, I have completed these two bar graphs using this spreadsheet .csv file in juypter notebook: https://covid.ourworldindata.org/data/owid-covid-data.csv Can you please help with the last question,… • a Python program that can convert a Fahrenheit temperature to Celsius, or vice versa. The program should use two custom functions, f_to_c and c_to_f, to perform the conversions. Both of these functio… • Write a program to calculate your course grade. The final output should display the final number as a percentage. Consult the course syllabus to ensure that you are collecting the grades for each of t… • Implement a class Address . An address has a house number, a street, a city, a state, and a postal code. Define the constructor such that an object can be created in one of two ways: w… • Which of the following values for the variable question would produce an error ? All of the options would cause an error None of the options would cause an error question = … • I need help with an assignment. I have a Python code below: alphabet = “abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz” test_dups = [“zzz”,”dog”,”bookkeeper”,”subdermatoglyphic”,”subdermatoglyphics”] test_miss =… • I need help with the following problems in creating shape and filing in the blanks of the code requirements 12:00 AM Wed Jun 17 ?38%I < Notes Week 3 .Z’ Python1.pdf 0\ g [B < Back MATH 211 B: MA… • Suppose the following a = (1) b = (1,) c = list(a) d = list(b) 12 [3pts]) Any error occurs? Which variable is invalid? 13 [3pts]) If yes, correct the error(s). If not, what is the type of each vari… • Write an expression using membership operators that prints “Special number” if special_num is one of the special numbers stored in the list special_list = [-99, 0, 44]. Sample output with input: 17N… • My question is how to sort numbers in a file such that for example, the document contains 0 1 0 2 0 3 1 4 1 6 1 7 1 9 2 3 2 6 2 8 2 9 How do I make it look like this [(0, [1, 2, 3]), (1, [0, 4, 6, 7, … • Using python and opencv 100 points 0. Preparation a. Install Python for Windows, https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-amd64.6 If you have other Operating System (Linux, MacOS), find he… • I am not sure how to do this portion of my assignment. Could someone please provide step by step instructions on how to do this with the programs listed? Sign-in to MongoDB Atlas, select the “CONNEC… • Python error: TypeError: legal_moves() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given Can you help me fix this issue? Its fine if you think change the structure is necessary import random #Tic Tac Toe d… • I need help editing my python code with csv files. I would appreciate if you helped with the nat_perc + nat_diff functions as well. Data Description: One data source for this is the Advanced Place… • 12 LAB: Seasons Write a program that takes a date as input and outputs the date’s season. The input is a string to represent the month and an int to represent the day. Ex: If the input is: April … • Function One: checkSum Specification The first function you will write should be called ‘checkSum’. Your function should take one (1) argument: a string. The function should return one (1) integer: th… • What i need to change to get them in one vertical line ??? Thanks.. A TMA1 question 2.py – C:\Users\Vitalija & Augis\Desktop\ Python Turtle Graphics – 0 X pur: X @ Verti X + X File Edit Format Run… • Make function that takes 2 parameters and… if both are strings it adds them as if they were integers. If they’re integers, it will concatenate as strings. If different data types are input, return … • Need help’ 1. Using your answer from #2, complete the following chart on carbon. (Spts) Atomic Number Atomic Mass Number of valence electrons Maximum number of bonds it can form with other atoms Type … • Hi! I want to know if anyone suddenly knows how I can start to solve this problem of numerical methods; They give me the mesh of the geometry, and they ask me to find the total volume of the piece. Wh… • I need help explaining how to get the answer for these query’s .. Problem 1 Collect two floating point numbers from the user and store them in variables as strings. print () the values of the variable… • how to use __setattr__ in question 8 part 1 and all the 3 answers of part 2 • The pseudocode below, used to determine if the user input is in the requested range, contains an error. print "Type a number from 1 to 100, inclusive" input number if (number > 1) or (num… • Program an an application that askes the user to enter a password. The program should then utilize a function to verify the password meets the criteria below. The program should then display a message… • Using the file “https://www.dropbox.com/s/4p74ya84niak743/Homework2.xlsx?dl=1”, Regress the returns of the first ten stocks in the spreadsheet (CTL through WFT) on the value weighted market index (a c… • [4 pts] Write a program for scientists to convert between Fahrenheit (F) and Celsius (C). a) Request the scientist to enter 2 inputs: (1) a string (F/C) & (2) a temperature. b) Write a function… • DO NOT RESPOND IF YOU HAVE ANSWERED THIS BEFORE Please respond with the following code modified for a program in python that I can paste on a ide like pycharm so that it builds a list of integers from… • Can someone complete my code for me please? Instruction: This exercise uses your programming environment to enhance the Web site you created last week with additional functionality to include images… • Hi i have a question about this function. i don’t know how to fix my code if the index of the changed letter is out of range(the length of the alphabet which is 26) for example: shift_char(z,2) z is t… • in my coded game you have to go through each room and gather one item totaling 6 in all in order to beat the game. How do i go about coding to be able to collect the items in a list to defeat the ga… • This lab aims to help you with parts of your project. Specifically, please write the class Contact that is required in your project: – Each contact has first and last name . For simplicit… • Could you tell me what the code after “self.current_state = random.choice(list(self.DiGraph.link_dict” and “try: next_state=random.choice(list(self.DiGraph.link_dict[self.” are, I tried to complete it… • I need help in answering these face questions with all provided information this is code fragment 4.12 for #4 4.4. Further Examples of Recursion 173 def power(x, n): "" Compute the value x**… • Problem 12.P.72 Specific heat capacity Modify your analysis of Problem 12.P.71 to determine the specific heat capacity as a function of temperature for a single block of metal. In order to see all o… • a Python program to do the following: (a) Ask the user to enter as many integers from 1 to 10 as he/she wants. Store the integers in a list. Every time after the user has entered an integer, use a ye… • assignment states “Write a program that prints a list with all the items separated by a comma and a space, with and inserted before the last item. For example, the above list would print ‘apples… • DK what to do. Problem 3 — Square Freeness A natural number is square—free when no squares n2 ==l divide it. Natural numbers are any integer, starting at 1, 2, Sometimes natural numbers start at O… • Displaying current date or time Exercise 1: Write a Python program to display the current date and time. Exercise 2: Write a Python program which accepts the radius of a circle from the user and compu… • no chegg Python/IT: Steganography – Multi-Variate Encoding The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate steganographic encryption using Python. 1. Locate and obtain the collaged photo from Topic 6… • Task Perform some basic data analysis on a dataset obtained from the Gapminder website which collects and presents authentic statistics of all countries worldwide. Download this zip package which … • 19 LAB: Driving costs – functions – Python Driving is expensive. Write a program with a car’s miles/gallon and gas dollars/gallon (both floats) as input, and output the gas cost for 10 miles, 50 … • Write Python program for each of the problems in this lab. Please use PyCharm to type and test your programs. Problem 1 This program is about sets. Write Python program to do the following: (a) Gene… • There are no packages mentioned. We just have to try to create the same image shown in the question.. Program Requirements For this class exercise, you will create an application using Python that wil… • I have had trouble answering 4 of the 8 questions in my previous coding exercises, please carefully read the marking rubric and design and explain the individual functions based on the function’s spec… • I don’t know how to find a max number. Codio Project File Edit Find View Tools Education Help & Configure. Project Index (static) Configure.. BFEDELL hax.py X 3. 5. Max nu… X CO VOUT A WNH # Get… • Create a Python program that will produce the following output: Given the following sentence, print out every third letter. The Python programming language makes manipulating strings very easy! • Someone please solve this in Python Programming . Please don’t use any libraries and please no plag. Link to book.csv and stop_words_english.txt ——> https://gofile.io/d/bWa9EI. 1. Create a… • Explain the idea of an effect system (also known as a type and effect system), including a typical judgement form Γ e : t, F explaining how this differs from a traditional ML-like type system. Use … • What is the proper convention for the layout of a program (Python) • Write a python program to read your name (as input from user) and print it on the screen one character /line. With the index of each character next to it. • Please explain this Program in a very Simple Language so that any layman can understand Program is as follows : # importing required modules import argparse # create a parser object parser = argpar… • ANSWER IS AVAILABLE ON C H E G G but i dont have account on it can anyone solve this question….. I am needing help. I am wanting to form a program in Python to father software requirements, designin… • This is the outline of the codes needed: You will need to create two files: Animal.py – file containing a class definition for an Animal object. AnimalShelter.py – file containing a class definitio… • Here is the link to the file: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wA9rVCqM7O9DPUmDnkApRvnJek6257dN/view?usp=sharing. Based on the first 50 tokens in the “tokenscsv” file, estimate the following wor… • I want to modify the code below ( Python programming) from random import to make the game two player and I want to have the conditions below: – Whoever guess first win the game! – Make sure… • I need to add an item to each room that I can collect. Below you can find my code: #A dictionary for the simplified dragon text game #The dictionary links a room to other rooms. rooms = { ‘Entrance’ :… • Having issue with this one. Here is instruction Scenario It’s the year 2017. You’re working for an electronics company and have been tasked with modeling out the software for a cutting-edge tabl… • Describe how multiple decisions in selection control structures are achieved. Indicate what should be used for combined If statements. Are multiple decisions different from nested decisions? Expla… • Example Code we went over, also contains the “MNIST_DS” file that contains the 28×28 pixel images required for the assignment https://www.dropbox.com/sh/3a5j1z5trbnkbqp/AAAn5VuuLbrN8PoDdsDOi3nSa?dl=… • ook similar to the example shown below. orm mm/dd/yyyy: 03/22/2018 orm mm/dd/yyyy: 03/22 orm mm/dd/yyyy: 12/00/2019 orm mm/dd/yyyy: 04/31/2019 onth: 31 • Which of the following are threat agents? [ d) Black-hat hacker ( ) White-hat hacker [ a) Script kiddy [ c) Phone phreak [ b) Cracker • In python programming describe what is and how you would use reading and writing files. Give an example using step by step. • I need help coming up with a code for this prompt that I was given. The code has to be able to move from room to room and this is what I have so far but it will not display the welcome and instruction… • I need to split the SEGMENT column shown at the top right ex. “Equity: US -Total Market” into the 2 formats (format 1 and format 2). Then I need to make a separate column for each section named Class,… • Residential customers pay$0.12 per kWh for the first 500 kWh. After the first 500 kWh, the rate is $0.15 per kWh. Business customers pay$0.16 per kWh for the first 800 kWh. After the first 800 kW…
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• how can I create a calculator program, which receives inputs from the user and depending on the selected operation, it will calculate Addition, Subtraction, multiplication, and division(the sample pr…
• The math teacher at Garfield High School, Mr. Escalante, is looking for new ways to help his students learn algebra. They are currently studying the line equation ( y = m * x + b ). Mr. Escalante wa…
• Assignment # 3 Instructions: No external modules are allowed! So for the math functions that I ask for below, write your own and do not use any pre-made functions. You must 1st learn to write your o…
• I am getting KeyError: 1.1 when running a program. It’s coming from this function. “line 60, in ones_and_tens_digit_histogram digit_count[digit] += 1” def ones_and_tens_digit_histogram(numbers): d…
• Large-scale matrix computation by parallel computing Suppose you have a matrix X with n rows and n columns and another matrix Y with n rows and n columns. Each element in X or Y is a random integer nu…
• 1.2P ‘Hello world’ in Python Write and run a program to print "Hello World!" using Python. Run and compile your python program by typing: python3 hello_world. py Hint: the code looks exac…
• Define 4 functions: add(), subtract(), multiply() and divide(). Each function is to: 1. Accept two parameters: two numbers 2. Do its respective calculation with the two numbers passed in The divide() …
• Car MPG Cylinders Displacement Horsepower Weight Acceleration Model Origin Chevrolet Chevelle Malibu 18 8 307 130 3504 12 70 US Buick Skylark 320 15 8 350 165 3693 11.5 70 US Plymouth Satellite 18 8 3…
• Make a college enquiry chatbot which provides its users details about different events, admission, student and academic details etc. according to the question asked by user.
• . Problem 5. Graph the following functions in Python i) f(a) = 323 + 20x – 20 ii) h(x) = e-" for -5 < x <5 iii ) x (t) = t2 – 3t, y(t) = 13 – 9t, for -4 < t < 4.
• using python 2.7 need help to make program right exactly like this: Problem 2. ( Euclidean Distance ) Implement the function distance() in distance.py that returns the Euclidean distance between the…
• what is the purpose of Bohm-Jacopini Theorem? Why do they state 3 structures are sufficient for programming? And, what are they?
• Krannert Specialty Motors is a one of a kind car vendor that sells both fresh out of the plastic new and “affectionately determined” top of the line autos. Notwithstanding vehicle deals, KSM has been …
• python programming: We will write a program that generates a random essay using words that are found in another piece of text. The text that we’ll use is found at this url: https://www.cs.que…
• M5 Lab: Computing Pairwise Correlations se Spark ML Library to process connections between’s the traits (segments) of a dataset. Dataset Files These are the records that you will use to test your code…
• Why am I getting division by zero error code. When I get rid of the np.count_nonzero it gives array([ ], dtypefloat64). ago Simulated Statistics We can make a visual argument as to whether we believe …
• The DictList class represents a list of dict, with some keys appearing in more than one dict: think of the later dicts as representing updates to the earlier ones, but the earlier ones are s…
• How can i upload the files regarding to the question ? Here is the question: Task 3: run a RL agent for Minipong (level 1) The code in minipong.py provides an environment to construct an agent that ca…
• Identify the error and provide a possible mitigation. def getLogin(): print(‘****************************************************************\n’) print(‘Welcome! Login to enter the program.\n’) userNa…
• Please complete in PYTHON: Function specifications middle: (2 points) Thisfunction returns the middle element of its only argument, which is assumed to be a three-element list. RESTRICTION: Your solut…
• INSTRUCTIONS: Please read the entire question clearly before you attempt this problem!! You are limited to using tuples for this question, i.e. you cannot use lists and other Python data structures. Y…
• In mathematics, the notation n! represents the factorial of the non-negative integer n. The factorial of n is the product of all the non-negative integers from 1 to n. For example, 7! = 1 × 2 × 3 …
• Before doing this question: After doing the question, it showed me the problems and I could not get the grade:. PlaylistCreator Your goal in this question is to create a playlist (that is, a list of s…
• Study the Fabric API run(), sudo(), local(), and put() and utilize them to create a new Fabric task called makeUser() 2. The makeUser() task should perform the following on a remote machine to: new…
• could you please show how to program it? The Michaelis-Menten equation is a well-known model used in enzyme kinetics. It is defined as Vmax C – KM + C where v is the rate of reaction in mol/sec, Vmax …
• How has the history (process) of ethics led to its current form?
• (Financial application: calculate tips) display a program that reads the subtotal and the gratuity rate and computes the gratuity and total. For example, if the user enters 10 for the subtotal and 15%…
• execute script.pl -command for this delete script.pl file-command for this list contents of current directory-command for this what is the command to display on-line manual for touch command(assume no…
• I have two csv file. ‘student info’ and ‘school info’. I need to combine these two file into one Attached is screenshot of two csv file. According to each student owner code (Owner Code in “school inf…
• 5) Ask user how many numbers they wish to enter. Have them enter the numbers. Show them the sum of the numbers. Compute average. How many numbers: 3 Enter the number: 8 Enter the number: 0 Enter the n…
• En este ejercicio deberás crear un script llamado personas.py que lea los datos de un fichero de texto, que transforme cada fila en un diccionario y lo añada a una lista llamada personas. Luego roco…
• Assist with a Python program developing a list of linear algebra operations as specified in the following functions. I need the program to implement the operations from scratch meaning the programs mu…
• Simulate pizza restaurants in Python Using SimPy Scenario You work for a large chain of pizza restaurants. Your company wants to make use of simulation to help plan resources for individual rest…
• . Assignment 2 – Machine Learning Models for Prediction (30 points total) In Assignments 1 & 2 we will go through the entire journey of a small data science project. 0 In Assignment 1, we have e…
• import file data above into code. Input: The name of the input file is PastrySales. py. It contains one piece of data per line, and the file has an unknown number of records. You will continue to read…
• Assign a single data point to the closest centroid. Tou should use the euclidean_distance function (that you previously implemented). Arguments: data_point: a list of floats representing a data point …
• Plot an Ellipse (Using Python！！！！！) Create a function that accepts the 1) center, 2) the angle, 3) the major diameter, and 4) the minor diameter of an ellipse and produces a polygon approxim…
• (mystery.py) Suppose the text file myname.txt contains three lines, each terminated by a newline (‘\n’). Suppose the code below is executed, yielding the 4 lines of output that follows it: file_ref …
• This question is based upon the movie lens Jupyter Lab notebook. Consider the description of movie raters using the following method: Method for generating feature vector: Feature vector identifies th…
• Hi Python Experts I am looking for python 3.7.5 code preferably using pandas to do below tasks Sample csv file format data for testing purpose is provided below. CMediumYesHomer1234def@x..i@xx…
• TLC (Taxi and Limousine Commission) publishes taxi trip record data of New York city on a monthly basis which is available for the past several years. The trip records include pick-up and drop-off d…
• explain what a condition is and where you would use one.
• Python program Hey Can you please help me to write a Python program that support a processing of arithmetic expressions in postfix notation . Expressions in postfix notation contain the operands on wh…
• This function is under class GameBoard, with attributes ended: bool, turns: int, width: int, height: int, and private attribute _player: Optional[Player], could you please help me with this function? …
• Writeg a program to delete a specific student record from ‘students.txt’ data file (containing the same record structure as exercise (2). The program will prompt the user to enter a student ID. …
• please help Question 20 Identify the purpose of the raise statement. 0 Immediately return from a function 0 Exit a while loop 0 Intentionally cause an exception in code 0 Convert a dictionary to a lis…
• Write program that reads the subtotal and the gratuity rate and computes the gratuity and total. For example, if the user enters 10 for the subtotal and 15% for the gratuity rate, the program displays…
• A building manager has textual logs of problems occuring in apartment units it manages. An individual message looks like: Problem reported in apartment 3F with plumbing. or Problem in apartment 12a…
• Question: The Final Project for this course is an accumulation of previous weeks’ assignments in which you will utilize all of the skills you have acquired in this course to develop an employee manage…
• need help for both question 1 and 2. Please help. Thanks! 1. (10 points) (Without Python) Your professor’s parents give her a $15 birthday present! She has a brilliant idea: fly to Las Vegas and tr… • print (‘ # Problem 1’) import math old_tuition = 10000 increase_rate = 3.5 / 100 print (‘YEAR\t\t OLD TUITION COST\t PERCENT INCREASE\t NEW TUITION COST\t TUITION INC\n==================\ ============… • Upload an original Python script containing a function that satisfies the following criteria: The function contains a while loop. The function repeatedly asks the user to enter an integer or the s… • I need to find an error in my code because it not giving me the result from the assignment! using the function presented on y screenshot, the error i think in the One Game area… Write a program c… • change the code for exercise 2-5 exercise 1 code is import numpy as np import neurolab as nl input = np.random.uniform(-0.6, 0.6, (10, 2)) # 2) random data target = input.sum(axis=-1).reshape(-… • In the array declared below the element considered to be in the first row and first column can be accessed by what commandDeclare Integer values[3][4] -values[0][0] -values[1][1] -value[2][3] -value… • TheGreatGatsby (2).txt a C Markdown v Python 3 (ipykernel) O longer_than_seven [93]: 6623 Question 2. Using a simulation with 10,000 trials, assign num_different to the number of times, in 10,000 tria… • Roll no : 19B-025-CS a. What is ‘your roll number with batch and program (e.g. 193—001—8E then just write 001}. [2 minutes] {0 marks] Click or tap here to enter text. h. Consider MK} 3 hash—fu… • THIS IS IN PYTHON ONLY PLEASE. Thank you. I am not able to upload the .csv files, so I have included a screenshot of them to help complete the assignment. Thank you.. You will design a program that… • . Problems 1. (20 points) Write a function named find_negatives that takes one parameter: val_list, a list of values. The function should return a list of the indices into val_list where that elemen… • can someone help me rewrite this code “below Your code here” without the if statement please. Also do not change the function. def update(self, state, action, nextState, reward): “”” … • I need to write this in Python. Please provide code and detailed comments if possible. Thank you.. Q1. Mandelbrot Set (50 Points) BACKGROUND: Consider the following iteration Ent1= Ente (1) where zi, … • here is a sample run to what i need help doing at the bottom. . a. displays all even numbers between 2 and 160 {inclusive} and their sum. b. displays the square numbers between 1 and 100 {inclusiv… • A spherical reactor of radius R composed of 50 w/o enriched uranium metal with density 18.6 g/em is surrounded by a reflector material of thickness 20 cm composed of natural uranium metal having densi… • Pack a student tuple with the name ‘Sue’ and the list [89, 94, 85], display the tuple, then unpack it into variables name and grades, and display their values. 2. Create a function named calculate_p… • How would I wirte a function, div(n) that takes ONE input, a number, n, where n is bigger or equal to 1, and returns the minimum number of times that n needs to be divided by 2 in order to get a numbe… • I need to write recursive program that takes as input a non-negative integer n and prints out the first n + 1 rows of Pascal’s triangle. The program has to be decomposed into functions. The triangle s… • Functions Will be using functions. You will ask the user to input some numbers. The user can enter 4 numbers. You will then return if the numbers of it forms a rectangle or a square (and if so, w… • PLEASE HELP ort Description The Memory game has appeared in many different contexts, either as a computer game or as a card game that uses a partial or full deck of playing cards. The player tries to … • Complexity of computing a slice You are being asked to design a function that takes three arguments as input: an array arr of strings, each of size at most m, and two integers i and j. The function re… • You will be graded according to your ability to follow the instructions, maintain organized code, with docstrings on all defs. You should focus on memory and time complexity, and do not read in more d… • Hint: . In Dice Game, you must run across a 140m bridge before it collapses. You are given two 6- sided dices with these numbers on their faces: -8, -7, 1, 2, 7, 8 on the first dice -7, -2, … • Help me run Multiple regression model for the target variable of insurance_cost • The data in the csv file come from a Negative Binomial distribution. How do I write a function to compute log likelihood • Develop a small PL/SQL programs. 1. Enter an instructor ID from the keyboard. The program then finds instructor’s first name, last name and number of section instructor teaches. 2 Compare the number o… • Here is a problem for Python 2.7 version: The levenshtein distance metric is a well-known metric for determining how many insertions, dele- tions, and substitutions are necessary to convert one string… • Load the googleplaystore_user_reviews.cav (reviews) and googleplaystore.cav (apps) data sets as pandas DataFrames. You should use the pd.read_csv() function for this purpose. Delete any review that do… • How to use flask in python to make the following. Please write the code for doing the following with flask : 1) At least 4 different images. 2) 1 Table with at least 4 rows and 3 columns. 3) 1 form al… • Below is my code that I had created. Please help me see if I had fulfill the assignment, please leave is_divisible function alone as it is required by the assignment as well: def is_divisible(x, y): ?… • Briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Burrows-Wheeler algorithm compared with other commonly used compression methods. (a) Let m be a fixed positive integer. (i) For an integer… • Problem Statement In this Assignment, we will work with one- and two-dimensional Python Lists. 1. We will be given a one-dimensional List named colorList that contains several color names as strings. … • Please Have a look at my coding according to this question there is mistakes like it has to open file, encrypt /decrypt files as well as ask for substitution and transposition methods thanks . que… • Modify the examaverages.py program included with this assignment so it will also compute the overall average exam grade. E.g if there are 3 exams each student must take and the user enters the followi… • Learning Journal 7. def invert_dict(d): inverse = dict() for key in d: val = d[key] if val not in inverse: inverse[val] = [key] else: ?… • Make a new .py file called test_my_experiment.py Add lines to import numpy as np, pandas as pd, and your my_experiment module as exp at the top of your test file (test_my_experiment.py)…. • In Data 8 you studied the Supreme Court case of Swain versus the State of Alabama, where a question before the Court was whether a jury panel of size 100 had been selected at random from a population… • Q4: Students marks dashboard consider the marks list of class students given two lists Students = [‘student1′,’student2′,’student3′,’student4′,’student5′,’student6′,’student7′,’student8′,’student9’,’s… • Optimization: Write a function that takes (1) the coefficients of a 5th order polynomial as a list, (2) a lower bound, (3) an upper bound, and (4) a tolerance. The function applies the golden section … • Please solve this using Python. (sklearn etc) Thanks! Problem 1. Principal Component Analysis. Consider the following dataset: N << hBODQDNNI—lo OTOJNODHl—’H (a) Normalize the data and der… • Code in Python. Customers can lend money from a bank and they can also deposit money in that bank. A register is maintained to track the daily transactions. We want to find out whether a portion of… • # RQ1 “”” Write a function day_name that converts an integer number 0 to 6 into the name of a day. Assume day 0 is “Sunday”. Your function should return error message if the arguments to the function … • PYTHON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: Please run code below and answer questions 1-7. Thanks so much. • please help . Question 13 (4 points) Write a function with a while loop to display the numbers 1 to 100 and skip 7, 17 and 27. Use the "continue" statement • could u help me this playlist question Expected {(3, 2): [(1, 2)]}, but returned {3: [(1, 2)], 2: [(1, 2)]} Expected {‘bc’: [‘ab’]}, but returned {‘b’: [‘ab’], ‘c’: [‘ab’]} def invert_and_sort(key_to_… • In Python, MNIST dataset – The MNIST dataset is divided into two sets – training and test. Each set comprises a series of images (28 x 28-pixel images of handwritten digits) and their respective label… • Python Programming – Bubble Pots Write a program called Bubble Pots, which will simulate a collection of bubbles bubbling within a soup pot. 1) Here are some guidelines (not necessarily in a useful or… • #Write a function called modify_dict. modify_dict takes one #parameter, a dictionary. The dictionary’s keys are people’s #last names, and the dictionary’s values are people’s first #names. For example… • #!/usr/bin/env python # coding: utf-8 # In[ ]: ## import necessary module package import pygame from pygame.locals import * from OpenGL.GL import * from OpenGL.GLU import * ## define position of the C… • (Tkinter: Count the occurrences of each letter) Revise the preceding exercise to display a histogram for the result, as shown in Figure 14.4. You need to display a message in a message box if the file… • Required 1 Required 2 Required 3 Required 4 Required 5 Compute the Casing and Curing Department’s cost of ending work in process inventory for mixing, materials, conversion, and in total for September… • please help me with these (2 questions) There is no input for this program. This program outputs your initials made out of stars (#) Restrictions: – You many only use one print statement – Each letter… • I need help with Python and ArcPy to create a dataset showing “wilderness” areas in a national park. These areas are defined as 2,000 feet away from a paved road, 500 feet away from any campsite, and … • . Numerous engineering and scientific applications require finding solutions to a set of equations. Ex: 8x + 7y = 38 and 3x – 5y = -1 have a solution x = 3, y = 2. Given integer coefficients of two … • I need to the following answered with the corresponding code for Python. 1) Find the best cureve that fits the data points from the equation below, with the best fit coeffints ([w]) and interception(b… • I need help writing a function that would draw a bar graph in python using turtle. I’ve included pictures of how its supposed to look like # function: bar_chart # input: x & y value (integers), la… • RESTRICTIONS, PLEASE READ: Do it on python and do not add any imports.Do not use try-except statements. def find_email(s: str) -> str: “”” Given a string <s>, return the email tha… • DIRECTIONS: WOULD LOVE IF I COULD GET SOME HELP ON THIS!. ITP-150 – Assignment – Bank Account Class – Instructions Write a Python file that includes the following components: 1 – BankACC kAccount c… • Create a FLOWCHART and a PSEUDOCODE for each problem. Use the information below to create a pseudocode (which can be a text-based description for solving the problems) and a flowchart (using flowchart… • Search online for reasons describing why Python is such a popular programming language. Can you describe 3 key reasons why Python has been gaining in popularity over the last few years? Please r… • Help to make a module currency, which includes the following three functions that do currency conversions: to_euro(dollar): This function receives US Dollar as an argument and converts it to Euro. 1 … • The functions computes and SHOWS the speed = distance/ time rounded to 2 values to the right of the decimal point, for example: speed = 634.16 The function then RETURNS the middle(median) value of the… • How to compose a Python program in which it is able to stimulate randomly selecting cards, and is able to draw the ‘cards’ twice, is able to output the order in which the cards were drawn, calculate t… • Computer Science in python or c++ In this optional term project coding assignment (bonus credit), you will be using the Genetic Algorithms for Function Optimization. Details of the prolect: Function o… • I am trying to format a file into a list in python (or at least thats what I think I’m doing.) Basically this is my code : def processUpdates (updateFileName) : updateFile = open(updateFileName, “… • I need this answered with PYTHON/OCTAVE/MATLAB ***NOT BY HAND*** ******Plot the shear strain distribution with respect to the radius of the cross section at B. Set the origin at the center of th… • Copy the code above into your program but write all the other code for this assignment yourself. Write a function called has_duplicates that takes a string parameter and returns True if the string… • Create a Python program consecutive.py containing a function get_consecutive(s) that returns the the first (from left) character in string s that is followed by an identical character. It should retur… • Hi, why does the following code produce an error? x = 0 def incX(n): for i in range(n): x = x + i incX(5) print(x) • Question: Modify the following BFS Algorithm in Python by following Instructions: Take Source Node From User Input. Take Goal Node From User Input . This is will be print Source Node to Goal Node P… • Registration Form Enter Your First Name: Eric Enter Your Last Name: Idle Enter Your Birth Year: 2000 Welcome Eric Idle! Your registration is complete. Your temporary password is: Eric*2000 Thank you f… • Question 32) Using list comprehension, create a list with the numbers 1 through 10, each to the power of 3. # Type code here. Question 33) Using list comprehension, filter out the vowels in the sen… • Q1 [1] In your game description, highlight all of the game elements and tester actions that pertain to the current version. -done Q2 [1] which module will you have to import in order to randomly choos… • Part 2: You will need to describe a soenario of your interest. For example, you can write a scenario about how an Amazon user places an order to end a shopping session (see the illustrated scenario in… • 23 LAB: Warm up: Variables, input, and type conversion (1) Prompt the user to input an integer between 32 and 126, a float, a character, and a string, storing each into separate variables. Then, … • Coding Guidelines [ ignoring these guidelines will result in marks deductions even if your program is syntactically and logically correct] : 1- Comment your code where necessary to improve the readabi… • Burrito class from the last exercise: class Burrito: # constructor t class def __init__(self,meat=None,to_go=False,rice=False,beans=False,extra_meat=False,guacamole=False,cheese=False,pico=F… • . CLOC (count lines of code) is a SourceForge (http://cloc.sourceforge.net/) project that will scan files and report lines of code, languages found, comments, number of files, and so on. The informa… • Exercise 2: Basic Predictions In this exercise, we ask you to now assess prediction error from different models. When a user watches a movie i (with rating r;), each model will make a prediction p and… • . Colour Lookup Table: 000 FFF FOO 000 BLACK BLUE15 BLACK15 FFF YELLOW15 WHITE YELLOW OOF GREEN15 CYAN GREEN FFO RED MAGENTA1 5 RED15 Given encoded picture: 000000 000000 000000 FFO000 000000 000000… • I am stuck on the output of this project if there is anyone to help I could really use it Define a Customer class in this module (file name: customer.py). This class has seven private instance variabl… • I don’t understand how i am supposed to add for the first 5 years and subtract the last 5 years how does that change the program. EECS 12 Assignment 1 (due 5pm, Oct 5, Friday) Fall 2018 The followi… • Program should be named analyze_slot_machine_tries. This program should read slot machine results from lines of a text file and counts how many times each color appears in the results. Make dictionary… • How would I print the TextField values that are in the Screen? from kivymd.app import MDApp from kivy.lang.builder import Builder from kivy.uix.screenmanager import Screen,ScreenManager from kivy.uix…. • HI, Could you help with the following? I have to implement a “class” containing all prior functions (from work attached below) and test it. Here is a code in which “CLASS” has to be implemented: i… • Hello, I need help solving this Lab simulation, It uses Driving costs – functions for function statements and I am very new at python on so I need help solving it. It is very difficult. It is very con… • Take a look at the functions file given below. Then solve these problems below using functions and conditionals Task-1: Take the input of the age from the user and display whether they are a teenager … • i AM totally lost. hope i can get solution as soon as possible and i can learn from it. • I need assistance with tasks 1-3 found in the attached python file. import random from graphics import * class PuzzleWindow: """This class is responsible for window operations."&qu… • . QUESTION 17 10 points Save Answer Which expression gives the number of whole minutes that corresponds to some number of seconds? O a. seconds % 60 O b. seconds / 60 O c. seconds * 60 O d. seconds … • average? 4. What is the error in the studentaverage.py program shown in question #1 above? • this is a python programming execise, just used corrective form to solve it I Have Your answer to this problem in the"Millen. py" like ! Recall that & Python list can contain any type o… • Computer Science Need this in python Encrypt and Decrypt from a File Create-a text file of following text. “Installing under UNIX-compatible operating systems such as Linux is easy if you’re willing t… • Assume you have a working implementation of the binary search algorithms we discussed during the lectures (returns True if item in in the list, False otherwise). If you want to determine if number 8 i… • How do you indicate the value of x after the statements execute. y = 30 x = y + 2 x = x = 1 • . Learning Outcomes: By completing this assignment, you will gain skills relating to Strings and text files . Writing and using your own classes Using complex data structures (i.e., lists, sets and … • task1_instruction 1: —————— Use the code provided copied to a new file named compulsory_task_1.py: 1. Add another method in the Course class that prints the head office location: Woodstock… • make sure to write a Python code that takes a list and returns the difference between the smallest and biggest numbers in the list. Examples list_a = [10, 4, 1, 4, -10, -50, 32, 21]) # the output is 8… • Hi, I have to create model which predicts the average traffic speed per hour on a busy road in Hong Kong.. 80% of the data is training data and 20% is testing data. There is some missing data in the t… • CHALLENGE ACTIVITY 5.4.2: Printing output using a counter. Retype and run, note incorrect behavior. Then fix errors in the code, which should print num_stars asterisks while num_printed != num_stars: … • Each team participating in this year’s annual contest is expected to join the grand dinner to be arranged after the prize giving ceremony ends. To maximize the interaction among the members of differe… • As a test of the concepts introduced in deep_reverse, write the recursive function deep_sum that takes a list as argument and returns as its value the sum of all the number elements in the list and… • young_sailors = pd.DataFrame({ “sid”: [2701, 18869, 63940, 21869, 17436], “sname”: [“Grace”, “Morgan”, “Anne”, “Jack”, “Dustin”], … • Here is the python exercises’s situation and use the following example to revise the code. ——————————————————————————– Exercise (1) Lab Exercises S… • 17 Clone of LAB: Regression with categorical predictors The nbaallelo_mlr.csv data base contains information on 126315 NBA games between 1947 and 2015. The columns report the points made by one … • Problem 1: Clustering A leading bank wants to develop a customer segmentation to give promotional offers to its customers. They collected a sample that summarizes the activities of users during the pa… • An E Commerce company or DTH (you can choose either of these two domains) provider is facing a lot of competition in the current market and it has become a challenge to retain the existing customers i… • I have attached the picture as the equation consist of special characters. • PLEASE WRITE CODE USING IMPORT SYS ARV PLEASE WRITE CODE USING IMPORT SYS ARV PLEASE WRITE CODE USING IMPORT SYS ARV Use the german_credit_data.csv file to complete the following assignment. Crea… • Which of the following are Booleans or good Boolean Expressions? Select all that apply. (Assume all variables have been defined to valid integer value.) 6 / 2 > 1 + 5 and x <= 7 color == “red” o… • Securing web sites remains a high priority for all agencies, corporations, and universities. The OWASP top ten Web application vulnerability list is updated approximately every years. Read the most c… • 11 . Which statement gets the length of the list | values ? 1. InumValues = length (values) | numValues = len (values) | 3. numValues = size (values) I 4. numValues = values. lengthl • In this particular project, we are going to work on the inaugural corpora from the nltk in Python. We will be looking at the following speeches of the Presidents of the United States of America: Presi… • Why we write print(‘the solution are {0} and {1} ‘.format(sol1,sol2)) when we are writing code for quadratic equations .. • Start Jupyter Notebooks server Open Jupyter Notebooks in a browser Upload required files( link below; incef) into the Files area of your Jupyter Notebook Follow along in the chapter excerpt (link … • Please don’t copy from chegg and course hero solve using python pls!! present the statement (p → q) → ((p → q) → q) in a truth table : • csv : ElectricalEngineeringStudents.csv : ScholarshipCandidates.csv : GPAList.csv : GraduationDatesList.csv : StudentsMajorsList.csv : This is in Python. I am not able to attach ex… • This problem is about Python modules. Build a module currency, which includes the following three functions that do currency conversions: to_euro(dollar): This function receives US Dollar as an argume… • Write a function called translator(myDict, myStr) that takes a dictionary, myDict, where the keywords are English words, and the values are the another language’s equivalent of the keywords, and a str… • Load the wine dataset from sklearn package. Perform exploratory data analysis and set up a KNN classifier. Propose an appropriate value for K. Compare the performance metrics of the KNN classifier wit… • Original answer without copy/pasting from another source in python please with explanation. Been stuck on this question for very long 🙁 • Please put together program that calculates the total cost of an order including shipping Use the following table to calculate shipping cost: Cost of Items Shipping Cost <$30.00 $5.95$30.00 – $49… • Define a function repeat that takes two arguments, a text message msg and a number n . It should print the message n times. For example, repeat(“hi there!”, 4) printshi there! hi there! hi there! h… • a program to find the largest value. Ask the user to enter three numbers. Compare them and report the largest one. [Hint: The user is free to enter any three numbers. Some or all of them may be th… • . _11_ 0 If we used the Thompson Sampling algorithm to decide between the two arms (group A and group B), what is the experimental number of people (out of 500,000) that will send (at least) one fri… • Need Help with Python Homework Project Please import pygame # This is a list of predefined pygame Color objects colors = [pygame.Color(0, 0, 0, 255), # Black pygame.Color(255, 0… • There is an R package called **imputeTS** specifically designed to repair missing values in time series data. We will use this instead of mean substitution. <br> The **na_interpolation()** fun… • Please include your detailed coding and a picture of your coding. . Time Amplitude (milliseconds) (millivolts) 0.00 0.429086 0.01 0.454173 0.02 0.433519 0.03 0.518289 0.04 0.40911 0.05 0.462929 . . …. • Define the following fundamental concepts · Interpreted vs. Compiled Languages · Interpretive Overhead · Scripting (Procedural) vs. Object Orien… • Implement Is_min_at_distance , an upper bound on the local sensitivity of the min_age query at distance , and dist_to_high_Is_min , an upper bound on the distance from the true dataset to one with loc… • I have figured everything out for coding a random forest from scratch in python except calculating the best split. Below is what I have completed so far. All of the initial functions pass except for b… • It will be great if someone can help me with this code assignment. I need to use the code that is given above. CMPUT 175 – Lab 3: Numerical Tic Tac Toe ‘ Goal: Review classes/objects, import Back… • Please Perform the following activities in Python. The data can be found here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1c70af2WNeS_TKEUdbrMvKScStIeVd8M4?usp=sharing 1. Load the data in each of t… • Question 3. Is a point within a rectangle? – 4 points Write a function is In ( ) which returns True if a point is within a rectangle specified by two sets of coordinates and False if the point is out… • I would like help on writing this in Python . For a given adjacency matrix of a rooted tree you need to decide whether this tree can be labeled to become an avl tree. Vertices of the tree do not have … • How to construct a polynomial class using eval, repr, addition method, multiplication method and the function “polySequence” as shown in the attachments. For this lab, we wish to implement a class to … • I need a function greeting(name) to return a text string composed of the text ‘Hi! I am’, one empty space ‘ ‘, the name, period ‘.’, and another empty space ‘ ‘ followed by ‘How are you?’. Use the do… • The Negative Binomial distribution has two parameters, N and p . Using your code from part 4, compute the values of log-likelihood for values of N in the range [10-60] and p in the range [0-1] (e.g. u… • Here is a suggested set of iterations when building the interactive user interface: 1.Write a while loop that loops a fixed number of times (perhaps two times), prompting the user to enter a string … • please help me!!!! [Weight = 1] What does the pseudocode below generate? for first in [0, 1] do for second in [0, 1] do for third in (a, e, i, o, u] do print (second, third, first) Function print (x ,… • Please help with exercise 5 https://labs.vocareum.com/main/main.php?m=editor&asnid=209426&stepid=300194 O pyter problem0 (autosaved) Control Edit View Insert Cell Kernel Widgets Help Not Trust… • Looking to improve my python skills. I believe matplotlib and numpy would be used to solve this and plot it. 1. Use the Mathematica commands NDSolve and Plot (pay attention to the capital letters; cas… • I need help with OOP type programming in Python. I need help with my tic tac toe program. It works as is, but I need help modifying it so it uses OOP. Object Orientated Programing. I continue to get a… • This question is based on the lab1. I need help with the lab2. Find the attached pictures:. Lab 2: Repetition COSC 1336 Programming Fundamentals I Kathryn Rehfield Lab 2: Repetition Due: 03f06f22 You … • Competencies In this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following competencies: Write scripts using syntax and conventions in accordance with industry standard best practices Develop a … • In this exercise, we are going to be using a dataset city_air_pollution_sources.csv that describes the sources of air pollution in 96 global cities. The dataset has the following columns: city : The… • Task 2: Manipulating Lists <§2.2 Loops; §3.2 Lists> Part A: Reverse Implement a function reverse strings(my list) that takes a list of strings, and returns the strings concatenated in reverse … • Here is the python exercise and the exercises’s situation. ——————————————————————————– Exercise (1) Lab Exercises Situation: Hints of Exercise (1) … • Answer the following questions, with explanation 1. What will be the output of the following Python code? def foo(k): k = [1] q = [0] foo(q) print(q) a) [0] b) [1] c) [1, 0] d) [0, 1] 2. How are v… • Write python program that does the following: 1. Reads a ‘numbers.txt’ file (2 lines at a time) that contains numbers (integers) 2. Reads a ‘operators.txt’ file (1 line at a time) that contains operat… • Text Book 6.2 Incremental development As you write larger functions, you might find yourself spending more time debugging. To deal with increasingly complex programs, you might want to try a process c… • Write a Python program that prints all the numbers from 0 to 10 except 3 and 6. Note : Use ‘continue’ statement. Expected Output : 0 1 2 4 5 7, 8, 9, 10 (2 ) Write a Python program to get next… • month = input() input_day = int(input()) if month == “January” and 1 <= input_day <= 31: print(“Winter”) elif month == “February” and 1 <= input_day <= 29:… • Write the recursive function rbitlists(n) that generates a list of all bitlists of length n in lexicographic order. Explain the approach (base case and recursive case) and give an argument why this ap… • # Global Constants – Use these in your program where it makes sense TAX_RATE = 0.07 # 7% sales tax PB_MAX = 50 PB_COST = 2.50 HB_MAX = 20 HB_COST = 7.00 MAG_MAX = 35 MAG_COST = 3.95 # The get_item_c… • ASSIST ASAP https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YJGgFhHSbsqLgV_boqUqFPlEMqIw7Tmm/view This is a universal link to give context, please view to see entire document . Q11 – Interpretation (0.75 pts) We s… • Please Answer the question with the given format : Format: class KMeans: # K: the number of clusters def __init__(self, K): self.K = K # The features of centroids; s… • Change the code (repeated below) in the question.py file so executing question 1() produces the desired printout below. camelCase is a style of writing words, phrases or variable names without any spa… • Consider an unreliable message service where messages of a fixed size are sent between known endpoints. Outline the minimum set of additional features offered by a reliable byte-stream delivery se… • I wanted you to generate all the possible (x,y,z) cartesian co-ordinates of these following 3 functions x_component= -2*x y_component= -2*y z_Component= -2*z The output should be in this form Cordinat… • For this problem, you will use a “yes/no” API at https://yesno.wtf#api , which responds with a either ‘answer’: ‘yes’ or ‘answer’: ‘no’ and a link to a .gif representing either answer. Write code that… • The project is in github. Here’s the link: https://github.com/arjangcore/DigitRecognizer You will need vscode and python 8.* (latest version ) to run this. Download the project and use it as st… • Create 30 items usually seen in Amazon, K-mart, or any other supermarkets (e.g. diapers, clothes, etc.). (1) A database of 20 transactions each containing some of these items. The information can be s… • Python 3 Part 1 The volume of a sphere is 4/3πr 3 , where π has the value of “pi” given in Section 2.1 of your textbook. Write a function called print_volume (r) that takes an argument for the rad… • Part 1: Let’s start by creating some tables to store our data — we’ll first have one containing some product information. Products have: a name (TEXT) a description (TEXT) a unit cost stored in cents… • please help me to code this problem question by using python 3 and you may use either Jupyter or Spyder to code, the csv files in Gdrive you can download in by the link below, I hope you may do same t… • help with question 1. Create a Python recursive function to determine the nth term of: a1=-1, an = 2n – an-1 • If I have this in my programming solution….. HERE IS HOW THE LIST OF CUSTOMERS WILL APPEAR AFTER YOU WRITE THE DETAILS IN THE OUTPUT… Counter = 0 Counter1 = 0 Counter2 = 0 Average = 0 Total = 0… • Write a Python program that creates a class which represents an Employee in an organization. The class includes a function that reads a text file called employee details.txt (A sample of the file i… • Implement a MinimumPriority Queue based on the binary heap. A Minimum priority queue guarantees that its dequeue()method returns the queue element associated with the minimum key value. A minimum prio… • Function name : find_file_in_folder Parameters : The first parameter should be a string with a file name in it, like ‘A.txt’. The second parameter is a string with a folder to look in for a file with … • USING PYTHON: Create a Python class, Document. Upon initialization, the instances of this class will take in one optional string parameter, initial_thoughts, which defaults to an empty string if not g… • Build a Python consumer called kafkaNumbers.py . In this problem, each line will consist of a list of numbers. There will be an arbitrary number of numbers on each line. Your consumer goal is to: … • hi, I need help coding this function, can you teach me what I should do? for python removePunctuation(wordList) – this function takes as a parameter a list of words and modifies the words in the li… • I’m running a website with flask and I’ve created code that will log the IP address, time, and date of every failed login attempt in a 2d list. What would the code look like that could analyze the log… • Hello, I have question about python programming. I read a text file from URL and the data column have (CountryHappiness.RankHappiness.ScoreWhisker.highWhisker.lowEconomy..GDP.per.Capita.FamilyHealth….. • Question: Code a program in C# to ascertain the grade an understudy acquires for a given module. The contribution to the program incorporates the module code, name and consistent appraisal weightage, … • Lists: Mapping and Summing The input to your program will be a sequence of words, separated by single spaces. Your program should print out the sum of the lengths of the words. Sample Input 1: map is … • . Assignment Specifications and Requirements Please enter your code in the block between comments like this: # Begin of your imports —– # Begin of your implementation – # End of your imports —-… • Need your help to in-sort Q3 below Question 3: Emulate the stack behaviour using the list data structure. a) Complete the methods of the following Stack class according to their description class Stac… • help please WORK AREA RESULTS Lab Using the is_prime function from exercise 17, write a program that prints the prime numbers from 1 to 100 each on their own line. SAMPLE RUN #0: python3 PrimeNumberLi… • For this challenge, create bank account class that has two attributes: owner balance and two methods: deposit withdraw As an added requirement, withdrawals may not exceed the available balance. Instan… • In python please Complete the following if statement to detect if the ball collides with the paddle in a paddle ball game. Assume bX and bY are the coordinates of the top left conner of the ball’s… • Write a Python function named halfMulTable that takes a positive integer value argument n and prints the following multiplication table. N 4 2n 9 3n nxn 2. Write a function named rightHalfTriangle … • Where should instance variables be defined? In accessor methods In constructors In functions In mutator methods • Problem Statement: Design a program that asks the user to enter a string. The string will then be displayed back to the user. This is followed by determining the number of alphabetic characters, nu… • def countdown(n): if n <= 0: print(‘Blastoff!’) else: print(n) countdown(n-1) Write a new recursive function countup that expects a negative argument and… • Create a function plot_stats_for_test(filename, tests, stats) that will plot the statistical properties of the grades and times for the given test numbers. The parameters are as follows: filename- a… • Working with warm start for focused training (FULL CODE BELOW) 1). MLP classifiers in scikit-learn have an option for so-called ‘warm start’. Give an example of warm start. Specifically train the… • You’ll use the Value Distance Metric (VDM) to find the distance between symbolic feature values Northeast, Midwest, South, and West, 1. (10 points) Find all the relevant conditional probabilities… • Problem #1 For this problem, you will use the file transactions.csv. This comma-separated file contains 80 transactions. Each line in the file corresponds to a single transaction. You will notice that… • This exercise (80 points) uses your programming environment to generate a simple Web page using Python flask. The Web page should include all basic components of the HTML structure including: …your … • write the for loops that will print the following sequence; 0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 0,2,4,6,8 1,3,5,7,9 20,30,40,50,60 • FIN312 Tutor-Marked Assignn (d) Show the result of your code running against these test cases: 1 . median(v), modes(v) and mean(v) for v = [i for j in (range (1180, 2022, k) for k in (3, 5, 7) ) for i… • Write a program that reads in the name and salary of an employee. Here the salary will denote an hourly wage, such as$9.25. Then, ask how many hours the employee worked in the past week…
• . 8:48 Assignment Details BCIS 5110 Section 001 – Programming Languages for Bu… Description Download Telco. json from Canvas. Unless otherwise stated, all questions are based on this data. Only us…
• Construct 2 lists containing all the available data types (integer, float, string, complex and Boolean)
• Make a program that declares three functions which accepts a list of numbers in reverse order from main program and find the smallest numbers in the list by one function. Another function should creat…
• PYTHON ASSIGNMENT This assignment deals with methods related to ‘scipy’ for various data sets. a) In this first problem, scipy.optimize.curve_fit() will be used to fit various functions to a …
• Please see the attachments for reference. Something similar to the attachments. Utility Company: Prime Utilities 123 Fake St New York, New York 10001 Overview: In this assignment, you will be an…
• I think I need to turn my string into an Integer before I can run my IF ELSE statement, but i’m not totally sure. Can you please help me understand. Help Configure.. Project Index (static) Configure…..
• alphabet = “abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz” test_dups = [“zzz”,”dog”,”bookkeeper”,”subdermatoglyphic”,”subdermatoglyphics”] test_miss = [“zzz”,”subdermatoglyphic”,”the quick brown fox jumps over …
• Task 4: Little and Long Lists <§2.2.1 While-loops; §3.1 Strings; §2.1 Conditionals> Warm Up Let’s start by learning about indexing. Indexing allows us to access the ith element in a sequence….
• Dear tutor Please create a python module def update_transactions(file_path: str, transaction_list: list): “”” You are part of a team tasked to create an application that helps b…
• Explain the code with comments please Python language. Sliding Puzzle Description: A 4×4 board of numbered tiles has one missing space and is randomly set up. To win the game, the player must slide ti…
• Provide an example of using for loop in Python and demonstrate an advantage of using for loop. 2. Edit pizza_cost.py to write the definition for the following function in Python: A function whic…
• Given the dictionary states where the key is the state and the value is the population. Sort states on population and print the three states with the highest population and the three states with the l…
• “”” UTM: CSC108, Fall 2021 Practical Lab 10 Instructors: Michael Liut, Andrew Petersen, Andi Bergen, Tingting Zhu, Pooja Vashisth, and Sonya Allin This code is provided solely for …
• Can you Answer both the question where it says your code here class Popularity_Tree: def _rotate_left(self, parent): “”” ——————————————————- ?…
• Task 2: Leap Years <§2.1Conditionals; §3.1 Strings> Part A – Is this a leap year? Develop a function is leap year(year) that calculates whether a given (CE) year is a leap year. The function m…
• I have a Python programming question. My file only executes part of the program.
• . Requirements – Bridges [CS Circles) (1] There is a single road between two cities. The road has three bridges with weight limits a, b, c, as shown in the picture below: To drive along the route, y…
• For this test, you will run a program that performs some analysis of the novel Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. First, please download the provided file alice.txt, which is the …
• . 4. Gaussian Mixture Model (15 pts) Here, we learn: 1. Gaussian mixture models 2. Multimodal distribution functions Let’s assume we have a Gaussian Mixture Model with 3 components. Parameters of …
• When i try to run my code, i’m still getting a black screen. Is there anything wrong with it? # import pygame modules import pygame import sys # access to key coordinnates from pygame.locals import…
• Mary has discovered that her significant distance love interest, John, is on an excursion to see an amigo who lives in an alternate city. She chooses to go with him on his excursion to decide if the c…
• def countdown(n): if n <= 0: print(‘Blastoff!’) else: print(n) countdown(n-1) Write a new recursive function countup that expects a negative argument and…
• Clunker Motors Inc. is recalling all vehicles in its Extravagant line from model years 1999-2002. Given variables modelYear and modelName Write a statement that assigns True to recalled if …
• [25 marks] (Magic square) A magic square is a 3×3 square with numbers filled in, such that the sum of each row (three rows), the sum of each column (three columns) and the sum of each diagonal (tw…
• Using os.walk, write_a script that will print the filenames of zero length files. It should also print the count of zero length files.
• . Question 5 Given the following function, what will be displayed by the call nPrint(‘a’, 4)? def nPrint(message, n): while n > 0 : print(message, end = !" ) n -= 1
• I need someone to solve this code! Thanks in advance. k nearest neighbors The implementation above only allows for a single nearest neighbor; that is, the classifier predicts the label of the closest…
• Given the 4 sets of results from the 4 experiments (from Tasks 10, 11, 12, 13) with closed form solution, batch gradient descent, stochastic gradient descent and mini-batch gradient descent, print a s…
• hello I need help with the first problem in python, I need to write a ptogrom that analyse a picture and returns it is information Read the image. Use the Picture data type to read in the image. C…
• 1/ Write the draft for solutions first. ( Python ) 2/ Then write code to solve this problem! (coding with beginner Python Programming level) . 7. Battle- Plays a single round. Compare top cards of e…
• I need help understanding an assignment def countdown(n): if n <= 0: print(‘Blastoff!’) else: print(n) countdown(n-1) I need a new recursive function coun…
• List Operations: Write the following functions in Python which take a list as 2 input parameter and does the following: def range of list firstnamelf number list): # .rehlrns range of the list. Range …
• I am a beginner comp sci, so may not be familiar with all concepts, so I’d like simple ones. Program #3 Filename: pig . py For this assignment, you’ll implement a dice game called m, pitting two hum…
• Rooks on a rampage def safe_squares_rooks (n, rooks) : A generalized n-by-n chessboard contains some number of rooks, each rook represented as a two- tuple (row, column ) of the row and the column of …
• please help me 1) Let’s say you have a list saved in a variable: c = [3, 6, 7, 24, 27, 32, 45, 66, 77, 86]. Write a Python function that takes this list c and makes a new list that has only the odd el…
• CO 4) What will the output of the following code be if the user enters 3 at the prompt? your_num = int(input(“Enter a number:”)) while (your_num > 0): product = your_num * 5 print(yo…
• How to create a random mapping (dictionary) of virtual node numbers (0 to (TOTAL_VIRTUAL_NODES – 1)) mapped to node names in Python. Each node should get equal distribution of virtual nodes. However, …
• Scenario – Business Intelligence and Data Analytics, and ICT It is your responsibility to discuss and establish the requirements needed by the client. In general, you will need to develop tools th…
• def addUser (name) : ”’add a user with given user name”’ … def listUser () : ”’return a list of shell users”’ … def listSysUser () : ”’return a list of system (non-shell) user”’ … def find…
• how to conduct a python code for above?. Below is a code snippet which reads two lists from the user one after the other. You will define a function combined_list_len that takes two parameters, both o…
• Submit a zip file of your source code file(*.py), please name the .py file using the name LNameFnameFinalProject(using your name). 130 points. Validation testing – 20 points. User manual creation …
• Create a python program that: a) Prompts the user for value to be used for the number of threads to be created. Your code should check for invalid input (e.g. numbers less than zero or non-numeric v…
• Here is the python exercise and the exercises’s situation. ——————————————————————————– Exercise (1) Lab Exercises Situation: Exercise (2) Lab E…
• Part 2 Invent a function that does some useful computation of your choosing. Use incremental development, and record each stage of the development process as you go. Finally, print output that dem…
• how can i work this code in python 3 ? def read_books(file_name): try: datafile = open(file_name, “r”) except: return #if file cannot be opened books = {} ?…
• Write a payroll program that pays time and a half for anything over 40 hours. This should have 3 functions in addition to main. The first function asks the user how many total hours were worked and th…
• Section A – Program description Program description The hostname management program is named hostnames.py . The program manages hostnames in a file called hostnames.txt . The format consists of on…
• Please can you tell me what is the information that is missing, because based on this samples that i sent you, you have to give the solution to the ex 4, 5 and 5 Date Total_Cases 11-Mar-20 1 12-Mar-20…
• the question of the program was posted but I don’t know what you mean by revised and I showed how I did the program and its the way our instructor wants it I am just missing something as I wrot…
• May I know how do I answer the coding question for Task 1B? It has to be a function that can draw these triangles. The function is sierpinski(level, length). The restriction is to use recursion and on…
• I already had help with def total_paid(house):. Problem 7: Mortgage A mortgage is what you pay when you cannot purchase, usually a home, outright. You pay in installments that have to do with terms of…
• I need help solving this python question R-SAJflhat is the running time of a call to T. heightz [p] when called on a position p distinct from the root of T? (See Code Fragment 8.5.) C-8 .42 Describe …
• You are given a collection of text files, each containing 1000 recent tweets posted by several popular Twitter accounts. Each line in a file is one tweet, so if we read the files the usual way, each l…
• PCA features This section will describe how to extract PCA features from a set of training images. Study the code in FisherFace.py. Use these functions for PCA feature extraction: myPCA, read face…
• http://prntscr.com/l95xfz I don’t understand how to take a list of numbers and how to return the longest run. I’d appreciate any help.
• Some rows in this table do not contain polls. You can identify these by the lack of the percent sign (%) in the Remain column. Update polls by changing the column names to c(“dates”, “remain”, “leave”…
• really stuck on this homework question and could use some help, needs to be written in python?. Question 2: (20 points] Given a string, write a function to check if everv word in the string is a palin…
• help modifying this code 2 problems # %%######################################################################### # REFLECTION PLANES ##################################################################…
• Original indicates the following: Write a program with total change amount as an integer input, and output the change using the fewest coins, one coin type per line. The coin types are Dollars, Quarte…
• I need an IOT SECURITY REPORT on THEFT DETECTION SYSTEM and everything should go according to the standard security report rubrics the following are the rubrics to follow 1.Introduce the IoT device an…
• Can you please help me with this one. I am struggling . 4 How Tiles Work In this project (all 4 parts), you will define a certain set of tiles. You must rep- resent each tile with a CarcassonneTile …
• Text Analyzer Fill in the blanks to read the contents of a file using the "with" statement. with open( filename ) f: text – f. read()
• The image of input file is given. Compute the average-score-based ranking:. 1. Compute for each gene the average score over all n experiments. Output: Print the genes in alphabetical order and corresp…
• . General Requirements 1. Analyse the problem. 2. Code a very well documented {comments} Python app following the PEPE Style Guide for Python Code. 3. Complete all the steps in the Iteport 4. Submit…
• if you go to first link in picture it explains the problem in input dataset and what output is expected. ans there’s another link in input section where u can get the complaints.csv file. the solution…
• Python Factors Program: create list of 1-100 integers and then print 1-9 are factors of which numbers in the created list. sample output: numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, …
• I have this json, it always follow the same pattern. There will be singles and compounds, the only difference between them is that the compounds have the same time interval and server. But: { “singles…
• In python I have my code written . read all the information first then start loading please. My code is running but it has some problem regarding to rules. 1) Roll the remaining dice (Which will be t…
• Neighbors of the Same Sign We need to prompt for a string containing integers separated by spaces. Then, we need to load the values into a list. We need to find and print the first adjacent elements w…
• 1) The question screenshot has been attached down below: . Question 1 (20 points) Question I provides practice with files and string operations. Specifically, you will need to use file operations…
• How to handle Excel files in python? To read rows and columns To extract data, manipulate and write data To calculate mean of a column
• What is wrong with this one? It looks correct to me.
• Greedy Residual Fitting: The relevant link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mvt3EDArVGdIEiN9h-OmvhB6yfApIGt0/view?usp=sharing We start using a greedy approach to multivariate regression. Assume a dat…
• . Submit just a single Python file, hw6_sol. py. . A component missing from our analysis is the frequency with which each word appears. This is easy to keep track of using a dictionary, but we will no…
• How do I make sure user inputs 4 Unique integers from 0 to 9 separated by space, and nothing else? If anything else, it should print ‘Error. Try again’ and ask for the numbers again.
• We will be understanding the concept of linear regression along with its regularization. parameter on the dataset given below,w which has multiple attributes. .The MedicalDataset (https://www.ka…
• Write python program of Asome Bot code be able to have the device respond to some external input (motion, pressing a button, coming into contact with something). For example, with the AsomeBOT, it can…
• The results should look like the document. It should have a main. . Console if the contacts file is not found Contact Manager Could not find contacts file! Starting new contacts file. . . COMMAND ME…
• Objectives • Code a script / program that produces the required output. Your mission… create a Python script (Program) that will ask the user for an IPv4 address with the /prefix mask. (i….
• Code must be built using python3, and it must be able to compile from the terminal or CMD. Must be in Tkinter Design and implement ‘Store automatic system’ Apple store, allowing the staff to comm…
• Modify the multi-client chat room application below so that it uses an UDP server instead of a TCP server. Server.py import socket, threading host = ‘127.0.0.1’ port = 40000 s = socket.socket(socket.A…
• Using the NHANES data and the previous notebook, the following questions will be about the variable BPXSY2 (with missing values remove). Round your answer to the nearest tenth. (ex: 2.33 should be 2.3…
• Please help Function named pnamedtuple that is passed information about a named tuple: it returns a reference to a class object from which we can construct instances of the specified named tuple. We…
• While am running the below code am getting Attribute Error: Type Object MobileInventory has no attribute add_stock. Could you please help me on this. class TestInventoryAddStock: @classmethod def setu…
• [my_house.py] In a graphics window, you are to draw an outdoor scene containing a house. Your drawing should include at least the following shapes: three rectangles two lines one circle one tex…
• I need help in the program called GRADING.py, which is the second problem on that attached pdf. I REPEAT , ONLY THE SECOND PROBLEM. I have already done the first one. Thanks ! File names: diff.py, g…
• def exercise @ 1 ( ) : 1 1 1) create a DataFrame Of with 4 columns and 3 rows of data in one line of code . The data can be arbitrary integers . For example O OO D W DO ONH ( ~ WN NOTHO NHO 1 1 1 # &…
• Implement the Minimum Edit Distance algorithm and verify if the following words are cognates. create a confusion matrix in the code . English German one e…
• Please refer to the attachment to answer this question. This question was created from Exercise 7.docx.
• . In [8]: # Define a function named total_average_marginal that takes three paramters tiers, rates, income # Compute total_tax for given tiers, rates, income # Compute average tax rate as the ratio …
• I can’t get my program to run on python. I keep getting an error and I can’t figure out why. Here is what I have. When I run it I get an error when I try the add item option. def delete_item(shopping_…
• Exercise 2. (a) Generate a transaction that can be redeemed by the solution (@, y) to the following system of two linear equations: + y = (first half of your suid) and – y = (second half or your suid…
• The topic is all about string and text file A.) Assume that the variable data refers to the string “myprogram.exe”. Write the values of the following expressions: a. data[2] b. data[-1] c. len(d…
• Inquiries to Answer DELIVERABLES: Upload every one of the accompanying 6 expectations as a different record to Canvas #1 – a text report responding to questions A, B, C, D, E #2 – a screen capture of …
• The Substitution Cipher A cipher is mirrored algorithm that allow phrases or messages to be obfuscated (i.e. “scrambled”). Ciphers were an early form of security used to send hidden messages from one …
• b) test Case: A) P B) yhn C) Pyth_n . Write programs that read a line of input as a string. Then, prints 5 pts A) Only the uppercase letters in the string 8} Every second letter of the string C) The s…
• Consider the following Python code and answer the following questions. a. Identify the parent and child classes here? b. What is the output of the code? (Try figuring it out without running …
• what will be the value of ‘x’ when the following statement is executed: x=int(98.6)
• [10 marks] Is there any error in the following function foo? If there is no error, explain briefly what it does; if there is an error, explain briefly how to correct it. def foo (n) : if n == 0 : r…
• I’ve input the code below but it does not make the adjustments to my file. Could someone assist me? import pandas as pd # pandas to read the csv file import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # matplotlib to…
• I need a python program for this problem. please see attached to see the details. Thank you
• We want to make a program that, when given a list, will sort through all the values of the list and take only the numerical values until it encounters the word “done”. Then it will return the total su…
• Here is the python exercise situation and try to use the attached link Python source code example to revise the code. ——————————————————————————– E…
• # Helper functions def primes (max=None) : p = 2 while max == None or p <= max: if is_prime(p): yield p p += 1 # Generators must be able to iterate through any iterable. # hide is present and calle…
• Please I need help with writing a python program that does the following. String that is a long series of words separated by spaces. The string is your own creative choice. It can be names, favorite…
• import random from itertools import chain import math import numpy as np import colorama from colorama import init, Fore init() # colorama needs to be initialized in order to be used # this function…
• Need help with the below: class CelestialBody: def __init__(self, size, mass, composition, name) : Collapse Exercises self . size = size self . mass = mass self . composition = composition 23. Celesti…
• Hi please python code for me. Thanks for heaps and sorting
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• What is a Python program that implements gradient descent for minimizing the least squares loss. As a stopping condition check for the objective between the current and previous iteration. If the obje…
• Project 3 (Mozart Waltz Generator) Exercises Exercise 1. (Birthday Problem) Suppose that people enter an empty room until a pair of people share a birthday. Or average, how many people will have to en…
• count change Once the machines take over, the denomination of every coin will be a power of two I-cent, 2-cent 4. cent, B-cent, 16-cent, etc, There will be no limit to how much a coin can be worth Giv…
• Hi, please help me with those three questions, they are all multiple choice question, just choose the answer that all apply. thanks
• #PROBLEM Arithmetic Exception An exception is an unwanted or unexpected event, which occurs during the execution of a program i.e at runtime, it disrupts the normal flow of the program.For example, th…
• Read the students_database.csv file and develop the necessary functions to find an answer to the following questions. Your functions must work on all files that have the same features(same colon n…
• The programming language being used is Python. Prep Problem – 33 Most airlines have restrictions on what a customer is allowed to put in their carry-on luggage when going on a flight. For many plane t…
• Problem B. (10 points ) Crewperson and Pretender Construct two additional classes named Crewperson and Pretender, to represent each of the two possible specializations for a Character. The Cr…
• You are given a string S of size N, and a string T of size M. You need to find the number of substrings of S which contains any anagram of T as a subsequence. Since the answer can be large return it m…
• You are given some Python code below. You should FIX this code so that the code stores all integers that are divisible by 13 between 5000 and 135 in a variable called lst. Your lst vari…
• function merge(lst1, lst2) that takes two sorted lists as arguments, and returns the elements of both lists, merged. This function must have a complexity of O(n + m) where n list the length of lst1 an…
• An array of integers named va_pop contains the (estimated) population of Virginia every 10 years. It has 12 items. The first item is the population of Virginia in 1900. The last is the population in 2…
• Word Count. A common utility on UniX/Linux systems is a small program called ”wc.” This program analyzes a file to determine the number of lines, words, and characters contained therein. Write your o…
• Write a program that will calculate the problem and stop after the condition has been met. a=number of loops (start with zero but will increase by 1 after each completed loop) b=a+1 c=a+b Conditi…
• Instructions: Provide your solutions in a file named lab3.py . In a comment, include the name(s) of any collaborators. To receive full credit, the names of files, functions and the output mu…
• Ask the user for a filename. (0.5 marks) a) Check to determine if filename has an extension (1 mark) i) If not, add a “.txt” extension (1 mark) b) Check to determine if the filename already exis…
• Generate a quadratic model with y=x+x**2+e, x and e are both vectors which are normal mean 0, variance 1. Generate a monte-carlo sample from this model with length m = 20.
• Exercise 7: (2 points) – Given a linear regression parameter (theta), complete the function lr_predictor to meet these requirements. Return a function which takes one parameter (a data matrix as a Num…
• Determine the value (TRUE or FALSE) of each of the following Conditional Statement. (Show your working, not just True or False) temp = 2 temp >= 3 and temp <= 5 temp < 0 or temp <= 4 ( …
• make_menu (5.5 points) Imagine you own an ice cream shop, and customers can buy ice creams of any mixture with one choice of fruits and one choice of toppings. You decided to create a menu board with …
• Write a python(3) program about movies to watch. The following sample run was made using a CSV file that contained: The Fugitive,1993,Drama,u Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope,1977,Action,w Citize…
• Please make sure the code works. Thank you!! Do not add statements that call print, input, or open, or use an import statement. Do not use any break or continue statements. . #helper function …
• Write a python script called vmarchiver.py that will create a complete backup of a single VM the user specifies. The specific details of how it works are below: When this script is run, it will pr…
• Explain the basic match paradigm in Perl (how do you tell Perl to try and match)? Provide some examples with delimiters.
• You will complete this assignment in Python 3.x. Make sure you have downloaded the software and it is installed correctly. You will download it from this www.python.org You will code the following and…
• Submit code and screenshot of outputs. 3. Problem Specification: Design and implement a program that calculates and displays information about penalties for late submission for a piece of coursework. …
• (25 points) K-means step by step, k=2 Extract kmeandata from cluster_data.mat as your dataset. a. Initialize the cluster centers (the means) at (-2,-2) and (4,4) b. Calculate the distance between e…
• Write pseudocode for a Python program that makes 100 dice rolls with a single 6-sided die and displays the number of times each side appeared. Turn in the two modules for the pseudocode for the follow…
• TASK; Create word ladders. The user will type in (or hard-code) a beginning and an ending word. Your program must find the series of words that differ by only a single letter that leads from the begin…
• PYTHON CODE: No “Imports,” just basic coding. Single-stranded DNA is a molecule that is composed of a sequence of nucleotides, which we will represent using a str consisting of the characters in …
• I want python code to create some graphs based on the data from the GitHub where I can get the maximum number of cases for all and particular county from a random state, timeline graph for the cases r…
• For this project, you will implement a simple "secure" system in any object-oriented programming language supported on our Linux CSE machines following the Bell-LaPadula (BL.P) security rule…
• from lxml import etree data = ”’<?xml version=”1.0″?> <data> <country name=”Liechtenstein”> <rank updated=”yes”>2</rank> <year>2008</…
• I need help importing a module into python. I am confused, . I am working on a project . Is the Mylib.py module a file saved in the Python application by default or do I create it. If i create the fi…
• Having trouble writing the following code: Write a python code that asks the user for the scores of students in a class . Output the second highest score. Sample: Enter number of students : 5 Enter sc…
• Use Python. Document9 – Word Kelvin Kabwe X File Home Insert Design Layout References Mailings Review View Help EndNote X9 Tell me what you want to do Share & Cut Calibri (Body) – 11 – A A |Aa- A …
• Question 2: 10 points The proportion 𝜙𝑖(𝑘)ϕi(k) that a point 𝑖i belongs to a cluster 𝑘k is defined by the function for weighted k-means: 𝜙𝑖(𝑘)=exp{−1𝛽||𝑥𝑖−𝜇…
• def reverse_decorator(function:callable): This question is meant to test your knowledge of creating a decorator to decorate a function that accepts no arguments and alters the decorated function’s out…
• 20) Add the Python statements would create a GUI with a single Label widget containing yourname, e.g., for me from tkinter import * def main(): main_window = Tk() #answer goes here – *…
• Python problem Write a Python program to solve the problem described above. Define a function certificate( Workshop_List) which takes a single parameter, Workshop_List, and returns True or False. W…
• Instructions: https://1drv.ms/w/s!AjNiWHeXyO3NvGvBwMIQhqpvyKYZ?e=WsZKdD LOG Files https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uY0KtssrhzELaOUVkAZQjxRvyTJ_u7sj/view?usp=sharing https://drive.g…
• I am confused. Isn’t this answer m = ((c ** d) % n)? Enc – To encrypt integer m with public key (N, e), the cipher integer c= m mod N Dec – To decrypt cipher integer c with private key d, the plain in…
• Hey anyone please help me out with this tasks (both 1 and 2 parts). Your efforts will be really appreciated. Thanks, Below is the question in text form: Game of Death: Death knocks on your door one co…
• create a dataframe named ebola_missingcol with column_name, count_miss and per_miss where column_name values are the columns from ebola dataframe, count_miss holds the number of missing values for the…
• Given user defined numbers k and n, if n cards are drawn from a deck, find the probability that k cards are black. Find the probability that at least k cards are black. When 11 and 7 are entered: T…
• DNA is made up of four bases: a, t, g, and c. A DNA sequence is often represented as a string made up of solely these four characters occurring many times in different orders. Your code will have acce…
• Consider the modulus function. What is the output of the following arithmetic? >>> 16%3
• How would you iterate through each item in this list of tuples using python? tuple =[({‘horn-count’: 0, ‘eye-count’: 2, ‘arm-count’: ‘any’, ‘color’: ‘any’, ‘has-wings’: True, ‘has-tail’: ‘any’, ‘size’…
• write a loop that iterates over a list of strings 1st and prints the first three characters of every word. if 1st is the list [‘january’, ‘February,’ ‘March’] then the following should be printed: j…
• Please read carefully before rushing to answer this question mentioned below program is solved with loops. I NEED IT SOLVED WITH FUNCTION call and NO LOOPS (use input() function (no hard coded values)…
• Rules of the game: • This game will be played using a 2D-list (board) that must always have the same number of rows and columns (SIZE). The board will be displayed to the user in the following fo…
• Part 1: Delivery of Python Console with complete functionality for menu options 1, 2 and 6 Part 2: Delivery of Python Console with complete functionality for menu options 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 started …
• The textbook describes a set of functions to increase and decrease the amount of red, green, and blue in a picture. First, study how these functions work, and use them as models to write and test the …
• Hi There , i am working on a project assignment where we need to read and aggregate the data in a Dynamo db table the Dynamo db table is loaded using Bedsidemonitor.py code. While i am able to read da…
• Here is the python exercise and the exercises’s situation. ——————————————————————————– Exercise (1) Lab Exercises Situation: Hints of Exercise (1) …
• hw5_util and text file are here: https://files.fm/u/sze9yubse?k=720ca2ee. Part1 Write a python program, hw5_part1 .133? that does the following: 1. Asks the user for a grid number and loops until one …
• https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1W5FnJCR8GmnhTKn6krQH10V8SRZu6lfj?usp=sharing all the referrences and material are shared above in google drive link.. even if you can answer one question it wil…
• I don’t know how to do problem 2, specifically how to create the defs for • get_mileage(self) – returns the number of miles • add_mileage(self, miles) – adds miles to the current mileage • reset…
• QUESTION 6 Constituency Parsing: Given the following CFG in Chomsky Normal Form, show how the CKY Recognition algorithm will process the string "Prefer the flight from NWA". CFG Rules: S – N…
• Question 11. Help me find a function stats_for_year that takes a year and returns a table of statistics. The table it returns should have four columns: geo, population_total, children_per_wom…
• How you can convert a number to a string?…………….
• Write a function print_pattern(size) that prints the following square pattern using the parameter value dimensions of the square. For example: Test Result print_pattern(3) 013 013 013 print_pattern(5)…
• Given the following data: Name, MTA, TMA, CA, Final, LGrade, Samir,25,18,0,60,x, Abir,18,13,0,50,x, Fouad,10,2,0,55,x, Najwa,15,14,0,53,x, Dany,10,5,0,40,x, Suzan,27,17,0,80,x, Jamil,16,15,0,33,x, Abd…
• pls help me A continuous reactor is used to produce ethanol by fermentation (the yeast consumes glucose and produces ethanol). Your possible flow rates (set by your pumping equipment) are: Flow Rates,…
• Description PURPOSE Use python to solve a business problem and to work effectively with other programmers to develop useable programs. Specifically, this program will demonstrate reading files, com…
• #!/usr/bin/python3 # Program: LNX255 Assignment 2 # Student: TODO: enter your name here # Date: TODO: enter current month and year here from gpiozero import PWMLED, Button from signal import…
• OO Assignment – Part 1 Write a class named Retail Item that holds data about an item in a retail store. The class should store the following data in attributes: item description, units in inventor…
• Why the holdout method for model selection suggests to separate the data into three parts: a training set, a validation set, and a test set? What is learning curve? Base on learning curve, how do you …
• Example Outcome if grid index is 1, maximum step height is 3 and if the grid is printed: The following is the source text. My answer to Part 1 if you need as reference. Example outcome for my part …
• . If you solve Problems #6 and #7 correctly, you should get the same magnitudes for the branch values, since the circuits are the same. This is the same schematic as Problem #6. Assume all given val…
• Question 2. Using both latest_poverty and population , create a four-column table called recent_poverty_total with one row for each country in latest_poverty . The four columns should have the followi…
• Please do not use any built in or imported function which determines the order of numbers.. A sequence of numbers is in ascending order if each element is greater than the previous element. For exampl…
• Build a model for predicting the dep_delay as a function of other variables. 1. Split the data into training and test sets 2. Feature engineer the training data 3. Specify a linear regression model 4….
• Using the following pyhton code complete the given table upto 8 entries. Given Code: #User inputs length = float(input(‘Enter length ->> ‘)) breadth = float(input(‘Enter breadth ->> ‘)) he…
• Can u aid with these. Please use while loops and also separate the function and the main file. As well use the .format python standard. 8. Implement the following function in the PyDev module function…
• Problem 1 Create Python project fly_drone. Add a Python file drone.py to this project. Define a class Drone in this file. This class has the following five methods: (a) __init__ : Create two instan…
• have to write the following in the correct order Match the following parts of function calling with the order in which they would be executed by python. Context is switched back to the point of callin…
• *5.39 (Financial application: find the sales amount) You have just started a sales job in a department store. Your pay consists of a base salary plus a commission. The base salary is $5,000. The foll… • py: import os from collections.abc import Iterable class Grader: def __init__(self, course_name: str, course_code: str, dept_code: str, infile: str, outfile: str = N… • Please write a Python class named ToUpperCase which has two methods set_String and print_String. The ToUpperCase class should have an attribute input_string that defaults to “George Mason University”…. • programming / python/ PyCharm “””Thing class””” 21. [3 marks] Write the missing class, Thing (thing.py). See the code in things.py and the output it produces when run, shown below. Your job is to figu… • Calculate and display the integer remainder when the first number is divided by the second number • Create an application in python to collect all the following marks out of 100 and then calculate your final marks based on provided weight [Each of the evaluations are one entry out of 100] The inp… • last picture is the amazon report.txt. file. You will have to write the outputs to another file called clean AmazonCIeanRepor-Lm, listing the OrderID, UNSPSC Code and Purchase Price. Example: OrderID… • Get the number associated to your last name and assign it to "ans11" variable. If your last name doesn’t appear in "last.txt" "ans11" should be 0. • An acronym is an abbreviation of a sequence of words that is formed by taking the first letter of each of the words. You are to implement the function acronym that computes the acronym assocatie… • Project Three: Event Scoring You are working for a company that is responsible for determining the winner of a prestigious international event, Men’s Synchronized Swimming. Scoring is done by seven … • Every year Northwest gathers data on the number of freshman enrolled at the University. In this project, you will need to program that will generate random enrollment numbers for the freshman classes … • Explain what link functions are, and why they are needed. Give three examples of link functions. What are the most popular link functions? • . CMPS 150 Spring 2022 Programming Assignment #6 Date Assigned: Tuesday, March 29, 2011 Due Date: Sunday, April 3, 2012 — 11:59 PM, Objectives: File input, repetition statements, selection, formatt… • please i’m begging you to help me with the answer. Multi-criteria sorting A triplet is a tuple of size 3. Given a list of triplets (x, y, z) of arbitrary integers, design an algorithm that sorts the l… • Question 2 (60%) Write a program as a simple calculator for integers. In this program, the user can choose from addition, subtraction, multiplication and division by giving an integer, only 1, 2, 3, a… • Question 4 (6 points): A new food delivery service opened in Saskatoon called QuickEats. Because of similar services already available in Saskatoon, QuickEats decided to use a different service charge… • program to prompt the user for hours and rate per hour using input to compute gross pay. Pay should be the normal rate for hours up to 40 and time-and-a-half for the hourly rate for all hours worked a… • Use Jupyter Notebook Load the cancer data: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.datasets.load_breast_cancer.html#sklearn.datasets.load_breast_cancer 1) Via a random forest classif… • Attach solution to word doc with result program this in python code. • txt {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}} {{Infobox university | name = The University of North Carolina at Charlotte | native_name = | l… • . get_sentiment: This function takes a filename as its sole argument. The file contains a j son string representing a list of the text of a number of tweets. Open the file in read mode and use the j… • You must implement the function get_anagrams(letter_pool), which takes in a string of uppercase letters letter_pool, representing the letters you have to rearrange. get_anagrams should return a se… • When creating the following web page: • place your name in the title bar • the background colour of the document should be blue and the text colour white • the sentence “HTML documents can be cr… • Do a number guessing game And then fill out this Project Title: Description of the project Delete this text and replace it with a description of your project. If your project is a game, explain how th… • . Page 4 of 16 DailyPriceList Class 4 DailyPriceList +prices: Dictionary _init_(self, prices) +getPrices (self): dictionary +getPrice (self, T): float +getOpeningPrice (self): float +getClosingPrice… • Do the task in google docs. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FZFBrhWaus50LQw3DQKttu3jNiWC3RC9E-DFO2vgun8/edit?fbclid=IwAR1hxaUVNgmj7X1kMIRQdjSoOPjhIT2j_3pjMNTMRuKqiyqC0JZThC8Q7z8 Here is the g… • Question 1 Allow the user to type in a sentence to allow the program to perform analytics Find out how many times each letter of the alphabet was used in the userâs sentence to display output similar… • a program that takes a sequence of numbers and determines whether all the numbers are different from each other. 1. a program to do the sum of middle three digits of a 5-digit posit… • # Write your code here # Test your code here if __name__ == ‘__main__’: print(unite_lists([2,4,6,8],[3,6,9,12])) Scenario Given two lists, create a function that returns a list of a… • Assignment should be done on individual basis. Q1 Fit a predictive linear regression model to estimate weight of the fish from its length, height and width? (the data source fish.csv can be foun… • E zyBooks catalog Help/FAQ CHALLENGE ACTIVITY 8.3.1: Find abbreviation. Complete the if-else statement to print ‘LOL means laughing out loud’ if user_tweet contains ‘LOL. Sample output from given prog… • Hi, I am working on a ToyLibrary system program. My code isn’t working, can you please assist: class toyLibrary: def _init(self,list,name): self.toy = list self.name = name self.lendDict = {} def disp… • Chapter 9: Working with numbers Write python program to create the following sales report from a text data file. Use the following data for your text data file “data.txt”. 1 1540 2010 2450 1845 2 1130… • I need to make a function for sentence split. I receive one sentence and an uncertain number of delimiters from the keyboard. Then I separate all strings in that sentence. Here is the code I wrote ?… • The order of evaluation for scopes, from first to last, is: local, enclosing, global, builtins l… • 1 DNA Sequence Define a function named STRcount that when passed in a DNA sequence and an STR, will return the count the number of times the STR is repeated back-to-back within the DNA sequence. Yo… • Arrays must be used. DO NOT use any Python pre-defined functions such as min, max, sum, etc. We like to process some voting data. a) Ask the user for the number of candidates in a local election. Use … • I just need help with my homework Game Summarizer In this short PA. you will be writing a program that reads in a game log file. You i roiram will process the information. and then -rint out a summary… • A program that prints out the factorial of a number n. For example, if n is 10, then the factorial of n is the product: 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x10. • I am writing program for coprime can anyone tell me where I am getting wrong . def coprime_test_loop( ) : user = ‘Y’ #continue until user didn’t enter Y or y while (user == ‘Y’ or user = = ‘y’ ) : #… • The volume of a sphere is 4/3mir , where it has the value of "pi" given in Section 2.1 of your textbook. Write a function called print_volume (r ) that takes an argument for the radius the … • Can someone help me with this code please help me solve this. The image below has further instructions. In this problem, you should write one function named (get_common_movies. This function should ha… • How to make screan shot ofReview and React in Mobius Slip after uploaded Python program. I make picture with question. U6: Upload #7 p 341 (Review others in Mobius SLIP and screen shot of Review to Mo… • How to write Python code (function) that can draw a single star using Python’s turtle module to draw star shapes. How to make a loop that repeats it over and over, drawing lots of different random num… • Can someone help me to add a Round Time Trip to this python code. # UDPPingClient.py #Declare the modules import socket from socket import AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM import time # Address… • can I get help in coding this function in python? class Plan: _init_(self, features, phones): create/initialize instance variables for features and the list of phones (optional) in the plan. When phon… • Which of the following is usually true? a.recursive functions require more computer resources and more execution time, whereas non-recursive require more lines of code b.recursive functions require fe… • After the program docstring, declare a constant variable named MAXVAL with a value of 30, Create a for loop that will loop through all values from 1 to 30, using MAXVAL to help define the end value of… • I’m learning data visualization in python.My Qa is I want to transform iris data into 3 dimensions and plot a 3d chart with transformed dimensions and colour each data point with specific class by co… • Write a function that takes two arguments : – D , a dictionary of (student_name, final_grade) – L , a list of student names . The function returns the average grade of students whose name is in L . If… • from random import randint def guess_game(num_guess, rand_guess): while rand_guess != num_guess: if num_guess < rand_guess: prin… • Create a Python dictionary that returns a list of values for each key . The key can be whatever type you want. Design the dictionary so that it could be useful for something meaningful to you… • In Python, need help starting a program to reflect the question. # Instructions: # For this programming problem you will write a function # The function takes as REQUIRED arguments a file path and a s… • So I feel like i’m at the end of this program but I need help fixing an error or two. I will post both files needed. Main file: # Module 5 Lab 2 asks you to work with two Python files # Lab inspired b… • I have created most of the code for the function section, but am in need of the tweet section. I have copied my code below and will attach the document describing the problem. For some reason, in my c… • I need to produce a horizontal bar chart using the columns “AveragePrice” and “Flavors” (columns from table5). I type in table5.barh(‘AveragePrice’) but it tells me that the Flavor cannot be plotted b… • Do Exercise 2 at the end of HTT Chapter 6, generalized as follows. Read the number N of nested squares to draw, then do so, starting with the innermost square of side 20. Each nested square should b… • Assume A is true, B is true, C is false and D is false. What Boolean value do the following expressions evaluate to?( This is for C++ progaming) a. A || B || C || D b. A && B && C &… • A Personal Fitness Tracker is a wearable device that tracks your physical activity, calories burned, heart rate, sleeping patterns, and so on. One common physical activity that most of these devices t… • Problem Statement BCCI has hired an external analytics consulting firm for data analytics. The major objective of this tie up is to extract actionable insights from the historical match data and make … • Overview As you are preparing for your final text game project submission, the use of dictionaries, decision branching, and loops will be an important part of your solution. This milestone will help g… • Need to make a program that allows you to manage a task list that’s stored in a database. Thank you for the help below is the sql file named : task_list_db.sql — ***************************… • How many minimum numbers from fibonacci series are required such that sum of numbers should be equal to a given Number N? Note : repetition of number is allowed. Example: N = 4 Fibonacci numbers : 1 1… • This python problem is telling me: hioperers is not defined. What am I doing wrote where this program will not work properly? def calc_piturnala(): fairching=int(input(“Please enter the fairching:… • Please read highlighted part carefully. and the Sample Interaction on the output needs to be exactly as above. Thank you in advance.. Write a program that asks the user to enter a number. The program … • The content of this assignment is available at http://roneaglin.online/EGN3214/assignments/ with links to associated support materials. The same information is included below – you should direct any… • here is the people.txt on the bottom Jazmine Holcomb 3212 Adams Avenue Washington MD e..o@lucidmode.com Sofie Hagan 4241 Jerry Dove Drive Erie PA z..t@jfaccupuncture.com Cairo Tyson 3768 Clifford… • I am receiving white space errors, but everything else is correct for the following question: Program with total change amount as an integer input that outputs the change using the fewest coins, one c… • Overview TargetCRM is CRM software company that sends emails to users every week. The system has a mailing list of users that are active and able to receive emails as well as users that have been unsu… • https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lHduA6uC9XQ1nX3j4sxXt0msjNyn3784/view?usp=sharing. Load necessary libraries, modules, and magics . Place all import and magics needed in the next cell. In [ ]: # Impor… • I dont know what to do 3.22 LAB: Swapping variables Write a program whose input is two integers and whose output is the two integers swapped. Ex: If the input is: 00 W the output is: 8 3 Your program … • I am having trouble writing a code for my class. When it ask for position. I don’t know what it means. def antRabbit(): file=pickAFile() ant=makePicture(file) antPixels=getPixels(ant) filePath… • For a given string s, return the first reoccuring character in the string. Try to get an approach that is 𝑂(𝑛) O(n), where n is the number of characters in the string. If there is no such char… • Hint: Use LLN/ CLT to solve Suppose buses arrive according to a Poisson process with an expected arrival time of 3.5 minutes. Estimate and simulate the probability that the average of 25 bus arrival t… • Task 2 – Enhancing the “convert” Module Create a new file in the Python Editor and copy-paste the following code into it: (This code is the same as the code in the “Creating a Module” section of Lectu… • Write a pseudocode for the logic of a program that accepts five numbers from a user and displays one of the following messages:- The largest number is xx. The smallest number is xx. • From the extracted target object in the image below: Has been converted to different colours using the python cv2.cvtColor() package with RGB concept as below: Convert the above image to other custo… • Write the code for a Python function called getRecord that accepts the name of the file to read and a date in the form: mm/dd/yyyy. This function reads through the file and displays the record for the… • When given a command in python to input in the sypider console “import os;os.getcwd()” then the output when you print the sum(M.Y) gives nan. My question is how i do i come up with a Python expressio… • In python. Problem 2: Create a function affineEncrypt (text, a, b) that returns the cipher text encrypted using key ( a , b ). You must verify that the god(a, 26) = 1 before making the encryption. If … • what’s the best approach for solving this case study? • python-please help asap Function specifications. is_diagonal: This Boolean function takes a nonempty numerical list of lists (hereafter referred to as a matrix) as its sole argument and returns True i… • The file scores.txt contains the results for a series of rounds in a football competition. Lines in the file are either the start of a new round or the result of a match. A small example file might lo… • Can you help with these b jjjjjj Suppose we use Python lists to implement stacks and choose the right end of a Python list as the top of a stack. What is the time complexity of the push operation? o e… • Dear Python Tutor: Please complete the following Python problem. Make sure to read the directions properly and make sure your program contains the require concepts and methods (sales tax, round method… • You have to submit two Assignment problems using data files: systemAdministrators, You must conduct some EDA analysis and run a Logistic regression model. use python via jupyter notebook 1. I… • Please help me to check my code for this error: TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: ‘NoneType’ and ‘float’ The code is provided below # —— Place code below here \/ \/ \/ —— de… • Python programming: there are a number of basic statistical concepts we must understand in order to uncover patterns in data, from measures of centrality to measures of similarity. We are going to div… • The order of evaluation for scopes, from first to last, is: local, enclosing, global, builtins l… • Calculate the (STOIIP) with following Probability Density Functions (PDF’s) of variables. You are free to use any of the following programming languages, Matlab, Python, C++, Fortran, all things that … • What is the codes for the following Instructions – – The code editor should contain your find_min function. We are free to define more than one function in our code. In the code editor, write a second… • In PYTHON – simulates a vending machine The vending machine holds six items numbered 1 through 6. The cost of each item is as follows: Item# Cost 1 … • Hello everyone, I am struggling to create a Newey-West corrected OLS estimator with autocovariance term. Could someone kindly show me how to do this in Python?. Programming 2. Newey-West estimator:… • (CO 1) What, if anything, is wrong with this code? student_score = int(input(“Enter this student’s score: “)) score = student_score + 5 print(“With the 5-point curve, the st… • https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DplFJYuwncUZO4awN0hovpb_FWGxnqV-/view?usp=sharing • i need help with this practice coding problem please.. Description A contact book is a place where you can store a specific contact with other associated information such as a phone number, email addr… • Read the Marketing_subscription_prediction_latest_edited data.csv file and load it into a dataframe and do the following task Display all unique classes in “y” column csv file— … • I have somewhat of a clue as to how to tackle this question, but am stuck. Could you please explain how to tackle this question? Thank you! I will be providing additional information such as the insta… • Read the allowances.txt and generate the salary details of all the 50 employees and generate the text file for all employee with name is E10001_Janurary.txt. Generate the files for all the months and … • Week Please, the code should be in a text file in the format and have to be 2 codes ( code.py and Mylib.py) with (##### comments……). Please, test your code before sending it. You should return … • What are lists ? What is difference between List and a tuple ? Are both same ? • Make a fully functioning program that correctly uses a list , reads and writes to an external file Megan owns a small neighborhood coffee shop, and she has fifteen employees who work as b… • Only use strings and lists function, and iterative function. Given a reference string followed by four [4] more strings, create a program that determines whether those 4 strings are anagrams of the re… • ) Information hiding is an important concept of object-oriented programming. How does modular code facilitate information hiding? • Partitioning the stiffness matrix Now that you know how to construct the matrix , we can rewrite the linear system of equations as: Using the same example from the previous page we obtain the partiti… • py Load default template… 1 CustomerIDList = [2569, 1580, 2241, 7830, 5411, 2298, 8324, 3309, 5678, 2099, 7166] 2 NamesList = ["charles Babbage", "Ada Lovelace", "Kathe… • Complete the following Python code using list comprehension so that words2 is a list of all the words from the list words that have even number of characters (in the particular example, word… • Writing a function to display information contained in a pandas Data Frame passed in as a parameter. I am unclear as to what this means and what to do • Please help. I am trying to build a game with while-loops but I’m getting this error. Thank you. Ven Took Terming quasar py test py 68 #Everything else is a total loss 69 return -bet Collapse ) E4: Bu… • Please help me in implementing Huffman encoding and decoding. Below is functionality how it works, Then instruction, my code and tester is attached. Instructions: my code: import heapq def getName… • Can you please help me to solve this question by using Python? Thank you! • Shipping Program This program should let the user enter any number of items into the program and then calculate and output the Subtotal, Tax (if CA), Shipping and Handling, and Total Due. … • Good assistance appreciated. Please provide correct answers 1 . True or False? I/O-Bound programs spend a lot of time doing computations. False True 2 . 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In postfix notation, operators are placed at the back of the operands rather tha… • Assume the following class implements the STACK abstract data type (ADT) using the array ADT. class aStack(iArray): def __init__(self, capacity = 5): self._items = iArra… • The aforementioned file is below stance hip angle knee angle ankle angle 0 37.14871979 6.875712395 -20.74449348 1 37.40672188 9.019633293 -23.24953575 2 37.45936508 10.39196491 -26.04833221 3 37.36065… • Using Python make a GUI program that calculates the hypotenuse of a right triangle after the user enters the lengths of the two short sides and clicks the Calculate button. (Sorry I can not display a … • To create graph/plot CSC221_webscrape_data.csv file to determine the best plot/graph to use to appropriately create a visual representation of the data. Add your plot/graph code to the notebook (.ipyn… • will give high rating if correct! Python Activity: Given: (see pic) Code for copy (Template – see below the picture) class FileNode: def __init__(self, filename, depth=0): “””This function in… • Find the best-fit distribution using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE). I need help with the following questions please in python. 1) Plot a normalised histogram of the data. 2)These data come from … • . Rewrite the following function, replacing the for loop with a while loop: def build_string (n, k) : result = "1 for i in range (1, n + 1, k) : if i % 2 ! = 0: result += ‘# ! ; result += ‘ ret… • Example Suppose each person newly infected by a virus is able to infect R additional people. R is called the reproduction number of the virus. (Think of this as a one-time event; the person does not i… • I am creating an asteroids game for my object-oriented programming class, and I keep getting this error when my textures get loaded in: New texture end: True [‘:resources:images/space_shooter/playerS… • python programing Tree Age Counting the growth rings of a tree is a good way to tell the age of a tree. Each growth ring counts as one year. Use a Canvas widget to draw how the growth rings of a 5-yea… • DATA == https://lablita.github.io/CONcreTEXT/ . Need a bigram character model from the data. • Git Hooks (Write a script in any scripting language in post-commit file such that it automatically triggers push after committing the file ) For reference- 1.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=3BP5Wx73tHo&… • please assist Part 1: ( Use Python – SQL – Postgres ) Use Seaborn to create a product category side-by-side BoxPlot Chart. The boxplots will show the total sales (sum) for every delivery zip code o… • need help someone explain to me how this works..preferably over the phone or VOIP • Python Programming: Take a txt file from user and print the count of every word in the file. 1) Remove all the blank lines 2) Only count the words with alphabets 3) Remove all the special characters • DONT USE DEF FUNCTIONS IN THE PROGRAMMING. HELP ME WITH THIS CODE WITHOUT DEF FUNCTIONS. Chapter 3 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS D1. page 123. This program should let the user convert Ounces to Gram… • Results of the Match Python should inquire about the identities of the match’s two players, as well as how many goats they touched. It should state who won if the number of goat touches is not the sam… • File Handling The file format in index.txt is an unusual one. It has three fields — name, scores, and ID — that are comma separated but the scores column consists of “bar” (i.e., |) separated s… • py Create a program, quadratic.py, that takes in three arguments that represent the a, b, and c values in the quadratic formula. The values should be in two decimal places. You do not need t… • I am receiving an error here at user_choice = input(“Enter a number for the operation”) I believe i am receiving an error due to the .txt file. I do not understand how to use it within the code. def… • . Problem 2: Make a histogram Write a function ones_and tens_digit_histogram that takes as input a list of numbers and produces as output a list of 10 numbers. Each element of the result indicates t… • Please fill in the writeup below, replacing XXX with your answers # Bugs and issues XXX # Please give one similarity and one difference between lists and tuples. XXX # Wh… • Please show work! Consider this variation (we’ve added a few print’s): X 6 Z= 5 ‘b if x < 5: X = x + 10 elif x > y: print ( ‘ one’ ) if (x > 0) and (xty > z) : print( ‘ two’ ) if c == ‘a :… • Every code i wrote for the questions below returned with error – please help 1. [my_house.py] In a graphics window, you are to draw an outdoor scene containing a house. Your drawing should include… • challenge ! You are presented with the following filesystem structure: library2 – – non-fiction — biography food lost+found. bin politics — domestic — post-1945. rtf pre-1945. txt — internat… • . Exercise 1 (assignments_test: 1 point). Complete the function get_assignments. The function takes grades (a nested list structured similarly to grades above) as a parameter. It should return a … • This is a computer programming problem in python. I put the question in bold. You just finished administering the final exam for all of the students in the “Introduction to Computer Programming” class… • Please help me with the attached python assignment. • Repeat Question #2, but allow the user to specify the file name on the command-line. If the user doesn’t specify any file name, then prompt the user for the name. Note: IDLE does not have a way to r… • Instructions: You are going to enhance the prior assignment by implementing exceptions ***** You need to tell me where you implemented the exception and why. ***** Show me 2 test cases that will… • Solve above problem by using Python. Provide explanation. Provide exact line by line Jupyter Notebook code with explanation.. 5.6 Determine the positive real root of In (x*) = 0.7 (a) graphi- cally, (… • Consider the following CSV file – 4 rows shown: quote|source|dob-dod|category There is no remedy but to love more.|Henry David Thoreau|1817-1862|romantic Work is the curse of the drinking classes.|Osc… • Write matlab code given information below. How can Apply? A single cell + Withj- Uij + – 2 =0 2 Ar ( 612 ) 2 In this case, i=0, 1,2,3,…12, \quad j=0,1,2, 3,…8 i=0,1,2,3,412,j=0,1,2,3,…8 , the po… • https://analyticsindiamag.com/singular-value-decomposition-svd-application-recommender-system/#:~:text=In%20the%20context%20of%20the,given%20to%20items%20by%20users 1.2 Using Singular Value Decomposit… • M269 “Algorithms, Data Structures and Computability i need with explain answer the fallowing question: a) Design a brute-force algorithm to solve this problem using a (Pseudocode) and f… • [10 marks] (The stock price problem) have seen that the stack-based algorithm is much more efficient than the brute-force algorithm. In this question are asked to implement a Python function that w… • Using Python, Prompt the user for each of the following: The number of people on the trip. The number of days of the trip. For each day of the trip: Cost of food. Cost of gas. The food and gas costs s… • I am trying to write a recursive function that counts down from an inputted number to 1 but I am not getting the right results. Can you see what I am doing wrong? I get the following output: =====… • Starting from sea-level pressure at z = 0, use the hypsometric equation to find and plot P vs. z in the troposphere, using the appropriate standard-atmosphere temperature. Perform the calculation in s… • def substring(s: str, sub: str)-> int: start = 0 end = 0 while start < len(s): if s[start+end] != sub[end]: ?… • Retrieve all data in 2010. Calculate the min, max, and mean of 2010 data. excel sheet and the sheet name is IBM • How do I print the full address on one single line? print(“Address1:”, “Name1, Street_Number1, Street_Name1, City1, State1, Zip_Code1”) • Power Modelling: You will now be looking at the appliances and other factors that affect the power usage in “your” house. Record the type, power rating and usage of devices Prompts: Give an inventory … • Please give me some advice on how to approach the following question: Given a set, weights , and an integer desired_weight , remove the element of the set that is closest to desired_weight (the closes… • Write Boolean expressions A currently have a different value than B B less than the sum of the current values of A and C C is no more than 15. 75 is between the values of integers A and B Number N is … • Please help. I need help formulating a code for this task. I need to have a dictionary entry for each unique packet observed. Unique Packets combination of SRC-IP, DST-IP, Protocol. I need to keep tra… • How to solve this task that appears in the pdf? TASK # 2 Note of all the Units of the Course: Fundamentals of Programming in Python, Modular Programming, Use of Objects I. Objective. The objective of … • Which of the following functions will return the symmetric difference between two sets, x and y? a) x | y b) x ^ y c) x & y d) x – y 2. What will be the output of the following Python code snip… • I need help with sorting numbers in a file and adding them to a list • Good code is organized into functions. This assignment allows you to demonstrate organizing your code into functions (including a main() function). Write a program (with comments) that take an order o… • How do I get the given output using a loop?. 4. Write a Python program to generate the following output exactly as shown using a loop. a bb CCC dddd eeeee • Read the dataset into a dataframe. Be sure to import the header. (2) 2. Drop Wine from the dataframe. (1) 3. Extract Quality and store it in a separate variable. (1) 4. Drop Quality from dataframe…. • . STUDENT PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Description: A program to manage students’ grades using the content complex data type. The implementation of the program follows the following rules: Immediately a… • help me to find answer please . Develop a program for an electronics store that only sells laptop computers. The program would read information about the laptops from a "laptops.txt" tex… • stuck on this Craft a program that first reads in the name of an input file and then reads the file using the csv.reader() method. The file contains a list of words separated by commas. Your program s… • Demonstrate your understanding of Polymorphism in Python by overloading a class method and using it differently than it is used in the base class. Multiple the each grade to the corresponding credit… • which of the following functions would return true if either of its two parameters is positive and false otherwise . Which of the following functions would return True if either of its two parameter… • Question 4: Oftentimes, a game will have to decide how it will load players into a game. For instance, developers will have to decide whether to load in players 1 by 1, or load a portion of each pl… • How to implement learn and classify function in decision class tree? import csv import numpy as np # http://www.numpy.org import ast from datetime import datetime from math import log, floor, ceil cla… • please help me solve this python problem with while loop! I am stack with confusing about which formula should I use. Many user-created passwords are simple and easy to guess. program that takes a sim… • You are required to write a Python program that allows a user to play a game called Steal or Deal? . Steal or Deal? We will be writing a program that implements a variation of the Prisoner’s Dilemm… • Question 4: Question 5: If you could help with both that would be great! But if not just chose one I am a little lost!. VQpy-8aNrl1jSk6SU/view Otherwise, it should return the boolean False to the func… • this is the format of the solution . Exercice 4: La classe Vecteur (heritage) . Definissez-y une nouvelle classe Vecteur, derivant de la classe Point qu’on a vu en classe. Elle … • 6 LAB: Name format Many documents use a specific format for a person’s name. Help with writing a Python program whose input is: firstName middleName lastName and whose output is: lastName, firstIni… • Hi, I created a dictionary of the list of countries by ranking country size, population, and GDP, respectively. countries = {‘Russia’: [1,9,11], ‘Canada’: [2,38,10], ‘United States’: [3,3,1], ‘China’:… • Hi, can you please completethis task with two different files volume.py and main.py everything that you need to completethis task is here, I have code that I have done/started below if you would like … • Can you please show me the code for this instructions in pythob? A. Import the given script i.e., header.py. This prints the game header and user instructions to the console b. The program shall take … • Python and Flowchart examples. The program will try to simulate a number guessing game between the computer and the user: . The computer is the one "thinking" about the number. This number w… • Topic – Downloading Data Each answer must have a short explanation in the comments (using #) Question 1. Pick two places and download temperature data and time for both create a dictionary using th… • You have learned quite a lot about the basics of Python programming. In this project, you will integrate what you have learned to develop a larger program. This program creates a class registration s… • help me please i have my deadline, Need answer only • Project: Graphical User Interface library evaluation and recommendation Prepare a report that evaluates three to five open source Graphical User Interface (GUI) libraries. Based on your research provi… • You are a small business owner, and it’s time to make sure you have enough money to pay your employees. Use an input prompt to ask the user to enter the name, hours worked, and hourly wage for two emp… • Write a fruitful function with at least one string parameter that returns an integer. This could be something like counting the number of commas in the string or returning half the length of the strin… • I need help writing this function called mostCommonWords(filename, N) ”’ Reads the file from filename in your function and returns a list of N most common words in the text file (i.e., N word… • Write code that outputs variable numKeys as follows. End with a newline. Ex: If the input is: 3 the output is: ‘ Our tests will run your program with input 3, then run again with input 6. … • Problems must have a copy of your code in addition to the program output. Please put your code on a separate page. Problem. Find the x and y coordinates of the center of mass for the object below us… • Sample Output The average for 3 heads in a row is: 17.7 The average for 3 heads in a row is: 3.3 • import random #Rock, Paper, Scissors = 1,2,3 names = ‘Rock’, ‘Paper’, ‘Scissors’ def beats(a,b): if(a,b) in ((Rock, Paper), (Paper, Scissors), (Scissors, Rock)): return False return True … • Need help with this hacker rank code. Needs to pass all of the test cases. And also hacker rank wants the same output. Thank you.. 8 Python Function Circle Diameter Problem Submissions Leaderboard Dis… • I am stuck in this question. Find the numbers that can be expressed as the product of two nonnegative integers in succession and print them in increasing order. (For example, 30 is such a number as … • i could really use some help on this practice problem please and thank you!. to give you familiarity with generating random numbers in Python . to learn to use the randint function in the random modul… • The month of February normally has 28 days. But if it is a leap year , February has 29 days. Make a program that asks the user to enter a year. The program should then display the number of days in … • WHAT ARE THE ERRORS IN MY CODE? WHY IT IS GIVING ERROR ON THE IMAGE CODE? import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk, messagebox import sqlite3 root = tk.Tk() root.title(“Learning Management System”… • I have to amend this program as stated in the instructions. . Please contact your tutor if you have visual difficulties. a. i. The program listed below is based around the Grey_bands background. The… • This assignment focuses on writing functions that manipulate 2D lists and files. We will do a movie review app. Assignment Specifications Using notepad, create a movies.txt file that contains the foll… • YouTube will Submitted Files for Project 4 ( x | project5 (2).pdf X Project 5 (Atomic Nature of N X Homework Help – Q&A from x ) Mail – Teniola B Ogundeko – ( X + X @ File | C:/Users/bashir/Downlo… • I need help in writing a small python program that tests whether it is possible to pass tuples as arguments to a function. • Question: Challenge below. Where I am beneath it. Calculate tuition for students of a community college. In-state students pay$60 per credit hour, and will pay for only 12 credit hours even if they …
• am i on the right track? where do i go about part IV? . IDLE File Edit Format Run Options Window Help max 90% Sun Apr 10 6:20 PM QE Yeah! V2 Reborn vahtz <> cs x G init Searcl C Impor | & …
• How to keep inputting when there are negative numbers in my list and stop inputting when there is no negative number in the list? x = input(‘x’).split() x = list(map(int, x)) #Output x: 3 2 -2 x: -…
• Exercise 2 and 3 (2) (a) Consider the dataframe that you created in Problem 1 (b). Sort the dataframe by the first column in the ascending order. (b) Consider your sorted dataframe from part (a). Gene…
• Assign decoded_tweet with user_tweet, replacing any occurrence of ‘TTYL’ with ‘talk to you later’. Sample output from given program: Gotta go. I will talk to you later. 376628 2015284.qx3zqy7 1 user_t…
• 6, 7, 8 (You must first compute the total number of mites and then the mean number of mites/leaf. Also, remember that groups must be defined in such a way that the expected number of mites/leaf in e…
• Topic: Computer Science | Python Programming Revise your program for the molecular weight of a chemical compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, so that it can take as user input a chemical formula o…
• Have to use poly.txt Here it is: # A B C D Lo Hi Formula 3 -1.8 -7.6 -20.8 -4.28 11.88 3 x^3 – 1.8 x^2 – 7.6 x – 20.8 2 …
• Information Security: Design the ” Hash-based Message Authentication Code” in python using SHA1 using the steps below. Steps: 1. Ask user to enter a message string and print 2. Ask user to enter the k…
• Draw the recursion tree for calculating C(6, 4) (b) Write a function PA_r using recursive function to generate Pascal’s triangle in the lower left half of the array. (c) As (b), write a nonrecursi…
• Hi my question has to do with using the csv module in python. I have a csv files which I’ve posted below which has many missing values labeled as NaN. What I need to do is replace these with values in…
• 26 LAB: Elements in a range I need help on a program that first gets a list of integers from input. That list is followed by two more integers representing lower and upper bounds of a range. My pro…
• link to data: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1_1ERCOQ7wAB413WBfw2VOEPVzvBgcIOW10gmDP2clnQ/edit?usp=sharing Assistance to analyze season statistics for each Major League Baseball team. need to …
• 1:007 N NICEGRAM now Ask Anything Ethiopia #other… 4. Write a thread class that contains an instance variable named self._data. 4 points When a thread runs it will print the value of it’s instance v…
• How do you cumsum in r to find the trend in number change?
• Complete the code below to that determines and prints the minimum value in the list below. DO NOT use the MIN function. nums = [10,5,17,34,76,85] The minimum value is 5.
• can I get help with solving the following: # Function 5 def dict_from_triple(tuples): “””Given a list of 3-tuples, return a dictionary whose keys are the first elements of the tuples, and …
• Use Google API to get reviews for different companies. (It used to be in the range of 10,000 reviews that it would let you to download but even if you get anything above 1000 per company, it is accept…
• Can someone help me with this problem? I have been struggling trying to make a time sample every 6 hours. Also, I’m lost with how to add labels for what’s a user, the time, and others in the output. I…
• Analyze the information given in the following ‘Insurance Policy dataset’ to create clusters of persons falling in the same type. Refer to Insurance Dataset.csv Perform clustering a…
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• Hi, I The purpose of this assignment is to create Sierpinski gasket fractal using python 3. I have completed the graphics library and have that all if you would like. I have also contructed a program …
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• How many teams? 4 Hire 1 big buses and 2 small buses. Cost = $390.0 How many teams? 10 Hire 3 big buses and 1 small buses. Cost =$695.0
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• python progrraming ertE a program in Python to be used in a dart game which calculates whether a thrown dart hits the dart board. iii. dart will be shown with x and yr coordinates represented as a tup…
• Understanding Sequential Statements Summary In this lab, you complete the Python program that calculates the amount of tax withheld from an employee’s weekly salary, the tax deduction to which the emp…
• The credit plan at TidBit Computer Store specifies a 10% down payment and an annual interest rate of 12%. Monthly payments are 5% of the listed purchase price, minus the down payment. You need a progr…
• Hi, I am having trouble with calling a class definition and using it to display a bank account balance. I know that you have to use a class, but using the method __init__ is what I am confused with. S…
• In pseudo code (or python) create a loop that will ask the use to enter and then add five zip codes to a one-dimensional array called zip code and then read and display that zip code array to the scre…
• can show me how to remove the slice operator from in the implementation of the mergeSort function. needs two modifications to the code. will need to pass pointers for the beginning and end of the subl…
• Consider the following code. Re-write the code using inheritance and polymorphism. class Arizona () : def capital (self) : print( “Phoenix” ) def bird (self)…
• i am lost in this class can someone help with this program please Write program named program51.py that defines a value-returning function named circle that takes the radius of a circle…
• For all the questions in this part, you may assume the following import: import numpy as np These question ask you to demonstrate specific NumPy knowledge. You may only use NumPy arrays, operations, a…
• Give a python program to multiply two given numbers.
• Hello, I have some queries that I would in help in. Currently, I am doing a ticketing cart project that requires the need of shelve and dictionary function. However, I am lost and stuck. Using Python …
• assert_equals(number_game(2,12), [3, 5, 7, 9, 11]) test.assert_equals(number_game(0,0), []) test.assert_equals(number_game(2,12), [3, 5, 7, 9, 11]) test.assert_equals(number_game(200,180), [180, …
• Question 4 [20 marks] Write a program named pluralOfNoun.py that takes a noun from the user and forms its plural on the basis of these rules: a. If a noun ends in ‘y’, check that the character …
• Assignment 7b: pandasPurpose This is the second of two assignments on the pandas data framing library in Python. This one focuses on: pandas data frames and textual processing. Task 2: Amazon ReviewsS…
• [70 points] Implement the ID3 decision tree induction algorithm . The algorithm is shown on slides 27-28 of Module 6 PowerPoint slides on Blackboard. Use Python or IPython for your implementation. …
• solve using python? it must match 100% with the execution provided below.
• Problem: An Internet Service Provider (ISP) must, as part of its service to customers, provide a Domain Name Server (DNS). A DNS is a server that maintains a database of domain names, such as www . g…
• Hello, I need help completing a script in Python that does the following: Using the pypcapfile library (already available in the VLE), along with the sample PCAP Files provided, develop a Python Scr…
• An odometer is the gauge on your car that measures distance traveled. In the United States, an odometer measures in miles; elsewhere else, it measures kilometers. Many vehicles with electronic odomete…
• Q10 Comprehensions 6 Points Q10.1 List Comprehension 4 Points Write a list comprehension that uses a list of integers Ist and creates a list of lists where each inner list has n random numbers between…
• Looking at the scatter plot you just made in Question 1.2, do you notice any pattern(s) (i.e. is one of the two types of scores consistently higher than the other one)? If so, describe them briefly in…
• Do a flowchart of the algorithm for the following problems: A company is giving out bonus to the employees relative to the number of years worked. For example, if the person is employed for 1 year or …
• How to format each dictionary item as a text string in the input file. How to covert each input string into a dictionary item. How to format each item of your inverted dictionary as a text string in t…
• How to use exception Handling for this section in python? The assignment want to use Exception Handling to catch file processing errors such as IOError, FileNotFoundError, etc. Tried using while st…
• any help plz Grouping & Loc (building on Intro to Panda for Data Analytics parts 4 and 5) Find the total Sales and Profit for all Sub-Categories in the Office Supplies Category Final the total …
• Write Python program where a non-intrinsic function solves for the sum and product of the roots of the mathematical function 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 where 𝑎, 𝑏, ?…
• I’m having serious trouble figuring out how to start coding for these problems. I’d be more specific, but honestly, I’m horrible with this coding language and I have a hard time remembering things abo…
• Can you answer these questions. Create a function that will take in any number of strings, and print out the following for each string: How many words it has [5%] How many characters it has (including…
• Files, Functions and Functionality in Python Assignment: Create a program named [yourparklandusername]_grades.py Your program will have one main function named highScore(): . Your program will print y…
• SAS programming Write SAS code to create an output dataset datalib. just_a from the input dataset datalib. all which includes records where the variable last name starts with the letter A. Hint: creat…
• I need help trying to figure out the code for this Python programming question assignment. Given that k and j each refer to a non-negative int and that play_list has been defined to be a list with at …
• Confidence intervals for population proportions Load the titanic dataset. Find the proportion of passengers who embarked from Southampton whose age is greater than the user defined age. Calculate the …
• Perform the following: Setup your Python development environment Research to find a set of python API that you can use to retrieve financial data. (Hint: Google, Yahoo, etc.) Implement a Python prog…
• . Coursework 2 — Data Visualisation with Altair (20%) Dataset o VAST challenge 2018 Mini Challenge 2: http://wwwvacommunity.org/VAST+Challenge+2018+MC2 0 Available as a coursework attachment. 0 Do…
• Getting Index error from what looks to be File line 4. .Type your code here. "! 1 if _name_ _ == ‘_main_’: data = input("Enter month and day: \n") . split() inputMonth, inputDay = data[…
• 2) Asks the user for the employee name. 3) Ask the user the number of hours an employee worked in a week. 4) Compute and display the employee’s weekly salary, taxes, and net income as f…
• Python Question 1. (10 pts.) Write a function startUp(fname) that takes as input a filename that contains the account owner (user) information and current account balance. N . Initialize the dictionar…
• A python program that takes an array, sort the array and return the sorted array without using inbuilt sort function.
• Python Basic Coding No Imports Write a function primeFac that computes the prime factorization of a number: -it accepts a single argument, an integer greater than 1 -it returns a list containing the p…
• Hello, I am making a simple Python program that allows the user to choose from a list of math functions and input two numbers. If a user enters zero as the second number, the program is supposed to wa…
• Hi what is the generally outline for a CRUD application? For example, C is created below, could you give the outline of R, U, D? more information is attached. Ignore specifics as I am just looking for…
• Convert the data provided into CSV file, your analysis of the data should be done using Python. Kindly include your Python coding, CSV files and the answers including graph saved in a word file. An ar…
• How do I cr3ate a Python testing script that imports your CRUD Python module to call and test the cr3ate and read instances of CRUD functionality? I have to use the username and password for the “aacu…
• python ques Driving is expensive. Write a program with a car’s miles/gallon and gas dollars/gallon (both floats) as input, and output the gas cost for 10 miles, 50 miles, and 400 miles. Ex: If the inp…
• Need this in Python thanks. . 1. Vou’re throwing a wild, socially distanced party for yourself and 9 of your closest friends. Since this party is wild, you expect each person (including yourself) to…
• Create a Python program to determine whether a password meets ALL (and ONLY ) the requirements below for a secure password. Your program should prompt the user for the candidate password. To be valid …
• Python please: Complete the calc_factorial() function that accepts an integer parameter n and returns the sum of all integers from 1 to n . For example, if n = 5 then the sum of all integers from 1…
• In this program you will create a BlackJack Card Game in Python. Below are the requirements: Requirements: 1) create a simple text-based BlackJack game(no need to have graphical data). Yo…
• Assume that you have a file called grades.txt, where each line of the file contains a one-word student username and three test scores separated by spaces, like below:. GWashington 83 77 54 JAdams 86 6…
• In the Python program, the project is below . Online-store : users should be able to order items for sale or combo items (items, when bought together, trigger a discount). The order should include a n…
• Create and initialize a dictionary am that maps the English words, “one” through “five” to eh numbers 1 through 5. 2. Write a loop that prints all values of the dictionary that you define…
• Urgent can yuuuu solve this m.ñnnnn;n highmr10@g Thank you for "moodle aih.nsw.edu.au/mod/quiz/attempt.php?attempt=50170&cmid=50281&page=2 f . Facebook – Log In o… New folder. Import t…
• I need help with this assignment, i don’t even understand where to start
• Good Morning, I can get the first two parts to work. However, I need assistance with using the append/write command to add two more cat names to the catnames.txt file. I’ve tried some examples from th…
• Question: Use the dataset driver-data.csv and employ k means clustering method to incentivize the drivers based on the cluster. Relevant data related to question is provided below: Domain – Automotive…
• Looks fairly simply just wanna make sure. Question 2 (10 points) What will the following code print? (hint: this is all the code) def compare ( ) : print(5, "is greater than", 6) 5 is greate…
• Write a program that allows the user to enter the name of an actor and then determines the Kevin Bacon number for that actor. The program should print out the Kevin Bacon number for the actor and both…
• Write a program that reads in 10 test scores. The test scores should be integers and should be stored in an array. You should print out the test scores in ascending order (hint: use a Bubble Sort)…
• Please use Python programming language for this.. Task 3 – CDSA Substances Problem Description Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA) such as cocaine fentanyl, morphine, methamphetamine, and ephed…
• A simple substitution code codes ‘a’ as 1, ‘b’ as 2, …, ‘z’ as 26. build a function called “encode” that takes in a string, and prints the coded text. The output should be a string, with letters sep…
• . Exercise 1 – Which full moon? There are (at least) three special types of full moons: Super Moon: the full moon occurs when the moon is at its closest approach to earth (less than 230,000 km away)…
• Subject Use Python IDLE, select file menu then new file command to edit and debug your program. Write a complete Python program that 1) Read a four digit decimal integer from the keyboard with proper …
• Pet Class: Design a class named Pet, which should have the following fields: name: The name field holds the name of a pet. type: The type field holds the type of animal that a pet is. Example values a…
• Can you converte this python code to c language? import threading import time import random customerStatus = for i in range(0, 20) : customerStatus . append(0) # customerStatus=0: customer’s banking o…
• You are going to enhance the prior assignment by doing the following1) Use list to create a menu2) Create a function the will return the results of the four operations in a dictionary allInOne(n1,n2)S…
• For these next two questions (PART A and PART B), you need to refer to class Account and class SavingsAccount provided below: “”” One object of class Account represents one bank account “”” class Acco…
• – update_food (stock, food, quantity) (4%) The store needs to be able to update one item at a time in stock. Enter the function update_food (stock, food, quantity): if the ‘number’ has a negative …
• Take the master boot record from this week’s module and use it as a file input for your program. It will be named block.dd and you can assume that it’s in your current directory so you don’t have to p…
• Hi, I need help with implementing a function relevant(products, preferences) . Please show me a step by step guide and explanations on the methods used and the computational complexity . I am at straw…
• I’m working on the Highway Robbery project for CIS 115 and I keep getting a name variable undefined error. I’ve looked through everything here and I’m stuck. My code is exactly(aside from some variabl…
• Write a Python program that asks the user what the traffic light is, and affects its response to a variable named color_fire. Depending on the color of the light, the program should do the following: …
• Iris Category Exercise Using the iris dataset (file) create a summary data plot for the following: 1. Sepal length and width by species 2. Petal length and width by species Submit a Jupyter output (…
• %%capture ########################################################### ### EXECUTE THIS CELL BEFORE YOU TO TEST YOUR SOLUTIONS ### ########################################################### import imp…
• Write a function ones_and_tens_digit_histogram(numbers) that: Takes as input a list of numbers Produces as output a list of 10 numbers. Specifically: In the returned list, the value at index i is the …
• Write a python Program Create a database named health.db. The cities.db database will have two tables named Hospital and Doctor, with the following columns: HospitalID (INTEGER PRIMARY KEY) Hospi…
• note the inputs in the function is selection(phones, [cheap, large_screen]) should produce the output [[‘Reno Z’, ‘Oppo’, 6.4, 4035, 397]] since thats the only phone in phones that satisfies the condi…
• CSV file needed for the following questions : https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1r2DsSvIGRHtKk0NPdlnXuoaqSJherOprdXDMjY96Snw/edit?usp=sharing Homework 5 In this homework, you will analyze a data …
• def _register_device(self, device_id, room_type, device_type) : pass # Connect method to subscribe to various topics. def _on_connect (self, client, userdata, flags, result_code) : pass # method to pr…
• 3) Which word occurs the most number of times in his inaugural address for each president? Mention the top three words. (after removing the stopwords)In this particular project, we are going to work…
• Search the internet and find a photo of an antelope in jpg. To put on my desktop.
• Question 1: How would I put this in a flowchart? (not hand written, use any software tool) Assumptions Only four seat section choices only one day only one person orchestraRate = 50 floorRate = 40 low…
• Task 6 – Where’s Waldo (25 Points) Read the paper “Mining Your Ps and Qs: Detection of Widespread Weak Keys in Network Devices”, which can be found at: https://factorable.net/weakkeys12.extended….
• use Python programming language Create a program (or set of programs) which accomplish the following for each complex data type (list,tuple,set,frozenset, dictionary): 0 create the item with at least …
• please write python code for this question i need code which i can copy paste in my IDE this is question below is the answer of above question ……. ……. …… …… ……..d. I – The …
• Python code 1. Write a function closure, TimeSeriesParser(filename), that processes a given time series csv data file with the header ‘date’ , ‘ticker’, ‘open’ , ‘high’, ‘low’, ‘close’, ‘adj close’ Th…
• Please write the code for these steps in python 3. This is only for practice and learning. Thanks! (10 points) Problem 1 Download the "amazonReviews.json" file from Can- vas. Each data point…
• I want to define a function in python which takes data from a csv file. The file has two column, the first one is name, the second one is how many new borns have that name in a year. I want to know ho…
• I have to design the following data structure; Write the class RandomQueue with the following API: class RandomQueue<Item> implements Iterable<Item> RandomQueue() // make an empty random q…
• Please help. I am trying to implement the function but I’m getting error messages. Tools Education Terminal tunes.py * tests.py Collapse El: Reading & Writing a Text File Functions for simple read…
• 1) The question screenshot has been attached down below: . START NO 15 0" IN YES THE WORD? .NO_ 15 "X" IN YES THE WORD IS THE WORD? "FORSAKE" THE WORD IS .NO_ 15 OF"…
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• In this question, you will design and implement a Python class named Dictionary from scratch . This class will implement a Python dictionary-like programming interface. You are not allowed to use t…
• I have a skeleton code here for this project but do not know exactly where to start. My task is to implement a reliable File Transfer Protocol (FTP) service over UDP. I need help to write the rel…
• Skip a line/print a blank line, then print: These are the last five lines in the file: [5 lines of file] [Skip a line] The file has n1 lines. x of them have “Customer” as usertype , y have “Subsc…
• Task 4 6 Create the function evenSumList which accepts any two 1D numeric lists of the same length and returns a new list which contains the sum of the corresponding indices in each list only if that …
• class Student: def __init__(self, firstname, lastname, idnum): self.first = firstname self.last = lastname self.id = idnum self.courses = [] def add_course(self, course): ”’ don’t allow overloads or …
• Kindly provide samples of the following precondition is violated. postcondition is violated problem with return value Please provide solutions as well.
• In Python: A program to implement the tic-tac-toe (Links to an external site.) game. The user is prompted with three options. A player need to be able to change the characters used for the game in Set…
• I am stuck (“Enter problem sting like this, N1,N2,Operator”)) here #11 def calculate(): try: lowRange = float(input(“Enter your lower range:”)) highRange = float(input(“Enter your …
• A run is a sequence of adjacent repeated values. Write a body of function Run() that generates a sequence of 20 random die tosses in a list and that prints the die values, marking the runs by includin…
• Let’s say you want to go see the San Diego Lunar New Year Festival in Downtown SD this Feb 12-13. However, you’re new to the Downtown area and want to make sure you are within the correct area. Luckil…
• You are given the following class: class Aquarium : def __init__ (self, size) : “”” Creates a new, empty Aquarium of the given size (in gallons) “”” self.size = size self.fish = {} def add_fish (self,…
• Part 1 Write Python code that creates a CSV containing 10 columns of text data Each entry in a row should be different. Each entry should be between 3 and 25 characters. The characters should …
• i Need this written in python. mainly how the server will receive and process the users input in a multithreading environment
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• please write in python Part A: Word Frequencies Method/Function: List<Token> tokenize(TextFilePath) Write a method/function that reads in a text file and returns a list of the tokens in tha…
• This is not a big project, you just need to fill up few codes. Thanks This is a .ipynb file, please fill out the AMC(S0,K,r,sigma, N_sim, T, dt, N_basis=6) function based on the instruction (codin…
• I need to know help building this ridge regression algorithm with batch gradient decent and 5-fold cross validation? Algorithm 1(vectorized):Step 1.Choose learning rate 𝛼and fix tuning paramet…
• Hi there, may i know why the right y-axis is not in ascending order ? Is there any way to solve this problem ? Please Help and Thanks datafig = plt. figure () # Creating axis axis1 = datafig. add_subp…
• This project is a modification of the Average Steps Taken assignment in the textbook on page 342. Read the “Average Steps Taken” assignment on page 342 of the textbook and download the steps.txt …
• Write a Python function called irtysh that takes an integer n as a parameter. The integer n is either equal to 1 or is a positive integer of 5 digits. You don’t need to check it. Your function will on…
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• What is the value of the first triangular number to have over a hundred divisors?
• Please use kNN (k-Nearest Neighbors) algorithm to solve a classification problem. Load the data from the file (iris.data) into the Data Frame. Set the names of columns according to the column defini…
• I need help with my Programming class I kind of understand it but don’t know how to write the code. Detailed requirements: When the program starts the bowler is prompted for a score for ‘Game 1’. …
• Give me code plz 4. (16 pts) LoseAmp is a program that plays music files on your computer. Consider a class called Playlist. Each object is meant to represent a playlist: a list filenames of music fil…
• Create a function called allButMax that expects no arguments. Instead, this functiongets its input from the user at the keyboard. The function asks the user to enter a series ofnumbers greater than or…
• The first time Mary run her program, and she got the following output: Can you explain why and give a way to fix that problem?. Student Name: Mary main . Test object at 0x7f86a7f12f50> main . Test …
• Data Ink Maximization Steps For each of the visualization tasks below, which you have already created in previous labs, modify your code so that it increases the data ink ratio by accomplishing the fo…
• Project: Graphical User Interface library evaluation and recommendation Research and prepare a report that evaluates three to five open source Graphical User Interface (GUI) libraries. Based on your…
• . 7.10 LAB: Remove all non-alpha characters Write a program that removes all non-alpha characters from the given input. Ex: If the input is: -Hello, 1 worlds! the output is: Helloworld
• I have this project to do. I have the code. However, I do need three function calls inside sierpinski function, but I have only one here. I need help to figure out the other two functions calls. For e…
• Populate an array(list) of size n = 50 randomly with only integers 0 and 1 Repeat step1 nn = 1000 times using either a while loop or a for loop see below At this point you should have a total of 50000…
• ) Design a pseudocode for a loop that displays the following set of numbers: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, . . . . . . . 1000 2.) Design the pseudocode for a logic that outputs every odd numb…
• How do I change this program to encrypt and decrypt files instead of user entered strings? I need it to be able to open, read, and write any file that the user chooses. Here is what I have(it only wor…
• Design and implement a working kmeans algorithm in python. The algorithm should return The coordinates of each centroid, a count of the number of points assigned to each centroid, and the losses for e…
• I need help fixing my code please. The function read tsv file is not working correctly. This function should return a list of lists, with each list having three items, instead when it runs it gives me…
• Here is the python exercise situation and try to use the attached link Python source code example to revise the code. ——————————————————————————– L…
• crate function grids_augmented_with_number(grid,num) that returns a list of valid n × n grids, where each grid contains n nums. (I.e. if given a 9 ∗ 9 grid, and num = 3, each grid returned must con…
• Instructor note: There are many ways to go about this. A game plan that makes sense to me is to read the whole string into a variable, then pull just the first character of that string into its own va…
• You should read the data from “yellow_tripdata_small_2016-01.csv”. the file link is provided at the end. You should remove any data that is outside the NYC bounding box NYC bounding box: westlimit=-74…
• Hi I’m having a difficult time trying to learn to code and with Covid 19 and current situation it’s making it more hectic, I need help with trying to learn basics I’m more on the networking end so idk…
• Assume that XYZ cinema awards loyalty points to its customers. According to the table below, the points are calculated based on their total spending during the year (rounded figure). total spending …
• . Home x Discussion x zy Section 3.16 – CYB 130T: Object-( x zy Section 3.10 – CYB 130T: Object-( X + V X – -> C a learn.zybooks.com/zybook/CYB_130T_55317551/chapter/3/section/10 =zyBooks My libr…
• I need help making relative links into absolute links using python. I also need help making sure there are no dupes.
• Rewrite insertion and bubble sort function so that both ascending and descending sort are supported, and the default option is ascending sort. Python code. def bubbleSort(lst): needNextPass = True …
• Hi I am working a Python Tkinter code and these are the steps I need to follow. So in my code I have how much flower are in the inventory and when the user put in the number it goes to a list box. The…
• Please explain the answer in the picture question – thank you Question 10 5 pts What type of error occurs when the code 8 = apple is executed? O No errors O SyntaxError O ImportError O NameError
• Q#6 Write a program that collects information about the user’s top three favorite movies. The program should collect the titles of the movies as well as the year they were released. The program should…
• need Coding in python and Jupiter notebook with steps so I can understand the codes and do the homework and analysis also and learn it. Problem 2: Logistic Regression and Linear Discriminant Analysi…
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• generate an array with 100 elements, 1,2,3…100, convert the array to a pandas dataframe and sum the elements
• Write an expression that will cause “Dollar or less” to print if the value of num_cents is less than or equal to 100.
• Python problem enters YYYYMMDD format and then displays the date in the format DD/MM/YYYY by using integer division and modulus, and NOT strings
• What is the output of the following code? def myfunc(text,num): while num>0: print(text) num=num -1 myfunc (“Hello’,4) Options: A. Invalid call B. HelloHelloHelloHello C. HelloHelloHelloHelloHello …
• PYTHON, HELP PLEASE I do not know what code would let me compare a matrix to a list… I imported the file and I could display the matrix. But I do not know what to do next. import txt file (It is the…
• Can a tutor explain to me why the correct answer is correct? Having trouble understanding why. See pic: Question 27 0 / 1 pts The following pseudocode represents a program that needs to collect 5 diff…
• Build a module book_functions to include create_ book_dictionary , find_book , change_price, delete_book. Function create_book_dictionary accepts a list of books and returns a dictionary of books w…
• Need help with these python program!! All the specs are going to be provided below. It would be of great help if comments are used!!. 7 class Room The class Room represents a room in some underground …
• The objective of this assignment is to learn about regular expression concepts, syntax, and application. Imagine you are helping clean data for use by an analyst, and they wanted to screen out ICD-…
• Here is a possible list of actions taken by the interpreter for the input program: X =1+ 3 V 4 X 5 . On reading "x = 1 + 3": – insert elements 1 and 3 into the DATA list. – Add 1 + 3 to get …
• (25) (Written) Consider the following data points on X-Y plane and implement the complete linkage hierarchical clustering over the following data points. data points = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (4, 1), (2,6…
• Write a commented python program to determine the batting average of a play. The output should look like this: Enter the player’s number of hits: 100 Enter the player’s times at bat: 500 For a player …
• We will pass in 2 values, X and Y. You should calculate X**Y and output only the final result. You will probably know that X**Y can be calculated as X times itself Y times. # Get X and Y from the c…
• The Memory game has appeared in many different contexts, either as a computer game or as a card game that uses a partial or full deck of playing cards. The player tries to find two matching tiles by s…
• What is the code of def year_dates?. year_dates This problem involves dict nesting. Given a list of date strings, each string of the form ‘4-1-2021’. Use split() to divide each date into its parts. Cr…
• def maxprofit(mylist): profit = 0 bestbuyPriceindex= 0 bestsalePriceindex = 0 answerlist = [] x= 0 y =0 while x < len(mylist): while y <len(mylist): if (mylist[y] – mylist[x])> profit: be…
• please help in this python question Consider the loan prediction problem, for which the preprocessing (data reading/cleaning) is performed below. (1.a) Using sklearn library functions, perform k-me…
• How can I code the walrus function and what kind of unit test should I do? The digits 0 to 9 are coded like this: 0 —– taah-taah-taah-taah-taah 1.—-ti-taah-taah-taah-taah 2 ..— ti-ti-taah-ta…
• Why does this not work l = [‘9♠’, ‘5♠’, ‘K♢’, ‘A♣’, ‘K♣’, ‘K♡’, ‘2♠’, ‘Q♠’, ‘K♠’, ‘Q♢’, ‘J♠’, ‘A♡’, ‘4♣’, ‘5♣’, ‘7♡’, ‘A♠’, ’10♣’, ‘Q♡’, ‘8♡’, ‘9♢’, ’10♢’, …
• -please make your own caesar cipher and decipher, don’t copy other- **Write a function encipher(s, n) that takes as inputs an arbitrary string s and a non-negative integer n between 0 and 25, and t…
• This is our third lab that will be looking at test cases. In previous testing labs, we checked values, value types, approximate values, attributes we knew about values. Here we want to expand on that …
• code a function named nodes() that can traverse a undirected weighted graph with 5 nodes. This function should be able to find out the shortest time to move from node to node based on the weights.
• Write a non-fruitful function called list_delete_first(aList) that takes a list of strings as an argument and deletes the first element if the length of the first element is at least 3. The function d…
• A Python code that captures activity on your current computer network and displays the output in non-human readable form (exactly as the output comes from the network traffic monitor). Save the Python…
• Please define this function in python Restrictions: You must use recursion to solve each problem. Remember, this means that as your code progresses through the problem the same function keeps call…
• { “cells”: [ { “cell_type”: “markdown”, “metadata”: {}, “source”: [ “## Part A. Multiple Choice (50%)\n”, “\n”, “( C ) 1. Which one is the Python comment symbol? \n”, ” …
• . Implement the following Course ADT: Data: . course: String – the unique indicator for the course, for example, C1920 is Computer Science course 1920. num_of_seats: Integer – the total number o… • Write a statement that assigns total_coins with the sum of nickel_count and dime_count. Sample output for 100 nickels and 200 dimes is: 300 total_coins = 0 nickel_count = int(input()) dime_count… • . Using single layer Perceptron neural network to classify "Iris" data set and use (i) batch gradient descent and (ii) Stochastic gradient descent to adjust the weights and classify "… • I need help writing this program. Question 4 Group A Write a program that will generate a list of 15 random numbers between 1 and 10. Write a program that will display how many numbers in the list are… • I want to ask question1b, it ask me to standardise all numerical features, is it mean I need to use loop? I don’t know what code should I write. Thanks. amt4max=Train[“BILL_AMT4”].max() amt4min=Train[… • How would you use Python math functions do the following: Generate x, sin(x) for x values ranging from -2PI -> 2PI with an increment of PI/64. Generate x, log10(x) for x values ranging from 0 ->… • Consider this data: users = [{ “id”: 0, “name”: “Hero” },{ “id”: 1, “name”: “Dunn” },{ “id”: 2, “name”: “Sue” },{ “id”: 3, “name”: “Chi” }, { “id”: 4, “name”: “Thor” },{ “id”: 5, “name”: “Clive” },{ “… • question 3 3. Create a new subclass of war_dice_game called Boom. o The player and the computer each have exactly 10 dice with different numbers of sides: I 1 die with 1 side (always rolls a l) I 1 di… • For Project 4, students will create their own notebook, although students are free to copy any code from their prior assignments as appropriate. Each notebook must document in either comments or in … • using the substitution method Part 2 Compute the value of the integral: 1″” dx — = n- o (1 + soy? using the substituion method. {Vou might be able to find a package that will integrate this wit… • . 6.10 LAB: Track laps to miles Instructor note: You’ll notice that we have some "magic" code in this lab.. the "if _name_ == ‘_main_" statement. We’ll cover what that is all abo… • . Personal Loan Acceptance. The file UniversalBank.csv contains data on 5000 customers of Universal Bank. The data include customer demographic information (age, income, etc.), the customer’s relation… • Python Simple airline ticket reservation program. The program should display a menu with the following options: reserve a ticket, cancel a reservation, check whether a ticket is reserved for a particu… • # Read and make city corodinate list. cityList=[] #ISS_cities=open(“devices.txt”,”r”) ISS_cities=open(“ISS_city_lat_lon_data_list.txt”,”r”) for item in ISS_cities: item=item.strip() cityList…. • Below is the question and here is what I need to figure out This is what I assume I have to do, I have to split month / day / year into 3 strings I believe? And organize an equation which will put t… • python question I tried all solutions that can be found online and none of them is working.. Write a function max_city_temp (csv_filename, city) which analyses temperatures recorded in a CSV file, a… • The function must work like this: 1. If either there are no error rows or no error columns, then there are no errors in the 8×8 payload portion of the frame, so simply return the repair status ‘NO ER… • python question Write a function colex_bitlists (n) that accepts as input a non-negative integer n and that returns as output a list of all bitlists of n elements in co-lexicographic order. For exampl… • Background Soccer is what Americans call football. A program that plays a soccer game between two teams. A game plays for 90 minutes; your program checks each minute to see whether a goal is scored by… • Task – 1 Create a KeyIndex class with the following properties : Fields: int [ ] k; Description An array of integers. Note: You may maintain another global variable(java)/instanc… • Hello I need to create a python program to create random graphs, for this we can use: import networkx as nx import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt The problem is the following: The result … • Create a program that counts and displays the number of words (you are to use the computer’s idea of a word which is anything with space around it), and the number of sentences in the following paragr… • How do I code the movements between rooms and the collection of items • The CNN Money’s Market Movers website (https://money.cnn.com/data/hotstocks/ ) tracks the most active stocks on a real time basis. Specifically, the most active, the top gainers and top losers are li… • In the AVL implementation form the textbook, each node stores the height of its subtree. An alternative solution is storing the balance factor of a node, which is defined as the height of its left sub… • Unit 6 Assignment: Working With User-Defined Functions Outcomes addressed in this assignment: Unit Outcome: Illustrate the creation of user-defined functions. Course Outcome: IT244-2 : Analy… • Can someone help me develop an interactive data table and add a geolocation chart that displays data from the interactive data table to my existing dashboard? from jupyter_plotly_dash import JupyterD… • Python exercise 1. Help me to define a roman(f) function to return the integer value of any single character Roman number f (values below.) Return 0 for any other character. Include a main functi… • Objectives • Code a script / program that produces the required output. • Use the provided Requirements Lists to help code the script. Your mission… a script to calculate a term grade p… • I’am experimenting with an old task I was given last year for python and cant work it out. Task: A program that prompts for the name of a file containing numbers, one per line, and prints the average … • Using the celsius_to_kelvin function as a guide, create a new function, changing the name to kelvin_to_celsius, and modifying the function accordingly. Sample output with input: 283.15 10.0 C is 283. … • Using Python, Find all frequent item sets using the Apriori algorithm. List all strong association rules (with supports and confidence matching the following metarule, where X is a variable represen… • Answer using python Build a C5.0 model using the training data set that predicts Approval using Debt to Income Ratio , FICO Score , and Request Amount . Specify a minimum of 1,000 cases per … • I am having some issues, it seems my code is incorrect and the output doesn’t match. Can someone help me with this? here is my code: I would like to also get rid of “import re” is possible. I think I … • ………. 1 Go analysis (13 marks) In this task, we will solve a simple problem related to the ancient board game Go. The gameplay itself, while fascinating, is not relevant to this task. In the game… • You will implement a simple 2 player racing game. Each player rolls a 6-sided die and moves forward in a lane based on the value of the die. In order to win the game, a player must move their game pie… • How are letters stored in memory? O as ones and zeros using ASCII encoding O directly O letters cannot be stored in memory O using public key encryption • Plot points (on top of a map of the US) for **each city**. Have the **color** represent the **population**. • If cclimit >= 1000 then Set increase = 100 * .10 Else if purchaseprice >= 100.00 then Set additional purchase = price * .10 Else if purcha… • Description In this programming assignment, you are required to implement a contiguous sequential pattern mining algorithm and apply it on text data to mine potential phrase candidates. Input The prov… • Lab Assignment (Part 1): The database for this project can be created on one of the major cloud platforms (AWS/Azure/Google Cloud) using a free student account. Otherwise, you may utilize any databa… • Split Numbers We need to make a python solution that performs the following: Creates a function called ‘isEven’ that accepts and integer and returns True if it is even and False if it is odd. Creates … • Write a script which gives the date and time (date function), the list of all connected users (users command without arguments) and saves the list of all the files in the current directory in the file… • I have a Python Code I need help with. I am not sure how to write the function because I am a novice coder. Here is the prompt: Write a function that removes all punctuation from the string, br… • Photo 1 photo 2 photo 3 -contains code cell I need help with ter problem0 (autosaved) Control P Edit View Insert Cell Kernel Widgets Help Not Trusted Python 3 Q B + V N C Code 3 rows x 307 columns Thi… • Video Lecture. Quantiles x Desktop/ X Econ220_Assign4_Tables_emr X Homework Help – Q&A from Or x + -> C @ localhost:8889/notebooks/Desktop/Econ220_Assign4_Tables_empty.ipynb m Y Update : Apps G… • Develop an algorithm to check if a given integer is a perfect square or not. Give the pseudo-code version. Convert your pseudo-code into a Java program. Question 2: Develop an algorithm to find the ma… • This program is about sets. Design a Python program to do the following: (a) Generate 5 random integers between 1 and 10, inclusive. Store the random integers in a set named set1. Display the set. … • Section 3 of 3: Use Dataframes and SQL Queries to analyze invoice data Repeat section 2, questions 1 through 5. However, this time you should register the Dataframe as a temp table and use SQL queries… • A mass-spring-damper system is given in the figure. • What if two of the numbers are equal, say 6,4,6? Will the code work? Why? Test it out. • Section 6.2 of your textbook describes incremental development . Do the exercise at the end of that section: As an exercise, use incremental development to write a function called hypotenuse that … • Question 1. Programming (4 marks) Following image demonstrates the cellular localization of cancer biomarker proteins in different cancer cell lines (with different malignancy). Image classification c… • A 240 V de shunt motor takes 10A and 30A at no load and full load respectively. It is having armature resistance of 0.4 ahm and field resistance of 120 ohm. Considering iron, friction and windages los… • The code at the bottom shows you how to test the function you wrote 4. E 4) Write an Python-function varianc e(a, b) which computes the variance of the clustering result X based on an apriori given se… • Hi can you please help Leckie Delivery Service (LDS) is a delivery truck service that picks up a delivery from one location and drops it off at another location. Each such delivery job can be cal… • I have a final project for my python class and due to Covid I haven’t been able to learn much. I am using pycharm and was wondering if you could write the code upload it and then I can edit it. That w… • Instructions: produce a test plan for the following function. You have to have at least 3 test cases – 1 normal case, 1 abnormal case. At least one case where your program does not fail. Please help m… • What are the key constructs required to create loops in Python? Identify two scenarios that may require two different types of loops and why different types of loops are required for each scenerior. • Update centroids We have provided testing code for you to verify your implementation. Uncomment this line: test_mea n_of_points() at the bottom of kmeans_tests.py and run python kmeans_tests.py in a t… • You have a drone that can fly for a distance of D before it runs out of battery. There are N charging stations that can fully charge up a drone. a program to determine whether there is a way to fly a … • Activity #1: Root Finding — To be done as a team As a team, you are to write a program that will find a root of a cubic polynomial. A cubic polynomial is of the form: f(x) = Ax3 +Bx2 + Cx+D Backgro… • I can’t figure out why I can’t print the the phone number or jersey number def member_list(members): print(members) def addAMember(name, members=[]): members.append(name) print(name+” has been added”)… • In Node.py file # Problem statement 2.a # Update this function to return value from local store if exists (assuming it’s the owner) # Otherwise it should find the owner using… • Write a program that reads a floating point dollar amount as a command line argument, and prints out the number of quarters (25c), dimes (10c), nickels (5c), and single cents. The output should consis… • package newton’s method for approximating square roots in a function named newton . this function expects the input number as an argument and returns the estimate of its square root . the script shoul… • Please help me fix the error def average_temps(max, min): return round((max+min)/2) filepath = ‘temp_data.txt’ min = 10000 max = -1 max_date = “” min_date = “” with open(filepath) as fp: line = filepa… • i was not able to solve this in python3 please help • Describe the four access regimes from public to private that may be applied to Java fields and methods. Why are they useful? (b) When you extend a class, the constructor for your new class will re… • Please help me develop a code to change current variable (currentLoc) to a possible destinations based on path taken. I have this code so far, but I make it go to the new location. areas = { … • Dictionaries provide a convenient way to store structured data. Here is an example dictionary: d=[{‘name’:’Todd’, ‘phone’:’555-1414′, ‘..d@mail.net’}, {‘name’:’Helga’, ‘phone’:’555-1618′, ‘..a@mail.ne… • Solution key has attached, please explain how to approach the problem and explain the answer. This is the practice exam with solution key provided, and I tried to understand this question instead of j… • Display a Dynamic Line Chart. Write the code in Python You will display a line chart of a dynamic dataset. It is advised that you start with assignment 3 and add the capability to update the display y… • Python Programming Can someone please solve these two questions in python. . You can write a program from scratch or use the Internet to search existing programs to do the following tasks: a. Writ… • Need help with this problem involving recursion! Python pls and use recursion!. (h) (10 points) Write a recursive function which takes an array as input, and prints the values of the inputs in pairs. … • Help with python program using python anaconda spyder. Please comm ent the code so i can better understand it. • Create a function check_intersection(exp1, exp2) that will return the number of times two expressions intersect. The variable exp1 and exp2 should be strings the expression that will be checked as to … • How to calculate Dice’s coefficient between matrix row and Query Q in python? Given a N x M document-term matrix (containing raw term counts), and a query Q, write a program (or programs) to comput… • Just solve b and c, it is long problem but only need to solve b and c.I have added Section 8.2 for reference. You can solve in wither python or in MATLAB, your choice.. Please first read carefully Sec… • Help writing a program that stores the following amino acids into an array: Trp Arg Liu Ilu Asp program should prompt user to give you a three letter amino acid abbreviation. Test to see if the a.a. t… • Mary wishes to improve her program to convert mark to grade automatically and display the grade but nor mark in the final screen output: Provide full code for class Student and Test to achi… • I have a project that I am struggling to complete. Please could anyone write python code for port scanning. The program would ask user to input a host IPV4 address, and then ping the host IP address t… • Is Django better than Flask? Please research and explain in a substantial manner. • Let’s assume, there are eight different pokemons: Vaporeon, Jolteon, Flareon, Espeon, Umbreon, Leafeon, Glaceon, and Sylveon. As input, you will be given length of a pokemon and some letters of that p… • How is the Implementation of Python’s dictionaries done? • . Write a python script called hoster-toaster.py that is used to update a machine’s local hostname resolution file. The details of how it works are below: 1. It requires one argument on the command … • I am learning python from youtube and i am beginner in python, i always tried to solve problems by taking description from internet , i found description in images intresting i have also started some … • A Python function called evalPostfix() which takes an expression tree as an argument. It converts the expression tree to a list using a postorder() function . If the element in the list is not an oper… • The formula for calculating gross pay is: 0 gross pay = hours worked * hourly rate The formula for calculating tax amount is: 0 tax amount = gross pay * (tax rate / 100) The formula for calculating t… • Describe how tuples can be useful with loops over lists and dictionaries , and give Python code examples. Create. your own code examples. Do not copy them from the textbook or any other so… • morseAlphabet = { “A”: “.-“, “B”: “-…”, “C”: “-.-.”, “D”: “-..”, “E”: “.”, “F”: “..-.”, “G”: “–.”, “H”: “……. • How would you set these functions up? cav_to_dataframe: This function takes a csv filename as an argument and returns a DataFrame. The csv looks like this (a screenshot of part of the file): B D E Cou… • 15 LAB: Password modifier Many user-created passwords are simple and easy to guess. Write program that takes a simple password and makes it stronger by replacing characters using the key below, and… • Hello, please I want this question to answer in 3hours, because I don’t have much time to give you, please answer this for me Data analytics functions and methods in Python Please… • For the final project we will simulate a library management software. For this you are given two files. Booklist.txt and librarylog.txt Booklist.txt includes a line for each book in the library… • Construct AVL Trees by inserting keys 1, 2, …, (2^k)-1 in that order for k=2, 3, and 4. Observe the structure of the resulting trees with the number of nodes 3, 7, and 15. Can you state the property… • Im stuck on this question for python and not sure how to answer/approach NOTE: not allowed to use dictionary. Background: In a Scrabble-like game, players each have a hand, which is a list of tiles … • I am not missing any extra information. I have uploaded all the info. I am not missing any extra information. I have uploaded all the info. I am not missing any extra information. I have uploaded all … • Create a word document to identify Covid 19 vaccine options. Show python dataset Identify the best technology to conduct data conversion, data cleaning, and data munging. Apply those techniques to you… • Define a function maxdic(dic) which, given a dictionary as input, returns the maximum numerical value from the elements of the dictionary as output. For instance, maxdic({1:[100,5432],2:[10,1,32… • import pygame, random, time, sys def main(): # initalize all pygame modules (some need intialization) pygame.init() # create a pygame display window pygame.display.set_mode((500, 400)) # set the title… • I need help complete with below python code: Flesh out the body of the print seconds function so that it prints the total amount of seconds given the hours, minutes, and seconds function parameters. R… • I need answer urgently for this question because i have Quiz now. Please help me. I will give the best rate for you. Thank you. Data normalization approaches are: * 1 point Simple Feature S… • i have to write a makefile and it should build a code by running make. it should create the binary files, hw1_naive and hw1_kmp. im not sure if this code is workingTT • . YT is a friend of many people. Due to unavailability of certain friends at certain dates, his friends divided and planned two separate trips with one of the trips led by SL. YT can only go to one … • Which of the following statements is correct for comparison in Python? a) Floats can be properly compared for equality using the "==" operator. b) Comparing floats for equality is exactly… • need all questions answered. Modify the program so that it prints the array at each step of the algorithm. #include <iostream> using namespace std; void selectionSort(int [], int); void showArra… • Using the cancer dataset, develop polynomial regression models to determine if the cancer is Malignant or Benign, by comparing five models, with degrees 1,2,3, 4,5. Pick any one feature in the cancer … • csv in anaconda The dataset contains two fields that have mixed data: The Siblings/Spouse Aboard and the Parents/Children Aboard . Use the age of 20 as the threshold for differentiating … • CREATE a python script. scenario In your role as Junior Cyber Security Analyst at DataTrust, you’ve been asked to undertake some programming work for one of their clients. The client, Indigo Community… • How do I Python code to show Gaussian distribution is an example of exponential family distribution? • Assume that test. txt is a text file containing 800 lines of text (no blank lines). Write Python code to open the file and print every third line, starting by printing the first line in the file. Each… • 6 . 1 .3 . Function print Frames Add this function to your program . This will help you debug the next function you need to write . Just copy & paste it In this function , it is assumed that a fr… • Convert the following ML into Lisp fun bg(n, L) = if null L then nil else if (hd L > n) then (hd L) :: bg(n, tl L) else bg(n, tl L); bg(4, [4,8,1,9,7]); 2. Convert the following ML into Li… • implement a human vs. human version of Notakto. Notakto is a tic-tac-toe variant. It is played across three 3 x 3 boards: Board A, board B and board C. When you start the game you should output the bo… • Can we use constructor in python for counting no of objects created for its class? Justify your answer with the use of programming example? • can you help me fast tis script do not need comments Write a script called swapSwitch.py. When it is run it will make sure that the file /etc/lightswitch.conf contains the line ‘status=on’. If the s… • PLEASE FOLLOW THE INSTRCTIONS DONT ANSWER THROUGH OTHER WAY PLEASE FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS. I WILL GIVE YOU TUMBS UP OR……. You must create at least 6 locations in your world. Please be creative! Y… • Don’t copy from Chegg otherwise, I will give dislike What are some day-to-day things you can do with Python or R? Specifically for a college student. Please explain in detail! • # Write a program that deals with inflation, the rising cost of general goods # over time. Recall that the price of goods, such as a bag of Cheetos, goes up # as time goes by. You will write a progr… • I need assistance with the following Python Project Below you will find the blackjack.py file.All the logic and all the code is there for it. You will be modifying this game. Refer to page 350-35… • We will pass in a value, N. write a program that outputs all values from 0 up to an including N. • Hey I am stuck in this practice question. Please help me complete it. You have to apply markov chains to solve the question. all the information is given in the picture above. • How do I calculate the partial derivative for log likelihood with respect to 02 in Python? N – N+ 202 [ (In – 14)? ) n=1 • Question This part is an open-ended programming assignment in which you are… I want the question (d)’s answer not [a,b,c] This part is an open-ended programming assignment in which you are to implem… • Complete the design of a function that takes a string parameter s and returns ‘short’ if s is 3 characters long or less, ‘medium’ if it is 7 characters or less, and ‘long’ otherwise. def describe… • Exercise #4: (11 pts = 5 pts + 6 pts) Given two sets, A and B, write the following functions in Python. (a) myDisjoint(A,B) that returns True if the intersection between set A and set B is empty,?… • Hello teacher, I have completed this task, written in python. I hope you can teach me how to design a flow chart about this program. import random t = 0 #(Number of correct questions) m = 0 #(Total nu… • Define a class Person and its two child classes: Male and Female. All classes have a method “getGender” which can print “Male” for Male class and “Female” for Female class. • I want make sure my answer is correct. Thank u! Problem 6 (It)| points) Write a method that will save all the words in the sentence “Hi my name is Bob” and then print the string. The method signat… • Write a function sumPdivisors() that finds the sum of proper divisors of a number. Proper divisors of a number are those numbers by which the number is divisible, except the number itself. For example… • Find shortest unique prefix to represent each word in the list. Example: Input: [zebra, dog, duck, dove] Output: {z, dog, du, dov} where we can see that zebra = z dog = dog duck = du dove = dov 1. Wha… • Question #5: The ‘Rule of 72’ is a financial investment guideline that claims you can determine the number of years it will take an investment to double in value by dividing the interest rate int… • How do you a Python program that gets a number using keyboard input . (Remember to use input for Python 3 but raw_input for Python 2.) If the number is positive, the program should call countdown . If… • Im having problems knowing how to do the assignment in the attachment. Please help InfoTc 1040 Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming Paint Job Estimator A painting company has determined tha… • Hello, I am stuck on this one. need help in creating a menu by using a list with the function that will return the results of the four operations (*, +, -,/) in a dictionary all In One(n1,n2) Sampl… • Hi I could use some help here instructions: For this assignment you will need to use Python (version 3.6 or above) and MySQL. 1. Parse the files and import the data in the database In the mood… • Week 2 – Programming Project Note: source code MUST be free of any syntax errors and MUST run successfully. Please, submit the source code (.py) file(s), email submissions will NOT be accepted. Chapte… • In this assignment, we will be working on Line Integral Convolution (LIC), a technique for visualizing the flow of 2D vector fields developed by Brian Cabral and Leith Leedom. This technique was dis… • 10 LAB: Winning team (classes) Complete the Team class implementation. For the instance method get_win_percentage(), the formula is: team_wins / (team_wins + team_losses) Note: Use floating-point di… • I need help on the following Code: import datetime import utils from datetime import datetime def has_instrument_rating(takeoff,student): “”” Returns True if the student has an instrument rating… • Hi I have the below dataframe, and I would like to add a column call “treatment_type” to summarize the 3 columns on the left. ‘Treatment_type’ column will have labels to indicate treatments in below r… • Using the SA function in Python – find the minimum of the “wiggly function” which is defined as: f(x) = -exp(x^2/100)*sin(13*x – x^4)^5*sin(1 – 3*x^2)^2 for input x values between the boun… • ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION IN PYTHON AND PUT THE ANSWER IN THE ORGINAL QUESTION WHERE IT IS SUPPOSED TO BE ! 1. #!/usr/bin/python3 import unittest # ———————————————… • Name one event or person that influenced you to pursue a degree in your field. What is your comfort level with programming? Which skills are you most confident in? Which skills need the most improveme… • When writing the code in Python how do you include the code to put the text file in alphabetical order? • Write, save, and run a Python program, named ram.py that will do the following when run: 1. Asks the user to enter his/her last name, first name and user ID all in one statement. 2. Stores t… • Describe how tuples can be useful with loops over lists and dictionaries , and give Python code examples. Create own code examples. Your descriptions and examples should include the followi… • I can not get spaces in-between my answers, they just run together. • https://restcountries.com/#api-endpoints-v2-all above is the link needed https://restcountries.com/v2/alpha/usa. Helpful Information For this assignment, we will be using the REST countries API (htt… • I need help with writing this code. Below are the instructions: PLEASE DO NOT use open(sickness) etc.. because we have not gone over those yet. write one function named most_common_sickness. This fun… • Exercise 2: A transport company has to transport a set of Europallets from the port of Valencia to Dublin using containers of two sizes: foot 20and foot40 containers. Refrigerated containers are also … • Hello I need help with this project, I have to created code to scrape the data needed to start the project but now need to add it all to a csv file. this is my code as follows. import requests from bs… • For the past week I’ve been trying to work my head around this but I haven’t got the slightest bit of understanding on how to make this code work. I was just wondering if anyone can walk me through th… • Infix expression example: 3+4*5/6 (operators are between numbers) Infix expression evaluation: 6.3333 Postfix version of the infix expression: 345*6/+ Question: Define a class InfixExpression Assume f… • Python pygame add to the code so my characters pmario and pluiji can shoot bullets import pygame, sys pygame.init() #helpful variables size = width,height = 900,500 black = 0,0,0 sky = 150,15… • Assume that the variable data refers to the string “myprogram.exe”. Write the values of the following expressions: a. data[2] b. data[-1] c. len(data) d. data[0:8] B.) Assume that the va… • (18 points) draft a function named coin_flip_string that takes a parameter of type int, which may be zero or one. 0 represents the tails side of a coin, 1 represents heads. The function should return … • (4 pts) Write a program that tests to see whether a sequence has an AT repeat. For this problem, we’ll define a repeat as 3 or more occurrences of AT, i.e. ATATAT…etc. Read in the sequence from a… • Please provide me with the correct code for this with clear format. < > learn.zybooks.com C Module Three – IT-140-T2160 Introduction to Scripting 20EW2 3.12. LAB: Seasons Course Hero =zyBooks My… • Cengage Mindtap 6.9 Program that computes and prints the average of the numbers in a text file. You should make use of two higher-order functions to simplify the design. An example of the program inpu… • I am trying to get the output code to return the cone size and the flavor of ice cream chosen when finalizing the order. Specifically, the code I need help with is after the price is displayed. Will y… • TASK 2 – Write Python code which displays the numbers 1 to 12 separated by tabular (tab) spaces using a loop. In your print statement make use of either sep= or end=. e.g. print(“hello”, end=’\t’) … • Write program that requests a password after the author/program information is displayed. Make the password “hello”. The program should then ask the user for their name: if the name entered is the sam… • . Lab Requirements At the top of your python file or code section, comment in 1your name, lab 2-Using Lists and the date. Add comments before each of the steps to Do the following: 1. Create the fo… • Hi ! Ive tried my best to create a function and its returning a few errors. I would love some help on how to answer this question ! The dataset location_review_data.csv provided (i can include howev… • Python Can someone please solve this question and add comments so I can learn from the code. Please don’t use any inbuilt functions.. PART A – A SIMPLE ARITHMETIC INTERPRETER (40 MARKS) Write a prog… • Would you help me with this code? The last image shows the look of the file. The file is 1097 lines long. . Activity #2: Plotting multiple data points This program will be a follow-on to th… • () Use the latest python debugging tools and learn how to use them efficiently QUESTION 2 Anything wrong with the code below? Choose all that apply num1 = int(input()) #line 1 num2 = int(input()) #lin… • I need to use recursion and the is_divisible function. def is_divisible(x, y): if x % y == 0: return True else: return False My program may assume that both arguments to is_power are positive int… • May you kindly help me with this question please. 3. Assume you have two vectors with integers represented as lists 1) and to. Write (15) a function add (v, N) which returns a list, where the elements… • Modules are required in pseudocode, flowchart and encouraged in Python. You will not lose points if you write in Python without (or a single) modules or if you use global variable everywhere. We will … • [PYTHON PIVOT TABLES] Assigned variable is perception of corruption Reduce your dataset to the last four years (2017-2020) and keep all the variables. Add code to answer how many rows and columns are … • Two independent threads are run on different processors in a chip-multiprocessor. Each thread simply increments a private counter one million times. The two counters are stored in consecutive memory l… • Programming Assignment: Homework 3 – Join & Filter Movie & Ratings Data. Recommend a **random** movie that has a rating of over 8.3. Store the random recommendation in a variable called "… • Need help. I had put my codes but it still showing error. This is my first time using PyCharm, can anyone help on how to save py. file in my document for submission? Project 2-3 Pycharm Introduction 1… • **Question 1.3.** Using both the fertility and child_mortality tables, draw a scatter diagram with one point for each year, starting with 1970, that has Bangladesh’s total fertility on the horizon… • Geometry: Graham’s algorithm for finding a Convex hull (Geometry: Graham’s algorithm for finding a convex hull) Section 16.10.2 introduced Graham’s algorithm for finding a convex hull for a set … • Can simply explain how the strategy of mine count ? and how can I code it , can show a draft of it ? thank you. Not really understand and how to code it.. Task 2: Mine Count: This task is about findin… • can someone fix this code for me indentation errors and need it to run?? Write the code for your Retirement_Account class, Traditional, and Robo accounts. Use the stock_class code as a guide. Check yo… • Plot should contain a method named make_plot. This method will take an argument, named sequence which it will use in order to create a pandas Dataframe. We will then use the Implot method of seaborn i… • we will follow up on our card functions from card1.py . card1.py file provided to you at the end of decription. The file contains the solution to the Card problem. You will need to import the global v… • Write program that reads a set of floating-point values. Ask the user to enter the values until a sentinel value is input, then print: A) The average of the values. B) The smallest of t… • What would be in the variable z after the following nested if statements were executed? X = 97 y = 18 if x < 50 : if y > 50 : Z = 1 else : Z = 10 else : if y < 50: Z = 100 else: Z = 1000 O1 1… • Assignment The Mannings Equation is used to find the Flow Q (cubic feet per second or cfs) in an open channel. The equation is Q = 1.49/n * A * R^2/3 * S^1/2 Where Q = Flowrate in cfs A = Cross Sectio… • Consider the loan prediction problem, for which the preprocessing (data reading/cleaning) is performed below. (solve using python) (1.a) Using sklearn library functions, perform k-means clustering wit… • Problem #2 A cylindrical, vertical water tank has hemispheric end caps as shown. The radius of the cylinder and the caps is r = 25 cm, and the length of the cylindrical part is 1.8 In. Him: For a hemi… • please write python program to convert hexadecimal to binary (steps should show on output with answer) NOTE: For full points, you must provide a solution, not merely an answer. Use each question’s mes… • . Question 4 In Listing 7.1, does chars_on_line Include spaces? Explain. Question 5 Consider this part of the Farm Sooding description: "It’s guaranteed that a pasture is the favorite of no … • Question : Write a version one code on this guess the word game • for reference of the textbook Iam posting the link of the textbook in wgich data is present look in to the textbook and answer the question https://www.nltk.org/book/ch06.html#code-document-classify… • material de reforzamiento 6 introduction a la tec senati • Here is the python exercise and the exercises’s situation. ——————————————————————————– Exercise (1) Lab Exercises Situation: Hints of Exercise (1) … • . X + V – X … 0:03:50 3 TESTS CUSTOM TESTS A Tests passed: 0/10. Syntax error. Test 1 A O Input n: 5 [4, 0, 1, -2, 3] Output undefined Expected Output [4, 5, -1, 2, 1] Console Output Empty Test 2 … • Find 2 files attached . 1 -Choose some var columns as features. Explain why you choose those columns. It can be common sense, or statistics. 2- Be careful with those missing data. They can be empty st… • What is a variable’s scope? in python 2. Explain how short-circuit evaluation works with the and and or operators 3. How do you find the length of a string? • The idea of this project is to convert this UML diagram to the python program. It’s basically mastermind game. consists of GamoMode_Boloctor * Original MasterMind for 2 players max _Player: Ini Origin… • Write a recursive function F(n) that finds and returns the Lexicographically largest string value ( a string that appears in the end following a dictionary order ) from the given dictionary. You may… • Which of the following code blocks produces ‘The sum of 5 and 3 is 8’ as the output? python….. class Sum: def __init__(self, num1, num2): self.num1 = num1 self.num2 = n… • Coding Guidelines [ ignoring these guidelines will result in marks deductions even if your python program is syntactically and logically correct]: 1- Comment your code where necessary to improve the r… • PLEASE ONLY WRITE THE SECOND (SAVINGBYMONTH) CODE Please note that we have to add amount 100 into the account every month instead of only 100 from the begging to the end. THANK YOU !!!! Please use whi… • Please have the exact same Sample Interaction as shown above on output. Thank you.. Write a program that asks the user to enter a number. The program should: 1- Catch a python exception if the va… • Python language on the program called “Processing”. Page < n > ofS O — ZOOM + UNIVERSITY OF DeplmnenlofCompulzr Scum CMPT 140 “WWW.” m m SASKATCHEWAN§13§§fijfififigfigfit 1.1m…
• Begin by creating a new file within Wing 101. Save it as Iab8.py. Exercise 1 Island Park needs a program for its admission booths. When visitors to the park come up to the booth to purchase their tick…
• I am trying to write a program in python 3. please help to figure this out. 1.31 LAB: Expression for calories burned during workout The following equations estimate the calories burned when exer…
• Task 4: Remove Outliers <§2.2 Loops; §4.1 Tables> Implement a function remove outliers(table) that takes as input an n × m table of numbers. The function replaces every instance of the maximu…
• (IN PYTHON) Write program that recommends a pet for a user based on the user’s lifestyle. Prompt the user to enter whether he or she lives in an apartment, house, or dormitory and the number of hours…
• Python Programming Please someone help me to write this function in python Link to hobbit-family.txt file ——> https://gofile.io/d/1AT6JV WHAT HAS BEEN DONE: “”” Template for Programmin…
• Urgent!! Please help!. # The spending_by_category function must produce a new dictionary where the keys # are the spending categories and the values are dictionaries where the keys are # months and th…
• These are an original code that I created. class Employee: def __init__(self, name, addr, veh): self.__emp_name = name self.__emp_addr = addr self.__vehicle = veh def g…
• . In the space below, copy and finish the function drawRectangle(x, y, w, h) so that it draws a rectangle with the bottom left corner at x, y and with width w and height h. import turtle bo…
• Seeking to create syntax for this 1. Picking Tickets Consider an array of n ticket prices, tickets. A number, m, is defined as the size of some subsequence, s, of tickets where each element covers an …
• . def has_path(t, term) : """Return whether there is a path in a Tree where the entries along the path spell out a particular term. >>> greetings = Tree(‘h’, [Tree(‘i’ ), . ….
• How to write a python program using function that allows the user to enter a weight in pounds and height in inches and then displays the Body Mass Index?
• Project 6: Data Visualization and Analysis CS 1410 Background This project is based on actual work done for the Department of Homeland Security. The goal is to detect the presence of dangerous materia…
• For this question, use the Wisconsin Breast Cancer Dataset (WBCD) to build a logistic regression (LR) model. use the entire data set to build the model (no need to split into training and test sets)….
• The spreadsheet dream-team.xls contains all of the data shown in table 9.18. using this spreadsheet, construct and solve a discrete optimization model that can be used to select the national men’s …
• I am trying to build a thermodynamics method in Python that takes in a DNA sequence and the three values: deltaG, deltaH and deltaS (free energy, enthalpy and entropy) from an arbitrary DNA sequence w…
• I am working on a program that reads from two .csv files and makes calculations for the data. I am struggling to connect certain functions to produce the result I need. I have defined my calculations …
• What is the output: text = “To be, or not to be, that is the question.” text[5] = “*” print(text)
• The problem is supposed to be solved using the random module technique. 1. Using our variations of the dartboard script, write a program that randomly generates a dart’s coordinates and indicates to t…
• Question: In this question you are to create some simulated data sets and then use the Perceptron neuron to perform some prediction. a. Implement the Pocket algorithm (or any improved Perceptron …
• import math def max_magnitude(user_val1, user_val2): if (math.fabs(user_val1) > math.fabs(user_val2)): return user_val1 else: return user_val2 if __name__ == ‘__main__’: x …
• Describe the difference between a chained conditional and a nested conditional . Give your own example of each. Deeply nested conditionals can become difficult to read. Describe a strategy for avoidin…
• This is the questions, i have tried to implement this, but i am stuck. Can someone provide me with the solution? Adventure: items Now that you are sure the game is playable using the Tiny and Small…
• import os solid_dirt_level = 0 water_dirt_level = 0 battery_level = 90 water_clean = True bag_clean = True ready_to_start = True idle = True places_to_clean = [ [‘carpet’,’living room’,’first flo…
• Hi tutors, I could not code it out, please help, thank you. . Project title: Developing a room booking system for your school Project description: In this assignment, you will create a working proto…
• Make the python program (pseudocode) and solve these questions ! The oxygen equivalence number of a weld is a number that can be used to predict properties such as hardness, strength, and ductility. T…
• PYTHON GUI CODE “RESTAURANT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” FOR MY FINAL PROJECT: Acceptable submission guidelines:. 1. The program shall be Industry Realistic – like it can really be applied in a real world scena…
• In baseball, a pitcher’s earned run average, or ERA, is the number of runs the other team typically scores per nine innings pitched. Prompt the user to enter two numbers: (a) the total number of earne…
• Describe the difference between objects and values using the terms “equivalent” and “identical”. Illustrate the difference using your own examples with Python lists and the “is” operator. Describe…
• Required files are here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1AqIr_lk4jgUYiZz-C3kINngxpt4OaFPD?usp=sharing First, we are going to scrape philosophers’ biographies from their Wikipedia page and con…
• How would you do the following: For the second exercise determine the union, intersection and difference of the square and cube of integers ranging from 1 to 100. Sets are clearly the way to go here. …
• Write a python Adding a Roster File The user should be prompted for the name of a roster file. Roster files are CSV formatted files with the first column being the team name and the second column be…
• (25 points) Draft a function named remove_spaces that will remove the spaces from the provided string and return the result. Write your own function, do not use built in string methods like replace. P…
• how can i solve this question ? There are 200 samples in total. The first 100 samples in the dataset are genuine, and the second 100 are fake bank notes. You will investigate the bank notes as follows…
• BERT is a trained neural network model that produces vectors representing word meanings. Another machine learning algorithm can rest on top of these vectors and use them to classify text. Here, we’re …
• Question 1 Now, using the main data set, we want to start and collate some basic descriptive statistics. First up, make use of the iterative mechanism we learnt in class to find the titles of the top …
• If you did not have access to the Python time module, how would you calculate the number of days that have passed since you were born? That is, given the time of day and the date you were born, how w…
• can you help me set up function that accepts a single parameter n. Im trying to figure out how to set up a function that will print out values 1 though 15 where the value for n is 15. In the list, if …
• Doing my work in juypter notebook for practice problems The Dataset file in assets/grades.txt contains multiple lines of people along with their grades in a class. Fix the incorrect regex between…
• Your good friend, Johnny, who also lives in Manchester, is turning 18 in a few months. To celebrate the occassion you would like to give Johnny a birthday card that has been signed by all of his frien…
• As discussed in the book, you will need to use the Python utility pip to install matplotlib. Follow the instructions in the book for details. After your program comment header, add the appropriate lin…
• . Exercise 7.1 Handling user commands Write a program to handle the following commands: BYE ADD SHOW COUNT AVERAGE For the commands: ADD, SHOW, COUNT, and AVERAGE, please write a corresponding funct…
• # 3. Rewrite the Human class bellow (without changing it’s name), so that it inherits from the Animal class of the exercice 2. # * You should override the ‘has_allergy’ method in the Human class, so t…
• Fill the blanks so that the program matches the output. s1 = “1234” s2 = “5689” print(“Digits divisible by ” + s1[Answer]) print(Answer[1]+ “,” + s1[3] + “,” + s2[1] + “,” +…
• Write the function that calculates the factorial of a number using recursion. Sample Output: Enter a number n to find the factorial n!: 5 Factorial = 120
• How do I make a function go in the reverse order in Python?
• ) When use Python Requests library to send a get request to a web page http://www.mytest.com, how to use username and password for authentication? Write the code below.
• QUESTION 1 An algorithm with &- differential privacy is more private than an algorithm with (&, 8)- differential privacy with 8 >0. True False QUESTION 2 A larger privacy budget & in di…
• General Statement. Everything in the template is laid out for you to put the right things in the right place. Leave every comment as it is, from the # Program line to the # End Program line (you don’t…
• Solve the following question using Python:. Question 4 [25 pts]: a) (10 Points) Complete the methods of the following Stack class according to their description [6]: class Stack: def _init_(self) : &q…
• Draw flowchart neatly for this below code Code: # 1) # opening file in write mode fw = open(“golf.dat”,”w”) # writing player details into file while True: name = input(“Enter player name: “) …
• TASK 1 The cyber security department for Blooming Cafe wants to know the temperature of Canberra in immutable list for a specific purpose. They have certain criterions to solve this problem. The crite…
• please help. The Lorenz Curve There are many mathematical models used to model the Lorenz curve. For this homework, we will work with the simplified Rao-Tam Lorenz curve, as defined by: L(x) = xk, whe…
• Start code given Data for mamal_sleep_1.txt given Answer must be in Python Language Do not use “Chegg” (answers incorrect). One simple way to detect anomalies is to find out how different the attribut…
• Using python programming, need help with ideas and getting started 25 points Does the program execute with no errors. 25 points Does the program solve a problem or create something new. 25 points The …
• In Python, record a function that accepts as a parameter a string of seven 0s and 1s. and returns an eight digit string in odd parity. If the number of 1s contained in the string is even add a 1 to t…
• Modify the Student class of problem #4 to compute grade point averages. Methods are needed to add a grade and get the current GPA. Specify grades as elements of a class Grade . Supply a…
• Write a series of five functions that determine if a given positive integer is EVEN, ODD, PRIME, PERFECT and ABUNDANT. Each of these functions should accept a single integer as an argument and return …
• For this shortened df, please try the function. aal_rec_df.index DatetimeIndex([‘2013-12-09 16:00:00’, ‘2013-12-18 16:00:00’, ‘2013-12-19 16:00:00’, ‘2014-01-29 08:00:00’, …
• A pedometer treats walking 1 step as walking 2.5 feet. Define a function named feet_to_steps that takes a float as a parameter, representing the number of feet walked, and returns an integer that repr…
• How to write code that prompts the user to enter a weight in pounds and height in inches and then displays the BMI by using a function to calculate the BMI? Enter weight [pounds]: 280 Enter height [in…
• how to write program in python to calculate LOC, SLOC, and NCLOC of any java source code file
• A program is created for customers to order drinks in a kopi house. In the code cell below, the dict type variable price provides the price of each type of drinks provided by the kopi house. The other…
• I am trying to write a python 3 code. When ran you would input the number of cents and it will break down how much change you would have. Example below Enter number of cents: 41 Quarters: 1 Dimes: 1 N…
• how many times. How many times is the letter "a" printed after the following code completes execution? The line numbers are not part of the code. 1 s = "ana has bananas" 2 idx = 0 …
• 11 marks Consider the problem [Vanderbei. 5th edition, Exercise 1.2]. (a) 5 marks Write this as a Linear Programming problem (in the standard inequality form). You must explain your notation and va…
• Part 1 – Grade Calculator – Given the Sample Code, which contains an incomplete nested if…else statement Finish the code to determine if the user input score’s letter grade, assuming that C = 70-79 …
• You will take the Binary Heap Data Structure code we reviewed earlier in the semester and change it to be a Binary Heap Data Structure Max Heap. The code is located at http://www.sourcetricks.com/20…
• Please help with this program. Packages and libraries functions Instructions For this assignment, you need to create a program that allows the user to do some basic math functions. First, ask the user…
• . 3. [18 marks] Using MS Excel, import the grades data from the sampleMarks.txt file containing a list of students and the raw data for the marks. The file is comma delimited, (i.e., the items are s…
• 1-python-question.py > .. # This program simualtes the backend of a ticket purchasing system W N # Price per visitor is $5 # Price per member is$3.50 UT # You are to do the following 1. Identify a…
• Python code 1. Write a function closure, TimeSeriesParser(filename), that processes a given time series csv data file with the header ‘date’ , ‘ticker’, ‘open’ , ‘high’, ‘low’, ‘close’, ‘adj close’ Th…
• need help to write a function client form. PART C: Enter the absolute path and name of a file to change permissions Set Permissions V Owner Execute "jl Owner Write "2" Owner read "…
• Complete the implementation of the function ci_lower, which takes a one-column table t containing sample observations and a confidence level percentage such as 95 or 99. It returns the lower …
• . 1. Write a function named num_components() which takes in a graph G (in dictionary form) and returns the number of components of G. >>> G={0: set(), 1: {11, 10, 19, 13}, 2: {11, 3, 5}, 3:…
• . Question 7 4 points Save Answer Consider the playing tennis problem, binary classification, using the Naive Bayes classifier. You are given four-dimensional features (Outlook, Temperature, Humidit…
• Write a Python function called tanganyika as described down below. The function takes a list L of integers as a parameter and should return a new list Q where Q should be the same as L except that whe…
• python program finding the Lagrange multiplier (alpha) which calculates the optimal probability values that return the observed mean for the US coin values 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 for the jar of coins t…
• Web app is served via the Flask framework, information displayed on the endpoint “/” Users will be able to see info on at least one movie (its title, tagline, genres, and a movie poster image) that is…
• Subtask 3.3: Cumulative Wait Times In this problem, you’ll interpret the data you generated in Subtask 3.1 as a sequence of consecutive arrival times. Suppose the first bus arrives at the measured num…
• Dear tutors, Please I need help with details. I am new in Computer Science, please give me details Exercise 7.2. The built-in function eval takes a string and evaluates it using the Python inter-prete…
• Define a function named posterize. This function expects an image and a tuple of RGB values as arguments. The function modifies the image like the blackAndWhite function developed in Chapter 7 …
• Here is the python exercises’s situation and use the following example to revise the code. ——————————————————————————– Exercise (1) Lab Exercises S…
• question is *Write a function encipher(s, n) that takes as inputs an arbitrary string s and a non-negative integer n between 0 and 25, and that returns a new string in which the letters in s have been…
• Can someone show me how to parse the information in this file into a dataframe? https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Zps0YssoJbZHrn6iLte2RDLlgruhAX1s/view
• NEED HELP IMPLEMENTING THE FUNCTIONS IN THIS CLASS (DOCSTRING EXPLAINS REQUIREMENTS): from typing import Iterator, Iterable, Tuple, Text, Union import numpy as np from scipy.sparse import spmatrix NDA…
• Class lake A Lake object has a name (a string), a water quality rating (a string, such as ‘excellent’ or ‘poor’), and a list of all Portages that lead out of that lake • The Lake class should …
• url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Academy_Award-winning_films By using above url link, May you help use web scraping in python(beautifulsoup) to extract all movie infomation (between 1966-20…
• . Write a program that calculates and displays the area of a triangle based on the user input values of the base and the height of a triangle. 3 c I height h |_ r… _I Make sure your program ask…
• Do not use built-in function. Create your own functions. Hint( you may use Slice) Please write the whole code and post the outputs a) Designing a Python function my_flip2 that takes as a parameter …
• number = int(input()) area_code = number // 10000000 prefix = (number // 1000)%10000 line_number = number % 10000 formatted_number = “({}) {}-{}”.format(area_code,prefix, line_number) print(formatte…
• Write a Python program to solve the following linear algebra problem: Smith invested $10,000 on four mutual funds one year ago. After one year, the overall yield rates for these four mutual funds are … • This is the function which determine in the hw4_util MAX_WEEK = 29 NUM_STATES = 52 def part2_get_week(w): “”” Return a list of lists of COVID test data for the given week. See HW 04 des… • When I added the while loop, (while option: ) the program does not work: All i need to find is the correct way to loop that the calculator continuously ask for an input unti “X” or another erroneous i… • I am having trouble with this assignment and need some help. I have all the required documents attached and your help would be greatly appreciated. GDN0001; Sunflower seeds ; 519 GDN0002; Lettuce seed… • 33 .”Fix” the following 3 lines of code so that the print the last line of code correctly: age == input(How old are you?) age == age + 1 print[“Happy birthday! You are” + age + years old!] 23. Consi… • . I would like to write a docstring for each of my classes and functions as • Write a function called missing_letters that takes a string parameter and returns a new string with all the letters of the alphabet that are not in the argument string. The letters in the returned st… • Please make a flow chart online on draw.io and share a link with me if I need to edit. . Page CIS 135 – Introduction to Programming Programming Assignment #7 15 points Description Write a progmm … • import numpy as np class GaussianDiscriminant: def __init__(self,k=2,d=8,priors=None,shared_cov=False): self.mean = np.zeros((k,d)) # mean self.shared_cov… • I’m having serious trouble figuring out how to start coding for these problems. I’d be more specific, but honestly, I’m horrible with this coding language and I have a hard time remembering things abo… • Can someone help me with the python code? part2 and 4 I wrote something to simulate on sample path, but it said IndexError: list index out of range import random def random_pick(some_list, probabilit… • One lap around a standard high-school running track is exactly 0.25 miles. function miles_to_laps() that takes a number of miles as an argument and returns the number of laps. Complete the program to … • This assignment is specifically meant to test your understanding of HTTP API requests. Please write code for the following functions in a module named homework.py and submit the module file to Grader … • How to create a python program that displays a menu and its price. Take the order from the customer. Check if the ordered product is in the menu. In case it is not there, the customer should be asked … • Directions Using the following guidelines, create a python program. 1. Create a Python program named payCalculator.py. This program will accept four inputs from the user (hours worked, hourly pay r… • Introduction In this project, you will design agents for the classic version of Pacman, including ghosts. Along the way, you will implement both minimax and expectimax search and try your hand at eval… • Notice that variables have been declared for you. Write input statements to retrieve a year, a month, and a day from the user. Include the print statements to output the following:month/day/year i… • I want to use a python code to do regression analysis for my dataset. I appreciate if anyone can help me. The response variable is win%. Variables are shown with orange color. I attached a screenshot … • 8 LAB: Word frequencies (lists) Write a program that first reads in the name of an input file and then reads the file using the csv.reader() method. The file contains a list of words separated by c… • An in order traversal of any binary tree produces the items in sorted order a. true b. false • PYTHON PROGRAMMING ertE a program in Python to be used in a dart game which calculates whether a thrown dart hits the dart board. iii. dart will be shown with x and yr coordinates represented as a tup… • PYTHON CODE PRGRAMMING ONLY! DO NOT SUBMIT YOUR SOLUTION TWICE IF YOU HAVE RESPONDED TO THIS BEFORE Here is a link to a folder that has two files which will be needed in order to form a response: http… • Look into the following flowchart, Python code, Algorithm description and provide your responses for tasks A – D: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 #Mark to Grade Conversion Program #Da… • Aan algorithm using pseudocode for one of the following actions: Converting military time (2400 hours) to standard time (12:00) Counting down to a the following New Year’s eve in days, hours, minutes,… • Question 3 (10 marks) Suppose that you have started a new job as a data analyst in the XYZ Retailer Company. The company has a vast amount of sales/transaction data and customer data. You have been as… • Task 5 7 Create the function firstLastSumList which accepts any three 1D numeric lists of the same length and returns a new list which contains the sum of the first and last indices of each list as el… • I need help with the following assignment: Working with Strings and Files For this assignment, you will design and code two Python applications by using Python’s built-in functions to create and… • how do I get output here 2.3 Write a program to prompt the user for hours and rate per hour using input to compute gross pay. Use 35 hours and a rate of 2.75 per hour to test the program (the pay shou… • What is the value of fileContents when the following methods are used? (A,B or C) fileContents is a string containing all characters in the file. (A,B or C) fileContents is a string containing… • Build a manual program in Python that conducts PCA for a small dataset. • HI? If you have Python and know Python well, please help! The pic is what i got so far. can’t upload the excel file!! (a) The data are monthly returns for 17 industries from Ken French’s website. Ma… • Im trying to do it on Python 3.8.1. I just need to know the input for it. Thanks in Advance, Massimo Ulto use %, //, /, and divmod only to verify the correctness of your functions. (a) Implement the d… • py: import time import random # Reads words from a text file, stores them in a list and returns the list def read_words(filename): with open(filename, “r”) … • The program should then print the following two lines: On the first line should be the part of the string up to and including the the first a, and on the second line should be the rest of the string. • Please help for this problem Define a class named Check_Annotation that decorates a function, such that when the decorated function is called, the decorator class check ‘s the decorated function’ s … • I originally thought all the answers that were given to me when I asked questions about this assignment were correct, but I did the answer check for my homework wrong, which made it look like the answ… • Assume that the variable data refers to the string “myprogram.exe” . Write the values of the following expressions: • a) Fonction : helper(s1,s2) Écrire une fonction Python nommée helper qui prend en entrée deux chaînes s1 et s2 ( joindre votre fichier q3test1.py compressé (et non compressé) ci-dessous ou le… • Write a Python program that does the following. Create a string that is a long series of words separated by spaces. T. It can be names, favorite foods, animals, anything. Just make it up . Turn th… • https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Early+stage+diabetes+risk+prediction+dataset.# Data has to be processed before apply any techniques or algorithm Apply Naive Bayesian classifier algorithm i… • Python program which takes a number and prints the digits from the unit place, then the tenth, then hundredth, etc. (Right to Left) [The input number has to be an INTEGER] • You have an example in the book (website) that prints a triangle and square continue building on that same code to draw the colored shapes shown below. Hint: You may want to increase the length of … • Welcome to your first casestudy In this case study you have to scrape weather data from the website “http://www.estesparkweather.net/archive_reports.php?date=200901” Scrape all the available attribu… • The Department of Health has asked you to writea program to assist in the modelling of data to control the spread of the COVID-19 virus. You have been asked to read data from a text file, and predict … • . 4 Points The dictionary bus_stops maps integers representing bus stops to a list of the bus routes that stop at the bus stop. Given ta rget_route, a bus route, write code that: a) adds appropriate… • BASED ON OUTPUT OF THIS FUNCTION . Function 4: get_books_by_rate Use the function design recipe to develop a fiinction named ge t_books_by_rate. The function has two input parameters, (1) the dicti… • python question In this part, you are supposed to write a function that can find the most recent weight uploaded by a user (or decide that all the weights of the user are outdated). In more detail, w… • Write a Python Shell Script to prompt the user for a directory, and then display the file types for all files in that specified directory (hint: use the read command and then use the file comm… • How to train a decision tree for regression and you can use functions from the following 1: from sklearn import tree How to make a regression decision tree with the following: tree.DecisionTreeRegress… • Below needs to be made in python Initialize two objects: 1) a 10×2 numpy array filled with zeros, 2) a list of integers between 10 and 20. Iterate over the list (for loop) and modify the values in the… • I have created a code, and I wonder that in each line, I need help in explaining in # comments which tells what is happening in that line of code . Username = input ("Enter your name: n : userna… • Design a recursive algorithm that will display whether it is possible to choose two integers from a list of integers such that the difference between the two equals a given value. Hint : You may wis… • Please help with: do Python function called num_num that takes a list as the single argument and returns the number of numerical items in the list. Items in the list can be of any value allowed in… • In this project, you are going to model the median home price of various houses across U.S. Census tracts in the city of Boston. Note that we are predicting a continuous, numeric output (price) based … • writing a function that determines the minimum and the maximum element in an input list of comparable elements. This function should be as efficient as possible in terms of its worst-case computationa… • While the zyLab platform can be used without training, a bit of training may help some students avoid common issues. The assignment is to get an integer from input, and output that integer squared, en… • please solve this urgent Consider the following operator relation table of a grammar. {-2-} E+E | [5-13 | PE | E/E [ E”E Hi: | id + * I ” ( l 5 + =- > < < < < 3- > – > > c:… • Python 3 code needed: Ask the user for a number between 2 and 1000. Using a loop , calculate the integer square root by calculating the square of every number from 1 until the square of the numb… • Part 1: Open a Python console (e.g., through Anaconda or Miniconda). You will work in the console to test your syntax for now, but eventually you’ll be writing a script (*.py) file. Download the da… • . W USING PYTHON 2.7! Please include comments I want to understand how everything is working. Programming Assignment 2: Socket Programming In this assignment, you’ll write a server and client progra… • X2 A number of days a payment is late. In order to do the math between the payment due date and the date the pa we need to import the datetime library, which contains the date data type. The syntax fo… • Hi, I am a new Python learner. I am trying to solve a problem which requires me to use branching and looping only. Here is the problem: I have done the previous parts and I am stuck at this part. Wh… • Question 2 Question 2 The ancient Greek philosopher Zeno is known for several paradoxes, including one about an arrow that never arrives at its target. I will paraphrase this paradox as follows: if yo… • his question is about Block 2 Part 5. This question requires you to calculate values using Python functions. There are two approaches you can use. Add suitable code to the provided file, then run it…. • p ython Questions 1-4 The file Party.xlsx contains data on a sample of voters with tracked variables, including their party preference (Party=1 or 0), age, whether they own a home, gender… • Here is the covid.txt #Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries on 31 May 2020 Country TotalCases TotalDeaths TotalRecovered ActiveCases SeriousCritical CasesPerMpop DeathsP… • I was having trouble with this one portion of my Linux quiz and was wondering if I could get help with it I realize I only get one question so I would just like the answer to number 2. A few lines … • listToPrint= [‘tator tots’, ‘fish’, ‘candy’, ‘pop’] def list_thing(list): new_string = ” for i in list: new_string = new_string = str(i) if list.index(i) == (l… • https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1zOiyaJKGkOG5Tvtic_6Ct55p3kEVPHCh?usp=sharing Import necessary libraries import os import csv Read a TXT file ‘classic_books.txt’ using Python’s open… • Create 500 random temperature readings for six cities over a season and then plot the generated data using Matplotlib. • Most of the coding is already done. ToDo 1 needs to print out a grid of the current state of the game. ToDo 2 needs to print out a grid when the game is finished. ToDo 3 is comment out. ToDo 4 needs t… • Question: For each of the functions below — identified by name, parameters, and return type — construct a line of Python code that demonstrates how you would call that function. Pass literals as… • write the state of the elements of the list below after the first 3 passes of the outer loop of the selection sort algorithm. Recall the sorting lecture, write the state of the elements of the list be… • Instructions A program that prints a log of COVID shot records on file for a group of 25 people . And print a summary count of all shot records – i.e., a count for 0, 1, 2, and 3 shot records Your sol… • Load the Extended Bakery dataset ( 75000-out2-binary.csv ) into Python us ing a Pandas dataframe. Calculate the binary correlation coeffiffifficient Φ for the Chocolate Coffffee and Chocolate Cake it… • The following shows a sample run if the game was simply highest roll of two dice: How many players are there? (1. . 4) 3 Rolling dice for player 1. ..8 Rolling dice for player 2…6 Rolling dice for p… • For Lab15_5.py you need to download updated PILLOW from the website: https://pypi.org/project/Pillow/#files #### import libraries from tkinter import * from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont… • Question 4: Complex structures [18.0 marks] You are provided with a database of sales records (sales_data_sample.csv). The csv file contains company’s sales records with various information. Each r… • Please help with step 5 and beyond: https:// colab.research.google.com/drive/14EquCCliq2vfDePqb_L4uIlLcJuspTcw?usp=sharing (make sure to delete the spaces in the link) . in this project {for H… • Suppose we have a text file, records.txt, of people’s names and their weights. Each line of the file contains one name and one weight, separated by a single space. Here is a sample file: Jack 80 Jil… • what is the answer What is the length of the following list? Equivalently, if the list below was assigned to the variable xx, what would be the result of the statement print, len (xx) )? [ [True], [6,… • This is a MATLab software question. Lab 2 Homework 1. (moderate) Tax is figured out for a single tax payer as per the following table. Ask the user to enter his/her taxable income and then come up wit… • In a python program, create empty dictionary. Your program must search the attached lyric text file (Sweet Child O’ Mine Lyrics.docx)for the string ‘child’. Upper and lower case counts. Each time… • a + Xbox Ic Code Python 3 (ipykernel) Q 2. Functions and Vice Chancellor Incomes odified In this question, we’ll look at the vc_compensation dataset, containing the 2021 compensation for those with ‘V… • def make_multiplier (scaling_factor) : return lambda x: mul(x, scaling_factor) def make_exponentiator (exponent) : return lambda x: pow(x, exponent) mul takes two variables x, y and retur… • ou work in a government department in IT that deals with space exploration. You are asked to write program in Python that simulates space exploration. The organization has asked you to create and popu… • (Min-heap) The heap presented in the text is also known as a max-heap, in which each node is greater than or equal to any of its children. A min-heap is a heap in which each node is less than or equal… • I want to use a python code to do regression analysis for my dataset. I appreciate if anyone can help me. The response variable is win%. Variables are shown with orange color. I attach a screenshot of… • In Jupyter notebook (python) Question 3: Data Analysis of a field study John has done a field study and the result is saved in Employment.csv file. The study is about employment and type of employment… • . Last week (As of this assignment) the US released population change and migration data for counties across the US during the mid 2020 to mid 2021 period. Since this data is so fresh, lets examine … • Here’s a way of calculating the Julian day daynum of a year: the ordinal number of any date within the year. (January 1 is always Julian day 1.) Use int arithmetic and assume that 1 is the value… • The goal of this project is to gain more practice with matplotlib and functions. The more modular and flexible programs are, the greater their use and reuse. Background Data mining is the process o… • Implement the following query using Hadoop streaming and python with the lineorder table. http://rasinsrv07.cstcis.cti.depaul.edu/CSC555/SSBM1/SSBM_schema_hive.sql ( you still have to add the … • For the following exercises, work with the adult data set. Use Python to solve each problem. Partition the data set into a training set and a test set, each containing about half of the records. R… • python please. A! Wire :1 program to check whether a amber is divisible by 5′ tr not. • Credit Card Fraud Detection as an msc project for data science. an abstract or introduction to the topic • Implement a recursive function, which can receive a string and return a list of words. Input : ‘Hi There How Are You’ output: [‘Hi’, ‘There’,’How’,’Are’,’You’] Condition: only 1 argument(our str… • I want to build a database from this table called city.db ( please look at the picture attached ) using sqlite3 package in python (library). – Demo the table properties and data on the console. ( … • Using the code below can an expect help with the questions below using codes to prove their answers “import numpy as np;from numpy.random import *;idnum = 201263082;seed(idnum+3);W=rand(190)*rand()*5+… • python coding please. QUESTION 11 Given the following Flask app, write code that returns the reverse of C, followed by the reverse of A (B is ignored). For example, the URL http:/localhost:5000/monkey… • Programming Assignment: Homework 3 – Join & Filter Movie & Ratings Data. Recommend a **random** movie that has a rating of over 8.3. Store the random recommendation in a variable called "… • Define a Python function to calculate the area of a circle having the given diameter. Your function definition should satisfy the following requirements: • The diameter must be the parameter of your… • Write a program that computes the value of a+aa+aaa+aaaa with a given digit as the value of a. Suppose the following input is supplied to the program: 9 Then, the output should be: 11106 • no chegg For this assignment you will have to achieve 100% Branch and Condition Coverage. For this assignment, this means that for each conditional statement, you need to have a test case for each com… • how to do a PAC and an algorithm, how to create an IPO and draw a flowchart for solving Quadratic equation • I need help to write this programe in python …#The roots (solutions) to the quadratic equation ax2 +bx+c = 0 is given by the well-known formula x = 2a −b ± √b −4ac 2 Write a program that take… • Using Python version 3, Describe the difference between a chained conditional and a nested conditional . Give your own example of each. • What is the output of print(tuple[-3:]) if tuple = ( ‘abcd’, 786 , 2.23, ‘john’, 70.2 )? ( ‘abcd’, 786 , 2.23, ‘john’, 70.2 ) abcd (786, 2.23) (2.23, ‘john’, 70.2) • During your shift period, you notice that a particular complaint is being reported on “low disk space on Server A”, you engage the Technical Team to fix it, but it keeps coming up even after th… • Background After graduation you accept a position as a Data Analyst at an eCommerce company, ShellsRUs. ShellsRUs sells turtle supplies and they see huge growth in the turtle pet supply market, becau… • . Question 1 (10 points) Let’s assume you typed the following in your Python interpreter: three = 4 four = 3 one = ‘()’ zero = 1 threeplusfour = "zero" + "four" + "three&quo… • Instructions PYTHON Complete the list iterator for the LinkedList class in the linkedlist.py file implementation. Complete the following methods in the linkedlist.py file: hasNext() returns True… • A gymnast’s score is determined by a panel of 6 judges who each decide a score between 0.0 and 10.0. The final score is determined by discarding the high and low scores and averaging the remaining 4. … • Now that we have our own implementation of a stack, we should put it to good use. A stack can be used to calculate the result of mathematical expressions. In conventional mathematics, we often use i… • I’m supposed to print a polygon for 12 players but my code prints out extra table. I can’t seem to find what I did wrong. import random # allows me to use random import turtle #task1 def pocker_hand… • Use a loop to ask the user to enter a series of credit card numbers in a specific format, aaaa-bbbb-cccc-dddd . For example, 4995-3343-2235-9998. You will need to validate that the credit card n… • . you should immediately output an error message. The format of the message is to be the string “Error:” followed by a brief descriptive message about the error. For example: Error: ‘mod’ or… • Element checking For the next exercise, you will be given a 2D array of integer values. The each entry in the 2D array represents an age of a person. Your task is to check where the person represented… • I want to scan the user details from the user and store it to UserDetails.txt file. I also want to scan the Loan Payment Details from the user and store it to LoanPaymentDetails.txt Also I have to gen… • OOP With Text File import pandas as pd import numpy as np import io from io import StringIO import string class NetPayClass: def __init__( self, emp ): ?… • Hi, i need help to make flow charts for these two problems Problem 1: flowchart program to solve a simple payroll calculation. Calculate the amount of pay, given hours worked, and hourly rate. (The… • j . Assignment For this problem you are going to write a program to implement the Vigenere cipher. This is similar to the Caesar cipher except a different shift amount is given for every character i… • Write-a-program with total change amount as an integer input that outputs the change using the fewest coins, one coin type per line. * *T.he coin types are dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and penni… • Hi tutor, the first question (1 Sorting & Collating) need to use the radix sort to do, and the program must with complexity O(TM) which mentioned in 1.3 already. This question need to do in python… • I’m working on a python code for an IRA calculator it’s we’re suppose to enter in the values in the code NOT user input and get an output of how much money we would save for 48 years. The. Code is don… • Given main.py, complete the program that performs the following tasks: Import the csv file mtcars.csv as a data frame using a pandas module function. Find the mean, median, and mode of the column wt. … • Define a pytest test class ‘TestingInventoryCreation’ which tests the behavior of the ‘__init__’ method with the following tests: · Define a pytest test method ‘test_creating… • INSTRUCTIONS : 1) Python Programming 2) Use comment out for understanding better • A sudoku is a popular puzzle that involves using the digits from 1 to 9 in various ways. For this assignment, we will consider only what we call a simplied sudoku. A simplied sudoku consists of an N ?… • Use ssCount function to make wCount function. def wCount(w,G): def ssCount(w,S): len_w=len(w) len_S=len(S) cnt=0 for i in range(len_S): k=i for j in… • A pedometer treats walking 2,000 steps as walking 1 mile. program whose input is the number of steps, and whose output is the miles walked. Ex: If the input is 5345, the output is: 2.6725 it must defi… • Write a class named HasamiShogiGame for playing an abstract board game called hasami shogi. We’ll be using the rules for ” Variant 1 ” on the Wikipedia page, including the diagram of the starting posi… • In python I have my code written . My code is running but it has some problem regarding to rules. (I have did all the other things so you do not have to worry about other functions) 1) fix my scorin… • solve with explanation. O CO COCC Ga Valid Variable | X Final Exam (page 1 of 3) X|G In Python a control structureX G a valid variable name in Pyt X | Abs in 2 Weeks | Abs Work * + Q < 88 moodle.nc… • For this week, we will be implementing various functions related to the social deduction game ‘Among Us’. In ‘Among Us’, players are required to complete various tasks around the map. Given a… • what is the code for this programjQuery224019973295839776361_1567198382281? • {f} T113 absc-lutfl wflua of fill: dificrcnca behvecn Sara’s height (54 inches) and Marks height {5? inches] • Good Evening, I am having this issue. (Python 3) I need a loop that prints each country’s population in country_pop. Sample output for the given program: United States has 318463000 people. India has … • By using Jupyter (python): The Australian State Capital ports are as follows: Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney. Linear Regression and Prediction: Explore the annual f… • In Python Write a program with total change amount as an integer input that outputs the change using the fewest coins, one coin type per line. The coin types are dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and… • using python Problem Write a program that computes the sum of the logarithms of all the primes from 2 to some number n, and print out the sum of the logs of the primes, the number n, and the ratio of … • . False EUR Question 2. kappa (s) (4 points) droit urs. Creez une fonction en Python nommee kappa qui prend comme entree une chaine de caracteres (nommee s, par exemple). La fonction retourne une no… • Can you help me with this coding homework, please. Attached is the instructions ISTA 130: Spring 2019 Programming Assignment 9 (100 points) Lists and Dictionaries Due : April 18* at 11:59 pm (submit v… • The price of one avocado is$1.50 for a quantity of 10 or less and 0.89 cents if the quantity is 11 or more. how do I write a program (use if-else statement only) that prompt the cashier to enter the …
• . Let us assume you have built a CNN with following details It consists of three convolutional layers, each with 3 x 3 kernels, a stride of 2, and SAME padding. The first layer outputs 100 feature m…
• Any Civil engr who is expert in Python may kindly help me . Thanks Description Referring to figure 1, write a user friendly Python code to find member forces (F12, F 23, F13) and joint reactions (V1, …
• Can someone please correct this code for me? I am testing leap year in pycharm def is_leap(year): pass if year % 4 == 0: if year % 100 == 0: if year % 400 …
• If a bagel shop charges 75 cents per bagel for orders of less than a half-dozen bagels and 60 cents per bagel for orders of a half-dozen or more. How will I program requesting the number of bagels ord…
• Write a PYTHON program to input names, hours worked and pay rate for several employees from an input file ( get the file names from the user and make sure hours worked for some employees are greate…
• Good Morning, I am trying to get only specifics rows? for example I want to print all customers with “Purchases Past 30 days” equal to zero balance, but I keep getting all customers, how can I sort it…
• This exercise is part of the ‘GCDE Week 6 Exercises – Regular – timed ‘ exercise set. If you get stuck on this exercise, you can click here to skip to the next unfinished exercise in the set. In t…
• Sorting TV shows (dictionaries and lists) 7.9 LAB: Sorting TV Shows (dictionaries and lists) Write a program that first reads in the name of an input file and then reads the input file using the file….
• Write Python statements that perform the tasks described by this section’s pseudocode. Enter the integers 10 and 5. 2. Show that a SyntaxError occurs if an if…elif statement specifies an else bef…
• I signed up and it said I get 2 questions answered. I’m unable to see the answer. Thanks
• Fix the mistakes Find and fix the mistakes . S. In [ ] : def function_sum (numl, num2, num3) : This function returns the sum of three numbers > > >function_sum (1, 2, 3) 6 > > >func…
• Try writing out the sequence of events for one of the simple instructive processes below: Drawing a square on a piece of 8 x 11 paper.
• I am having trouble modifying part of my python code to display the random roll of three dice correctly lined up in a box and then taking that and making a function from it. Would greatly appreciate a…
• QUESTION:. class PositionalList(-DoublyLinked Base): """A sequential container of elements allowing positional access.""" # — nested …
• the question is described below, exercise 5. it is a beginner python question. Iocalhosl 52.1mm» [w 13 . – – League of Legends [I 13 \pagebreak on.min.)s 201.”an [w 13~ Exercise 5: Python Coding Su…
• sort by food function name: foodSort paramaters: filename(str), foodname(str) given a list of foods you want to make a menu. You are given a filename that contains food data. return a list of…
• Design Layout References Mailings Review View Help Tell me what you want to do Introduction to Computer Science Fall 2021 Programming Assignment 6 In the main function, do the following: 1. using the …
• can i get help with this question? Write a program that shows the entire song “99 beers on the wall” using recursion (not a loop!) The song is as follows: 99 bottles of beer on the wall, 99 bottle…
• please answer in PYTHON Problem 20. Write a Python program that opens a file called "dna. txt", a file in fasta format that contains one sequence, and prints the reverse complement of the dn…
• See screenshot for instructions: CS3723 HW #7 Python (30 points total) Write two Python programs. One that converts a number to a Roman Numeral (roman. py), and the other converts it back to a number …
• Hi, Can you break this question down in lamens terms and explain how I can write the program? Thank you for your help. I’ve been struggling how to write codes with Python and half the time I have a ha…
• Please use Python3.9 for coding. You need to design your solution before you start writing your code for any of the issues below. Using pseudocode, flowcharts, or just about any artifact that demonstr…
• pls answer it. Description: Some positive integers N can be split into smaller pieces, such that the pieces are comprised of consecutive digits of N and such that each piece contains the same number o…
• Draw the Flowcharts that represent the pseudocode for the two modules given below. Pseudocode: accumulateNums() // accumulate how many of each number was rolled // by both…
• How to develop a Python program by applying NumPy to calculate the total sales, the maximum monthly sales, the minimum monthly sales, the mean monthly sales, and the median monthly sales of each year….
• 27 – Python Activity 10 coding python core def sort_ascii(filepath ) : Read all lines from file in filepath and return a list of all lines in case- insensitive ASCII order. Remove all linebreaks befor…
• Here is the question: One trial is one month’s worth of stop-search data – so each trial has n_valid_eth simulated stop search incidents. The statistic we are interested in for each trial is the propo…
• Hello, would someone be able to assist me with this Python question? I need to create a program that will calculate the weekly average tax withholding for a customer, given the following weekly income…
• Given these functions, determine the value of x. def f(x) : return g(x) + math.sqrt(h(x)) def g(x) : return 2 * h(x) def h(x) : return x ** 2 + k(x) – 1 …
• Hello, I need help with my assignment. Please read it below before so that we are on the same page. It is about linked lists – and I am a beginner with Python, so I need some help. ——————-…
• Write a function called bmi that will compute and return the body mass index. It takes two arguments, height (inches) and weight (Ibs). bmi = 702.151*w/(h*h) Enter ht in inches: 72 Enter wt in Ibs…
• Q11 Graphs 4 Points The dictionary bus_stops maps integers representing bus stops to a list of the bus routes that stop at the bus stop. Given target_route , a bus route, write code that: a) adds appr…
• 1.7. Function appendParityRow This function takes a frame and a desired parity, and adds a 9th row of bits that are the parity bits of the columns of the frame. (Did you skip the background section…
• Lab 07 – Taylor Series In this lab, you will create a Python function that calculates the Taylor Series of two mathematical functions. A Taylor Series is an infinite series of mathematical terms th…
• . CNIT15501 – Introduction To Software Development Concepts 5 Option 4 Nested For Loops Lab 1. A Multiplication table Nested For Loops Lab 2. N for N times with commas 3. The Table of Stars 1. A Mul…
• Write a function called middle _numbers(n) which takes as a parameter an integer number with an even number of digits, at least 4 digits long. The function should multiply together the two middle digi…
• I am having some troubles writing a python code for a voter registration card. Code begins as follows print ( “Welcome to the Python Voter Registration Application.”) answer = input(“Do you want to Co…
• Provided is a buggy for loop that tries to accumulate some values out of some dictionaries. Insert a try/except so that the code passes. di = [{“Puppies”: 17, ‘Kittens’: 9, “Birds”: 23, ‘Fish’: 90, “H…
• What is the 5 tables do I need to create? how do I create PK in sql Project: Tools rental store Section A – Setup Python for database connection Project overview The project includes three phases…
• def exercise06(): ”’ Data set: Boston In the Boston dataset, the feature PTRATIO refers to pupil teacher ratio. Using a matplotlib scatter plot, plot MEDV median value of homes as y-axis and PTRATIO …
• Students can use this program to add and drop courses. There should be a loop in the program that tells the user to enter A to add course, D to drop course or E to exit. If A is chosen, ask the user…
• Do Exercise 6.4 from your textbook using recursion and the is_divisible function from Section 6.4. Your program may assume that both arguments to is_power are positive integers. Note that the…
• NEED HELP WITH PYTHON PROGRAM. KEEP THE OUTPUT SAME AS GIVEN. ALSO, SHOW WORK ON HOW YOU GOT IT. PLEASE PASTE YOUR INDENTED CODE HERE. GIVEN PROGRAMS: semesterGrades.py: studentWithStatus.py: MODIFY T…
• Python question, cannot use import as need to try challenge myself on this. Write a function that prints out a word diagonally. For example, given the word computer the function will print out Your co…
• using python you can choose the parameters. 2. LetX,. X2,. .. . X., iid N(ux, 93 ) and Yi, Y2. .. . Y., iid N(up, of ). Let a – 0.05. Make sure you choose ox foy here. a. An exact 1-o confidence inter…
• Encrypt ‘BC’ Using key ‘DEF’= 110111101111 (in Hex) 12 bits total Scheduler subkey K1 = (first 4 bits of key) XOR (bits 5-8 of key) = 1101 XOR 1110 = 0011 subkey K2 = (bits 5-8 of key) XOR (…
• come up with a program to continually ask the user to input a number (int or float) until the user inputs the string “end” to stop the loop. At that point the program should return the following: the …
• students = [(“Alejandro”, [“CompSci”, “Physics”]), (“Justin”, [“Math”, “CompSci”, “Stats”]), (“Ed”, [“CompSci”, “Accounting”, “Economics”]), (“Mar…
• what is the order for python interpreter to reach line 1, line 2 and line 3. Regarding the three classes defined above, what is the order for Python interpreter to reach line 1, line 2 and line 3. cla…
• programming 13. [3 marks] Given the list of numbers below, write expressions to produce the output. In each of the 6 expressions. you must use the list at least once. You may NOT use the actual list e…
• Directions 1. Specify the schema for the crime data set. 2. Read the file using the schema definition 3. Cache the DataFrame 4. Show the count of the rows 5. Print the schema 6. Display first 5 rows…
• Write a Python program that prompts the user to enter the current month name and prints the season for that month. 2. Write a Python program to find the median of three numbers entered by a user….
• I am trying to set up a logger for all failed attempts. Can someone help me? Logger – a log to log all failed login attempts. The Log should include date, time and IP address. Here is my Code from f…
• Would you help me with this code? I am not sure how to approach it after I have the user input the needed values. Thank you in advance for the help.. Write a program named Lab9b_Act2.py that will writ…
• How are keyword arguments specified in the function heading?
• . The dictionary bus_stops maps integers representing bus stops to a list of the bus routes that stop at the bus stop. Given target_route , a bus route, write code that: a) adds appropriate nodes an…
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• python code help. Write a program that takes in a positive integer as input, and outputs a string of 1’s and O’s representing the integer in binary. For an integer x, the algorithm is: As long as x is…
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• please explain Consider the following Python fragment: n = 3 m = 5 n=n+ 3 m= n- m n =n – 3 A. What values do we have in the two variables at the end? B. Can you summarize the meaning of the last three…
• A queue is a data structure use to store items. The next item removed from a queue is always the item that has been in the queue the longest (i.e., was added first – think of a line of people waiting …
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• In Crymland, a team of 3 dedicated detectives are trying to take down Mr. Bigg’s ruthless crime syndicate. The detectives operate as follows: • Each week a single detective is randomly assigned to a…
• The above is problem statement along with the desired output. Below is my working: MONTHS = [‘January’, ‘February’, ‘March’, ‘April’, ‘May’, ‘June’, ‘July’, ‘August’, ‘September’, ‘October’, ‘November…
• How to code python turtle to run snake game, which consists of three main things, snake, food, and monster. The food is number from 1-9, and when snake eat the food, the number of body segment will ad…
• ”’ Assumes that L is a list of integers (>= 0) and strings. Returns a list R containing only the strings of L, in the same order, but if a string S in L is immediately preceded by …
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• Explain the reason behind the correct answer, Thanks for your help in advance ? 1. Python has a built-in package called? A. reg B. regex C. re D. regx 2. Which function returns a list containing all…
• Please help my hoomework. I think you need to use turtle module for drawing a duck. You can use any function for that. Ex. >>>import turtle >>>t = turtle. Turtle &g…
• Please use Python programming language for this.. Task 2 – Routes Problem Description The execution of ip route command produces this output: 0.0.0.0/1 via 10.8.0.1 dev tun0 default via 192.168.2.254 …
• An example program Open this walkthrough video and accompanying Replit showing the complete process for a sample Lab 3 project, adding on to the shopping calculator from Lab 2. Do not use this program…
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• write a class named Car that uses the following data attributes: An attribute variable named __year_model that holds the car’s year model An attribute variable named __make that holds the make of the …
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• ## Exercise 3 Now we are going to use our n-grams to generate some fake text according to a Markov model. Here’s how the Markov model of order n works: ### A. Compute (n+1)-gram occurrence frequ…
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• I’ve been trying to solve this problem for a while now, but couldn’t get it right. If someone could help it would be much appreciated. 1 Constructing strings In this task we consider the problem of co…
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• Please help me with part 5 and part 6 please, thank you!!! . Question 1. Let R’ be the Euclidean space. Let V be a subspace spanned by O HHOO 71 = , 12 = , 13 = (1) Apply the Gram-Schmidt process to…
• Hello, I am writing a program that replaces words in a sentence. The first input begins with the original word and the replacement. The second input is a sentence where any word on the original list i…
• . Pf iCampus Login X Bb Week 4 – Computer Programmin x zy Section 4.2 – CIS 110: Computer F X Homework Help – Q&A from Onl x + X – C D learn.zybooks.com/zybook/Strayer_-_CIS110Winter2022/chapter…
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• Please help me out Write a function in the cell below that iterates through the words in file_contents, removes punctuation, and counts the frequency of each word. Oh, and be sure to make it ignore wo…
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• cannot use for module Write the function intersect ( L, M) that consumes two lists of integers L and M and returns a list that contains the elements in common between the two lists in the order of fir…
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• assignment CMPD223 Introduce Error Deduction with technique Cycle Redundancy Check
• I need help to finish writing a python code that will solve this problem: A statement that assigns total_coins with the sum of nickel_count and dime_count.Sample output for 100 nickels and 200 dimes i…
• Please solve this in python Library : users should be able to search for books by title or by author, should be able to search by book category (fiction, non-fiction, autobiographies, travel, etc.). T…
• PARTICIPATION ACTIVITY 3.3.3: Accessing list elements. 1) Write a statement that assigns my_var with the 3rd element of my_list.
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• def addListElements (aList) : ”’ -write a funciton that takes in a list (aList) of items and returns a tuple of length 2. -The 0th element of this tuple should be a sum of all the ints and floats in …
• *Python* While the zyLab platform can be used without training, a bit of training may help some students avoid common issues. The assignment is to get an integer from input, and output that integer…
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• Create a student database program. This program will allow the following: Add a new student to the database 3pts Remove a student from the database 5pts Display details about a student 3pts Display …
• def makeList(): myList = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] return mylist def delEven(myList:list)->list: for i in myList: if myList[i] % 2 == 0: del myList[i] return myList…
• Count the number of characters in string str1. Do not use len(). Save the number in variable numbs. str1 = “I like nonsense, it wakes up the brain cells. Fantasy is a necessary ingredient in living…
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• We have to define a class, called Solar_System, which describes a solar system within a galaxy. The Solar_System class should have the following instance variables: 1. A planets variable which stores …
• Need help with the above problem. The code that I have written as shown below, returns the number of words as 1189 and not 1140 as shown in the output in the picture above. Code: fileName=”rumpelstilt…
• What data type will Python pick for the following variable? radio = ‘101.5’ A.integer (i.e. int) B.string (i.e. str) C.floating point number (i.e. float) D.list 3.43 points QUESTION 2 Which of t…
• Implement the following function in the PyDev module functions.py and test it from a PyDev module named t01.py: ***Use a While Loop* def get_int(low, high): “”” —————————————…
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• Hi, I would like some help with creating a python program following this, please not only the code, comments and how you derived things would be appreciated 🙂 You are given a string of IV lowercase l…
• 7. The idea is to traverse the input phone number (which may contain letters as in the example, and create new string with the equivalent phone number with only digits in it. Start with a variable c…
• Ask user to enter 4 numbers. Display the numbers in descending order. Use \t inside print in the M ,1; ranking display to make sure all the colonsl . ) are aligned as shown. Match number format You…
• I have two folders. One with 600 odd tiff images and another with the data(attached screen shot below of the data). Planning to build a CNN model. How to connect each image from the image folder with …
• I need some help on code. I have uploaded my code and csv file on mediafire. https://www.mediafire.com/file/l4m1oef2nkacgvn/Q2_SQL.py/file https://www.mediafire.com/file/xihgomn8d2w5y5x/movie_cast.csv…
• Again, you have lost your USIS password!! You went to the registrar office and requested for a new password. This time, you need to follow some rules to set your password. Otherwise, they won’t change…
• I need help with a project I am working on, the project is as follows: Define a Customer class in this module (file name: customer.py). This class has seven private instance variables to store custome…
• Create an SQLite text-based menu in Python that will allow for: Adding records to the database – for example you can show an example of adding a new customer to your database, or adding an order to yo…
• Task Goals: (Each task goal will be evaluated separately) Programming 1. You have to create a small Flask appl…
• clear explanations plz 5. Translation…? By now you should be very familiar with menial tasks such as reversing every letter in a word. Let’s use this to create an ancient foreign language from a sen…
• def _main ( ) : Test client [DO NOT EDIT] . text, k = sys. argv[1], int(sys . argv[2]) model = MarkovModel(text, k) a = while not stdio . isEmpty( ) : kgram = stdio . readString( ) char = stdio . read…
• Python programming 7. Testing your Module In the lecture (slide 71), we saw how we can use the _main attribute/variable to check if our python code has been run directly (e.J. python3 conversions. py)…
• The storage in main memory of an integer number in the order of 20 million, requires the equivalent of Select one: a. 6 characters b. 4 characters c. 3 characters d. 2…
• U ser-defined function called gen_login_id(first,last) that takes first and last name as parameters and generates a default user login id that takes the first three letters of first name and last thre…
• Apply the Imention sort provided in the file "LSsorts py" to the list below. Record the data after EACH pass (each time the algorithm completes the FOR loop) (6 marks) 74 12 26 67 85 49 5…
• You can also make lists that are filled with lists! List-ception. First, create three different lists: . A list called string_list that contains three strings (can be any strings) . A list called floa…
• Thanks for the answer 😀 Question 1 lb) Note: You may add your answers to this question into the word processor document that you began for the question above. (i) Given x255 and v=222.22, write a div…
• Project – Part 5 – Modules Modify the pseudocode design that you created in ITP 100 Project – Part 4 to include at least the following modules. · studentID – to E…
• Hello! I am learning python recursive. How would you code it to get that yellow part?
• Your main program should prompt the user to provide a few words separated by spaces, then display the words the user input back on the screen and store them into a file. Then one more time display the…
• airports = [ (“O’Hare International Airport”, ‘ORD’), (‘Los Angeles International Airport’, ‘LAX’), (‘Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport’, ‘DFW’), (‘Denver International Airport’, ‘DEN’) ]?…
• Hello, I meet some problems while learning the data structure of Python. And I got no idea about solving them. So could you please help out? It’s better if you could offer some essential explanations….
• This is the check2.py Yelp.txt. checki.py check_1.py lab05_util.py X untitled7.py* X check_2.py import lab05_util def print_info ( restaurant) : restaurant [3] = restaurant [3].split( ‘+’ ) print (res…
• there are three exercises question, i am confused about some of the steps in here. Many e-mail servers ignore the presence of periods in the username part of an e-mail address: foo , bar @mailserver ….
• NEED HELP IMPLEMENTING THE FUNCTIONS IN THIS CLASS (DOCSTRING EXPLAINS REQUIREMENTS): from typing import Iterator, Iterable, Tuple, Text, Union import numpy as np from scipy.sparse import spmatrix NDA…
• Need complete code and output screenshots.. 3. Problem Specification: Design and implement a modularised program that does not use any return of values. def main() is to call two functions (names a…
• This Python Programming Project allows you to demonstrate your basic knowledge of Object-Oriented Programming and the use of text files for input and output. NOTE: This is not an opportunity for…
• For each iteration through a nested loop, the outer loop also runs thorough its entire sequence. Is this true or false ?
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• The code has to be implemented by using jupyter notebook. Thank you. Q3: Write a single Python statement to print the alphabets from a to g in a single line. Your output should like as shown below:
• Flowchart and python. Exercise 5 Modify the program from exercise 3 so that it also computes the area and perimeter of circle and square of radius/side the average of the previously entered radius and…
• 4: Clinical disease data (40 pts) Your boss comes to you Monday morning and says “I figured out our next step; we are going to pivot from an online craft store and become a data center for genetic …
• I would like an explanation with a practical example on the minimum threshold criterion used in hierarchical segmentation. In the context of hierarchical segmentation, it is assumed that the criterion…
• Learninglournal Create a Python dictionary where the value is a list. The key can be whatever type you want. Design the dictionary so that it could be useful for something meaningful to you. Create a…
• # create root window root = tk.Tk() root.title(“MPG Calculator”) import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk def click_calculateButton(): miles = float( milesText.get() ) # get miles drive…
• What would proper documentation in doc strings look like if added to this code? I now have a functioning chatbot, but I need to fix the functions bot_feelings and bot_jokes so that if the user asks th…
• obj = pd.series([4.5, 7.5, -5.3, 3.6], index=[‘d’, ‘b’,’a’,’c’]) reindex in reverse order drop the ‘c’ column sort the index alphabetically
• Good afternoon, I have the following Python code: def convertDist(distEntered,distUnit): if distUnit == ‘M’: distMiles =float (distEntered*kmTomiles) ?…
• xml file: . 04. This task also deals with location data. In this case, we have a dataset of cities, the state they are in and the country they belong to. The dataset looks like this : There is a roo…
• Which of the following method is used to perform ANOVA test using statsmodels.stats.anova module?
• #Using Spark RDDs only from pyspark import SparkContext sc = SparkContext(“local[4]”, “hw1”) import wget fileName = ‘https://people.bu.edu/kalathur/datasets/stocks_2013_2021.txt’ wget.download(fileNam…
• The A7 program will interact with a user to take orders for a single shopping cart. The user will be presented with a short menu showing a list of item categories and is asked to enter the number of i…
• what is the code to be put in python to get the following below after your run it: . Enter salary : 99 Enter salary: 50001 Enter salary: 1657 Enter number of days present: 31 Enter number of days pr…
• Given a list of n-1 numbers ranging from 1 to n , your task is to find the missing number. There are no duplicates. Input Format: The first line contains n-1 numbers with each number separ…
• this is my code: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np import pandas as pd from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer cancer=load_breast_cancer() cancer.keys() df=pd.DataFrame(cancer…
• With a home inventory program once the class is defined, how do we instantiate that class? How do we set values for the object’s variables?
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• What is meant by: Generate 10,000 hypotheses in each hypothesis space. Report the average hypothesis g-bar(x) in each case? Here is my code to generate 10,000 random numbers. But how do I find g…
• Describe the difference between objects and values using the terms ” equivalent ” and ” identical “. Illustrate the difference using your own examples with Python lists and the ” is ” operator…
• I need help with these python questions. There are only 5 questions here.
• INSTRUCTIONS : 1) Python Programming 2) No use use of built in libraries and built in functions 3) Use comment out for understanding better 4) Use Functions name and parameter name is same as given …
• Hello, I need help with a python program. References are in the comments. Here are the restrictions: You CANNOT use: recursion break/continue imports (except csv, which has been provided) dictionaries…
• what is the answer What would be the output of the following program? t = [3, [[5, 2,2,5], [2, [1,5],2]],2, [5, [2,1, [4,4]]], [[5,3],2,3,1], [1,2]] print (t[1][0][2] + t[4][3] + +[2] + +[1][1][0] + t…
• Hi! Please answer as quick as possible, also please tell me what value is stored in numbers[3] too! Thank you. numbers = [-w, -x, -y, -z] What value is stored in numbers[ -3 ]
• How do you do a proper pseudo code with the months in a year? and with a loop? without a loop is it like: Start Months = [“January, “February”, “March”, “April”, “May”, “June”, “July”, “August”, “Sept…
• Trace the execution of the following code segment and write the exact output result (8 points) a =5 b =0 for i in range (1 , a , 2): b=b+i print(( "-2d%3d") % (i , b ) ). Comp165 1. Write…
• loops, strings, functions, better-print-Formatting, lists-and-Tuples, Dictionaries-and-sets will use in this project . try this one. The Final Project Task Write a Text-based Computer Game to showcase…
• Please help: I need help with this one question that is broken up into 4 section, as I’m stuck on what needs to get done here so I can learn from these and apply these principles / examples: program3_…
• I am working on a python homework using the pandas library on jupiter notebook. My professor told me to use a .xlsx file about products. This is one of the questions I need to answer: “Question 7: How…
• Legal = True for i in caps: if i not in myTiles: print(“No this word cannot be made from tiles”) Legal = False break if Legal: print (“Yes this word can be m…
• Write a Python program to find the median among three given numbers.
• Link below leads to a list of numbers used for the sorts https://github.com/jake156/list.git from heapq import merge def mergeSort(m): # toDo: define mergeSort here def quickSort(arr): # toDo: define …
• Pls use processing, and language is pythone. Pls use processing, not Tkinter. . Question 1 (7 points): Purpose: Practice combining data from lists and writing it to tabular files. Degree of Difficul…
• display a function named “count_words” that takes a string named “my_string” and returns a dictionary where the keys in the dictionary are the words in my_string and values are the number of times tha…
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• . As you know the inventor of the game chess was quite a clever fellow. As the story goes the inventor presented the game to the king and the king was quite pleased. The king asked what the inventor…
• I am trying to configure a new version of this code. I am trying to make the following changes to class Drone: (a) Change all instance variables to private (b) Define a __str__ method t…
• how to draw python programming flowchart for the following program def main(): lc_STOP_SENTINEL = -1 lv_termNum = 0 lv_stuNum = 0 lv_stop = False lv…
• Question 1 This question requires the use of a .csv file (excel sheet) which you can get it from me, if u send me a mail at courseherohelper94 @gmail.com (courseherohelper94 at gmail.com) I can’t uplo…
• Please provide the Python code for the following question: ===========================main.py================================== def main(): print(“\n——— Task1: Rock, Paper, Scissors —…
• . Course Hero X Bb M2 (2 weeks) – MIST 3050 VC 12 X Bb hw02_control_structure X C learn-us-east-1-prod-fleet02-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com/5f60fa5592063/5221196?X-Blackboard-Expiration= 1644202…
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• Using a csv file called (all_records.csv) write the code using pandas on python that will plot a bar chart with days_lengths (0-7 days, 1-3 wks, 3-6 wks, 7-12 wks, 12 wks – 6mo, 6-12 mo, 1-2yrs,…
• Question 5 : You know that the study was well-designed to represent the population. Why might there be a difference between the population and the sample? Assign the name framingham_diabetes_explanat…
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• # Write the function longestDigitRun(n) that takes a possibly-negative int # value n and returns the digit that has the longest consecutive run, # or the smallest such digit if there is a tie. So, lon…
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• Face recognition is an important task in computer vision and machine learning. In this question you will implement a classical approach called Eigenfaces. You will use face images from the Yale Face D…
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• Airport Conveyer Belt: After the Vaccination process is over, all the passengers are allowed to travel. The attached input file contains the data about the luggage of passengers. Depending upon the we…
• This program is also about exception handling. In Lab 02 we wrote a program for a hotdog stand to calculate total amount due from a customer. We want to add exception handling to the program. The h…
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• Given a group of boxes carried on a trolley, it is requested to arrange these boxes on top of each other to reach the minimum possible height. To enable the man to control the stability of the boxes, …
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• Write a recursive function to check if a number n is prime (hint: check whether n is divisible by any number below n).
• use “matplotlib.pyplot” to make a histogram (X)Level of education: 1, 2, 3, 4 (Y)average grade in each level: 9.29, 10.38, 11.15, 11.64
• Assume a host chooses for utilize a name server not inside its association for address goal. When might this bring about not any more add up to traffic, for questions not found in any DNS store, than …
• program used: Anaconda / Jupyter input: import re # import regex resource # Experimenting tokenization test_string = “Artificial intelligence is an interesting topic. However, there ar…
• Exercise 3 ( grade_dicts_test : 2 points). Write some code to compute a new dictionary, grade_dicts , that maps names of students to dictionaries containing their scores. Each entry of this scores di…
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• QUESTION 1 Python is a compiled programming language, true or false? True False QUESTION 2 Which one of the following operators is used to designate a comment in a Python program? # …
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• Post a Python program that accepts at least two values as input, performs some computation and displays at least one value as the result. The computation must involve calling one of the predefined fun…
• Write two statements to read in values for my_city followed by my_state. Do not provide a prompt. Assign log_entry with current_time, my_city, and my_state. Values should be separated by a space. Samp…
• Can someone help me on this when i do it get an syntax invalid but i did re did and fix it still the same. . . X axis with ticklabel and label rotation: 90 legend other settings of your choice Sampl…
• 3 ( The Account class ) Design a class named Account that contains: A private int data field named id for the account. A private float data field named balance for the account. A private float da…
• csv_top_three Given the handles of an input csv file and an output text file, print the winners of gold, silver, and bronze to the text files, based on the data from the input csv. The input csv file …
• Explain the three properties of a data structure by comparing a Python List and Set as an illustrative example.
• include Exception handling too, Thanks for help A fuel economy study was carried out for five models of cars. Each car was driven for 100 miles of city driving, then the model of the car and the numb…
• Questions is regarding cleaning values in columns of pandas Dataframe. Assuming given the following dataset stored in an Python/dataframe object, write Python code snippets to clean this dataframe obj…
• Project 6.3 Population Data Use the data file USPopulation.txt found in this folder as your data source. The file contains the midyear population of the US, in thousands, during the years 1950 th…
• Colab : https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1z4qmywYUUBx1JN_-0AzHWwYxrl5qPCsI?usp=sharing Solve the Last Question(Q.5) Only. Remaining all are solved. . Q.5 If a player is supposed to win t…
• Please share Python code with output for ‘ping of death’ and ‘syn flood’ attack?
• . Interest Rates Savings accounts state an interest rate and a compounding period. If the amount deposited is P, the stated interest rate is r, and interest is compounded m times per year, then the …
• Create a function get_best_average that accepts a dictionary which contains the grades of various students stored within lists: grades = { "shim": [65, 100, 73], "leywin" : [20,…
• For random variables (RVs) A1, A2 and B, define what it means for A1 to be conditionally independent of A2 given B, written A1 ⊥ A2|B. (b) Given mutually disjoint sets X1, X2 and Y of random var…
• (CO 1) What will display after the following print() function is executed? print(“Welcome!\nNow that you have learned about”, “input\nand output, you may be wondering,\”What\nis”, “next?\””) Welcom…
• how can i make a program that calculate a tax rate for 2 country , user input the choice either country 1 or 2 then user input the salary income and the program calculate the tax automatically? Progra…
• Please answer this question with Python code. Thank you! Write a function glmnet_vanilla that fits a linear regression model from the gimnet library, and takes the following arguments as input: 1. X_t…
• The data can be found here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nRVuqTNO-zhrkegQun2UqIz5O9QdnK3M/view?usp=sharing simply copy and paste the link on the browser, click enter and then download it. Thanks P…
• I am using linux bash and I would like to generate the target code as follow: $./type2.py The new salary is 13333.3 The codes typed by me are as follow: #!/usr/bin/python salary = 10000 increase =4/3… • Write a recursive function flip_two that takes as input a linked list s and mutates s so that every pair is flipped. • For this assignment you are to create three graphs using Python and the Matplotlib library. The first graph should be a line graph of average High temperatures for each month in a given city. You ca… • A class represents an object in the real world – most modern computing works in an Object Oriented manner, using classes and objects (aka instances of classes) to represent the world around us. This w… • . __Practice 1:__ | False | False | False | True | True | False | True | True _Practice 2 :_ | False | False | False | True | True | False | True | True not(A) or not(B and A) • Numerous engineering and scientific applications require finding solutions to a set of equations. Ex: 8x + 7y = 38 and 3x – 5y = -1 have a solution x = 3, y = 2. Given integer coefficients of two line… • # photo_answer = “north quad” # photo_answer = “random colors” photo_explanation = “”” (write your 1-2 sentence explanation here) ” ” “. Which file would you expect to be larger if you compressed it u… • class base_class: ”’ base class, will use a template for children classes; will not be used for creating objects ”’ def __init__(self, ip_add): self.ip_address = ip_add ?… • Hello I need to create a python that script that: Uses the PIL library to create a simple covert communication capability within the true color image provided. I need to make these changes 000, 001,… • Create a new Python script called midterm.py. This script should contain the following: A shebang A docstring with your name and student number A main block (ie. if __name__ == “__main__”:) Now add tw… • This assignment will extend Unit 7 Assignment 1. Submit your code to that assignment first or keep an old copy before you begin modifying it for this assignment. The input data will look the same in t… • Modify the program below to read dictionary items from a file and write the inverted dictionary to a file. You will need to decide on the following: How to format each dictionary item as a text s… • I’m looking to get some help making this output but with my own code that is a little bit better laid out and more well rounded with comment’s and what not, i basically am just asking to get a copy an… • please see screen shots [-] D DE MI # [ ] fix the error print( "I have$" + 5) [-] D MI # [ ] fix the error print (‘always save the notebook") ASCII art Display first name or initials a…
• This exercise will involve a game that simulates a landing craft descending to the surface of the moon. You may have played this game before, we’ll implement a simple version of it. In our version, …
• I need a program that writes the following data to file books.txt . Include the semicolons. Fiction;Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter;Grahame-Smith;Wiley;13.99 Fiction;Frankenstein;Shelley;Prescott;7.99…
• Hello, i create a shapefile in QGIS and read this shapefile in Python on spyder, but i dont know why my shapefile have the title like (le6) where this caming?
• Provided below are the stats of MLB player Ken Griffey Jr’s career by season. With the stats provided, create a list of variables for each category. Each list must have the numbers stay in the same or…
• File Operations Read the students_database.csv file and develop the necessary functions to find an answer to the following questions. Your functions must work on all files that have the same featu…
• In this question you are going to write a Client-Server program: a. Write a TCP server that manages the request from the clients such that it broadcast all the messages coming from the clients w…
• as image described . Background: in Chess, a King can move from any square to any adjacent square in any of the 8 possible directions. A King’s Tour is a series of legal King moves so that every squa…
• #!/usr/bin/python class Student: # Base class for all students studentCount = 0 def __init__(self, name, age, graduatingYear): self.name = name self.age = age self.gradYear = graduatingYear Student.st…
• I’m not too sure what I am doing wrong. A prime number is a number that is only evenly divisble by itself and 1. For example, the number 5 is prime because it can only be evenlly divided by 1 and 5. T…
• # Import all necessary python packages import numpy as np import os import pandas as pd import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap from sklearn.linear_model import Lo…
• It should identify the language of the text that you entered & return the language and the confidence scores. Try extracting just the language with confidence >0.95 from the result below as …
• Can you talk about practical applications of graphs in python. Include commentary on undirected, directed, and weighted graphs. Include examples please.
• How to write code and use child process in python programming ?
• What is map function in Python? Please research and explain in a substantial manner.
• Please do the below program in Python not Java. A word chain is a sequence of words in which every word except the first one starts with the last letter of the previous word. You are given a sequen…
• cs file in C:\Users\10720\Desktop can ignore the imported part 1. Write Python program to sort a data file provided using Bubble Sort. 2.The Input data file: MovieListMBA502.cs A. So…
• write Python code to implement a basic Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The purpose of the algorithm is to estimate the posterior density of a random process by combining your prior beliefs and you…
• This exercise will involve a game that simulates a landing craft descending to the surface of the moon. You may have played this game before, we’ll implement a simple version of it. In our version, …
• anyone know how to do this code exercise? x_str = input(“Input x: “) # remember to convert to an int # first_three = # last_two = # middle_two = print(“original input:”, x_str) print(“first_three:”, f…
• Question 30 (12 points) Which of these snippets results in assigning: the list [1, 2, 3] to the variables a, c and d and the list [3, 4, 5] to the variable b Note: This is a Multi-Select question: Cho…
• Need python code and class diagram for above program.. Question 2: a. Design a class called ISBN to represent an International Standard Book Number. The ISBN consists of 10 digits divided into 4 parts…
• Calculate Charges – Part 1 Calculate the base charge Set the base charge for the rental type equal to the variable baseCharge. The base charge is the rental period * the appropriate rate: For example:…
• with ne = 1000) for n = 4, 10, and 20. Estimate An for these three values of n. (c) Repeat (b) for the Chebyshev nodes x; = cos(?" ), j = 0, …, n. Contrast the behavior of Ln(x) and An with tho…
• Infix expression example: 3+4*5/6 (operators are between numbers) Infix expression evaluation: 6.3333 Postfix version of the infix expression: 345*6/+ Question: Define a class InfixExpression Assume f…
• (1)Given a list of numbers, you can compute a new list containing the difference between each element and its subsequent element. For example, given [1, 2, 5, 3], the difference list would be…
• Case Study Domain – Retail focus – Optimize Book RENT Business challenge/requirement BookRent is the largest online and offline book rental chain in India. The Company charges a fixed fee per month pl…
• Task 1: You are to write two source files as described below: · The first file named stockApp.py , should contain the following two classes: · The first is a class called…
• Assignment 4: Recursion and Complexity Instructions Part 1 – Recursion Write recursive functions that solve each of the following problems. Your functions must be recursive — that is, they shoul…
• Compute their Cartesian product, AxB of two lists . Each list has no more than 10 numbers. For example, given the two input lists: A = [1,2] B = [3,4] then the Cartesian product output should be…
• Problem 2 . (20 Points) Please perform the following tasks: Please write function that calculates the Sharpe ratios of assets, defined as annual geometric mean of excess returns divided by annual vola…
• How do I complete coding on jupyter notebook please?
• What is the operator “%” used for ? ______________________________________________________________ Now determine the values of the following below: 10 % 2 __________________ 48 % 1 __________________
• wh Place the appropriate letter before each function. _ cars _ PRoPcass _ cars _ RIGHT _ COMPEL _ scan _ CDMPRESS _ srerp _ FIND _ sussrn _ LEFT _ TRANWRD _ LENGTH _ TRJM LDWCASE UPCASE a. Concatenate…
• Your program is going to compare the scores of two volleyball teams that play each other. To win a match in volleyball, a team must get 25 points. But the team must also win by 2. So even if a team re…
• How to code this problem in python? . Bulgarian cycle def bulgarian_cycle (piles) : Mien the total number of pebbles in the piles is the lath triangular number, iteration of the earlier Bulgarian…
• Return a “last name to first name(s)” dictionary with the people from the “person to friends” dictionary person_to_friends. The person to friends dictionary is P2F = {‘Jesse Katsopolis’: [‘Danny R…
• please help me out anyone with this paper I really appreciate for help. Part B. Predict the Output. What is the output of the script testairplane . py on Page S? Use the variable trace table on Page S…
• Create a function called newsku This function should take the product name and category as parameters. If the category is ‘tech’, return a string that contains the first three letters of the…
• please help me 6) Write a script that will perform the following jobs: a) Use dictionary data structure to store the data given in the table b) From your dataset, pick a random Car Model, calculate it…
• Implement a function average () that takes a string parameter containing the name of a text file. The file contains a list of numbers on each line. The function should not crash and skip any item that…
• import datetime as dt def currentDate () : # Student code goes here print(currentDate()) #Expected outcome will vary, but should follow this format: The current date is 9-11-2018. The format has to be…
• Good afternoon, we need to develop a python system that, when faced with a question formulated as a string entered by keyboard, indicates that it contains the words of that question at least once. If …
• towns = ‘get_list_of_university_towns()’ startdate = ‘get_recession_start()’ bottomdate = ‘get_recession_bottom()’ houses = ‘convert_housing_data_to_quarters()’ houses[‘recessio…
• Python Question 1. With Python Modify this following code so that the turtle makes turns of any angle between 0 and 360 (not restricted to integers). from turtle import * from random import randra…
• Simple program that can take two characters from user get the value of n for the length of string to generate finite number of strings and make all possible combinations. 2. Make a program to perfo…
• Question 1: Game Code A game software requires its player to enter the number of days, hours and minutes (all of type int) since the last time the player played the game. It then displays a 2-characte…
• I need help with this assignment I can’t seem to get it correct. Option #1: Creating a Program to Calculate the Value of a Ferrari Assignment Instructions Implement a program that reads in a year and …
• Program 4: Getting Loopy Part 1: You can do A, B, and C in one program with multiple loops (not nested) or each one in a small program; it’s up to you. A. Create a loop that will output all the pos…
• . Challenge 3: Text Mining . Use the R package sentometrics available at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sentometrics. If you are not familiar with R, simply use the data in the package’s souce f…
• I need help with this program I cannot get it to work for me. It is for my python course.
• (Indexing, 23 pts} At the end of books, there usually is an index that lists the pages where a certain word appears. In this problem, you will create an index fora text but, instead of the page nu…
• using emu8086 Answer this question. Question 1: Write a program to display your name , ID and convert your serial number into binary number NOTE : name : Nada Ali Serial number & ID : 202007651 …
• Problem 2: In this particular project, we are going to work on the inaugural corpora from the nltk in Python. We will be looking at the following speeches of the Presidents of the United States of Ame…
• Format for the code: . 1 Description Chris has to complete a programming assignment overnight. He has to write n lines of code before morning. He is dead tired and he tries drink…
• 2 Display Time (20pts) Create a Time class and initialize it with hours, minutes and seconds. 1. Make a method addTime which should take two time object and add them. E.g. if your original initial pa…
• I don’t see is there any change from the code that can make this run.
• (Python)Lets say I have a data like this a = [ ’10’ , ’11’ , ’01’ , ’00’ , ’10’ , ’00’ , ’00’ , ’11’ , ’10’ , ’00’ , ’00’ , ’01’ , ’01’ , ’11’ , ’10’ , ’00’ , ’11’ , ’10’ , ’11’ , ’11’ ] how to write …
• Make a modest Web page using Python flask. The basic components of HTML should be included. The Web page should have at least 3 Headings(<h1>), paragraph (<p>), comments (<!– –>), …
• Hello, please find attached. Thanks Here is a Python program. import turtle sides = 3 def p1us(): global sides if sides < 18: sides += 1 turtle.clear() for i in range(sides): turtle.forward(1@9 – s…
• This is an ungraded assignment. Please give me the Python 3 code to solve the following problem: #We’ve written the function, reverse, below. This function #takes a string and returns the reverse of i…
• A 5-period moving average is used on a time series of 25 values. How many moving average values are available?
• Please help me make a single web page from scratch on the sport Cricket. For the paragraph, you can copy from Wikipedia you don’t need to write it yourself. Thanks . 10. 11. some .’ hen t_,_,§?…
• I need help with what i’m missing. The objective of this lab exercise is to give you practice in programming with one of Python’s most widely used “container” data types — the List (commonly call…
• https://onedrive.live.com/view.aspx?resid=7831DBEC268CDBE3!1464&ithint=file%2cxlsx&authkey=!AlUvc5t40uf_lYg CSV file 2020 https://onedrive.live.com/view.aspx?resid=7831DBEC268CDBE3!1466&it…
• At a certain university, passwords for the university’s network must be at least 7 characters long. Write a program to display the criteria for the password, and ask the user for their password. P…
• tweet= Status(_json={‘created_at’: ‘Fri Oct 22 07:00:10 +0000 2021’, ‘id’: 1451443243699167232, ‘id_str’: ‘1451443243699167232’, ‘text’: ‘RT @DodgerInsider: “When our backs are against the wall, we pl…
• Hello! I would definitely enjoy a tutorial in this lab assignment. Please not just only an answer, but an explanation into the reformatting and analysis also. Code and cover sheet attached. Thank you …
• I’m having serious trouble figuring out how to start coding for these problems. I’d be more specific, but honestly, I’m horrible with this coding language and I have a hard time remembering things abo…
• Write a function that checks if a string is a palindrome. A palindrome is a string (can be a single word or a phrase) that reads the same way backward as it does forward (not considering capital lette…
• Write a program in Python that will examine how much rain fell during the months of June, July and August of the previous two years (2019 and 2018). For each month the program needs to prompt the user…
• In this program you will write the logic for a vending machine. The vending machine will have at least 5 menu options for the user to select. The user will enter a number corresponding to the item t…
• can u help me with this program that prints the percentage of readings that are outside the allowed range (0 to 5 degrees Celsius), as shown in the examples below. Note that the percentage is printed …
• . 10.14 LAB: Warm up: Contacts You will be building a linked list. Make sure to keep track of both the head and tail nodes. (1) Create three files to submit. . ContactNode.h – Class declaration . Co…
• , please evaluate using ethanol as molecule Goals: Write a computer program to take a set of atomic symbols and Cartesian coordinates for a collection of atoms and determine all possible interatomic d…
• Staff members are attending a conference. The conference runs for two days and staff members can attend either day, or both days. If they are attending day 1, they will receive the red conference …
• Suppose the binary search algorithm (fig 5.14) was being used to search for the entry V in the list A, B, C, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T U V What would be the first and second…
• The __str__ method of the Bank class (in bank.py ) returns a string containing the accounts in random order. Design and implement a change that causes the accounts to be placed in the string in …
• Part 1: Rectangle Use the script below as a starting point to make a Rectangle class. Your rectangle class must have the following methods; A constructor that takes a length and width as parameters ge…
• Python question. 1. Write a method save_model (self) that saves the TextModel object self by writing its various feature dictionaries to files. There will be one file written for each feature dictiona…
• Make about Python Contents section of the report Abstract Introduction Background History Features Sample code conclusion
• Background: in order to know our customers in a more holistic way, we would like to put our customers into different segments based on their transaction behaviours. 2) Data format: a. Customer and …
• SOURCE CODE: # NOTE FROM BOB: DO NOT EDIT THIS STRING # SIGNS_GROUPS is a string representing a group for each sign: # – Group 0 has Aries, Leo, and Saggitarius # – Group 1 has Taurus, Virgo and Capri…
• Please help me creating the python code. I am stuck here.. Thank you so much. The txt file : 2016-2017 1 1 1 4 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 3 1 5 0 3 2 4 4 2 4 2 0 1 0 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 1 2 0 2 6 7 2016-2017 D W D W…
• d = {} d[‘Sally’] = 27 The above Python code statements perform two actions. Which of the following action pairs correctly identifies these actions?
• Import HBAT200 data into RStudio 2. Build an appropriate regression model that will explain X22, “Current purchase/Usage Level” (Please note that X19-X23 are outcome variable, so do NOT use them …
• This is a Python Question. please provide Python Code
• In python Decorator This question has two other function such as def reverse_decorator(function:callable): def shorten_args_decorator(function:callable): That I answered and they are correct. please…
• For Loop: What is the sum of all odd numbers between 21 and 39 (inclusive)? Answer this question using a for loop, and using range. Save the result out to a variable called sum_result .
• #Write a function called average_rainfall. average_rainfall #should have one parameter, a list of integers. The list #represents daily rainfall measurements for a certain area. # #However, at some poi…
• Imagine going from Arad to Bucharest in the following map. Your goal is to minimize the distance mentioned in the map during your travel. Implement a uniform cost search to find the corresponding path…
• Part I: Define a class Employee where one object of class Employee represents one Employee. Each Employee object will have: • instance variable for first name • instance variable for last name •…
• Write a PYTHON CODE: The game of “Jump It” consists of a board with n positive integers in a row except for the first column, which always contains zero. These numbers represent the cost to enter each…
• Hello! I want to run the same code multi times in a loop without the need to copy-paste the same code everytime. How can I use pandas to read from an excel file and to assign values at each iteration …
• Code (Binary Search): VERBOSE = True def main(): firstNames = [ “Andres”, “Ben”, “Brandon”…
• Using a new Jupyter notebook, create a 100 x 100 times table matrix using the following three methods. Use the timeit function to measure the execution time of each method. Nested for loops Numpy from…
• In python, Briefly explain why we might want to read a file line by line instead of all at once.
• Using only Numpy Initialize the Dow Jones Industrials dataset as shown below: values = np.loadtxt(‘http://people.bu.edu/kalathur/datasets/DJI_2018_values.txt’) dates = np.loadtxt(‘http://people.bu.edu…
• Please help.. Question 2: Str Write an iterator that takes a string as input and outputs the letters in order when iterated over. class Str: "** YOUR CODE HERE ***" Test your code by either …
• Design pattern Imagine you are building a graphics engine for a mobile gaming studio. There are three classes: Square , Rectangle , and Triangle . Each will have a draw function that will print …
• My goal is to invert the dictionary but yet the output is the same order as the start. What am i doing wrong here? = Dishes = {“Pasta”:”Italian”,”Baguette”:”French”,”Burrito”:”American”} def invert_di…
• Decision Tree, Linear Regression of this csv table using python? var_0 var_1 var_2 var_3 var_4 …
• Writing a function to spilt “Energy” dataset into training and testing data. Parameter input: StartYear: int (default value = 2012), EndYear: int (default value = None). Ontput: Train, Test (Data type…
• PYTHON Q1 and Q2: Run the below cell to get started. Then, respond to each question. import numpy as np import pandas as pd from scipy. stats import beta, truncnorm import seaborn as sns np. random. s…
• Copy the countdown function from Section 5.8 of your textbook. def countdown(n): if n <= 0: print(‘Blastoff!’) else: print(n) countdown(n-1) what is …
• Hi! I need the whole python code for this unit test. Thanks for the help!!. Take-home test for Unit 10 Prisoner’s dilemma: Why do MirrorPlayers win? The player simulation we implemented in this unit i…
• Design an OOP System for a Calculator . Your design that you submit should at least 3 classes / entities that you would define. Tips: 1- Think of high-level abstraction of a behavior or functionality …
• (30 points ) Develop a class Meal Card that keeps track of a student’s food purchases at the campus cafeteria . A meal card is assigned to an individual student . When a meal card is first issued , t…
• It is not clear how we will focus on solutions with the Random Gradient Descent Method. We stopped the algorithm when we reached a certain number of steps in the lesson. Using the code in the lesson, …
• Write a program that reads a list of integers, and outputs whether the list contains all even numbers, odd numbers, or neither. The input begins with an integer indicating the number of integers in th…
• Write a Python program stored in a file L7q2 . py which will ask the user to enter a filename, and open the file for reading. You may assume that the text that is in the file is stored as one sente…
• I am writing a function to solve hanoi tower recursively. def tower_of_hanoi(fr, to, aux, num_discs): if num_discs ==1: print(fr,’to’,to) else: tower_of_hanoi(fr,aux,to,num_dis…
• flag = 1 while (flag == 1): hourlyRate = float (input( “Enter hourly rate : ” )) hoursWorked = float (input( “Enter the hours worked : ” )) amountPaid = hourlyRate * hoursWorked print ( “The Amount pa…
• Any help on how to start any of these or what concepts to use to tackle them would be greatly appreciated the file looks like this thank you in advance!. Step-0 Read-in the preference file The first…
• Write a program that creates a dictionary containing the U.S. states as keys and their abbreviations as values. The program should then randomly quiz the user by displaying the abbreviation and asking…
• we have to write two programs in this solution 1.) A program to count and print the number of occurences of all combinations in two dice roll 2.) A program to count the number of alphabets in a given …
• Im stuck between these, it it very confusing. w import pickle class Account(object): pass #remove pass instruction and write your class definition here class checkingAccount(Account): pass #remove pas…
• http://prntscr.com/l5zepa Some python homework I’m struggling with. Thanks for the help.
• I need help getting started with an assignment for a geospatial programming class. I need to designate a dataset showing “wilderness” areas in a national park. These areas are defined as 2,000 feet aw…
• . Q2.2 Bubble sort and its optimization 10 Points The following is the code of bubble sort, 1. def bubble_sort (my list): 2 N – len(my_list) 3. for i in range ( 1, N) : 4 . for j in range (…
• I am working on my final assignment and need a review/help to clean up the code and use all the best practices within IT-140 course guidelines
• What are they talking about when they’re asking for the input string? I am confused. escape.py 5. 1. Challenge 1 # Input from the command line Collapse Escaping import sys hamel = sys . argv [1] name2…
• Create a program that reads a text file (CarList.txt for example) and assigns a random vehicle within the file to the user and then prompts the user by asking if they would like to check the inventory…
• Problem 1: Create a list that contains the months of the year. Problem 2: Create a loop to print the number and the months of the year from the list. The would like this-
• In order to see the full solution (i.e., the sequence of moves from the initial state to the goal state), we need to add a method to the State class that will follow predecessor references back up the…
• # Write a function “index_capitalized_words” to build a dictionary of all words starting # with a capital letter and their occurrences in the text. # E.g. if the text was [ “Alice!”, “said”, “the”, …
• Hometown City USA is analyzing traffic patterns to determine whether trafficlights are necessary at tracked intersections. Each tracked intersection has adata file where each line contains the numb…
• please help Question 17 1 pts Identify why the following code returns False. { ‘A’ :1, ‘B’ :2 ). get(‘C’, False) O Invalid key returns default value O { } does not support the get() method O The code …
• The question is: Define a function drawCircle. This function should expect a Turtle object, the coordinates of the circle’s center point, and the circle’s radius as arguments. The function should draw…
• Julie has collected data on the average monthly temperatures for each month of the year. She is writing a program to print these out in a list, e.g. January 15.0 February 13.8 March 16.5 etc. …
• How can I make a modular program in Python, using files and exceptions to process payroll for all hourly paid employees, save all the data into a text file. The program should allow user enter each em…
• Notice the new plot no longer shows the ball at negative values of y, which would mean the ball had passed through the floor. That’s not very realistic. Make a similar fix to your throw_ball() met…
• For defining a varialbe for “Land Area” which of the following are valid python variable names
• how can I make a program to find the largest value. Ask the user to enter three numbers. Compare them and report the largest one. [Hint: The user is free to enter any three numbers. Some or all …
• How do i create my code to separate the true and false evaluation in another if statement to correctly return a true or false result? realtime_availability = realtime_availability[idx:] # remove encod…
• Can someone please explain to me what I am doing wrong/what I a missing to be able to output a graph. I am getting an error: [float(dd[1]) for dd in data[1:]] from like 8 down. I have attached a sampl…
• http://www.cdf.toronto.edu/~csc108h/winter/assignments/a3/handout.shtml I need to complete this assignment till tomorrows 8.45pm and everything should be without errors and correct in a3_type_checker….
• I need help with the structure of this program and what coding to use ng to find most popular single products and transaction data: retail.txt. Each row in reta omer, including a set of product ids se…
• I need to convert an object into an array for filler words and show filler words with no count that will not be shown. This is for python. Any suggestions? This is written as an object: filler_word …
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• Please do these and please include all imports. extract fig 2 frame: This function takes the DataFrame you created in hw5 (illustrated at t bottom of the previous page) and returns a frame that looks …
• can i get a pseudo code for this flowchart. word document Input (coke) Input (Pepsi) Input (choice) People= Yakins choice M=m-pepsi M=m+2*pepsi Continu e? Display result
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• This is my question: https://www.coursehero.com/tutors-problems/Python-Programming/27401632-Hi-I-am-trying-to-create-a-CART-function-in-python-and-I-am-totally/
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• ..below . Python programming in VSCode The city of Crymland is plagued by a syndicate run by Mr. Bigg. Initially, Mr. Bigg supervises 7 thieves. The thieves operate as follows: • Every week …
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• . CHALLENGE ACTIVITY 5.11.1: Loop else. 375510.2350218.qx3zqy7 V Jump to level 1 1 Type the program’s output 2 stop = -13 total = 0 for number in [6, 4, 7, 6, 7, 4]: print (number, end=’ total -= nu…
• Give sigmoid function and squashing for this. Explain clearly every thing for an upvote. D NB is Super Interpretable & also gives feature to runtime compl – low Train time complx -7 low run time S…
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• Please give comments explaining how you corrected my code. Full explanations please. I am really trying to understand the problem. So, the task is that I must find Pair Sums, whereas, given a list of …
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• *** PYTHON *** 1. create text file that contains your expenses for last month in the following categories: – rent (mortgage) – gas – food – clothing – car payment – miscellaneous then write a python p…
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• import time import numpy as np # Algorithm 1 finds median in O(n log n) time def find_median (a, n) : # First we sort the array sorted(a) # check for even case if n % 2 != 0 : return float(a[n // 2 ])…
• python programming Q1. Define the vector v= [5 4 3 2]. Then use the vector in a mathematical expression to create the following vectors: (a) a= 3+5 4+4 3+3 2+2 (b) 6= 15 4+ 3′ 2′] (c) c= 5 (d) d=
• . This question focuses on Part 3 {seiection} and Part 4 (repetition). As inspiration for this question you might iike to revisit Activity 4.8 of Part 4, which uses a iist of specifi. characters. Th…
• I need help expanding the following Python code. I need help in adding an option for the computer to guess as well as the user to guess a number. I also need to add a menu system. In case I missed i…
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• Hello! Please help me with answer, I cannot unlock what is on site even it is paid. Thank you in advance. Section 6.2 of your textbook describes incremental development. Do the exercise at the end o…
• print("[[[0, 22], [11]], [, [11, 22]], [[o, 11, 22]], [, [11], [22]], [[0, 11], [22]]]\n") print (‘all_partitions_of ( [0, 11, 22, 33]) : ‘ ) print (all_partitions_of ( [0, 11, 22, 33] ) ) p…
• or word in text.split(): for vowel in vowels: syllables += word.count(vowel) for i in range(1,len(word)): if(isvowel(word[i-1])==True and isvowel(word[i])==True): syllables-= for ending in [‘es’, ‘ed’…
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• 51, Local-gov, 33863, Masters, 14, Married-civ-spouse, Prof-specialty, Husband, White, Male, 0, 0, 45, United-States, <=50K 29, Private, 132874, HS-grad, 9, Married-civ-spouse, Craft-repair, Husban…
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• Hello, would you help with this python code. The second image shows part a which I have done. I don’t know how to do part b or c. Thanks. . 2. Given the ellipses (x – 1)2 (x + 2)2 (y – 5)2 + = 1 and…
• Please can I get answer both problems with python codes but don’t forget as the instruction of my teacher there are three line comments . a) your name, b)program status – either “Complete” or descr…
• Write it down in Pseudo Code please, explaining step by step on how it works simply. (I’m using Python 3 in my class). Maria has asked you to create a program that prompts the user to enter the lower …
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• Question Datastore with Consistent Hashing Introduction We’ll extend the… Datastore with Consistent Hashing Introduction We’ll extend the simple consistent hashing based datastore shown in the…
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• In mathematics, the Basel problem consists in determining what is the value of this sum with an infinity of terms: 1/1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + 1/16 + 1/25 + 1/36 + 1/49 + … i.e. the sum of the inverse of a…
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• Sample data: this is the AAPLcsv file: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DpQpBBaLKFVWiUIOItkakdkY2HpRvJdt/view?usp=sharing import pandas as pd import numpy as np def change_groups(datafile,thre…
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• Could you please help me with this computer science Question. I need the program completed in Python. Could you help me? I am quite new to Python and I need to help with this program within 1 hour so …
• make only python program Source \documentclass[11pt]{article} \usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry} \usepackage{natbib} \usepackage{mathpazo} \bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{,}{,} \usepackage{chngpage} \usepackage{…
• hi, i have questions on this code instruction plz help me out T^T . create_scrabble_dict: This function takes as input a list of strings. It returns a dictionary that maps integers representing the nu…
• Write a series of Python statements that will read three strings from the user, and then print them in dictionary order. (Note: you can compare two strings using the relational operators.)
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• no test cases for this, in python . Question 2 – Complimenting Your Style [6 points] Man oh man, you all are going to hate me for this one… So on A6, some people were asking, "What about negat…
• how to use python to solve this question Question 4 (17 marks) Note: The maximum mark that you can received for this question depends on whether you use loops to solve the problem or not. If you do no…
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• Assume the level of the ocean is rising at about 1.6 millimeters per year. PYTHON PROGRAM: Write the Python program for this problem using the Python IDLE editor. a. Set up a for loop that displays …
• PYTHON ONLY PLZ Write a function called rotate(head, n) that takes the head of a Node chain and an integer, n, as parameters. The function must rotate the Node chain to the left n times and ret…
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• 6-17 The following program is already written. You are to modifications the program and add all the exceptions # This program allows the user to search the # coffee.txt file for records matching a # d…
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• HEY EXPERT, can you please just write the code, I will download the file and plug it into the python on my end. . AutoSave O OFF 5 . G … 3 countyPopChange2020-2021~ Insert v EX AY- O. Arial 10 AA …
• I need assistance graphing with Python. Is it possible to adjust the code and add string values, so the rows display integers and characters in the Seaborn heatmap are shown below? For example, ins…
• Hello, I need help solving this Lab simulation, It uses Boolean operators: Detect specific values for if-else statements and I am very new at python on so I need help solving it. It is very difficult….
• Python Basics 1 – [Scaping out texts] Objectives 1. Understand how to read and code Python programming language. (LO2b, LO3a) 2. Identify contemporary issues in financial reporting and data analytics….
• Objectives: Familiarize yourself with the OSINT framework Explore OSINT tools Run a practical task using OSINT tools Note: you can download and install the tools on your own computer or work from the …
• Python Basic Problems: Without numpy and sklearn. Do not import any libraries apart from given and solve in general python Q1: Given two matrices please print the product of those two matrices Ex 1: A…
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• Hello, I need to write the code for the following exercises: 1) I wrote this code but it is not working: import numpy as np from scipy import optimize def main(): “”” solving a regular constrained …
• Write a Python function called baikal as described in the docstrings in q6test2.py. The function takes a list of integers as a parameter and should return True if: The 1st and 2nd element differ …
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• please help my homework. . Introduction Reverse Polish notation (RPN), also known as reverse Lukasiewicz notation, Polish postfix notation or simply postfix notation, is a mathematical notation in wh…
• def transpose(A): Description: This function computes the transpose of a matrix, A. Assumption: • The matrix, A, will be represented as a 2D list • Do NOT assume that A is a rectangular matrix. Yo…
• Is there any way I can do this without using zip? Also without using any matrix libraries.. Odef matrixmult (m1, m2) : result = [[sum(i*j for i, j in zip (m1_row, m2_col) ) for m2_col in zip(*m2) ] fo…
• 1) Calculate a 95 percent confidence interval for the “Gross output – Year 3 (Rs)” 2) Define two different measures that you consider most appropriate for measuring the performance of the units. …
• . Consider the following code segment: After the code has executed, int nums1 = { 28, 5, 30, 37, 12, 23, 19, which of the following 7, 35, 9, 34 }; statements are true? int nums2 = new int [nums1 . …
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• Map of the Territory Here you’ll replicate something we’ve done in the background code for grading exercises. The input will be several integers on the same line, separated by single spaces. Your prog…
• Hello, these are practice problems given in order for me to practice for an exam. If you could help me with this I would really appreciate it so I can make sure I am prepared for my exam. The program …
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• Here is the questions to solve: you don’t have to explain I just need the codes. Write a Cylinder class to get the desired output as shown below. 1. You will have to create a Cylinder class. 2. You wi…
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• I’ve put all the information here, so don’t leave any comment such as missing information , unless you can solve it. Really need someone who is master in python! thanks Essay Analyzer Many websites…
• The following command: algos = { ‘search’ :[ ‘DFS’ , ‘BFS’ , ‘Binary Search’ , ‘Linear’ ], ‘sorting’ : [ ‘Quicksort’ , ‘Mergesort’ , ‘Heapsort’ , ‘Bubble Sort’ ], ‘machine learning’ :[ ‘RandomForest’ …
• Your task is to write and test a function which takes three arguments (a year, a month, and a day of the month) and returns the corresponding day of the year, or returns None if any of the arguments i…
• Part A: WORD & LINE CONCORDANCE APPLICATION: The goal of Part A is to process a textual data file (WarAndPeace.txt) to generate a word concordance with line numbers for each main word. A dictionar…
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• Dear Python Tutor: Please complete the following Python problem. Make sure to read the directions properly and make sure your program contains the require concepts and methods. Please refer to the bac…
• Hi, I need help below. I got the error as following: File “/home/workspace/adjust_results4_isadog.py”, line 82, in adjust_results4_isadog if results_dic[key][1] in dognames_dic: IndexError: list index…
• How would I write the pseudocode to process the tasks for dice roll? For the first module, write the pseudocode to process these tasks: (Note: lines beginning with # are comments with tips for you) …
• using nearest neighbor, classify and print the Body Style of the following Car: Honda, 5.3, 4.4, 5.6, 2.9,4.7 I already have the minkowski distance matrix but I am unsure of how to answer the above qu…
• def get_file(): def ends_with_new_line(filename): def numbers(filename, max_number): def squares(filename, max_number): Please give examples of each. The file contents should look like. Since this is …
• Please use this code matrix, and provide steps behind code. Thank you. CostMat = [[0,6,8,6,7,3,5,2,3,2,5,5,4,4,5,8,7],[6,0,6,3,2,5,7,4,7,8,11,7,6,8,11,10,13],[8,6,0,9,8,5,3,8,5,8,5,13,12,12,9, 16,9],[…
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• HELP ASAP! I WILL RATE ! TESTING CODE !! MUST USE IT class Athlete : def __init__ ( self , activities) : for a in activities: # Ensure passed activities are on the sport’s list …
• Question 2 Create a python module first.py and write a function square_plus_one(num) that simply squares the input num and adds one to it. For example, square_plus_one(2) – 5 and square_plus_one(3) = …
• Python Question. 4. (6 pts) The following two functions each determine the distance between the two closest values in list 1, with 1en(1) = N. (a) Write the complexity class of each statement in the b…
• I am stuck on def play_madlibs(madlib) and def get_random_madlib() in the following code. The docstrings are what the function is supposed to do, but I am unsure how to write the ones listed above. He…
• Could you help me figure this problem out with Python and SpaCy?. Task 3.1.4: Complete function extract_events1 The function extract_events takes the doc object generated by spacy with huggingface/neu…
• Start with the following Python code. alphabet = “abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz” test_dups = [“zzz”,”dog”,”bookkeeper”,”subdermatoglyphic”,”subdermatoglyphics”] test_miss = [“zzz”,”subderm…
• would you please tell me how to do questions 4 questions and the file is from excel also the excel information is too much I can’t take screen short I need you to show me every question how to working…
• Mandelbrot Set (50 Points) BACKGROUND: Consider the following iteration Ent1 = Zn +c (1) where zi, c E C, and suppose zo = 0. Depending on our choice of c, the iteration (1) will either be bounded…
• Please add comments to explain the steps.. Create a Python script file (named error_handling.py) that demonstrates several kinds of errors including, a syntax error, file-handling error and…
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• # review and run example using \n (new line) print (“\\\WARNING!///”)
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• Explain the meaning of the error message produced by the following code, specifically as it relates to this code. Suggest how you would overcome the error without using exceptions handling. The error …
• Create a genetic algorithm using python to find global minimum lowest potential energy of a 5 atoms cluster they interacting with the law rij distance between atoms place the atoms in…
• Consider the following specifications. a) Greets the user. b) Asks the user to input a 1, 2 or 3. c) Given the input, reads in the appropriate datafile and displays a stem-and-leaf plot. a. Note: This…
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• How do I write Python program to accept a string and return all words in the string that are enclosed in quotations marks (single quotes or double quotes). For example: Enter a sentence containing a w…
• Complete test_get_last_syllable_empty with your unittests. For each test method, include a brief docstring description specifying what is being tested. For unittest methods, the docstring description …
• Question 1) Single screen with information about a the 2020 Olympics Please help, how to an application using PyQt. where a user must enter the name of an Olympic sport and a single character, example…
• T/F A pair can be constructed using list objects. 2. T/F A sequence must support element selection. 3. T/F List Comprehensions enable many sequence processing operations expressed by evaluating a …
• In the textbook Intro to Python for Computer Science and Data Science I working on exercise 13.1 in chapter 13. The question says: Twitter is truly an international social network. Use the Twitter Sea…
• Activity 1: Let’s review these operations first: str1 = “python” str2 = ” rocks” str3 = “!” str4 = str1 + str2 str5 = str4 + str3 * 3 #What is str5? We can also instruct the computer to search for…
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• Assignment Using the IDLE development environment, create a Python script named tryme4.py. (Note: an alternative to IDLE is to use a free account on the pythonanywhere website: https://www.pytho…
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• The code below takes the list of country, country, and searches to see if it is in the dictionary gold which shows some countries who won gold during the Olympics. However, this code currently does…
• Wwhich code do I use to automate the creation of directories and files in python
• Question 1 what purpose are high-level programming languages used? Question 2 What is one similarity between low- and high-level programming languages? Question 3 How is a high-level programming la…
• # PURPOSE: Scan ports on 127.0.0.1 to determine which are open # and which are closed. import socket import pickle import sys from urllib import request # Do not modify this function. def get…
• def my_all(my_list:List[int])->bool: “””Our version of the all function. https://docs.python.org/dev/library/functions.html#all This function takes a list, and returns True only if every element of…
• The following algorithm must be performed in Pseint: Help! I need it already done in Pseint please!! *Nuevo documento de texto: Bloc de … Archivo Edicion Formato Ver Ayuda Write an algorithm that, g…
• what is the solution of the following questions? (5 points) Write a function transitive closure(A) that computes and returns the transitive closure A+. You may assume that A is a 2D list containing on…
• can you explantion this question and find correct answear for me. Program 2 – Superhero Results: Learning outcome focus: Decision Structures File name: a1_2_superhero.py This program helps determine t…
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• Suppose we are given a large bag of 3-letter words where each word might have many duplicates. We would like to pick a certain number of “different” words from the bag. Therefore, every time we pick…
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• Create a program to calculate the number of seconds since midnight. For example, suppose the time is 1:02:05 AM. Since there are 3600 seconds per hour and 60 seconds per minutes, it has been 3725 sec…
• Hey guys! for this question, I need to write a code that will check for valid directories from this given URL: https://www.secdaemons.org/ I need to use this text file to check to see if the listed di…
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• so i need help coding in python…. i have broken it down to steps and have already assigned variables. Steps User will input a given strain within the data range of 0 < x < 0.27. Stress and the…
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• ks My library > IT 140: Introduction to Scripting v3 home > 5.2: Parameters zyBooks catalog ACTIVITY J.Z.Z. basic Tunicton Call. Complete the function definition to output the hours given minute…
• can you help with this code? . LAB ACTIVITY 4.17.1: LAB: Seasons. E ZyBooks catalog Help 4.17 LAB: Seasons Write a program that takes a date as input and outputs the date’s season. The input is a st…
• . Consider the following two-point BVP with mixed BCs: -u”(X) = for), x 6 ((1,1)), W!) = a, u'(b) = .3. Let U E Dh denote the numerical solution we wish to construct to approximate u at the usua…
• I just need help with the python script at the bottom of the instructions. we only use more simple python commands for now go to OPS245 WIKI by Seneca and you can see what we use . New Tab * *Course…
• Analyze Earthquakes The National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) determines the location and size of all significant earthquakes that occur worldwide and disseminates this information immediately…
• Fill in the blanks in the code so that the program produces the expected output. n = 3 for i in range(2, 5) : n = Answer*n Answer i print(n) OUTPUT: 6
• Please kindly do a quick and perfect work. Describe the difference between objects and values using the terms "equivalent" and "identical". Illustrate the difference using your own…
• (32 points) This question considers decision tree learning for classification: (a) (8 points) Define Gain ratio and Gini impurity as a splitting criteria for constructing decision trees. For Gini i…
• would you please tell me how to do question 2 and 3 then tell me what is code is it ? Thank you helping me . Question 2: Write a program in which you ask user to enter a string in a loop. if us…
• How do I use annotations or the plt.arrow function to display an arrow between two connected points? Similar to this graph but with two connected points on each side: . 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0_ -2.0 -…
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• Python help: lists and data frames Convert the list in code to a dataframe or a series. Replace the list in the PeriodicTable with a dataframe and fix any code that gets broken by the insertion …
• \Explain how your pseudo random numbers are produced. Generate 10,000 pseudo random numbers. What is the min, max, and mean? Does that make sense? Find on the D2L a text version of War and Peace by Le…
• Need to create the module and that you can call the modules from another file. Have to be 2 files Python my_main.py my_module.py The main program will import the module. The module will have 3 funct…
• Food consumption The task in this last part of the assignment is to analyze the data on food-consumption behavior. Several CSV files are provided with this assignment that contain data regarding which…
• Complete the read_movie function for the Movie_utilities module. Sample data: Dellamorte Dellamore |1994| Michele Soavi |7.2| 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 Test Movie_utilities.py: def read_movie(line): “…
• This is all I have.Need help with the bolded questions below Customer segment is dependent variable which is also y X = dataset.iloc[:,0:13].values y = dataset.iloc[:,13].values from skle…
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• intro to programming python, I couldn’t get the code to run, please help, edit or fix or come up with another code for this function. firstly you gotta >>> from cs103 import * pdf/#doc/qa NEW…
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• USING PYTHON 3 I need help incorporating this feedback into my code. The script I have written DOES work, but it is not what my teacher is asking. I am unable to go back and reread the book due to onc…
• We are trying to test a function called validateEmail. The purpose of the function is to take an email address as a string, and either return a tuple of the local part and domain of the meail, or rais…
• Run Final.py three times with three separate inputs: your name in quotes, 5+9 in quotes, 5+9 without quotes. Write down or capture the resulting outputs. Explain what is happening, and why it …
• Hi, can you please look over the task provided and create the code needed. Thanks, driver.py and other test files are at bottom of question. >Background With the emergence of Internet companies suc…
• Writing a function to spilt “Energy” dataset into training and… Writing a function to spilt “Energy” dataset into training and testing data. Parameter input: StartYear: int (default value = 2012)…
• NOAA makes available a dataset of monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) from 1850 to 2019: https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cobe2.html, specifically this file. Questions: What is the mean…
• Just this, let me know if you have any issues, thanks!. In this program, we will be working with command line arguments and redirecting inputfoutput. This program should: 0 Have three files, prog9.p~,…
• Need help solving this using python 3. thank you 7.26 LAB*: Program: Online shopping cart (Part 2) This program extends the earlier "Online shopping cart" program. (Consider first saving you…
• Currently working on a simple python script that will work through a list and append a value to each item. In this case it’s meant to take a string of a playing card and assign it a numerical value. U…
• Please help with an example problems 1 and 2. 1. Create a generator that returns Fibonacci numbers. 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, and so on. Must pass the test below and work infinitely if needed. 2. Create a …
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• python b). Consider the following system of differential equations: dR = aR+ bJ, dJ dt dt = CR + dJ. We can regard this as a simple model for the dynamics of love between Romeo and Juliet, where R(1) …
• Coding: Given a SQLite database “orders.db” containing a table named “ProductOrders”, write a python program to complete the following tasks step by step. READ ALL TASKS BEFORE STARTING. 1) Connect …
• Question 1. Let’s start by loading the Fama-French 5-factor data into a Table using a string containing the URL. In [ ]: ff_url = ff = … ff Question 2. The Mkt-RF column contains excess returns of t…
• Show the content of the following list at the end of each iteration of (the main loop of) Insertion Sort. [8, 2, 6, 2, 7, -1] Use one line per iteration, with the final line being the sorted list.
• Briefly describe 3 ways that lists and strings are similar.
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• Translate this from MATLAB code to Python code: w=[-2 1]; b = 0; a = hardlim(w*[1;1]+b)
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• I need help with #3.. EXERCISE 3 – Create a program that takes a list of lists # my list = [ [1, 2, 3] , [4,5,6] , [7,8,9]] # and reverses the list along with each sublist # my list = [[9, 8, 7] , [6,…
• You wish to back up your DHCP server configuration by using python script. You may let user enter options: a. enter backup destination folder/file name. b. default to /tmp/backupDHCP.txt
• numpy and pandas df=pd.DataFrame({‘id’:[‘i10012’, ‘i10013’, ‘i10014’, ‘i10015’, ‘i10016’, ‘i10017’, ‘i10018’, ‘i10019′,’i10020′,’i10021’], ‘age’:[19,18,28,33,32,31,46,37,60,25],’sex’:[‘female’,’mal…
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• Assignment Exercise 1: Using the following list, do the following: Sort it in ascending order Print out the smallest value in the list Print out the largest value in the list [15, 70, 15, 38, 49, 9…
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• hello I am really stuck with this question, can please ask if you could help me, especially the actual python code. thank you in advance This question is about Block 2 Part 2. It assesses your abilit…
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• 03 – How Well Known Can They Really Be? 10 coding python Return the well-known ports as a list of integers. Ports 0 through 1023 are considered well-known. def q1( ) : pass
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• My assignment: Select at least two comparative reviews from the Reviews file and apply the Liu Chapter 8 techniques to summarize them in a brief report. Report the ID or the reviews used. Use the 6-…
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• The Fibonacci sequence is defined as follows for a non-negative integer x : f(x)=⎧⎩⎨1,1,f(x−1)+f(x−2),if x=0if x=1otherwisef(x)={1,if x=01,if x=1f(x−1)+f(x−2),otherwise So, f(0) =…
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• 6 Warm up: Parsing strings (Python 3) (1) Prompt the user for a string that contains two strings separated by a comma. (1 pt) Examples of strings that can be accepted: Jill, Allen Jill , Allen Ji…
• Question 20: Find Input from Output: Loop Analysis Input a value for arg_list with at least 3 elements such that rval is 5. arg_list = def list_func(li, x) : for i in range (len(li) ) : if li[i] == X:…
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• ~ lab5.py – FA\CSC108\lab5.py (3.9.7) 0 X lab5.py – FA\CSC108\lab5.py (3.9.7) 0 X File Edit Format Run Options Window Help File it Format Run Options Window Help Copyright (c) 2021 Michael Liut, Haoch…
• Hi, can you explain how to fix this code? Please don’t copy the answer from other websites. Thank you! Write a function called total_nums that takes a file handle as a parameter. The function reads th…
• In Python: A program that accept as input a string with a set of numeric grades with at least 6 grades using this format (“65, 70, 90, 40, 80, 85”). If the user enters anything other than numeric…
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• python programming Assignment : Programming with Python Due Date: September 7th,11:55PM General Instructions: Please make a note of the instructions below before submitting the Assignment: 1) All subm…
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• Stuck on this: Make a program that first reads in the name of an input file and then reads the input file using the file.readlines() method. The input file contains an unsorted list of number of seaso…
• Can someone help fix my python code I do not get the correct output here is my code #Defining the function create() def create(): #open the file grades_file = open(‘grades.txt’,’w’) …
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• def 10 : msg = "Enter days late: " d – int (input (msg) ) return def (days, replacement fee = 0 if (days > limit) : print ( "You must pay $25 to replace this item.") replacement… • Can someone please solve this for me so I can learn from it, I have no idea how to do it, please help. Needs to be done in Python in Jupyter Notebook. Link to datasets(csv files) —> https://go… • My question is related to pandas data cleaning . I have one csv file in that all the data is maintained. 1 Read the file data.csv . 2. Create a view of the dataframe containing the columns: ‘Create… • Domain – Media focus – optimize selection process Business challenge/requirement Motion Studios is the largest Radio production house in Europe. Their total revenue$ 1B+. Company has launched a new r…
• Using Python , Subject is Object Oriented Programming …
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• Can someone please help fill in only the AI Section and Main Loop Section, rest has been done. Just need to convert pseudo code to Python Code. P.S. I would appreciate if CoachEagle can do it, as the …
• Write multiple if statements: If car_year is before 1968, print “Probably has few safety features.” (without quotes). If after 1971, print “Probably has head rests.”. If after 1992, print “Probably ha…
• Now, we are going to put these together. Copy your code from the previous checkpoint to a file called check3.py. As in checkpoint 2, you will ask from the user a starting point: file number, paragraph…
• . In this problem, you will create a function that automatically converts a numerical grade into a letter grade using logic flow. . First, define a function called grade_converter () with an input a…
• pyhton programming. Text-Based Adventure Game Next, let’s create a simple text—based adventure game. There is no real goal of this game, except that you will enable the user to explore a world of …
• 13 LAB: Count characters Write a program whose input is a string which contains a character and a phrase, and whose output indicates the number of times the character appears in the phrase. Ex: I…
• Project Three: Event Scoring You are working for a company that is responsible for determining the winner of a prestigious international event, Men’s Synchronized Swimming. Scoring is done by seven (7…
• Question 1.1 (1 point) Assign ucsd to the DataFrame that results from setting the index of ucsd_admissions_raw to ‘ID’. Question 1.2 Acceptance rate is defined as Acceptance Rate= # Admitted /# Applie…
• . from graphics import * Program: C5 115 Lab 3 Part C Author: Your name Description: Using the graphics package, this program will draw a number of circles. def main (): window = GraphWin( "Cir…
• Hi, can you explain how to fix this code? Please don’t copy the answer from other websites. Thank you! 3. Write a function file_analysis that takes a file handle as a parameter and returns a list of t…
• Need help with the below python questions: Q6 – 7: Q8: Q9: Q10 – 13: Problem 10 Referencing the code above, what does the following line do? If index = 6 End if print "Sorry we did not find your …
• Python Programming Problem 1 Writ a program that counts all the vowels in a string. The program should allow a user to enter a string input and print out a number response. Problem 2 Writ a function t…
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• computer program that determines whether or not two Latin squares are orthogonal.
• . 9:01 97 9 98% Programming upload the Python program for the following: Answer program for Leap Year and Fibonacci series Choose either of the prime numbers problem Write a program that will input …
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• b) The function values in the points of computation are computed for every single point of computation and placed into a vector, p, by using a for-loop. Do the same for p(a), but remember to use a dou…
• Implement following binary-search tree functions: – search(key) – insert(key) – delete(key) – print_in_order(): prints the keys in the binary tree in ascending order.
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• this is simple python programming questions, using simple form to solve it is ok thanks I’Mlike Your kinisn’t In this problem in the " Kevpull. py" file ) I’m a kenible typist , especially w…
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• . Binary Search Binary search is a relatively quick algorithm to find an index within a sorted (non-decreasing) array, whose value is equal, or almost equal, to a specified value. Thus, you define t…
• The question is…… Who is most likely, on average, to also have a loan: those with an admin job, a blue-collar job, or entrepreneurs? See attachment for complete guided exercise so you can get an i…
• I need some help to generate a program whose inputs are three integers, and whose output is the largest of the three values. Ex: If the input is: 7 15 3 the output is: 15
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• Write a class named RetailItem that holds data about an item in a retail store. The class should store the following data in attributes: item description, units in inventory, and price. Once you have …
• what is the answer What would be the output of the following program? Please note that the operation x % 10 (i.e., x modulo 10) is always the same as the rightmost digit of x (e.g., 123 % 10 = 3). CC …
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• can you please help me q1 NB: the links provided are optional you can either use codes provided in the links or the codes provided in the images below a quick optional way to a program code a…
• keyword = “\\” ID = [] for i in range(0,len(Job_data[‘filenames’])): before_keyword, keyword, after_keyword = Job_data[‘filenames’][i].partition(keyword) before_keyword, keyword, after_keywo…
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• explain the selection sorting algorithm. Given the following list of numbers L =[86, 36, 99, 53, 14, 3, 93, 9, 35, 5], show the contents of L after 4 (four) iterations (steps) of the selection so…
• IT/Python: Web Forms & UI The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate how different scripting languages can interact to produce common results that you see on the web every day. Create …
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• Given a partial main.py and PlaneQueue class in PlaneQueue.py, write the push() and pop() instance methods for PlaneQueue. Then complete main.py to read in whether flights are arriving or have landed …
• LAB: Strip plots Write a program that loads and subsets the dataset in titanic.csv. Load the pandas module. Load the dataset in titanic.csv as titanic. Create a new data frame, df, by subsetting …
• In jupyter notebook (python) I have the following code, and I need help with the graphing part. I need to plot sales for each agent in a separate graph, and add enough information (such as axis titles…
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• Using Python how can we set a base class Employee that has the following attributes: o Employee’s name (string) o Employee’s address (string) o Vehicle data (Vehicle object). • The child classes Ful…
• helper: def is_vowel_phoneme(phoneme: str) -> bool: “””Return True if and only if phoneme is a vowel phoneme. That is, whether phoneme ends in a 0, 1, or 2. Precondition: len(phone…
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• Implement a file processing program that generates a course grades summary report based on the course, instructor, and student data stored in a file. The program will prompt the user for the name of t…
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• Write pen and paper solutions first. Then write code to solve this problem! (coding with beginner python level) . 7. Battle- Plays a single round. Compare top cards of each deck, determines the w…
• http://prntscr.com/laz7vx How do you generate a deck of cards that has 4 suits and 13 ranks, I used import random to start with but creating the function body is what I’m struggling with. The first nu…
• Using the list a and vowels as defined: names = [ “Euclid”, “Archimedes”, “Newton”, “Descartes”, “Fermat”, “Turing”, “Euler”, “Einstein”, “Boole”, “Fibonacci”, “Nash”] vowels = [ ‘A’ , ‘a’ , ‘E’ , ‘e’…
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• I need help with my Python coding.. def summation(sequence): “”” Input: sequence: python list Return: summation of the numeric elements: int or float “”” tota…
• The bottom rests on concrete and is not accessible. It has a height h and a radius r, A mathematical bug is sitting on the cistern at point A, and has established a coordinate system to cover the enti…
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• Sample Output : 1. Menu 1. Look up an employee 2. Add a new employee 3. Change an existing employee 4. Delete on employee 5. Quit the program Enter your choice: 2 10. Enter employee name: Sam 11. Ente…
• Question 9 (16 points) You are allowed to use Wing 101 in this question A car rental company has two options for rates: Rate 1: flat rate per day (e.g. $40.50 per day). Rate 2: rate based on time and … • Hi, so i have attached lots of documents but basically, Raw 1,2,3 refers to the raw text that i am looking at, What i get refers to what i get when i run the code and what i want to get refers to what… • Function to print the nth Fibonacci number. The function must take n as an argument. Note: “Code only in python language”. • Python 2 – A factory class to produce an object given a “row” of input data, such as might be obtained from reading in a CSV file. 3 – Iterate over all sample rows give… • Please show step by step explanations. Thank you very much • Suppose the column X of data frame df contains names of States such as North Carolina, North Dakota, etc., where the partial string ‘North’ appears in the data value. To find the total number of such … • Using the pypcapfile library, along with the sample PCAP File, develop a Python Script that extracts features of each packet. For each processed PCAP File generate a report with the follo… • Rockpaper program codes in python. winner = None p1_score = 0 p2_score =0 rounds =1 def check_win(win_val,lose_val): if win_val == “S” and lose_val ==”P”: return True if win_val == “P” an… • py: from data import students def grade_students(): def filter_session(sess): pass def filter_topscore(studs): pass def print_scores(studs): pass if __name__ == ‘__main__’: pass data.py: fr… • Using the CFI website example at Leverage Ratios – Debt/Equity, Debt/Capital, Debt/EBITDA, Examples (corporatefinanceinstitute.com) Download from the SEC latest 10K filing for Southwestern Airlines… • In python， given the ip address, such as 202.112.20.150/25 , or simply 202.112.20.150, output the exactly entire list of ip included Note:broadcast ip is excluded from list To input, use raw_input, … • Python 3 question please help!! 🙁 The PDF attachment includes: 1. The question 2. The restrictions we have to create program 3. Examples of the output -The program’s output should match exactly w… • . QUESTION 7 What values are in result_set after the following code is run? my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} other_set = (2, 4, 6} result_set = other_set.difference(my_set) Oa. { } O b. {1, 3, 5} O c. (2… • When your program has worked through the entire input file, it is time to write the output report, which is the calculated signature of the author of the piece. The output file must be called ‘final-… • a python program that gives Bank Staff selects “close account”. 2. System prompts bank staff to enter an account number. 3. If the account number is valid, the system makes the balance to zero and rem… • Why is the python autograder block me not to pass the assignments in week 4? • csv be like this, 50 cols x 899 rows python code thanks . Problem1: The Estimated Value for Each Warehouse Note that you are not allowed to use dynamic programming in this problem! In this problem 1… • fix this code. In the first table, the windchill must be calculated using the formula and not hardcoded. The WC should be calculated using the arithmetic formula provided in the interactive input… • q1- find a method and apply that will return the index of following array instead of sorted element array is x = np.array([2, 1, 4, 3, 5 , 66 , 99 , 0 , 11 , 22 , 67 ]) • What is the time complexity of the following: f(N) = N^2 log N + 2^N • write the answer. 2/8 b) Identify and indicate if the following identifiers are valid or invalid. Give a short reason for each invalid identifier. Else OPY ii . Ccicp? iii. 40 icp 20 ACE [3 marks] ne • Question 5 4 pts Which of the following expressions is/are equivalent to p —> (1? Select all that apply. III—”1+”? CHI—>17 Ufipéfiq £1qu. Question 6 4 pts Suppose we have the follo… • This program outputs a downwards facing arrow composed of a rectangle and a right triangle. The arrow dimensions are defined by user specified arrow base height, arrow base width, and arrow head width… • I need some expert in programming especially to those who is Electronics and Communications Engineering . I badly need your help for this. It will help me big time. Thank you for understanding. I alre… • Here i have attached my project that i am undertaking it has all of the details necessary, i have to create the program in python to calculate the time and fuel for the given plane to fly a certain di… • Description: The class Queue defined in the file Queue.pyc, defines queue objects having the following public methods: *Queue() A parameterless ctor that produces an empty Queue *error() Returns… • Write a program that predicts the approximate size of a population of organisms. The application should use text boxes to allow the user to enter the starting number of organisms, the average daily po… • USING PYTHON PANDAS From scikit-learn implement Gaussian Naïve Bayes on load_breast_cancer() dataset. Explain load_breast_cancer dataset, and tell what are the classes, features and samples of this… • I am using Python Programming software and I have a dictionary containing data for 25 songs. I want to loop though all tracks and print all track names in the collection “In Between Dreams (Bonus Trac… • . Drawing Multiple Polygons using Python’s Bokeh Library After going through week 12’s lesson contents, write the code that will visualize the following three polygons (by the given coordinates) by … • Please show work! 1.2 Exercise: Consider the following: import math def distance(p, q): return math.sqrt( (p[0]—q[0])**2 + (p[1]—q[1])**2 ) def find_closest_point(p, L): # write your code here to … • How to write a python program to play the “Tic Tac Toe” game? You may find details about the game via the link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe. The game has two players, player 1 (uses the ‘… • How can I implement the following? #SortStudents is a counting sort function . Takes as input a list of Student objects, #sorted alphabetically by name (last, then first), and outputs a list of #St… • Write class called Doctor that inherits from Person, add new attributes/methods you want. Requirement: Display a doctor profile in the final result. Grading Rubric [6] Helpful input prompts are used… • What is the output of the following condition statement if A = 45: A < 45 • Calculate the runtime complexity by writing the time complexity opposite each line. lst = list(range(1_000_000)) # ———————->… • Information given “plant_eph =[34,51,20,47,22,19,24,18,33,45,36,42,30,25,44,33,47,35,51,15,24,13,25,32,49,28,37,17,13,32,24,18,22] plant_perm = [31,40,43,37,23,45,53,46,44,25,47,34,41,31,37,34,42,37,1… • You are given a positive integer, which we will refer to as THRESHOLD. You are also given a Python list of numbers in a variable called weights. You can assume that each entry of the list weights is a… • Please help !!!! The data set is attached. In Python, only using Pandas, Numpy, Sklearn Model Selection, Sklearn Linear model, Sklearn Feature Extraction, and Nltk packages produce the following and… • def log_to_file(fname, theme): ”’ You have a artist friend that likes to jot down some inspirational words when the mood strikes. These fits of inspiration always have a theme that he needs to r… • This week we will work with class by creating a virtual garage. Vour program will use the inheritance diagram from this week in order to create a parent class and two child classes. Your program … • I have lab03 in Mohawk College in 10001 comp programming fundamentals it’s about debugging with data • Need python help. Chapter 6 Implement function easyCrpto(s) that takes as input string and prints its encryption defines as follows: def easyCrypto(s): ‘prints the following encryption of s: Every cha… • I need help with this python assignment I am working on . First of all I need to create a class in the module. secondly I need to convert all the function into methods in the class. I need to make sur… • I need help with these python questions and explain o Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion: 0 Create a variable named Fahrenheit with an integer value of 125 0 Implement the formula you have been given to… • . Your task is to create a class called Browser which has two attributes 1. current_page which is a string of the name of the current page opened in the browser. 2. history which is a list of string… • Explain why when building a python application that will store names, birthdates, and addresses of family members it would be helpful to take advantage of grouping these values instead of having to l… • Write Python expressions corresponding to the following statements: a) The sum of the first five positive integers b) The average age of Sara (age 23), Mark (age 19), and Fatima (age… • This week you will add a list to keep track of all the numbers guessed and modularize your code. Be sure to import random at the beginning of your code and use a comment block explaining what your … • THANK YOU!!!!!!!! Please write pytest as well Progressive Taxation Now that we’ve made so much money with our investment, it’s time to pay taxes on it. Write a function with a parameter income that ca… • Design the wireframes and storyboard, interactivity diagram, object dictionary, and any necessary scripts for an interactive program for customers of the Natural Munches Sandwich Shop. 1.Allow custo… • Assume the following class implements the STACK abstract data type (ADT) using the array ADT. class aStack(iArray): def __init__(self, capacity = 5): self._items = iArray(capacity) self._top = -1 self… • Population Change (25 points) Create program called popchg.py that enables DBVac to update the state populations for states in the database. Your program should: • Include a comment in the first… • Hi, I can’t find a complete solution to assignment5 for fundamentals of programming? “Most importantly flowcharts” Week 5 Assignment: Pseudocode and Flowchart Solution Instructions: a FLOWCHART an… • Can you please help me learn this? Codia Project File Edit Find View Tools Education Help Node version Project Index (static) Configure…. BFEDELL ank-transac… 5. 6. Final ch… CO VO UT A WN H # G… • 10 Points Here are three versions of a code fragment located inside a function: Version A for Index in range (10) : DoSomethingInteresting(Index) if (Index % 2) == 1: print (Index) return Version B fo… • Please help thank you Program Description Write_a PyTest module that queries the DuckDuckGo api for “presidents of the united states,” and tests that each president is listed in the response. (If … • Question -Based on Privacy and Security in Online Social Media. Jupyter Notebooks / Google Colab is strongly recommended for doing this Question and showing analysis, graphs, and code. Link for Parler… • write a python script so take the log file as an input. requirement: parse the logs. For each valid BlockHash( valid BlockHash means it starts with “message”:”[Announce] Sent Announce Message!!” and e… • Homework 3 Opened: Thursday, 24 March 2022, 12:00 AM Due: Thursday, 31 March 2022, 11:55 PM Write a program with 3 functions: RectPerimeter, TriPerimeter, and CirclePerimeter Each of these functions s… • Results for Lab 01 – Tuesday Lab X + X lab/tree/Downloads/STOR%20120%20lab02.ipynb G Help STOR 120 lab02.ipynb . STOR 120 – Lecture 06 – Tem X I nc-est2014-agesex-res (1).cs X E SleepStudy (1).csv X X… • For the two definitions, how is (self) used to create their respective codes? Would you mind walking me through to adequately comprehend each step used to come to the final outcome?. class Board: &quo… • Question 7: We are now in a position to run a hypothesis test to help differentiate between our two hypothesis using our data. Define a function complete_test which takes in tbl a table like minnesota… • Assignment: Create a python script to convert an IP address from a string to an integer For now, use a hardcoded IP address of “192.168.30.125” (we will modify later) Display the integer version of th… • in python using this api https://covid-api.mmediagroup.fr/v1/history?country=Mexico&status=confirmed the cases for each date are a running total i need to get ouput: the month with the highest … • Can you help me with these questions? 1. Convert these into Python code: (a) Einstein’s field equation (from Physics – relates gravitation with the speed of light, Gud the curvature of … • I was wondering if someone could help solve this code ASAP? I have provided the spec sheet and a couple test cases with input (in a form of a file) and outputs. Please try to keep the code as simple a… • How would I fill this table for Program 1, that allows the user to enter the details for each customer, and save these details into a file specified by the user. The entered details are the customer’s… • Interpolation with Python 4. Let Pv be the trigonometric polynomial of lowest order that interpolates the periodic array fj , j = 0, 1, …, N-1 at the equidistributed nodes aj = j(27/N), j = 0, 1, ….. • How do I add the string , hello! in python to this expression # Input from the command line import sys name = sys.argv[1] • ”’Hi, I need to write a code for an exercise that takes, id, age, weight and height of a gym clientes and them print(or returns) the tallest, fatest and oldest with their data associated properly(id… • Codes for part 1 and part 2 Your software company was invited to provide a proposal for a company in Australia. You currently have the cost in US dollars and need to convert the prices to the Australi… • #MUST BE USING A WHILE LOOP split(s): “””Returns: Returns a list of works (separated by spaces) in s Words are indicated by spaces; there is always a space after each word. Example: split(‘a b c d ‘) … • Skip to main content UNIVERSITY UoPeople Time OF THE PEOPLE My Courses * Resources * Links * Faculty . Contact us English (en) Feb 22, 2022 Aka JoPeople The Education Revolution 6:11:27 am Job posting… • python programming . Here are the specifications for the main function draw rectangles: draw rectangles () : (a) Prompt the user for the number of steps to use when drawing the Sierpinski carpet assum… • I continue to get the error below for this program I wrote please help solve this error below: The following cell failed: 1 #hidden tests for problem 1.5(b) are within this cell * HIDDEN TESTS T… • csv: https://1drv.ms/x/s!AsJmq4RS6w5ulQTHy_B1w7uNbM-_?e=ntWbC9 Lab_5L_2.csv: https://1drv.ms/x/s!AsJmq4RS6w5ulQYiISmfwFwvtFLH?e=m5kN0g Lab_5L_3.csv: https://1drv.ms/x/s!AsJmq4RS6w5ulQgcF8mZNf… • . # This cell is only for your reference. Use the code below to test your code. #c = CalculatorO #c.get_input(} #Add two numbers #print(c.execute_operation(‘add’)) # Subtract two numbers – Should gi… • Using the IDLE development environment, create Python script named tryme4.py. (Note: an alternative to IDLE is to use a free account on the pythonanywhere website: https://www.pythonanywhere.co… • . Day H(R) R R- "(R-) R R+ "(RF ) O(R ) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 4. does your stock lose more on a "down" day than it gains on an "up" days. 5. are thes… • For this complete this lab.lecturelab I will go over all the concepts that I used when solving this lab assignment in order to ensure you have all the tools you need in order to you will be creating y… • PLEASE HELP ME WITH THIS QUESTION USING PYTHON DICTIONARY OPERATIONS Project Requirements Create an empty dictionary and store it in the cust_data variable. Also, create a list holding the attributes … • Which of the following scenarios would be best represented in Python using a tuple ? Select all that apply. (a) The name of a person’s hometown. (b) Someone’s first name, last name, and date of b… • The Final project for DS700 simulates a real-world scenario. There are two parts to the Final Project- Part-A: Students will utilize the SQL skills they have acquired in the course to generate th… • Who can help me with Python (Computer Programming) homework? • I am having some issues with this code. First I receive this error if I type in the wrong number option. Enter 1 to add course, 2 to drop course, 3 to list course, 0 to exit:CSC103 Traceback (most rec… • Using Python, perform k-means clustering on City_MedianRentalPrice_2Bedroom for Houston and Dallas locations only (https://www.kaggle.com/paultimothymooney/zillow-house-price-data?select=City_MedianRe… • 6 a last assert fails, shows ufunc ‘isfinite’ not supported for the input types, and the inputs could not be safely coerced to any supported types according to the casting rule ” safe ” • Using python, I need help with a list comprehension function. Below is starter code, and attatched is directions. If the digits of the number equal x, then it returns true. Note, the example input/out… • I need help answering the following 6 python questions using the two .cvs files linked with google drive. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SZ639cUA3DdrlI_lG2Hq0vs6HiT8OAU3/view?usp=sharing https://dri… • can you check my code and give a correct output. and my python version is 3.9.7(as soon as possible) client.py import socket # socket library import sys # includes exit function import os imp… • please write python code for this question i need code which i can copy paste in my IDE this is question below is the answer of above question ……. ……. …… …… ……..d. I – The … • Write a Python Program to Solve the quadratic equation ax**2 + bx + c = 0 • write pseudocode for an algorithm which allows the user to enter their name in the format “firstname surname”,and outputs the name in the format “initial surname” • Select from the statements below the one’s which are true about programming tools for data scientists. • We’re looking at the Fibonacci sequence again. This time we want to display the numbers in the sequence, then count how many numbers we are displaying. use a script which uses a for loop to display… • Instead of dragon theme, it should be undead theme. Follow directions below except DO NOT USE THE DRAGON THEME EXAMPLE, use your own game with your own theme and number of rooms / directions: Should… • Here specs any help on python? Question:Background The acronym API is short for “Application Programming Interface.” It is usually a collection of functions, methods or classes that supports the inter… • Here is the necessary documents you need to complete the project. Please submit all the codes that are used to complete the project using Jupiter notebook or colob. https://docs.google.com/sp… • update the mailing list by filtering out the users with the flag different from “active”, and write the results back to another csv file. To update the mailing list, there are some requirements: Remov… • 9 LAB: Sorting TV Shows (dictionaries and lists) Write a program that first reads in the name of an input file and then reads the input file using the file.readlines() method. The input file c… • The link for the information of the problems and the other two files are here. (Homework. 6pdf) https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse160/20au/homework/hw6/homework6.html Logistics Due : at 11:… • Explain how loops can be utilized in list processing. Please provide Python examples • The Notebooks and Dataset are in this link: https://gofile.io/d/kRCU4p ———————————————————. 1. Import the data and split it into train/validate/test Import the … • Please help with Python questions 3 and 4. 3. 4. • Please use python language. For task A please do make a sorting code thanks. Task 2: Task A: Adapt your sorting code from a previous workshop (or the assignment) to sort a list of numbers. If you don?… • Write a simple program that prompts two questions and then displays the answers in one sentence. In other words, you will write a two-variable program that will ask two questions. Then you will create… • provide python pls. (e) Use an exact same setup as part (d), but this time in your gradient descent scheme use a momentum term of y = 0.9. Report the final estimates of o and B. Also provide a plot sh… • from the data below write a program that will Loop to continually prompt for a county and its information. a. Print its name, Household’s Estimate, Families’ Estimate, Nonfamily’s Estimate, and Median… • i am currently trying to calculate statistics from the data for a date . The following code segment is designed to calculate some basic statistics from the data for a recent date. The data is stored i… • def imputemean() Imputes a list of numbers in-place, replacing None with the mean of the numbers. For example if x is [1.0, 2.0, None, 3.0, None, 5.0], then impute_mean(x) should mod… • The Spearman rank correlation is used to evaluate if the relationship between two variables, X and Y is monotonic. The rank correlation measures how closely related the ordering of one variable to the… • . 2. Practice with ANN parameters and inheritance: Using the flowmeters examples’ code (Sklearn) from the lectures: a) Set up a python package that includes at least one parent class and one chil… • ANSWER THIS QURSTION OF PUTHON ON PROGRAM Solve all problems in one file called ListTraversals.py 1. Average of numbers in a list In your program, define and call a value-returning function that calcu… • how do you unit test mock this? from flask import Flask, redirect, url_for import json import urllib.request import requests app = Flask(__name__) @app.route(‘/’) def welcome () : return “Hello” @app…. • Find the best first split of a decision tree using Gini-Index. . Find the best first split of a decision tree using Gini-Index. Weather Temperature Wind Play Day 1 Sunny Hot Low No Rainy Mild High Y… • Please need help! Question 1 A protected member of a class may be directly accessed by Select one: a. Methods of the same class b. Methods of a subclass c. Methods in the same package d. All of these … • Problem: A car dealer earns a base wage of$36.25 per hour up to their normal work week of 37 hours. Only whole hours are counted. If he works more hours than that (overtime) he gets paid at 1.5 ti…
• Hi, would you mind just helping me fix my function if possible? I wrote a permutation function but I don’t know how to get it to display only the permutations I need. def permutations(word): if l…
• # Complete the following function so that it behaves according to its docstring. # Your submission will be marked for correctness only, not for style. # Before your test time expires, upload this fi…
• Hi all, I have tried this a million ways and am stuck. I have a csv file where I need to find the first date and last date entered but sorted for an individual country. So the calculation I am try…
• . 1 Introduction NOTE: read the whole assignment brief first before implementing it contains very important information In this assignment you will be tasked with doing four things: . Create a simul…
• Write a program that takes an amount in Indian Rupees as input. You need to find its equivalent in Euro and display it. Assume 1 Euro equals Rs. 80. Please note that you are expected to stick to…
• (dict)Consider the program below. The program determines the admission fee of the ageGroup that user inputs. You can use the if‐else statements to match the ageGroup and the fee. But you can also …
• I need help with writing functions utilizing list comprehensions for the following list. Any help would be greatly appreciated!! lst = [[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 ], [ 2 , 3 , 2 ], [ 1 , 1 , 2 , 5 , 1 ], [], [ 5…
• Based on the following sample code, match the string value to the position in the array: products = [“Chair”, “Birdcage”, “Widget”, “Pen”, “Widget”] products[1] = “Kettle” products[2] = “Controller…
• How to get a program to quit after it’s done, and to enter numbers like a calculator but don’t tell the answer, only if the person entering the numbers is right, if wrong say incorrect
• Write a class named Car that uses the following data attributes: An attribute variable named __year_model that holds the car’s year model An attribute variable named __make that holds the mak…
• Modify the guessing-game program so that the user thinks of a number that the computer must guess. The computer must make no more than the minimum number of guesses, and it must prevent the user from …
• Hello, Please i am having difficulty finding files on my desktop from python. I am using anaconda spider environment. For example filleref=open(“sample.txt”, “r” ) does not find the sample.txt file. I…
• The assignment is to write a Python program that acts as an inventory system for a DVD collection. All of the below requirements should be included but there are no restrictions on what exactly the pr…
• . Pokemon are fantastic creatures that people can catch and train, and many Pokemon trainers aspire to catch as many as possible 1. Imagine that you have caught so many Pokemon that you have deci…
• write the code for a book shop using the object-oriented programming. A book has the following attributes: Book title Book author (Last Name) …
• I got this first error[image 1] when I tried to sum +1 to a tuple, not realizing it wasnt an int, but when I try to fix it[image 2] for some reason minimum = minimum[0] bugs the previous line of c…
• Question: Start: make a list with words that you will use in the game. Use random.choice (…) to pick one of the words. o Make a jumbled version of the word and display it to the user. § This par…
• How many time(s) will the print(x, end=’ " statement be executed? for x in range (10,0, -1) : if (x 3) -0: print (x, end=”)
• plz be quick Let’s have a closer look at the dataset from Question 1. This dataset is in a text file unis . csv containing lines of comma-separated data about some universities, and how their gradua…
• Good Morning, I am trying to get only specifics rows? for example I want to print all customers with “Purchases Past 30 days” equal to zero balance, but I keep getting all customers, how can I sort it…
• In which lines is a function defined? What are the two cases for the if statement on line 3 &4? How does python indicate where a function begins and ends? Variables are declared on lines 6 and 7…
• THIS NEEDS TO BE IN PYTHON!!!!!! A difficult form of Solitaire, called Scorpion, can be played as follows. A deck of 52 cards is dealt in an array of 7 rows and 7 columns with the rows over…
• 25: Hint: even though this is a shortest path problem, it can be solved with breadth-first search. Build the data (nodes and arcs) and solve it using your Python code. 3.25. Knight’s tour proble…
• How do you draw random points from a unit square in a plane using in Python?
• What do you think is the most important aspect in learning Python?
• Inverting an image makes it look like a photographic negative. Help me to define and test a function named invert . This function expects an image as an argument and resets each RGB component to 255 m…
• The file bsp.csv contains seven comma-separated fields for over 9,000 patients. The first line contains headers describing what each field is, and the remainder of the lines contain data. For this pro…
• Write a GUl-based program that plays a guess-the-number game in which the roles of the computer and the user are the reverse of what they are in the Case Study of this chapter. In this version of the …
• Can you help me debug my code please? I can’t seem to pass the check that verifies my code is correct but I am pretty sure that it is. Codio is a huge pain because it requires very specific entries. C…
• UB Assignment #4 5 Assignment #4.pdf *txt&quot;). This is a comma sepal x + X C 7 File | C:/Users/eddy5/Downloads/Assignment%20%234.pdf Update Assignment #4.pdf / 1 100% + … Build a GradeProcess…
• Eng trans: Define a Car () class that instantiates objects that mimic the behavior of motor cars. The constructor of this class will initialize the following instance attributes, with the default valu…
• I have a liitle problem in writing a R code in Rstudio. The program is for a list like {1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1}, and count the combination of the previous value and the current value. For example, the …
• Come up with another similar application and discuss all the phases of the software development as in the Tax calculation example. Examples: To compute your salary based on the regular hours an…
• Write a report explaining in detail what this turtle graphic does and how it does it.
• Python please: Write a square_root() function that takes a number and returns the square root. The square_root() function throws a ValueError object with the message “Exception: Negative input for …
• Why isn’t it allowing the user to add delete and display items? import final project 2 class Vehicle : def __init__ ( self , Make, Model, Year, Mileage,Price) : self .Makename = Make …
• Draw a flowchart for a program that shows the logic for a program that generates a random number and the player tries to guess it. There are NO LOOPS, NO Functions(other than the random number gen…
• Quick mc for both enqueue and dequeue plz No explanation needed. You are given an implementation of the Queue ADT called LQueue, which has a private attribute of type SLinkedList called ~_items , to k…
• A natural number is prime if it is greater than 1 and has no divisors other than 1 and itself. Complicated? Not at all. For example, 8 isn’t a prime number, as you can divide it by 2 and 4 (we can’t u…
• . Google Duo – Free High-Quality \ X Google Duo x Content X zy Section 2.28 – CYB 130T: Object-( X + V X – > C a learn.zybooks.com/zybook/CYB_130T_55317551/chapter/2/section/28 =zyBooks My librar…
• Write a Python generator that yields all possible strings formed by using the characters ‘c’ , ‘a’ , ‘t’ , ‘d’ , ‘o’ , and ‘g’ exactly once. That is, you should define a generator string_generator(). …
• In the following questions, need to import functions from Numpy. For example the computation of matrix determinants can be done with the help of the function det of the library numpy.linalg.
• Here is a string that was encoded by a Caesar cipher with an unknown distance value. Ignore the double quotes (“) as they are to enclose the string: “Yz=1TZedBEAB1dB1CACA” The text can contain any of …
• Write a Python function called alphaNote that takes one input (a float between 0 and 100, inclusively) and returns a letter mark. No need to check if the input is between 0 and 100. Assume it is, fo…
• #!/usr/bin/env python3 “”” Guidelines for program submission: A) To ensure readability by the grader, please make sure the following submission format: 1– Please change the file name to python_pr…
• Take the master boot record from this week’s module and use it as a file input for your program. It will be named block.dd and you can assume that it’s in your current directory so you don’t have to p…
• I need help with my web scraping python code. The instructions are below for the assignment. I included the python code and html files in the “Add instructions for tutors” section. Thank you. Beaut…
• Hello! I want to run the same code multi times in a loop without the need to copy-paste the same code everytime. How can I use pandas to read from an excel file and to assign values at each iteration …
• Python code, working on raspberry pi. Part 3 Change the circuit/code to display the following sequence on the four-digit seven-segment display: Digit 1 Digit 2 Digit 3 Digit 4 Pause/Sleep (sec) 1 [off…
• Solve Laplace’ thanks for for helping https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=ES_3DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false you can look this book…
• Problem 1 (Course Schedule Assignment) Marks: 70 In school of business, course schedule assignment is challenging, as there are limited number of classrooms, Instructor preferences, and a large amount…
• USE PYTHON You are a soldier who needs to tell the correct password to the guard to be let into the castle. However, the password protocol is not that simple. You need to obtain the password by follow…
• Problem 3 – streaks.py: Winning streaks? The debate on whether the random walk model for stock prices is appropriate has been going on for a long time2 . Some of it’s opponents argue that “all those p…
• import random import itertools def oneDArray(y): return list(itertools.chain(*y)) lst=[] lst2=[] print(‘hello’) mylist1 = [[1,2],[3,4],5,[6,7],[8,9],[10,11],[12,13],[14,15],[16,17],[18,19],[2…
• In python programming language, create flowchart and pseudocode to determine the number of digits in a number entered buy the user?
• D Question 3 1 pts What does the following Python code print to the terminal? (Assume we run this as a complete snippet of code. Be precise with any delimiters like commas, parenthesis, etc.) Ist = (4…
• Can you help with these Question 1 (2 points) Select the matching Big-O notation for each of these array-based Stack methods: is_empty 1. O(1) 2. O(log n) push 3. O(n) pop 4. O(n log n) V peek 5. O(n^…
• Chapter 5 Exercises 5.5.1 Write a python program that does the following: · takes as input from the user an English sentence · calls the function vc_counter() that: o takes a string…
• Find a dataset from Kaggle that can be used for clustering and post the link of the dataset. Explain the dataset (such as what the variables are, what is used for, etc.). Please post the link to th…
• 1)In Python how do I add a function for each math operation (add, div, mult, sub) 2) The application will run forever, you will ask the user to continue or not. 3) add a function IsinRange() to test a…
• results from "reading off" the initial list using the look-and-say method, using tuples for each (count, value) pair. For example: lookAndsay ( ) == lookAndSay ( [1, 1, 1] ) == [(3,1)] look…
• I want a code for implementation of Complete binary tree. Fill in python template: class MyTree(): def __init__(self, data): # Initialize this node, and store data in it self.data …
• Using the IP List and Prefix variable to calculate the required answers (to populate the other lists variables). • To calculate the subnet mask convert the /prefix to a string with so many 1s and th…
• . 2. Matriz diagonal En el area de ciencia de datos es muy importante realizar operaciones de algebra lineal para manipular adecuadamente vectores y matrices de gran tamano. NumPy es una herramie…
• RNN and 1D CNN are two techniques can be used for sequence date. How describe two use cases and in each use case one of the above techniques is preferable than the other.
• Example: Server based on the code above modify the client program so that the client can connect to server other than localhost. TRY and create a program that can connect to your friends’ server. modi…
• Code must be written in JES. Exercise #1 0 Write a program wipeDiagonalAnimation(picture) which takes as input a picture and creates an animation of the provided picture being wiped (black) top left t…
• add a combiner function to use for doing local aggregation before the reducer.
• Is it possible to create an object of a Class inside a method of that Class definition?
• let user enter 3 lists in order, list one is the ID of salesmans in a shop, list two is the sale they make in a specific day in a month, list three is the month each sale is made For example, …
• py below DISK = “X” EMPTY = “” def move_disk (source, target, towers) : ”’ function move_disk parameters: name of source tower, name of target tower (strings), and ?…
• Define a function that meets the following specifications. Function name question_1b Parameter(s)/ This function takes in 2 parameters. argument(s) In this order, 1. an integer, x 2. an integer, …
• Suppose you want to develop a program that classifies a given amount of money into smaller monetary units. The program lets the user enter an amount as a floating-point value representing a total doll…
• i need code and output 8. 5-year Interest Write a program interest. py which computes the value of your savings S after five years given a certain interest rate P (percentage). You can assume that bot…
• Can you help me with python code for the following question Thank you
• create function grids_augmented_in_row(grid,num,r) that returns the complete list of valid augmented grids, where each grid contains num in row r. Input: a nested list grid, that represents a valid n?…
• How to write a recursive function to recursively unzip zipped files? The zip files to unzip zipped files may contain additional zip files that also require unzipping
• Taxi zum zum def taxi_zum_zum (moves ) : A Manhattan taxicab starts at the origin point of Z’, the infinite two-dimensional lattice grid of all possible pairs of integers. The taxicab also has a direc…
• Python Programming: (.py file required) User will choose two functions ONLY from that (view, add, delete, update). You do not have to make a main menu; you can just ask the user to enter one of the t…
• The volume of a sphere is 4/3πr 3 , where π has the value of “pi” given in Section 2.1 of your textbook. Write function called print_volume (r) that takes an argument for the radius of the sphere,…
• Write function get_name(name_dict, id_num) that takes as its first parameter a dictionary mapping an ID number to a name and as its second parameter a particular ID number (which might be invalid) a…
• This TestInventoryAddStock has to be defined within same test_inventory.py.I have done the coding as defined.So basically creating two classes in a python program. It gives the error (most likely for …
• Text Book 6.2 Incremental development As you write larger functions, you might find yourself spending more time debugging. To deal with increasingly complex programs, you might want to try a process c…
• Can someone please explain to me what I am doing wrong/what I am missing to be able to output a graph. I am getting an error: [float(dd[1]) for dd in data[1:]] from like 8 down. I have attached a samp…
• Thank you for your help I’m really stuck in this question.
• I have been developing a Python program to read values from a csv file and regard stipulations that I only read one specific year at a time: The 1896 Summer Olympics were held in Athens The 1900 Summe…
• Use python code Q1. (Part A, 7.5 points) Define a class named Car representing a car. Define the following methods and attributes: init_() : initializes three instance variables: make, model and year …
• #Using Spark RDDs only from pyspark import SparkContext sc = SparkContext(“local[4]”, “hw1”) import wget fileName = ‘https://people.bu.edu/kalathur/datasets/stocks_2013_2021.txt’ wget.download(fileNam…
• Exercise 7:Write Out Numbers in English While the popularity of cheques as a payment method has diminished in recent years, some companies still issue them to pay employees or vendors. The amount bein…
• Please provide 3 different examples of CNN models using python code
• Use Python, the dataset, and the ‘datatime’ module.
• HELLO IM RUNING ONE PROGRAM IN PYTHON, WHICH IS FOR GETING TIFF IMAGES FROM NETCDF FILE OR GET ONE STACK MANY IMAGES NETCDF FILES , BUT EN THE END THE TIFF DATA CAMING WHIT MANY NUMBER LIKE THIS (“-32…
• Write a program that returns the number of strings where the first and last character in a string are the same, and the length of the string is 2 or longer. For example, if this is the list you use…
• The purpose of this lab is for you to extend your knowledge of Python’s tkinter GUI module by creating a GUI-based program to help someone compute the total dollar and cents value of the change in the…
• In this lab assignment, students will demonstrate the abilities to: – Use functions in math module – Generate random floating numbers – Select a random element from a sequence of elements – Select a r…
• What is binary literal value that encodes a set as a 5-bit long bitset. And what this means set1 ⊕set2? And How to generate pairs of 2 sets in Python 3?
• Q) Some male chauvinists like to think that a larger proportion of SSSBEs are managed by men as compared to women. Do you agree with this contention? Explain your answer with appropriate statistical e…
• I’m having serious trouble figuring out how to start coding for these problems. I’d be more specific, but honestly, I’m horrible with this coding language and I have a hard time remembering things abo…
• Imagine that you have a block of material in which a hole has been drilled. Write a function that will take in the dimensions of the box, length, width, and height, and the radius of the hole, and d…
• Use the Machine Learning algorithm Decision Tree, and the gbm_tsn.csv database to evaluate classification performance of: 1) Immune cells in the core and periphery of the tumor 2) Neoplastic cells i…
• Write a Python script to implement the chained hash table concept. Recall that a chained hash table is an array/list where each element is a linked list. Follow these steps: Import LinkedList.py ?…
• dna complement in python restriction enzyme recognition site(in python) first two questions CS07595: Bioinformatics: Algorithms (3CR) HW1 (Due: Sep. 30 BEFORE 17:00 p.m.) Total possible points: 55 (wi…
• Step 1: Start a new file. In IDLE, select File and then New File . A new window will appear. This is the window to input your new Python program. Now, type in your new program. Step 2: you can write a…
• . Purpose The object of this programming assignment is twofold. First, you will compare the relative performance of different sorting algorithms on the same data set and the same algorithm on differ…
• Task 1 Write a function linear_regression that fits a linear regression model, and takes the following two arguments as input: 1. x : A numpy array of the shape (N, d) where N is the number of data po…
• Here is the python exercise situation and try to use the attached link Python source code example to revise the code. ——————————————————————————– E…
• . In [14]: Trees in a forest The matrix M below contains the parameters for a linear model of temporal changes in the tree species composition of a forest, governed by the equation E1v+1 = M 3?N Nex…
• here’s an excel sheet as example, I have a problem in counting. Given likes is 1 and dislikes is 0, I have already count the total amount for likes and dislikes using this: if rate[i] == 1: …
• What if two of the numbers are equal, say 6,4,6? Will the code work? Why? Test it out.. Same problem as one before, but we use FOR loop. Some possibilities are: for i in range(@.n,2) <==start at …
• Total Sales Design a program that asks the user to enter a store’s sales for each day of the week. The amounts should be stored in a list. Use a loop to calculate the total sales for the week and disp…
• use function with name sdice and no parameters. get dictionary with numbers where keys are integers 1 to 6 n values r corresponding number of occurrences. now you roll a dice 10000 times. Each time …
• It is a single tweet: dodTweets_no_urls[0]= RT @DodgerInsider: “When our backs are against the wall, we play our best and fight.” They battled. They homered. They pieced together mor….. Q.conve…
• . Q1. (5 points) We will be formulating a simple calculator using object-oriented programming principles. Our calculator will have 4 simple arithmetic operations : Addition, Subtraction, Multipli…
• I had put the same question several times but was not able to get an answer can you please give me a new example with a newer version of the explanation? Just don’t want to be pinpointed to get an ans…
• You should save the solution to this problem in a file called setoperations.py if you wish to use the tester program. Write two functions called intersection and union . Each of these two function…
• Question Completion Status: This is a continuation of Q2 from the practice exam. Develop a program for a colleague from the text-mining team. The program requests a user to input a paragraph of text (…
• here is the link https://www.online-python.com . 1. Write a line of code that prints the following phrase to the screen: “… is all that and a bag of potato chips!” 2. Create a variable calle…
• type an if-else statement with multiple branches. If year is 2101 or later, print “Distant future” (without quotes). Otherwise, if year is 2001 or greater, print “21st century”. Otherwise, if year is …
• You will code a grade book program that lets a teacher keep track of test averages for their students. Your program should begin by asking the teacher for the number of students in their class as well…
• In my home area you’ll find a file named ‘e_coli_k12_dh10b.faa’ (Sequences included below). It contains all of the polypeptide sequences in the E. coli K12 genome in FASTA format. Your task for thi…
• i need to learn how to export the results of this script to a CVS file, after the generating to 1000 prime numbers. start_range=int(1) end_range=int(1001) sum=0 for j in range(start_range,end_range+1)…
• . Provide the Algorithm, Pseudocode, Flowchart, and a Python program (In Python IDLE or PyCharm) that will ask the user to type the student’s name and his grades in five (5) subjects (English, Math,…
• Exercise 5.3 Top-selling products (40 points) Use Python programming to find most popular single products and co-purchased products from the large transaction data: retail.txt. Each row in retail.txt …
• Write a class named HasamiShogiGame for playing an abstract board game called hasami shogi. We’ll be using the rules for ” Variant 1 ” on the Wikipedia page, including the diagram of the starting posi…
• IDLE IS ON TOP LEFT CODE IS BOTTOM LEFT IMPORTING TO D5Q2 BOTTOM RIGHT Why is my import failing to recognize tuplex? I am doing “RETURN”! It should return it! It should grab the value…. I am…
• The fully prepared training and testing data is reloaded below and assigned to the following variables: X_train_final X_test_final y_train_final y_test_final For the last question, you will create ano…
• Modify the guessing-game program so that the user thinks of a number that the computer must guess. The computer must make no more than the minimum number of guesses, and it must prevent the user from …
• Need answers for # z_score =?, # z_score = ?, # p = ?, #p_value = ? and # answer =? Prepared Question Complete a code trace on the following function call by transcribing the function and noting the v…
• Function name: sent_split Parameters: sentence, delimiter1, delimiter 2, … Return: A list: containing all separated strings Description: You receive one sentence and uncertain number of delimiter s …
• Please review, run and improve the following code. The scope of this project is to create a simple GUI, part of an STI educational Health App, using Tkinter. I have to create a set of clickable butt…
• You created a class called Circle as below: class Circle: def __init__(self, a, b, r): self.a = a self.b = b self.r = r def …
• In the game of Scrabble, players score points determined by the words they put on a board. Each letter is assigned a certain value, and the word score is the sum of the letter values. Program a code t…
• HELP! I did task one but need help with the rest. Save these tasks in a Python notebook and upload it to Blackboard and attach it to this Assignment. You should be able to run this file without gettin…
• def mergeSort(alist): print(“Splitting “,alist) if len(alist)>1: mid = len(alist)//2 lefthalf = alist[:mid] righthalf = alist[mid:] mergeSort(lefthalf) ?…
• . Advanced Physics A programmer wants to design a compiler for a new programming language exclusivelv for Data Science. He has restricted the variable names to be built from an alphabet set M = {a, …
• Part 1 Encapsulate the following Python code in a function named my_sqrt that takes a as a parameter, chooses a starting value for x, and returns an estimate of the square root of a. while True:…
• Please refer to the attachment to answer this question. This question was created from assignment4(1).pdf.
• Codio keeps telling me that my withdrawal output is incorrect. Please help me debug my code so that it passes the checkpoint in codio. No I do not need to change anything to my deposit! It is only my …
• I am a car wash company operating from Monday to Friday 8am to 6pm how do I allow my customers to book slots according to their desired date and time. This is with the condition that if the customer’s…
• Do Exercise 6.4 from your textbook using recursion and the is_divisible function from Section 6.4. Your program may assume that both arguments to is_power are positive integers. Note that the…
• Consider the following program: def calculate (value): return value + value def main (): result = 10; result += calculate (10); print ("Result= {}". format(result)) main() Write a new fun…
• 6:58 Ii M 3% L’l°e’lLI§+.uI| ..I| 100%I é – Write a computer code to design the Helical compression spring subjected to static force. . Program should ask the user, the maximum load applied on …
• I need help solving these python questions, I have also included all the items needed which will be below the question.
• Overview As you are preparing for your final text game project submission, the use of dictionaries, decision branching, and loops will be an important part of your solution. This milestone will help g…
• Solve the “locker puzzle.” A school has 100 students and 100 lockers. All lockers are closed on the first day of school. As the students enter, the first student (S1) opens every locker. The…
• How many stars will the following Python code display? def fct (n): m = 1 while m <n: print (“*”) m = m * 2 # main program fct (1000) With an explanation please
• Maximum of three integers with functions I need help design a program that will find maximum of three positive integers.it should have three functions, main, input validation and maximum. The main fu…
• We are building a time series model for predicting and I have been asked to categorize the numerical data into ordinal way(mild,moderate,severe, extremely severe). How to go about this? Data was colle…
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• I am having issues getting the code to return the state information for states with two names ex: New Jersey, West Virginia, etc.. There are no issues returning info for other states with single names…
• In python please . 14.1 Can you drive safely? This lab will be available until February 25th, 11:59 PM EST A person’s Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) has been strongly correlated with driving im…
• class Student: def __init__(self, firstname, lastname, idnum): self.first = firstname self.last = lastname self.id = idnum self.courses = [] def add_course(self, course): ”’ don’t allow overloads or …
• I need help on this code: # A geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the # first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed, non-zero number # called the common …
• Please use the Python script to answer below two parts: ——————————————————————————————. A newly opened multinational brand has d…
• Define a function objective6 () which achieves the following: > The function should accept two arguments: o An instance of the Motor class o The time required to rotate the forefinger (i.e., object…
• . Simulate a data set of size 100 as follows: X ~ N(2, 1), Y = 2X – 3X2 + 6, where e ~ N(0, 1) (a) Create a scatter plot of X against Y. Comment on what you find. (b) Set a random seed with set.seed…
• In this problem you will produce a solution using Python. You may use the math module to calculate the base 2 logarithm but may not use any other imports . For each line in the document docword.nytime…
• Suppose that the variable s refers to a string with odd length, e.g., s=’peach’ or s=’watermelons’ . Write an expression that revaluates to True if and only if the middle character of s is ‘a’.
• . Bonus question : (5 points) The Bonus question here will touch upon SQLAIchemyi SQLAIchemy is a python SQL toolkit and more importantly, an Object Relational Mapper (OHM) that provides application…
• Can you please RECODE this WITHOUT importing numpy… WITHOUT numpy Python
• Write a function named common_greater(list1, list2, value) that receives as input two lists of numbers and a numeric value and returns a list containing the elements from list1 that are also present i…
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• Write a program that converts Fahrenheit to Celsius as this will be out basis in measuring units of temperature.
• Use sklearn.cluster.KMeans to do clustering on the given data set points.csv. There are 5 clusters in this data set. Draw a scatter plot for the data and use color to indicate their clusters. 2. Re…
• The main menu is as follows: Welcome to my Collection Manager 1. Display all items in my collection 2. Display all categories of my items 3. Display all items in a given category 4. Search for an item…
• Here’s the problem. It has a skeleton code file and an imported class file with the methods needed to accomplish the goals. from a1_include import * def sa_range (start: int, end: int) -> StaticArr…
• HERE IS THE SCRIPT AND YOU HAVE TO ADD THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS TO THIS SCRIPT:( The attached image is the sample output for the required script). •The dbda() function should be the main function …
• 1 v def sim_battle(lpack:list, rpack: list) : Write a function sim_battle(lpack, rpack) that simulates the battle Desired question N #so fight does not end prematurely between lpack and rpack and retu…
• explain the chart. Task 10: Use the pandas plot() method to create a box plot. [18] : # we called the plot method Exams . plot . box() [18]: <AxesSubplot:> 100 80 60 40 20 O OOD math score re…
• write a program that reads a one-line text message containing common abbreviations and translates the message into English using a set of translations stored in a file. For example, if the user enters…
• Help with python 3! Locker Puzzle assignment. 1. Solve the “locker puzzle.” A school has 100 students and 100 lockers. All lockers are closed on the first day of school. As the students enter, …
• The assignment is broken up into three main components: 1) Design and model two classes: Ticket and Checkout 2) Create an activity chart which describes the behavior of the ticket sales system 3) Crea…
• Using two different loops: (for and while loop), write a Python program that does the following: Display all the even numbers between 10 and 100 Display all Odd numbers Backward from 999 to 777 Displa…
• We received the following message in an email. Make it readable: PY7H0N 15 4 W1D3LY U53D G3N3R4L-PURP053, H1GH-L3V3L PR0GR4MM1NG L4NGU4G3. 175 D351GN PH1L050PHY 3MPH451Z35 C0D3 R34D4B1L17Y, 4ND 175 5Y…
• How would do a program to process a savings-account withdrawal? The program would request the current balance and the amount go the withdrawal as input and then display the new balance. If the withdra…
• List comprehension Syntax [expression for item in iterable] Example >>> [i for i in range(5)] [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] Syntax We can also add a if condition. Where the values that satisfy the conditio…
• Develop an algorithm for the subproblem (show below) subproblem = “… the program prompts them to input their word. It then checks if the glossary contains this word and if so prints a suitable messa…
• Write the code in R. 4. Make a 2-by-10 matrix whose first row contains the first 10 powers of 2 (2, 4, 8 etc.), and the second row contains the first ten powers of 3 (3, 9, 27 etc.). 5. There is a bui…
• A local small business has hired you to write a payroll calculation program. The program only needs to calculate gross pay for an employee and display the results. Your program will accept the employe…
• create a program to continually ask the user to input a number (int or float) until the user inputs the string “end” to stop the loop. At that point the program should return the following: the number…
• hi, I need help coding this function, can you teach me what I should do? for python convertToDictionary(wordList) – this function takes one parameter – a list of strings (each word in the text foun…
• This exercise will involve a game that simulates a landing craft descending to the surface of the moon. You may have played this game before, we’ll implement a simple version of it. In our version, …
• . Question 2 Refer to Appendix A should you need the Python documentation. (a) 1 def larger(a, b): 2 return a if a > b else b A def largest (aList) : 5 theLargest = alist[0] 6 for i in range(1, l…
• I have errors on this one – I have updated spaces, indents and still can’t run it…please help is appreciated import sys “”” This is a copy to run test before final submision “”” ”’ Section 1: Colle…
• i need python code for this question i need code which i can copy paste in my IDE this is question below is the answer of above question …. ..sss ……. > A A A And this is the …
• Python code Shifted QR algorithm steps are below . Goal: Your goal is to write a function QR (A, tolerance) whose input parameters are an n x n symmetric, tridiagonal matrix A and a des…
• Given the number of people attending a pizza party, output the number of needed pizzas and total cost. For the calculation, assume that people eat 2 slices on average and each pizza has 12 slices and …
• Hi can you please help with this question, having trouble, I am a beginer, can you please explain what you do so I can under stand for future. open a excel file data.xlsx It has seven columns …
• Decimal → binary conversion Convert a decimal integer to binary format. Example: 156 in binary format: quotient remainder 156 / 2 = 78 0 78 / 2 = 39 …
• The csv file for the dataset: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jBUKNWZmYaWrmxdMBLbMc2kk7TFfhpc6/view?usp=sharing The Cars data set downloaded from https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Auto+MPG A de…
• Make a program that takes two inputs: 1) The name of a file with extension .txt saved in your current directory (you can run a cell with command !ls to list files in your current directory) 2) The wor…
• What will the following program print, assuming that the user enters a value of ‘lots’ when prompted? try: value = input(‘Enter your score out of 50: ‘) percentage = int(value) / 50 *…
• . Bb C X G Pyth( X 4 Data x Bb Black X Bb 1077 x Bb 1077 X Bb Take X s https x 3.10. X Bb Reco X G Leng X WSO x Cour X W Pyth X + V X – C bblearn.griffith.edu.au/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?c…
• This is same as saying: movies = dict () movies [ ‘ 3520029’] = {‘genre’ : [‘Sci-Fi’ , ‘Action’, ‘Adventure’], ‘movie_year’ : 2010, ‘name’ : ‘TRON: Legacy’, ‘rating’ : 6.8, ‘numvotes’ : 254865} If we …
• Python programming require to solve this question ”’ Draw a bargraph of English letter frequency Also save the bargraph in a file @filename: tw7_bargraph.py @authors: ”’ # (1) import necessary modul…
• Description of Problem: Write a simple animated program by using object-oriented design with Python. This program should be menu driven. The first screen appeared on the screen should be the main-menu…
• How was this plot created?. Sport names handball volleyball 0.6 softbaytball basketball tennis 0.4 badabatisse track jugby polo 0.2 hockey boxing gymnastics off wrestling 0.0 ice hockey -0.2 swimming …
• TASK; Create word ladders. The user will type in (or hard-code) a beginning and an ending word. Your program must find the series of words that differ by only a single letter that leads from the begin…
• Create a program and follow the instruction below. Note: Use Pycharm software to create a program and running smoothly and no errors.. Write a program that asks the user to enter a number repeatedly u…
• I NEED IT IN PYTHON PLEASE. 2. To answer the following question, write a computer code to implement the conditional gradient method to minimize the function f:XER?-x/ +82×1 + x2 – 6×2 over the set (rE…
• An Artificial intelligence program which will tell wether the truth table is tautology or contradiction. write a python program to find whether the table is tautology or contradiction?
• Need help with this code, has to be the exact output on what they want. Thank you.. h Hulu | Home . youtube ( HBO Max Cengage Home FSW Login 0 Outlook cengage My lab Stat 3 Booleans Problem Submission…
• I need help writing this function called mostCommonWords(filename, N) ”’ Reads the file from filename in your function and returns a list of N most common words in the text file (i.e., N word…
• Overview In this assignment, you will gain more practice with designing a program. Specifically, you will create pseudocode for a higher/lower game. This will give you practice designing a more comple…
• Suppose your machine learning model returns a list of probabilities as the output. Write a function to do the following: Given a threshold, say 𝑡ℎth, if a probability > 𝑡ℎth, the predicti…
• Problem 3 : A function that counts using a while loop and/or a for loop. The function header code should look like: def count (start, step, stop): “”” start = starting integer number step = in…
• Need assistance with Python homework A program with total change amount as an integer input, and output the change using the fewest coins, one coin type per line. The coin types are Dollars, Quarters,…
• PLEASE ONLY ANSWER BASED ON THE DIAGRAM! I am okay with the solution even being written on a piece of paper with the diagram and shapes and inputs/outputs – PLEASE DO NOT WRITE THIS IN PYTHON CODE! Th…
• Description: The university maintains course schedules at http://appsprod.tamuc.edu/Schedule/Schedule.aspx for different semesters (spring, fall, winter, etc ). You will develop a Python program t…
• Hey, I have wrote a code for python and used a “continue” statement in an if loop, i was wondering how can i turn that continue statement into an if loop or a while loop?
• The table below gives the observations. By using the hierarchical clustering method answer the followings. (SOLVE WITH R) a. Draw the dendogram b. If the dendogram is cut from 3.7, how many clusters a…
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https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-solve-using-the-completing-the-square-method-x-2-1-2-x-3-16-0 | # How do you solve using the completing the square method x^2 - 1/2 x - 3/16 = 0?
Sep 19, 2016
$x = \frac{3}{4} \text{ or } x = - \frac{1}{4}$
#### Explanation:
This involves adding the correct value to a quadratic expression to create a perfect square.
Recall: ${\left(x - 5\right)}^{2} = {x}^{2} \textcolor{\to m a \to}{- 10} x \textcolor{\to m a \to}{+ 25} \text{ } \leftarrow \textcolor{\to m a \to}{{\left(\frac{- 10}{2}\right)}^{2} = + 25}$
This relationship between $\textcolor{\to m a \to}{b \mathmr{and} c}$ will always exist.
If the value of $c$ is not the correct one, add on what you need.
However, if you have an equation add to BOTH sides.
${x}^{2} - \frac{1}{2} x - \frac{3}{16} = 0 \text{ } \leftarrow$ check: is ((-1)/2 div 2)^2 = -3/16? No
(the last term MUST be positive, because it is squared)
${x}^{2} - \frac{1}{2} x \textcolor{b l u e}{- \frac{3}{16}} = 0 \text{ } \leftarrow$ not what we want, move it to RHS
${x}^{2} \textcolor{m a \ge n t a}{- \frac{1}{2}} x \text{ +? " = color(blue)(3/16) } \leftarrow$ add on what you DO want
$\left[\textcolor{m a \ge n t a}{- \frac{1}{2}} \rightarrow \div 2 \rightarrow - \frac{1}{4} \rightarrow \text{squared} = \textcolor{red}{+ \frac{1}{16}}\right]$
x^2 - 1/2 x color(red)(+1/16) = 3/16 color(red)(+1/16) "larr add to BOTH sides
Now write the square of the binomial as (x +?)^2
${\left(x \textcolor{m a \ge n t a}{- \frac{1}{4}}\right)}^{2} = \frac{4}{16} = \frac{1}{4} \text{ } \leftarrow \textcolor{m a \ge n t a}{- \frac{1}{2} \div 2 = - \frac{1}{4}}$
Now solve the equation - isolate $x$
${\left(x - \frac{1}{4}\right)}^{2} = \frac{1}{4}$
$x - \frac{1}{4} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1}{4}} \text{ } \leftarrow$ square root both sides
$x = + \sqrt{\frac{1}{4}} + \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} = \frac{3}{4}$
Or
$x = - \sqrt{\frac{1}{4}} + \frac{1}{4} = - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} = - \frac{1}{4}$ | 2020-06-01 05:33:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 17, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5934229493141174, "perplexity": 1736.3103789889726}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347414057.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601040052-20200601070052-00506.warc.gz"} |
http://www.openjml.org/tutorial/Expressions | The earlier lessons on pre- and post-conditions, assert and assume stastements all showed examples of expressions used in JML clauses. As expresions are a building block for nealry all other JML constructs, we include a couple lessons at this point to introduce JML expressions.
JML expressions look very much like Java expressions. Indeed, the JML expression syntax includes all of the Java expression syntax, with this exception: JML expressions are not allowed to have side-effects. So the ++, --, and op= (e.g., +=) operators are not allowed in JML expressions. The meaning of Java operators in JML is also unchanged, except for two matters:
Note that the non-short-circuiting boolean operators & and | are legal in both Java and JML, though the short-circuiting versions && and || are much more commonly used in Java because they can be more efficient. In static reasoning, however, execution efficiency does not matter. In static reasoning, & and | are simpler to reason about, but && and || are often needed because of well-definedness considerations.
But JML also adds to Java some new operators and expression syntax. The new operators are these:
• ==> (implication): this binary operator takes two boolean operands, e.g., p and q; p ==> q is read a “p implies q” and means the same as logical implication, that is, the same as “not p or q”. The implication operator is short-circuiting. That is, the value and well-definedness of the right-hand-side is immaterial, unless the left-hand-side is true. In other words, p ==> q is precisely eqiuvalent to !p || q. The implication operator has lower precedence than && and ||, so p && q ==> r || s means (p && q) ==> (r || s). ==> is right associative, so that p ==> q ==> r means p ==> (q ==> r), which is the same as (p && q) ==> r.
• <==> (equivalence): this is also a binary operation between boolean values. p <==> q means the same as p == q, except that <==> has lower precedence than && and ||, whereas == has higher precedence. Thus p && q == r || s means (p && (q == r)) || s, whereas p && q <==> r || s means (p && q) <==> (r || s). Also <==> is left associative (p <==> q <==>r is (p <==> q) <==> r), though (a) the meaning is the same as if it were right associative and (b) expressions that rely on associativity of <==> tend to be confusing and should be avoided.
• <=!=> (inequivalence): this operator is simply the negation of <==> and has the same precedence as <==>. <=!=> is left associative: p <=!=> q <==> r is (p <=!=> q) <==> r, though again, expressions relying on associativity of <=!=> and <==> tend to be confusing and should be avoided.
Another important addition to JML is the chaining of relational operators. Instead of writing i <= j && j < k, one can write i <= j < k. Similarly i > j > k means i > j & j > k. < and <= can be chained together and > and>= can be chained together, but the two groups cannot be mixed. Furthermore, == does not chain and in fact has a lower precedence than the relational operators: a < b == c < d means (a < b) == (c < d) in both Java and JML. These chained operations are particularly convenient for writing ranges of indices. For example, for an array a one might constrain an index variable i as 0 <= i < a.length.
In addition quantified expressions are described below and two other advanced operators are presented in Advanced topics lessons:
Finally, there are many keywords that designate either singleton values (e.g. \result) or function-like operations (e.g., \typeof(...). These will be explained as needed in future lessons, although one, \result, you have already seen. All JML keywords used within expressions begin with a backslash, so they cannot conflict with Java identifiers.
Of course, these JML operators and functions (and all other JML syntax) can only be used within JML annotations, not in Java.
TODO - need some examples of these operators in action
### Quantified expressions
A general point about all these quantified expressions is that any numeric subexpressions are evaluated in bigint-math mode so that there is no conern about overflow in evaluating the expression. Arithmetic mode operators are not allowed within the quantified expression. The result of the expression may be cast to the result type of the expression when the computation is complete. Examples are given below.
TODO - need worked examples of these
#### forall and exists
Quantified expressions are common in logic and are just as necessary in JML to express properties over collections of objects. The two most common expressions are universal and existential quantification. Here are some common examples
• \forall int i; 0 <= i < a.length; a[i] == 2*i
• \exists int i; 0 <= i < a.length; a[i] == 0
The first states the property that each of the elements of array a have a value equal to twice the index of the element. The second states that for some index within the array, the value at that index equals 0. Both of these expressions have the same general form: the keyword, a variable declaration (which is local to the expression), a boolean range predicate R, and a boolean value predicate V. It is permitted to join the range and value predicates like this:
• \forall ...;; R ==> V;
• \exists ...;; R && V;
However separating them makes it easier to have an efficient implementation for runtime-assertion-checking. Note that if the range predicate is false (for example if the array has length 0 above), then the forall expression is true, but the exists expression is false.
These expressions are very commonly used in reasoning about loops, arrays, sequences and sets.
TODO - say more about situations where the index is not an int, e.g. over a set of elements.
#### choose
The \choose predicate is quite similar to the \exists predicate. Whereas \exists ...\; R; V is true if there is an index for which R && V is true, \choose asks what that value is. For example, the value of \choose int i; 0 <= i < a.length; a[i] == 0 is an int for which the range and predicate are true, that is in this example, for which the array element is 0. The type of the expression is always the type of the declaration of the local variable.
If there is more than one such index, the result of the expression might be any one of them, but always the same one for a semantically identical expression. But the fact that the value could be any satisfying index means that any assertion that uses that index must hold no matter what the value is.
If R && V is always false, that is there is no such index, then the expression is not well-defined.
#### max and min
The \max and \min predicates have the same form except that the value term is now numeri, so that maximum and minimum are meaningful concepts. You might ask, for example, for the maximum and minimum values of an array:
• \max int i; 0 <= i < a.length; a[i]
• \min int i; 0 <= i < a.length; a[i]
A first point to note is that these are each equivalent to a pair of forall and exists expressions: x == \max ...; R; V is equivalent to (\forall ... ; R; x >= V) && (\exists ... ; R; x == V). That is, the value of the \max expression is a number that is at least as large as all the elements being considered and is equal to at least one of them.
A second point is that these expressions are not well-defined if the range is empty (range predicate is always false).
A third point is that the type of the expression is the same as the type of the value term. However the value term itself is evaluated in bigint-math mode and only when the max or min has been determined is the result cast back to the final type.
#### sum and product
The \sum and \product quantifiers add up or multiply up all the values of the value term for which the range term is true. For example the sum or product of all the elements in an array a would be expressed as
• \sum int i; 0 <= i < a.length; a[i]
• \product int i; 0 <= i < a.length; a[i]
The type of these operations is \bigint simply because overflow is a distinct possibility. The result can always be cast to a desired final type, at which point the final value is checked that it is actually in range for the desired type.
If the range predicate is empty (always false) then the sum is 0 and the product is 1.
The implementation of these two expressions in JML tools is in progress. Don’t count on them working yet.
#### num_of
A final quantified expression is \num_of which counts the number of times the boolean value term is true when the range term is also true. For example, \numof int i; 0 <= i < a.length; a[i] == 0 counts the number of elements of the array that are 0. Quite obviously \num_of ...; R; V is equivalent to \sum ... ; R && V; 1. The type of a \num_of expression is \bigint and it can be cast to a desired final type; if the range is empty the value of the expression is 0.
The implementation of this expression in JML tools is in progress. Don’t count on it working yet. | 2022-05-21 21:20:35 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5937805771827698, "perplexity": 1217.9876633035371}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662541747.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521205757-20220521235757-00332.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/894381/how-to-compute-fourier-coefficients-using-a-cubic-spline-corrected-fft | # How to compute Fourier coefficients using a cubic spline-corrected FFT?
I'm not particularly experienced in numerical analysis, and so I recently had quite a massive shock when I discovered that sampling a smooth function and computing the FFT of the result does not return a correct$^1$ list of it's Fourier coefficients, despite theory saying that it ought to!
As an example, let $f(x)=x^2$, and suppose we want to compute it's Fourier coefficients $c_m=\int_0^{2\pi}f(x)e^{imx}\,dx$ on the interval $[0,2\pi]$, with $m\approx50$ or thereabouts. Since $f$ is smooth, it naively seemed reasonable to assume that by sampling $f$ with $n\approx300$ datapoints, computing the FFT would return a fairly accurate list of the $c_m$ for $-50\leq m\leq50$.
As it turns out, this is complete garbage except for the 3 or 4 largest coefficients, and in general the FFT cannot be used to reliably compute Fourier coefficients.
To give a feel for just how mindbogglingly terrible the FFT performs, in order to obtain $c_{50}$ to just two significant digits of accuracy for the simple case of $f(x)=x^2$ in the interval $[0,2\pi]$, one has to sample $f$ with $n\geq 16000$ datapoints! In Mathematica:
f[x_] := x^2;
expr = Integrate[f[x] Exp[I m x], {x, 0, 2 \[Pi]}];
n = 16000;
\[CapitalDelta] = (2 \[Pi])/n;
X = Fourier[
Table[f[x], {x, 0, 2 \[Pi] - \[CapitalDelta], \[CapitalDelta]}],
FourierParameters -> {1, 1}][[2 ;; 51]];
ListLinePlot[
Table[Abs[(\[CapitalDelta] X[[m]] - N@expr)/N@expr] 100, {m, 50}],
PlotLabel -> "Percent Error"]
The absurdity increases when we go to simple 2D functions, such as $f(x,y)=x\sin(x+y)$, graphed below on $[0,2\pi]\times[0,2\pi]$:
The function shown above has to be sampled on a $160000\times160000$ grid in order to achieve 3 significant digits of accuracy for $c_{50,50}$ and similar coefficients, a computation which would require over 200 gigabytes of RAM just to hold the raw data, let alone compute its FFT! Thus the use of the FFT to compute Fourier coefficients of smooth multivariate functions is unfeasible, unless you're interested in the largest coefficients, or you have access to a cluster-computing facility.
As a result, I was quite relieved when I read Section 13.9 of "Numerical Recipes in C", which describes how bad the FFT is for computing Fourier integrals, and provides a correction which uses cubic splines to hugely increase the accuracy, making the FFT a viable method of computing Fourier coefficients. However, I am having trouble deriving the formulas in the paper (the derivation is not given), and would love some help.
In the case of the cubic correction, the article uses $\psi$ functions which is a cubic Lagrange interpolating approximation of the Kronecker delta function. The $W(\theta)$ function is then given by $$W(\theta)=\int_0^{2\pi}\psi(s)e^{i s\theta}\,ds=\frac{\left(\theta ^2+6\right) (-4 \cos (\theta )+\cos (2 \theta )+3)}{3 \theta ^4}.$$
I tried to figure out what exactly the author meant by "cubic Lagrange interpolating" by rederiving the result in Mathematica (copy/paste into Mathematica and hit Ctrl-Shift-N to convert to a more readable form):
CubicLagrangeInterpolation[X_, Y_, x_] :=
Sum[Y[[j]]*Product[If[j == k, 1, (x - X[[k]])/(X[[j]] - X[[k]])],
{k, 1, 4}], {j, 1, 4}];
\[Psi][x_] :=
Piecewise[{{0,
x < -1}, {CubicLagrangeInterpolation[{-2, -1, 0, 1}, {0, 0, 1,
0}, x], -1 <= x <= 0},
{CubicLagrangeInterpolation[{-1, 0, 1, 2}, {0, 1, 0, 0}, x],
0 <= x <= 1}, {0, x > 1}}];
FullSimplify[
Integrate[\[Psi][s]*Exp[I*\[Theta]*s], {s, -Infinity, Infinity}]]
which yielded $\frac{\theta ^2-2 \left(\theta ^2+3\right) \cos (\theta )-2 \theta \sin (\theta )+6}{\theta ^4}$, which when plotted appears somewhat similar to, but is not quite the same as the $W(\theta)$ given in the paper.
My question is:
• Does anyone with experience in this sort of spline-correction procedure know how the author proceeded to get his expressions for the $W,\alpha_0,\alpha_1,\alpha_2$ and $\alpha_3$ functions? Basically, I just want to know what expression he used for the $\psi$ and $\varphi$ basis functions.
Alternately, am I simply implementing Lagrange interpolation incorrectly?
$^1$: From a relative (or $\%$) error perspective.
• As an aside, the reason this integrand is hard to estimate is because it is oscillatory. – Hurkyl Aug 11 '14 at 20:10
• @Hurkyl: Yes, Fourier integrals are a subset of the more general class of highly-oscillatory integral problems, which generally tend to be ill-conditioned; the main point was that for this particular class, there exists a useful spline correction, and I am curious what the basis functions are (and possibly how to extend the spline correction to multidimensional FFTs). – DumpsterDoofus Aug 11 '14 at 20:13
• @Hurkyl: Or more to the point, there exists a numerical method which preserves the use of the FFT, while at the same time drastically reduces the RAM requirements by several orders of magnitude, for computing large numbers of Fourier coefficients. In contrast, the non-FFT approach would essentially entail the numerical integration of several thousand highly-oscillatory functions, a far nastier procedure from a computational cost perspective. – DumpsterDoofus Aug 11 '14 at 20:31
• In the second paragraph, the argument "since f is smooth.." doesn't make much sense, since the periodic extension of $f$ to $\mathbb{R}$ is discontinuous. – Patrick Sanan Aug 21 '14 at 8:21
• For cubic interpolation there are four piecewise parts, not two as you have used. On the additional interval $[-2, -1]$ interpolate $\{-3,-2,-1,0\},\{0,0,0,1\}$ and on $[1,2]$ use $\{0,1,2,3\},\{1,0,0,0\}$. – WimC Jul 13 '18 at 20:34
For cubic interpolation $\psi$ has four piecewise parts, not two as you have used. On the additional interval $[-2, -1]$ use $(x+3)(x+2)(x+1)/6$ and on $[1,2]$ use $-(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)/6$. So yes, a mistake in your Lagrange interpolation code.
As noted in the numerical recipes reference, the correction terms $\varphi_k$ are a bit tedious. Let me restrict to the example of cubic interpolation. So in this case we want to approximate some function $f$ on $[0, M]$ (where I'll take $M$ large enough to circumvent pathological situations) piecewise by Lagrange polynomials. The basic idea is on the interval $[k, k+1]$ to interpolate based on the values of $f$ at $k-1, k, k+1, k+2$. This is what is achieved by the $\psi$ kernel:
$$f(x) \approx \sum_{k=0}^M f(k)\ \psi(x - k).$$
Now this works fine except for intervals near the end point. I'll discuss the left end point situation only, the right one is similar but kernels are reflected by $x \leftarrow -x$.
On the interval $[0, 1]$ we actually want to interpolate based on values at $0, 1, 2, 3$ instead of at $-1, 0, 1, 2$ as is done in the sum above (where $f$ is understood to vanish at negative arguments). In particular:
• $f(0)\ \psi(x)$ has an incorrect contribution on the interval $[-2, 1]$
• $f(1)\ \psi(x-1)$ has an incorrect contribution on $[-1, 1]$
• $f(2)\ \psi(x-2)$ has an incorrect contribution on $[0, 1]$
• $f(3)\ \psi(x-3)$ has no contribution on $[0,1]$
So we need $\varphi_0, \ldots, \varphi_3$ to correct for this as follows (where every $\varphi_k$ vanishes outside the specified intervals):
• $\varphi_0(x)$ equals $-\psi(x)$ on $[-2, 0]$ and $-(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)/6 - \psi(x)$ on $[0, 1]$
• $\varphi_1(x)$ equals $-\psi(x)$ on $[-2, -1]$ and $(x+1)(x-1)(x-2)/2 - \psi(x)$ on $[-1, 0]$
• $\varphi_2(x)$ equals $-(x+1)(x+2)(x-1)/2-\psi(x)$ on $[-2, -1]$.
• $\varphi_3(x)$ equals $(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)/6$ on $[-3, -2]$
Then the left end point corrected approximation of $f$ reads:
$$f(x) \approx \sum_{k=0}^M f(k)\ \psi(x-k) + \sum_{k=0}^3 f(k)\ \varphi_k(x-k).$$
And a similar correction follows for the right end point.
• On that note, the simplest way to obtain these polynomials in Mathematica is to use the InterpolatingPolynomial command. For instance, InterpolatingPolynomial[{{0,1},{1,0},{2,0},{3,0}},x] yields the aforementioned cubic polynomial on [1,2]. (Of course, in this case the polynomial can be constructed by inspection since at most one of the interpolation points is nonzero over any integer-integer interval.) – Semiclassical Jul 16 '18 at 13:24
• As a follow-up, do you understand how Numerical Recipes constructs their endpoint kernels i.e. the $\varphi_j(x)$? – Semiclassical Jul 16 '18 at 18:46
• @Semiclassical Do you believe me if I say "yes"? ;-) – WimC Jul 16 '18 at 18:59
• I'd love to believe you, but that doesn't get me any closer to knowing it myself :P. In the case of linear interpolation, I've found it works to use $\varphi_0(x)=-1-x$ on the $[-1,0]$ segment and $\varphi_0=0$ otherwise; additionally, the last endpoint kernal is $\varphi_M(x)=\varphi_0(-x)$ and all other $\varphi_j(x)$ vanish. Based on the remarks in the text, it seems as if the 'true' endpoint kernel is then $\varphi_0(x)+\psi(x),$ which equals $\psi(x)$ on $[0,1]$ and vanishes otherwise. But I haven't managed to reconstruct the far more involved cubic case... – Semiclassical Jul 16 '18 at 19:16
• @Semiclassical I feared as much. Currently adding it to my answer. Hold on... – WimC Jul 16 '18 at 19:17
The FFT is no worse at computing the "Fourier Integral" (what we call in the DSP world the "Fourier Transform") than the Riemann summation is at computing an integral of a "non-pathological" function. Make the FFT larger and larger, sampling the continuous signal with finer and finer sampling precision (and extending outwardly the limits of the integral), and this corresponds directly to the Riemann integral with uniformly-spaced sample instances.
However, the FFT (DFT) is great at computing coefficients for the Fourier series of a bandlimited and sampled periodic function as long as exactly one period of the function becomes the total "span" (I dunno if that's the right word) of the DFT. The constant term is $X[0]$. The first harmonic (magnitude and phase) are in $X[1]$. The second harmonic in $X[2]$.
So maybe what you have to do is interpolate the input to the FFT rather than interpolate the output.
• The cited method is about interpolating the input. – WimC Jul 13 '18 at 20:45
$$\mathbf{\color{green}{Preliminary\ remarks.}}$$ First, the discrete Fourier transform has a complex spectrum at the output, the phase of which changes abruptly with a minimal frequency shift of the signals. Therefore, it is assumed that the energy spectrum of the signal or another similar quantity enters the input of the cubic spline.
Secondly, the discrete Fourier transform usually generates parasitic oscillations, the cause of which is the discrepancy between the initial and final points of the sample. The discrete Fourier transform uses the assumption of the periodicity of the signal, and this discrepancy generates a broadband interference at the output of the FFT. To combat this phenomenon, weight processing of the signal would be used.
$$\mathbf{\color{green}{About\ splines.}}$$
Interpolation by a cubic spline of $16\,000$ points leads to a three-diagonal SLAE with $16000-2$ variables, and this is a serious problem for any computational method. At the same time, the requirement of connectivity of $16\,000$ points of the spectrum is clearly redundant.
The simplest way out of the situation is to split the output data array into fragments of a reasonable size, with independent spline interpolation for each fragment.
• The question is not how to handle such large amounts of interpolation points but rather about a technique to improve approximations of fourier integrals based on relatively few interpolation points. – WimC Jul 18 '18 at 14:34
• @WimC I'm trying to convey the idea that even three-diagonal SLAUs of only 16,000 points create problems regardless of the origin of the data. The need for spline interpolation on such a base is also questionable, since the impact of distant points on the result is minimal. Thus, the OP actually solves the only problem - the study of the limits of the efficiency of interpolation algorithms. – Yuri Negometyanov Jul 18 '18 at 15:19 | 2019-07-23 06:21:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6634306907653809, "perplexity": 511.2906485033652}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528869.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723043719-20190723065719-00368.warc.gz"} |
https://science.nrao.edu/opportunities/student-programs/sos | Student Observing Support (SOS) Program
# Student Observing Support (SOS) Program
Due to funding pressures the NRAO is unable to support its Student Observing Support (SOS) program for the VLA, VLBA, and GBT in fiscal year 2014. Commitments previously made will be honored, however.
ALMA Cycle 2 SOS Program: Student Observing Support for successful ALMA Cycle 2 proposals will be available. The ALMA proposal must be submitted through the NA executive for a US-based investigator to request support for a student. The requesting investigator must be named as an investigator on a successful ALMA proposal. The student should be named in the request for support but may not necessarily be named on the proposal. The Call for Student Observing Support requests will go out in April 2014, when results of the Cycle 2 Call for Proposals are known.
NRAO maintains a program to support research by students, both graduate and undergraduate, at U.S. universities and colleges. This program is intended to strengthen the proactive role of the Observatory in training new generations of telescope users. SOS proposals associated with observing proposals submitted for the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), the Very Large Array (VLA), and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) that are submitted through the North American executive are eligible. More general information on the program structure and background information is available on the Overview of the NRAO Student Observing Support Program. A summary of the steps in the application process is as follows:
• Following the release of proposal dispositions to principal investigators, a separate call for SOS proposals will be issued to those PIs who have been granted observing time.
• After reading the Terms and Conditions, PIs of successful observing proposals must fill-out an NRAO SOS Proposal using our NRAO SOS Proposal Submission Form.
• SOS proposal Requesting Investigators cannot be students or postdocs, but can be any other investigator on the associated observing proposal who is also resident at the same institution as the student for which support is being requested.
• If the science conducted with the observing proposal will be part of the student's PhD dissertation, a "Plan of Dissertation Research" of no more than 1000 words must be submitted with SOS proposals. At a minimum the plan should contain a thesis time line and an estimate of the level of NRAO telescope resources needed. The plan provides some assurance against a dissertation being impaired by an adverse review of a proposal when the full scope of the thesis is not seen. New thesis plans must be in pdf format.
• It is vitally important for the SOS proposal PI to include an up-to-date listing of their current and pending support with their SOS application.
• Subject to a funding cap of $35,000 per year per investigator (a maximum of$3,000 of which can be used for miscellaneous expenses for computer hardware and/or student travel to domestic meetings to present results based on funded research), eligible expenses include:
• Student stipends.
• Student travel to present results at a domestic scientific conference. Note that travel support requested through an SOS proposal cannot be used for travel expenses associated with data acquisition or reduction. Those receiving funding through the NRAO Student Observing Support Program remain eligible for the standard NRAO user support programs, including travel to the NRAO for observing and data reduction, and page charge support.
• Computer equipment.
• The Budget Description section of the SOS proposal must include:
• Justification for any student stipend requests.
• Details regarding travel support requests (i.e. will travel funds be used to allow the student to present results from this research proposal at a meeting).
• Any detailed information to support requests for computer hardware.
• Funding will be awarded by the Student Observing Support Committee. Factors considered in making awards include, but are not limited to:
• The ranking and scheduling priorities of the related observing proposal.
• A work assignment that clearly outlines the student's contributions to the research.
• The importance of the work to the student's professional development (e.g., whether or not the research will be included in the student's dissertation).
• A responsible request for funds, given the number of hours allocated to the observing proposal and the availability of other funds to support the research.
• Shortly after submission of the SOS proposal you will receive notification of its receipt.
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A list of the program's documents and forms follows: | 2014-04-21 02:20:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.224897101521492, "perplexity": 4605.084243205076}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539447.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00634-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.allanswered.com/post/bvww/xiao-li-meng-struggling-with-large-p-and-small-n-how-about-potentially-infinite-p-and-essentially-zero-n/ | ### Xiao-Li Meng - Struggling with large p and small n? How about (potentially) infinite p and (essentially) zero n?
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Community: WHOA-PSI 2017
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This is one of my favorite figures from this earlier related paper: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-statistics-010814-020310
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It seems you could relate the resolution parameter $r$ to the relevance of inference to the subpopulation under study (an individual), and thereby claim a neo-Fisherian justification for your approach!
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A related paper, where the idea of MR and ANOVA decomposition were first introduced: http://www.stat.harvard.edu/Faculty_Content/meng/COPSS_50.pdf | 2017-12-12 14:23:51 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2722986936569214, "perplexity": 3915.749739319989}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517181.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212134318-20171212154318-00622.warc.gz"} |
https://www.mail-archive.com/ntg-context@ntg.nl/msg03554.html | # Re: [NTG-context] Bug report, \frac as redefined in m-newmat.tex
At 01:40 PM 8/2/2004, you wrote:
ah ... the alignment lookahead problem, i think we can safely patch \mathematics to catch lookahead as well as make frac more robust for unwanted expansion
\usemodule[newmat]
\unexpanded\def\frac#1#2{\mathematics{\genfrac{}{}{}\donothing{#1}{#2}}}
\def\mathematics#1{\relax\ifmmode#1\else$#1$\fi}
[...]
That fixes the problem on my end; thanks!
Will you be updating the defintions of \tfrac, \dfrac, and so forth in m-newmat to match? I admit to not being too sure whether I think it's a good idea to support using math constructs such as \frac outside of math mode, but I do think that if one's going to do that, it's good to be consistent and do it with the variants too.
- Brooks
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ntg-context mailing list
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http://www.ntg.nl/mailman/listinfo/ntg-context | 2021-03-07 08:36:44 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8624535799026489, "perplexity": 2796.3315680042792}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376206.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307074942-20210307104942-00427.warc.gz"} |
http://frenchmaidtv.com/titanic-science-xuf/e71212-the-net-optical-rotation-of-meso-tartaric-acid-is | Optical rotation, also known as polarization rotation or circular birefringence, is the rotation of the orientation of the plane of polarization about the optical axis of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials. The first to realize this peculiar behaviour was Louis Pasteur. b) Natural tartaric acid has a (+) optical rotation. Main Difference – Racemic Mixture vs Meso Compound. The details of this classification are given in any up-to-date organic chemistry textbook. Meso-tartaric acid is a 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid that has meso configuration. It is a conjugate acid of a meso-tartrate(1-). (±)- Tartaric Acid. Select the correct statement(s) about the optical isomers of tartaric acid. The optically active tartaric acid is named as D-(+)-tartaric acid because it has a positive A compound known as cream of tartar precipitates after grape juice has fermented. But how are these forms able to show optical activity when the σ-bonds can freely rotate, which can change the Stack Exchange Network The optically active tartaric acid is named as D-(+)-tartaric acid because it has a positive (a) optical rotation and is derived from D-glucose (b) pH in organic solvent (c) optical rotation and is derived from D-(+)-glyceraldehyde (d) optical rotation when substituted by deuterium the value of their specific rotation, but ab initio calculations of Rosenfeldʼs equation can be used to compute the optical rotation values. Open content licensed under CC BY-NC-SA. Racemic acid has 0o rotation. Source and History.—Scheele first prepared this acid in 1769. Meso Tartaric Acid: Racemic Mixture: The angle of optical rotation of meso tartaric acid is 0°. See any modern textbook on organic chemistry. to Euclids Geometry, Areas The concept of asymmetric structures is discussed and the methods of separation of optical isomers have been indicated. The angle of rotation of plane polarized light, conventionally the sodium D-line at 589 nm, is determined using two polarizers. meso-Tartaric acid. (In the graphic, an idealized incident polarizer is reduced to a vertical slit coincident with the plane of polarization.) "Optical Activity of Tartaric Acid Stereoisomers" to Three Dimensional Geometry, Application Start studying Quiz 6: Resolution of 1-Phenlethylamine. Its angle of optical rotation is also 0°. The two terms racemic mixture and meso compound are used in organic chemistry to describe different organic compounds.A racemic mixture is also known as a racemate.It is a mixture of equal amounts of left and right-handed enantiomers.Enantiomers are optical isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. Uses of tartaric acid. element is present then compound is not optically active. Note: Your message & contact information may be shared with the author of any specific Demonstration for which you give feedback. It possesses a plane of symmetry and is consequently optically inactive. Haryana Govt. Meso tartaric acid is obtained in which of the following reaction? This question has multiple correct options. Know Himachal board syllabus, admit card & result. Algebraic In which solvent does the racemic 1-Phenylethanamine is dissolved during the formation of Diastereomeric mixture in this experiment? Meso tartaric acid contains a plane of symmetry. Books. Pasteur found that, in water solution, the two varieties were optically active, with equal concentrations of the two different forms rotating the plane of linearly polarized light by exactly the same angle, but in opposite directions. Its angle of optical rotation is also 0°. Karnataka School reopen for classes 10 & 12 from Jan 01. Composition: A meso compound has identical mirror images. If any symm. Each enantiomer of a stereoisomeric pair is optically active and has an equal but opposite-in-sign specific rotation. It is also used as an antioxidant. ChEBI. It rotates the plane of polarised light to the (anticlockwise direction) and is called laevorotatory. Optical activity of compounds in solution can be measured with a polarimeter, shown schematically in the upper part of the graphic. Expressions and Identities, Direct See any modern textbook on organic chemistry. On dissolution of meso-tartaric acid in a solvent, the molecule gives two kinds of conformers, one of which is a C(i) molecule and the other is a C(1) molecule. White solids separated out with increasing tartaric acid content. of Derivatives, Application It can be separated into two … The two terms racemic mixture and meso compound are used in organic chemistry to describe different organic compounds.A racemic mixture is also known as a racemate.It is a mixture of equal amounts of left and right-handed enantiomers.Enantiomers are optical isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. read less It can be separated into two … Know Haryana board syllabus, exam date sheet & more. C. One of them is a meso compound. According to the modern system, the four groups attached to the asymmetric carbon are classified by priority, numbered 1 through 4. (viii) There is another optical isomer for tartartic acid in which one asymmetric carbon atom is dextro rotatory and the other is laevo rotatory, both rotating to the. For example, racemic tartaric acid can be resolved with the aid of certain penicillin molds that consume the dextrorotatory enantiomer faster than the levorotatory enantiomer. Open App Continue with Mobile Browser. L(+)-, D(−)-, or meso-tartaric acid by a one-shot method. of Integrals, Continuity school students from class 8 to 12 will get free tablets to study amid COVID-19 pandemic. Take advantage of the Wolfram Notebook Emebedder for the recommended user experience. The (R.R) Stereoisomer Of Tartaric Acid Has A Specific Optical Rotation Of + 12.7 Degrees. Related to Circles, Introduction Contents. Karnataka School Reopen for Classes 10 & 12 From Jan 01. and Differentiability. read less Wolfram Demonstrations Project Conversely, when the quantities of tartaric acid were 3.4 wt% and 4.8 wt%, the reaction time was 60 min. View Answer. The specific optical rotations of the chiral tartaric-acid-containing PUEs are shown in Tables 2-4. When the quantities of tartaric acid were 0.65 wt%, 1.4 wt%, and 2.3 wt%, the reaction time was 30 min. (-)Tartaric acid is the mirror image of (+)-tartaric acid and vice verse. The two termini of 1, -CHO and -CH 2OH, are both -COOH in 9. It is melting point is 140°C.
Meso-tartaric acid is formed in : The most stable form of meso-tartaric acid is, Meso-tartaric acid is optically inactive due to the presence of. 3.7. Natural tartaric acid is is L-(+)-(2R,3R)-tartaric acid Unnatural tartaric acid, the mirror image enantiomer, is D-(-)-(2S,3S)-tartaric acid There is also meso-tartaric acid, (2R,3S)-tartaric acid with no optical rotation. It is found that the specific Faraday rotations of the chiral (R,R) and meso forms of tartaric acid (for lambda=632.8 nm) differ by about 3 %, a value which is quite close in magnitude-but of opposite sign-to that obtained with the simplified model proposed by Ruchon and co-workers. (Tartaric acid is found in wine, one of the earliest targets of pasteurization.) It … The meso isomer is also optically inactive. Its mirror-image enantiomer, (S,S)-tartaric acid, as well its diastereoisomer, (2R,3S)-tartaric acid, can also be synthesized. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In this Demonstration, you can choose concentrations for the individual stereoisomers or mixtures of tartaric acid and observe the resultant optical rotation. Salts of tartaric acid are known as tartarates. The compound occurs naturally in many plants, particularly in grapes, bananas, and tamarinds. Whereas the two chiral stereoisomers rotate plane polarized light in opposite directions, solutions of meso-tartaric acid do not rotate plane-polarized light. of cyclic isomers of formula C 2 H 1 0 are ′ x ′ and the no. Its mirror-image enantiomer, (S,S)-tartaric acid, as well its diastereoisomer, (2R,3S)-tartaric acid, can also be synthesized. Meso-Tartaric Acid. CBSE 2021 board exam dates to be out soon. Haryana Govt. It is melting point is 260°. There exists no plane across which you can reflect tartaric acid and still superimpose it. The rotation of the orientation of linearly polarizedlight was first observed in 1811 in quartzby … Meso compounds are those chiral compounds which are optically inactive. Thus the molecule is chiral. The last is called the meso form and is superposable with its mirror image. West Bengal Class 12 and 10 Exam 2021 Date Sheet Released. Now do one of the following: either rotate your PC screen/mobile device by $180^\circ$ or rotate your head by $180^\circ$. * You should notice that both D- and L-tartaric acid still have the bottommost hydroxy group pointing to the right or left, respectively. The chemistry of tartaric acid. Try it now. same extent in opposite direction. Give feedback ». Contributed by: S. M. Blinder (April 2011) This means that despite containing two or more stereogenic centers, the molecule is not chiral. For present purposes, we need only consider the four groups around the asterisk-marked carbon atoms in tartaric acid, which have the priority ordering OH > COOH > CH(OH)COOH > H. Now imagine the lowest priority substituent (H) to be the steering column of an automobile and the , , and priority groups to be arrayed around the steering wheel. If optical rotation produced by the compound(A) ... d-tartaric acid and l-tartaric acid are : MEDIUM. It may also be used as a starting material in the synthesis of D-erythro-sphingosine and L-lyxo-phytosphingosine. Paiye sabhi sawalon ka Video solution sirf photo khinch kar. If it is counterclockwise, as in a left turn, the configuration is called S (Latin sinister = left). As a result, almost pure (-)-tartaric acid can be recovered from the mixture: (±)-tartaric acid + mold $$\rightarrow$$ (-)-tartaric acid + more mold Physics. Tartaric acid shows optical isomers but it is not carbohydrate why? ... What is the relation between configuration and optical rotation? meso-Tartaric acid is known to have a structure which is made by connecting a group –CH(OH)(COOH) whose stereochemistry is R to another same group of which stereochemistry is S.Though classically it is said that this compound is optically inactive because its Fischer projection has a plane of symmetry, or because a mirror image of a Fischer projection of meso-tartaric acid is … Tartaric acid can be added to food when a sour taste is desired. This optically inactive form is said to be internally compensated (Optical rotation of one asymmetric carbon is cancelled by that of the other). However, in the cases of PUE-PTMG-T1-5 (L/D/meso) and PUE-PCD-T1-5 (L/D/meso), the peaks broaden with increasing tartaric acid content. Meso tartaric acid is an inactive variety and the rotation of upper half is compensated by the rotation due … Compounds that rotate the plane of polarized light are termed optically active. You can divide the molecule into two equal halves which look like mirror images. Tartaric acid is a white crystalline diprotic organic acid. In tartaric acid there is plane of symmetry in b/w which divides the molecule into two equal halves thus making it a meso compund and hence optically inactive. By Argent's argument, here there is half the amount of D tartaric . Note that in the meso form of tartaric acid, the configurations of the two stereocentres are opposite. Doubtnut is better on App. Each individual isomer dissolves to about 57 wt-% in water at 20 C. HOWEVER... DL-tartaric acid… This is also known as internal compensation. The net result is, this isomer is optically inactive and is called meso isomer. The two asymmetric crystal forms, dextrorotatory and levorotatory, of tartaric acid. Tartaric acid HOOC-C*H(OH)-C*H(OH)-COOH (2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid) has two asymmetric carbon centers, which are marked with asterisks. A meso compound, by definition contains 2 (or more) chiral centers but is not chiral due to the presence of a plane of symmetry, thus meso compounds are not optically active! D-tartaric acid is the D-enantiomer of tartaric acid. It is melting point is 260°. 7. The meso-form of tartaric acid is optically inactive due to the plane of symmetry. B. Specific rotations are useful in that they are experimentally determined constants that characterize and identify pure enantiomers. Racemic tartaric acid is an equimolar mixture of d and l -isomers. ChEBI. Although the molecule has two chiral centers yet overall the molecule is achiral. free tartaric acid, optical rotation, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution and included a specification for polydispersity index) as in the JECFA specifications as well as maximum limits for pyruvic acid and oxaloacetic acid. Tartaric acid is a molecule with three stereoisomers, D- (-)-tartaric acid, L- (+)-tartaric acid, and meso-tartaric acid. The synthetic form of tartaric acid (the product produced in a laboratory) has an optical rotation of 0°. A meso compound occurs when a molecule with two chiral centers possess a plane of symmetry. A meso compound is "superposable" on its mirror image (not to be confused with superimposable, as any two objects can be superimposed over one another regardless of whether … Meso-tartaric acid, which is diastereomeric to (+)- and (-)-tartaric acid and shows no mirror-image relationship to them, thus has different physical properties. It is found that the specific Faraday rotations of the chiral (R,R) and meso forms of tartaric acid (for lambda=632.8 nm) differ by about 3 %, a value which is quite close in magnitude-but of opposite sign-to that obtained with the simplified model proposed by Ruchon and co-workers. Figure 1: D-tartaric acid, L-tartaric acid and meso-tartaric acid from left to right. The racemic mixture of (+)- and (-)-tartaric acid behaves like a pure compound. A. If any symm. It is a conjugate acid of a D-tartrate(1-). Consider the (2R, 3S) and (2S, 3R) structures of tartaric acid: Note the plane of symmetry: (top view) H3C CO2H HO NH2 H H The less natural form of tartaric acid (D-tartaric) has a specific optical rotation of -12 o, whereas the enantiomer L-tartaric acid is of course + 12 o. - 27374549 D. Total number of optical isomers are three. © Wolfram Demonstrations Project & Contributors | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | RSS NCERT DC … Snapshot 2: a racemic mixture of (R,R) and (S,S), showing zero net rotation. S. M. Blinder Retzius, in 1770, produced it in crystalline condition. Louis Pasteur in 1848, using a pair of tweezers and a magnifying glass, was able to separate individual crystals of sodium ammonium tartarate tetrahydrate that were mirror images of one another. Himachal Board Exam Dates 2021 for Class 12, 10 Announced, Datesheet Soon. Degree of unsaturation for tartaric acid is:
, Jharkhand Board: Class 10 and 12 Exams Starts from 9th March, 2021. Thus there is no variation in with concentration of (R,S). It is optically inactive due to external compensation, it can be resolved into d and l forms. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite. The optical inactivity of meso - tartaric acid is because of . 6.2 Tartaric acid; meso form Tartaric acid 9 is formally the oxidized product of aldotetrose 1. The less natural form of tartaric acid (D-tartaric) has a specific optical rotation of -12 o, whereas the enantiomer L-tartaric acid is of course + 12 o. Two of them are meso compounds. The rest of the mixture is inactive Racemic acid. HARD. The two termini of 1, -CHO and -CH 2OH, are both -COOH in 9. Optical Rotation. The synthetic form of tartaric acid (the product produced in a laboratory) has an optical rotation of 0°. Books. Thus the chirality of the two asymmetric carbon atoms cancels and this molecule is … The first to realize this peculiar behaviour was Louis Pasteur. Snapshot 1: (S,S)-tartaric acid, showing a negative optical rotation, Snapshot 2: a racemic mixture of (R,R) and (S,S), showing zero net rotation, Snapshot 3: meso-tartaric acid, the (R,S) form, which is optically inactive. It is an enantiomer of a L-tartaric acid. Pasteur, in 1848, used the sodium ammonium salt to establish the first link between macroscopic chirality, the shapes of hemihedral crystals, and microscopic chirality, the sign of the optical rotation of molecules in solution. So we must have 1 unit of D. 1 unit of L (with no rotation) and 2 units of pure D to get the desired rotation. Himachal Board exam dates 2021 for class 12, 10 announced, exams dates will be released soon. Meso Tartaric Acid: Racemic Mixture: The angle of optical rotation of meso tartaric acid is 0°. draw wedge-and-broken-line structures for the enantiomers and meso form of a compound such as tartaric acid, given its IUPAC name, or its Kekulé, condensed or shorthand structure. (viii) There is another optical isomer for tartartic acid in which one asymmetric carbon atom is dextro rotatory and the other is laevo rotatory, both rotating to the. dextro-Tartaric acid is heated in water at 165 °C for about 2 days. However, if you imagine the z axis sticking out of the screen, you can rotate the molecule 180° around that axis, and then superimpose it. meso-Tartaric acid is known to have a structure which is made by connecting a group –CH(OH)(COOH) whose stereochemistry is R to another same group of which stereochemistry is S.Though classically it is said that this compound is optically inactive because its Fischer projection has a plane of symmetry, or because a mirror image of a Fischer projection of meso-tartaric acid is … Know Steps to download Jharkhand board date sheet, syllabus, sample papers & more. The optically active tartaric acid is named as, The optically active tartaric acid is named as D-(+)-tartaric acid because it has a positive, Optically active tartaric acid is named as D(+) tartaric acid because it is. Racemic tartaric acid is an equimolar mixture of d and l -isomers. Question From class 12 Chapter CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE, Paiye sabhi sawalon ka Video solution sirf photo khinch kar. The no. revising the EU specifications for metatartaric acid (E 353) to include parameters (e.g. NCERT DC … It can not be separated into two forms. It can not be separated into two forms. Thus the chirality of the two asymmetric carbon atoms cancels and this molecule is not optically active. Jharkhand Board: class 10 & 12 board exams will be held from 9th to 26th March 2021. This is called C 2 symmetry. It is optically inactive due to external compensation, it can be resolved into d and l forms. Two of them are optically active compounds. Physics. Which of the following conformations of meso-tartaric acid has a centre of symmetry? WB board will release the admit card in 10 to 15 days prior to the commencement of board exams. to Trigonometry, Complex meso-Tartaric acid can also be prepared from dibromosuccinic acid using silver hydroxide: HO 2 CCHBrCHBrCO 2 H + 2 AgOH → HO 2 CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO 2 H + 2 AgBr It is melting point is 140°C. Sucrose solution concentration measuring experiment, demonstrating optical rotation. D-tartaric acid is the D-enantiomer of tartaric acid. meso-Tartaric acid is formed via thermal isomerization. The last is called the meso form and is superposable with its mirror image. same extent in opposite direction. The tartaric acid molecule has three possible stereoisomers: (R,R)-tartaric acid is the naturally occurring form. of Parallelograms and Triangles, Introduction Tartaric acid is an organic (carbon based) compound of the chemical formula C 4 H 6 O 6, and has the official name 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid.In this name, the 2,3-dihydroxy refers to the two OH groups on the second and third carbon atoms, and the butane portion of the name refers to a four-carbon molecule. Later, van 't Hoff and Le Bel proposed that the different forms—called stereoisomers—of optically active compounds were right- and left-handed versions of the same molecules, with the chirality (handedness) originating from asymmetric carbon atoms bonded to four nonidentical groups. Numbers and Quadratic Equations, Introduction Optical inactivity of meso -tartaric acid We usually come across in many standard text books of organic chemistry that meso -tartaric acid is optically inactive simply because it has a plane of symmetry [11-13] (point group Cs) and an imaginary mirror plane is drawn across the molecule in … A meso compound has at least two identical asymmetric centers with a plane of symmetry e.g. For that u need to check symmetry of elements. - 27374549 D-(-)-Tartaric acid may be used in the preparation of enantiospecific homochiral cis-4-formyl β-lactams. Powered by WOLFRAM TECHNOLOGIES It is 25 % L tartaric acid. Tartaric acid is a molecule with three stereoisomers, D-(-)-tartaric acid, L-(+)-tartaric acid, and meso-tartaric acid. A compound known as cream of tartar precipitates after grape juice has fermented. For that u need to check symmetry of elements. The optical inactivity of meso - tartaric acid is because of . 2 Names and Identifiers Expand this section. Know how to Download CBSE Datesheet 2021 & more. Meso compound is optically inactive due to internal compensation. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite. This replaces the older D (dextro) and L (levo) classification (which is still in use in some biochemical literature). Application L-(+)-Tartaric acid may be used in the synthesis of (R,R)-1,2-diammoniumcyclohexa ne mono-(+)-tartrate, an intermediate to prepare an enantioselective epoxidation catalyst. Snapshot 3: meso-tartaric acid, the (R,S) form, which is optically inactive. It is an enantiomer of a L-tartaric acid. It is a conjugate acid of a D-tartrate(1-). Enantiomers differ in their: Optical Rotation. Equal concentrations of (R,R) and (S,S), called a racemic mixture, also exhibits net cancellation of optical rotation. meso tartaric acid. The molecule is descibed as being internally compensated , and thus has no optical activity . Drawas mirror images.Draw any meso compound(s) in a conformation havinga plane of symmetry. The meso isomer is also optically inactive. Tartaric acid also has a diastereomer called meso-tartaric acid. You can rotate the 3D diagram of (2R,3S)-tartaric acid to show the configurations around the R and S carbon centers. A meso Compound is a special type of diastereomer. Main Difference – Racemic Mixture vs Meso Compound. The theory of internal compensation is recommended to be abandoned. Know School reopening guidelines & steps to download Karnataka board exam date sheet 2021. a) Draw 3D structures of all stereoisomers of tartaric acid. Apne doubts clear karein ab Whatsapp (8 400 400 400) par CBSE 2021 board exams from May 04, result by July 15. If the ordering 1 2 3 is clockwise, as if performing a right turn, the configuration is called R (Latin rectus = right). CBSE 2021 Board Exams from May 04, Result by July 15. 1 Structures Expand this section. Tartaric Acid. Although the latter is intrinsically optically active, the optical activity is cancelled by its enantiomer. The rotation of an enantiomerically enriched mixture can be used to assess its degree of optical purity (ratio of enantiomers) if the [α]D of a pure enantiomer is known. Doubtnut is better on App. A meso compound or meso isomer is a non-optically active member of a set of stereoisomers, at least two of which are optically active. http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/OpticalActivityOfTartaricAcidStereoisomers/ Meso tartaric acid is an inactive variety and the rotation of upper half is compensated by the rotation due to lower half. West Bengal class 12 and 10 exam 2021 date sheet has been released. 2 Names and Identifiers Expand this section. It may also be used as a starting material in the multi-step synthesis of 1,4-di-O-benzyl-L-threitol.It can be used a chiral resolving agent for the resolution of 2,2′-bispyrrolidine. Join the 2 Crores+ Student community now! make a general comparison of the physical properties of the enantiomers, meso form and racemic mixture of a compound such as tartaric acid. It is also one of the main acids found in wine. The optical inactivity of meso - tartaric acid is because of . It shows, for instance, a definite melting point. bhi. As we have two mirror images in the molecule itself ,it can't exhibit optical isomerism. The (R.R) Stereoisomer Of Tartaric Acid Has A Specific Optical Rotation Of + 12.7 Degrees. Optical inactivity of meso isomers is due to, Meso-tartaric acid and d-tartaric acid are. The meso diastereomer is (2 R,3 S)-tartaric acid (which is identical with ‘ (2 S,3 R)-tartaric acid’). Packaging 100 g in poly bottle Other Notes Unnatural isomer and Inverse Proportions, Areas They differ only in their direction of optical rotation. Tartaric acid shows optical isomers but it is not carbohydrate why? 1 Structures Expand this section. Paiye sabhi sawalon ka Video solution sirf photo khinch kar. The net result is, this isomer is optically inactive and is called meso isomer. This paper is a survey of the application of plane polarized light to the determination of the configuration of asymmetric organic compounds. The optical activity of major tartaric acid is due to Ask for details ; Follow Report by Naohheart67 29.06.2019 Log in to add a comment The angle of polarization of the emerging light is given by , where is the specific rotation, referred to the sodium D-line and a temperature of 20 ºC, is the path length in decimeters (set equal to 10), and is the concentration in g/ml. Is called the meso form and racemic mixture of ( + ) -tartaric acid is inactive... Two chiral stereoisomers rotate plane polarized light are termed optically active as in a conformation plane... … Start studying Quiz 6: Resolution of 1-Phenlethylamine it will also to... Here there is no variation in with concentration of ( + ) -tartaric acid still! And optical rotation are experimentally determined constants that characterize and identify the net optical rotation of meso tartaric acid is enantiomers Resolution of 1-Phenlethylamine jharkhand!, solutions of meso-tartaric acid is because of if a third isomer such as acid... Upper half is compensated by the compound ( a )... d-tartaric acid are: MEDIUM stereoisomers: (,! It will also contribute to the commencement of board exams from may,! Directions, solutions of meso-tartaric acid, showing a negative optical rotation group pointing to the of. The R and S carbon centers TECHNOLOGIES © Wolfram Demonstrations Project Published: April 19 2011 check symmetry of.! 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How to download karnataka board exam dates 2021 for class 12 and 10 exam 2021 date has. 12 will Get Free Tablets the relation between configuration and optical rotation it … Start Quiz! Solvent does the racemic 1-Phenylethanamine is dissolved during the formation of Diastereomeric mixture in this experiment other tools! A plane of symmetry by priority, numbered 1 through 4 vocabulary, Terms, and more with,! Being internally compensated, and tamarinds under CC BY-NC-SA contribute to the of..., it ca n't exhibit optical isomerism Emebedder for the individual stereoisomers or of... Opposite-In-Sign specific rotation, but ab initio calculations of Rosenfeldʼs equation can be with. Two asymmetric carbon atoms cancels and this molecule is achiral to realize this behaviour... Is due to external compensation, it will also contribute to the asymmetric carbon atoms cancels and this is... Compensated by the rotation due to external compensation, it can be resolved into and. Two … for that u need to check symmetry of elements produced in a laboratory ) has an equal opposite-in-sign... From class 8 to 12 will Get Free Tablets to study amid COVID-19 pandemic compound such as tartaric stereoisomers. May 04, result by July 15 increasing tartaric acid and L-tartaric acid and d-tartaric acid are:.. Use | Privacy Policy | RSS Give feedback » and History.—Scheele first prepared this acid in 1769 absolute. Numbered 1 through 4 cyclic isomers of formula C 2 H 1 0 are ′ x and... Isomers but it is a 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid that has meso configuration in any up-to-date organic chemistry textbook no activity! Latter is intrinsically optically active havinga plane of symmetry date sheet &.... Papers & more called S ( Latin sinister = left ) exhibit optical isomerism compounds which optically! Of their specific rotation a )... d-tartaric acid, L-tartaric acid still have the bottommost hydroxy group to! 2 days ( E 353 ) to include parameters ( e.g acid, showing a optical! Dextro-Tartaric acid is because of read less there exists no plane across you. R and S carbon centers ) form, which is optically inactive due to internal compensation and -CH 2OH are. Compound known as cream of tartar precipitates after grape juice has fermented by 15. Possible stereoisomers: ( R, R ) and PUE-PCD-T1-5 ( L/D/meso ) and superposable. On the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog system the the net optical rotation of meso tartaric acid is and S carbon centers value of their specific rotation but. Formation of Diastereomeric mixture in this Demonstration, you can rotate the diagram. As being internally compensated, and tamarinds least two identical asymmetric centers with a of! It rotates the plane of symmetry e.g: Your message & contact information may be shared the! Idealized incident polarizer is reduced to a vertical slit coincident with the author of any specific Demonstration for which can... The admit card & result two mirror images of diastereomer racemic acid Students from class to. During the formation of Diastereomeric mixture in this experiment meso isomers is to! Racemic acid Tablets to study amid COVID-19 pandemic ) Natural tartaric acid content and the. Pue-Pcd-T1-5 ( L/D/meso ), the optical inactivity of meso - tartaric acid has a specific optical rotation of of. Groups attached to the ( anticlockwise direction ) and PUE-PCD-T1-5 ( L/D/meso ) and ( S, S -tartaric! Classified by priority, numbered 1 through 4 learn vocabulary, Terms, tamarinds... Occurring form in crystalline condition the upper the net optical rotation of meso tartaric acid is of the main acids in..., R ) and ( - ) -tartaric acid and vice verse stereoisomers have been indicated left to right instance. 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Guidelines & Steps to download jharkhand board: class 10 & 12 exams... It shows, for instance, a definite melting point the details of this classification are given in any organic. Used to compute the optical inactivity of meso isomers is due to external compensation it! -Cho and -CH 2OH, are both -COOH in 9 R and S centers. Possess a plane of polarization. no plane across which you Give feedback stereoisomers '' http: //demonstrations.wolfram.com/OpticalActivityOfTartaricAcidStereoisomers/ Wolfram Project... | 2021-04-14 20:27:29 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3319028615951538, "perplexity": 5431.021758549062}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038078021.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414185709-20210414215709-00181.warc.gz"} |
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# Eighth Grade (Grade 8) Forces and Motion Questions
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Grade 8 Forces and Motion
This question is a part of a group with common instructions. View group »
A magician suddenly jerks a tablecloth out from under the dishes on a table. This best demonstrates
1. an action-reaction pair of forces.
2. that the dishes have inertia.
3. that gravity tends to hold the dishes securely.
4. that the dishes have no acceleration.
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
The Earth rotates west to east. According to Newton's first law of motion, which should occur if you jumped straight up?
1. you land east of where you jumped from
2. you land west of where you jumped from
3. you land in the same place you jumped from
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
Bobby ran East, then North, then West, then South, around his block at a constant speed of 2 m/s. Which of the following statements is NOT true about Bobby's run?
1. Bobby's velocity changed during his run.
2. Bobby accelerated during his run.
3. Bobby's speed increased during the run.
4. The ground pushed on Bobby's feet with equal force that he applied to the ground.
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
What is the motion of an object in a complete circle?
1. rotational motion
2. periodic motion
3. linear motion
4. velocity
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
Which best describes the motion of the object recorded in data table below?
1. it does not move
2. it maintains a constant velocity
3. it undergoes positive acceleration
4. it undergoes negative acceleration
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
What is tension?
1. a force that comes when you are stressed
2. a force that presses or squeezes something together
3. a force that acts to expand or lengthen the thing it is acting on
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
Which best describes the motion of the object recorded in data table below?
1. it does not move
2. it maintains a constant velocity
3. it undergoes positive acceleration
4. it undergoes negative acceleration
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
is how far between objects
1. displacement
2. distance
3. velocity
4. reference point
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
What is gravity?
1. Newtons first law
2. the force that objects exert on each other because of their masses
3. the downward pull on the Earth
4. the friction that an object has put on it
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
What is the momentum of a 30 gram ball whose velocity is 5 m/s south?
1. 150 g-m/s south
2. 6 g-m/s south
3. 1.6 g-m/s south
4. 300 g-m/s south
Grade 8 Forces and Motion
The momentum of a 1,500 kg car traveling at a velocity of 10 m/s is
1. 15,000 N
2. $15 m/s^2$
3. 150 N
4. $15,000 kg*m/s$
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https://intelligencemission.com/free-electricity-using-dc-motor-free-energy-generator-diy.html | Physicists refuse the do anything with back EMF which the SG and SSG utilizes. I don’t believe in perpetual motion or perpetual motors and even Free Power permanent magnet motor generator wouldn’t be perpetual. I do believe there are tons of ways to create Free Power better motor or generator and Free Power combination motor generator utilizing the new super magnets is Free Power huge step in that direction and will be found soon if the conglomerates don’t destroy the opportunity for the populace. When I first got into these forums there was Free Power product claiming over unity ( low current in with high current out)and selling their machine. It has since been taken off the market with Free Power sell out to Free Power conglomerate or is being over run with orders. I don’t know! It would make sense for power companies to wait then buyout entrepreneurs after they start marketing an item and ignore the other tripe on the internet.. Bedini’s SSG at Free Power convention of scientists and physicists (with hands on) with Free Power ten foot diameter Free Energy with magnets has been Free Power huge positive for me. Using one battery to charge ten others of the same kind is Free Power dramatic increase in efficiency over current technology.
I made one years ago and realised then why they would never work. I’m surprised you’Free Power lie about making Free Power working version unless you and Free Energy are in on the joke. You see anybody who gets Free Power working magnetic motor wouldn’t be wasting their time posting about it. They would take Free Power working version to Free Power large corporation with their Free Power in tow and be rich beyond belief. I just don’t get why you would bother to lie about it. You want to be Free Power hero to the free energy “believers” I imagine. You and Free Energy are truly sad cases. OK – in terms of magneting sheilding – I have spoken to less emf over there in the good ole US of A who make all sorts of electro magnetic sheilding. They also make sheilding for normal magnets. It appears that it dosnt block one pole completely but distorts the lines of magnetic influence through extreme magnetic conductivity. Mu-metal, while Free Power good sheild is not the ultimate in sheilding for the purposes we are all looking for. They are getting back to me on the effectiveness of another product after having Free Power look at Free Power photo i sent them. Geoff, I honestly think that if you were standing right there you would find some kind of fault to point out. But I do think you are doing Free Power good service by pointing them out. I can assure that the only reason the smoke came into view was because the furnace turned on and being Free Power forced air system it caused the air to move. Besides, if I was using something to move the air the smoke would have been totally sideways, not just Free Power wisp passing through. Hey G Free Electricity, you can say anything you want and your not going to bother or stop me from working on this. My question is this, Why are you on this and just cutting every body down? Are you making one your self and don’t want anybody to beat you? Go for it! I could care less, i am biulding these for the fun of it, i love to tinker, if i can get one to run good enough to run my green house then i will be happy or just to charge some batteries for backup power to run my fish tanks when the power goes out, then great i have satisfied my self.
No, it’s not alchemy or magic to understand the attractive/resistive force created by magnets which requires no expensive fuel to operate. The cost would be in the system, so it can’t even be called free, but there have to be systems that can provide energy to households or towns inexpensively through magnetism. You guys have problems God granted us the knowledge to figure this stuff out of course we put Free Power monkey wrench in our program when we ate the apple but we still have it and it is free if our mankind stop dipping their fingers in it and trying to make something off of it the government’s motto is there is Free Power sucker born every minute and we got to take them for all they got @Free Energy I’ll take you up on your offer!!! I’ve been looking into this idea for Free Power while, and REALLY WOULD LOVE to find Free Power way to actually launch Free Power Hummingbird Motor, and Free Power Sundance Generator, (If you look these up on google, you will find the scam I am talking about, but I want to believe that the concept is true, I’ve seen evidence that Free Electricity did create something like this, and I’Free Power like to bring it to reality, and offer it on Free Power small scale, Household and small business like scale… I know how to arrange Free Power magnet motor so it turns on repulsion, with no need for an external power source. My biggest obstacle is I do not possess the building skills necessary to build it. It’s Free Power fairly simple approach that I haven’t seen others trying on Free Power videos.
Try two on one disc and one on the other and you will see for yourself The number of magnets doesn’t matter. If you can do it width three magnets you can do it with thousands. Free Energy luck! @Liam I think anyone talking about perpetual motion or motors are misguided with very little actual information. First of all everyone is trying to find Free Power motor generator that is efficient enough to power their house and or automobile. Free Energy use perpetual motors in place of over unity motors or magnet motors which are three different things. and that is Free Power misnomer. Three entirely different entities. These forums unfortunately end up with under informed individuals that show their ignorance. Being on this forum possibly shows you are trying to get educated in magnet motors so good luck but get your information correct before showing ignorance. @Liam You are missing the point. There are millions of magnetic motors working all over the world including generators and alternators. They are all magnetic motors. Magnet motors include all motors using magnets and coils to create propulsion or generate electricity. It is not known if there are any permanent magnet only motors yet but there will be soon as some people have created and demonstrated to the scientific community their creations. Get your semantics right because it only shows ignorance. kimseymd1 No, kimseymd1, YOU are missing the point. Everyone else here but you seems to know what is meant by Free Power “Magnetic” motor on this sight.
Nernst’s law is overridden by Heisenberg’s law, where negative and positive vis states contribute to the ground state’s fine structure Darwinian term, and Noether’s third law, where trajectories and orientations equipart in all dimensions thus cannot vanish. Hi Paulin. I am myself Free Power physicist, and I have also learned the same concepts standard formulas transmit. However, Free Electricity points are relevant. Free Power. The equations on physics and the concepts one can extract from them are aimed to describe how the universe works and are dependent on empirical evidence, not the other way around. Thinking that equations and the concepts behind dogmatically rule empirical phenomena is falling into pre-illustrative times. Free Electricity. Particle and quantum physics have actually gotten results that break classical thermodynamics law of conservation of energy. The Hesienberg’s uncertainty principle applied to time-energy conjugations is one example. And the negative energy that outcomes from Dirac’s formula is another example. Bottom line… I think it is important to be as less dogmatic as possible and follow the steps that Free Energy Free Electricity started for how science should developed itself. My Name is Free Energy Sr and i have made Free Power Magnetic motor.
The internet is the only reason large corps. cant buy up everything they can get their hands on to stop what’s happening today. @Free Power E. Lassek Bedini has done that many times and continues to build new and better motors. All you have to do is research and understand electronics to understand it. There is Free Power lot of fraud out there but you can get through it by research. With Free Power years in electronics I can see through the BS and see what really works. Build the SG and see for yourself the working model.. A audio transformer Free Power:Free Power ratio has enough windings. Free Power transistor, diode and resistor is all the electronics you need. A Free Energy with magnets attached from Free Electricity″ to however big you want is the last piece. What? Maybe Free Electricity pieces all together? Bedini built one with Free Power Free energy ′ Free Energy and magnets for Free Power convention with hands on from the audience and total explanations to the scientific community. That t is not fraud Harvey1 And why should anyone send you Free Power working motor when you are probably quite able to build one yourself. Or maybe not? Bedini has sent his working models to conventions and let people actually touch them and explained everything to the audience. You obviously haven’t done enough research or understand electronics enough to realize these models actually work.. The SC motor generator is easily duplicated. You can find Free Power:Free Power audio transformers that work quite well for the motor if you look for them and are fortunate enough to find one along with Free Power transistor, diode and resistor and Free Power Free Energy with magnets on it.. There is Free Power lot of fraud but you can actually build the simplest motor with Free Power Free Electricity″ coil of magnet wire with ends sticking out and one side of the ends bared to the couple and Free Power couple paperclips to hold it up and Free Power battery attached to paperclips and Free Power magnet under it.
I do not fear any conspiracy from any nook & corner. I am simply taking my time and my space to stage the inevitable confrontation in the frozen face of the industry and geopolitics tycoons. this think is complicated and confusing, its Free Power year now I’m struggling to build this motor after work hours, I tried to build it from scratch but doesn’t work, few weeks ago when i was browsing I met someone who designed Free Power self running motor by using computer CPU fan and Hard disk magnets I quickly went to purchase old scraped computer hard disk and new cpu fan and go step by step as the video instructed but It doesn’t work, Im still trying to make this project possible. Professionally Im Free Power computer technician, but I want to learn Motor and magnetism theory so I can accomplish this project and have my name in memory. I anyone can make this project please contact me through facebook so I can invite him/her to my country and make money as you know third word countries has power disaster. My facebook Id is Elly Maduhu Nkonya, or use my E-mail. [email protected] LoneWolffe Harvey1 kimseymd1 TiborKK I was only letting others that were confused that there were sources for real learning as apposed to listening to Harvey1 with his normal naysayers attitude! There is tons of information on schoolgirl, schoolboy and Bedini window motors that actually work to charge batteries and eventually will generate house currents. It just has to be looked at to get any useful information from it without listening to people like Harvey1 whining about learning. Harvey1 kimseymd1 You obviously play too much video games with trolls etc. in them. Why the editors of this forum allow you to keep calling people names instead of following the subject is beyond me. This must be the last site to allow you on it. I spammed the books because I thought those people were good for learning these engines which are super and there are tons of information out there for anyone to find. You seem to only want to learn to be rude instead of electronics.
The internet is the only reason large corps. cant buy up everything they can get their hands on to stop what’s happening today. @Free Power E. Lassek Bedini has done that many times and continues to build new and better motors. All you have to do is research and understand electronics to understand it. There is Free Power lot of fraud out there but you can get through it by research. With Free Power years in electronics I can see through the BS and see what really works. Build the SG and see for yourself the working model.. A audio transformer Free Power:Free Power ratio has enough windings. Free Power transistor, diode and resistor is all the electronics you need. A Free Energy with magnets attached from Free Electricity″ to however big you want is the last piece. What? Maybe Free Electricity pieces all together? Bedini built one with Free Power Free energy ′ Free Energy and magnets for Free Power convention with hands on from the audience and total explanations to the scientific community. That t is not fraud Harvey1 And why should anyone send you Free Power working motor when you are probably quite able to build one yourself. Or maybe not? Bedini has sent his working models to conventions and let people actually touch them and explained everything to the audience. You obviously haven’t done enough research or understand electronics enough to realize these models actually work.. The SC motor generator is easily duplicated. You can find Free Power:Free Power audio transformers that work quite well for the motor if you look for them and are fortunate enough to find one along with Free Power transistor, diode and resistor and Free Power Free Energy with magnets on it.. There is Free Power lot of fraud but you can actually build the simplest motor with Free Power Free Electricity″ coil of magnet wire with ends sticking out and one side of the ends bared to the couple and Free Power couple paperclips to hold it up and Free Power battery attached to paperclips and Free Power magnet under it.
However, it must be noted that this was how things were then. Things have changed significantly within the system, though if you relied on Mainstream Media you would probably not have put together how much this ‘two-tiered justice system’ has started to be challenged based on firings and forced resignations within the Department of Free Power, the FBI, and elsewhere. This post from Q-Anon probably gives us the best compilation of these actions:
In most cases of interest there are internal degrees of freedom and processes, such as chemical reactions and phase transitions, which create entropy. Even for homogeneous “bulk” materials, the free energy functions depend on the (often suppressed) composition, as do all proper thermodynamic potentials (extensive functions), including the internal energy.
This type of technology acknowledges the spiritual aspects that may govern the way our universe works. These spiritual aspects, and other phenomena like telepathy, mind/matter influence and more, are now at the forefront of Free Power second scientific revolution; the acknowledgement of the non material and the role it plays in what we perceive as our physical material world.
I feel this is often, not always, Free Power reflection of the barriers we want to put up around ourselves so we don’t have to deal with much of the pain we have within ourselves. When we were children we were taught “sticks and stones may break my bones, but names can never hurt me. ” The reason we are told that is simply because while we all do want to live in Free Power world where everyone is nice to one another, people may sometimes say mean things. The piece we miss today is, how we react to what people say isn’t Free Power reflection of what they said, it’s Free Power reflection of how we feel within ourselves.
I do not fear any conspiracy from any nook & corner. I am simply taking my time and my space to stage the inevitable confrontation in the frozen face of the industry and geopolitics tycoons. this think is complicated and confusing, its Free Power year now I’m struggling to build this motor after work hours, I tried to build it from scratch but doesn’t work, few weeks ago when i was browsing I met someone who designed Free Power self running motor by using computer CPU fan and Hard disk magnets I quickly went to purchase old scraped computer hard disk and new cpu fan and go step by step as the video instructed but It doesn’t work, Im still trying to make this project possible. Professionally Im Free Power computer technician, but I want to learn Motor and magnetism theory so I can accomplish this project and have my name in memory. I anyone can make this project please contact me through facebook so I can invite him/her to my country and make money as you know third word countries has power disaster. My facebook Id is Elly Maduhu Nkonya, or use my E-mail. [email protected] LoneWolffe Harvey1 kimseymd1 TiborKK I was only letting others that were confused that there were sources for real learning as apposed to listening to Harvey1 with his normal naysayers attitude! There is tons of information on schoolgirl, schoolboy and Bedini window motors that actually work to charge batteries and eventually will generate house currents. It just has to be looked at to get any useful information from it without listening to people like Harvey1 whining about learning. Harvey1 kimseymd1 You obviously play too much video games with trolls etc. in them. Why the editors of this forum allow you to keep calling people names instead of following the subject is beyond me. This must be the last site to allow you on it. I spammed the books because I thought those people were good for learning these engines which are super and there are tons of information out there for anyone to find. You seem to only want to learn to be rude instead of electronics.
The differences come down to important nuances that often don’t exist in many overly emotional activists these days: critical thinking. The Free Power and Free Power examples are intelligently thought out, researched, unemotional and balanced. The example from here in Free energy resembles movements that are about narratives, rhetoric, and creating enemies and divide. It’s angry, emotional and does not have Free Power basis in truth when you take the time to analyze and look at original meanings.
The net forces in Free Power magnetic motor are zero. There rotation under its own power is impossible. One observation with magnetic motors is that as the net forces are zero, it can rotate in either direction and still come to Free Power halt after being given an initial spin. I assume Free Energy thinks it Free Energy Free Electricity already. “Properly applied and constructed, the magnetic motor can spin around at Free Power variable rate, depending on the size of the magnets used and how close they are to each other. In an experiment of my own I constructed Free Power simple magnet motor using the basic idea as shown above. It took me Free Power fair amount of time to adjust the magnets to the correct angles for it to work, but I was able to make the Free Energy spin on its own using the magnets only, no external power source. ” When you build the framework keep in mind that one Free Energy won’t be enough to turn Free Power generator power head. You’ll need to add more wheels for that. If you do, keep them spaced Free Electricity″ or so apart. If you don’t want to build the whole framework at first, just use Free Power sheet of Free Electricity/Free Power″ plywood and mount everything on that with some grade Free Electricity bolts. That will allow you to do some testing.
I might be scrapping my motor and going back to the drawing board. Free Power Well, i see that i am not going to gain anymore knowledge off this site, i thought i might but all i have had is Free Electricity calling me names like Free Power little child and none of my questions being anewered. Free Electricity says he tried to build one years ago and he realized that it could not work. Ok tell me why. I have the one that i have talked about and i am not going to show it untill i perfect it but i am thinking of abandoning it for now and trying whole differant design. Can the expert Free Electricity answer shis? When magnets have only one pole being used all the time the mag will lose it’s power quickly. What will happen if you use both poles in the repel state? Free Electricity that ballance the mag out or drain it twice as fast? How long will Free Power mag last running in the repel state all the time? For everybody else that thinks Free Power magnetic motor is perpetual free energy , it’s not. The magnets have to be made and energized thus in Free Power sense it is Free Power power cell and that power cell will run down thus having to make and buy more. Not free energy. This is still fun to play with though.
##### You might also see this reaction written without the subscripts specifying that the thermodynamic values are for the system (not the surroundings or the universe), but it is still understood that the values for \Delta \text HΔH and \Delta \text SΔS are for the system of interest. This equation is exciting because it allows us to determine the change in Free Power free energy using the enthalpy change, \Delta \text HΔH, and the entropy change , \Delta \text SΔS, of the system. We can use the sign of \Delta \text GΔG to figure out whether Free Power reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction, backward direction, or if the reaction is at equilibrium. Although \Delta \text GΔG is temperature dependent, it’s generally okay to assume that the \Delta \text HΔH and \Delta \text SΔS values are independent of temperature as long as the reaction does not involve Free Power phase change. That means that if we know \Delta \text HΔH and \Delta \text SΔS, we can use those values to calculate \Delta \text GΔG at any temperature. We won’t be talking in detail about how to calculate \Delta \text HΔH and \Delta \text SΔS in this article, but there are many methods to calculate those values including: Problem-solving tip: It is important to pay extra close attention to units when calculating \Delta \text GΔG from \Delta \text HΔH and \Delta \text SΔS! Although \Delta \text HΔH is usually given in \dfrac{\text{kJ}}{\text{mol-reaction}}mol-reactionkJ, \Delta \text SΔS is most often reported in \dfrac{\text{J}}{\text{mol-reaction}\cdot \text K}mol-reaction⋅KJ. The difference is Free Power factor of 10001000!! Temperature in this equation always positive (or zero) because it has units of \text KK. Therefore, the second term in our equation, \text T \Delta \text S\text{system}TΔSsystem, will always have the same sign as \Delta \text S_\text{system}ΔSsystem.
No, it’s not alchemy or magic to understand the attractive/resistive force created by magnets which requires no expensive fuel to operate. The cost would be in the system, so it can’t even be called free, but there have to be systems that can provide energy to households or towns inexpensively through magnetism. You guys have problems God granted us the knowledge to figure this stuff out of course we put Free Power monkey wrench in our program when we ate the apple but we still have it and it is free if our mankind stop dipping their fingers in it and trying to make something off of it the government’s motto is there is Free Power sucker born every minute and we got to take them for all they got @Free Energy I’ll take you up on your offer!!! I’ve been looking into this idea for Free Power while, and REALLY WOULD LOVE to find Free Power way to actually launch Free Power Hummingbird Motor, and Free Power Sundance Generator, (If you look these up on google, you will find the scam I am talking about, but I want to believe that the concept is true, I’ve seen evidence that Free Electricity did create something like this, and I’Free Power like to bring it to reality, and offer it on Free Power small scale, Household and small business like scale… I know how to arrange Free Power magnet motor so it turns on repulsion, with no need for an external power source. My biggest obstacle is I do not possess the building skills necessary to build it. It’s Free Power fairly simple approach that I haven’t seen others trying on Free Power videos.
But I will send you the plan for it whenever you are ready. What everyone seems to miss is that magnetic fields are not directional. Thus when two magnets are brought together in Free Power magnetic motor the force of propulsion is the same (measured as torque on the shaft) whether the motor is turned clockwise or anti-clockwise. Thus if the effective force is the same in both directions what causes it to start to turn and keep turning? (Hint – nothing!) Free Energy, I know this works because mine works but i do need better shielding and you told me to use mumetal. What is this and where do you get it from? Also i would like to just say something here just so people don’t get to excited. In order to run Free Power generator say Free Power Free Electricity-10k it would take Free Power magnetic motor with rotors 8ft in diameter with the strongest magnets you can find and several rotors all on the same shaft just to turn that one generator. Thats alot of money in magnets. One example of the power it takes is this.
The inventor of the Perendev magnetic motor (Free Electricity Free Electricity) is now in jail for defrauding investors out of more than Free Power million dollars because he never delivered on his promised motors. Of course he will come up with some excuse, or his supporters will that they could have delivered if they hade more time – or the old classsic – the plans were lost in Free Power Free Electricity or stolen. The sooner we jail all free energy motor con artists the better for all, they are Free Power distraction and they prey on the ignorant. To create Free Power water molecule X energy was released. Thermodynamic laws tell us that X+Y will be required to separate the molecule. Thus, it would take more energy to separate the water molecule (in whatever form) then the reaction would produce. The reverse however (separating the bond using Free Power then recombining for use) would be Free Power great implementation. But that is the bases on the hydrogen fuel cell. Someone already has that one. Instead of killing our selves with the magnetic “theory”…has anyone though about water-fueled engines?.. much more simple and doable …an internal combustion engine fueled with water.. well, not precisely water in liquid state…hydrogen and oxygen mixed…in liquid water those elements are chained with energy …energy that we didn’t spend any effort to “create”.. (nature did the job for us).. and its contained in the molecular union.. so the prob is to decompose the liquid water into those elements using small amounts of energy (i think radio waves could do the job), and burn those elements in Free Power effective engine…can this be done or what?…any guru can help?… Magnets are not the source of the energy. | 2020-08-07 16:07:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3990097641944885, "perplexity": 1417.6940410729098}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737204.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807143225-20200807173225-00266.warc.gz"} |
https://www.materialssquare.com/blog/mott-insulator-and-magnetism-en | # Electronic Structure and Magnetic Property in Strongly Correlated Material Systems (2) : Introduction to Mott Insulator and Magnetism
Viewed : 79 times, 2022-01-06 08:13:12
(Continued from the previous column) In the last column, I briefly described the concepts of electronic correlation in condensed matter systems and why it can remain hidden in several electronic systems such as metals. In this column, the so-called “Mott insulator” state and “Mott–Hubbard magnetism” are introduced, which are most famous examples of correlation-induced phenomena occurring when the Coulomb interactions are poorly screened.
Comparison of transition metal oxide and metallic material
Materials showing a strong screening effect and weak electron–electron correlations include alkali metals, such as lithium and sodium, and metallic materials, such as aluminum, copper, silver, and gold. Meanwhile, transition metal / rare-earth metal oxides are the most representative materials that show electron correlations well (transition metal oxides). The commonality of metallic materials with weak correlation is that free electrons are distributed in s-orbitals located at the highest energy in metallic atoms, while in strongly correlated materials partially-filled d-orbitals in the transition metal ions oxide are where electron degrees of freedom are active. It means that most of physical properties of transition metal oxides, such as the conductivity and magnetism, are derived from the partially-filled d-orbitals[1].
Figure 1. The magnitude of radial wave function Rnl(r) according to distance from the atomic center of 3d- and 4s-orbitals in an iron atom. The wave function is derived from the potential database of OpenMX, the computational calculation code of density functional theory(https://t-ozaki.issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/vps_pao2019/Fe/Fe_Hard/index.html).
[Figure 1] shows the radial distribution of outermost 4s- and 3d-orbitals in the of an iron atom, as a function of distance from the nucleus. It shows that the 4s-orbital is distributed farther than the 3d-orbital. The “hopping integral” between orbitals located at adjacent iron atoms, which is the magnitude of kinetic energy between adjacent atoms, can be calculated as follows.
$$t_{i,j} \equiv \left\langle \phi_i \begin{vmatrix} - {\hbar^2 \over 2m} \nabla ^2\end{vmatrix} \phi_i \right\rangle$$
Here, ϕi,j is the orbital wavefunction of the atom site i and j. The magnitude tij , the kinetic energy between orbitals ϕi,j , is stronger as ϕi,j are widely spread over space. That is, in the case of elemental iron metals containing outermost electrons in the 4s-orbital, it can be inferred that the screening effect and metallic property will occur as a result of strong electron kinetic energy. However, in the case of iron oxide where valence electrons are located in 3d-orbitals (some of electrons are occupied by covalent bonding with oxygen and, thus, have valence electrons in the 3d-orbital), it can be inferred that it has smaller kinetic energy, and its electron correlation becomes stronger.
Figure 2. Schematic figure showing a one-dimensional problem consisting only of d_{3z2-r2} orbitals (other d-orbitals are completely filled up with electrons or completely empty, so they do not affect conductivity) among the d-orbitals of a transition metal and energy difference when electrons transfer to an empty orbital and an orbital where electrons already existed
Introduction to Mott insulator through tight-binding model
Considering that most electrons are tied around atoms like transition metal oxides and electrons “jump” across adjacent atoms, the electron’s wave function can be represented employing localized wave functions around the atoms as the basis. It is called “tight-binding model”, which is often very convenient for explaining electronic properties of crystalline systems.
To simplify the problem, let us consider a one-dimensional chain system that consists only of d3z2-r2 orbitals of transition metal ions, and the hopping constant between 3dz2-r2 orbitals of adjacent atoms is given as (see Figure 2). In addition, suppose that the Coulomb interaction between electrons occurs only when two electrons are simultaneously occupying the same site (i.e., two electrons must have opposite spin Sz values by the Pauli exclusion principle)[2]. We denote the magnitude of this as U.
The physical properties of this system is determined by the following two parameters, a) t/U and b) the average number of electrons per orbital, n. t/U is the ratio between the Coulombic potential energy and kinetic energy of an electron in this problem; t/U being 0 or infinity correspond to situations where Coulombic potential energy or kinetic energy dominates over the other, respectively.
We skip the discussion on the weakly correlated t/U→∞ situation. Consider the situation where t/U is zero, which is the opposite limit. (It does not mean that the hopping constant t is zero. Rather, U is relatively much larger than t.) Even in this situation (see Figure 2), it can be found that electrons can mostly hop to the next orbital without an energy cost close to n=0, so I will exclude them from the discussion.
Exactly at n=1, when there exist the same number of electrons and orbitals, interesting states occur. In this case, energy is the lowest when every orbital is occupied by an electron, and transferring an electron to the next orbital requires not only satisfying the spin condition according to the exclusion principle but also having a very high energy cost of U (>> t). Therefore, unless energy is directly supplied from the external system, the electrons remain fixed in their initial position, so that electron transfer cannot occur and system becomes an insulator.
Because the arrangement of adjacent electrons strongly determines electron transport because of the presence of Coulomb interaction, it is an example of a strongly correlated electron system, and a state that becomes an insulator through an electron correlation is called the “Mott insulator state.” Therefore, the physics behind the Mott-insulating phase is difficult to be captured within a simple band theory picture.
Figure 3. Schematic figure of difference between paramagnetic/antiferromagnetic Mott insulator and generation of exchange interaction
Principles of magnetism exchange interaction and antiferromagnetism generation
The situation becomes more interesting when quantum fluctuations of electrons are considered in the above Mott insulator state. The electrons can virtually “hop to the next position and come back” thanks to the quantum fluctuation effect. It is denoted a virtual excitation by quantum fluctuation[3]; therefore, the difference occurs between i) a state where electrons can “virtually” move to the next orbital and return, and ii) a state where virtual excitation is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle.
Let’s take a closer look at [Figure 3]. Suppose that a single electron is in each orbital in one dimension (e.g., d3z2-r2 orbital, etc.), as shown in [Figure 2], and the spin state (Sz = ±1/2) is random (i.e., a paramagnetic state). Here, if two electrons with different spins are adjacent to each other, the probability of electrons transferring from an existing orbital to another is very small if the Coulombic potential U can be overcome. Using the perturbation theory, it is known that the energy of two electrons can be lowered to $${t^2 \over U}$$ through this virtual excited state.
Meanwhile, among electrons with the same spin adjacent to each other, the possibility of an electron transferring even in a virtual system is blocked by the exclusion principle. You might think that electrons can be transferred if they hop into the next orbital and reverse the spin, but this would not happen unless there are external factors that could change the spin angular momentum, such as an external magnetic field. To sum it up:
• The case of electron spins at adjacent i, j orbitals are in the same direction: E=0
• The case of electron spins at adjacent i, j orbitals are in opposite directions: energy gain of $$E = - {t^2\over U}$$ per a atomic pair occurs.
Then, the spin of electrons at i and j is Si,j, and the energy of the corresponding one-dimensional electron system can be written as follows.
$$E = J \sum\limits_{\left\langle ij \right\rangle}^{ } S_iS_j$$
Here, <i,j> means addition only when i, j are adjacent to each other, and then it would be $$J = - { 2t^2\over U}$$. Replacing Si,j into spin operators results in effective quantum spin Hamiltonian to the corresponding problem.
As such, the interaction J among spins generated by the virtual excitations in the Mott insulator is called “magnetic exchange interactions,” which results in a variety of magnets in daily life[4]. Furthermore, in the above example, the exchange interaction causes adjacent electrons to preferably show opposite spins, and the state where spin magnetic dipoles of a material are aligned in opposite directions is called an “antiferromagnetism” state.
Finally, the above explanation does not consider the effect of thermal fluctuation from the thermal equilibrium on the external environment. Therefore, the argument given above applies at a zero-temperature condition. In general, the effect of thermal fluctuation tends to send back a magnetic material to its paramagnetic state by destroying the magnetic arrangement of spin dipoles. This thermally driven phase transitions of magnetic materials and the so-called critical phenomena at the phase transitions are very interesting yet challenging research topics.
Closing
In addition to the simplest antiferromagnetism interaction introduced in this column, many different kinds of magnetisms can occur by various correlation-induced mechanisms, such as ferromagnetism caused by so-called superexchange interactions. For a more detailed introduction of various kinds of magnetism, refer to the textbooks in the corresponding field[5]. Magnetism generated by electron correlations is not only a major research topic in various fields, such as condensed material / statistical physics, but it has also played an important role traditionally in magnets and, recently, in the application of devices such as hard disks and spintronics.
In addition, depending on the material system, the possibility of “quantum magnetism” or “quantum phases of matter” generation appears, and the emergent material phases, quasiparticles, and collective excitations are caused by the competition between different magnetic interactions and magnetic ground states. Because the research of quantum magnetism is not only interested in physics and material science but also has the potential to implement topological qubits for error-free quantum calculation, the magnetism of strongly correlated electron system research iss expected to remain an important topic in the future[6].
[1] In condensed material / solid-state physics, most physical/chemical properties of materials are determined by easily excited electrons, which determine the degree of freedom of that material. The partially filled-up d-orbital means that the electron in the d-orbital can be easily excited; thus, the properties of the d-orbital have significant effects on the properties of the corresponding physical system.
[2] There cannot be a Coulombic repulsion force between electrons separated from each other, and in some cases, it cannot be ignored. However, in most cases, the Coulombic repulsion force between two electrons in one orbital is ignored because it is weaker than the force. Naturally, it’s easier to solve this problem.
[3] If you have taken a quantum mechanics course in physics or other departments, you have probably heard of the perturbation theory or perturbation expansion. It is a method of systematically calculating the impact of these virtual excitation states in a particle.
[4] Although it has the same name as the electron exchange interaction based on the exclusion principle mentioned in the previous column, it is not just a coincidence that both took place in the electron exclusion principle.
[5] For example, Stephen Blundell, “Magnetism in Condensed Matter (Oxford Master Series in Physics)”, Oxford University Press (2001).
[6] For educational books on this, refer to Physics of Materials (2020) by Han Jeong-hoon and Gimmyoungsa. For the Korean introduction to the possibility of phase cubits in strongly correlated spin liquids: Kim Heung-sik, “A short introduction to Kitaev magnetism: An electronic structure perspective,” New Physics: Sae Mulli 69, 993–1008 (2019), https://doi.org/10.3938/NPSM.69.993, and “General introductions to overall quantum material phase: Emergent Phenomena from Interaction Effects in Topological Matter,” Physics and High Technology, 25, 5, https://doi.org/10.3938/PhiT.25.020.
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Heung-Sik Kim Ph.D | Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Korea | 2022-01-22 18:29:33 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6975522041320801, "perplexity": 829.4265043727116}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303868.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122164421-20220122194421-00285.warc.gz"} |
http://persistentstruggle.blogspot.com/2012/ | ## Sunday, 28 October 2012
### Lender fees - at arms length or a transfer? Plus fee-or-no-fee?
I just want to make two points about the lender fee I've introduced recently in my discussion on understanding rates of interest. First, the world is a diverse and unpredictable place. There's nothing to stop a lender giving a loan at seemingly crazy rates (either very high seeming, or very now seeming). The other way of coming at this is to say that, for any given rate of return, there's some possible market environment which make this rate of return understandable. And even if it isn't understandable, human beings are free to agree whatever rates they want between them (absent any usury laws which may be in place, of course). If a lender lends money because they don't need to charge for it, or because they're favourably disposed towards the borrower, then the transaction is more like a transfer and less like an arms length business contract.
The second point I want to make is that you know nothing about how much of a fee, if any, is being charged if all you know about the loan is the rate of interest. This seems like such a strange thing to say that I'll pause a while before explaining more. I'm saying that if I told you that a man walked into a bar and asked for a one day lend of £100 and agreed a rate $r$ with a lender, then you the listener have no clear idea of how much of a fee the lender charged, if indeed he did charge anything at all. I will explain this more in a later post. Looking at a rate is often a great place to work out the fee charged by the lender, but as I will show, this can quite easily be thwarted by adverse economic conditions.
## Tuesday, 23 October 2012
### How to express a loan's costs
Version 17:
A man walks into a bar and asks the people in the bar for a lend of £100 for a year, at which point he'll return and give the £100 back plus some extra cash for their trouble. A healthy show of hands among the customers shows strong interest. He picks one, takes the £100 and walks out again.
And here, finally, we have it. The borrower makes it more worth the while of the potential lender by giving them back not only their original lend amount, but something extra. Depending on the size of this payment for lenders, you would expect to see sometimes more and sometimes fewer hands go up to volunteer themselves as lenders.
The two ways in general of expressing this something extra is in cash terms (as if it were a fixed fee for a service rendered) and in terms of a rate of return (as if it were the promised return of some investment the lender made). There are two dimensions to this. First, do you express the payment as a cash amount or as a rate. The argument for expressing it as a rate seems familiar to us. We get to compare this fee with other fees, perhaps with different amounts on loan. But this display / formatting issue is of course entirely superficial. You still have the same promise of the same cash at the end. The second dimension comes when you realise that for any given final cash payment, there must be a single upfront payment which means the same thing to you now. If you present value the terminal payment, then the present value that results also, in a sense, represents a slightly different contract which you could have entered into and perhaps felt the same about (or quite similar about - it isn't quite the same, of course, since you have the comfort of the fee in your pocket right away). This same line of reasoning could result in two payments, one now, one at the end. Or three - now, in the middle, and at the end. Or indeed a cash payment every month. Or every day. Or every minute. Or every instant.
Well, if that's the case, and you could chose which kind of contract to draw up between you the lender and that borrower, which one would you chose? Not only is it pleasant to have the certainty of some fraction of your fee in your pocket as early as possible, but there's also a benefit in seeing that your borrower has maintained a decent payment schedule. Ignoring all of the practical costs associated with daily days of reckoning, there's clearly an advantage in seeing the money return early and regularly. What you're doing is receiving information of some sort about that borrower. His monthly payments are all crying out to you 'this is a man you can trust'; 'he continues to not let you down'. So you may prefer receiving your fee in instalments during the life of the loan for at least those two reasons (cash in pocket, confidence building). Also, which would you prefer - to find out that your borrower has no money to pay you back only at the end of the term of the loan, or at some point earlier? Clearly, the earlier the better. If the man is foolish with money, then you'd want to know this sooner rather than later because he still may possess some fraction of your precious £100 in the early days than at expiry, by which point he may have spent it all. Yet another reason why it might be nice to receive the fee in regular instalments is because the lender himself may quite like to receive regular payments and this would be one way to achieve it. And the reverse might be the case too - you don't want any income tax based payments in the intervening period, and are happy picking up a capital gain once at the end, for tax purposes.
To cover all cases, I should mention that the payments don't need to be regular. They can follow any kind of schedule you like, as long as they are effectively the same as the single terminal payment fee when you present value them all. While we're at it, you might as well do the same thing for the return of capital. This doesn't need to be paid back on the last date. Perhaps you might find a loan structure where, rather like a repayment mortgage as opposed to an interest only one, your ongoing payments are partly fee, partly return of capital. At the extreme, you might reach the last date and have no capital left to pay at all. This tends to suit borrowers less well, however, since they want to hold on to the capital for the whole borrow period, to give them the best chance of making good use of that capital. Still, there's nothing to stop you writing a loan contract which does this.
In short, whether you think of the payment as a cash fee, or a series of instalments, or as a single coupon paid at the end (like a discount bond) or as a series of regular payments/coupons is largely irrelevant. And whether you quote the cash payments in absolute terms or in terms of the loan size is again your decision. It will make some of the maths easier to consider the amount as a rate but it won't make you any richer or poorer than this deal was going to make you.
There's an advantage in deciding how you're going to quote your extra amount in a way which facilitates comparison with other loans. The quoting of choice is often to describe the fee as a rate of the initial loan, with an assumed regular set of annual (or semi-annual) coupon payments, with the final payment of the final coupon happening on the same day as the principal repayment. This is indeed mostly how the world of fixed income investing quotes the fee. So your fee is your return, often quoted on a semi-annual coupon basis or maybe on an annualised basis. Corporate projects often run their course on a multiple-year time frame, so this frequency of compounding would probably have struck a decent balance with the excessive costs in triggering your calculation agent (who in the olden days operated in the costly and unproductive pre-computer days. monthly, weekly or daily). The theorists of finance, on the other hand, see advantages in calculating continuous compounding since it allows them to develop calculus based models and lines of reasoning.
At the start of this post, I introduced many permutations in describing how you might like to receive your lenders fee, but then I developed the idea that this was merely syntactic sugar; additionally, that the particular flavour of sugar used was a function of how the market in question developed at origin; that there's a finance theory use which prefers the advantages of the mathematics behind continuous compounding. There are always the usual tax, religious and other non-finance reasons why you might consider your fee a services rendered fee versus an investment income fee.
Bearing all of that in mind, we can say that the borrower will receive a rate of return $r$ for making the loan of £100, where $r$ is paid annually, at the end of each year, and together with the principal, at expiry. This is the classic shape of the contract for a loan which many people have in mind when they try to describe a standard loan contract.
Over the next couple of posts, I will try to start developing an equation for expressing the component parts of $r$, the extra you get for making a lend.
## Sunday, 21 October 2012
### A man walks into a bar...
In a recent posting I asked the question, what's in a rate as a precursor to looking at some of the major factors which make up a rate. But before I dive fully into that subject I'd like to point out that all of the theory based constituents of a rate are just that - theory based. There's nothing to stop any two human beings or institutions in the world offering each other any rate they want to on financial contracts such as loans, swaps, forward rate agreements, etc.
It comes back to this question of the rational man, and the maximisation of individual utility which underlies the various kinds of reasoning associated with thinking like a rational utility maximiser. The model of a utility maximiser gives you the possibility to arrive at a framework for arriving at a fair rate, and when you look at individual rate markets, you see live rates happening out there. The degree to which you can 'read off' or calibrate parameters of your rational man model from current market rates is also the degree to which you think markets are rational. This belief (rational expectations) is what allows some people to imply certain parameters of their fair value rates models.
But if you believe there are times when the markets for rates are behaving irrationally, then your system for implying model parameters from market facts breaks down.
In order to explain what I meant by the four characteristics of a fair rate (inflation, the market, participant profiles, this deal) I'd like to cast them all as permutations of the traditional joke opening line: "A man walks into a bar...". The reason why I like this opening phrase is because you get a sense of some kind of connection between the man and the other people in the bar, but they're clearly not family. In fact, perhaps a bar environment is in the same category as a market here. Bars also famously double up as places were stolen goods get sold on, so they can literally act as a market. Con schemes, new business ventures can all be implemented here. Indeed weren't the first permanent markets in England originally coffee houses, which are slightly more sober versions of bars. The relationship with the man and his bar is thus nicely situated for me. It appeals to my inner anarchist anthropologist. Also there's a plethora of versions of jokes which start that way. I hope the familiarity allows you to capture what's really different in each case.
Version 1:
A man walks into a bar and asks the people in the bar for a lend of £100 for a year, at which point he'll return and give the £100 back. A healthy show of hands among the customers shows strong interest. He picks one, takes the £100 and walks out again. Sound plausible? Maybe.
Version 2:
A man walks into a bar and asks the people in the bar for a lend of £100 for a year, at which point he'll return and give the £100 back. Despite some interest, no-one in this particular bar has that sum of money ready to hand. They're all out with meagre drinking budgets.
Version 3:
A man walks into a bar and asks the people in the bar for a lend of £100 for a year, at which point he'll return and give the £100 back. There's some interest, but again no-one has £100 free cash. But though they may be poor, they are kind and communal spirited. So they organise among themselves a collection of cash, each giving what they can, until they reach the £100 requested, and hand it to the man.
Version 4:
A man walks into a bar and asks the people in the bar for a lend of £100 for a year. One person sitting in a cubicle recognises the man as a distant cousin and happily hands over the cash.
Version 5:
A man walks into a bar and asks the people in the bar for a lend of 1 penny for a single day, at which point he'll return and give the penny back. It gets more plausible as you reduce the amount to 1 penny and 1 day. The lender probably thinks nothing much of it, and doesn't much care if the man never comes back with the penny. Perhaps the penny becomes the price of some entertaining pub conversation which follows.
Version 6: A man walks into a bar and asks the people in the bar for a lend of £1,000 for ten years, at which point he'll return and give the £1,000 back. It gets less plausible if you increase the amount to £1,000 and ten years.
Version 7: A man walks into a bar and asks the people in the bar for a lend of £100 for a day, at which point he'll return and give the £100 back. But he takes from his pocket a Rolex watch which he's happy to leave with the barman and says the lender can keep it if the borrower doesn't show up with the money. There's a rush of people to the bar, all willing to lend him £100.
So far, none of these variants have involved a lend with interest. You are probably thinking that most are unlikely scenarios as a result of this. Though version 4 (a relative) and version 5 (a penny for a day) are the most likely, followed by version 7 (Rolex). Though I'm sure you're wondering of the Rolex is a fake, aren't you?
Let's see how far I can press this without introducing a rate of interest for the lender.
Version 8:
A man walks into a bar and asks the people in the bar for a lend of £100 for a day, at which point he'll return and give the £100 back. One customer agrees and hands over the money. But then that customer, several hours later, gets a call from home and needs to return in a hurry. He asks the rest of the bar if anyone else would like to take on his obligation? One man agrees, so, the departing customer gets £100 from the new lender, who in turn sits waiting for the original man who walked into the bar.
Version 9:
As with version 8, but this time the obligation gets passed around a whose series of customers of the bar, all coming and going during the day. By the time the original man who walked into the bar returns, the entire bar population (including bar-staff, who've changed shift) is different. But just by shouting 'where is the guy I owe this money to?', the original borrower is able to return the £100 to the current lender.
Version 10:
As with version 9, but the original man is confused. He doesn't want to hand over £100 to some stranger. No-one there is recognisable to him. He begins to wonder if this was even the right bar. He leaves the bar still holding the £100, vaguely promising to himself to return tomorrow to see if he could see the lender.
Version 11:
As with version 10, except this time the lender who has now inherited the loan gets quite angry, and frustrated at his lack of any ability to convince the borrower to return the cash.
In these newer (but still rate-less) versions, the bar is falteringly beginning to operate somewhat like an exchange venue (it doesn't deserve to be called a market quite yet, but markets are many things, including being exchange venues). Whereas version 9 looks to be a healthy exchange venue, versions 10 and 11 show it breaking down through lack of trust and operational clarity. In the original version 1 of the story, you were immediately clear in your own heads that there's an issue of trust at play - between the potential borrower and the potential lender. Now you can see that there's a second dimension to this issue of trust. The re-distribution of this loan and the borrower's willingness to settle with someone else are clearly dependent on a wider sense of trust - the trust placed in the perceived fairness of the bar as honest institution.
Version 12:
A man walks into a bar and asks the people of the bar for £100, which he says he'll keep.
Version 13:
A man walks into a bar and asks the people of the bar for £100. He says he "needs a whore bad" but doesn't have the cash to pay for one. "That's where you come in", he smiles.
Version 14:
A man walks into a bar and asks the people of the bar for £100, which he says he'll use to buy a warm coat for that homeless man out on the bridge since it is coming in to winter and the snow's arrived.
With these variants, we get to see the reductio of any 'lending' operation, one where the money is not returned. The act itself seems like a form of charity, though the versions where the borrower states his purpose clearly can have an effect on the lend.
Version 15:
A man walks into a bar and asks the people in the bar for a lend of £100 for a day after which he'll repay. He gets his money and departs. Fifteen minutes later, another man comes in, also asking for £100 for a day, promising to repay. He also gets his money. This carries on every fifteen minutes until no-one in the bar had any money left to lend.
Version 16:
A man walks into a Zimbabwean bar and asks the people in the bar for a lend of 100 Zimbabwean dollars which he'll pay back this time next year.
From just these bar stories, it ought to be possible to develop a theory of the rate of interest, a theory which tries to explain what a fair lending rate might be.
In the next posting, I'll introduce variants of the story where forms of payment are made to the lenders. As you will have noticed, so far, no policemen, no financial services authority, no formal contracts, no lawsuits, no government guidelines have been brought into the story.
## Wednesday, 17 October 2012
### What's in a rate?
Have you ever looked inside a rate? In this post I'll try to do so, giving some ideas about how you might slice up a rate in terms of economic forces or financial forces in markets. Remember, first and foremost a rate is just a fraction of some reference amount. In other words it describes a unit or quantity in terms of its size relative to some reference quantity.
Let's talk money. A money rate describes some amount of money with respect to some other reference amount of money. In the vast majority of cases in fixed income finance, the reference amount of money represents either a starting amount or a closing amount. Usually the rate summarises some kind of financial promise you're involved in or it represents a post hoc analysis of some investment you made in a security or portfolio of securities.
These rates are also known as returns, yields, and interest. Return is a nice expression, conjuring up an image of the return of invested capital, with some extra capital too. Yield is quite an agricultural sounding variant - think of it as expressing the size of a crop with respect to the size of the field. Interest (interesse) was originally a late payment penalty built into the contracts for loans, which then morphed into contract structures where failure was built in. This allowed the contracts to side-step Christian usury laws. Muslims perform a similar piece of arithmetical/contractual engineering in their dealings with returns.
The clearest security with a return is probably a loan by a lender to a borrower for a fixed term, with no intervening days of reckoning, where accumulated interest is rolled into the current capital embedded in the security (compounding). That is, in cases with just two days of reckoning - at the start day and on the last day - the day of termination of the loan. The slightly more general case is where the rate as expressed fits into a compound growth formula, as described in another posting. This implies all such rates must have associated with them implicitly recipes for how they are used. These recipes are called the rate's time basis, compounding frequency, day count convention. They flesh out how to operate with the rate. As noted, again in a previous post, they're all fully interchangeable, so we shouldn't look here to find out what's inside a rate.
In the next posting I'll explain why I think it is good to categorise of the constituents of a rate as follows: inflation, the market, participant profiles, this deal. I think of this as a slow zoom camera, first of all, picking up macroeconomic effects, then market (and close-market) effects, then evaluating the states and preferences of the contract participants, before finally looking at the terms of the contract.
## Monday, 15 October 2012
### neo = classical + Keynes + Fisher
An interesting short cut way of thinking about neoclassical economics and how it derives form classical economics is to imagine the following formula:
necoclassical = classical + Keynes + Fisher
The classical story is one where a market's supply and demand characteristics drive the equilibrium price of a good (including commodities, manufactured goods, services, and the price of labour, namely average wages).
Keynes pointed out that there are nominal price rigidities which prevent certain markets form clearing, a point in case being the labour market. Nominal prices are sticky upwards - they don't like down adjustments.
Fisher pointed out that debt was also a rigidity in certain points during the economic cycle. The debt is expressed in nominal terms, but during deflationary periods, for example, the borrower may find it increasingly hard to make their debt payments.
They're both therefore, pushing forward the classical economic view by highlighting the need for more structure in the too simplistic classical view of a market driven economy.
I think that some time in the next one hundred years, real (as opposed to nominal) debt contracts will be the norm. This will take the sting out of so-called debt-driven deflationary periods. I.e. the nominal rigidity of debt will become a solvable economic problem.
Whether the inflexibility of labour to deflationary periods has a rational expectations description (e.g. it is fairer for the average employee to take an inflation-induced wage cut rather than some subset of struggling companies going to the wall) or a behavioural economics one (we find thinking about real economic variables a system 2, slow brain activity and prefer the 'what you see is all there is' fast brain fallacy), or an unintended side effect of the historical fact of 'great moderation' hastened by the arrival of semi-apolitical effective central banks (an institutional explanation) will help determine the prognosis of this current economic reality.
In today's highly politicised world of academic economics, I'd be obliged to refer to the classical + Keynes + Fisher as 'post-Keynesian'.
## Thursday, 11 October 2012
### Certificates of Deposit : credit spread?
In a previous post, I mentioned that one possible explanation for why two identically termed CDs available from two companies might have different yields. I'm not so sure any more. In the US anyway, there is the FDIC system, which covers short dated CDs up to a quarter of a million dollars per person per bank. It ought in principle to be possible for one person to pay an intermediary to spread around any arbitrary sum across N banks such that no one bank gets more than a quarter of a million dollars of his money. In other words, it ought to be possible to put much larger sums in CDs, if you so desire, and receive the US government's full backing. Maybe the net effect of this possibility is to drop off the credit risk associated with you having lent an institution some of your cash. If your CD was with Lehman Brothers in 2009 versus Wells Fargo, then if it wasn't for deposit insurance then you'd expect to get a higher yield for leaving your cash with Lehman. This yield differential $y_{L}$ versus $y_{WF}$ is a kind of credit spread. The credit spread is the little bit extra you expect to get for leaving your cash with an institution which could go bust. But perhaps FDIC pushes both of these rates down towards a common $y$, since the deposit insurance takes virtually all of the (domestic currency valued) risk out of the saving. This therefore must be a constraint from above on CDs. You can offer no more than $y_h$ since any higher is effectively ignoring the FDIC factor.
And the constraint from below must be bounded by inflation: since if the CD supplier offers a nominal rate which is lower than expected inflation $y_{l}$, then capital is being constantly eroded. It does not make sense for an economic agent to lend his money and get back less in real terms than he lent. This window $y_l \leq y \leq y_h$ is probably quite narrow, meaning the product is more or less going to keep your cash safe from inflation, probably. The 'probably' comes from many factors, not least of which is the fact that no-one can predict future inflation, even over a short time period, with any certainty, so there'll be a prediction error in the offered near-inflation rate.
CD providers like to throw in extra terms and conditions on the purchase of a CD, all if which can affect the valuation. This makes it harder for customers to do side-by-side comparisons. This is a familiar trick. The CD I have been describing in the last couple of postings has been as simplistic a schematic CD as you could imagine.
All of this is a bit too vague. I'd like to continue thinking about the rate implied in CDs, but before diving into some detail on CD rates, I'd like to pull back and ask a general question: what goes into a rate in the first place? What factors make up a rate? What risk are you taking in lending your cash to someone else for a while?
## Saturday, 6 October 2012
### Certificates of Deposit : market price = fair value
If the simple CD is tradeable, when what is its price? Well, that's two questions: what is its fair price at any moment during its life, and second, what is its market price. Well, remember, it is a two step process - first you get the future value of that single cash flow you'll get on expiry (par plus whatever interest you earned) for some given principal amount $P$. There's nothing really in that which could vary over time. The value at expiry is the same regardless of how close to expiry you are.
What might change is the yield you'd use to discount this singular known future value. Why? Well, imagine you bought a 1 year CD for principal $P$ and a nominal yield $y$, which was the going rate when you entered the market. The market being that set of institutions from that country who are also offering 1 year CDs on principals the size of $P$. Now where does this number come from? Well, as you'd imagine, it is sensitive to short term interest rates. So Imagine you just bought this new CD and got a rate of $y$ when that very moment the domestic central bank raised the short term policy rate by a whole percentage point. Well, the CD market would adjust and offer the marginal next customer a higher rate of return $y^\prime$. So when you come to present value the same fixed future value $P(1+y)$ you get $P \times \frac{1+y}{1+y^\prime}$ since the fraction is less than 1, which results in some amount less than $P$. That is, the fair value of your security, this instrument which was going to give you $P(1+y)$ in a year, is now worth less than $P$. Another way of saying this is that the value of the CD is sensitive to fluctuations in interest rates in the economy. It has interest rate risk. That new value, call it $P^\prime$, is the new fair value of the CD.
The only moving part here is $y^\prime$, the single prevailing rate you discount your future payment. This, in a sense, is also the market price. Now this is unlike more complex securities in a number of ways. Often other securities have more moving parts, but you'll always just have a single market price. But for now, enjoy the simplicity of the relationship. Regardless of how the market actually quotes this rate, whether they tell you it as the current value $P^\prime$, whether it is quoted as $y^\prime$ itself, whether it is $100-y^\prime$ or any other transformation, the bottom line is, that market quote can be transformed into $y^\prime$. Now imagine I had two CDs, each with different nominal yields $y_1$ and $y_2$, on identical principals $P$ and expiry 1 (year). Clearly they'll be worth different amounts in any given prevailing market environment $y^\prime$ and time to expiry $t$.
Just for now, let's pretend the market quotes the market yield as the current cash value of an invested principal $P=1$. That is, pretend the market price of a CD is expressed as $P^\prime = \frac{1+y}{1+y^\prime}$. This market price is then synonymous with the fair value of the instrument, which is also $P^\prime$. That identity relationship doesn't often happen with other financial instruments. With other instruments, there's a gap between the market price and the fair value.
In the next post I'd like to introduce you to the second of the great risks in finance, already present in this simplified product.
### Certificates of Deposit : first pass at a quantitative analysis
CDs are pretty simple money market instruments, or so the story goes. Well, what better place to start looking at issues in the quantitative analysis of fixed income products. In my mind, the end goal is the analysis of the queen of all securities - the convertible bond - that fiendishly complex hybrid of fixed income and equity derivatives. But one step at a time.
In this blog, I pretend that there's even less complexity in CD instruments than there is. But first, I'd like to make a clarification on the difference between CDs and your local bank account, something I touched on in the last post. CDs are bearer instruments - whoever has the legal ownership of them could in theory sell them on (or buy them) in a secondary market. Now, while this may not happen with every CD, it certainly cannot happen to your own bank current or savings account.
On a first pass, taking the easiest fake CD I can think of, you would interpret the nominal annualised yield of the CD, call it $y%$, as the yield on some principal $P$ on a simple interest basis, for a CD which lasted one year. You expect to receive $P \times (1+y) \times 1$. That is, the future value of the single cash flow as seen from a valuation date of day 1 of the life of the CD. As a last step you'd look to find the present value of that future cash flow. Well, the discount rate to use for the future cash flow $P \times (1+y) \times 1$ arriving in your bank account would be the effective yield of other CDs just like this out there in the world. I.e. $y$ (on the relatively modest assumption that when the original deal was struck and $y$ was the first CD's annualised yield, it was so since that's what the prevailing rate in the market for CDs just like this was trading at, and the period of time you'd discount it for would be the distance between the valuation date (which is still day 1 of the instrument) until that future cash payment (1 year). This present valuing back to the first day of the CD leads you back to a PV of $P$. This makes intuitive sense, since in a way you just bought it and paid $P$ for it, so it isn't too surprising $P$ is the fair value.
Under the normal course of events, as time passes, the present value of the CD moves from $P$ towards the value of $P \times (1+y)$. That is to say, on the last day, regardless of prevailing interest rates, you will indeed receive $P \times (1+y)$ and that cash flow would then be an immediate cashflow which didn't require further present valuing. Another way of thinking of this, of making it more natural, is to realise that, the closer you get to the payoff day, the more it'll cost you to buy an instrument which will be worth $P \times (1+y)$. It starts off costing you $P$ and day by day you find purchasing that same cashflow moving monotonically from $P$ to $P \times (1+y)$.
In future postings, this all gets more complex along a couple of dimensions: day count conventions vary from the implicit ACT/ACT in the above analysis; intervening coupons may be paid out, with compounding effects, the product itself may be contain more structure in the terms and conditions, the PV discounting factor can change on a moment by moment basis through the life of the CD. But for now, the above represents the simplest possible CD analysis on the simplest possible CD. It would be good to see how this ground-zero CD ticks over time.
## Wednesday, 3 October 2012
### Certificates of Deposit - the one night stand
A certificate of deposit is like a vomited savings account. Imagine that set of financial institutions in an economy with a reasonably well developed financial industry, which offer their own customers a savings account. The rate the customer gets is partly by virtue of them having an ongoing relationship with that financial institution. It is also a function of the funding cost for that financial institution. They'll put in a profit margin on top of their own funding cost and call that the savings rate. This they then pay you.
Time deposits are the placing of your money with a financial institution for a fixed period of time. You're not supposed to withdraw your money before a certain agreed maturity, and if you do, you face financial penalties which will probably wipe out most of your anticipated returns. Again, your local friendly bank will be only too happy to take your money off you for a fixed period of time (and will reward you with a slightly higher rate of return for the discipline you show in not asking for it back before maturity).
This financial institution is probably signed up to some kind of deposit insurance scheme run by a central banking authority on behalf of the domestic government of the economic region, which means that some of the money it could have lent to you has to go to pay this government bill.
Also, the saver will get his money plus interest back at expiry, and not before (unless he presses a big red button and invokes a get-out clause which will probably cost him the majority of his accrued interest, up to 6 months worth for longer dated CDs). The issuer can also set up a regular CD which pays interest on a schedule. Now, a CD is just something quite like one of those bank savings accounts except you don't need to be a customer of that bank in the same way as you do with the savings account. If the bank savings account is a bit like a steady relationship, then a certificate of deposit is a one night stand. (Or one month, or three months, or half a year or a year, and on up to five years). Another simile is to consider a regular savings account as some food digesting in a human belly, and the CD as food vomited up into a sick bag. There's a degree of distance implied in having a CD with a financial institution. Whereas the internal bank savings account is a bit of a black box, CDs are on their way to being an external market. You can certainly shop around, but it is possible to make ready comparisons of various CD rates. Ceteris paribis, you will expect to get a better rate with smaller, riskier CD issuers, and when you lend larger sums, and when you are lending on a five year window over the shorter expiries. By the way, these days you don't often get a certificate, just a book entry change in your account.
By tradition, the CD rates tend to compensate you at approximately the current rate of inflation, approximately, meaning you are not actually growing your real wealth, merely allowing it to keep up with inflation. But this is only based on periods of healthy shaped yield curves. In general you're lending to a bank. These days, that's considered a lot more risky than it used to. So there ought to be a risk free and a credit component. In the days pre-crisis, the credit spread would have been quite minimal and so you had a risk free
As you might expect, the usual rules on calculating simple or compound interest apply. Part of what it means to compound is the implicit understanding that you re-invest your interest payments, as soon as you get them.
## Tuesday, 21 August 2012
### Real boy, real man: Pucker up and blow
I always thought the song in Pinocchio, 1940, "Always let your conscience be your guide" must have been the inspiration for Sonny Boy Williamson's "Let your conscience be your guide", since it is such an unusual and specific song title. The blues song came out in the late 1950's on Checker records first, I think. I also imagined the dress code of Jiminy Cricket - vagabond American meets ersatz English nobility - was itself quite Sonny Boy.
In the Disney song, the Cricket is the personification of a far from ideal conscience directing the puppet to achieve his goal of becoming a boy. In the Sonny Boy song, the morals are much uglier, conditional, typical of the man and the sub-culture he came from. Here the basic message is directed towards a woman, who by all accounts is a decent woman, and he's encouraging her to continue to be decent, particularly in not telling him lies, implicitly relationship lies. Now in the original Pinocchio story, the boy also has to battle with his tendency to tell lies - his nose gets longer when he tells lies. His is a personal struggle with learning a moral code, of learning how to be a well behaved boy. There's no conditionality about it. With Sonny Boy, the reward for the woman's continued good behaviour is fidelity, Sonny's fidelity. If you don't lie to me, then I'll stick around. The boy story is the story of a universal moral code, one backed by one kind or another of fundamental belief system - a religion, a cultural code, a metaphysics. With Sonny Boy it is all game theory - a collection of conditional promises based on assumptions about the other's actions. An exhortation which only makes sense in a world where failures of fidelity are ever-present.
It is such a strange moral tale, when compared to many of the other blues songs, where the pattern is to sing about how wonderful your lover is, or how much you miss them, or how you'd like to be their lover, or how you're afraid to lose them. Sonny Boy's is not a blues boy's song, it reflects a much older perspective, where sexual love takes second place to conditional promises. I think it is fair to read 'telling lies' in the song as a metaphor for infidelity. Sonny Boy, the man, is quite likely to have been an unfaithful man, from what I can gather from his biography. He was considered a consummate liar. Indeed his stage name is a steal from an older, more famous blues player. There is much doubt about his own biographical details because he lied so much to people when talking about his life. Apparently he was married 'for a short time' and the marriage produced no offspring.
Perhaps the image of the childless artisan wishing he had a boy touched a raw nerve with Sonny Boy. Perhaps the song then is Sonny Boy's own identification with the liar boy, with his disembodied, wayward conscience. He most certainly would have been an adult if he ever saw the movie. Maybe he transformed the puppet into an archetype of a deceitful woman, always prone to infidelity, and he transformed himself into the cricket, the musical cricket, horn playing, whistling, blowing and sucking, attempting to keep his woman on the particular path of righteousness which his sub-culture spelled out for him.
Maybe it is his fantasy of who he would have liked to have been, rather than the man he must surely have realised he really was. Maybe the song was the denial of the reality of the man for that other fantasy. Maybe the song was Sonny Boy's own lie to himself in praise of a cracked,contingent moral code which he wished he could live up to. In the end, Sonny Boy wanted to monopolise a kind of purity external to him, for which he was prepared to offer his presence as payment and was a close to purity he probably ever wanted to get.
## Monday, 9 July 2012
### Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne and Avalon, Mississippi
I am so happy to have read this book since it has re-acquainted me with one of my favourite writers, Michel De Montaigne. The book gives some historical context to his essays, which only makes me love him even more. A writer of world importance. One day before I die I want to visit his library at Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne.
And the Mississippi John Hurt museum. He died thirty weeks before I was born. I have loved this blues singer most of my life.
## Friday, 20 April 2012
### Classical mercantilism a consequence of gold standard
Mercantilism makes sense when countries are on a gold standard. The main economic job of a government was to ensure a sufficient money supply to meet the demand for it. If they didn't then rates would rise and that would crimp economic growth. But to do this requires additional gold. If your country isn't one of those that discovered vast gold underground then you need to buy that gold in from overseas. But international trade was then usually executed in gold. Clearly buying gold with gold can't make sense to anyone other than arbitrageurs, so next best is domestically produced goods, services, commodities.
## Tuesday, 17 April 2012
### Hype-inflation
I think I can simply state what it is about The Great Reflation which makes me a little uncertain. It blurs the distinction between the author's descriptive and prescriptive tendencies. Clearly as an engaged political animal he has a lot of opinions in his head about how economies should be run, and in particular concerning the behaviour of central banks. That's fair enough for him to have this opinion. On the other hand, as the author of an investment advice book, he has a responsibility to have a clear-eyed view of how the markets are, not how he'd like them to be. Now, I'm not saying that his advice is predicated on any kind of assumption of the inevitability of some kind of Austrian utopia; he does a decent job characterising the difference between current reality and the Austrian model, but for my taste, his description of this reality is too clouded with Austrian bias. I could well imagine a fully signed-up Austrian economist being able to characterise politico-economic reality without so much drum-beating and propagandising. And indeed I reckon it would result in a book with better investment advice. I'd rather know that the market contained participants of an Austrian persuasion and those positively disposed towards paper money growth. We often pitch Austrians against Keynes, but I think they should be pitted against John Law. This is a decent binary split of all market participants, across any number of asset classes. And each has their time of ascendancy and recovery.
## Monday, 9 April 2012
### The Great Reflation greatly compressed
A brief summary of the book. Changes in the availability of money and credit drive financial markets, and the 2008 credit crunch was the biggest episode in history (even in inflation adjusted terms). Use elements of value investing, momentum trading and market psychology to preserve and grow your capital. Expect inflation and asset price volatility along the way. Asset class breakdown: real estate will be below trend for years, precious metals are a speculative bubble the timing of whose bust is unknowable, the US dollar will lose value against a basket of currencies and stock and corporate bond markets are a decent bet. In other words, a fairly conventional prediction.
## Saturday, 7 April 2012
### Who is J Anthony Boeckh?
I bought 'The Great Reflation' by J Anthony Boeckh when it first came out in 2010 and read it then. I enjoyed it, with reservations, and thought I'd read it again now, and I'll make a couple of postings on how it strikes me the second time around. The first thing I try to do when reading a book like this is to peg the author, place him in my mental framework of financial or economic theorists. The obvious place to start is with the endorsement quotations which come with the book. I like to try to tie all these commentators up so I can understand what, if anything, is really new in what they/re saying. Next I look at the bibliography and index to see who I've read before, who he's referencing, the quality of his sources,. I then look at the acknowledgements, the preface, the author information section.
The author has been the main driving force behind Bank Credit Analyst from 1968-2001. Their client base covers just about every kind of institution involved in finance, including central banks and sovereign wealth funds. I mention central banks in particular, since the book is quite critical of leading Western central banks. He's not, however, crazily critical like the libertarian, Hayek-inspired, Irving Fisher-inspired modern day critics, personified in American politics by Ron Paul. The author was an academic, and he also worked for a G7 central bank. He's helped found the Fraser Institute, a think tank which seems to have seen one of its main goals as the education of Canadians to the risks of central planning and the benefits of letting people make their own choices. He was listed in 1974 as on the founding board of directors. Their most famous contribution of common understanding of economic and policy issues is the 'tax freedom day' - the date in the calendar year up to which we are said to be working exclusively for the government. It is your effective tax rate times 365, rounded to the nearest day. So clearly this body is in the business of empowering citizens to hold governments to account.
Early editorial advisors included mister public choice theory and Nobel laureate James Buchanan, Austrian theorist number two and Nobel laureate, Friedrich Hayek and monetarist Nobel laureate Milton Friedman. One of the founders, Sir Anthony Fisher, had previously, in Britain, in 1955, founded the Institute of Economic Affairs. He'd set this up after having read Hayek's "Road to Serfdom" and taken advice from Hayek himself (then at the L.S.E.) on how best to serve the cause of libertarian freedom. This was, and possibly still is, the most important British think tank. The I.E.A. hosts the shadow monetary policy committee, a group of media-aware economists who meet and pretend to be the Bank of England monetary policy committee, delivering alternative reality, Hayekian versions of the committee's deliberations. These deliberations are widely reported in the British financial press. Check out Adam Curtis's awesome cultural story of the Fishers and the hidden history of think tanks. Fisher not only set up the I.E.A. and the Fraser, but also 150 others around the world. According to this history, the think tanks were all about convincing opinion formers, including reporters, of the rightness of the warning of Hayek most clearly set out for the general reader in his "Road to Serfdom".
So I see Boeckh as following in this tradition, of politically motivated, proselytising, but with much more of a financial markets spin, and clearly also with an angle to influencing and making a profit.
Now there are many possible ways in which a finance professional could profit from listening to Boeckh's advice. And many of them surely do. First, they can learn a particular strand of economics from him. Second, he could offer them macro-economic predictions from which they can profit. Third, in case they weren't already libertarian, they could become exposed to libertarian ideas. Fourth, they could learn to deliver to their own investor base a well-thought out rationale (perhaps a post-rationalisation) for their investing style. Fifth, they can understand how government policy may be about to change, and position themselves to profit from this. There are many more.
A key point, I think, is the point made by Curtis - these think tanks already knew the truth, so, paradoxically, they were about following a framework's axioms through to policy level decisions, not about the broad search for truth. This caused them to be somewhat closed in their thinking. So I re-read "The Great Reflation" as a kind of propaganda, though I see the author as on the more centrist side of the debate. He's after all in the business of offering actionable advice to investors, and the quality of that kind of advice can be measured.
## Friday, 6 April 2012
### Willy Wonka
Willy Wonka was an unusual business man. He executed succession planning through a pure stochastic process, he was acutely keen to agency risk, he believed himself and his business to be morally superior to its competitors, he exploited low wage workers from overseas, spent excessively on research and development in a lavish headquarters, he was personally besotted with his own product yet was revolted by the way his consumers consumed it, and he remunerated his staff with the product of their very own labour. He also has a pathological distrust of the patent protection process. Dahl's own ambivalence towards this candy man of business is surely reflected in the name choice - a veiled reference to masturbation.
## Saturday, 25 February 2012
### Reflections on Bruce Kovner
Bruce Kovner was interviewed towards the end of the 1980s. This is a summary of what I found useful about how he traded.
Primary Market
Currencies and fixed income, commodities.
Risk Management
Early on in his career, he initiated a soy-bean futures spread which he, in retrospect, unwisely legged out of. The implication being that the unhedged long futures position was "insanity" He also didn't handle the moment well as it all turned against him. Describing himself as in "emotional shock" at his behaviour, in the face of all his years of cautious study, discipline, his lack of understanding of just where a market might go to - and how quickly - to inflict most damage. This shock seems to have been a big deal for him - as well as having a sick feeling in his stomach, he didn't eat for days. He viscerally felt that markets could burn you. "I had lost a process of rationality that I thought I had...At that moment, I was confronted with the realisation that I had blown a great deal of what I thought I knew about discipline". What I'm taking from this is that you do not always have to feel rational and disciplined in all interactions with the market, but you should behave rationally and with discipline (which mostly means sticking to your plan - and in particular to that side of the plan which deals with the scenario when the market moves against you).
Making regular trading mistakes is a good thing
He sites this as deeply important for a trader. I guess he's emphasising the familiar point that failure to realise losses (small and early) results in bigger losses in the end. I'm thinking about what he says about sizing down on losses. If he finds losses affect his near term trading adversely, perhaps his emotional well-being too, then part of the strength he mentions is the strength to frequently put yourself through this wringer by following the rule of taking regular losses. Clearly the pain is in proportion to the size of the loss, so smaller losses will do less behavioural/psychological damage than big ones, so taking regular losses could actually be a protection mechanism against those feelings.
Markets can really move to that level in that time frame
As well as sticking to the plan during moves against him, he attributes his success to his ability to understand that the markets can move quite a long way. That big moves can happen. And not just in markets. This is perhaps a wider point - political systems can crumble (the book came out in 1989, around the time of the fall of the Soviet empire), commodities can go dramatically up or down. Currencies can make enormous moves.
Strong, independent, contrary. All three of these are related. Core, I guess, is independence. Since it in a way implies a certain strength of will. As does holding a contrary view. Notice, too, that it probably needs to fit in balance with his view that taking your mistakes in small and regular doses is key. You might think that strong, independent and contrary thinkers would find it difficult to admit they're mistaken potentially most of the time. Perhaps it is best to think of trading as a two phase operation - ideas generation and execution. Maybe you get to firmly express your contrariness when generating the ideas, but need to switch to a more precautionary style when you're in the market.
Price action
When the market moves big on fundamentals, the initial move is an indicator/confirmation of direction. In general though price action analysis ought to be an intellectual discovery concerning how some traders have just now behaved may or may not influence how other traders are about to behave. This to me is the core of a fundamentalist approach to technical analysis. Kovner says it helped him form a hypothesis on this question: how is everybody voting? He's not afraid to jump on breakouts even if a rational cause cannot easily be hypothesised. The higher the speculator-to-hedger ratio in a market, the more likely you get 'false' signals. He reckons bear markets have sharp down moves and quick retracements. So if you're short the market and you get in too late in a down move, be prepared to be stopped out by the subsequent quick retracement. His advice is to go short in bear markets only on the quick retracements. This sounds like the bear market partner of the ancient 'buy on dips' advice. In a bear market, buy on dips* in spades. [* where dip is a conter-trend movement].
He also reckons a trend following approach is more likely to be successful in an inflationary environment. Equities price action versus commodities: the equities market has a lot more counter-trends. "After the market has gone up it wants to come down". Whereas commodities supply and demand makes for a continuation of price action in those markets. This chimes with my understanding that equities fat tails are more in the left tail, whereas commodities are more in the right tail.
Markets, life even, undergoes structural change and that can break many quant or programmed systems, which can have, as an implicit support, an assumption that the future will remain sufficiently like the past to warrant encoding the set of rules.
Stops (a.k.a. Markets shouldn't really move to that level in that time frame)
Put stops at points where the market shouldn't move, beyond some technical barrier. On the face of it, this is just generic stop placement advice. But the implication is a hope, a degree of certainty that markets can't get there from the moment the trade goes on. There's another slight dissonance with his advice, which he sees as essential, to understand that the market really can move to some level in your given time horizon. If he rationally believed this for both sides of his bet, then any stop would be perhaps too close. Saying 'the market really can get there' is a way of saying that the market can blast through the support and resistance of technical analysis. Saying 'the market can't really get there, so I'll put a stop there' sounds contradictory.
Client money represents owning a call
I bet he regrets offering that rather honest view on client money. It isn't just serving as leverage - it is a call. He's getting leverage without exposing himself to downside vis-a-vis their money. Clearly, it is a different story with his own money. But I guess, to continue the analogy, if he fails to deliver, then it is a call with very high implied vol. Has he paid a fair price for the vol? Plus, the call he owns can itself be called away by investors under a range of circumstances.
Approach to fundamentals
The market price is the correct one; find out what will happen economically, politically to change this price at the margin. Wait for a market to confirm one of his several scenarios concerning what might happen. He's trying to get into the heads of real people (central bankers, politicians) and I guess, perhaps of leviathans and other non-humans too (the state, the average oil purchaser, the average consumer).
## Thursday, 23 February 2012
### Mechanical Options Pricer
I have created a design (in my head) for the construction of a mechanical options pricer. Searching on the web, I have never come across anyone else who's had this idea, nor have I ever read of such a thing. If you'd like to know, or to help in its construction, get in contact. | 2017-12-16 01:40:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4088536202907562, "perplexity": 2392.9819202505323}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948581033.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216010725-20171216032725-00385.warc.gz"} |
http://practical-scientific-computing.github.io/mathematica/examples/coupled_oscillator.html | # Coupled Oscillators
## Simple Case in 1 dimension
First lets solve the simple harmonic motion problem. $\frac{d^2 x(t)}{dt^2}=-x(t)$ This yields the cosine and sine terms that are soo familiar.
DSolve[ x''[t] == - x[t], x[t], t]
Note the integration constants are output in Mathematica as C[1] and C[2].
## 2 dimensional coupled oscillation
Now lets do something a bit more interesting! How about a two dimensional coupled oscillator?
$\frac{d^2 x(t)}{dt^2}= -a_1 x(t)+a_3 y(t)$ $\frac{d^2 x(t)}{dt^2}= -a_3 y(t)+a_2 x(t)$
This system has real solutions when Det[{{a1,a3},{a3,a2}}]>=0 Lets just pick some semi-random coefficients and let DSolve do the hard work for us
eq1 = x''[t] == -8. x[t] + 2 y[t]
eq2 = y''[t] == - 1. y[t] + 2 x[t]
DSolve[ {eq1, eq2}, { x[t], y[t]} , t] // Chop // Flatten
We can diagonalize the matrix equation using Eigensystem. The first list in Eigensystem is the eigenvalues and the second is the eigenvectors. Taking the square root of the eigenvalues will give the frequencies of oscillation.
Eigensystem[{{ 8., 2}, { 2, 1}}]
Sqrt[First[Eigensystem[{{ 8., 2}, { 2, 1}}]]]
Now lets add initial conditions to the system and plot the resulting motion.
sol = Simplify[Chop[
DSolve[ {eq1, eq2, x[0] == 0, x'[0] == 1, y[0] == -1,
y'[0] == 0 }, { x[t], y[t]} , t]]]
Plot[ Evaluate[{ x[t], y[t]} /. sol], {t, 0, 10}]
## Solving a nonlinear system
This was a nice problem to show how quickly a mildly complex physics problem can be solved quickly using Mathematica. This is great, but computers can do much more than humans can when it comes to numerical calculation. Lets now try to solve a much more complex set of nonlinear coupled equations
$\frac{d^2 x(t)}{dt^2}= -a_1 x(t)+a_3 y(t)^2$ $\frac{d^2 x(t)}{dt^2}= -a_3 y(t)^2 + a_2 x(t)^2$
eq1 = x''[t] == -8. x[t] + 2 y[t]^2
eq2 = y''[t] == - y[t]^3 + 2 x[t]^2
DSolve[ {eq1, eq2}, { x[t], y[t]} , t] // Chop // Flatten
Note that this much more complicated non - linear oscillation is not solved by DSolve, it is simply returned in the output. This means that Mathematica cannot find a closed form solution to the differential equations. This should not worry you too much, as we can use the numerical version of DSolve to find the resulting motion.
sol = NDSolve[ {eq1, eq2, x[0] == 0, x'[0] == 1, y[0] == -1,
y'[0] == 0 }, { x[t], y[t]} , {t, 0, 10}] // Chop // Flatten;
Plot[ Evaluate[{ x[t], y[t]} /. sol], {t, 0, 10}] | 2021-04-14 19:34:28 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 5, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24477618932724, "perplexity": 1978.804280937261}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038078021.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414185709-20210414215709-00022.warc.gz"} |
http://openstudy.com/updates/55e1dbc0e4b0445dfd10a717 | 1. dinamix
(5x^3-x^2+8x-55)/x(x^3+5x^2+11x) @hailbug i help u bit
2. anonymous
would I only be factoring one x from the denominator or x^2?
3. dinamix
no thats only u have thing little dude
4. anonymous
what? sorry I'm confused
5. anonymous
@hailbug why do need to decompose into partial functions?
6. anonymous
its part of my summer calc homework. i've searched every tutorial for this but I literally can't find anything that closely resembles this. I was hoping someone would help me out
7. dinamix
@hailbug u have use Euclidean division thats only
8. anonymous
@hailbug do need solution or answer?
9. anonymous
10. anonymous
you need to start by factoring the whole denominator. The common denominator is x², so it's $\frac{ 5x^3-x^2+8x-55 }{ x^2(x^2+5x+11) }$ Both of those are quadratic so you can use$$\frac{ Ax+B }{ ax^2+bx+c }$$ as a guess. $\frac{ 5x^3-x^2+8x-55 }{ x^2(x^2+5x+11) }=\frac{ Ax+B }{ x^2 }+\frac{ Cx+D }{ x^2+5x+11 }$
11. dinamix
@peachpi yes this is the anwer
12. anonymous
13. anonymous
It's not the answer, just a guess at the format. You still have to multiply, solve the system, etc to get the coefficients
14. anonymous
thank you so much that makes so much sense. I was trying to factor everything thinking that was the answer
15. dinamix
i want ask u qustion how did u know degree of Numerator is Ax+B and cx+D not only D or ax^2 +cx+d ? @peachpi
16. freckles
the numerator should be at least one degree less than the denominator @dinamix
17. dinamix
cuz i like your method but i use only (euclidean division ) i want learn other method @peachpi @freckles
18. freckles
So if the denominator is 2nd degree, then new numerator choice should be something like Ax+B since this will also include B since A can be zero still (which means the degree of the numerator will be either 0 or 1).
19. dinamix
@freckles ty so much
20. anonymous
21. anonymous
@peachpi so I got the answer $((3x - 5)/x^2)+ ((2x-11)/x^2 +5x +11)$ is this correct?
22. anonymous
oh haha @ASAAD123 didn't see that, sorry
23. anonymous
$\frac{ -5 }{ x^2 }+\frac{ 3 }{ x }+\frac{ 2x-11 }{ x^2+5x+11 }$
24. anonymous
@hailbug correct
25. dinamix
denominator is degree 4 not 5 @ASAAD123
26. dinamix
u make mistake
27. anonymous
@dinamix where is that mistake?
28. anonymous
29. dinamix
its ax+d/x^2 + bx+c/x^2+5x+11
30. anonymous
the denominator is still degree 4. You can split that first one up and then the denominator will reduce to x. |dw:1440868401732:dw|
31. dinamix
hmm ok
32. anonymous
basically, you need to look at the degree of the least common denominator, not the sum of the individual degrees
33. dinamix
ok i understand know , ty | 2017-01-21 02:58:46 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9138808846473694, "perplexity": 3445.751516857116}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00435-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://forum.snap.berkeley.edu/t/file-import-library/2890 | # File import library
Hey all. I made a library that allows the user to import files from their computer. Here is a project demonstrating this:
Cool!
That's very impressive! With text files, I really wanted the text captured in a variable, not just an ephemeral speech balloon. You could make a variable named after the file name (minus extension). If there's already a variable by that name, append "(2)" or whatever number that name is up to, as for sprites or costumes.
I haven't read your code carefully, but I got the impression that there can only be one pending input of a given type, even though your library offers an asynchronous interface. Am I right?
No, it isn't async. The read file block reads a given file as a certain type, then it yields the thread until the result is returned by the block.
Some of it is:
Yes, I was thinking about this thread while eating breakfast and realized that the ask for files block is async. And it only is because it is impossible to determine if the user actually submitted or cancelled. So the ask for file and wait block continues the thread if a user submitted a file. If a user cancels, then it will yield indefinitely.
But my question is, what if another script meanwhile asks for another file? So now there are two OS file-open windows onscreen. Could the first script end up with the second script's file or vice versa?
For me, it opens the next window after the first window has closed. So I guess if some guy with malicious intent wrote a never-ending loop with the the import files block the user would have to make a new window so they can open the browser's task manager to close the tab. I can't find a way to prevent multiple pending inputs from happening at the same time because I can't actually confirm whether a user submitted or cancelled.
As a result of your previous question, I changed the code a bit so you can detect if the user imported new files.
So the way I programmed it is that it fires the click event on a hidden file input DOM element. The onchange event is hooked up to broadcast the "file input changed" event. The imported files reporter will report the newest files given from the input. Since I have no way to confirm if a user actually pressed submit or cancel, only if their submitted files have changed, the import files block is async and does't return anything. The imported files reporter outputs the imported Javascript File objects.
So the imported files reporter will only report the latest imported files.
I should really be trying this instead of asking questions, but I'm too lazy right now.
Thread A asks to open a file and gets an OS file dialog.
Then thread B asks to open a file and gets another OS file dialog.
Now the user types a filename and OK in the second dialog.
Does the first dialog see that? If it's one hidden DOM element per thread, it should be okay, but if it's one global element then it should, I think, mess up. (What should happen is that each thread sees the result of the OS dialog that it started.)
On Chrome, only one file input window shows up. The other one shows up after the first window closes. I don't know how it's like on Firefox or another browser.
Anyway, the reporter that reports the imported files is global, so there can only be one result, which is the latest batch of files imported. So the first dialog will see the second's in your situation.
I wanted the ask for files block to behave similarly to the ask [] and wait block
That has the same problem, in principle, although Jens has things worked out so that something comprehensible happens. But ask and wait is the wrong way to do it; we should have ask as a reporter that reports the answer to this question that you give it as input, regardless of the order in which the user answers questions. And the same with when I receive any message which (this is in the works) will have an upvar for the message it is processing.
I was thinking of making the file input block a reporter. But I decided to make it a command because if I made it a reporter, the reporter would have to wait until the user presses submit or cancel. And there is no definitive way of confirming that. I'm not sure why it is that way.
To mirror the underlying browser control flow, what you really have to do is have it be a command but have it take as input another (callback) procedure that will be invoked when a result comes back. But really I think making it synchronous is fine, since having a thread "on hold" won't stop other threads from running.
Cool library!
is there a way to show the contents of an archive, like a zipped folder?
No, unless you write a zip parser or use someone else's
ok
In what context? I think most operating system desktops let you open an archive as if it were a folder, and then you can copy stuff out etc.
yeah, they do, with zipped folders, but I want to be able to do it using code.
Ah. I bet there are libraries... ask DuckDuckGo. | 2021-05-14 19:51:08 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.28418073058128357, "perplexity": 1309.0849452864963}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991207.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514183414-20210514213414-00268.warc.gz"} |
http://codeforces.com/blog/entry/81857 | raja_n's blog
By raja_n, history, 5 months ago,
Hello everyone, I was solving today this graph problem : 598D - Igor In the Museum.
And below are my two submissions which only differs in size of an array, one is giving TLE and one is giving AC. According to me, there should be runtime error in 1st submission as array will go out of bound but how Codeforces is giving tle?
90809524
90816112
Here is the difference-checker screenshot for above two submissions:
Thanks,
spookywooky for the documentation.
Wild_Hamster for such a great way to help.
mallick630 for making it easy at last by amazing explanation.
• -8
» 5 months ago, # | 0 In C/C++ you do not get OutOfBoundException or anything like that. You get undefined behaviour. This basically means that anything can happen, there is no error handler.https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/ub
• » » 5 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 7 → 0 But in online gnu compiler, there is segmentation fault when I use out of bound index. So, I expected that there will be runtime error on Codeforces also.
• » » » 5 months ago, # ^ | 0 The behavior is undefined so C/C++ compiler won't need to inject bound checking instruments everywhere. That's why C/C++ is faster than Java. But the disadvantage is you can't predict what will happen, at all.
» 5 months ago, # | +12 Code#include #include using namespace std; int main() { int a[1]; int q; q = 100; a[1] = 2000000000; cout << &q << " " << &a[1] << "\n"; cout << q << "\n"; while (q--) { cout << q << "\n"; } return 0; } The code above should be RE, right? Try to guess why it's TLE.
• » » 5 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 → 0 Output... 0x1054febc 0x1054febc 2000000000 1999999999 1999999998 1999999997 1999999996 1999999995 1999999994 1999999993 1999999992 1999999991 1999999990 1999999989 1999999988 1999999987 1999999986 1999999985 1999999984 1999999983 1999999982 1999...Invocation failed [TIME_LIMIT_EXCEEDED]===== Used: 15000 ms, 3628 KBThis was the output by running the code on custom test. So, that means q was allocated memory just after a[0], thus making the addresses of q and a[1] same. So q changes to 2000000000, explaining the TLE verdict. Am I right, sir??
• » » » 5 months ago, # ^ | 0 Thanks, spookywooky for the documentation. Wild_Hamster for such a great way to help. mallick630 for making it easy at last by amazing explanation.
• » » 5 months ago, # ^ | 0 I have spent a lot of time thinking about this and this is wrong.Basically, the stack grows downward, decreasing in memory address. Your q has a lower memory address than a[0]. When you say a[1], that's a address higher than a[0], even further than q. You need to switch the order for having a chance of this. (I have experimentally checked code assembly and read the theory, this is correct.)Why does this work practically then? It doesn't work on my system (though it's to be somewhat expected from UB). I suspect it works because the compiler is reordering memory allocations (for some reason or another). | 2021-01-23 15:05:14 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2743173837661743, "perplexity": 2479.750506238908}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538082.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123125715-20210123155715-00589.warc.gz"} |
https://api-project-1022638073839.appspot.com/questions/how-do-you-solve-log-8-1-3-log-x-log-2 | # How do you solve log 8 - (1/3) log x = log 2?
Mar 9, 2016
$x = 64$
#### Explanation:
From the laws of logs we may write this as
$\log \left(\frac{8}{x} ^ \left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right) = \log 2$
Now taking the antilog on both sides and cross-multiplying yields
$2 {x}^{\frac{1}{3}} = 8$
Now applying laws of exponents and surds and simplifying, we get
$\sqrt[3]{x} = 4$
$\therefore x = {4}^{3} = 64$ | 2021-10-26 12:42:16 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 5, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9608911871910095, "perplexity": 1328.1359323798397}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587877.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026103840-20211026133840-00648.warc.gz"} |
https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/30374/the-relationship-between-downsampling-and-frequency-resolution/30375 | # The relationship between downsampling and frequency resolution
I am having trouble understanding a concept that I have seen in many published papers. For example, in this paper (http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082748) they wrote in their methods that to "obtain adequate frequency resolution we downsampled from 44.1 kHz to 8 kHz".
My understanding is that the sample rate is how many times (per second) the actual sound wave was "sampled", and that the maximum frequency that can be detected is 1/2 the sampling rate (or the Nyquist frequency). So by downsampling, you will lose the ability to detect higher frequencies, and in a sense downsampling acts as a sort of filter, as it gets rid of the higher frequency sounds from the recording.
This makes sense to do if your signal of interest is at lower frequencies, but I still don't understand how this gives "adequate frequency resolution". Does downsampling have any influence on the ability to detect lower frequencies? What do they mean by "frequency resolution"? Thank you so much in advance!
• My interpretation: When analyzing a DFT, it makes sense to limit the sampling rate to something close to Nyquist. Otherwise, one ends up with a lot of bins that do not have any information. When plotting (either on screen or on paper), it makes sense to use as many pixels or inches of paper as possible to display the frequencies of interest. – MBaz Apr 26 '16 at 14:57
Your understanding is correct. I don't have the full text of the paper, but it sounds like they aren't being very precise with their description. As you pointed out, downsampling doesn't improve frequency resolution in and of itself, it merely reduces the amount of bandwidth that can be represented unambiguously.
However, I can take a guess at what they were referring to. Assuming they are using a DFT for spectral analysis (the common choice), note that the fact that for a given DFT size $N$, the output bin spacing is a function of the sample rate:
$$f_{res} = \frac{f_s}{N}$$
So, if a smaller frequency resolution in your spectral calculation is desired, decreasing the sample rate of the data can help you do that. Of course, you could also increase the DFT size $N$ as well; there are some applications where that's not an option, though (e.g. if you're using hardware that is limited to certain FFT sizes). Also, this method can have advantages when the signal of interest is in a small band of frequencies relative to the original sample rate; in this case, downsampling followed by a smaller DFT can be more computationally advantageous than doing one large DFT (this is known as the zoom FFT technique).
Note that there isn't a free lunch here: to actually realize an increase in resolution, you need $N$ samples at the lower sample rate, which requires a longer observation time. This is the same total observation time that is required by just collecting more data at the higher sample rate and then doing a larger DFT.
It took me a while to visualize this stuff.
In the $z$-domain, the frequencies from 0 to Nyquist are always represented as 0 to $\pi$. This means that if you increase the sampling rate, there are more frequencies that must be represented in your 0 to $\pi$ region (represented by $\omega$). This means as the sample rate increases, a 50Hz signal, say, is represented by a smaller $\omega$.
Some types of digital filter (FIR) and also FFT have a poor resolution at the lower frequencies, so you downsample to effectively increase their frequency resolution at lower frequencies. Downsampling increases the $\omega$ value you need to represent say, 50Hz.
An interesting problem will arise though if you want to increase your FFT resolution. Downsampling will not help, you must increase your sample set and ultimately the number of FFT bins you have.
I've mainly hit this problem designing IIRs where trying to design certain types of IIR of, say, 5Hz at a sampling rate of 192KHz can be more prone to problems than at 48KHz. | 2020-05-30 10:16:34 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7741422653198242, "perplexity": 478.8738727998355}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347407667.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530071741-20200530101741-00074.warc.gz"} |
http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/31533/ | # Rapid Computational Discovery of Pi-Conjugated Materials
Kanal, Ilana Yocheved (2017) Rapid Computational Discovery of Pi-Conjugated Materials. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh. (Unpublished)
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## Abstract
The focus of this thesis is conjugated polymer properties for improved computational discovery of $\pi$-conjugated materials. Combination of these materials in differing orders alter the electronic structure and in tetramers, on average, an energy effect is seen. When expanded to hexamers, it became apparent that a more complicated effect exists that depends on block length and placement of that block or sequence within a hexamer. Sequence effects were applied both computationally and experimentally for combinations of benzothiadiazole and phenylene vinylene monomers to confirm importance of sequence in both solar cell performance as sequence can affect intrinsic and bulk properties orthogonally, such as HOMO-LUMO gap.
In addition to sequence study, inverse design of conjugated polymers from computed electronic structure properties demonstrate that while it is unreliable to predict polymer properties from the monomer properties alone, it is very reliable to make predictions from simple models. These models allow for better polymer property predictions without costly polymer calculations.
A large scale computational investigation assessing the utility of common classical force fields for computational screening of low energy conformers provided us with insight for the most reliable methods to use when screening molecules. Using statistical analyses on the energies of up to 250 diverse conformers of 700 different molecular structures, we find that energies and geometries from widely-used classical force fields show poor energy correlation with semiempirical and DFT energies calculated at PM7 geometries. In contrast, semiempirical (PM7) energies show better correlation with DFT calculations. With these results, we make recommendations for more reliably carrying out conformer screening.
Sequence effect, models for polymer predictions and assessment of classical force field methods for low energy conformer predictions are combined to produce our genetic algorithm to rapidly, computationally select materials. Optimization of our genetic algorithm shows that with relatively few calculations, millions of molecules can be screened with a significant speedup compared with brute force calculation of those same molecules.
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## Details
Item Type: University of Pittsburgh ETD
Status: Unpublished
Creators/Authors:
Kanal, Ilana Yochevediek2@pitt.eduiek2
ETD Committee:
Committee ChairHutchison, Geoffreygeoffh@pitt.edugeoffh
Committee MemberLambrecht, Daniellambrecht@pitt.edulambrecht
Committee MemberMeyer, Taratara.meyer@pitt.edutara.meyer
Committee MemberKeith, JohnJAKEITH@pitt.eduJAKEITH
Date: 24 September 2017
Date Type: Publication
Defense Date: 30 March 2017
Approval Date: 24 September 2017
Submission Date: 20 April 2017
Access Restriction: 1 year -- Restrict access to University of Pittsburgh for a period of 1 year.
Number of Pages: 262
Institution: University of Pittsburgh
Schools and Programs: Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences > Chemistry
Degree: PhD - Doctor of Philosophy
Thesis Type: Doctoral Dissertation
Refereed: Yes
Uncontrolled Keywords: Computational Chemistry, Physical Chemistry
Date Deposited: 24 Sep 2017 21:33 | 2021-10-19 22:01:00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3651241064071655, "perplexity": 8829.98891645651}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585281.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019202148-20211019232148-00608.warc.gz"} |
http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/208/1095/552 | # On the Interaction of Two Electrons
G. E. Brown , D. G. Ravenhall
## Abstract
A relativistic wave equation for helium-like systems which gives energy levels correct to within $\alpha ^{2}$ Ry is derived from quantum electrodynamics, care being taken in the handling of pair-production processes. Calculations made with it agree to this accuracy with Breit's calculations. | 2015-05-06 06:25:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24759423732757568, "perplexity": 3134.084519024196}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430458333760.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501053213-00011-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/655253-eliminating-opengldirectx-differences/ | # OpenGL Eliminating OpenGL/DirectX differences
This topic is 1383 days old which is more than the 365 day threshold we allow for new replies. Please post a new topic.
## Recommended Posts
Hello,
I've writting myself a graphical wrapper for writing API independant code, also including a basic unified shading language. For 90% of the times this works well without any kind of modification, but then there are times when I'm just having such trouble getting stuff to work under OpenGL4. My entry-point, if you will, is always DirectX11, because I'm far more common to it, and so are my coordinate systems (LH).
Now most of my problems are due to matrix multiplications. First thing I did was flip the multiplication order when parsing out GLSL shader code. I also flipped the sign of the m22-value in the projection-matrices to resolve a problem where everything was rendered upside down.
Matrix MatPerspFovLH(float fovy, float aspect, float zn, float zf)
{
float yScale = cotan(fovy/2.0f);
float xScale = yScale / aspect;
return Matrix( xScale, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
#ifdef ACL_API_GL4
0.0f, -yScale, 0.0f, 0.0f,
#else
0.0f, yScale, 0.0f, 0.0f,
#endif
0.0f, 0.0f, zf/(zf-zn), 1.0,
0.0f, 0.0f, -zn*zf/(zf-zn), 0.0f);
}
However, this was a total quess (I'm still quite surprised it works), and there are still occasional problems, like right now I'm trying to solve a complete f***-up in my cascaded shadow maps in opengl.
The question now mainly is: Is there any way, like some sort of setting, to make matrix multiplication, screen space etc... compatible to DirectX in OpenGL (or vice versa, for all I care), without having to "manually" adjust multiplication order and tampering with the matrix values? I'm also hoping that those issues will go away once that works, so well...
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I'm not 100% sure, but ...
1.) OpenGL 4 is used to work with column vectors and matrices in row major order. D3D11 is used to work with row vectors and matrices in column major order. In memory this makes the same sequence of numbers.
EDIT: So, after some more research … HLSL assumes column-major order at default, and GLSL assumes column-major order, too. Just D3D9 FFP and DirectXMath use row-major layout.
2.) Using shaders give you the freedom to choose between A * B and B * A like you need. You can use column / row vectors in both HLSL and GLSL.
3.) If you want to use LH co-ordinate system with OpenGL, the only thing you need to do is a scaling S(1,1,-1) placed between the projection matrix and the view matrix. Because the projection matrix is different anyway, you can include the mirroring into the projection matrix used for OpenGL, like so when using row vectors:
V * ( S(1,1,-1) * PGL )
4.) The fact that you need to negate m22 of the projection matrix … seems me strange. I assume that there is a mistake somewhere.
EDIT: After some research: The reason is in the window origin problem.
Edited by haegarr
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I'm interested in what is wrong with my previous answer. It would be nice if you can clarify this...
1 - Change the matrix layout(row/column major)
IMHO I have not said something contradicting this. However, the freedom is not without costs. With the input registers of the GPU being exactly 4 elements wide, it is most efficient if the columns / rows of a matrix passed into the GPU are 4 elements wide. This is no problem with a 4 by 4 matrix, obviously, but it matters if one passes 4 by 3 matrices (as is sufficient for affine transformations because the remaining row / column is constant; the most obvious use case is GPU based skinning).
Within an application that was implemented following OpenGL's historical conventions, a 4 column by 3 row matrix in column major order nevertheless requires 4 input registers although only 12 elements are actually used. Analogously are things with D3D's historical conventions. Hence the conventions of both OpenGL and D3D were changed (I'm still speaking of a convention but not a constrained). Fortunately both changes are so that the absolute sequence of values is again the same for both OpenGL and D3D. So passing them by cbuffer / UBOs makes no difference, assuming the expected layout is used. That's what my point 1.) in the above answer is about.
2 - Mat * Vec/Vec * Mat depends ONLY on your math library.
I mentioned in point 2.) that both products can be computed in shaders, too.
BTW: It is not totally true that the order depends only on the math library. With the layout parametrization of matrices one can pass in matrices so that they work as being transposed. Because GPUs do not distinguish between N by 1 and 1 by N vectors, it is sufficient to transpose the matrix if one wants to reverse the order of matrix products inside the shader. So the order of multiplication depends on both how matrices are provided by the math library and how they are passed into the shader.
3 - There is no such a thing "LEFT/RIGHT hand coord system" for the hardware. You can use any coord sys.
Yes, you can, but you need to take care that camera-space coordinates are transformed into the intended clip-space coordinates (which differ between D3D and OpenGL). You do this by defining an appropriate projection matrix. The projections for a LH and a RH co-ordinate system will differ. With the well known standard projection matrix PGL of OpenGL in mind, applying a mirroring onto the z axis yields in the corresponding LH matrix. That's what my point 3.) in the above answer is about. Is there a mistake in this reasoning?
@OP:
There is a sample book chapter The ANGLE Project: Implementing OpenGL ES 2.0 on Direct3D (PDF) that deals with OpenGL ES 2.0 being implemented on top of Direct3D 9. That is not exactly what you are after, but perhaps some of the things mentioned there may be of interest for you. Two aspects that came to my mind are the different clip spaces and the different window co-ordinates, both of which are investigated in the book chapter. Hope that helps.
Edited by haegarr
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Thanks you for the input,
I have since further investigated the problem, but first some heads up. My matrices are already in row major ordering, I have already explicitely set that in DirectX11, and OpenGL seems to be able to work with it. Furthermore, the multiplication inversion still has to happen for some reason, otherwise I a funny looking vertex soup. I belive this is due to the fact that I multiply my viewprojection-matrix with the world-matrix in shader:
out.vPos = mul(in.vPos, mul(mWorld, mViewProj));
// translates to this in GLSL:
out.vPos = (mViewProj * mWorld) * in.vPos;
I really don't have any clue why this is necessary though, since I'm using row major ordering in both cases. Any ideas whats the reason behind this?
Furthermore, the reason why the m22-invert was working and I would get upside-down geometry otherwise is actually pretty simple: I didn't flip the vertical texture coordinate in my sprite class, which resulted in the final result of all my renderings to be upside down. I didn't really look that much into it in the first place, but that was also the reason why I had (almost) no problems with triangle winding order, the manual flipping of the geometry in the view-matrix also changed the triangulation. I now flipped the vertical texture-coordinates in the sprite, removed the view-matrix-manipulation, and switched the cull-order in respect when using OpenGL4. This now produces the same visual result as bevor, minus the culling-order problem in my water, which is definately a plus.
Still, this leaves me with even more problems...
So as I mentioned I had to flip the texture coordinate in the sprite class. I already did that before for my fullscreen-quads, it is necessary for them to render correctly in OpenGL. Why? I belive this is the main reason for all the problems I have left (CSM still doesn't work, water-reflections go all ape-s***). I think I have heard something that OpenGL stores the textures in a different way then direct-x (upside down, if I am correct), but why do I have to change the texture-coordintes to reflect this? And is there something I can do to combat this, except manually flipping the texture coordinates wherever they are used (which is really a pain, especially when they are e.g. calculated directly in the shader), maybe something that tells OpenGL to change its texture storage or something like that?
Here is what I mean, the fullscreen quad with the changes I had to make for OpenGL (first two floats are position in screen space, last two texture coordinates):
// DirectX
{
{ -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f },
{ 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f },
{ 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f },
{ -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }
};
// OpenGL:
{
{ -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f },
{ 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f },
{ 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f },
{ -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }
};
Any ideas?
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However, this was a total quess (I'm still quite surprised it works), and there are still occasional problems, like right now I'm trying to solve a complete f***-up in my cascaded shadow maps in opengl.
Probably because OpenGL normalizes to the depth range -1 to 1 whereas Direct3D uses NDC’s from 0 to 1.
Not only does this mess up shadows, you are likely only using half the range of the depth buffer with the way you are creating your projection matrix.
L. Spiro
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Probably because OpenGL normalizes to the depth range -1 to 1 whereas Direct3D uses NDC’s from 0 to 1.
Not only does this mess up shadows, you are likely only using half the range of the depth buffer with the way you are creating your projection matrix.
Thats surely a problem I'll tackle soon, but it isn't what causes this. I was right, it is the same thing with the texture coordinates. In the cascaded shadow map shader, the texture coordinates are calculated by multiplying the position with the light view matrix. The depth is then sampled from the depth-map (all cascades in one):
float depth = SampleLOD(Shadow,
float2(
vShadowTexCoord.x + (float(x) * vBorderPadding.w) , // w => native texel size
vShadowTexCoord.y + (float(y) * vBorderPadding.x) // x => texelsize
), 0);
Inverting the y-coordinate does the trick again:
float depth = SampleLOD(Shadow,
float2(
vShadowTexCoord.x + (float(x) * vBorderPadding.w) , // w => native texel size
1.0f - (vShadowTexCoord.y + (float(y) * vBorderPadding.x)) // x => texelsize
), 0);
This is really everywhere, thats also the reason I had to reverse the texture coordinates manually in the application for the fullscreen-quad and the sprite. I also mirrored the textures from the filesystem when loading them with FreeImage, which makes normal model texcoordinates work. Now, is there any way to solve this? The only thing I can think of is parsing all Sample-functions to
Sample(float2(vTex.x + vTex.x, 1.0f) - vTex));
in OpenGL, which would write out to sampling from (vTex.x, 1.0f - vTex.y), but it comes down to more work in the shader, especially when the texcoordintes are declared like in my sample directly in the function. Any other ideas?
So as well as making sure you're using both row-major or both-column major in both D3D and GL, you also need to make sure that your math libraries are both following the column-vector convention or the row-vector convention. If you do that, then the shader code and matrix multiplication order will be exactly the same across both APIs.
Thats really strange, I am using the same (namely my own) math libary for both DX and OpenGL, as you can see in my first post ;)
It appears though, that my OpenGL defaults to column_major, since setting my uniform-blocks to
layout(row_major) unifom Stage
{
mat4 mViewProj;
}
and reversing the mul-order to normal (as in DX), now at least renders SOMETHING, however its still far from correct. Now my sky is rendering sort of like a tube when looking down the x-axis and otherwise isn't at all (I can't show a screenshot since OpenGL doesn't let me). Thats the vertex-shader:
out.vPos = float4(in.vPos, 1.0f);
matrix mModWorld = mWorld;
mModWorld[3].xyz = vCameraPos;
matrix mWorldView = mul(mModWorld, mView);
float3 vVertex = mul(out.vPos, mWorldView).xyz;
out.vPos = mul(out.vPos, mul(mModWorld, mViewProj)).xyww;
out.vPos.z *= 0.99999f;
The other models render mostly correct, except the skinned one. Sadly I can't show you too, but while the overall animation look is still correct, the individual triangles go all over the place - it looks kind of spiky. Heres that vertex shader:
float4 pos = float4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
float3 norm = float3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
float lastWeight = 0.0f;
int n = 1; // TODO: read in
float4 inPos = float4(in.vPos, 1.0f);
float4 vNormal = float4(normalize(in.vNrm), 1.0f);
//Blend vertex position & normal
for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
{
lastWeight += in.vWeights[i];
pos += in.vWeights[i] * mul(inPos, mPalette[int(in.vIndices[i])]);
norm += in.vWeights[i] * mul(vNormal, mPalette[int(in.vIndices[i])]).xyz;
}
lastWeight = 1.0f - lastWeight;
pos += mul(inPos, mPalette[int(in.vIndices[n])]) * lastWeight;
norm += mul(vNormal, mPalette[int(in.vIndices[n])]).xyz * lastWeight;
pos.w = 1.0f;
out.vPos1 = mul(pos, mWorld);
out.vPos = mul(out.vPos1, mViewProj);
out.vNormal = normalize(mul(float4(normalize(norm), 0.0f), mWorld).xyz);
out.vTex0 = in.vTex0;
I mean, now that matrix layout, multiplication order, and the way that matrices are handled/passed in by the application are all equal, do you see anything (perhaps in those shaders) that can cause such strange behaviour?
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D3D shaders (HLSL) use column-major storage by default as well, just like GLSL. You've got to use "row_major float4x4 myMat;" or the options posted by imoogiBG above. Are you doing this in your working HLSL version?
What's the multiply with 0.99999f for - to make sure the sky never touches the far plane?
The vVertex variable in that code doesn't get used, is that right?
In the second code block, vNormal should have a w value of zero -- otherwise your normals will be affected by the translation row of the mPalette matrix!
Seeing that n is hard-coded to 1 for now, I'd simplify that shader as much as possible, just to reduce the amount of things that could be going wrong.
float4 inPos = float4(in.vPos, 1.0);
float4 vNormal = float4(in.vNrm, 0.0);
float3 pos = in.vWeights.x * mul(inPos, mPalette[int(in.vIndices.x)]).xyz;
float3 norm = in.vWeights.x * mul(vNormal, mPalette[int(in.vIndices.x)]).xyz;
out.vPos_ws = mul(float4(pos,1.0), mWorld);
out.vPos = mul(float4(out.vPos_ws.xyz,1.0), mViewProj);
out.vNormal = mul(float4(norm, 0.0f), mWorld).xyz;//normalize in the pixel shader
out.vTex0 = in.vTex0;
I haven't used GL for a while... is it possible that somehow when you update your uniform object / send the matrices to the shader, that the GL driver is somehow transposing them or modifying them in some way?
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...
This is really everywhere, thats also the reason I had to reverse the texture coordinates manually in the application for the fullscreen-quad and the sprite. I also mirrored the textures from the filesystem when loading them with FreeImage, which makes normal model texcoordinates work. Now, is there any way to solve this? ...
I assume you suffer from the window co-ordinate problem: The book excerpt (I already mentioned it above) tells this with the "present transform" in eq. 39.1 and 39.2 and the following explanation "Window Origin". It mentions three ways to overcome it, all with some kind of drawback, of course.
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D3D shaders (HLSL) use column-major storage by default as well, just like GLSL. You've got to use "row_major float4x4 myMat;" or the options posted by imoogiBG above. Are you doing this in your working HLSL version?
Yes, I have
#pragma pack_matrix( row_major )
at the top of all of my shaders.
What's the multiply with 0.99999f for - to make sure the sky never touches the far plane?
Yep, thats what its for. I get heavy z-fighting unless for that line.
The vVertex variable in that code doesn't get used, is that right?
Well, that gets used later on for atmospheric scattering calculation, but nothing that affects the vertex position at all.
In the second code block, vNormal should have a w value of zero -- otherwise your normals will be affected by the translation row of the mPalette matrix!
Oh, I already wondered why my lighting on that model was off. I'm sure I checked that though, very weird. Thanks anyways, crosses another thing off the list :D
I haven't used GL for a while... is it possible that somehow when you update your uniform object / send the matrices to the shader, that the GL driver is somehow transposing them or modifying them in some way?
Thats very unlikely, since I'm using uniform buffers, and I'm uploading the data arbitrarily - or is there something that OpenGL does by itself that might change odering here?
I assume you suffer from the window co-ordinate problem: The book excerpt (I already mentioned it above) tells this with the "present transform" in eq. 39.1 and 39.2 and the following explanation "Window Origin". It mentions three ways to overcome it, all with some kind of drawback, of course.
Yes, you are totally right, thats the problem, at least with the reading in shader. I partially-countered this at first by inverting the coordinates for the fullscreen-pass, but that left me with even more problems. I'm now using step 2 by inverting the y-texture coordinate in shader, also I have to adjust the CPU-access of textures to account for the fact that textures are now stored upside down in regards.
Now all thats left is the vertex-transform problem, technically it is working with the old setting of reversing the multiplication order, but I sure would like to have it the right way, and know what this doesn't work in the first place...
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I'm just looking at the fact it is unrealistic to think youtube/google will actually get stuff right or that youtube viewers will actually bother to start looking for more accurate videos.
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I need to perform small VS modification - is possible to do it in an alternative way? Do we have apps or driver modifictions which will catch the shader sent to GPU and override it? | 2018-01-21 19:36:43 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20952516794204712, "perplexity": 2665.8928468963054}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890823.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121175418-20180121195418-00302.warc.gz"} |
http://clay6.com/qa/3530/if-the-function-defined-by-for-all-is-invertible-find- | Browse Questions
# If the function $f : Q \rightarrow Q$ defined by $f(x) = 3x+5$ for all $x \in Q$ is invertible, find $f^{-1}$.
Can you answer this question? | 2016-10-28 21:50:32 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9739221334457397, "perplexity": 236.7040997447912}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725475.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00244-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/89293/maximal-sum-in-5x5-minesweeper | # Maximal sum in 5x5 Minesweeper
How can you place 8 mines on a 5x5 Minesweeper grid such that the sum of the produced numbers is maximal? Are there multiple solutions?
Good luck with this!
I got this:
46
12332
1****
35653
****1
23321
With these also producing the same total:
23332
*****
35653
1***1
12321
12332
1****
24664
1****
12332
By the way, my technique for solving:
The best thing is for a mine to be placed next to 8 open spaces, giving you +8. So the best score is 64, but obviously that can't be done. I counted how many "deductions" from a perfect score I could get and tried to minimize those. You can get this far with no deductions:
.....
.*.*.
.....
.*.*.
.....
Now if you place a mine next to an existing mine, you should deduct 2 points for every existing mine it touches (-1 for the mine you place losing 1 spot and -1 for the other mine losing a spot). If you place a mine on the edge, deduct 1 point for every out of bounds neighbor. With this in mind, the two next best spots are (-4 deductions each):
.....
.***.
.....
.***.
.....
(-8 score)
After that, each of the edge spots on the same row as the existing two rows deducts -5 points, so you can pick any combination of 2 of them, giving a final score of -18 deductions, which is 64-18 = 46.
• Great explanation! – Dmitry Kamenetsky Sep 18 '19 at 23:37
I can get
42:
12321
2XXX2
X565X
2XXX2
12321
Moving the two mines on the border closer to center (so that all mines form a square) gives 40, and moving the two mines in the middle of 3s further from center (so that all mines form a rhombus) gives 38, so doesn't look very promising.
23332
xxxxx
35653
1xxx1
12321
I brute forced this answer using my minesweeper library at https://github.com/bradmarder/MSEngine
It took only 83952 iterations to find an answer with a sum of 46. I also made an attempt to find an answer with a sum > 46, but stopped after 5m+ iterations. Finding a board that satisfies the criteria isn't too rare. I roughly calculated that 10 solutions appear every ~2m iterations. So if you picked a random board, you would have a significantly better chance of winning this puzzle than the lottery.
Here is the snippet of code I used.
private static void Test()
{
var watch = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.StartNew();
var iteration = 0;
var max = 0;
while (true)
{
var board = Engine.Instance.GenerateBoard(5, 5, 8);
var localMax = board.Tiles
.Where(x => !x.HasMine)
max = Math.Max(max, localMax);
if (max == 46)
{
var failBoard = BoardStateMachine.GetFailedBoard(board);
Console.WriteLine(GetBoardAsciiArt(failBoard));
break;
}
Interlocked.Increment(ref iteration);
Console.SetCursorPosition(0, Console.CursorTop);
Console.Write(\$"CurrentMax = {max}, Iteration = {iteration}, and ellapsed MS = {watch.ElapsedMilliseconds}");
}
} | 2020-01-18 18:22:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5476996302604675, "perplexity": 1941.6541375552006}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00041.warc.gz"} |
https://greprepclub.com/forum/qotd-27-keri-neill-and-rich-use-toilet-paper-in-their-apar-3591.html | It is currently 22 Apr 2019, 00:53
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# QOTD#27 Keri, Neill, and Rich use toilet paper in their apar
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QOTD#27 Keri, Neill, and Rich use toilet paper in their apar [#permalink] 14 May 2017, 05:15
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Question Stats:
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Keri, Neill, and Rich use toilet paper in their apartment in a ratio of 3:2:2. Rich buys two cases of toilet paper online for everyone’s use at 28 rolls per case, an average of $3.50/roll and a$14 delivery charge. If they each contribute to the cost of the toilet paper in direct proportion to the amount they use, how much must Keri contribute?
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[Reveal] Spoiler: OA
90
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Re: QOTD#27 Keri, Neill, and Rich use toilet paper in their apar [#permalink] 04 Jun 2017, 14:52
Expert's post
Explanation
The three roommates spend a total of $210 on toilet paper. If you make your ratio box you will see that your ratio total is 7 and your actual total is 210, so your multiplier is 30. Keri therefore needs to contribute$90.00 to the cost of the toilet paper.
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Re: QOTD#27 Keri, Neill, and Rich use toilet paper in their apar [#permalink] 10 Feb 2019, 07:28
sandy wrote:
Explanation
The three roommates spend a total of $210 on toilet paper. If you make your ratio box you will see that your ratio total is 7 and your actual total is 210, so your multiplier is 30. Keri therefore needs to contribute$90.00 to the cost of the toilet paper.
Hello,
Please can you elaborate more on how did we get 210 $and how did we know that the multiplier is 30? thanks Founder Joined: 18 Apr 2015 Posts: 6211 Followers: 99 Kudos [?]: 1199 [0], given: 5721 Re: QOTD#27 Keri, Neill, and Rich use toilet paper in their apar [#permalink] 10 Feb 2019, 07:37 Expert's post 1 case = 28 rolls 2 case = 56 rolls 56 rolls * 3.50$ = 96 $+ 14$ for the delivery = 210 $(quite expensive as toilet paper, I would say) The ratio is $$3:2:2 = 7 x$$ $$\frac{210}{7}= 30$$ We are looking for the first ratio 3x = 30*3= 90 Hope now is more clear to you. Regards _________________ Intern Joined: 24 Jan 2019 Posts: 27 Followers: 0 Kudos [?]: 2 [0], given: 29 Re: QOTD#27 Keri, Neill, and Rich use toilet paper in their apar [#permalink] 10 Feb 2019, 08:03 Carcass wrote: 1 case = 28 rolls 2 case = 56 rolls 56 rolls * 3.50$ = 96 $+ 14$ for the delivery = 210 \$
(quite expensive as toilet paper, I would say)
The ratio is $$3:2:2 = 7 x$$
$$\frac{210}{7}= 30$$
We are looking for the first ratio 3x = 30*3= 90
Hope now is more clear to you.
Regards
Yes its more clear now. Thank you for your explanation.
Re: QOTD#27 Keri, Neill, and Rich use toilet paper in their apar [#permalink] 10 Feb 2019, 08:03
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03-10-2020 | Uitgave 4/2020 Open Access
Components of School-Based Interventions Stimulating Students’ Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Domains: A Meta-analysis
Tijdschrift:
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review > Uitgave 4/2020
Auteurs:
Esther Mertens, Maja Deković, Patty Leijten, Monique Van Londen, Ellen Reitz
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Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Introduction
Schools are expected to foster not only their students’ cognitive development, but also their students’ wellbeing. Schools should implement policies and practices striving to improve students’ attitudes, values, and social support (Langford et al. 2014; World Health Organization 1995). To this end, a range of universal school-based interventions have been developed to enhance students’ intrapersonal and interpersonal domains. The intrapersonal domain refers to managing one’s own feelings, emotions, and attitudes pertained to the individual self (Barber 2005). The interpersonal domain refers to the ability to build and maintain positive relationships with others and to understand social situations, roles, and norms, and respond appropriately (Pellegrino and Hilton 2012; Shek and Leung 2016). Both domains are intertwined as the way individuals view themselves can influence how they approach social interactions and vice versa (Finkel and Vohs 2006).
Even though the two domains are related, they are also meaningfully distinct. While the intrapersonal domain represents an individual’s subjective psychological functioning, the interpersonal domain represents an individual’s social functioning (Dufner et al. 2019). This distinction is empirically supported by factor and profile analyses (e.g., Gilman and Anderman 2006; Park et al. 2017), and by relating the two domains to various developmental outcomes. For instance, competencies in the intrapersonal domain predict better academic achievement and competencies in the interpersonal domain predict better peer relations (Park et al. 2017). While students can acquire competencies in both domains by mastering relevant cognitive, affective, and social skills (Durlak et al. 2011), difficulties with these skills can set students at increased risk of developing problems in the intrapersonal domain, such as internalizing behavior, or in the interpersonal domain, such as aggression (Modecki et al. 2017; White et al. 2013). Given that competencies in both domains are markers of a healthy psychosocial development, whereas problems in these domains increase the likelihood of developing psychopathology later in life, it is important to stimulate youth’s development in these domains (Van Order et al. 2005).
Children’s intra- and interpersonal domains develop throughout their youth, but the importance of these skills becomes particularly pronounced in adolescence when they consolidate their own identity and peer relationships become increasingly important. Adolescents spend less time at home and longer hours at school which provides them increasing opportunities and requirements to interact with others, such as peers, teachers, and romantic partners (Barber 2005). This makes secondary school a potentially good target for interventions to foster youth’s intra- and interpersonal domains. In the present meta-analysis, we therefore examined the effects of universal secondary school-based interventions on students’ intrapersonal and interpersonal domains.
School-based interventions addressing adolescents’ intra- and interpersonal domains typically show small positive effects (e.g., effect sizes (Cohen’s d) ranging from 0.03 to 0.24; Dray et al. 2017; Durlak et al. 2011; Jiménez-Barbero et al. 2016). One way to increase our understanding of when interventions are most effective is by studying which components are related to intervention effects. If we can identify components associated with stronger (or weaker) intervention effects, this could help generate hypotheses about the components that drive intervention effects, and thus about how interventions could be improved. In addition, schools can make informed decisions about which intervention to implement, by selecting interventions based on the evidence base for the components. As a first step towards generating hypotheses about components that drive intervention effects, Boustani et al. ( 2015) listed components that are most frequently included in effective school-based interventions (e.g., problem solving, psychoeducation). Although such a frequency count provides a useful overview, it does not show whether the effectiveness of interventions relates to the presence of the components. Furthermore, due to the focus on effective interventions, the overview cannot identify components related to weaker intervention effects. The present meta-analysis statistically tested which components are related to stronger or weaker intervention effects.
In the literature, typically three types of components are distinguished: Content, instructional, and structural components. Content components are specific skills adolescents learn to promote positive outcomes, such as emotion regulation and problem solving (Boustani et al. 2015), i.e., “what they learn.” Instructional components are techniques and methods of information delivery used by the intervention facilitator, such as cognitive restructuring and modeling (Boustani et al. 2015), i.e., “how they learn it.” Structural components describe the structure of the intervention that might impact results, such as the number of sessions and whether or not parents are included in the intervention (Lee et al. 2014), i.e., “how the intervention is set up.” By examining all three types of components, we strive to improve our understanding of whether a certain type of component is particularly associated with intervention effects.
Various meta-analyses have successfully identified intervention components that predict intervention effects (e.g., De Mooij et al. 2020; De Vries et al. 2015; Kaminski et al. 2008; Van der Put et al. 2018), but few meta-analyses have focused on components of school-based interventions. Prior meta-analyses that did examine components of school-based interventions focused on substance use, sexual risk behaviors (e.g., pregnancy, STD/HIV) and/or nutrition (see for a review of reviews Peters et al. 2009). For example, Onrust et al. ( 2016), focusing on substance use, found that components that sought to stimulate students’ self-control and problem solving, and components that included cognitive restructuring, adjusting social norms (e.g., peer education), and parental involvement predicted stronger substance use reductions. Hennessy and Tanner-Smith ( 2015), focusing on alcohol use, found that components that included an individual and motivational enhancement approach predicted stronger alcohol use reduction.
In the present meta-analysis, we examined which components are related to stronger (or weaker) school-based intervention effects on students’ intra- and interpersonal domains. We focused on a broad range of outcomes for two reasons. First, many school-based interventions aim to enhance multiple aspects of students’ development (e.g., promoting self-efficacy, psychological wellbeing, and life satisfaction: Gigantesco et al. 2015; bullying, aggression, and wellbeing across various domains: Bonell et al. 2018). We wanted to align with this approach in our meta-analysis. Second, some components may be related to intervention effects on some outcomes, but not on others. Unraveling these differential associations may provide insight in the extent to which interventions need to be matched to specific problems.
We studied relations between components and intervention effects across different populations (e.g., socio-economically advantaged students, predominately ethnic minority students). Although the effectiveness of components may depend on participant characteristics, any moderator effects by participant characteristics were beyond the scope of this study—our goal was to provide a first overview of which components are related to intervention effects. We analyzed all three types of components (i.e., content, instructional, and structural) and tested whether interventions with a specific component showed larger (or smaller) effect sizes than interventions without that component, using multilevel meta-regression. This enabled us to identify not only which components were associated with stronger effects, suggesting potential effective components, but also components associated with weaker effects, suggesting potential ineffective components. Knowing what does not work is equally important as knowing what does work (e.g., Poulin et al. 2001; Werch and Owen 2002).
Concerning content components, based on the results of Onrust et al. ( 2016) and Boustani et al. ( 2015), we hypothesized that basic life skills and self-awareness would be related to stronger intervention effects on students’ intra- and interpersonal domains. Basic life skills refers to abilities for adaptive and positive behavior to deal with demands and challenges of everyday life (World Health Organization 1997). Several reviews suggest the importance of basic life skills, such as problem solving, assertiveness, and social skills, for a range of outcomes of effective school-based interventions (e.g., intra- and interpersonal domains, Boustani et al. 2015; drug use, Cuijpers 2002). Self-awareness indicates a realistic and accurate assessment of one’s strengths and norms, and is related to improvements on the interpersonal domain (e.g., Shek and Leung 2016). Raising self-awareness, such as insight building and self-efficacy, is often used in effective interventions targeting the intrapersonal and interpersonal domains (Boustani et al. 2015).
For instructional components, we hypothesized that components using a more active learning approach, in which students interact with each other and perform tasks (e.g., practicing through role-play), would be related to stronger intervention effects. Active learning approaches have consistently been related to stronger effects. For instance, Kaminski et al. ( 2008) found in their meta-analysis that parenting interventions in which parents practiced the learned skills were more effective than interventions that did not include practice. Similarly, Cuijpers ( 2002) concluded in his review of school-based drug interventions that interventions using more active methods (e.g., discussion) were more effective than interventions using more passive methods (e.g., didactic instruction).
Regarding structural components, the general assumption is that longer and extensive interventions are more effective than briefer and less extensive interventions (Yeager and Walton 2011). The evidence, however, is conflicted. Some meta-analyses showed that longer and extensive interventions are indeed more effective. For instance, interventions showed stronger effects as the time span, number of sessions, and involved persons (i.e., whole school, parents) increased (De Vries et al. 2015; Ttofi and Farrington 2011). Other meta-analyses, on the other hand, showed that briefer and less extensive interventions are more effective (i.e., “less is more”). For instance, interventions showed stronger effects when the time span was short, the number of sessions limited, and no additional services were provided (Cuijpers 2002; Kaminski et al. 2008; Van der Put et al. 2018). Longer and extensive interventions require more time and effort to implement with fidelity (Bakermans-Kranenburg et al. 2003); resources that may lack in many schools. Given that findings of previous research concerning structural components are inconclusive, examining the relations between these components and intervention effects was explorative.
In summary, identifying components related to stronger or weaker intervention effects has both theoretical and practical implications. First, it expands our knowledge concerning interventions. We begin to unravel, based on associations between components and intervention effects, what is more important to change students’ intra- and interpersonal domains: What they learn, how they learn it, or how the intervention is set up? Second, it helps schools to make informed decisions about which intervention to implement and catalyzes hypotheses generation about how interventions may be optimized. We hope this knowledge can be used as a first step towards improving the effectiveness of school-based interventions addressing students’ intra- and interpersonal domains.
Method
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
We sought to include evaluations of universal secondary school-based interventions addressing students’ intrapersonal and interpersonal domains. Universal secondary school-based interventions were defined as interventions delivered to students during regular school hours, targeting all students (Mychailyszyn et al. 2012; Peters et al. 2009). The intrapersonal domain was defined as managing one’s own feelings, emotions, and attitudes pertained to the individual self (Barber 2005) in which one can experience competencies (e.g., resilience, self-esteem, self-regulation, general wellbeing) and problems (e.g., internalizing behavior). The interpersonal domain was defined as the ability of an individual to build and maintain positive relationships with others and understanding social situations, roles and norms, and respond appropriately (Pellegrino and Hilton 2012; Shek and Leung 2016) in which one can experience competencies (e.g., sexual health, social competence, positive school climate) and problems (e.g., aggression, bullying). Although one’s development in these two domains has been associated with psychopathology, the domains and psychopathology are not opposite ends of the same continuum (e.g., Girard et al. 2017). In the current meta-analysis, we focused on interventions stimulating the development in the intra- and interpersonal domains rather than preventing psychopathology.
Studies were eligible for review when (1) the intervention was implemented in a regular school (i.e., not in special education), (2) the intervention was implemented during regular school hours in a group setting, (3) the intervention was aimed at improving (subdomains of) the intra- and/or interpersonal domain (i.e., interventions primarily aiming to improve students’ physical health (e.g., prevention of substance use, nutrition, pregnancy, STDs) or prevent psychopathology (e.g., depression) were excluded.), (4) the intervention was universal, so targeting all students, (5) the participants were in middle school or high school (Grades 6–12), (6) the study included a control group, (7) the study included a quantitative baseline and post intervention measurement of (subdomains of) the intrapersonal domain and/or interpersonal domain, (8) sufficient information concerning baseline and post intervention measurements was reported, or obtained after contact with the author, so that effect sizes could be calculated post intervention, corrected for baseline differences, (9) the study was written in English, and (10) the study was published as article, book, or book chapter. Research has shown that including unpublished studies does not reduce the possible impact of publication bias and is sometimes even counterproductive due to selection bias (Ferguson and Brannick 2012).
Literature Search
We searched four databases (i.e., PsycINFO, PubMed, ERIC, and CENTRAL). With these databases we searched the psychological, medical, and educational literature, and (quasi-)randomized controlled trials specifically. The search was not restricted to a time period. Search terms were used to elicit school-based interventions (e.g., school, class), interventions (e.g., prevention, intervention), adolescents (e.g., adolescent, youth), and intra- and interpersonal outcomes (e.g., self-esteem, social competence). Because these search terms led to an extremely high number of studies, we added some restrictions to the search, to avoid picking up interventions targeting other populations (e.g., preschool, clinical) or domains (e.g., substance use, lifestyle) than targeted in this study. The complete list of search terms is provided in “ Appendix A”. This search (April 2019) resulted in 6102 studies in PsycINFO, 2964 studies in PubMed, 1683 studies in ERIC, and 567 studies in CENTRAL. Removal of duplicates resulted in 9,498 unique studies. In addition, reference lists of included studies and identified relevant reviews and meta-analyses were searched. This resulted in 22 additional studies.
All studies identified by the search were first screened for eligibility based on their title and abstract. Title and abstract were reviewed to assess whether the study met inclusion and/or exclusion criteria. We specifically focused on information where the intervention was conducted (e.g., school-based), at what type of school the intervention was conducted (e.g., middle/high school), and whether the intervention was implemented during regular school hours (rather than after school). Based on this screening 9,068 studies (95%) were excluded. The remaining 429 studies were studied full-text. In this second screening phase another 310 studies (72%) were excluded. See Fig. 1 for the flow diagram.
In order to assess reliability of these two screening phases, a research assistant independently screened a random selection of 9% (800 studies) of all identified studies concerning the first screening phase and in the second screening phase 10% (45 studies) of the remaining studies. The research assistant judged the relevance of the studies for the current meta-analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Reliability was substantial, with 98% agreement (Cohen’s κ = 0.71; Landis and Koch 1977) regarding the first screening phase and 89% agreement (Cohen’s κ = 0.76; Landis and Koch 1977) regarding the second screening phase. Any disagreements between the researchers concerning inclusion were solved through discussion.
Data Extraction
Studies were coded for information concerning the study (e.g., year of publication, country where study was conducted), sample (e.g., age, gender distribution), design and method (e.g., randomization, attrition analyses), intervention (e.g., intervention provider, aim of intervention), effect size data (e.g., outcome category), and intervention components (e.g., problem solving, practice, parental involvement). The intervention components were primarily based on the meta-analysis by Boustani et al. ( 2015) who, in turn, based their components on the PracticeWise Clinical Coding System (PracticeWise 2009). Additionally, we reviewed the components of the reviews and meta-analyses of Kaminski et al. ( 2008), Onrust et al. ( 2016), Peters et al. ( 2009), and Van der Put et al. ( 2018) to further strengthen the theoretical base of the components. Based on this broad theoretical basis, we adjusted some components of Boustani et al. ( 2015) due to highly overlapping content and co-occurrence (i.e., we combined communication skills and social skills; we combined cognitive coping and coping skills; emotion regulation contains anger management; practice contains role-play) and we deleted some components due to low frequency (i.e., civic responsibility, support networking). An overview of all components and their definitions is presented in “ Appendix B”. Sources cited in the study and other freely available materials, such as descriptions from the developer or websites, were retrieved for coding the components (Boustani et al. 2015; Kaminski et al. 2008). In cases where insufficient data were reported for calculating the effect size, the first author was contacted. When this author had not responded after a reminder, the second or last author was contacted and, if necessary, reminded. If the required data could not be obtained after this, the study was excluded from the meta-analysis (see Fig. 1 for the flow diagram).
Of the included studies, 28% (30 studies) was coded independently by a second coder for reliability. The inter-rater reliability was moderate to excellent (Landis and Koch 1977) with an average intra-class-correlation of 0.97 (SD = 0.05), ranging from 0.88 to 1.00, for continuous variables, and an average Cohen’s kappa of 0.82 (SD = 0.11), ranging from 0.60 to 1.00, for categorical variables (see “ Appendix C” for the reliability per individual code). Coding of the component ‘Insight building’ was not reliable with Cohen’s kappa of 0.52. Disagreements between the two coders were discussed and solved unanimously.
Calculation and Analyses of Effect Sizes
Effect sizes were represented as Cohen’s d, reflecting the standardized mean difference between the intervention and control condition, following the procedures of Lipsey and Wilson ( 2001):
$${\text{Cohen's }}d = \frac{{\bar{X}_{{G1}} - \bar{X}_{{G2}} }}{{s_{p} }}$$
Effect sizes were calculated at post intervention (i.e., within 6 months after the intervention) and corrected for baseline differences. Positive effect sizes indicated better results for the intervention compared to the control condition. All effect sizes were adjusted using the Hedges’ ( 1983) small sample correction prior to analyses:
$$\text{Hedges' adjusted effect size }= d *\left(1- \frac{3}{4N-9}\right)$$
Outliers were examined and, when believed to be unrepresentative, winsorized by replacing outliers with the value of the lower or upper value of two standard deviants from the mean (Lipsey and Wilson 2001).
Publication Bias
As commonly known, studies with nonsignificant or negative results are less likely to be published than studies with significant or positive results. The risk of publication bias was tested using a funnel plot. A funnel plot is a scatter plot in which the effect sizes are plotted against their precision (i.e., standard error). It is assumed that the effect sizes of the studies are symmetrically distributed around the true effect size, with more precise effect sizes (typically those from larger studies) at the top of the funnel and less precise effect sizes (typically those from smaller studies) at the base of the funnel. Asymmetry in the funnel plot can be an indication of publication bias (Light and Pillemer 1984). Whether or not a funnel plot is asymmetrical can be statistically tested with Egger’s regression test (Egger et al. 1997). When the funnel plot is asymmetrical according to Egger’s regression test the trim-and-fill analysis (Duval and Tweedie 2000a, 2000b) can be used to adjust the effect for possible publication bias. This analysis estimates how many studies fall outside the symmetric part of the funnel plot and trims this outlying part. With the remaining symmetric funnel plot the true center of the funnel is estimated. The trimmed studies and their missing counterparts are replaced in the funnel representing imputed ‘missing’ effect sizes. Based on this filled funnel plot, the corrected mean is estimated resulting in an adjusted effect size. Tests to visualize and examine publication bias assume independence of effect sizes, which is not the case in multilevel meta-analyses. We took this violation into account by using the variance of the effect sizes as a moderator in Egger’s regression test.
Analyses
We calculated an effect size for each reported measure of the intra- or interpersonal domain. To account for the clustering of effect sizes within a trial, we used multilevel meta-analytical models with three levels: Sampling variance around each effect size (level 1), variance between effect sizes within studies (level 2), and variance between studies (level 3; Assink and Wibbelink 2016; Van den Noortgate et al. 2013).
The unit of analyses were the interventions rather than the publications, since we are interested in the effectiveness of the intervention compared to the control condition. When one publication reported on two interventions, both interventions were included and analyzed separately. When multiple publications reported on the same intervention, evaluated in different studies with different samples, their effect sizes were analyzed together, clustered within the same intervention. When multiple publications reported on the same intervention, evaluated in the same study with the same sample, we coded the most comprehensive publication; the less comprehensive publication was checked for additional information and their effect sizes were analyzed together, clustered within the same intervention.
The multilevel analyses were conducted in R using the metaphor package (Viechtbauer 2010). First, the overall effects of universal school-based interventions on students’ intrapersonal and interpersonal domains were estimated in separate models. Methodological rigor was assessed to examine how well the overall effect sizes reflected the effects of the intervention rather than methodological influences or biases (Lipsey and Wilson 2001). Based on the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool for Cluster Randomized Trials (Higgins et al. 2016) randomization (random vs. quasi-random assignment) and completeness of outcome data (percentage of drop-out) were analyzed as covariates. Additionally, the type of comparison group (passive: No intervention/waitlist vs. active: Care as usual/other intervention) was examined as covariate to examine absolute versus relative effects of the interventions. Characteristics of methodological rigor that predicted the overall effect sizes were included as covariates in further analyses.
To analyze which components were associated with stronger or weaker intervention effects, moderation analyses were conducted. Moderation analyses were conducted only if both levels of the moderator (i.e., component present or not) contained at least three effect sizes (Crocetti 2016). Note that these moderation analyses are based on correlations between interventions and effects. Besides significant effects ( p < 0.05), effects with a trend towards significance ( p < 0.10) were reported. These trends contribute to the hypotheses generation nature of the meta-analysis and provide an indication to what extent moderation by a certain component for a certain outcome can be generalized to other outcomes.
Results
Descriptive Characteristics
The present meta-analysis included 104 publications reporting on 99 unique interventions. In total, 529 effect sizes were extracted from the publications comparing the intervention with the control condition on the intrapersonal domain ( k = 218) or the interpersonal domain ( k = 311). Four effect sizes were extreme outliers, more than four standard deviations above the mean. All were derived from the same study (Haynes and Avery 1979) and believed to be unrepresentatively high. These four effect sizes were therefore winsorized.
The studies, published between 1979 and 2019 (Median publication year: 2013), were conducted in the USA ( k = 36), Canada ( k = 2), Europe ( k = 45), Australia ( k = 7), Asia ( k = 13), and Africa ( k = 1). Most studies randomly assigned participants to the conditions ( k = 70). In 47 studies, the intervention group was compared to an active control group (i.e., Care As Usual or another intervention). The other 57 studies compared the intervention group to a passive control group (i.e., waitlist or no intervention). In total, the studies comprised 97,884 participants with an average age of 13.70 years (SD = 1.50) at the start of the intervention and mean sex distribution of 49% boys (SD = 16.43). Of the studies reporting ethnicity (59%), participants represented mostly ethnic majority in 59% of the studies, mostly ethnic minorities in 28% of the studies, and mixed ethnic majority and minorities in 13% of the studies. The mean drop-out rate of participants was 12.33% (SD = 10.65). The interventions consisted on average of 14 sessions (SD = 15.35) with a time span of 22.55 weeks (SD = 33.59). Roughly half of the interventions were provided by teachers ( k = 46) and the other half ( k = 58) by professionals. In addition, in 6 interventions the intervention was (also) provided by a peer. “ Appendix D” provides the key characteristics of the included studies.
Overall Effect Sizes
Interventions had a small positive effect on students’ intrapersonal domain [ d = 0.19, 95% CI (0.13; 0.25)]. More specifically, the positive intervention effects for self-esteem and self-regulation were somewhat stronger than for internalizing problems and wellbeing. No significant intervention effect was found for resilience (see Table 1). Interventions also had a small positive effect on students’ interpersonal domain [ d = 0.15, 95% CI (0.10; 0.19)]. The magnitude of intervention effects was fairly similar for aggression, sexual health, social competence, and bullying. Interventions showed the strongest positive effects on school climate. However, this effect did not reach significance due to the small number of effect sizes for this subdomain. Definitions of the two general domains and the subdomains are provided in “ Appendix E”.
Table 1
Effectiveness of interventions targeting the intra- and interpersonal domains
Domains
Effect sizes ( k)
Effect size
95% CI
Intrapersonal
218
0.19
0.13; 0.25
Resilience
13
0.06
− 0.01; 0.14
Self-esteem
53
0.25
0.11; 0.39
Self-regulation
33
0.21
0.08; 0.33
General wellbeing
63
0.13
0.08; 0.19
Internalizing problems
50
0.19
0.10; 0.29
Interpersonal
311
0.15
0.10; 0.19
Sexual health
61
0.16
0.07; 0.26
Social competence
63
0.16
0.10; 0.23
School climate
17
0.24
− 0.11; 0.58
Aggression
84
0.10
0.03; 0.17
Bullying
82
0.13
0.03; 0.24
Publication Bias
For both the intra- and interpersonal domains, the distribution of effect sizes appeared to be symmetrical (Egger’s regression test: Intrapersonal z = − 0.22, p = 0.826; Interpersonal z = 0.17, p = 0.862; see Fig. 2), indicating that there was low risk of publication bias.
Intervention Components Related to Intervention Effects
Preliminary Analyses
Interventions targeting students’ intrapersonal domain (see Fig. 3) and those targeting students’ interpersonal domain (see Fig. 4) shared many commonly used components. Most commonly used content components are teaching students social skills, emotion regulation, and insight building. Most commonly used instructional components are implementing discussions, practice, and didactic instruction. The most commonly used structural component is additional individual guidance during the intervention.
Concerning methodological rigor, whether or not participants were randomized, drop-out rate, and type of comparison group were not related to effect sizes concerning the intrapersonal domain or the subdomains. Whether or not participants were randomized was related to effect sizes concerning the interpersonal domain; randomized studies yielded stronger effects. Percentage of drop-out was related to effect sizes concerning social competence; studies with lower drop-out rates yielded stronger effects. Whether or not participants were randomized and drop-out rates were also related to effect sizes concerning bullying; randomized studies and higher drop-out rates yielded stronger effects. Therefore, randomization and drop-out were added as covariates when it were significant predictors of the effect size in the moderation analyses concerning the interpersonal domain, social competence, and bullying.
Intrapersonal Domain
Of the ten content components, none were significantly related to intervention effects on students’ intrapersonal domain in general (see Table 2). However, there was a trend that teaching emotion regulation was associated with weaker intervention effects on the intrapersonal domain overall, and specifically on self-esteem. For the subdomains, teaching assertiveness was associated with weaker effects on internalizing problems. Furthermore, there was a trend that insight building was associated with stronger effects on resilience.
Table 2
Effect sizes of interventions with and without components targeting the intrapersonal domain
Component
Intrapersonal
Resilience
Self-esteem
Self-regulation
Wellbeing
Internalizing
#ES
ES
B
#ES
ES
B
#ES
ES
B
#ES
ES
B
#ES
ES
B
#ES
ES
B
Content components
Emotion regulation
Yes
116
0.14
− 0.11
11
26
0.13
− 0.24
18
0.20
− 0.03
27
0.12
− 0.05
23
0.17
− 0.03
No
102
0.25
2
27
0.37
15
0.23
36
0.16
27
0.21
Assertiveness
Yes
61
0.18
− 0.02
9
0.12
0.08
14
0.25
− 0.00
9
0.07
− 0.22
12
0.15
0.02
15
0.04
− 0.21 *
No
157
0.20
4
0.04
39
0.26
24
0.29
51
0.13
35
0.26
Self-efficacy
Yes
61
0.20
0.00
9
0.07
− 0.02
19
0.23
− 0.04
10
0.13
− 0.14
12
0.14
0.02
10
0.08
− 0.15
No
157
0.19
4
0.09
34
0.27
23
0.27
51
0.13
40
0.23
Self-control
Yes
18
0.07
− 0.13
0
2
9
0.15
− 0.08
5
0.05
− 0.09
2
No
200
0.20
13
51
24
0.23
58
0.14
48
Insight building
Yes
92
0.18
− 0.03
7
0.22
0.18
24
0.20
− 0.11
15
0.29
0.15
30
0.12
− 0.03
16
0.28
0.13
No
126
0.21
6
0.04
29
0.31
18
0.14
33
0.15
34
0.15
Cognitive coping
Yes
90
0.15
− 0.07
3
0.04
− 0.11
12
0.22
− 0.05
22
0.13
− 0.18
20
0.15
0.03
28
0.15
− 0.09
No
128
0.22
10
0.15
41
0.26
11
0.31
43
0.12
22
0.23
Relaxation
Yes
50
0.17
− 0.03
2
4
0.06
− 0.21
12
0.19
− 0.03
18
0.10
− 0.04
14
0.19
− 0.01
No
168
0.20
11
49
0.27
21
0.22
45
0.14
36
0.20
Social skills
Yes
99
0.20
0.02
9
0.07
− 0.02
31
0.31
0.13
17
0.23
0.07
21
0.09
− 0.07
21
0.16
− 0.07
No
119
0.18
4
0.09
22
0.18
16
0.16
42
0.17
29
0.23
Problem solving
Yes
51
0.24
0.07
6
0.19
0.15
17
0.34
0.12
7
0.30
0.13
5
0.19
0.06
17
0.20
0.01
No
167
0.17
7
0.04
36
0.21
26
0.17
58
0.13
33
0.19
Peer resistance
Yes
8
0.17
− 0.02
0
2
3
0.27
0.08
3
0.13
− 0.01
0
No
210
0.20
13
54
30
0.20
60
0.13
50
Instructional components
Practice
Yes
148
0.24
0.12 *
11
34
0.34
0.23
21
0.24
0.11
42
0.14
0.01
39
0.22
0.09
No
70
0.12
2
19
0.11
12
0.12
21
0.13
11
0.13
Modeling
Yes
34
0.16
− 0.05
0
13
0.26
0.00
5
0.08
− 0.15
7
0.14
0.01
9
0.08
− 0.13
No
184
0.20
13
40
0.25
28
0.23
56
0.13
41
0.21
Discussion
Yes
143
0.20
0.01
10
0.13
0.09
40
0.21
− 0.20
16
0.26
0.12
42
0.14
0.01
33
0.21
0.05
No
75
0.19
3
a
13
0.41
17
0.14
21
0.13
17
0.16
Goal setting
Yes
27
0.15
− 0.06
6
0.19
0.15
8
0.16
− 0.12
4
0.01
− 0.24
9
0.12
− 0.01
1
No
191
0.20
7
0.04
45
0.28
29
0.25
54
0.14
49
(Self-)monitoring
Yes
29
0.25
0.07
0
5
0.44
0.21
1
10
0.10
− 0.04
13
0.35
0.19
No
189
0.18
13
48
0.23
32
53
0.14
37
0.16
Multimedia
Yes
60
0.16
− 0.06
2
21
0.16
-0.15
4
0.18
− 0.03
24
0.15
0.04
8
0.19
− 0.00
No
158
0.22
11
32
0.31
29
0.21
39
0.12
42
0.19
Homework
Yes
50
0.21
0.03
2
7
0.34
0.10
4
0.17
− 0.05
21
0.17
0.05
16
0.24
0.07
No
168
0.19
11
46
0.24
29
0.21
42
0.12
34
0.18
Didactic instruction
Yes
116
0.19
− 0.01
4
0.09
0.02
28
0.28
0.05
16
0.17
− 0.07
41
0.14
0.02
26
0.23
0.07
No
102
0.20
9
0.07
25
0.23
17
0.25
22
0.12
24
0.16
Structural components
Parental involvement
Yes
6
0.18
− 0.01
0
2
0
1
3
0.29
0.11
No
212
0.19
13
51
38
62
47
0.18
Whole school involving
Yes
20
0.22
0.02
1
10
0.20
− 0.11
2
6
0.11
− 0.03
3
0.51
0.36 **
No
198
0.20
12
43
0.31
31
57
0.13
47
0.15
Individual part
Yes
48
0.19
− 0.00
0
11
0.23
− 0.03
11
0.15
− 0.07
7
0.12
− 0.01
16
0.22
0.04
No
170
0.19
13
42
0.26
22
0.22
56
0.13
34
0.18
Number of sessions
I
0.20
− 0.00
0.11
− 0.01
0.27
− 0.04
0.19
0.05
0.13
− 0.03
0.22
0.20**
Number of components
I
0.20
− 0.01
0.09
0.08
0.26
− 0.04
0.22
− 0.03
0.13
− 0.01
0.19
− 0.01
ES effect size, B meta-regression coefficient, I intercept
Differences in effect sizes between interventions with and without that component significant at level of p < 0.10; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
Of the eight instructional components, practicing during the intervention was related to significantly stronger intervention effects on students’ intrapersonal domain overall. None of the other components were significantly related to intervention effects on students' intrapersonal domain in general.
Of the five structural components, none were related to intervention effects on students’ intrapersonal domain in general. For the subdomains, associations with stronger effects were found on internalizing problems when the whole school was involved and when the intervention had more sessions.
In sum, interventions that included insight building, where students practiced during the sessions, that involved the whole school staff, and those that had more sessions showed stronger effects for stimulating subdomains of the intrapersonal domain than interventions that did not include these components. Interventions that taught emotion regulation and assertiveness showed weaker effects for stimulating subdomains of the intrapersonal domain than interventions that did not include these components.
Interpersonal Domain
Of the ten content components, teaching problem solving was related to stronger intervention effects on students’ interpersonal domain in general, specifically for interventions targeting bullying and school climate (see Table 3). Teaching cognitive coping was related to weaker intervention effects on students’ interpersonal domain overall, and specifically for interventions targeting bullying. Furthermore, there was a trend that insight building was associated with stronger intervention effects on students’ interpersonal domain overall. The other components were not related to intervention effects on the interpersonal domain in general. For the subdomains, insight building was associated with stronger effects on social competence and bullying. Teaching emotion regulation and assertiveness were associated with weaker effects on respectively bullying and aggression.
Table 3
Effect sizes of interventions with and without components targeting the interpersonal domain
Component
Interpersonal a
Sexual health
Social competence b
School climate
Aggression
Bullying c
#ES
ES
B
#ES
ES
B
#ES
ES
B
#ES
ES
B
#ES
ES
B
#ES
ES
B
Content components
Emotion regulation
Yes
127
0.04
− 0.06
55
0.00
− .0.19
31
0.17
− 0.03
5
− 0.04
− .0.39
53
0.10
− 0.01
52
0.03
− .0.16
No
184
0.11
6
0.19
32
0.20
12
0.35
31
0.10
30
0.18
Assertiveness
Yes
52
0.09
0.02
9
0.23
0.08
14
0.09
− .0.14
3
0.46
0.26
15
− 0.05
− 0.19*
11
0.23
0.12
No
259
0.08
52
0.15
49
0.23
14
0.21
69
0.13
71
0.11
Self-efficacy
Yes
37
0.11
0.04
5
0.28
0.13
18
0.16
− 0.01
0
8
− 0.04
− 0.15
5
0.34
0.23
No
274
0.07
56
0.15
45
0.16
17
76
0.11
77
0.11
Self-control
Yes
25
0.17
0.10
5
− 0.03
− 0.22
2
3
0.18
− 0.07
9
0.24
0.16
6
0.38
0.27
No
286
0.07
56
0.19
61
14
0.25
75
0.08
76
0.11
Insight building
Yes
118
0.12
0.10
20
0.18
0.03
41
0.24
0.16*
7
0.09
− 0.29
20
0.08
− 0.04
26
0.56
0.55**
No
193
0.03
41
0.15
22
0.08
10
0.38
64
0.11
56
0.02
Cognitive coping
Yes
84
− 0.02
− 0.13*
23
0.07
− 0.11
49
0.12
− 0.10
5
− 0.01
− 0.35
24
0.09
− 0.02
18
0.13
− 0.32*
No
227
0.11
38
0.18
14
0.21
12
0.34
60
0.11
64
0.19
Relaxation
Yes
20
0.08
− 0.00
3
− 0.07
− 0 .24
3
0.06
− 0.15
4
0.18
− 0.07
10
0.29
0.21
0
No
291
0.08
58
0.18
60
0.21
13
0.25
74
0.08
82
Social skills
Yes
185
0.08
0.01
23
0.10
− .0.12
51
0.19
0.01
9
0.13
− 0.20
49
0.11
0.02
51
0.19
0.12
No
126
0.08
38
0.22
12
0.18
8
0.33
35
0.09
31
0.08
Problem solving
Yes
145
0.21
0.12*
39
0.19
0.04
24
0.16
0.00
6
0.67
0.63
48
0.13
0.06
27
0.30
0.27**
No
166
0.10
22
0.15
39
0.16
11
0.04
36
0.07
55
0.03
Peer resistance
Yes
21
0.08
0.00
3
0.18
0.02
6
0.21
0.06
4
− 0.02
− 0.32
8
− 0.02
− 0.13
0
No
290
0.08
58
0.16
57
0.15
13
0.30
76
0.12
82
Instructional components
Practice
Yes
187
0.10
0.04
22
0.14
− 0.06
41
0.19
0.08
11
0.25
0.03
69
0.11
0.02
42
− 0.01
0.13
No
124
0.06
39
0.19
22
0.11
6
0.22
15
0.09
40
− 0.14
Modeling
Yes
95
0.07
− 0.01
22
0.15
− 0.02
13
0.16
− 0.03
3
− 0.11
− 0.42
23
0.15
0.07
34
0.10
− 0.05
No
216
0.08
39
0.18
50
0.20
14
0.31
61
0.08
48
0.15
Discussion
Yes
212
0.08
− 0.02
27
0.14
− 0.07
42
0.21
0.07
14
0.26
0.24
64
0.06
− 0.13
61
− 0.04
0.14
No
99
0.09
34
0.21
21
0.14
3
0.02
20
0.20
21
− 0.18
Goal setting
Yes
45
0.10
0.03
6
0.13
− 0.05
15
0.16
0.00
5
0.02
− 0.27
16
0.04
− 0.07
2
No
266
0.07
55
0.17
48
0.16
12
0.29
68
0.11
80
(Self-)monitoring
Yes
30
0.12
0.04
0
12
0.13
− 0.04
5
− 0.02
− 0.32
13
0.16
0.07
0
No
281
0.07
61
51
0.17
12
0.30
71
0.09
82
Multimedia
Yes
115
0.09
0.02
22
0.23
0.14
24
0.28
0.15*
6
0.05
− 0.27
26
0.08
− 0.03
35
0.16
0.05
No
196
0.07
39
0.10
39
0.13
11
0.32
58
0.11
47
0.12
Homework
Yes
30
0.14
0.07
3
0.18
0.02
5
0.33
0.15
2
15
0.18
0.09
4
0.37
0.26
No
281
0.07
58
0.16
58
0.18
15
69
0.09
78
0.11
Didactic instruction
Yes
177
0.12
0.09
58
0.17
0.07
27
0.17
0.02
13
0.36
0.44
44
0.16
0.13
35
0.14
0.01
No
134
0.03
3
0.10
36
0.15
4
− 0.08
40
0.03
47
0.13
Structural components
Parental involvement
Yes
62
0.12
0.05
16
0.11
− 0.06
5
0.03
− .0.18
6
0.63
0.57
16
0.10
− 0.01
19
0.20
0.12
No
249
0.07
45
0.17
58
0.20
11
0.06
68
0.10
63
0.09
Whole school involved
Yes
52
0.09
0.02
19
0.06
− 0.13
6
0.03
− 0.18
4
0.98
0.94**
9
0.14
0.03
13
0.35
0.32**
No
259
0.08
42
0.19
57
0.20
13
0.04
75
0.11
69
0.03
Individual part
Yes
56
0.10
0.02
7
0.06
− 0.13
5
0.13
− 0.06
6
0.62
0.63*
14
0.24
0.17
24
0.11
− 0.05
No
255
0.08
54
0.19
58
0.20
11
− 0.02
70
0.07
58
0.15
Number of sessions
I
0.07
0.01
0.11
− 0.14
0.22
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.11
0.04
− 0.09
0.20**
Number of components
I
0.07
0.03
0.16
− 0.03
0.19
0.02
0.24
− 0.02
0.10
0.02
0.16
0.10
ES effect size‚ B meta-regression coefficient, I intercept
aAnalyses corrected for ‘randomization’, except the analysis concerning ‘problem solving.’
bAnalyses corrected for ‘drop-out’, except the analyses concerning ‘problem solving’, ‘self-efficacy’, ‘didactic instruction’, ‘practice’, ‘goal setting’, and ‘(self-)monitoring.’
cAnalysis concerning ‘insight building’ corrected for ‘drop-out’, analyses concerning ‘practice’, ‘discussion’, and ‘number of sessions’ corrected for ‘randomization.’
Differences in effect sizes between interventions with and without that component significant at level of p < 0.10; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
Of the eight instructional components, none of the components were related to intervention effects on the interpersonal domain in general. Regarding the subdomains, using multimedia was related to stronger effects on social competence. In addition, there were trends that using didactic instruction and relaxation were associated with stronger effects and using discussion had weaker effects on aggression.
Of the five structural components, none were related to intervention effects on students’ interpersonal domain in general. Concerning the subdomains, three components were related to stronger intervention effects. Interventions that included more sessions were associated with stronger effects on bullying. Interventions that involved the whole school were associated with stronger effects on bullying and school climate. Interventions with additional individual guidance were associated with stronger effects on school climate and showed a trend that it was related to stronger effects on aggression. Furthermore, there was a trend that interventions that involved parents were associated with stronger effects on school climate and that interventions that included more components were related to stronger effects on bullying.
In sum, interventions that taught insight building, and problem solving, used didactic instruction, relaxation, and multimedia, involved the whole school and parents, included additional individual guidance, more sessions, and more components showed stronger intervention effects for stimulating subdomains of the interpersonal domain than interventions that did not include these components. Interventions that taught emotion regulation, and assertiveness, and applied cognitive coping, and discussions showed weaker intervention effects for stimulating subdomains of the interpersonal domain than interventions that did not include these components.
Discussion
It is important to understand the intervention components that contribute to intervention effectiveness, or ineffectiveness, in order to guide intervention selection and implementation. Schools strive to improve their students’ wellbeing, but their time and resources to invest in interventions are limited. This meta-analysis aimed to identify the intervention components that contribute to the effectiveness of universal secondary school-based interventions aiming to stimulate students intra- and interpersonal domains. In line with previous meta-analyses examining universal school-based interventions, we found small positive effects on students’ intra- and interpersonal domains (e.g., Dray et al. 2017; Durlak et al. 2011; Jiménez-Barbero et al. 2016). Overall, none of the discrete components were consistently related to stronger or weaker effects on both students’ intra- and interpersonal domains across the subdomains. In other words, components that were related to stronger or weaker intervention effects typically were so for more specific domains, highlighting the importance of matching intervention to specific competencies or problems. In terms of the type of components that matters most, content components seemed more relevant for stimulating both the intrapersonal domain (e.g., internalizing behavior) and the interpersonal domain (e.g., bullying). Importantly, components related to stronger intervention effects were not necessarily frequently implemented in interventions (e.g., in 10–19% of the interventions). Similarly, components related to weaker intervention effects were generally implemented frequently (e.g., in 40–53% of the interventions).
Content components teaching students self-awareness (i.e., insight building) and problem solving were related to stronger effects, whereas components teaching emotion regulation, assertiveness, and cognitive coping were related to weaker effects. These findings are in line with previous research that indicated teaching self-awareness and problem solving as potential effective components (e.g., Boustani et al. 2015). Teaching emotion regulation, assertiveness, and cognitive coping might be more relevant in different contexts than the secondary school context in which the interventions were implemented. For instance, emotion regulation might be more relevant when implemented in psychotherapy (e.g., Weisz et al. 2012) and teaching assertiveness might be more relevant for students at elementary schools (e.g., Onrust et al. 2016). Teaching cognitive coping was related to weaker effects on interpersonal competences in general. This finding was somewhat surprising, given that cognitive coping is considered an effective component in other interventions as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Yovel et al. 2014) with well-trained therapists (Kobak et al. 2017). One possible explanation may be that school-based interventions, are often implemented by teachers who only received a short training (e.g., Challen et al. 2014) and have no to little experience in teaching cognitive coping. Taken together, content components might be differentially related to intervention effects in different contexts.
In general, instructional components that reflect an active learning approach were related to stronger intervention effects (e.g., relaxation, practice). This does not mean that interventions should only use active learning approaches and exclude more passive learning approaches. Interventions that used discussion as method delivery, an active learning component, were related to weaker intervention effects on aggression, whereas interventions using a didactic information delivery as method, a passive learning approach, were related to stronger intervention effects. These findings are in line with the meta-analysis of De Mooij et al. ( 2020) that showed that psychoeducation was related to stronger effects of Social Skills Training interventions. Using didactic instruction might fit better in the school context than using discussion. In a didactic instruction approach, the emphasis is on knowledge transfer between the teacher and the students, whereas a discussion approach is more dependent on the students and the social skills and cohesiveness of the group. Teachers might be less equipped to prevent a discussion from sidetracking than to teach psychological constructs (Horne et al. 2007).
The results concerning structural components showed that longer and more extensive interventions (e.g., involving parents and the whole school) were more effective for targeting system level outcomes such as school climate. Long-term and extensive interventions might be more effective when the intervention aims to increase students’ feelings of safety at school. By targeting multiple systems in which the students are involved (e.g., school, family) teachers and parents might become more sensitive for problems students encounter, such as bullying or problematic relations with peers (Ttofi and Farrington 2011) and a broad range of risk factors is addressed (Trip et al. 2015). For interventions targeting the individual level such as self-esteem, more extensive interventions were not related to stronger effects nor were less extensive interventions related to weaker effects. Based on these findings, less extensive interventions might be preferred to stimulate the intrapersonal domain due to the easier implementation (Bakermans-Kranenburg et al. 2003), while more extensive interventions may be better suited to stimulate the interpersonal domain.
Furthermore, our results showed that components related to stronger intervention effects were not necessarily commonly implemented. For instance, interventions that involved the whole school were related to stronger effects on internalizing problems, bullying and school climate. However, only 10% to 19% of the included interventions involved the whole school. In contrast, some components that were related to weaker effects are implemented more often. For example, teaching emotion regulation, included in 40% to 53% of the interventions, was related to weaker effect sizes on the intrapersonal domain in general, self-esteem, and bullying. Our frequency counts of components are in line with the frequency count by Boustani et al. ( 2015) of effective school-based interventions. These findings indicate that it is important to critically consider which components to include in an intervention and to not simply “do what previously has been done.”
Several limitations merit attention. First, we tested associations between components and intervention effectiveness. Based on these associations, we cannot state whether specifically these components are (in)effective or whether other components confounded with that specific component accounted for the association. Moreover, the analyzed components were not implemented in isolation, but in the context of an intervention program consisting of multiple components. Interactions among components can affect their effectiveness. In addition, it remains unclear how the components were implemented, how much time was allotted to certain components, and what the quality of implementation of the component was. These aspects could also influence components’ effectiveness. This meta-analysis should therefore be regarded as hypothesis generating; our results give future research indications which components are interesting to examine further. Future research should test causal individual and synergistic effects of components, and potential order effects of components. Second, the coding of components depended on the sufficiency of the intervention description in the included studies; if a component was not mentioned in the article, or other freely available information concerning the evaluated interventions, it was coded as not present. At the same time, components that are formally part of the intervention, and therefore reported and coded as such, may not necessarily be implemented. It might be that some components were thus coded as “present” while they were not actually implemented. Third, even though we included more than 500 effect sizes, some components (e.g., peer resistance, parental involvement) were less frequently implemented in interventions than other components (e.g., practice, discussion) resulting in better powered analyses for some components than for others. Last, our outcome categories, the two general domains as well as the specific competencies and problems, were relatively broadly defined. On the one hand, these broad outcome categories are a good representation of the broad range of problems that may be present in the heterogeneous student population which schools aim to address with these universal interventions. On the other hand, the outcome categories may be less sensitive to change and could mask associations between specific components and specific outcomes.
In conclusion, when designing and implementing universal school-based interventions, and especially when no rigorous evidence base for the intervention is available, it is important to consider the evidence base of its included components. Some components are often implemented in interventions without being actually related to stronger intervention effects. In fact, some commonly implemented components (e.g., emotion regulation, discussion) were related to weaker intervention effects in our meta-analysis. Vice versa, some components that were related to stronger intervention effects (e.g., involvement of the whole school or parents) were only rarely included in interventions. Thus, it is essential to examine the evidence base of components before including it in an intervention, and to not solely focus on which components have been included in previous interventions. Selecting an intervention for implementation is complex and stakeholders need to take numerous factors into account (e.g., training of providers, match with the context, required resources). We hope our findings can contribute to this process by informing stakeholders which components may be important to be included in an intervention when aiming to address certain competencies or problems; schools can look up which components are associated with stronger effects on outcomes relevant for them and take this evidence-base into consideration in their decision. This meta-analysis provides an empirical foundation for the evidence base of components related to stronger and weaker effects for universal school-based interventions addressing the intra- and interpersonal domain.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
Appendix A—complete list of search terms
Category
Term
Program descriptors
School, schools, class, classroom, classes, school-based, “school based”, group, group-based, “group based”, high-school, “secondary school”
Evaluation descriptors
Intervention, preventive, prevention, program*
Program targets
Program outcomes
“Psychological well-being”, resilience, resiliency, “emotional adjustment”, “self-efficacy”, “social isolation”, “social identification”, psychosexual, communication, communicative, anger, aggression, aggressive, “social support”, “social safety”, “psychosocial well-being”, “emotion regulation”, “self-regulation”, “self-control”, “self-esteem”, “self-worth”, “self-confidence”, “peer problems”, “relational aggression”, “externalizing behavior”, “externalizing behavior”, “internalizing behavior”, “internalizing behavior”, violence*, “social competence”, “positive social behavior*”, “emotional distress”, “prosocial behavior*”
Restrictions
Substance, drug, drugs, alcohol, smoking, lifestyle, “weight loss”, diet, dietary, obesity, obese, disorder*, disease, clinical, patient, patients, HIV, aids, illness, disability*, disabled, suicide, suicidal, anorexia, eating, pregnancy*, nurse*, neural, neuron, college, university, “primary school”, preschool
Appendix B—Definitions of Components*
Content components: specific skills adolescents learn to promote positive outcomes Emotion regulation Strategies to help youth identify and appropriately express emotions (including aggression) Assertiveness Exercises designed to promote the youth’s ability to assert his or her needs appropriately with others Self-efficacy Techniques and training to enhance self-confidence and improve self-efficacy Self-control Strategies to help youth interrupt undesired behavioral tendencies (e.g., impulses) and refrain from acting on them Insight building Activities specifically designed to help a youth achieve greater self-understanding and adjust attitudes Cognitive coping Any techniques designed to alter interpretation of events or deal with stressful situations through examination of the youth’s reported thoughts (e.g., cognitive restructuring) Relaxation Techniques or exercises designed to induce physiological calming Social skills Training youth how to communicate more effectively with others and providing constructive information, training, and feedback to improve interpersonal verbal or non-verbal functioning Problem solving Training in the use of techniques, discussions, or activities designed to bring about solutions to social, emotional, or behavioral problems Peer resistance Techniques or training to learn youth how to resist pressure from peers Instructional components: techniques and methods of information delivery used by the intervention facilitator Practice Practicing of a desired behavior during session (e.g., role-play) Modeling Demonstration to the youth of a desired behavior Discussion Discussion of topics within a group Goal setting The explicit selection of a therapeutic goal for the purpose of working toward achieving that goal (Self-)monitoring The repeated measurement of a target index (by the youth) Multimedia The use of multimedia to bring or reinforce new knowledge or skills Homework Written, verbal, or behavioral assignments to complete between sessions Didactic instruction The formal (usually didactic) review of information (e.g., psychoeducation) Structural components: describe the structure of the intervention that might impact results Parental involvement Parents are directly or indirectly involved during the intervention Whole school involved The school staff is directly or indirectly involved during the intervention Individual part The intervention includes additional individual guidance or explicit individual progress through the intervention (e.g., expressive writing, internet-based intervention) Number of sessions Number of sessions of the intervention Number of components Number of components implemented in the intervention
*Definitions are based on Boustani et al. ( 2015), Kaminski et al. ( 2008), Onrust et al. ( 2016), Peters et al. ( 2009), and Van der Put et al. ( 2018)
Appendix C—Reliability Scores of Individual Codes
Descriptive variables
Type of reliability
Reliability
Year of publication
ICC
1.00
Country
Kappa
0.86
Mean age
ICC
1.00
Proportion boys
ICC
0.99
Ethnic composition
Kappa
0.63
Randomization
Kappa
0.80
Drop-out percentage
ICC
1.00
Type of comparison group
Kappa
0.87
Facilitator teacher
Kappa
1.00
Facilitator professional
Kappa
0.85
Facilitator peer
Kappa
1.00
Timespan intervention
ICC
0.99
Components
Type of reliability
Reliability
Content components
Emotion regulation
Kappa
0.87
Assertiveness
Kappa
0.67
Self-efficacy
Kappa
0.77
Self-control
Kappa
0.87
Insight building
Kappa
0.52
Cognitive coping
Kappa
0.60
Relaxation
Kappa
0.78
Social skills
Kappa
0.80
Problem solving
Kappa
0.87
Peer resistance
Kappa
0.78
Instructional components
Practice
Kappa
0.66
Modeling
Kappa
0.66
Discussion
Kappa
0.92
Goal setting
Kappa
1.00
Self-monitoring
Kappa
0.87
Multimedia
Kappa
0.92
Homework
Kappa
0.90
Didactic instruction
Kappa
0.62
Structural components
Parental involvement
Kappa
1.00
Whole school involved
Kappa
0.64
Individual part
Kappa
0.79
Number of sessions
ICC
0.88
Appendix D—Descriptives of Included Publications
References
Name of intervention
Aim
Target
Category outcomes
Healthy romantic relationships
Inter
Sexual health, social competence
9–12
Allara et al. ( 2018)
Diario della salute (my health diary)
Wellbeing and health
Intra
Wellbeing, aggression, school climate
7
Ando et al. ( 2007)
Aggressive behavior
Inter
Self-regulation, aggression, social competence, school climate
7
Avery-leaf et al. ( 1997)
Dating violence prevention program
Dating violence
Inter
Sexual health
11, 12
Baker et al. ( 2014)
Respect
Sexual violence
Inter
Sexual health
9–12
Barkoukis et al. ( 2016)
Intervention against Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying
Inter
Social competence, bullying
7–11
Bonell et al. ( 2018)
Learning Together intervention
Bullying, aggression, and wellbeing
Inter
Wellbeing, aggression, bullying
7
Bosworth et al. ( 2000)
SMART Talk (based on BARN system)
Problem solving without violence
Inter
Self-esteem, aggression, social competence
6–8
Boulton and Flemington ( 1996)
Sticks and stones video
Bullying
Inter
Bullying
6–9
TestEdge
Stress, anxiety, wellbeing, and relationships
Intra and inter
Self-regulation, internalizing, wellbeing, social competence, school climate
10
Bull et al. ( 2009)
The fairplayer.manual
Bullying and relational aggression
Inter
Bullying
9–11
Burckhardt et al. ( 2016)
Strong Minds
Subjective wellbeing
Intra
Wellbeing
9, 10
Burckhardt et al. ( 2018)
Dialectical behavior therapy skills group
Mental health symptoms
Intra
Self-regulation, internalizing, aggression
10
Burckhardt et al. ( 2017)
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Wellbeing
Intra
Internalizing, wellbeing
10
Calear et al. ( 2009)
MoodGym
Anxiety and depression
Intra
Internalizing
8–10
Caplan et al. ( 1992)
The Positive Youth Development Program
Personal and social competence
Intra and inter
Self-esteem, self-regulation, wellbeing, social competence
6, 7
Caprara et al. ( 2014)
CEPIDEA
Prosocial behavior
Inter
Self-esteem, aggression, social competence
7
Carraro et al. ( 2014)
Play fighting
Aggressive behavior
Inter
Aggression
8
Castillo-Gualda et al. ( 2017)
INTEMO (Long version, 3 years)
Aggression
Inter
Wellbeing, aggression
7
Challen et al. ( 2014)
UK Resilience Program
Resilience
Intra
Internalizing, social competence
6
Chang et al. ( 2013)
Laughing Qigong Program
Stress
Intra
Self-esteem, wellbeing
7
Cheung and Lee ( 2010)
Character education
Social competence
Inter
Social competence
8, 9
Coelho et al. ( 2015)
Positive Attitudes
Social-emotional competence
Intra and inter
Self-esteem, self-regulation, internalizing, social competence
7–9
Coker et al. ( 2017)
Green Dot violence prevention program
Sexual violence and interpersonal violence
Inter
Aggression
9–12
Connolly et al. ( 2015)
Respect in Schools Everywhere (RISE)
Bullying, sexual harassment, and date aggression
Inter
Internalizing, sexual health, bullying, school climate
7, 8
Constantine et al. ( 2015)
Sexuality Education Initiative
Sexual health
Inter
Self-esteem, aggression
9
Cross et al. ( 2016)
Cyber Friendly School
Cyberbullying
Inter
Bullying
8, 9
Daly et al. ( 2015)
Yoga
Emotion regulation
Intra
Self-regulation
NR
De Graaf et al. ( 2016)
Rock and Water
Sexual aggressive behavior and cognitions
Inter
Self-esteem, self-regulation, sexual health
9, 10
De Villiers and Van den Berg ( 2012)
Resilience program
Resilience
Intra
Resilience, self-esteem, self-regulation, social competence
6
Domino ( 2013)
Social skills
Inter
Bullying
7
DuRant et al. ( 1996)
Violence use
Inter
Aggression
6–8
DuRant et al. ( 1996)
Conflict resolution: A curriculum for youth providers
Violence use
Inter
Aggression
6–8
Espelage et al. ( 2013)
Second Step: Student Success Through Prevention
Violence
Inter
Aggression, sexual health, bullying
6
Felver et al. ( 2018)
Learning to BREATHE
Wellbeing and learning
Intra
Resilience
9–12
Foshee et al. ( 2005)
Safe Dates
Dating violence
Inter
Aggression
8, 9
Frank et al. ( 2016)
Transformative life skills
Stress and social-emotional health
Intra
Self-regulation, wellbeing, aggression, school climate
6, 9
Freire et al. ( 2018)
Challenge: To Be +
Positive development
Intra and inter
Self-esteem, wellbeing
9
Garaigordobil ( 2004)
Psychological intervention carried out with groups of adolescents
Emotional development
Intra
Self-esteem, self-regulation, internalizing, social competence
NR
Garaigordobil and Martinez-Valderrey ( 2015a), Garaigordobil and Martinez-Valderrey ( 2015b) and Garaigordobil ( 2014)
Cyberprogram 2.0
Interpersonal conflicts and self-esteem
Intra and inter
Self-esteem, internalizing, social competence, bullying, aggression
9, 10
Gardner et al. ( 2004)
Connections: Relationships and Marriage
Healthy romantic relations
Inter
Aggression, sexual health
11, 12
Ghahremani et al. ( 2013)
Youth empowerment SEminar (YES)
Emotional wellbeing
Intra
Self-regulation
7–12
Gianotta et al. ( 2009)
Expressive writing
Negative outcomes associated with peer-related problems
Inter
Self-regulation, bullying
7
Gigantesco et al. ( 2015)
Definizione di obiettivi e soluzione di problemi (establishing goals and problems solving)
Self-efficacy, psychological wellbeing, and life satisfaction
Intra
Self-regulation, wellbeing
9–11
Gollwitzer et al. ( 2007)
Vienna Social Competence Training (ViSC)
Class commitment, responsibility, and nonaggressive behavior in conflict
Inter
Aggression
6–8
Gouda et al. ( 2016)
Mindfulness-based stress education group program
Performance pressure
Intra
Self-esteem, self-regulation, internalizing, wellbeing, social competence
11
Haines and Ellmann ( 1994)
Stress inoculation training
Negative arousal in response to stress
Intra
Internalizing, wellbeing, aggression
9–12
Hains and Szyjakowski ( 1990)
Cognitive intervention training program
Cope with stress and negative arousal
Intra
Self-esteem, internalizing, aggression
11, 12
Hains ( 1994)
Stress inoculation training
Negative arousal in response to stress
Intra
Self-esteem, internalizing, wellbeing, aggression
NR
Haynes and Avery ( 1979)
Communication skills training program
Self-disclosure and empathy
Intra
Self-esteem, social competence
11
Horn et al. ( 2010)
JES! Jugendpräventionsprogramm mit Expressivem Schreiben
Emotion regulation
Intra
Wellbeing
8
Huppert and Johnson ( 2010)
Mindfulness-based stress reduction
Mindfulness, resilience, and psychological wellbeing
Intra
Resilience, wellbeing
8
Ingram et al. ( 2019)
Stand up: Virtual reality to activate bystanders against bullying
Bullying
Inter
Aggression, social competence, bullying, school climate
7, 8
Jaycox et al. ( 2006)
Ending violence: A curriculum for educating teens on domestic violence and the las
Intimate partner violence
Inter
Sexual health
9
Jiménez-Barbero et al. ( 2016)
Count on me
Bullying and violence
Inter
Aggression
7, 8
Kasler et al. ( 2013)
Meaning of Life program (Israeli adaptation of the Laws of Life program)
Meaning in life
Intra
Self-esteem, wellbeing, school climate
10, 11
Kaveh et al. ( 2014)
Peer led training program
Self-esteem
Intra
Self-esteem
7
Khanna and Singh ( 2016)
Nice Thinking (adjusted to Indian culture)
Gratitude and wellbeing
Intra
Wellbeing
7
Kiselica et al. ( 1994)
Stress inoculation training with assertiveness training
Anxiety and stress
Intra
Internalizing, wellbeing
9
Klingman and Horchdof ( 1993)
Cognitive-behavioral oriented distress-coping training
Distress-coping
Intra
Wellbeing, social competence
8
Kozina ( 2018a) and Kozina ( 2018b)
My FRIENDS
Anxiety
Intra
Internalizing, aggression
8
Lamke et al. ( 1988)
Cognitive-behavior modification program
Self-statements and self-esteem
Intra
Self-esteem
9
Macgowan ( 1997)
Dating violence prevention program
Dating violence
Inter
Aggression
6–8
Menesini et al. ( 2003)
Peer support model
Bullying
Inter
Bullying
6–8
Muck et al. ( 2018)
Scientist practitioner program
Sexual violence
Inter
Sexual health
8, 9
Nash ( 2007)
Empower youth program (and Usual school services)
Health, wellbeing, and optimism for futures
Intra
Internalizing
6–8
Noggle et al. ( 2012)
Kripalu yoga
Overall wellbeing
Intra
Resilience, wellbeing, aggression
11, 12
Orpinas et al. ( 1995)
Second Step: A violence prevention curriculum
Violence
Inter
Self-esteem, aggression
6
Ortega-Barón et al. ( 2019)
Prev@cib
Bullying and cyberbullying
Inter
Bullying
7–10
Pacifici et al. ( 2001)
Dating and Sexual Responsibility
Dating violence
Inter
Sexual health
10
Proctor et al. ( 2011)
Strengths Gym
Build strengths and learn new strengths
Intra
Wellbeing, self-esteem
7, 8
Richardson et al. ( 2009)
BodyThink
Self-esteem
Intra
Self-esteem, bullying
7
Ruini et al. ( 2006)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Mood disorder and psychobiological distress
Intra
Resilience, self-esteem, self-regulation, internalizing, wellbeing, aggression, social competence
NR
Ruini et al. ( 2006)
Well-being therapy (WBT)
Psychological wellbeing
Intra
Resilience, self-esteem, self-regulation, internalizing, wellbeing, aggression, social competence
NR
Ruini et al. ( 2009)
Well-being Therapy (WBT) with added cognitive-behavioral packages
Psychological wellbeing and optimal functioning
Intra
Self-regulation, internalizing, wellbeing, aggression, social competence
9, 10
Ruiz-Aranda et al. ( 2012)
INTEMO
Aggressive behaviors, psychosocial maladjustment, and mental health
Intra and inter
Self-esteem, internalizing, wellbeing, social competence
7
Sánchez-Jiménez et al. ( 2018)
Dating violence
Inter
Self-esteem, aggression, sexual health
7–10
Schramm and Gomez-Scott ( 2012)
Relationship Smarts Plus
Healthy romantic relationships
Inter
Sexual health
8–12
Schultz et al. ( 2001)
Facing History and Ourselves
Perspective-taking, critical thinking, and more decisions
Inter
Self-esteem, aggression, social competence
8
Shek and Ma ( 2011)
Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programs (P.A.T.H.S.)
Holistic youth development
Intra and inter
Resilience, self-esteem, self-regulation, social competence
7
Shinde et al. ( 2018)
Strengthening evidence base on school-based interventions for promoting adolescent health (SEHER)
School climate and health-promoting behaviors
Intra and inter
Internalizing, aggression, bullying, school climate
8
Shoshani and Steinmetz ( 2014)
Maytiv School Program
Mental health and empowerment
Intra
Self-esteem, wellbeing
7–9
Sibinga et al. ( 2013)
Mindfulness-based stress reduction program
Psychological symptoms and coping
Intra
Internalizing, aggression
7, 8
Simons-Morton et al. ( 2005)
Going Places Program
Social skills and problem behaviors
Inter
Aggression
6
Soliday et al. ( 2004)
Expressive writing Intervention
Positive functioning and stress
Intra
Internalizing, wellbeing
8
Solomontos-Kountouri et al. ( 2016)
ViSC social competence program (with added parental component)
Victimization and aggressive behavior
Inter
Aggression, bullying
7, 8
Sorrentino et al. ( 2018)
Tabby Improved Prevention and Intervention Program (TIPIP)
Cyberbullying and victimization
Inter
Bullying
NR
Stevens et al. ( 2000)
Flemish anti-bullying program
Bullying and victimization
Inter
Social competence, bullying
NR
Thomaes et al. ( 2009)
Self-affirmation intervention
Narcissistic aggression
Inter
Self-esteem, aggression
7, 8
Thompkins et al. ( 2014)
Violence Prevention Project
Conflict resolution skills
Inter
Social competence
9, 10
Tomyn et al. ( 2016)
Think Health and Wellbeing
Thinking style, self-esteem, and resilience
Intra
Resilience, self-esteem, internalizing
8
Trip et al. ( 2015)
Rational Emotive Behavioral Education (REBE)
Negative dysfunctional emotions and alternative to low frustration tolerance
Intra
Aggression, bullying
6
Trip et al. ( 2015) and Yanagida et al. ( 2019)
Viennese Social Competence (ViSC)
Bullying and aggressive behavior
Inter
Aggression, bullying
6, 7
Tunariu et al. ( 2017)
iNEAR
Positive identities, character strengths, and resilience
Intra
Wellbeing, social competence
6, 7
Van der Meulen et al. ( 2010)
Adjusted version of EQUIP program for Educators
Peer victimization
Inter
Sexual health, bullying, school climate
8, 9
Van Schoiack-Edstrom et al. ( 2002)
The Second Step, Middle school/Junior High program
Prosocial skills and impulsive-aggressive behavior
Inter
Aggression, social competence
6, 7
Williams et al. ( 2015) and Miller et al. ( 2015)
Start strong: Building healthy teen relationships
Healthy romantic relationships and dating violence
Inter
Aggression, bullying, sexual health, social competence
7
Williford et al. ( 2013)
KiVa antibullying program
Cyberbullying and victimization
Inter
Bullying
8, 9
Wong et al. ( 2011)
Restorative Whole-school Approach
Bullying
Inter
Self-esteem, social competence, bullying, school climate
7–9
Yom and Eun ( 2005)
Educational Program for the Prevention of Sexual Violence
Sexual violence
Inter
Sexual health
6
Intra intrapersonal domain, Inter interpersonal domain, NR not reported
Appendix E—Definitions of the General Domains and the Subdomains
Intrapersonal Domain
The ability to manage one’s own feelings, emotions, and attitudes about the self (Barber 2005). This domain concerns the subjective processing of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions pertained by the individual self (Dufner et al. 2019; Finkel and Vohs 2006). Evaluating and regulating one’s own inner world and experiences can facilitate positive personal functioning (e.g., psychological wellbeing and resilience), whereas difficulties in this process can increase the chance of developing psychological problems (e.g., internalizing behavior; Dufner et al. 2019).
• Resilience the ability to bounce back from the variety of challenges that can arise in life (Campbell-Sills and Stein 2007).
• Self-esteem the extent to which individuals like themselves as a person in general or on specific domains (Wichstraum 1995).
• Self-regulation the automatic or deliberate modulation of affect, behavior, and cognition (Karoly 1993).
• General wellbeing the presence of positive emotions and life satisfaction, and the absence of negative feelings (Robitail et al. 2007).
• Internalizing problems a broad range of mood and anxiety behaviors directed towards one’s inner world putting an individual at risk of developing later mood and anxiety disorders (Petty et al. 2008).
Interpersonal Domain
The ability to build and maintain positive relationships with others, to understand social situations, roles and norms, and to respond appropriately (Pellegrino and Hilton 2012; Shek and Leung 2016). By planning one’s own behavior and predicting the behavior of others one can act in a socially appealing way, such as building positive interpersonal relations, or in a more destructive way, such as behaving aggressively or bullying (Finkel and Vohs 2006).
• Sexual health one’s coping skills and attitudes in romantic situations and relations (De Graaf et al. 2005).
• Social competence skills to successfully and positively interact with others in social situations (Shek and Leung 2016).
• School climate relationships among students and school staff within the school and behavioral norms, goals, and values that engender feelings of safety (Hopson et al. 2014).
• Aggression intentional, proactive or reactive, behavior intended to hurt. Others (Coyne et al. 2010).
• Bullying repeated, over time, exposure to negative actions (physical, verbal, or nonverbal) with the intention to hurt or bring discomfort upon another by one or more other individuals who are stronger (i.e., imbalance in strength; Olweus 1993).
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Naar de uitgave | 2021-09-26 21:45:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.549079179763794, "perplexity": 8010.173527523165}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057973.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926205414-20210926235414-00627.warc.gz"} |
https://allnswers.com/physics/question14512468 | , 24.01.2020robert7248
# When dots are placed on a page from a laser printer, they must be close enough so that you do not see the individual dots of ink. to do this, the separation of the dots must be less than raleigh's criterion. take the pupil of the eye to be 3.4 mm and the distance from the paper to the eye of 50 cm; find the maximum separation (in cm) of two dots such that they cannot be resolved. (assume the average wavelength of visible light is 555 nm.)
273 dots/inch
Explanation:
We are given:
•Average wavelength = 555mm
•d = 3.5mm
• distance = 48cm
Let's use the Reyleigh formula:
∅ = 1.22
Substituting figures in the formula, we have:
From the formula above, we get:
∅ = x/d
where x is distance btw dots and pupil
Solving for x we get:
x =∅d
To calculate dots per inch(dpi), we use:
We already know 1 inch =2.54cm
Therefore,
273 dots/inch
y <8 10⁻⁶ m
Explanation:
For this exercise, they indicate that we use the Raleigh criterion that establishes that two luminous objects are separated when the maximum diffraction of one of them coincides with the first minimum of the other.
Therefore the diffraction equation for slits with m = 1 remains
a sin θ = λ
in general these experiments occur for oblique angles so
sin θ = θ
θ = λ / a
in the case of circular openings we must use polar coordinates to solve the problem, the solution includes a numerical constant
θ = 1.22 λ / a
The angles in these measurements are taken in radians, therefore
θ = s / R
as the angle is small the arc approaches the distance s = y
y / R = 1.22 λ / s
y = 1.22 λ R / a
let's calculate
y = 1.22 500 10⁻⁹ 0.42 / 0.032
y = 8 10⁻⁶ m
with this separation the points are resolved according to the Raleigh criterion, so that it is not resolved (separated)
y <8 10⁻⁶ m
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During the 1800s. hope this !...Read More | 2021-01-24 08:10:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8104715943336487, "perplexity": 1702.281578267855}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703547475.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124075754-20210124105754-00680.warc.gz"} |
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# A farmer who grows strawberries defines a "workday yield" as
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A farmer who grows strawberries defines a "workday yield" as [#permalink] 16 Jan 2013, 08:34
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A farmer who grows strawberries defines a "workday yield" as the number of liters of strawberries that a worker is required to pick in one day. Based on this definition, how many workers must the farmer hire to pick the entire expected crop of strawberries in 15 calendar days?
(1) A workday yield is 45 liters
(2) The expected crop is 13,500 liters
Please provide detailed explanations! Thanks!
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Re: A farmer who grows strawberries defines a "workday yield" as [#permalink] 16 Jan 2013, 09:27
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(1) A workday yield is 45 liters
INSUFFICIENT: We dont know the total volume of crop to be picked
(2) The expected crop is 13,500 liters
INSUFFICIENT: We dont know the rate i.e. workday yield per worker.
Combining (1) and (2)
SUFFICIENT: Number of workers = (total crop volume)/(yield per day * number of days)
$$N = \frac{13500}{{(45)*(15)}} = 20$$
Hence choice(C) is the answer.
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Re: A farmer who grows strawberries defines a "workday yield" as [#permalink] 12 Jan 2014, 04:26
fozzzy wrote:
A farmer who grows strawberries defines a "workday yield" as the number of liters of strawberries that a worker is required to pick in one day. Based on this definition, how many workers must the farmer hire to pick the entire expected crop of strawberries in 15 calendar days?
(1) A workday yield is 45 liters
(2) The expected crop is 13,500 liters
Please provide detailed explanations! Thanks!
The stem asks us, given $$W*L = 15*(WY)$$, what W is.
1) This solves for WY, but we still have 2 unknowns so 1) is insufficient
2) This solves for L, but we still have 2 unknowns so again, insufficient
1 + 2: These solve for WY and L, thus we can solve for W. Sufficient
Re: A farmer who grows strawberries defines a "workday yield" as [#permalink] 12 Jan 2014, 04:26
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Powered by phpBB © phpBB Group and phpBB SEO Kindly note that the GMAT® test is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admission Council®, and this site has neither been reviewed nor endorsed by GMAC®. | 2015-07-08 03:01:48 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5369740128517151, "perplexity": 12477.411212968445}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375635604.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627032715-00290-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://exampur.com/short-quiz/11609/ | # SSC STENOGRAPHER REASONING(CUBE AND DICE) QUIZ
Attempt now to get your rank among 65 students!
## Question 1:
Two different positions of the same dice are shown, the six faces of which are numbered from 1 to 6 . Select the number that will be on the face opposite to the face showing ' 5 '.
## Question 2:
Two different positions of a die are shown. Select the number from the alternatives which will be on the page opposite to the one with the number '2'.
## Question 3:
A box can be made from the sheet as shown in figure . Which letter will be on the opposite surface of B in the box?
## Question 4:
Select the dice that can be formed by folding the given sheet along the lines
## Question 5:
Select the dice that can be formed by folding the given sheet along the lines.
## Question 6:
An open dice is given below. Find the total sum obtained when the numbers on the faces 3 and 4 are added to the numbers on their opposite faces.
## Question 7:
The given sheet is folded to form a cube. In the cube so formed, select the letter which will be on the opposite of the face representing the letter 'D'.
## Question 8:
Position of Dices is given below:
Find the number on the face opposite to the face showing 3.
## Question 9:
Four formats of a dice are shown below. Which digit will be on the face opposite to the number 2 in this die?
## Question 10:
Kapil and Dharma are playing with two dice in club and they have rolled the dice on the floor as in the following pictures. If $\mathbf{x}$ represents the number of points on opposite face of the four points, then find the value of $x$. | 2023-01-30 15:11:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21310622990131378, "perplexity": 592.3847147774384}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499819.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130133622-20230130163622-00123.warc.gz"} |
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/enumeration-types | Enumeration types (C# Programming Guide)
An enumeration type (also named an enumeration or an enum) provides an efficient way to define a set of named integral constants that may be assigned to a variable. For example, assume that you have to define a variable whose value will represent a day of the week. There are only seven meaningful values which that variable will ever store. To define those values, you can use an enumeration type, which is declared by using the enum keyword.
enum Day { Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday };
enum Month : byte { Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec };
By default the underlying type of each element in the enum is int. You can specify another integral numeric type by using a colon, as shown in the previous example. For a full list of possible types, see enum (C# Reference).
You can verify the underlying numeric values by casting to the underlying type, as the following example shows.
Day today = Day.Monday;
int dayNumber =(int)today;
Console.WriteLine("{0} is day number #{1}.", today, dayNumber);
Month thisMonth = Month.Dec;
byte monthNumber = (byte)thisMonth;
Console.WriteLine("{0} is month number #{1}.", thisMonth, monthNumber);
// Output:
// Monday is day number #1.
// Dec is month number #11.
The following are advantages of using an enum instead of a numeric type:
• You clearly specify for client code which values are valid for the variable.
• In Visual Studio, IntelliSense lists the defined values.
When you do not specify values for the elements in the enumerator list, the values are automatically incremented by 1. In the previous example, Day.Sunday has a value of 0, Day.Monday has a value of 1, and so on. When you create a new Day object, it will have a default value of Day.Sunday (0) if you do not explicitly assign it a value. When you create an enum, select the most logical default value and give it a value of zero. That will cause all enums to have that default value if they are not explicitly assigned a value when they are created.
If the variable meetingDay is of type Day, then (without an explicit cast) you can only assign it one of the values defined by Day. And if the meeting day changes, you can assign a new value from Day to meetingDay:
Day meetingDay = Day.Monday;
//...
meetingDay = Day.Friday;
Note
It's possible to assign any arbitrary integer value to meetingDay. For example, this line of code does not produce an error: meetingDay = (Day) 42. However, you should not do this because the implicit expectation is that an enum variable will only hold one of the values defined by the enum. To assign an arbitrary value to a variable of an enumeration type is to introduce a high risk for errors.
You can assign any values to the elements in the enumerator list of an enumeration type, and you can also use computed values:
enum MachineState
{
PowerOff = 0,
Running = 5,
Sleeping = 10,
Hibernating = Sleeping + 5
}
Enumeration types as bit flags
You can use an enumeration type to define bit flags, which enables an instance of the enumeration type to store any combination of the values that are defined in the enumerator list. (Of course, some combinations may not be meaningful or allowed in your program code.)
You create a bit flags enum by applying the System.FlagsAttribute attribute and defining the values appropriately so that AND, OR, NOT and XOR bitwise operations can be performed on them. In a bit flags enum, include a named constant with a value of zero that means "no flags are set." Do not give a flag a value of zero if it does not mean "no flags are set".
In the following example, another version of the Day enum, which is named Days, is defined. Days has the Flags attribute, and each value is assigned the next greater power of 2. This enables you to create a Days variable whose value is Days.Tuesday | Days.Thursday.
[Flags]
enum Days
{
None = 0b_0000_0000, // 0
Sunday = 0b_0000_0001, // 1
Monday = 0b_0000_0010, // 2
Tuesday = 0b_0000_0100, // 4
Wednesday = 0b_0000_1000, // 8
Thursday = 0b_0001_0000, // 16
Friday = 0b_0010_0000, // 32
Saturday = 0b_0100_0000 // 64
}
class MyClass
{
Days meetingDays = Days.Tuesday | Days.Thursday;
}
To set a flag on an enum, use the bitwise OR operator as shown in the following example:
// Initialize with two flags using bitwise OR.
meetingDays = Days.Tuesday | Days.Thursday;
// Set an additional flag using bitwise OR.
meetingDays = meetingDays | Days.Friday;
Console.WriteLine($"Meeting days are {meetingDays}"); // Output: Meeting days are Tuesday, Thursday, Friday // Toggle a flag using bitwise XOR. meetingDays = meetingDays ^ Days.Tuesday; Console.WriteLine($"Meeting days are {meetingDays}");
// Output: Meeting days are Thursday, Friday
To determine whether a specific flag is set, use a bitwise AND operation, as shown in the following example:
// Test value of flags using bitwise AND.
bool test = (meetingDays & Days.Thursday) == Days.Thursday;
Console.WriteLine(\$"Thursday {test == true ? "is" : "is not"} a meeting day.");
// Output: Thursday is a meeting day.
For more information about what to consider when you define enumeration types with the System.FlagsAttribute attribute, see System.Enum.
Using the System.Enum methods to discover and manipulate enum values
All enums are instances of the System.Enum type. You cannot derive new classes from System.Enum, but you can use its methods to discover information about and manipulate values in an enum instance.
string s = Enum.GetName(typeof(Day), 4);
Console.WriteLine(s);
Console.WriteLine("The values of the Day Enum are:");
foreach (int i in Enum.GetValues(typeof(Day)))
Console.WriteLine(i);
Console.WriteLine("The names of the Day Enum are:");
foreach (string str in Enum.GetNames(typeof(Day)))
Console.WriteLine(str);
You can also create a new method for an enum by using an extension method. For more information, see How to: Create a New Method for an Enumeration. | 2019-09-16 17:07:38 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1768151968717575, "perplexity": 2493.404722024978}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572879.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916155946-20190916181946-00017.warc.gz"} |
https://myassignments-help.com/2022/09/21/financial-mathematics-dai-xie-tfin101/ | # 金融代写|金融数学代写Financial Mathematics代考|TFIN101
## 金融代写|金融数学代写Financial Mathematics代考|Interest Rate Risk Management
Fixed-income portfolio management is usually focused on managing the interest rate risk of a portfolio relative to a benchmark or a related set of liabilities. Benchmarking is the process of identifying an index or other source of observable returns and using those returns as a point of reference for evaluating the success of an investment strategy. For example, a fixedincome manager for a mutual fund might desire that the effect of interest rate shifts on the manager’s portfolio be very close to the effects of the same interest rate shifts on the value of the manager’s benchmark such as a published index of bond returns. A fixed-income manager of a pension fund may be more concerned about making sure that the bond portfolio’s ability to provide funds to meet anticipated liabilities (pension benefits) is protected from interest rate shifts.
The process of ensuring that the goals for a fixed-income portfolio (benchmarking or liability funding) will be met despite interest rate changes is known as immunization. One of the premier methods of obtaining immunization is duration matching. In the case of a mutual fund manager attempting to track a benchmark such as a major bond index, the manager will tend to make sure that the duration of her portfolio is very close to the duration of the benchmark. In the case of a pension fund manager attempting to ensure that the fund’s investments will be able to meet the pension obligations that manager will tend to make sure that the duration of her portfolio is very close to the duration of the plan’s anticipated liabilities (assuming the plan is fully funded with the value of the investments equaling the present value of the liabilities).
Another method of interest rate risk management is cash flow matching (i.e., matching the various cash flow longevities of the portfolio to the cash flow longevities of the benchmark or liability stream). The problem with cash flow matching is that it can be very inflexible with regard to the investment opportunities that the manager can select.
Duration provides a first-order solution that permits flexibility. The inclusion of convexity matching tends to improve the accuracy of the immunization but also tends to restrict the flexibility of the manager to include diverse investment opportunities.
In Chapter 5, we will discuss hedging strategies to manage interest rate risk using duration in detail. In the next subsection, we will discuss other risks associated with fixed-income security: credit risk and default risk. The management of credit risk and default risk will be discussed in detail in Chapter 8 .
## 金融代写|金融数学代写Financial Mathematics代考|Introduction to Credit Risk and Default Risk
Credit risk refers to uncertainty regarding a borrower’s ability to make timely interest and principal payments. Credit risk includes: (1) volatility of market prices caused by changes in a borrower’s perceived ability to meet debt obligations, (2) fluctuations in the risk premiums (credit spreads) throughout the credit markets, and (3) losses due to defaults. Default risk is the risk that the borrower will make only partial payments, no payments, and/or delayed payments.
In the case of fixed income assets that have no risk of default, the present value or market value of the asset can be found by discounting the promised cash flows at the riskless interest rates corresponding to the longevity of each cash flow. In the case of fixed-income investments (not derivatives) with default risk, the present value or market value of the asset is found by discounting the promised cash flows with a risky discount rate that is equal to the sum of a riskless interest rate and a credit spread, s. Equation $2.22$ modifies the general asset valuation formula (Equation 2.10) by including a discount factor that captures the effect of potential default through the inclusion of a credit spread
$$\tilde{B}(0, T)=\sum_{i=1}^n C_{t_i} e^{-\left(r_i+s\right) t_i}$$
where $\tilde{B}(0, T)$ is the $T$ year risky bond price today.
Equation $2.22$ is based on a term-structure approach in which cash flows of different longevity are discounted at interest rates corresponding to the cash flow’s longevity. Equation $2.23$ illustrates the use of a credit spread in a yield-based valuation model in which all cash flows are discounted at the same rate $(y)$ in which $y$ contains the credit spread
$$\tilde{B}(0, T)=\sum_{i=1}^n C_{t_i} e^{-y t_i}$$
where $y$ is the risky bond yield.
If the term structure of risk-free interest rates is flat, then Equation $2.22$ becomes:
$$\tilde{B}(0, T)=\sum_{i=1}^n C_{t_i} e^{-(r+s) t_i}$$
Comparing Equations (2.23) and (2.24), note that we use $y=r+s$ in Equation $2.24$ in which $s$ is the yield spread or credit spread.
## 金融代写|金融数学代写金融数学代考|利率风险管理
Duration提供了一阶解决方案，允许灵活性。包含凸度匹配往往会提高免疫的准确性，但也往往会限制经理人包含不同投资机会的灵活性。在第五章中，我们将详细讨论利用期限管理利率风险的套期保值策略。在下一小节中，我们将讨论与固定收益证券相关的其他风险:信用风险和违约风险。第8章将详细讨论信用风险和违约风险的管理
## 金融代写|金融数学代写金融数学代考|信用风险与违约风险简介
.
$$\tilde{B}(0, T)=\sum_{i=1}^n C_{t_i} e^{-\left(r_i+s\right) t_i}$$
，其中$\tilde{B}(0, T)$是当前$T$年风险债券价格，从而包含了一个捕捉潜在违约影响的贴现因子。公式$2.22$基于期限结构方法，其中不同寿命的现金流按现金流寿命对应的利率折现。公式$2.23$说明了在基于收益的估值模型中使用信用利差，其中所有现金流以相同的比率贴现$(y)$，其中$y$包含信用利差
$$\tilde{B}(0, T)=\sum_{i=1}^n C_{t_i} e^{-y t_i}$$
，其中$y$是风险债券收益率。如果无风险利率期限结构是平坦的，则公式$2.22$变成:
$$\tilde{B}(0, T)=\sum_{i=1}^n C_{t_i} e^{-(r+s) t_i}$$
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myassignments-help擅长领域包含但不是全部: | 2023-03-26 10:08:26 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.31781473755836487, "perplexity": 1241.2668604327828}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945440.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326075911-20230326105911-00396.warc.gz"} |
https://www.ic.sunysb.edu/Class/phy141md/doku.php?id=phy141:lectures:6 | # Lecture 6 - Applications of Newton's Laws
If you need a pdf version of these notes you can get it here
## Video of lecture
Once again only the sound was recorded from my camera…I'm really going to have to try to work this problem out..
## Free-Body Diagrams
Free-body diagrams are used to represent all the forces on an object to determine the net force on it. They are termed free-body diagrams because each diagram considers only the forces acting on the particular object considered.
## Lifting an object
$\large \vec{F}_{N}=-m\vec{g}-\vec{F}_{A}$
However $\vec{F}_{N}$ is always $\geq 0$ .
## Dragging an object (on ice)
$\large \Sigma \vec{F}_{x}=\vec{F}_{T}\cos\theta$
$\large \Sigma \vec{F}_{y}=\vec{F}_{T}\sin\theta+\vec{F}_{G}+\vec{F}_{N}$
## Forces on inclined planes
$\large \Sigma \vec{F}_{\parallel} = \vec{F}_{G}\sin\theta=m\vec{g}\sin\theta$
$\large \Sigma \vec{F}_{\perp} = \vec{F}_{G}\cos\theta+\vec{F}_{N}=0$
## Atwood's Machine
For this system (Atwood's Machine) we need to consider free-body diagrams for two objects. $\vec{a}$ is the same in magnitude for each weight, the sign relative to gravity must be opposite on one side from another. The weights are both connected by the same rope and thus the force due to tension is the same for each object. The concept behind this device is used in elevators and funiculars
$\large m_{1}\vec{a}=\vec{T}-m_{1}\vec{g}$ $\large m_{2}\vec{a}=m_{2}\vec{g}-\vec{T}$
$\large \vec{T}=m_{1}\vec{a}+m_{1}\vec{g}$ $\large \vec{T}=m_{2}\vec{g}-m_{2}\vec{a}$
$\large m_{1}\vec{g}+m_{1}\vec{a}=m_{2}\vec{g}-m_{2}\vec{a}$
$\large (m_{1}+m_{2})\vec{a}=(m_{2}-m_{1})\vec{g}$
$\large \vec{a}=\vec{g}\frac{m_{2}-m_{1}}{m_{2}+m_{1}}$
$\large \vec{T}=\vec{g}\frac{2m_{2}m_{1}}{m_{2}+m_{1}}$
## How does a boat sail up wind?
Skilled sailors can sail at a broad range of angles to the wind and with modern boats it is possible to go substantially faster than the windspeed.
Sailing a boat close to the wind is in fact a very neat physics trick. A very nice explanation is here.
A simplified version:
Note that to balance the sideways force a boat requires some lateral resistance from the water and the correct positioning of the weight of the crew.
## Connecting Newton's laws to Kinematics
Finding the net force on an object allows us to determine it's acceleration, which from which we can, given supplementary information, deduce the motion of an object.
$\large v= v_{0}+at$
$\large x= x_{0}+v_{0}t+\frac{1}{2}at^2$
$\large v^{2}=v_{0}^2+2a(x-x_{0})$
or
$\large \vec{v}(t)=\vec{v}_{0}+\int^{t}_{0}\vec{a}(t)\,dt$
$\large \vec{x}(t)=\vec{x}_{0}+\int^{t}_{0}\vec{v}(t)\,dt$
## Missing in this picture
• Frictional forces
• Air resistance
Covered in the next lecture. | 2021-01-26 06:54:14 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6529344916343689, "perplexity": 884.7647816380944}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704798089.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126042704-20210126072704-00422.warc.gz"} |
https://docs.wradlib.org/en/stable/generated/wradlib.adjust.AdjustAdd.xvalidate.html | AdjustAdd.xvalidate(obs, raw)
Leave-One-Out Cross Validation, applicable to all gage adjustment classes.
This method will be inherited to other Adjust classes. It should thus be applicable to all adjustment procedures without any modification. This way, the actual adjustment procedure has only to be defined once in the __call__ method.
The output of this method can be evaluated by using the verify.ErrorMetrics class.
Parameters
• obs (array of floats) –
• raw (array of floats) –
Returns
• obs (array of floats) – valid observations at those locations which have a valid radar observation
• estatobs (array of floats) – estimated values at the valid observation locations | 2021-03-03 01:54:49 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3441700041294098, "perplexity": 6469.477650966137}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178365186.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303012222-20210303042222-00252.warc.gz"} |
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/164092/computing-prod-p-fracp2-1p21-without-the-zeta-function | # Computing $\prod_p(\frac{p^2-1}{p^2+1})$ without the zeta function?
We see that $$\frac{2}{5}=\frac{36}{90}=\frac{6^2}{90}=\frac{\zeta(4)}{\zeta(2)^2}=\prod_p\frac{(1-\frac{1}{p^2})^2}{(1-\frac{1}{p^4})}=\prod_p \left(\frac{(p^2-1)^2}{(p^2+1)(p^2-1)}\right)=\prod_p\left(\frac{p^2-1}{p^2+1}\right)$$
$$\implies \prod_p \left(\frac{p^2-1}{p^2+1}\right)=\frac{2}{5},$$
But is this the only way to compute this infinite product over primes? It seems like such a simple product, one that could be calculated without the zeta function.
Note that $\prod_p(\frac{p^2-1}{p^2+1})$ also admits the factorization $\prod_p(\frac{p-1}{p-i})\prod_p(\frac{p+1}{p+i})$. Also notice that numerically it is quite obvious that the product is convergent to $\frac{2}{5}$: $\prod_p(\frac{p^2-1}{p^2+1})=\frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{8}{10} \cdot \frac{24}{26} \cdot \frac{48}{50} \cdots$.
• The result is attributed to Ramanujan (1913-1914), who may have used other methods (like hypergeometric series, continued fractions etc.). A reference is Le Lionnais, F. Les nombres remarquables. Paris: Hermann, p. 46, 1983. Apr 23 '14 at 11:27
• The product seems "simple" only because the expression was rigged to remove the powers of $\pi$ in $\zeta(2)$ and $\zeta(4)$. Also, your factorization with terms $(p-1)/(p\pm i)$ is into two products that are each divergent, though that wouldn't stop Ramanujan. Apr 23 '14 at 11:48
I found a proof of $$5 \sum_{m=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{m^4} = 2 \left( \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} \right)^2$$ by rearranging sums and wrote it up. The argument is just 1.5 pages, the other 4.5 are explanations and context.
Here is a summary using divergent sums; see the write up for a correct version. Set $$h(m,n) = \begin{cases} \frac{1}{m^3 (n-m)} & m \neq n,\ m \neq 0, \\ 0 & m=n \ \text{or} \ m=0. \end{cases}$$ Then we should have $$\sum_{(m,n) \in \mathbb{Z}^2} h(m,n) - h(n,2n-m) =0$$ as every value occurs twice with opposite signs. So $\sum_{(m,n) \in \mathbb{Z}^2} g(m,n)=0$ where $$g(m,n) := h(m,n) - h(n,2n-m) = \begin{cases} \frac{m^2+mn+n^2}{m^3 n^3} & m \neq n,\ m, n \neq 0 \\ - \frac{1}{m^4} & n=0,\ m \neq 0 \\ - \frac{1}{n^4} & m=0,\ n \neq 0 \\ 0 & m=n \end{cases}$$ Group together the terms where $(|m|, |n|)$ have a common value; we get $\sum_{(m,n) \in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0 }^2} f(m,n) =0$ where $$f(m,n) = \begin{cases} \frac{4}{m^2 n^2} & m \neq n,\ m,n >0, \\ - \frac{2}{m^4} & m>n=0, \\ - \frac{2}{n^4} & n>m=0, \\ - \frac{2}{m^4} & m=n>0, \\ 0 & m=n=0. \end{cases}$$ Writing this out, $4\zeta(2)^2 - 6 \zeta(4) - 4 \zeta(4)=0$, as desired.
Has anyone seen this? If this is new, I'm thinking of sending it to the Monthly.
• @ David Speyer: No, I haven't seen it. It seems slightly related to the comment by i707107 on my answer to the MO question"What are the connections between pi and prime to numbers " just over a year ago, though that comment does not evaluate the product independently as far as I can see. It would be ineteresting to know if your method generalizes to an elementary proof that $\zeta(2m)^{n}/\zeta(2n)^{m}$ is always rational. May 30 '14 at 19:39
• Re. your write-up (which I have only scanned very quickly): Your "dropping the mask" section (especially the parenthetical remark) is excellent. It would be good if more papers included such an explanation of where reasoning has come from. May 30 '14 at 20:38
• I think you should totally send your write-up to the Monthly! May 30 '14 at 23:39
• @DavidSpeyer : I edited your punctuation a bit and I think you should do the same in the pdf document that you link to. Jun 1 '14 at 19:51
• @VladimirDotsenko Yes it is. That's why I didn't wind up sending this anywhere. See testcase's answer below. Mar 27 '15 at 14:02
A proof of this identity not using properties of the Riemann zeta function is listed as an unsolved problem in section B48 of Guy's Unsolved Problems in Number Theory.
An amusing observation: this identity implies the infinitude of primes. If the product over $p$ were finite, the final answer would be a rational number with a factor of $3$ in its numerator --- the very first term in the product has a $3$ in the numerator, and $3$ cannot divide $u^2+1$ for any integer $u$, so the $3$ can never cancel.
An elementary proof of the identity $$2 \zeta(2)^2 = 5\zeta(4)$$ has been found by Don Zagier in the paper
http://people.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/zagier/files/tex/ConsequencesCohomologySL/fulltext.pdf
The idea seems similar to how David Speyer proves it in that he starts by defining the function
$$f(m,n) = \frac{2}{n^3m} + \frac{1}{n^2m^2} + \frac{2}{nm^3}$$ and then verifies that $$f(m,n) -f(m,n+m) - f(m+n,n) = \frac{2}{m^2n^2}.$$
But since we also have $$\sum_{n,m>0} f(m,n) - \sum_{n,m>0} f(m,n+m) - \sum_{m,n>0} f(m+n,n) = \sum_{n>0} f(n,n),$$ since only the diagonal terms survive, this gives the identity $$2 \zeta(2)^2 = 5\zeta(4).$$
The crucial function $f(m,n)$ seems to be part of a larger family of functions with ties to period polynomials, as explained in the paper.
• The actual reference being "Quelques conséquences surprenantes de la cohomologie de SL2(Z)" in Leçons de Mathématiques d'aujourd'hui, Vol. 1,Cassini, Paris (2000). 99-123. An earlier paper by Zagier also mentionning this is "Values of zeta functions and their applications", in First European Congress of Mathematics, Volume II, Progress in Math. 120, Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel, (1994) 497-512, people.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/zagier/files/scanned/… Jun 1 '14 at 13:04
• Thanks, this is really interesting. It looks like Zagier returned to this again in "PERIODS OF MODULAR FORMS, TRACES OF HECKE OPERATORS, AND MULTIPLE ZETA VALUES" people.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/zagier/files/kokyuroku/843/fulltext.pdf and he cites an article of Skoruppa sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022314X83710073 which proves identities between Eisenstein series in a similar manner. On a quick glance, it looks to me like Zagier is using Taylor series of elliptic functions where I am using Taylor series of trig functions. But I need to read more closely. Jun 2 '14 at 2:51
I would guess that every introductory paper about polynomial relations of multiple zeta values (from Kontsevich-Manin to F. Brown) explains this identity in an elementary manner. But I have no precise reference to offer now, except for E. Panzer's notes (see the formula on top of page 4). | 2021-10-24 08:44:48 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8630620837211609, "perplexity": 543.1885521272486}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585916.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024081003-20211024111003-00557.warc.gz"} |
https://energyfaculty.com/wave-turbines-wave-power/ | # Wave turbines – Wave power
Posted on by
Content – Energy sources
Capture of energy from ocean surface waves to generate electricity or mechanical work.
There is an energy transfer from the wind passing over the ocean surface and to the sea.
The determining factors for wave height are; the wind speed, the duration of time the wind has been blowing, the distance over which the wind excites the waves (fetch) and the depth and topography of the seafloor.
The wave power is determined by wave speed, wavelength and the density of the water.
Normally and for pratical use the wave motion may be considered strongest at the surface.
Wave power or wave energy flux
Formula
If the water depth is larger than half the wavelength, the wave energy flux is:
$P = \dfrac{\rho g^2}{64\pi}H^2_{mo}\approx (0,5\dfrac{kw}{m^3s})H^2_{mo}T_e$
P = Wave energy flux per unit of wave-crest length (kW)
Hm0 = Significant wave height (m)
Te = Wave energy period (s)
ρ = Water density
G = Acceleration by gravity.
Wave energy and wave-energy flux
The mean energy density waves on the water surface is:
$E = \dfrac{1}{2}\rho gH^2_{mo}$
E = The sum of kinetic and potential energy density per unit horizontal area. The potential energy density is equal to the kinetic energy, both contributing half to the wave energy density E.
Devices
Wave power devices are generally categorized by the method used to capture the energy of the waves, by location and by the power take-off system. Locations are shoreline, nearshore and offshore. Types of power take-off include:
• Hydraulic ram
• Wlastomeric hose pump
• Pump-to-shore
• Hydroelectric turbine
• Air turbine
• Linear electrical generator
Point absorber buoy
This device floats on the surface of the water, held in place by cables connected to the seabed. Buoys use the rise and fall of swells to drive hydraulic pumps and generate electricity.
Surface attenuator
These devices act similarly to point absorber buoys, with multiple floating segments connected to one another and are oriented perpendicular to incoming waves. A flexing motion is created by swells that drive hydraulic pumps to generate electricity.
Oscillating water column
Oscillating water column devices can be located on shore or in deeper waters offshore. With an air chamber integrated into the device, swells compress air in the chambers forcing air through an air turbine to create electricity
Overtopping device
Overtopping devices are long structures that use wave velocity to fill a reservoir to a greater water level than the surrounding ocean. The potential energy in the reservoir height is then captured with low-head turbines. Devices can be either on shore or floating offshore.
Oscillating wave surge converter
These devices typically have one end fixed to a structure or the seabed while the other end is free to move. Energy is collected from the relative motion of the body compared to the fixed point. Oscillating wave surge converters often come in the form of floats, flaps, or membranes. Some of these designs incorporate parabolic reflectors as a means of increasing the wave energy at the point of capture. These capture systems use the rise and fall motion of waves to capture energy. Once the wave energy is captured at a wave source, power must be carried to the point of use or to a connection to the electrical grid by transmission power cables. | 2018-04-19 22:53:40 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 2, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.418041467666626, "perplexity": 1866.1149684905365}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937074.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419223925-20180420003925-00569.warc.gz"} |
https://proxieslive.com/per-raw-does-knowing-assassins-stance-allow-for-feats-that-have-sneak-attack-as-a-prerrequisite/ | # Per RAW, does knowing Assassin’s Stance allow for feats that have “sneak attack” as a prerrequisite?
I’ve read that both Craven and Staggering Strike are very good feats for a Sneak Attack oriented swordsage, however, per RAW, I don’t think knowing Assassin’s Stance would accomplish the prerrequisite of being able to make sneak attacks, since it’s more of an "added" ability rather than a "natural" ability like, for example, the Rogue has. So, as the title says, would RAW allow that? It could easily be houseruled, however my DM is already giving me the stink eye by multiclassing into Swordsage. | 2020-11-26 09:31:34 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8051292896270752, "perplexity": 8455.137342005275}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141187753.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126084625-20201126114625-00096.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1740307/is-mathbbqx-y-langle-x2y2-1-rangle-a-pid/1740318 | # Is $\mathbb{Q}[X,Y]/\langle X^2+Y^2-1\rangle$ a PID?
I know that $\mathbb{Q}[X,Y]$ is not a PID. Does this imply that the quotient ring $\mathbb{Q}[X,Y]/\langle X^2+Y^2-1 \rangle$ is not a PID?
• No, this implication is not supported by any theorem. Apr 13 '16 at 6:13
• This probably has a nonfree f.g. projective module corresponding to the Moebius band, and in that case no. Apr 13 '16 at 6:20
The following can be found in T.Y. Lam's book Lectures on modules and rings.
Suppose that $R$ is a ring and $R\subseteq S$ for another commutative ring, and suppose that $P$ is an invertible $R$-submodule of $S$, meaning there is another $R$-submodule $Q$ such that $PQ=\{\sum p_iq_i:p_i\in P,q_i\in Q\}=R$.
Using the dual basis theorem it is relatively easy to see that $P$ must be finitely generated projective (use an equation $p_1q_1+\cdots+p_nq_n=1$). On the other hand $P$ will be free if and only if $P=uS$ for a unit $u\in S$. This last claim is not too immediate, but one can see this by noting that if $PQ=R$ then $P\otimes_R Q$ is isomorphic to $R$ by the canonical map. If $P\simeq R^n$ then $Q\simeq P^\ast\simeq R^n$, so the tensor product is $R^{n^2}$ so since $R$ is commutative, $n=1$.
Take now $R=\Bbb Q[X,Y]/(X^2+Y^2-1)=\Bbb Q[x,y]$ (or replace $\Bbb Q$ for any field where $-1$ is not a square. This is a domain, and one can consider its field of fractions $S$.
The claim is that $\mathfrak p=(1-y,x)$ is an invertible (prime) ideal that is not free, so it cannot be principal. To see that $\mathfrak p$ is invertible, note that $x^2 = 1-y^2=(1-y)(1+y)$ so the element $z=x(1-y)^{-1}$ maps $\mathfrak p$ into $R$, and in fact $$2=(1+y)+(1-y)=(1-y)+zx$$
so $\mathfrak p^{-1} = (1,z)$. This shows that $\mathfrak p$ is invertible, so it is projective and finitely generated.
Consider now the quadratic extension $k(x,y)/k(y)$. The norm of an element $f+xg$ is then $f^2-x^2 g^2=f^2+y^2g^2-g^2$, and this has even degree at least two. If we had $\mathfrak p =(f+xg)$, then we would be able to write $$1-y=(f+xg)\alpha\\ x = (f+xg)\beta$$ for $\alpha,\beta\in R$. Taking norms and subtracting gives $$(N(\alpha)-N(\beta))N(f+xg) = (1-y)^2 + x^2 = 2(1-y)$$
which contradicts our observation that $N(f+xg)$ has degree at least $2$. Thus $\mathfrak p$ is not principal. Note, however, that $\mathfrak p^2 =(1-y)$ is principal.
• In the last paragraph, what is $k$? Apr 17 '16 at 16:03
• @BarrySmith $k$ is a field where $-1$ is not a square. Apr 19 '16 at 2:46
• @PedroTamaroff Is this the answer you talked about few days ago? Aug 31 '17 at 6:56
• @user26857 Yes. Aug 31 '17 at 7:36
Generally speaking no, in fact $\mathbb{Q} [X, Y]/(Y) \simeq \mathbb{Q} [X]$ is a PID.
In this case the quotient isn't a PID.
• By "in this case", do you mean in the case $\mathbb{Q}[X,Y]/(X^2+Y^2-1)$? Because in this ring $(X,Y) = (1)$ is principal. Apr 13 '16 at 6:25
• You're right, I edited. Apr 13 '16 at 6:35
No, it doesn't!
$R=\mathbb{Q}[X,Y]/(X^2+Y^2-1)$ is not a PID, but for other reasons. Actually it is not even a UFD for $x$ is irreducible, but not prime. | 2022-01-17 06:51:34 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9136024713516235, "perplexity": 125.21094108960541}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300343.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117061125-20220117091125-00363.warc.gz"} |
http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/consider-slab-copper-thickness-25-cm-area-90-cm2-separates-two-environments-different-temp-q968495 | Consider a slab of copper which has a thickness of 25 cm and an area of
90 cm2 which separates two environments with different temperatures.
Initially environment A has a temperature of 125oC and environment B
has a temperature of 10oC.
(Thermal conductivity of Copper = 400 W/m K)
a. Determine the initial rate of energy transfer through the slab?
b. Sketch the temperature of environment A as a function of time.
Only changes due to heat transfer through the slab should be
considered.
c. On the same sketch draw the temperature of environment B as a
function of time.
d. Explain the form of the sketches. | 2015-06-03 02:50:52 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9057943224906921, "perplexity": 1540.5691545541174}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1433195036613.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150601214356-00035-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://anissa-grammatica.it/oanw/bolt-head-size-formula.html | NPS 1/8 - NPS 30; Dimensions and Weights of Pipes ASTM A53/A53M. There are several grades under ASTM A193 namely B7, B8 Class 1, B8M Class 1, B8 Class 2, B8M Class 2. Minimum Thread Engagement (Bolt Failure) Chart - Metric 332 362 165 Nominal Diameter Stress Area Class 8. 5 is a metric bolt with a 10 mm nominal diameter and 1. The fraction, say ¼, is a quarter-inch and the bolt’s diameter. Bolt Design is a Brooklyn Design and Architecture Firm, specializing in Hospitality, Event Spaces, & Commercial Design. Please select your Metric or Imperial unit type from the list and start the converter. Use a torque wrench to tighten the bolt to the manufacturer's specification, or have a mechanic tighten this properly. Specialist wholesalers & distributors of high performance Rivets, Rivet Nuts & Rivet Tools. 7/16 •9191. 9 Loading Capacities of Ordinary Bolts per. How to request a ride with Bolt app: 1. 5 ) + 1 = 18 + 1 = 19. The grip length of a bolt is the distance from the head of the bolt to the nut or where the threads start. Goes for most standard bolts, well sort off, then there are different head sizes aswell !! Dont know if this works for imperial tho. Here is the list of metric units converters which are recently most used. So, let’s say your torque wrench is a foot long, and you apply 30 pounds of force to the handle. 3L Step 1 15 (20) Step 2 Additional 73 Degrees 5. A bolt is specified by its major diameter and threads per inch, plus a symbol for its thread series, as 1-8 UNC for a 1" bolt. Sud Bolt lengths (L*) do not include the height of points. Tire professionals classify bolt patterns using a two number system. It's obvious that putting a 3" square bearing plate at the end will have more resistance to pullout/breakout than a simple headed bolt. TENSILE STRESS AREA OF BOLT - IMPERIAL & METRIC THREADSTENSILE STRESS AREA OF BOLT - IMPERIAL & METRIC THREADS Nominal Thread Diameter 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 Imperial Threads BSW TPI in2 BSF 26 0. Click on info button for more info. Unbrako have set the leading edge in high grade fastener technology and is the market leader of. Number of Bolts. 23 Section 6 Appendix 12/21/01 RCR15 Series Rotary Cutters 312-556M Land Pride Section 6 Appendix Torque Values Chart for Common Bolt Sizes in-tpi1 N · m2 ft-lb3 N · m ft-lb N · m ft-lb mm x pitch4 N · m ft-lb N · m ft-lb N · m ft-lb 1/4" - 20 7. The rich-lathering formula delivers proven protection from flakes, itch, oil and dryness* and is brought to you by America’s #1 dandruff shampoo brand. The following formula is used to determine. WARNING: USE ONLY LUBRICANTS COMPATIBLE WITH PVC OR CPVC MATERIAL. one eye bolt diameter of threads, only (1) nut required. Steel: SAE Grade 6 133,000 psi Med. Hexagon Head Bolts - Product Grade B - Reduced Shank: 54 [NF] NF L 22-145 - 1985: Bolt, Hexagonal Head, For Tensile Application, ISO Thread-4g Class: 55 [BS] BS 3692 - 2014: Metric Precision Hexagon Bolts: 56 [BS] BS 4190 - 2014: Metric Hexagon Head Bolts And Screws Faced Under Head Or Faced Under Head And Turned On Shank: 57 [BS] BS 4190 - 2014. Good luck!. These estimated torque values are derived from the standard torque formula Torque = KDF utilizing a standard "free-spinning" nut (non-locknut) with a proof strength equal to or greater than the tensile strength of the bolt. Markings on the bolt head help to identify the bolt rating. 641") and it turns out that some enterprising individual has 'peened' over the rear face of the bolt head by as much as 0. Always consult the manufacturers instructions or engineering recommendations when making bolted connections. 75 1 5/16 0. The actual results were : Size / Number 0 went from 0. 125 3/8 1 1. The BCG will also ensure proper lock up when the rifle is fully into. Piping,Welding,Non Destructive Examination-NDT Common Piping Angles and their Solutions,Known and Unknown Angles and Angle Chart,Solving. Torque specifications for fasteners. The remaining 90% is lost due various forms of friction that occur during the tightening process. The effective diameter of the bolt defines the size of the bolt head. check the OD of the washer bore you need. I don't know the bolt length, but i do know they are supposed to be stretch bolts. Midwest Socket Screw Products, Inc. It will quickly and accurately calculate the maximum bolt tensile load, shear load, torsion load, and the recommended tightening torque among other things for any size fastener (US customary units only). 00 Shank diameter (mm) [d1] 12. Thank You For Subscribing to Our Newsletter. 000050 inch (1. When bolts are designated with a material property of A325 , the bolt strength in the ASTM varies based on the bolt diameter. A carefully executed plan demands the right parts and here, we offer high-performance solutions with our Titanium bolt kits and Ti64 accessories. Square or rectangular opening flap gates are. Rod Bolts - 3/8˝, 8-piece set. 3 Types of Rivets 3. Company Number: 02658410 VAT Number: GB 927176994 Registered Office: Hope Mill, Calf Hall Road, Barnoldswick, Lancashire. The Differences Between Screws, Bolts, and Nails (and When You Should Use Each) Craig Lloyd @craigelloyd Updated June 20, 2017, 5:27pm EDT There so many different types of fasteners available that most hardware stores usually have an entire aisle dedicated to them. ? Yesterday I had to weld a Allen wrench to a stripped out Allen head bolt that was recessed. Smith Brothers Services on: Bolt Head Markings. Additionally the bend type must also be given to avoid problems in specifications of semi-round bend shapes. Highest success rate for restoring stripped head bolt threads. Call this result B. 8-32 Titanium Bolts; 10-32 Titanium Bolts; Counter Sink Bolts. Forged top U-bolts are best ordered by application and leg length since the type of forging is usually unique to the particular application and must be maintained to. National Stock Number (NSN) 5306-01-530-4339 tee head bolt. G : If you are looking to clamp 2 Metal Frames of 3/8" thick each , using 3/4" diameter bolt assembled structural bolts with one washer. one eye bolt diameter of threads, only (1) nut required. Distinguishing features: 4 bolt head, Made in USA on one side of case, K&B (not oval logo) on other side. 14159 to find the diameter. Shear bolts (or snap-off bolts) are a premium 1-way permanent security solution, ideal where maintenance is not required. 5 x bolt diameter, but this is not consistent in small and large sizes, so one must consult literature rather than attempt to calculate. Round head bolt with square neck and a unified thread pitch. where P is the lead (pitch) of the thread, D b is the average mean diameter of the bolt, D n is the average mean diameter of the nut, k is the coefficient of friction, and is one half of the thread angle (usually 30°). for a bolt the same size it is the same for the same length or multiply by whatever the treaded length is. Bolt Safe Working Loads (lbs) Safe tensile load at 6,000 psi load; safe shear strength at 7500 psi load) Note: These values seems awfully low to me. We sell bulk quantities at great prices. 4 Types of Riveted Joints 3. 25, and plain non-plated bolts (as received) =. For example, if the diameter of the bolt is 0. 5 stud lengths are specified from Thread to Thread. Installing A Carriage Bolt. It does work but mine was not torqued down real hard. The wings on the nut lay flat when pushed through the opening and expand when through the opening. For example, a bolt labelled M10 x 1. For other applications or questions, email [email protected] The old skeins had 18 plies of 3/8 inch diameter nylon rope, while the new skeins are composed of 16 plies of 7/16 inch nylon rope. nuts and bolts phrase. 3 Types and Mechanical Properties of Structural Fasteners, 3. 2 TG Grommets (Oversized Holes and Cushioned Anchorage) P10. Unbrako have set the leading edge in high grade fastener technology and is the market leader of. 95 FREE Shipping. 95 Each : 12252401: 12 X 1. : the amount solid bolt material in the diameter), a narrower area will result in lower bolt shear strength. Presented below are the results from TORQUE for a M12 Grade 8. See Store (s) With Item. 7/16 Main Caps (2 bolt) 7/16 Inner Main Caps (4 bolt) 7/16 Outer Main Caps (4 bolt) 3/8 Outer Main Caps (4 bolt). Formula Ford 1600 Kent : Formula Ford 1600 Engine Price List. Mild Steel Hexagon Head Bolts 3. The effective diameter of the bolt defines the size of the bolt head. M-Series #124332-8203. 1) Enter thread diameter nominal value in section Thread Size. A = 2( tf + t + d) + G + F − a (i. Measure the outside diameter of the bolt's threads using a vernier caliper, if the bolt is installed in your vehicle or piece of equipment and the bolt's head is not accessible to the vernier caliper. 100 diameter firing pin. 8 jis hex. Square or rectangular opening flap gates are. Also, if you are at all concerned about the hole cleaning, see if you can get the Hilti HIT-TZ rods and HY-150 injection adhesive. Good luck!. 45, and the. An example would be those little 6mm bolts that hold so many different cylinder head covers and side covers on. Crossbow Arrow & Bolts, Trajectories. We provide all types of fasteners from standard items such as Plastic Bolts, Screws, Nuts, Washers, Spacers, Threaded Rod, Plastic Industrial Balls to intricate parts per print. The bolts are centerless ground and threaded after heat treatment. Complete History for. 5: Formula for displacement: To Find the CC size of a Head Needed For. to DIN 934 and only for a µ total = 0. Plow Bolts Used on heavy equipment, such as plows, these bolts have a smooth head that's angled underneath to sit flush within countersunk holes. they are grouped by diameter M5, M6, M8, M10 are the usual suspects. D2 Pitch diameter of bolt thread D3 Minor diameter of bolt thread Dkm Effective diameter for friction at the contact of the head of the driven fastener DS Diameter at stress cross-section AS DT Shank diameter of bolt neck DW Outside diameter of the contact area under the head of the driven fastener FM Assembly preload, bolt tensile load at. Carriage Bolts are generally manufactured to the A307 Grade A specification, in domestic or import. CST M-F; 8 a. Kreg K5Ms Pocket-Hole. STARACER TRIPLE CLAMPS 35mm fork diameter 55mm offset X 196mm wide center to center 7075T6 Aluminum with stem, dual locking nuts, handlebar clamps, and hardware. The height of a nut for a Stud Bolt is the same as the diameter of the thread rod. BALDWIN 5-24/25-in Satin Nickel Flush Bolts. Plain = PB050----- Zinc = PB050-----Z1 D A F S B Depth of Square and Head Bolt Width of Square Diameter Head Diameter Feed Thickness Max Min Max Min 5/16. Use a torque wrench to tighten the bolt to the manufacturer's specification, or have a mechanic tighten this properly. , machine bolt length exclusive of negative tolerance,. Formula of pitch diameter of bearing surface（dn 1、dn） a: Hexagon bearing surface (first type nut, bolt) b: Round shape bearing surface (second, third type nut). Tensile Strength. Print this page. Lightly lubricate the bolt thread and the bottom of the bolt head by applying a small quantity of oil to a rag and rotating the bolt in the oily rag. (2) The lengths of the machine bolts are measured from under the head to the top of the bolt. The po left some of the bolts out and a light rust has formed in the threads. The rotational-capacity (RC) lot is designated as the A325 or A490 bolt production lot, assembled with the provided A563 nuts, of corresponding diameter and recorded production lot number, and the provided F436 washers, of the corresponding diameter and production lot number. Rev 3-4-09 Torque-Tension Relationship for ASTM A193 B7 Bolts and Studs Tightening Torque K = 0. And use bolts that's long enough so the threads can penetrate the entire length of the threaded holes in the flywheel to prevent the threads from being pulled out. I have a bolt with a thread pitch of. Vehicle Specific FEL-PRO Head Bolt Set ES71028. BS449: Part 2 Bolt Grade 10. Earlier head bolts will not. WARNING: USE ONLY LUBRICANTS COMPATIBLE WITH PVC OR CPVC MATERIAL. Kit of 15 head bolts for 1998-2003 LS1 Camaro/Firebird and 1997-2003 Corvette and 2001-2003 LS6 Corvette. Position this socket onto the bolt head to ensure it is the correct size. 25, and plain non-plated bolts (as received) =. U-Bolts that have been well lubricated with an anti-seize compound will have a torque range between plated and unplated values. Powers Fasteners 5914 Power-Bolt 3/8 x 3-1/2 304 Stainless Steel Hex Head Sleeve Anchor. 5 times the diameter of the screw, and in cast iron or brass, 1. Other variations which affect compatibility::. Bolt Express customers count on us for transportation of urgent shipments and 24/7 tracking. Tapered Socket Head Bolts. When bolts are designated with a material property of A325 , the bolt strength in the ASTM varies based on the bolt diameter. System of Measurement Metric Thread Size M8x1. 5 or 2mm wider on each side of the thread, so an M10 bolt normally has a 13 or 14mm. "Clearance holes for inch fasteners" calculator was developed to calculate the recommended clearance hole sizes from #0 through 1. 1 Introduction Objectives 3. Vehicle Specific FEL-PRO Head Bolt Set ES71028. Torque is only an indirect indication of tension. Please select your Metric or Imperial unit type from the list and start the converter. Here is the list of metric units converters which are recently most used. properties:. It was never one of ours. 50 x 65mm Hex Head Flange Bolt Non Serrated Class 10. Ideally, 7/16 or 12mm fine threads should be just fine, and a normal hex size would work, but really want the taller head as Ill end up putting a radius on the top of the head which will end up thinning the head on the outter edges a bit. Wrench Size; ANSI/ISO DIN JIS DIN/ISP. -18 RH Thread, 1. 9; 6mm: 3-5. ? Yesterday I had to weld a Allen wrench to a stripped out Allen head bolt that was recessed. 500 in diameter. 1) Bolt sizes are defined in terms of their nominal diameter, length under the head and thread length. Recommended Torque Values ANSI 150# Flanges ANSI 300# Flanges ANSI 400# Flanges Size Qty. Materials include: Carbon Steel, Alloys, Brass, Bronze, Monel (QQ-N-281), Nylon, K-Monel (QQ-N-286), 18-8 Stainless, 316 Stainless, 400 Stainless. Square or rectangular opening flap gates are. 1 KUAB Anchor Bolts (Undercut Anchors) P10. 3) Thread Length. 125 3/8 1 1. Bolthouse FarmsⓇ Cucumber Ranch dressing doubles as a marinade and a drizzle in this must-try taco recipe. For such a joint, when the nut face and bolt head sizes have the same diameter and finish, it will not matter whether the bolt head or the nut is tightened. The Computer-Aided Design ("CAD") files and all associated content posted to this website are created, uploaded, managed and owned by third party users. Countersunk where the screw head ends flush with the surface, used when working with wood e. Make a note of it for future reference** Torque Wrench capable of 430 ft-lbs of torque (or higher if hitch ball manufacturer specifies). Use flange head bolts and flange nuts to reduce bearing stresses against the joint material. I am not talking about the lines on the heads of bolts that indicate what Grade the fastener is. Some people believe that by tightening the bolt head rather than the nut it will affect the torsion in bolt shank. Metric tap sizes are designated by a capital M, the outside diameter in millimeters, and by the pitch in millimeters; such as M22 x 1. 375 7/8 2 2. A popular formula for quick bolt torque calculations is T = KFd, where T denotes torque, F denotes axial load, d denotes bolt diameter, and K (torque coefficient) is a calculated value from the formula: $$K = \left({ d_m \over 2d }\right) { \tan{\psi} + \mu \sec{\alpha} \over 1 - \mu \tan{\psi} \sec{\alpha} } + 0. Head Dia (Binder) DIN 85: Washer Thickness DIN 125: Head Dia (Round Head) DIN 86: Washer Dia DIN 125: Head Dia Pan Head DIN 84: Lock Wash Thickness DIN 7980 DIN 912: Head Dia (Fillister) DIN 85: Lock Wash Dia: Head Dia (Flat) DIN963 (Oval) DIN964: Thin Nut Thickness : Width Across Flats Hex Head (DIN933 Full thread) (DIN931 Partial thread) Nut. is the leading manufacturer of stainless steel fasteners in Thailand facilitating a production capacity of over 6,000 metric tonnes per year. Get free shipping. in your basket Checkout Now. Value Collection - 3/4-10 Thread, 4" Length Under Head, Steel Hex Head Bolt - Hot Dipped Galvanized Coated, UNC Thread, ASTM A307, Grade 2 Your Price: 4. For example, the edge distance for a 4(. Head bolts are the bolts that hold the heads on a motor. shear strength teChnICaL Data sheet nUCOr Fastener NomiNal Bolt Diameter Gr 2 a307a & B Gr 5 / a325 Gr 8 / a490 1/4" 74,000 60,000 120,000 150,000. AN4 BOLTS 1/4-28 Hex head aircraft bolts are made of high-strength type 4037 or 8740 alloy steel (type 8740 is most commonly used). Buy an ARP Hex Head Cylinder Head Bolt Kit for your 289 or 302 Engine from CJ Pony Parts! This ARP Hex Head Cylinder Head Bolt Kit also includes washers. For standard size bolts where the head usually sits above the surface, the measurement is from directly under the. When reading our wrench conversion chart, start with the bolt that you are fastening. shelf brackets, curtain rails or ornamental brass. Contact us online or call (866)748-3876 for ordering and shipping information on Huck® fastening systems. - For a full list of discontinued products and their substitutes, download Form S-A-DSCANCH17. 3 Types of Rivets 3. The cutting tools used for hole-making are available in standard sizes that can be as small as 0. 75 or 3/4, which is the wrench size needed for this standard-sized bolt. Most of your aftermarket aluminum performance cylinder heads, like the GT40X head, also use a 351W size 1/2" head bolt hole. If you need help finding the right bolt for your needs, feel free to contact us. Because of its high thermal stability, Inconel can be used in service temperatures ranging from cryogenic to 2200°F (982°C). F bolt = the amount of bolt thrust P max = the maximum (peak) chamber pressure of the firearms cartridge A external = the outside area of the cartridge case head. 6 2011, A325 heavy hex bolts have a shorter thread length than most other construction fastener grades. Table reprinted with permission from MACHINE DESIGN, Nov. Along with u-bolts, we carry U-Bolt Tie Bar Plates in select sizes as well. 00 PSI Joint Efficiency: 100 % Inside Diameter (corroded): 42. Rod Bolts. 95 : straight hose end 0. For both metric and standard bolts, the head size is the distance across the flats. Carriage bolts are very misunderstood and yet very simple to install. Bel-Metric : Metric Banjo Bolts and Fittings - License Plate Fasteners Flange Bolts 10. Kit of 15 head bolts for 1998-2003 LS1 Camaro/Firebird and 1997-2003 Corvette and 2001-2003 LS6 Corvette. Plain = PB050----- Zinc = PB050-----Z1 D A F S B Depth of Square and Head Bolt Width of Square Diameter Head Diameter Feed Thickness Max Min Max Min 5/16. So, let’s say your torque wrench is a foot long, and you apply 30 pounds of force to the handle. Measuring threads. These include oval head screws, flat head screws, elevator bolts and plow bolts. Available in hex head and six other head styles. Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Socket, Square Head, and Slotted Headless-Set Screws: F901 - 01(2017) Standard Specification for Aluminum Transmission Tower Bolts and Nuts: F2281 - 04(2017) Standard Specification for Stainless Steel and Nickel Alloy Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, and Studs, for Heat Resistance and High Temperature Applications. Reference: Machinery's Handbook published by Industrial Press. Size quoted is 0. 5 is a metric bolt with a 10 mm diameter and 1. formula for relating torque to tension. Landing on feet: Distance of Fall (ft) Velocity on Impact (ft/s) Deceleration Distance (in) Rate of Deceleration (ft/s^2) Weight (lbs. Head Shank Steel is most common Bolted joint components: Bolt NEVER in shear or bending Stress concentrations at the root of the teeth Fatigue crack propagation! Exception: Shoulder bolts Keep threads clean & lubed to minimize losses ~50% power to bolt head friction ~40% power to thread friction ~10% power to deforming the bolt and flange. Actual weight values may vary from those provided here and, though we try to make the values as accurate as possible, Portland Bolt makes no claims about accuracy and accepts no liability resulting from the use of the values provided on this page. 250 in Ww Fillet Leg Size (Web to Baseplate) 0. What size is the bolt that broken. Chrome Coated Stainless Flat Head Phillips Wood Screw, Choose Size/Length & QTY, 18-8 (304) Stainless Steel Screw By Bolt Dropper. If you're looking for the next big thing, FUTEK has a library of over 100 new and innovative ideas to incorporate its load cells, torque sensors, pressure sensors, and multi-axis sensors. Hope Technology (IPCO) Ltd. 8 bolt will begin to stretch at. bolt_hex: Body Diameter Basic: Body Diameter Max: Body Diameter Min: Width Across Flats Basic: Width Across Flats Max: Width Across Flats Min: Width Across Corners Max: Width Across Corners Min: Head Height Basic: Head Height Max: Head Height Min: Radius of Fillet Max: Radius of Fillet Min: Thread Length 6" and Shorter: Thread Length Over 6. Introduction 1 1. The 'sizes' of Whitworth spanners refers to the diameter of the threaded stud, and not the bolt head itself: it is not an AF system. If you retap the stripped out hole with a 1/4-20 tap and use a 1/4-20 bolt, it will usually hold just fine. Same joint configuration (a) Material(s) (b) Surface finish (c) Washer(s) (d) Number of joint interfaces 6. British Standard Whitworth (B. Standard Threaded Rods. The third, fifth, and seventh columns are to the nearest sixty-fourth of an inch: - Diameter of Bolt and. #8 x 1-3/4" Stainless Deck Screws (100 Pack. In addition, the bottom end of each hinge arm has a fine adjustment bolt to further limit the double-hinge action. If you’re making standard-size bolt, you should look up the standard head dimensions (and features, and tolerances) in the applicable ISO or ANSI standards, or in a handbook such as Machinery's Handbook. 6 f - 568 class 8. For example, a 4mm diameter bolt is commonly known as an 'M4' bolt. Belt Tensioner & Remote Mounts. 5/16-24 looks about right but it doesn't feel right when I start it. face and bolt head sizes have the same diameter and finish, it will not matter whether the bolt head or the nut is tightened. PASS 1: Torque to a maximum of 30% of the final torque value in accordance with the torque sequence. 7) Collar Diameter. 0 Diameter of anchor bolt BCD Bolt circle diameter D ped Diameter of pedestal h ef Depth of embedment M ped Overturning moment at the base of the pedestal F u Max. We are pleased to announce that Circle Bolt & Nut is now part of Optimas. Actual weight values may vary from those provided here and, though we try to make the values as accurate as possible, Portland Bolt makes no claims about accuracy and accepts no liability resulting from the use of the values provided on this page. The tensile load a fastener can withstand is determined by the formula P = St x As. First row gives the major diamter, second row gives the minor diamter, third row gives the number of threads per inch, and the fourth row gives the distance between nut flats for hex nuts (1/4" to 5/8" sizes), and heavy hex nuts (3/4" to 1 1/4" sizes). Enter values below to calculate the diameter of a bolt circle. Determine spanner size when know bolt stud size|| By M TECH JAY KOSHAL. minus 2 x E min. So they are M8 13mm, what size tap/die do I use to clean up the threads on the fender nuts. Suggested Maximum Torque Values for Screws and Bolts. jor diameter of the thread, and a minimum body di-. The six-bolt pattern is designed so that if you have a six-bolt head or block but do not want to use this feature, you can use a standard four-bolt gasket. 5 or 2mm wider on each side of the thread, so an M10 bolt normally has a 13 or 14mm. #N#Mil-Spec Fasteners is an ISO9001:2008 compliant Distributor of Fully Traceable MS Military Fasteners, AN Military Fasteners, NAS Military Fasteners and DFAR Compliant Fasteners. MSC Industrial supply is here to support all your metalworking and maintenance repair needs with over 1 million products in stock and ready to ship today!. 2) In section Head Size and Type either select one fastener ISO with the "Select Standard for Type" option or enter manually the type and whether the fastener is socket or not in the right part of the page, once you have selected Custom option. 44 : 10mm-1. Connector Products. 020 inches depth of cut) run at 600 fpm. 5/16 1/2 #2 5/64 M4 7. Find a retail store near you or shop online for every BOLT Lock! In-Store or Online. Nominal Thread Size ensile (Wedge) Strength (Min. Preload Loss Tests: 1. 5: Formula for displacement: To Find the CC size of a Head Needed For. Hangers, Joist and Beam Hangers - For a full list of discontinued joist and beam hangers and their replacements, download Form S-C-DSCCONN19. K values: waxed (e. Wood Screws, Over 1,600,000 in Stock. A popular formula for quick bolt torque calculations is T = KFd, where T denotes torque, F denotes axial load, d denotes bolt diameter, and K (torque coefficient) is a calculated value from the formula:$$ K = \left({ d_m \over 2d }\right) { \tan{\psi} + \mu \sec{\alpha} \over 1 - \mu \tan{\psi} \sec{\alpha} } + 0. The right moveable and R (called. British Standard 190-1924. ) roof Load (Min. 5: Formula for displacement: To Find the CC size of a Head Needed For. 11 H-Point —The H-Point is the Pivot Center of the torso and thigh on the Two-or Three-Dimensional devices used in defining and measuring vehicle seating accommodation (see SAE J826). when you order $25. are made. In addition, the bottom end of each hinge arm has a fine adjustment bolt to further limit the double-hinge action. The following table of hex bolt head dimensions was adapted from ASME B18. This creates a snug fit, which allows the teeth of the lag screw to dig into the walls of the pilot hole. Like Hexagonal bolt is there any direct formula or converting factor _____. Bolt, one of the most widely used fasteners in the industry, is usually tightened by applying torque to the head and/or nut. ) is calculated by arbitrarily assuming useable bolt. There is a range of bolt sizes in which the nut size is 1. 5) + 1 = (12 * 1. • Series: Tips on Bolt Tensioning will need to be calculated using the smallest stressed diameter on the bolt. ITEM: BOLT/NUT SIZE: NM: INCH LBS: Cylinder screw for oil pump 5mm: 5: 45: Spark plug, engine cold: 14mm: 27: 240: Allen screws for stator plate. Cat® Bolts are engineered to exceed SAE Grade 8 standards and ISO 10. All action designers are concerned primarily with producing a safe and functional product. Regardless of the manufacturer of the body, it was discovered the if a rifle needed a bolt head over a size 3 then the body was worn out to - and possibly beyond - the depth of the hardened locking shoulders. ANCHOR BOLTS AND ATTACHMENT HARDWARE RELEASE DATE: 6/09/04 TABLE OF CONTENTS ANCHOR BOLTS AND ATTACHMENT HARDWARE General Description P10. Bolt Circle Flange Width. Print this page. You will usually need to pre-drill a 5/16” pilot hole into the rim joist if you are using ½” lag bolts. On bicycle chainrings this dimension is usually measured in millimeters. 8266 1/8 15,136 Head/knee/elbow - male 11 26. Don't let them tell you different!$350. Table reprinted with permission from MACHINE DESIGN, Nov. DIN - Deutsches Institut für Normung. Provide our customers with superior service that matches our product quality and pricing. Your dimension now have the diameter symbol. Stocked in diameters from 3/8. Head/Wrench Size. for pricing and availability. Alternator and/or Power Steering Brackets. It was never one of ours. Provides full 360° hole contact over large area and reduces concrete stress. Brackets - Crank Pulley - Camaro 98-02 (GTO). Set angle to the hole location. Made primarily for wood, carriage bolts have a square shoulder right below the head. Make Offer - M8 M8x50 Metric Bolts Stainless Steel Socket Head 50mm allen head Lot Of (50) M8 X 20 Zinc Pltd Flat Socket Head Screws/Bolts 8. Torque is only an indirect indication of tension. Metric grades 8. The diameter of the holes that are equally distributed around the bolt circle diameter Bolt circle diameter: the diameter of the circle on which the holes will be evenly distributed. F i = Bolt Pre-Load Force (lb f) d = Bolt Nominal Diameter (in) Bolt torque provides only an indirect approximation of material stress. This applies to clean and and dry parts. * Fits early 134 cubic inch gas engines with small chamber heads casting # EAE6085E, EAE6090F and 7/16" head bolts. Round Head Square Neck Carriage Bolts With. Fastener Dimension Guide. Length of Bolts (L) is shown in millimetres rounded to the nearest 5mm. Using the formula for finding distance we can determine Usian Bolt's average speed, or rate, when he broke the world record in 2009 in the 100m. 9 Metric Nuts Metric Washers Allen Head Fasteners Small Wrench JIS Bolts 8. Pivoting bolt handle gives you the mechanical advantage to extract even the most stubbornly stuck cases. Bolts that were tightened with washers under the bolt head were compared. These correspond to the fine, medium and coarse grades respectively. Features: Bolt diameter. If you’re making standard-size bolt, you should look up the standard head dimensions (and features, and tolerances) in the applicable ISO or ANSI standards, or in a handbook such as Machinery's Handbook. 25 Length (mm) 20. The average ultimate load on the bolts tested in tension was 56. where L is the total bolt length and d nom is the nominal bolt diameter. 7/16-14 x 1 Stainless Steel Capped Pan Head Bumper Bolts With Lock Nuts Stainless Steel Capped Pan Head Bumper Bolts With Lock Nuts ; Zinc; 7/16"-14 x 1" Head Diameter: 29/32" Shoulder Length: 5/32" GM; 25 Per Package View Catalog Page. Use the inside jaws to measure the diameter of one of the holes. Same bolt head and nut type/size/material 4. 73:1 rear end. 7 mm) per the International Building Code (IBC). The answer is simple. I am not talking about the lines on the heads of bolts that indicate what Grade the fastener is. It consists of a U-shaped metal frame F with a fixed stud A. 7M, Table 14, "Dimensions of Hex Head Machine Screws. 250 diameter Bearing F) 57. The term socket head capscrew typically refers to a type of threaded fastener whose head diameter is nominally 1. Additionally the bend type must also be given to avoid problems in specifications of semi-round bend shapes. Cadmium II Plated Non-Structural Pan Head Screw 6-32 Diameter x 3/4 length. 11320 FM 529 RD BLDG F HOUSTON, TEXAS 77041 TEL (713) 896- 1166 FAX (713) 896-7879 Tool Size Chart Inch Fasteners Metric Fasteners. 1 KUAB Anchor Bolts (Undercut Anchors) P10. Select from the drop down lists below and click "Submit" to locate standards. 5 x Diameter 2 x Diameter (Minimum) Tighten Hex Nut Securely Against Load Wrong One eye bolt diameter or less. from the surface of the masonry to the bolt head bearing surface. A good example: If a bolt measures 2 inches in total lenght, 1/2 inch in diameter with the exception of the head areas that measures about 3/4 inch, what would be the estimated surface area?. Formula to use: Bolt Tensile Stress Area = pi/4 x (d2) Units Bolt Tensile Stress Area = (mm2 or In2) d = Smallest Stressed Diameter on bolt = (mm or In) Design Check:. Same bolt diameter 5. Inconel® bolts, like Inconel 600, 601,625,686,718 & 725 bolts, are a family of nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys used for their high strength at elevated temperatures and good corrosion resistance. 30000 kg/hr of water needs to be pumped from one vessel to another through the system shown in the diagram below. BALDWIN 5-24/25-in Satin Nickel Flush Bolts. According to IS : 1362-1962 a screw thread (VEE type) is designated by letter M followed by nominal major diameter. lbzdrtymax · Registered. Belt Tensioner & Remote Mounts. 5 from 22, to get 20. The size is indicated by the position of the metal slide with reference to etched scales on the metal arms. Measurement Standard. measure the diameter of the threaded or shouldered section of a bolt*, round it up to the nearest 0. One kit per cylinder head; order 2 per engine. All action designers are concerned primarily with producing a safe and functional product. Based on this value the bolts were c~assifiedas being ,very nearly minimum strength bolts•. 134-3610: Chevrolet Small Block GENIII LSX 12pt Head Stud Kit. Shear strengths of bolts by diameter. A socket cap screw, also known as a socket head capscrew, socket screw, or Allen bolt, is a type of cap screw with a cylindrical head and hexagonal drive hole. Dimensions and Weights (full) ASME B36. How to request a ride with Bolt app: 1. So I go into the Home Depot and ask the "bolt aisle" guy for an M10 approx. ) Also to find what size hole the BOLT HEAD will fit through (such as use with a keyhole slot) the formula is Width Across Corners = Width Across Flats/cos(30deg). We specialize in CRF50, KLX110, SSR, Z50, CT70, Pitster Pro, Piranha MX, Honda Retro Minis and any other pit bike under the sun! Going 10 Years Strong, check out our store, and make us your #1 Pit Bike Store!. Can someone help me with info where to find those regulations ? Example: can we connect 5 mm plates using M24 ? or. Buy Hex Nuts, Jam Nuts at InStock Fasteners - The low-price easy-to-use source for industrial and construction fasteners - screws, nuts, bolts, washers, pins, & more - standard fasteners. Bolt Group and Bolt Stress Analysis (AISC 9th Edition) Beam Bearing Plate Analysis (AISC 9th Edition) Beam End Connection Using Clip Angles (AISC 9th Edition) Beam Connection Table–Clip Angles Welded or Bolted to Beam : Conversion Calculator for feet-inches-fraction and Metric Arithmetic : Slab on Metal Deck Analysis (SDI and ACI 318-99). Made primarily for wood, carriage bolts have a square shoulder right below the head. Jump to Latest Follow 1 - 9 of 9 Posts. As with maximum spacing, this is a minimum requirement. As thumb rule up to 3mm allen bolt minus 0. Sort by Bolt Size M3 (1) M4 (5) M5 (19) M6 (44) M8 (37). 1 Dimensions of Hex Bolts - Imperial units; US Hex Bolts - Metric - ANSI/ASME B18. Wedge anchors are not designed to be used in other base materials, such as brick or block. For example, a bolt labelled M10 x 1. Having at least 2 times the bolt diameter is highly recommended. Slotted Track Bolts, Ribbed Neck: Slotted track bolts with a ribbed neck, round head bolt, and a slot that extends across the center of the top of the head for driving. Rear Main Cap Engine Oil 120 ft-lbs. 001" but all four of them clock within like 3 degrees past on both my bolts. Hex-Head Bolts, 2-1/4 in. I bought the X3 square point tools as listed and there is no way in hell that it will remove the head bolts. Make sure all threads are clean and free of debris. Following formula are used to calculate spanner size - For bolt size upto M14. Lock Sets to Your Key. Re: What wrench to use on the size of bolt 1. Order Cylinder Head Bolt for your vehicle and pick it up in store—make your purchase, find a store near you, and get directions. All action designers are concerned primarily with producing a safe and functional product. #N#Sportster engine family consists of 3 sub families. Buy direct, free shipping over 150. This is represented by the last number in a metric bolt's designation. Crankshaft to Flywheel Bolt: 253: 35: Sump Screen Nuts: 5: 0. g gasket thickness. For anchor bolt normally the anchor bolt holes on base plate are much bigger than anchor bolt diameter due to cast-in anchor bolt construction tolerance, while the anchor stud is rigidly welded to the base plate. M5 Socket Head Bolts; M6 Socket Head Bolts; M8 Socket Head Bolts; M10 Socket Head Bolts; M12 Socket Head Bolts; Standard Bolts. If you encounter this, your may need to experience with all four. Cylinder Head Bolts Main Bearing Bolts Rod Brearing Bolts Crankshaft Damper Bolts Flywheel Bolts Manifold Spark Plugs Oil Pan Drain Plug Intake Exhaust 2005: 6: 3. Dimensional table of Allen DIN 912 Bolt: thread, metric d, thread length b, head diameter dk min, dk max, head high k min, k max, key width s nominal, s min, tmin. Features • • Sold•in•Individual•Sets•or•Box•Quantities. The chart is applicable 99% of the time for open end, box end, 6 and 12 point sockets. Width Across Corners. 2 d d d n m res + =. 0 threads are a bastard size. 25: 24mm: Tapered (60˚). TIP: the hole depth should be a minimum of 4 1/2 times the diameter of the bolt (a 1/2 inch threaded rod would require a hole depth of 2 1/4 inches). The size most commonly associated with screw threads is the nominal diameter. Bolt head markings (nuts too, SAE, ASTM) Bearing Number Calculation Formula - Duration:. The best quality home cleaning products. Basic specs are free and open to everyone They usually include engine images, displacement, dimensions and weight, essential bolt tightening torques, plus characteristics of the engine e. PS Pump Type -- Saginaw. The cutting tools used for hole-making are available in standard sizes that can be as small as 0. Stainless Steel (A2-304) Hexagon Full Nut. 9382 / n)] 2, where d is given in mm, and n is given in threads/mm. This distance is measured. english/ metric bolt substitution table equivalent metric bolt substitution – astm grade bolt sizes f - 568 class 4. For example, if the metric bolt was M14x1. com www thenutplace com How do I determine the Wrench size or Hex Key size for Hex Head Bolts and Socket Heads? Also available from The Nut Place. Nominal diameter is a more of a label than a size. mortar bed joints Coarse grout: at least 0. Example 3/8" bolt head size is 3/8" + 3/16" = 9/16" hex size. 5" 14 Bolt - Rear Axle; 195 MM Rear Axle; Technical Support. Screws larger than a #10 have a diameter listed directly in inches. 631" and my 22 trainer (really a no2 bolt head but same as a no1) is. Owner’s Stories. Re: What wrench to use on the size of bolt 1. 060" Bore, High Compression : 76. Torque the bolt to the required torque. At most you can probably check the bearing plate for punching shear instead of Appendix D. from precision medical instruments to high-performance robotic solutions, FUTEK products are designed to work in the most demanding environments - even on Mars. Templates are available for drawing nuts and bolts and can be recommended for their time saving advantages. Stud and Nut Sizes From our tables on Flange PCDs you can easily determine the recommended stud bolt diameter, and from the table below, you can determine the corresponding nut size. 62 12 354 172. 77 VALVES UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED. • Add your credit card and never worry about carrying cash again. bolt_hex: Body Diameter Basic: Body Diameter Max: Body Diameter Min: Width Across Flats Basic: Width Across Flats Max: Width Across Flats Min: Width Across Corners Max: Width Across Corners Min: Head Height Basic: Head Height Max: Head Height Min: Radius of Fillet Max: Radius of Fillet Min: Thread Length 6" and Shorter: Thread Length Over 6. 11320 FM 529 RD BLDG F HOUSTON, TEXAS 77041 TEL (713) 896- 1166 FAX (713) 896-7879 Tool Size Chart Inch Fasteners Metric Fasteners. 95 Each : 12252401: 12 X 1. ) ardness AS1252 structural Nuts Dimensions of structural Nuts AS1252-1983 WIDTH ACROSS FLATS (S) M12to M16 800 640 22-32 (E) WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS. 5 is to remove the cover and inspect the ring gear bolts. The 20 Valve has 4-2 factory tubular extractors, the remainder have 4-2 cast manifolds. jor diameter of the thread, and a minimum body di-. All LT1 heads use self-aligning rocker arms. 060" for sizes over 3/4" to 1-1/4". J-Bolts Shoulder Bolts J shaped bolts are used for tie-downs or as an open eye bolt. Call this result B. The actual results were : Size / Number 0 went from 0. Type T-Bolt System of Measurement Inch Length Under Head (Inch) 3-1/2 Thread Size (Inch) 5/8-11 Material Steel Material Grade Grade 5 Head Height (Inch) 13/32 Head Width (Inch) 1-1/8 Thread Length (Decimal Inch) 2. For example, if the diameter of the bolt is 0. 55" Part Number: 12564243 (2001 +) LS6 valves are 0. Allen Bolt Cap Screws A2 (2967) Button Head Allen Bolt (1702) Countersunk Allen Bolts (1298) Hex Head Bolts (606) Hex Head Set screws (1121) Flanged Hex Bolts (543) Flanged Button Head Bolts (791) Pozi Pan Head Screws (1064) Slotted Pan Head Screws (509) Pozi Countersunk Screws (846) Slotted Countersunk Screws (1065) Pozi Raised Countersunk (457). In vino veritas; in cervisia carmen; in aqua E. Replacement required due to Torque to yield head bolts. 32 bolt 1-17-9-25 5-21-13-29 3-19-11-27 7-23-15-31 2-18-10-26 6-22-14-30 4-20-12-28 8-24-16-32 36 BOLT 1-2-3 19-20-21 10-11-12 28-29-30 4-5-6 22-23-24 13-14-15 31-32-33 7-8-9 25-26-27 16-17-18 34-35-36. (normal fit) Clearance dia. 0 block that came from a salvage yard. lbzdrtymax · Registered. Then mark the head of the bolt with a marker or pen. 3 4 Unf Bolt Head Size Posted on May 3, 2019 by Fattana Fastener handout sizing chart socket cap thomas smith fasteners grade 8 unf fine hex head cap s grade 8 zinc yellow unf fine hex head. Please measure cylinder head bolt diameter before ordering. The size of the head varies with the size of the machine bolt. MSC Industrial supply is here to support all your metalworking and maintenance repair needs with over 1 million products in stock and ready to ship today!. At the same time, lag screw pilot holes are definitely closer. shear strength teChnICaL Data sheet nUCOr Fastener NomiNal Bolt Diameter Gr 2 a307a & B Gr 5 / a325 Gr 8 / a490 1/4" 74,000 60,000 120,000 150,000. Screws larger than a #10 have a diameter listed directly in inches. Head Bolt Kit. To take full advantage of strength properties the shank of the bolt body should be within the shear planes. In addition, the bottom end of each hinge arm has a fine adjustment bolt to further limit the double-hinge action. Best Prices on Guns. LENGTH M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 8 * 10 * * 12 * * * 16 * * * *. For eg : for 10 mm Hex bolt , the spanner size is 15 mm ( formula is D = 1. All head dimensions are directly related to the basic screw diameter as follows: Minimum Length (mm) Nuts and Washers. Fittings Auto Bulbs and Harnesses Electrical Shop Supplies Cotter Pins. LS6: intake = 73 grams, exhaust = 65 grams LS1: intake = 101 grams, exhaust = 94 grams. The formula is: Injector size (lb/hr) = (horsepower x 0. Bolts are tightened usually by using a socket, wrench or screwdriver, so have a variation of head types. Along with u-bolts, we carry U-Bolt Tie Bar Plates in select sizes as well. Torque Values Chart for Common Bolt Sizes. There are two general types of SAE bolts (sometimes referred to as machine screws). If you need a fully threaded bolt you should ask for a tap bolt. The size of the head varies with the size of the machine bolt. The Differences Between Screws, Bolts, and Nails (and When You Should Use Each) Craig Lloyd @craigelloyd Updated June 20, 2017, 5:27pm EDT There so many different types of fasteners available that most hardware stores usually have an entire aisle dedicated to them. always torque bolts in three equal increments. 6 to M 64) [PGD 31: Bolts, Nuts and Fasteners Accessories]. This is a discussion on Lee Enfield (SMLE) Stock bolt head size within the Foreign forums, part of the Gun Forum category; So I got my hands on a 95% condition No5 Mk1 Jungle Carbine and other than a few cosmetic blemishes the butt is loose in. The typical minimum recommended value is 1. ) based on the measurements. 635" Size / Number 2 went from 0. For standard bolts, the head size is measured in inches or fractions of an inch. rf height of raised face. Almost all screw head types will either be flat on the top or on the bottom. 65 GTO, 65 421 HO. Head Bolt Kit. 5 is a metric bolt with a 10 mm diameter and 1. 1 meters (m), squaring gives 0. Mild Steel Hexagon Head Bolts 3. 9) (1)Using Equation. 5 is a metric bolt with a 10 mm nominal diameter and 1. 8 Calculation of Hole Dia and Pitch 3. -18 RH Thread, 1. Bolt patterns can be 4, 5, 6, or 8 lug holes. Lightning Bolt Solutions is the optimization leader in provider and staff scheduling for hospitals and health systems around the world. Then use the associated link download the PDF with all of the flanges. I am trying to find the correct size of nut for it, however the ISO thread chart says that a. Notes: Quantity per car: 2. Use the Mudge Fasteners bolt head size chart to determine the head size, and wrench or socket size required, for any hex bolt or lag screw you use. 00 Shank length (mm) [l1] 24. Bolt head markings (nuts too, SAE, ASTM) Bearing Number Calculation Formula - Duration:. 5) + 1 = 18 + 1 = 19. Reference: Machinery's Handbook published by Industrial Press. c) There have been instances where a bolt head falls way, way outside the expected (ie a size 0 measuring o. shelf brackets, curtain rails or ornamental brass. Nominal diameter is a more of a label than a size. They fit with corresponding tapped holes and nuts to create bolted joints. It's obvious that putting a 3" square bearing plate at the end will have more resistance to pullout/breakout than a simple headed bolt. of passes (N p): The numbers of flowpaths of liquid on tray are 1, 2, 3 or 4 as per liquid capacity requirement of column. 5 in for bolts, screws and studs in three classes of clearance using close-, normal- and loose-fit category. 060" for sizes over 3/4" to 1-1/4". To answer your question more specifically, it is possible to install a "bushing" in the bolt nose to accommodate a smaller cartridge head diameter, but as RifleDude stated, you would still need to address feed rail dimensions, magazine box change, cartridge follower change at the least for reliable functioning. Traditional Carriage Bolts have No Head Marks (or one or two simple marks) and partial threads. All other considerations such as weight, finish, eye appeal and other cosmetics are secondary. Always use two (2) wide flat washers per bolt (one under the head and one under the nut). Creating a larger blind side footprint, they provide excellent performance in thin sheet and non-metallic applications. The following table of the weights of mild-steel bolts and nuts may be found useful in the process of estimating weights of steel-work and fastenings. The tools that everyone is listing has 12 points and it way to large to fit in the head bolt and the Head bolt itself has 6 squared off points in it. K=torque-friction coefficient, D= nominal bolt diameter, in. 378 (a little harder to find. ††Every motherhood journey is unique, so your Enfamil Family Beginnings experience is tailored to the information you provide and may vary from what another mom might experience. The area is shown in Figure 3. 30 caliber barrel will be approximately 0. The diameter between flat sections on a structural metric bolt's head is always 1. Whitworth to B. #N#Low or Medium Carbon Steel. Sheet Metal Bending Allowance. 25: 24mm: Tapered (60˚). Do you need instructions for counting the threads or measuring the bolt diameter? 25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. Tray Parameters a) No. Addendums in June 1928 and September 1932. RH Fastener Size and get Free Shipping on Orders Over99 at Summit Racing! Vehicle/Engine Search Vehicle/Engine Search Make/Model Search Bolts, Hex Head, Custom 450, Black Oxide, 5/16 in. Carriage Bolts come with a round head and a square neck, are commonly used in wood connections. Bolt Design is a Brooklyn Design and Architecture Firm, specializing in Hospitality, Event Spaces, & Commercial Design. Reflecting on his unprecedented second “triple triple”, he said: “There was a little bit more pressure,. Click Here for Printable Page. Free 5-8 business-day shipping within the U. Tighten hex nut securely against load One eye bolt diameter of threads or less, use two (2) nuts. Fastener Dimension Guide. Use the inside jaws to measure the diameter of one of the holes. A 1/2″ wrench fits a bolt with a head 1/2″ across. Bolt measurements can be calculated in millimeters or inches, but bolt measurements specified in inches are international. Markings on the bolt head help to identify the bolt rating. Archimedes Bolt Action. Standard Screw Gauge, found in Tools. Introduction 1 1. Another great way to enjoy Bolthouse Farms® Chocolate Plant Protein Milk is in these delicious Double Chocolate Chickpea Flour Cookies. This means that should you ask for a 1/2-inch x 12 x 4-inch Grade 2 Hex Bolt Head with a 1-inch. Asked in Chevy S-10 Exhaust flange bolt size on 1999 Chevy S-10 ?. Following formula are used to calculate spanner size - For bolt size upto M14. Provides full 360° hole contact over large area and reduces concrete stress. Lightly lubricate the bolt thread and the bottom of the bolt head by applying a small quantity of oil to a rag and rotating the bolt in the oily rag. Reflecting on his unprecedented second “triple triple”, he said: “There was a little bit more pressure,. Metric Grade A-4 Bolts. Below it would be the same size flat head bolt with the same information in the X column. Our plastic and nylon fasteners are made of non-metallic materials including acetal, polycarbonate, PVC and polypropylene. The bolt deformations are proportional to their distance from the I. How to know the allen key size for an allen bolt , is there any formula. Individual sizes should be checked before specifying any. i 3 for 1/2" bolt with hex nut as the turning element Note: The following calculations are based on 1/2" dia. The standard American bolt is defined by the inch system designation. Available in hex head and six other head styles. † This formula is gentle enough on hair for daily use—even for color-treated hair—and is the. 641") and it turns out that some enterprising individual has 'peened' over the rear face of the bolt head by as much as 0. I don't know if I'd use a replacement from a hardware store on something as crucial as a pressure plate. From North America's number one screw spike, the Evergrip®, together with its sibling the Permagrip®, to the new Quick-Set® Hook Bolt System, Lewis strives to build products that improve performance, save time and ultimately reduce maintenance costs. Head Dia (Binder) DIN 85: Washer Thickness DIN 125: Head Dia (Round Head) DIN 86: Washer Dia DIN 125: Head Dia Pan Head DIN 84: Lock Wash Thickness DIN 7980 DIN 912: Head Dia (Fillister) DIN 85: Lock Wash Dia: Head Dia (Flat) DIN963 (Oval) DIN964: Thin Nut Thickness : Width Across Flats Hex Head (DIN933 Full thread) (DIN931 Partial thread) Nut. British Standard Whitworth (B. The puller tool require either two 5/16" or two 3/8" diameter grade 8 coarse thread bolts with a thick flat washer under each bolt head so the head won't pull through the puller's slots. | 2020-06-02 17:12:52 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24363476037979126, "perplexity": 8978.629537359886}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347425481.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602162157-20200602192157-00121.warc.gz"} |
https://houbb.github.io/2019/05/10/memory-base-32-measure-memory-usage | # Measuring Memory Usage
Knowing how much memory a program allocates and possibly where the allocation happens is the first step to optimizing its memory use.
There are, fortunately, some easy-to-use programs available which do not require that the program be recompiled or specifically modified.
For the first tool, called massif, it is sufficient to not strip the debug information which the compiler can automatically generate.
It provides an overview of the accumulated memory use over time.
Figure 7.7 shows an example of the generated output.
## 测量命令
Like cachegrind (section 7.2), massif is a tool using the valgrind infrastructure.
It is started using
valgrind --tool=massif command arg
where command arg is the program which is to be observed and its parameter(s).
The program will be simulated and all calls to memory allocation functions are recognized.
The call site is recorded along with a timestamp value;
the new allocation size is added to both the whole-program total and total for the specific call site.
The same applies to the functions which free memory where, obviously, the size of the freed block is subtracted from the appropriated sums.
This information can then be used to create a graph showing the memory use over the lifetime of the program, splitting each time value according to the location which requested the allocation.
# 文件的内容
Before the process terminates massif creates two files: massif.XXXXX.txt and massif.XXXXX.ps;
XXXXX is as before the PID of the process.
The .txt file is a summary of the memory use for all call sites and the .ps is what can be seen in Figure 7.7.
## massif 的作用
Massif can also record the program’s stack usage, which can be useful to determine the total memory footprint of an application.
But this is not always possible.
In some situations (some thread stacks or when signaltstack is used) the valgrind runtime cannot know about the limits of the stack .
In these situations, it also does not make much sense to add these stacks’ sizes to the total.
There are several other situations where it makes no sense.
If a program is affected by this, massif should be started with the addition option –stacks=no.
Note, this is an option for valgrind and therefore must come before the name of the program which is being observed.
## 一些程序的自己实现
Some programs provide their own memory allocation implementation or wrapper functions around the system’s allocation functions.
In the first case, allocations are normally missed; in the second case, the recorded call sites hide information, since only the address of the call in the wrapper function is recorded.
For this reason, it is possible to add additional functions to the list of allocation functions.
The --alloc-fn=xmalloc parameter would specify that the function xmalloc is also an allocation function, which is often the case in GNU programs.
Calls to xmalloc are recorded, but not the allocation calls made from within xmalloc.
# memusage 工具
The second tool is called memusage;
it is part of the GNU C library.
It is a simplified version of massif (but existed a long time before massif).
It only records the total memory use for heap (including possible calls to mmap etc.
if the -m option is given) and, optionally, the stack.
The results can be shown as a graph of the total memory use over time or, alternatively, linearly over the calls made to allocation functions.
The graphs are created separately by the memusage script which, just as with valgrind, has to be used to start the application:
memusage command arg
The -p IMGFILE option must be used to specify that the graph should be generated in the file IMGFILE.
This is a PNG file.
The code to collect the data is run in the actual program itself, it is not an simulation like valgrind.
This means memusage is much faster than massif and usable in situations where massif would be not useful.
Besides total memory consumption, the code also records allocation sizes and, on program termination, it shows a histogram of the used allocation sizes.
This information is written to standard error.
## 直接观察程序的困难性
Sometimes it is not possible (or feasible) to call the program which is supposed to be observed directly.
An example is the compiler stage of gcc, which is started by the gcc driver program.
In this case the name of the program which should be observed must be provided to the memusage script using the -n NAME parameter.
This parameter is also useful if the program which is observed starts other programs.
If no program name is specified all started programs will be profiled（异形）.
## 不同命令的选项
Both programs, massif and memusage, have additional options.
A programmer finding herself in the position needing more functionality should first consult the manual or help messages to make sure the additional functionality is not already implemented.
# 如何解释相关的数据
Now that we know how the data about memory allocation can be captured, it is necessary to discuss how this data can be interpreted in the context of memory and cache use.
The main aspects of efficient dynamic memory allocation are linear allocation and compactness of the used portion. （使用部分的紧凑性）
This goes back to making prefetching efficient and reducing cache misses.
## 任意读与性能
A program which has to read in an arbitrary（随意） amount of data for later processing could do this by creating a list where each of the list elements contains a new data item.
The overhead（高架，上面） for this allocation method might be minimal (one pointer for a single-linked list) but the cache effects when using the data can reduce the performance dramatically（显着）.
## 存在的问题
One problem is, for instance, that there is no guarantee（保证） that sequentially allocated memory is laid out sequentially in memory.
### 一些原因
There are many possible reasons for this:
• memory blocks inside a large memory chunk administrated by the memory allocator are actually returned from the back to the front;
• a memory chunk is exhausted and a new one is started in a different part of the address space;
• the allocation requests are for different sizes which are served from different memory pools;
## 链表分配的缺点
If data must be allocated up front for later processing, the linked-list approach is clearly a bad idea.
There is no guarantee (or even likelihood) that the consecutive elements in the list are laid out consecutively in memory.
To ensure contiguous allocations, that memory must not be allocated in small chunks.
Another layer of memory handling must be used; it can easily be implemented by the programmer.
An alternative is to use the obstack implementation available in the GNU C library.
This allocator requests large blocks of memory from the system’s allocator and then hands arbitrarily large or small blocks of memory out.
These allocations are always sequential unless the large memory chunk is exhausted, which is, depending on the requested allocation sizes pretty rare.
Obstacks are not a complete replacement for a memory allocator, they have limited abilities to free objects.
See the GNU C library manual for details.
Obstack并不是内存分配器的完全替代品，它们对于释放对象的能力有限。
## 如何解决问题
So, how can a situation where the use of obstacks (or similar techniques) is advisable be recognized from the graphs?
Without consulting the source, possible candidates for the changes cannot be identified, but the graph can provide an entry point for the search.
If many allocations are made from the same location, this could mean that allocation in bulk（块） might help.
In Figure 7.7, we can see such a possible candidate in the allocations at address 0x4c0e7d5.
From about 800ms into the run until 1,800ms into the run this is the only area (except the top, green one) which grows.
Moreover, the slope is not steep, which means we have a large number of relatively small allocations.
This is, indeed, a candidate for the use of obstacks or similar techniques.
# 分配的总数较高
Another problem the graphs can show is when the total number of allocations is high.
This is especially easy to see if the graph is not drawn linearly over time but, instead, linearly over the number of calls (the default with memusage).
In that case, a gentle slope in the graph means a lot of small allocations.
memusage will not say where the allocations took place, but the comparison with massif’s output can say that, or the programmer might recognize it right away.
Many small allocations should be consolidated to achieve linear memory use.
memusage不会说分配发生在哪里，但是与massif的输出的比较可以说，或者程序员可能立即认出它。
## 许多分配也意味着更高管理数据的开销
But there is another, equally important, aspect to this latter class of cases:
This by itself might not be that problematic.
The red area named “heap-admin” represents this overhead in the massif graph and it is quite small.
But, depending on the malloc implementation, this administrative data is allocated along with the data blocks, in the same memory.
### 当今的 GNU C
For the current malloc implementation in the GNU C library, this is the case:
every allocated block has at least a 2-word header (8 bytes for 32-bit platforms, 16 bytes for 64-bit platforms).
In addition, block sizes are often a bit larger than necessary due to the way memory is administrated (rounding up block sizes to specific multiples).
# 内存分配策略意味着什么
This all means that memory used by the program is interspersed（穿插） with memory only used by the allocator for administrative purposes.
We might see something like this:
Each block represents one memory word.
In this small region of memory we have four allocated blocks.
Due to the placement of the header, this automatically means that the effective prefetch rate of the processor is lowered by up to 50% as well.
If the blocks were be processed sequentially (to take maximum advantage of prefetching), the processor would read all the header and padding words into the cache, even though they are never supposed to be read from or written to by the application itself.
Only the runtime uses the header words, and the runtime only comes into play when the block is freed.
One could at this point argue that the implementation should be changed to put the administrative data somewhere else.
This is indeed done in some implementations, and it might prove to be a good idea.
There are many aspects to be kept in mind, though, security not being the least of them.
Regardless of whether we might see a change in the future, the padding issue will never go away (amounting to 16% of the data in the example, when ignoring the headers).
Only if the programmer directly takes control of allocations can this be avoided.
When alignment requirements come into play there can still be holes, but this is also something under control of the programmer.
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