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https://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/166215/resizing-and-recoloring-a-logo-using-php-gd-library | # Resizing and recoloring a logo using PHP GD Library
I have the following code, that works very well. However I'm about to launch it to 5000 users and will no doubt take a beating early on. I want to ensure that if there are any opportunities to streamline so the code executes better or faster, that I do not miss them.
I've only pasted the PHP GD portion of the code, as the rest of my page is fine (some basic HTML)
$position = strpos($size, 'x');
$width = substr($size,0,$position);$height = substr($size,$position+1);
$logo_image = imagecreatefrompng($image);
imagealphablending( $logo_image, false ); imagesavealpha($logo_image, true );
$logo_width = imagesx($logo_image);
$logo_height = imagesy($logo_image);
if(($width>=601)&&($width<=1080)) {
$percent =$width/$logo_width; } elseif($width>=1081) {
$percent = 1.2;$font_size = 28;
}
$logo_new_width =$logo_width*$percent;$logo_new_height = $logo_height*$percent;
$base_image = imagecreatetruecolor($width, $height);$logo_x = (($width/2)-($logo_new_width/2));
$logo_y = (($height/2)-($logo_new_height/2));$text_box = imagettfbbox($font_size,$angle,$font,$text);
$text_width =$text_box[2]-$text_box[0];$text_height = $text_box[3]-$text_box[1];
$x = ($width/2) - ($text_width/2); if($height==768) {
$y = (($height/2)+($logo_new_height/2)); } else {$y = (($height/2)+($logo_new_height));
}
//set overall background color here based on user selection
if($theme=='plum') {$fill_color = imagecolorallocate($base_image, 93, 62, 93); } elseif($theme=='black') {
$fill_color = imagecolorallocate($base_image, 0, 0, 0);
} elseif($theme=='white') {$fill_color = imagecolorallocate($base_image,255,255,255); } elseif($theme=='gray') {
$fill_color = imagecolorallocate($base_image,149,150,153);
} elseif($theme=='charcoal') {$fill_color = imagecolorallocate($base_image,78,80,84); } elseif($theme=='warm') {
$fill_color = imagecolorallocate($base_image,255,79,31);
}
//Set the Text Color
if($textC=='black') {$text_color = imagecolorallocate($base_image,0,0,0); } elseif($textC=='red') {
$text_color= imagecolorallocate($base_image,255,79,31);
} elseif($textC=='white') {$text_color = imagecolorallocate($base_image,255,255,255); } elseif($textC=='plum') {
$text_color = imagecolorallocate($base_image, 93, 62, 93);
} elseif($textC=='gray') {$text_color = imagecolorallocate($base_image,78,80,84); } imagefill($base_image, 0, 0, $fill_color); imagesavealpha($base_image, TRUE);
//set text color here
imagettftext($base_image,$font_size+1,0,$x,$y,$text_color,$font,$text ); imagecopyresampled($base_image, $logo_image,$logo_x, $logo_y, 0, 0,$logo_new_width, $logo_new_height,$logo_width, $logo_height);$num_str = "";
$charsRand = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"; for($i=0;$i<6;$i++)
$num_str.=substr($charsRand,rand(0,strlen($charsRand)),1);$filename_create = substr($text,0,strpos($text, ".")).'_'.$num_str.'.png'; imagepng($base_image,'images_created/'.$filename_create,1);$file_size = filesize('images_created/'.$filename_create); Did I do anything that will cause me grief? Any tips for me to optimize this portion of the code ? Look forward to any and all comments. This was my first go around with GD. • PHP's GD is slow. Not many opportunities for improvement. For production, if at all possible you should use ImageMagick over GD. Jun 20, 2017 at 1:24 • If you want a OOP way to interact with GD as suggested by Mike, consider EasyImage. (I'm the author). Jun 20, 2017 at 17:01 ## 1 Answer If you have ImageMagick available, I would strongly consider moving towards that library - not necessarily for any performance/quality gains (I think this can vary between libraries based on use case) - but because it presents an object oriented interface. Right now, your code is very much procedural in nature and you might find it harder to maintain and reuse over time. From a performance standpoint, your best best is to actually load test your application to see if it is going to meet your needs. I am guessing when you say 5000 users, you don't mean 500 concurrent users. How many users do you truly expect executing this script concurrently? How much memory does this take on typical execution? How does that compare against your server hardware? Is the user experience on your hardware (i.e. the time that this takes to execute) appropriate? Does that time to complete change under concurrent load? Really your performance is going to have more to do with the questions I just asked than your code. You need to DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) up your code. You can do this through some configuration and use of variables: For example: $background_colors = [
'plum' => ['red' => 93, 'green' => 62, 'blue' => 93],
...
];
$text_colors = [ 'black' => ['red' => 0, 'green' => 0, 'blue' => 0], ... ];$fill_color = imagecolorallocate(
$base_image,$background_colors[$theme]['red'],$background_colors[$theme]['green'],$background_colors[$theme]['blue'], );$text_color = imagecolorallocate(
$base_image,$background_colors[$textC]['red'],$background_colors[$textC]['green'],$background_colors[$textC]['blue'], ); This rids you of all those if-else conditionals. And also gives you the ability to lookup a provided background/text color string to determine if it exists in configuration. This could be useful in setting defaults. For example: if(!empty($background_colors[$theme])) {$theme = $default_theme; } You have a lot of hard-coded "configuration" values (the colors as noted before, image size thresholds, font size, file name string length, etc.) that are simply hard-coded into your script. Personally, I would look to do all of this in a class context, so you have means to store default /overridden configuration as well as to get your main logic out of the main script path and provide you greater re-use down the line (like when you want to do this same thing on another site). By the way, your $font_size variable only seems to be defined on one half of a conditional which could be problematic (though perhaps it is doe that is not shown).
You should actively try to design away else constructs. When you get in the habit of doing this, you will find that in most cases these are not really necessary.
Why should you do this? Because the more code paths you have, the more fragile and harder to maintain/debug your code will tend to be (the term cyclomatic complexity is used to describe this).
So when you see yourself with a conditional like this:
if(($width>=601)&&($width<=1080)) {
$percent =$width/$logo_width; } elseif($width>=1081) {
$percent = 1.2;$font_size = 28;
}
Consider changing it to something like:
$percent = 1.2;$font_size = 28;
if(($width>=601)&&($width<=1080)) {
$percent =$width/$logo_width; } This is easier to read and reduces your potential code paths by one. This is also at the heart of my early comment to get rid of all those if-else conditions. They simply are not needed in this case and can be designed away. Similarly, if($height==768) {
$y = (($height/2)+($logo_new_height/2)); } else {$y = (($height/2)+($logo_new_height));
}
Could become:
$y = (($height/2)+($logo_new_height)); if($height==768) {
$y = (($height/2)+($logo_new_height/2)); } if($height==768) {
Do you really have a use case for this specific height? Should this be > or < comparison?
You should consider using exact comparisons (=== and !==) as your default means for comparison as opposed to the loose comparisons you are doing. Loose comparisons tend to introduce bugs into code around unexpected truthy/falsey conditions. I find myself using them in only very specific cases where a truly loose comparison is warranted.
Some stylistic thoughts:
• Try to limit the length of your lines to less than 80 characters to make the code easier to read. Your imagecopyresampled() call is pretty long and could easily be broken across multiple lines for better readability.
• I was going to suggest this as an improvement to listing the array indexes since PHP doesn't have a spread operator, but i'm not sure if it's much of an improvement: call_user_func_array('imagecolorallocate', array_merge(array($base_image),$background_colors[$theme])); Jun 20, 2017 at 16:47 • @Iwrestledabearonce. As of 5.6, PHP does have spread/splat operator. php.net/manual/en/migration56.new-features.php So yes, you could do imagecolorallocate($base_image, ...$background_colors[$theme]) but to me, that kind of obfuscates what is happening. I would typically only use this operator in this fashion for functions that are specifically designed to work with an arbitrary number of arguments. Jun 20, 2017 at 16:55
• sweet! i had no idea.. in that case i propose imagecolorallocate($base_image, ...$background_colors[\$theme]); Thanks for the link! Jun 20, 2017 at 16:57 | 2023-01-29 10:26:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4690772593021393, "perplexity": 3328.7007161547413}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499710.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129080341-20230129110341-00856.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3945710/prove-theorem-of-bolzano-weierstrass-by-least-upper-bound-property | # Prove theorem of Bolzano-Weierstrass by least upper bound property
Let be $$(a_n)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$$ a bounded sequence of real numbers and we want to show that it contains a convergent subsequence.
My approach:
We know, by the least upper bound property, that the set $$M:=\{a_n\mid n\in\mathbb{N}\}$$ has a supremum $$S$$. As $$S$$ is the least upper bound of $$M$$, for each $$\epsilon>0$$ there exists a $$a_n$$ such that $$S-\epsilon.
Let be $$\epsilon>0$$ then there exists a $$k_0\in\mathbb{N}$$ such that $$\frac{1}{k_0}<\epsilon$$. We define a subsequence $$\left( a_{n_k}\right)_{k\in\mathbb{N}}$$ as follows:
There exists a $$a_n$$ which we set $$a_{n_{k_0}}:=a_n$$ such that
$$S-\frac{1}{k_0} For all $$k>k_0$$ it follows that $$S-\frac{1}{k_0}
Hence, $$(a_n)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$$ is convergent.
My tutor said that it is flawed!? I have spent hours revising it and couldn't find any mistakes?
• Unfortunately your tutor is right :P (tutor vs student 1-0). The problem on the construction you are making is in the indices. If you repeat again your argument you will see that you skipped rather fast the point of the construction of the subsequence. How can you pick $k_{n+1}>k_n$ such that $S\geq \alpha_{k_{n+1}}>S-1/k$? For example take the sequence $\alpha_n=-1$ for all $n\geq 2$ and $\alpha_1=1$. Then $S=1$ but there is no subsequence that converges to $1$. – dem0nakos Dec 12 '20 at 15:19
The flaw is that the selected term may always be the same one. In particular if the difference of one term with the other ones is greater than a fix number.
Example. Take $$\{a_n\}$$ the always vanishing sequence except that $$a_1 =1$$. Then $$S = 1$$ but you won't be able to select a converging subsequence to $$1$$. Whatever $$k \in \mathbb N$$ you take, the only $$a_n$$ satisfying $$\vert a_n - 1 \vert \lt 1/k$$ is $$a_1$$. Remember than for a subsequence $$\{a_{n_k}\}$$, $$n_k$$ has to be strictly increasing with $$k$$.
You can however build a subsequence converging to $$\limsup\limits_{n} a_n$$.
The existential problem with this question is the following: When you have seen just a finite number of the $$a_n$$'s you have no idea where a point of convergence could be. This means that you have to encompass the full sequence $$(a_n)_{n\geq1}$$ at each step of the process, in order to find a point of convergence.
We may assume $$0\leq a_n\leq1$$ for all $$n$$. Let $$S$$ be the set of all $$x\in{\mathbb R}$$ such that for infinitely many $$n$$ we have $$a_n\geq x$$. Then $$0\in S$$, and $$S$$ is bounded above by $$1$$. The set $$S$$ therefore has a supremum $$\sigma\in{\mathbb R}$$. I claim that there is a subsequence $$k\mapsto a_{n_k}$$ with $$\lim_{k\to\infty} a_{n_k}=\sigma$$.
Proof. Put $$n_1:=1$$, and assume that for a $$k\geq1$$ the "selection" $$n_k$$ has been constructed such that $$|a_{n_k}-\sigma|\leq{1\over k}$$. We then shall find an $$n_{k+1}>n_k$$ such that $$|a_{n_{k+1}}-\sigma|\leq{1\over k+1}\ .\tag{1}$$
By definition of the sup there is an $$s\in S$$ with $$s>\sigma-{1\over k+1}$$, and there are infinitely many $$a_n\geq s$$. On the other hand there are only finitely many $$a_n>\sigma+{1\over k+1}$$. It follows that there is an $$n_{k+1}>n_k$$ satisfying $$(1)$$.
• Would it be also correct to say that there are only finitely many $a_n$ such that $a_n>\sigma$? – Philipp Dec 14 '20 at 16:59
• @Philipp: No. When $a_n={1\over n}$ $\,(n\geq1)$ then $S={\mathbb R}_{\leq0}$ and $\sigma=0$. There are infinitely many $a_n>\sigma$, but only finitely many $a_n>\sigma+\epsilon$ when $\epsilon>0$. – Christian Blatter Dec 14 '20 at 19:16 | 2021-08-02 07:04:43 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 57, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.996856153011322, "perplexity": 1880.2200842590855}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154304.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802043814-20210802073814-00435.warc.gz"} |
https://buboflash.eu/bubo5/show-dao2?d=1677806406924 | Chemical antagonism occurs when a drug’s action is blocked and no receptor activity is involved. For example, protamine is a positively charged protein that forms an ionic bond with heparin, thus rendering it inactive. Sugammadex, mentioned previously, is another example
If you want to change selection, open document below and click on "Move attachment"
#### pdf
owner: Hadassah1 - (no access) - Nagelhout Nurse Anesthesia 5th Ed.pdf, p76 | 2022-05-22 07:30:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8141195178031921, "perplexity": 13199.431669957985}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545090.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522063657-20220522093657-00551.warc.gz"} |
http://www.nag.com/numeric/CL/nagdoc_cl24/html/F07/f07gdc.html | f07 Chapter Contents
f07 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual
# NAG Library Function Documentnag_dpptrf (f07gdc)
## 1 Purpose
nag_dpptrf (f07gdc) computes the Cholesky factorization of a real symmetric positive definite matrix, using packed storage.
## 2 Specification
#include #include
void nag_dpptrf (Nag_OrderType order, Nag_UploType uplo, Integer n, double ap[], NagError *fail)
## 3 Description
nag_dpptrf (f07gdc) forms the Cholesky factorization of a real symmetric positive definite matrix $A$ either as $A={U}^{\mathrm{T}}U$ if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\mathrm{Nag_Upper}$ or $A=L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$ if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\mathrm{Nag_Lower}$, where $U$ is an upper triangular matrix and $L$ is lower triangular, using packed storage.
## 4 References
Demmel J W (1989) On floating-point errors in Cholesky LAPACK Working Note No. 14 University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
## 5 Arguments
1: orderNag_OrderTypeInput
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$. See Section 3.2.1.3 in the Essential Introduction for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$.
2: uploNag_UploTypeInput
On entry: specifies whether the upper or lower triangular part of $A$ is stored and how $A$ is to be factorized.
${\mathbf{uplo}}=\mathrm{Nag_Upper}$
The upper triangular part of $A$ is stored and $A$ is factorized as ${U}^{\mathrm{T}}U$, where $U$ is upper triangular.
${\mathbf{uplo}}=\mathrm{Nag_Lower}$
The lower triangular part of $A$ is stored and $A$ is factorized as $L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$, where $L$ is lower triangular.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\mathrm{Nag_Upper}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_Lower}$.
3: nIntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the order of the matrix $A$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
4: ap[$\mathit{dim}$]doubleInput/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array ap must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}×\left({\mathbf{n}}+1\right)/2\right)$.
On entry: the $n$ by $n$ symmetric matrix $A$, packed by rows or columns.
The storage of elements ${A}_{ij}$ depends on the order and uplo arguments as follows:
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$ and ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\mathrm{Nag_Upper}$,
${A}_{ij}$ is stored in ${\mathbf{ap}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×j/2+i-1\right]$, for $i\le j$;
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$ and ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\mathrm{Nag_Lower}$,
${A}_{ij}$ is stored in ${\mathbf{ap}}\left[\left(2n-j\right)×\left(j-1\right)/2+i-1\right]$, for $i\ge j$;
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$ and ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\mathrm{Nag_Upper}$,
${A}_{ij}$ is stored in ${\mathbf{ap}}\left[\left(2n-i\right)×\left(i-1\right)/2+j-1\right]$, for $i\le j$;
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$ and ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\mathrm{Nag_Lower}$,
${A}_{ij}$ is stored in ${\mathbf{ap}}\left[\left(i-1\right)×i/2+j-1\right]$, for $i\ge j$.
On exit: if ${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_NOERROR, the factor $U$ or $L$ from the Cholesky factorization $A={U}^{\mathrm{T}}U$ or $A=L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$, in the same storage format as $A$.
5: failNagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).
## 6 Error Indicators and Warnings
On entry, argument $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
NE_POS_DEF
The leading minor of order $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ is not positive definite and the factorization could not be completed. Hence $A$ itself is not positive definite. This may indicate an error in forming the matrix $A$. To factorize a symmetric matrix which is not positive definite, call nag_dsptrf (f07pdc) instead.
## 7 Accuracy
If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\mathrm{Nag_Upper}$, the computed factor $U$ is the exact factor of a perturbed matrix $A+E$, where
$E≤cnεUTU ,$
$c\left(n\right)$ is a modest linear function of $n$, and $\epsilon$ is the machine precision.
If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\mathrm{Nag_Lower}$, a similar statement holds for the computed factor $L$. It follows that $\left|{e}_{ij}\right|\le c\left(n\right)\epsilon \sqrt{{a}_{ii}{a}_{jj}}$.
## 8 Parallelism and Performance
nag_dpptrf (f07gdc) is not threaded by NAG in any implementation.
nag_dpptrf (f07gdc) makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
The total number of floating-point operations is approximately $\frac{1}{3}{n}^{3}$.
A call to nag_dpptrf (f07gdc) may be followed by calls to the functions:
The complex analogue of this function is nag_zpptrf (f07grc).
## 10 Example
This example computes the Cholesky factorization of the matrix $A$, where
$A= 4.16 -3.12 0.56 -0.10 -3.12 5.03 -0.83 1.18 0.56 -0.83 0.76 0.34 -0.10 1.18 0.34 1.18 ,$
using packed storage.
### 10.1 Program Text
Program Text (f07gdce.c)
### 10.2 Program Data
Program Data (f07gdce.d)
### 10.3 Program Results
Program Results (f07gdce.r) | 2015-03-31 10:38:52 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 81, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.998908281326294, "perplexity": 2209.880948099504}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300464.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00231-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://bop-protocol.org/northern-ireland/riemann-sum-practice-problems-pdf.php | # Northern Ireland Riemann Sum Practice Problems Pdf
## Riemann Sum Practice Problems
### Riemann Sums and definite integrals
DEFINITE INTEGRALS University of California Berkeley. Section 9.4: Approximation of Definite Integrals Review of Riemann Sums If a < b, f(x) is a function on [a,b], and a = x 0 ≤ a 0 ≤ x 1 ≤ a 1 ≤ ···a n−1 ≤ x n = b, then the Riemann sum associated to these data is nX−1 i=0 f(a i)(x i+1 − x i) By definition, the integral, R b a f(x)dx is the limit (if it exists) of these Riemann sums as maximum ofx i+1 − x i| tends to, Worksheet #2 - Riemann Sums In this worksheet, you will find the area under a curve by approximating with with rectangles and taking a limit as the number of rectangles approaches infinity..
### Worksheet #2 Riemann Sums - Green River College
M151B Practice Problems for Exam 3 Texas A&M University. Practice: Riemann sums challenge. This is the currently selected item. Math · Class 12 math (India) · Definite Integrals · Review: Riemann sums. Riemann sums challenge. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. Email. Problem. The sum of the areas of the rectangles in the figure below approximates the area under the graph of the function. f (x) = 4 − 1 4 x 2 f(x)=4-\dfrac14x^2 f (x) = 4 − 4 1, 5.1 Activity: Introduction to the definite integral Content of the activity: This activity introduces the students to the notion of Riemann integral through the calculation of a parabolic area. Goals of the activity This activity intends: • To introduce the students to the calculation of a non-linear plane. • To understand intuitively the approximation process of the area in question by.
A curious "coincidence" appeared in each of these Examples and Practice problems: the derivative of the function defined by the integral was the same as the integrand, the function "inside" the integral. Riemann sums is the name of a family of methods we can use to approximate the area under a curve. Through Riemann sums we come up with a formal definition for the definite integral. Through Riemann sums we come up with a formal definition for the definite integral.
Business master plan template systems of inequalities practice. The power of positive thinking pdf The power of positive thinking pdf sims 2 change grades cheat sigmund freud quotes about dreams memo examples to students google play books download change ip address cisco router command line dna fingerprinting applications mccarthyism worksheet Riemann sum applied to the curve shown below leaves us with an unclear picture about whether the sum overestimates or underestimates the actual area. 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Mr. Simonds’ MTH 252 2 Riemann Sum Practice Problems 3. a. * 31.02, 1 .02 100 i x xaix i − Δ= = = +⋅Δ=+ The Riemann sum is () 100 1.02 1 .02 i Calculus calculus ab calculus bc course description e f f e c t i v e f a l l 2 0 1 2 ap course descriptions are updated regularly. please visit ap..
is called a Riemann Sum of f for the partition P. This Riemann sum is the total of the areas of the rectangular regions and is an approximation of the area between the graph of f and the x –axis. RIEMANN SUM EXAMPLE We want to compute the area under the curve f(x) = - x2 + 3 on the interval [1,3]. The easy way is to compute the integral using the Fundamen-
DEFINITE INTEGRALS MON, OCT 28, 2013 (Last edited October 30, 2013 at 6:32pm.) A de nite integral is generally de ned to be the limit of approximations of area. Practice Problems. Course Reader: 3BВ6, 3CВ2, 3CВ3, 3CВ4, 3CВ6. 1. The Riemann sum for the exponential function. The problem is to compute the Riemann integral, b exdx, 0 using Riemann sums. Choose the partition of [0, b] into a sequence of n equallyВspaced subintervals of length b/n. So the partition numbers are x k = kb/n. Also the length of each partition is О” xx k = b/n. Because ex
Practice: Riemann sums challenge. This is the currently selected item. Math · Class 12 math (India) · Definite Integrals · Review: Riemann sums. Riemann sums challenge. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. Email. Problem. The sum of the areas of the rectangles in the figure below approximates the area under the graph of the function. f (x) = 4 − 1 4 x 2 f(x)=4-\dfrac14x^2 f (x) = 4 − 4 1 ADVANCED CALCULUS PRACTICE PROBLEMS JAMES KEESLING The problems that follow illustrate the methods covered in class. They are typical of the types of problems …
Practice Problems. Course Reader: 3BВ6, 3CВ2, 3CВ3, 3CВ4, 3CВ6. 1. The Riemann sum for the exponential function. The problem is to compute the Riemann integral, b exdx, 0 using Riemann sums. Choose the partition of [0, b] into a sequence of n equallyВspaced subintervals of length b/n. So the partition numbers are x k = kb/n. Also the length of each partition is О” xx k = b/n. Because ex Practice with Riemann Sums 1. Consider the function f(x) = 9 – x2. a. Sketch the graph of f(x) on [-4, 4]. b. Use your TI-83 to find the value of 3 0 ( ) f x dx. c. Approximate 3 0 ( ) f x dx using a left Riemann Sum with 3 partitions (subdivisions). Is your estimate an overestimate or an underestimate? Explain. d. Approximate 3 0 ( ) f x dx using a right Riemann Sum with 3 partitions
Practice Problems. Course Reader: 3BВ6, 3CВ2, 3CВ3, 3CВ4, 3CВ6. 1. The Riemann sum for the exponential function. The problem is to compute the Riemann integral, b exdx, 0 using Riemann sums. Choose the partition of [0, b] into a sequence of n equallyВspaced subintervals of length b/n. So the partition numbers are x k = kb/n. Also the length of each partition is О” xx k = b/n. Because ex Unformatted text preview: Mathematics 100 – Final Exam Practice Problem Solutions December, 2016 1. Recall that the linearization of a function y f x about x a is L x f a f a x a , and is also called the tangent line approximation or first Taylor polynomial.
Riemann Sums in Action: Distance from Velocity/Speed Data To estimate distance travelled or displacement of an object moving in a straight line over a period of time, from discrete data on the velocity of the object, we use a Riemann Sum. RIEMANN SUM EXAMPLE We want to compute the area under the curve f(x) = - x2 + 3 on the interval [1,3]. The easy way is to compute the integral using the Fundamen-
Practice Problems: Riemann Sums Written by Victoria Kala vtkala@math.ucsb.edu December 6, 2014 Solutions to the practice problems posted on November 30. rectangles” approach, we take the area under a curve y = f (x) above the interval [a , b] by approximating a method is commonly known as Riemann Sums. 2 DEFINITION: Let f be continuous on [a, b] and f(x) ≥ 0 for all x in the interval. We define the area A under the graph on the interval to be: This is the summation definition of the area between the curve and the xВaxis. We use a less
Riemann Sum Practice 2 Use a Riemann sum with n = 6 subdivisions to estimate the value of (3x + 2) dx. 0 Solution This solution was calculated using the left Riemann sum, in which c ADVANCED CALCULUS PRACTICE PROBLEMS JAMES KEESLING The problems that follow illustrate the methods covered in class. They are typical of the types of problems …
The Trapezoidal Rule We saw the basic idea in our first attempt at solving the area under the arches problem earlier. Instead of using rectangles as we did in the arches problem, we'll use trapezoids (trapeziums) and we'll find that it gives a better approximation to the area. Riemann sum Practice.pdf Author: sdechene Created Date: 9/11/2013 12:19:03 PM Keywords ()
Quiz 2: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and Riemann Sums Question 1 Questions Suppose that f is continuous everywhere and that ∫ 1 5 f ( x ) d x = − 6 , ∫ 2 5 3 f ( x ) d x = 6 . Riemann Sum Practice 2 Use a Riemann sum with n = 6 subdivisions to estimate the value of (3x + 2) dx. 0 Solution This solution was calculated using the left Riemann sum, in which c
Riemann Sum Practice Problems Questions: 1. Approximate the area under the curve with a Riemann sum, using six sub-intervals and right endpoints. Riemann sums Concept The concept of a Riemann sum is simple: you add up the areas of a number of rectangles. In the problems you will work in this chapter, the width of each rectangle (called ∆x) is
Riemann Sum Practice Problems Questions: 1. Approximate the area under the curve with a Riemann sum, using six sub-intervals and right endpoints. The problems involving Riemann sums can be quite long and involved, especially because shortcuts to finding the solution do exist; however, the approach used in Riemann sums is the same approach you use when tackling definite integrals. It's worth understanding the idea behind Riemann sums so you can apply that approach to other problems!
ADVANCED CALCULUS PRACTICE PROBLEMS JAMES KEESLING The problems that follow illustrate the methods covered in class. They are typical of the types of problems … Riemann Sums and definite integrals (1). Riemann Sums For a function f defined on [a,b], a partition P of [a,b] into a collection of subintervals
In computational practice, we most often use Ln, Rn, or Mn, while the random Riemann sum is useful in theoretical discussions. In the following activity, we investigate several different Riemann sums for a particular velocity function. 110.109: Calculus 2 Midterm Practice Problems 1. Evaluate the Riemann sum for f(x) = x2 x0 x 2 with four subintervals. Evaluate the de nite integral
### DEFINITE INTEGRALS University of California Berkeley
R 5. Evaluate R math.jhu.edu. Riemann sums Concept The concept of a Riemann sum is simple: you add up the areas of a number of rectangles. In the problems you will work in this chapter, the width of each rectangle (called ∆x) is, The area problem is to definite integrals what the tangent and rate of change problems are to derivatives. The area problem will give us one of the interpretations of a definite integral and it will lead us to the definition of the definite integral..
AP Calculus Review Approximating Definite Integrals. Unformatted text preview: Mathematics 100 – Final Exam Practice Problem Solutions December, 2016 1. Recall that the linearization of a function y f x about x a is L x f a f a x a , and is also called the tangent line approximation or first Taylor polynomial., 2 MATH 170C SPRING 2007 PRACTICE PROBLEMS Additional note: Let Qbe a real number, and let Q^ be its approximation. We say that Q^ is correct to ndecimal places when Q^ has exactly ndigits.
### 1151 Riemann Sums Mathematics & Statistics Learning Center
Riemann sum reasoning gibsonland.com.au. ADVANCED CALCULUS PRACTICE PROBLEMS JAMES KEESLING The problems that follow illustrate the methods covered in class. They are typical of the types of problems … https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_integral of the problems and do not stand alone like those on the multiple‐choice. Often they are on the calculator allowed section and as a result, there is no need to solve the problem by hand. Calc BC Students need to be able to do the following: Estimate integrals using Riemann Sums (LRAM, RRAM, MRAM, trapezoidal) Apply integration rules (sum/difference, constant multiplication) Integrate.
Riemann sum problems keyword after analyzing the system lists the list of keywords related and the list of websites with related content, in addition you can see which keywords most interested customers on the this website Practice Problems: Riemann Sums Written by Victoria Kala vtkala@math.ucsb.edu December 6, 2014 Solutions to the practice problems posted on November 30.
Practice: Riemann sums challenge. This is the currently selected item. Math В· Class 12 math (India) В· Definite Integrals В· Review: Riemann sums. Riemann sums challenge. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. Email. Problem. The sum of the areas of the rectangles in the figure below approximates the area under the graph of the function. f (x) = 4 в€’ 1 4 x 2 f(x)=4-\dfrac14x^2 f (x) = 4 в€’ 4 1 After completing the test above, try the following. Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
of the problems and do not stand alone like those on the multiple‐choice. Often they are on the calculator allowed section and as a result, there is no need to solve the problem by hand. Calc BC Students need to be able to do the following: Estimate integrals using Riemann Sums (LRAM, RRAM, MRAM, trapezoidal) Apply integration rules (sum/difference, constant multiplication) Integrate Riemann Sum Worksheet Approximate the following integrals with the requested Riemann sums, drawing the picture of the approximation of the sum on the right: ∫dx 1 0 x2 i. LeftВhand sum with n=4. ii. Midpoint sum with n=5. ∫ dx 4 1 1 ln(x) iii. RightВhand sum with n=4.
M151B Practice Problems for Exam 3 Calculators will not be allowed on the exam. On the exam you will be given the following identities: Xn k=1 k = n(n +1) Title: Internet FAX Author: Panasonic Communications Co., Ltd. Subject: Image Created Date: 1/4/2010 4:34:35 PM
ADVANCED CALCULUS PRACTICE PROBLEMS JAMES KEESLING The problems that follow illustrate the methods covered in class. They are typical of the types of problems … For each problem, use a left-hand Riemann sum to approximate the integral based off of the values in the table. You may use the provided graph to sketch the function data and Riemann sums.
M151B Practice Problems for Exam 3 Calculators will not be allowed on the exam. On the exam you will be given the following identities: Xn k=1 k = n(n +1) left Riemann sum. (b) Using 3 subintervals of equal length, estimate the distance traveled by the car during the 12 seconds by finding the areas of the threerectangles …
2 MATH 170C SPRING 2007 PRACTICE PROBLEMS Additional note: Let Qbe a real number, and let Q^ be its approximation. We say that Q^ is correct to ndecimal places when Q^ has exactly ndigits The Trapezoidal Rule We saw the basic idea in our first attempt at solving the area under the arches problem earlier. Instead of using rectangles as we did in the arches problem, we'll use trapezoids (trapeziums) and we'll find that it gives a better approximation to the area.
DEFINITE INTEGRALS MON, OCT 28, 2013 (Last edited October 30, 2013 at 6:32pm.) A de nite integral is generally de ned to be the limit of approximations of area. 2 MATH 170C SPRING 2007 PRACTICE PROBLEMS Additional note: Let Qbe a real number, and let Q^ be its approximation. We say that Q^ is correct to ndecimal places when Q^ has exactly ndigits
## MATH 150/EXAM 4 PRACTICE Name CHAPTER 4/INTEGRATION
1 Part I Riemann Sums math.hawaii.edu. Riemann Sums and definite integrals (1). Riemann Sums For a function f defined on [a,b], a partition P of [a,b] into a collection of subintervals, Riemann Sums and definite integrals (1). Riemann Sums For a function f defined on [a,b], a partition P of [a,b] into a collection of subintervals.
### 5.3 Riemann Sums Mathematics LibreTexts
Quiz & Worksheet Formula for Riemann Sums Study.com. Riemann Sums in Action: Distance from Velocity/Speed Data To estimate distance travelled or displacement of an object moving in a straight line over a period of time, from discrete data on the velocity of the object, we use a Riemann Sum., Using the average of a left-hand and a right-hand Riemann sum, estimate the volume of water that escapes the pipe during the п¬Ѓrst 4 seconds. Solution: For these Riemann sums, the time interval between data points is Dt = 1..
Riemann Sum Practice Problems Questions: 1. Approximate the area under the curve with a Riemann sum, using six sub-intervals and right endpoints. Riemann sum problems keyword after analyzing the system lists the list of keywords related and the list of websites with related content, in addition you can see which keywords most interested customers on the this website
M151B Practice Problems for Exam 3 Calculators will not be allowed on the exam. On the exam you will be given the following identities: Xn k=1 k = n(n +1) Riemann Sums: height of th rectangle width of th rectangle k Rk k Definition of a Riemann Sum: Consider a function f x defined on a closed interval ab, , partitioned into n subintervals of equal
The problems involving Riemann sums can be quite long and involved, especially because shortcuts to finding the solution do exist; however, the approach used in Riemann sums is the same approach you use when tackling definite integrals. It's worth understanding the idea behind Riemann sums so you can apply that approach to other problems! MATH 150/EXAM 4 PRACTICE Name_____ CHAPTER 4/INTEGRATION MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Riemann Sum Practice Problems Questions: 1. Approximate the area under the curve with a Riemann sum, using six sub-intervals and right endpoints. is called a Riemann Sum of f for the partition P. This Riemann sum is the total of the areas of the rectangular regions and is an approximation of the area between the graph of f and the x –axis.
RIEMANN SUM EXAMPLE We want to compute the area under the curve f(x) = - x2 + 3 on the interval [1,3]. The easy way is to compute the integral using the Fundamen- Riemann Sum Practice 2 Use a Riemann sum with n = 6 subdivisions to estimate the value of (3x + 2) dx. 0 Solution This solution was calculated using the left Riemann sum, in which c
Worksheet #2 - Riemann Sums In this worksheet, you will find the area under a curve by approximating with with rectangles and taking a limit as the number of rectangles approaches infinity. of the problems and do not stand alone like those on the multiple‐choice. Often they are on the calculator allowed section and as a result, there is no need to solve the problem by hand. Calc BC Students need to be able to do the following: Estimate integrals using Riemann Sums (LRAM, RRAM, MRAM, trapezoidal) Apply integration rules (sum/difference, constant multiplication) Integrate
Riemann sums Concept The concept of a Riemann sum is simple: you add up the areas of a number of rectangles. In the problems you will work in this chapter, the width of each rectangle (called ∆x) is Riemann Sum Practice Problems Questions: 1. Approximate the area under the curve with a Riemann sum, using six sub-intervals and right endpoints.
Mr. Simonds’ MTH 252 2 Riemann Sum Practice Problems 3. a. * 31.02, 1 .02 100 i x xaix i − Δ= = = +⋅Δ=+ The Riemann sum is () 100 1.02 1 .02 i 5.1 Activity: Introduction to the definite integral Content of the activity: This activity introduces the students to the notion of Riemann integral through the calculation of a parabolic area. Goals of the activity This activity intends: • To introduce the students to the calculation of a non-linear plane. • To understand intuitively the approximation process of the area in question by
Riemann sum applied to the curve shown below leaves us with an unclear picture about whether the sum overestimates or underestimates the actual area. 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Riemann Sum Practice 2 Use a Riemann sum with n = 6 subdivisions to estimate the value of (3x + 2) dx. 0 Solution This solution was calculated using the left Riemann sum, in which c
For each problem, use a left-hand Riemann sum to approximate the integral based off of the values in the table. You may use the provided graph to sketch the function data and Riemann sums. Math 190 Integrals And Riemann Sum Worksheet Questions: 1.Explain why the expression lim n!1 Xn i=1 f(x i) x should give exactly the area under the curve f(x).
1 PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR EXAM 1. 2 ii. Using a Riemann sum with 4 intervals and right endpoints. (b) Which of the two is a better approximation? Justify your answer! is called a Riemann Sum of f for the partition P. This Riemann sum is the total of the areas of the rectangular regions and is an approximation of the area between the graph of f and the x –axis.
Riemann Sum Problems Problems that require students to determine left, right, midpoint, trapezoidal, upper or lower Riemann sums are frequent in AP Calculus AB tests. Consider a function f defined on a subset of the real numbers, and let I = [a, b] be a closed interval contained in the subset. The Trapezoidal Rule We saw the basic idea in our first attempt at solving the area under the arches problem earlier. Instead of using rectangles as we did in the arches problem, we'll use trapezoids (trapeziums) and we'll find that it gives a better approximation to the area.
Practice Problems: Riemann Sums Written by Victoria Kala vtkala@math.ucsb.edu December 6, 2014 Solutions to the practice problems posted on November 30. A curious "coincidence" appeared in each of these Examples and Practice problems: the derivative of the function defined by the integral was the same as the integrand, the function "inside" the integral.
After completing the test above, try the following. Record your answers on a sheet of paper. DEFINITE INTEGRALS MON, OCT 28, 2013 (Last edited October 30, 2013 at 6:32pm.) A de nite integral is generally de ned to be the limit of approximations of area.
### 1151 Riemann Sums Mathematics & Statistics Learning Center
Riemann sums practice problems" Keyword Found Websites. M151B Practice Problems for Exam 3 Calculators will not be allowed on the exam. On the exam you will be given the following identities: Xn k=1 k = n(n +1), left Riemann sum. (b) Using 3 subintervals of equal length, estimate the distance traveled by the car during the 12 seconds by finding the areas of the threerectangles ….
Riemann Sums Formula & Concept Study.com. Quiz 2: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and Riemann Sums Question 1 Questions Suppose that f is continuous everywhere and that ∫ 1 5 f ( x ) d x = − 6 , ∫ 2 5 3 f ( x ) d x = 6 ., RIEMANN SUM EXAMPLE We want to compute the area under the curve f(x) = - x2 + 3 on the interval [1,3]. The easy way is to compute the integral using the Fundamen-.
### M151B Practice Problems for Exam 3 Texas A&M University
Riemann sum problems" Keyword Found Websites Listing. Practice Problems: Riemann Sums Written by Victoria Kala vtkala@math.ucsb.edu December 6, 2014 Solutions to the practice problems posted on November 30. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_rearrangement_theorem is called a Riemann Sum of f for the partition P. This Riemann sum is the total of the areas of the rectangular regions and is an approximation of the area between the graph of f and the x –axis..
Riemann sum applied to the curve shown below leaves us with an unclear picture about whether the sum overestimates or underestimates the actual area. 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 DEFINITE INTEGRALS MON, OCT 28, 2013 (Last edited October 30, 2013 at 6:32pm.) A de nite integral is generally de ned to be the limit of approximations of area.
A curious "coincidence" appeared in each of these Examples and Practice problems: the derivative of the function defined by the integral was the same as the integrand, the function "inside" the integral. Problem solving - apply your learning to solve a Reimann sum practice problem Additional Learning To learn more, review the lesson Riemann Sums: Formula & Concept, which covers the following
Practice: Riemann sums challenge. This is the currently selected item. Math В· Class 12 math (India) В· Definite Integrals В· Review: Riemann sums. Riemann sums challenge. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. Email. Problem. The sum of the areas of the rectangles in the figure below approximates the area under the graph of the function. f (x) = 4 в€’ 1 4 x 2 f(x)=4-\dfrac14x^2 f (x) = 4 в€’ 4 1 Math 190 Integrals And Riemann Sum Worksheet Questions: 1.Explain why the expression lim n!1 Xn i=1 f(x i) x should give exactly the area under the curve f(x).
A curious "coincidence" appeared in each of these Examples and Practice problems: the derivative of the function defined by the integral was the same as the integrand, the function "inside" the integral. Practice with Riemann Sums 1. Consider the function f(x) = 9 – x2. a. Sketch the graph of f(x) on [-4, 4]. b. Use your TI-83 to find the value of 3 0 ( ) f x dx. c. Approximate 3 0 ( ) f x dx using a left Riemann Sum with 3 partitions (subdivisions). Is your estimate an overestimate or an underestimate? Explain. d. Approximate 3 0 ( ) f x dx using a right Riemann Sum with 3 partitions
Problem solving - apply your learning to solve a Reimann sum practice problem Additional Learning To learn more, review the lesson Riemann Sums: Formula & Concept, which covers the following Section 7.1 Integral as Net Change 379 Chapter 7 Overview By this point it should be apparent that finding the limits of Riemann sums is not just an
is called a Riemann Sum of f for the partition P. This Riemann sum is the total of the areas of the rectangular regions and is an approximation of the area between the graph of f and the x –axis. The Riemann Sum and the Definite Integral We begin our introduction to the Riemann Sum by considering non-negative functions which are continuous over an interval []a,b.
RIEMANN SUM EXAMPLE We want to compute the area under the curve f(x) = - x2 + 3 on the interval [1,3]. The easy way is to compute the integral using the Fundamen- RIEMANN SUM EXAMPLE We want to compute the area under the curve f(x) = - x2 + 3 on the interval [1,3]. The easy way is to compute the integral using the Fundamen-
Riemann Sum Practice 2 Use a Riemann sum with n = 6 subdivisions to estimate the value of (3x + 2) dx. 0 Solution This solution was calculated using the left Riemann sum, in which c Riemann sums Concept The concept of a Riemann sum is simple: you add up the areas of a number of rectangles. In the problems you will work in this chapter, the width of each rectangle (called ∆x) is
Riemann Sum Worksheet Approximate the following integrals with the requested Riemann sums, drawing the picture of the approximation of the sum on the right: ∫dx 1 0 x2 i. LeftВhand sum with n=4. ii. Midpoint sum with n=5. ∫ dx 4 1 1 ln(x) iii. RightВhand sum with n=4. Riemann Sums: height of th rectangle width of th rectangle k Rk k Definition of a Riemann Sum: Consider a function f x defined on a closed interval ab, , partitioned into n subintervals of equal
Get this from a library! Submodular Functions and Optimization.. [Satoru Fujishige; TotalBoox,; TBX,] -- It has widely been recognized that submodular functions play essential roles in efficiently solvable combinatorial optimization problems. Since the publication of … Submodular functions and optimization fujishige pdf Wales "Submodular Functions and Optimization" 2nd Edition, 2005, but we will also be reading research papers that will be posted here on this web page, especially for some of the application areas.
View all posts in Northern Ireland category | 2022-01-22 21:16:14 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8641205430030823, "perplexity": 904.0561629819226}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303884.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122194730-20220122224730-00006.warc.gz"} |
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/15586/hi-p-reduction-mechanism | HI/P reduction mechanism
I recently answered a question about Breaking Bad's initial methamphetamine production method (i.e. the reduction of (pseudo)ephedrine). The reaction is as follows:
(Source)
It is infamously known as the $\ce{HI/P}$ reduction and was (and still is somewhat) a real plague in the United States until cough medicine containing ephedrine came under tightened control. That for an introduction, now the question: what is actually the reaction mechanism of the $\ce{HI/P}$ reduction?
The first step seems like a simple $\ce{S_{N}2}$ substitution of $\ce{I^{-}}$, catalyzed by the protonation of the alcohol group by hydroiodic acid (making it a far better leaving group). But what is the mechanism after that? How is phosphorus involved? Does the $\ce{HI/P}$ reduction have any legal use?
• I guess finding an actual reaction mechanism for this is on the edge of impossible. The first part is probably protonation/ activation and something between $\ce{S_{N}1/S_{N}2}$. The second step is most likely carried out with red phosphorous as an electron source and removal of $\ce{PI3}$. But as for all redox reactions, there are too many possible pathways to determine the mechanism. As for the legal use, there are possibly more effective and selective (and less dangerous) methods to reduce organic compounds. – Martin - マーチン Aug 25 '14 at 8:04
• Theoretical examinations of these reactions are fine, I think. – jonsca Aug 26 '14 at 2:17
• You may find this article illuminating. The authors propose a stepwise SET mechanism with $\ce{HI}$ being catalytic, recycled by $\ce{P_{red}}$. – Greg E. Aug 27 '14 at 1:54
According to the source mentioned in the comments to your question, the first step is indeed nucleophilic substitution of the OH group by $\ce{I-}$, faciliated by protonation of the alcohol. For the second step ($\ce{HI}$ reduction), a radical species was found as an intermediate, and therefore a reduction by single electron transfer (SET) with oxidation of $\ce{I-}$ to $\ce{I2}$ is proposed. Red phosphorus is required for the regeneration of $\ce{HI}$ from $\ce{I2}$. $\ce{P_{red}}$ reacts with $\ce{I2}$ to the phosphorus iodides $\ce{PI3}$ and $\ce{PI5}$, which are subsequently hydrolyzed to $\ce{H3PO3}$/$\ce{H3PO4}$ and $\ce{HI}$, which is reused in further reduction steps. Catalytic amounts of $\ce{HI}$ are therefore sufficient to run the reaction in the presence of phosphorus. However, a too low concentration of $\ce{I-}$ will lead to elimination instead of substitution in the first reaction step.
The SET mechanism of the reduction is not described in detail in the article, so the following is a bit speculative. As a resonance-stabilized radical is involved, homolytic cleavage of the $\ce{C-I}$ bond is one of the first steps, which gives the benzylic radical $\ce{R.}$ and an iodine radical $\ce{I.}$. A single electron is transferred from $\ce{I-}$ to $\ce{R.}$, forming the carbanion $\ce{R-}$ and $\ce{I.}$, which recombines with another iodine radical to $\ce{I2}$. Protonation of $\ce{R-}$ yields the final product. | 2021-04-13 18:47:29 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6295387744903564, "perplexity": 1284.7622791485596}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038074941.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413183055-20210413213055-00291.warc.gz"} |
https://blog.rossry.net/reading-feb-2019/ | # Reading Feed (February 2019)
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Blog: Otium | The Tale of Alice Almost: Strategies for Dealing With Pretty Good People — "Suppose Alice Almost is much more V-virtuous than the average person — say, she’s in the top one percent of the population at the practice of V. But she’s still exhibited some clear-cut failures of V. She’s almost V-virtuous, but not quite. How should you engage with Alice in discourse, and how should you talk about Alice, if your goal is to get people to be more V-virtuous?"
Blog: Diffractor @ LessWrong | So You Want to Colonize The Universe — "Once a civilization or agent grows up enough to set it sights on colonizing realms beyond its host planet as its first priority (instead of averting existential risks), there is a very strong convergent instrumental goal which kicks in. Namely, going as close to lightspeed as possible."
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Blog: Otium | Humans Who Are Not Concentrating Are Not General Intelligences — "I also noticed, upon reading GPT2 samples, just how often my brain slides from focused attention to just skimming. I read the paper’s sample about Spanish history with interest, and the GPT2-generated text was obviously absurd. My eyes glazed over during the sample about video games, since I don’t care about video games, and the machine-generated text looked totally unobjectionable to me. My brain is constantly making evaluations about what’s worth the trouble to focus on, and what’s ok to tune out. GPT2 is actually really useful as a test of one’s level of attention."
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Blog: Marginal Revolution | Patent Trolls in Texas Take Another Hit — "In May of 2017, however, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in TC Heartland v. Kraft Foods [pdf] that plaintiffs can’t forum shop to find a friendly court. Instead patent plaintiffs must file in districts where the company being sued is incorporated or where it has an established place of business."
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Blog: Marginal Revolution | Liu Cixin on American vs. Chinese science fiction — "But to look at it in another way, sci-fi literature is by its very nature immature — because it shows humanity in its childhood, filled with curiosity and fear for the vast and profound universe, as well as the urge to explore it. In the face of such a universe, human science and philosophy are very immature, and sci-fi is the only literary form available to express our scientific and philosophical immaturities; so it’s no surprise that sci-fi is filled with immaturity. When human science is developed to the furthest extent and everything in the universe is discovered down to its minutia, that will be the day sci-fi dies."
Blog: Marginal Revolution | The Georgist equilibrium comes to Greece? — "Does a culture of renters bring a bohemian, non-complacent dynamic urban core? Or a bunch of whiners who oppose economic progress? Or both?"
Blog: Overcoming Bias | Why Weakly Enforced Rules? — I'm confused why Robin doesn't see the advantage of weakly-enforced rules as a non-total tax.
Comic: xkcd | Plutonium — "It's like someone briefly joined the team running the universe, introduced their idea for a cool mechanic, then left, and now everyone is stuck pretending that this wildly unbalanced dynamic makes sense."
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Blog: Marginal Revolution | Tuesday assorted links — especially: "Ender's Game in China"; “We are looking for other qualities such as creative thinking, willingness to fight, a persistence when facing challenges,” he said. “A passion for developing new weapons is a must … and they must also be patriots.”
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Blog: Marginal Revolution | Do most Americans not want to live near tall buildings? — "...So it was not beyond imagining by a Seattle company that it was possible to build a tech campus in an outer borough. I don’t know how in the world NY’s city government would have imagined that such a thing was possible. Perhaps because De Blasio drives to work. A subway mayor like Bloomberg or Koch would have insisted on Hudson Yard. And New York would still have an HQ2.5. But that is another story for another email."
Blog: Marginal Revolution | How do you teach writing in a scalable manner to third- and fourth-graders?cf. the comments, that is.
Blog: Market Design | Refugees and asylum seekers, in three charts — The country that takes the most refugees takes as many as the next three combined. Can you guess what country it is?
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Blog: Marginal Revolution | Lint Barrage on climate change and capital taxation — "I show that decentralizing the optimal allocation requires not only high carbon prices but also fundamental changes to tax policy: If the government discounts the future less than households, implementing the optimal allocation requires an effective capital income subsidy (a negative intertemporal wedge), and, in a setting with distortionary taxation, an effective labor-consumption tax wedge that is decreasing over time. Second, if the government cannot subsidize capital income, the constrained-optimal carbon tax may be up to 50% below the present value of marginal damages (the social cost of carbon) due to the general equilibrium effects of climate policy on household savings..."
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Comic: xkcd | Night Shift
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Comic: xkcd | Opportunity Rover — "Thanks for bringing us along."
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Blog: Marginal Revolution | The meaning of death, from an economist’s point of view — "We thus come to a truth that is both happy and sad: death and turnover are how relative prices imprint their impact on the world."
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Comic: xkcd | Invisible Formatting — As in a supermajority of all problems in this world, $\TeX$ is the answer.
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Blog: Marginal Revolution | New Zealand facts of the day — "All of New Zealand’s major cities were rated as 'seriously' or 'severely' unaffordable, with a house in the least expensive city, Palmerston North, priced at five times the median income..."
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Blog: Tyler Cowen @ Bloomberg View | Resentment of the Wealthy Is Not a Policy — "Besides which — a fact that is getting too little notice — the U.S. already has what is in essence a wealth tax: Tax rates on capital gains are not indexed for inflation. With this nominal-based tax system in effect, it is harder to accumulate wealth over time, and the nominal-based tax erodes the real value of the asset base. Whether or not you think this capital-gains policy is a good idea (I do not), it is striking how few Americans understand that it serves as a wealth tax. It is not marketed or proclaimed as such. And I don’t expect Republicans or Democrats to counter Warren by saying, “Don’t worry, we already have a wealth tax.” Isn’t this a sign that voters simply are not yearning for a wealth tax?"
Blog: MISinformation | The Great Cat Migration of 2019 — "Mission: Transport three physical felines (which shall be multiplexed onto two virtual felines) from Boston to Vancouver." / "The side of the carriers have a tiny hand-sized opening through which you can pet the cat. Sushi didn't quite understand this -- she thought it was designed for the cat to stick her head out, then a paw, and then a second paw. About this time, Teagan and I got wise to her antics and proceeded to figure out how to shove half a cat back through a very small hole. This was sufficiently challenging that there is no documentary evidence that we succeeded." | 2019-03-20 01:53:17 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23582884669303894, "perplexity": 4726.070150358597}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202188.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320004046-20190320030046-00014.warc.gz"} |
http://www.physicsforums.com/showpost.php?p=4224178&postcount=1 | View Single Post
P: 3,883 This is only an example from Kraus Antenna 3rd edition page 404. The question is really a math problem involves calculation of ratio of solid angles. Just ignore the antenna part. this is directly from the book: Example 12-1.1 Mars temperature The incremental antenna temperature for the planet Mars measured with the U.S. Naval Research Lab 15-m radio telescope antenna at 31.5mm wavelength was found to be 0.24K(Mayer-1). Mars subtended an angle of 0.005 deg at the time of the measurement. The antenna HPBW=0.116 deg. Find the average temperature of the Mars at 31.5mm wavelength. The answer from the book: $$T_s=\frac {\Omega_A}{\Omega_S}\Delta{T_A}\;\;\approx\;\frac {0.116^2}{\frac{\pi}{4}0.005^2}(0.24)=164K$$ I don't understand where the $\frac {\pi}{4}$ in the denominator comes from. This is just a simple problem where the ratio of the area of two disk one with Θ=0.116/2 and the other with Θ=0.005/2. I try to use the following to calculate: $$\Omega=\int_0^{2\pi} d\phi\;\int_0^{\theta/2}\sin {\theta} d \theta$$ So $$\frac{\Omega_A}{\Omega_S}\;=\;\frac{\int_0^{2\pi} d\phi\;\int_0^{0.116/2}\sin {\theta} d \theta}{\int_0^{2\pi} d\phi\;\int_0^{0.005/2}\sin {\theta} d \theta}\;=\;\frac{2\pi\int_0^{0.116/2}\sin {\theta} d \theta}{2\pi\int_0^{0.005/2}\sin {\theta} d \theta}$$ $$\frac{\Omega_A}{\Omega_S}\;=\;\frac{(1- 0.999999487)}{(1-0.999999999)}=538.2$$ But using the answer from the book: $$\frac{0.116^2}{\frac{\pi}{4}0.005^2}\;=\;685.3$$ I just don't get the answer from the book. Can it be the limitation of my calculator to get cos 0.0025 deg? Can anyone use their calculator to verify the number? please help. Thanks Alan | 2014-07-22 09:19:22 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7871140837669373, "perplexity": 581.4414947989636}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997857714.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025737-00121-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://theinfolist.com/html/ALL/s/pregnancy.html | TheInfoList
Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more
offspring In biology, offspring are the young creation of living organisms, produced either by a Asexual reproduction, single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two organisms. Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny in a more ...
develops inside a
woman A woman is an adult . Prior to adulthood, a female human is referred to as a (a female or ). The plural ''women'' is sometimes used in certain phrases such as "" to denote female humans regardless of age. Typically, women have two s and ar ...
. A
multiple pregnancy A multiple birth is the culmination of one multiple pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, ...
involves more than one offspring, such as with
twin Twins are two offspring In biology, offspring are the young born of living organism, organisms, produced either by a single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two organisms. Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny ...
s. Pregnancy usually occurs by
sexual intercourse Sexual intercourse (or coitus or copulation) is a sexual activity Human sexual activity, human sexual practice or human sexual behaviour is the manner in which humans experience and express their sexuality Human sexuality is the way ...
, but can also occur through
assisted reproductive technology Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. This subject involves procedures such as in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes or embryo ...
procedures. A pregnancy may end in a live birth, a spontaneous
miscarriage Miscarriage, also known in medical terms as a spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural loss of an embryo or fetus before it is fetal viability, able to survive independently. Some use the cutoff of 20 weeks of gestation, after whi ...
, an
induced abortion Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twin ...
, or a
stillbirth Stillbirth is typically defined as fetal A fetus or foetus (; plural fetuses, feti, foetuses, or foeti) is the unborn offspring of an animal that develops from an embryo An embryo is the early stage of development of a multicellular or ...
.
Childbirth Childbirth, also known as labour or delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean section. In 2015, there were about 135 million births globally. About 15 million ...
typically occurs around 40 weeks from the start of the
last menstrual period Menstruation (also known as a period and many other colloquial Colloquialism or colloquial language is the style (sociolinguistics), linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, ...
(LMP). This is just over nine months (
gestational age Gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as w ...
). When using
fertilization age Illustration depicting ovulation and fertilization. Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm Sperm is the male reproductive Cell (biology), cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there ...
, the length is about 38 weeks. An
embryo An embryo is the early stage of development of a multicellular organism A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell (biology), cell, in contrast to a unicellular organism. All species of animals, Embryophyte, la ...
is the developing offspring during the first eight weeks following fertilization, (ten weeks' gestational age) after which, the term ''
fetus A fetus or foetus (; plural fetuses, feti, foetuses, or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from an animal embryo An embryo is the early stage of development of a multicellular organism A multicellular organism is an organism tha ...
'' is used until birth. Signs and symptoms of early pregnancy may include missed periods, tender breasts,
morning sickness Morning sickness, also called nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), is a Symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy , symptom of pregnancy that involves nausea or vomiting. Despite the name, nausea or vomiting can occur at any time during the day. T ...
(nausea and vomiting), hunger, and frequent urination. Pregnancy may be confirmed with a
pregnancy test A pregnancy test is used to determine whether a woman is pregnant Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspri ...
. Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters of approximately 3 months each. The
first trimester Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring In biology, offspring are the young born of living organism, organisms, produced either by a single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two orga ...
includes conception, which is when the sperm fertilizes the egg. The
fertilized egg A zygote (from Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece Greece ( el, Ελλάδα, , ), officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country located in Southeast Europe. Its population is approximately 10.7 mi ...
then travels down the
Fallopian tube The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes, salpinges (singular salpinx), or oviducts, are tubes that stretch from the ovaries The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this tra ...
and attaches to the inside of the
uterus The uterus (from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken in the area around Rome, known as Latium. Through the power of the ...
, where it begins to form the
embryo An embryo is the early stage of development of a multicellular organism A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell (biology), cell, in contrast to a unicellular organism. All species of animals, Embryophyte, la ...
and
placenta The placenta is a temporary fetal that begins developing from the shortly after . It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate maternal and fetal circulations, and is an important pro ...
. During the first trimester, the possibility of miscarriage (natural death of embryo or fetus) is at its highest. Around the middle of the second trimester, movement of the fetus may be felt. At 28 weeks, more than 90% of babies can survive outside of the uterus if provided with high-quality medical care, though babies born at this time will likely experience serious health complications such as heart and respiratory problems and long-term intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Prenatal care Prenatal care, also known as antenatal care, is a type of preventive healthcare. It is provided in the form of medical checkups, consisting of recommendations on managing a healthy lifestyle and the provision of medical information such as materna ...
improves pregnancy outcomes. Prenatal care may include taking extra
folic acid Folate, also known as vitamin B9 and folacin, is one of the B vitamins. Manufactured folic acid, which is converted into folate by the body, is used as a dietary supplement and in food fortification as it is more stable during processing and s ...
, avoiding
drugs A drug is any that causes a change in an organism's or when consumed. Drugs are typically distinguished from and substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of drugs can be via , , , , via a on the skin, , or . In , a drug ...
,
tobacco smoking Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the ' of the , and the general term for any product prepared from the of these plants. of tobacco are known, but the chief commerci ...
, and alcohol, taking regular exercise, having
blood test A blood test is a laboratory A laboratory (; ; colloquially lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which science, scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Laboratory services a ...
s, and regular
physical examination In a physical examination, medical examination, or clinical examination, a medical practitioner examines a patient A patient is any recipient of health care Health care, health-care, or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health ...
s.
Complications of pregnancy Complications of pregnancy are health problems that are related to pregnancy. Complications that occur primarily during childbirth Childbirth, also known as labour or delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the u ...
may include disorders of high blood pressure,
gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman without diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms of ...
,
iron-deficiency anemia Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia Anemia ( also spelled anaemia) is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cell Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus i ...
, and severe nausea and vomiting. In the ideal childbirth labor begins on its own when a woman is "at term". Babies born before 37 weeks are "
preterm Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the Childbirth, birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age, as opposed to full-term delivery at approximately 40 weeks. Very early preterm birth is before 32 weeks, early preterm birth ...
" and at higher risk of health problems such as
cerebral palsy Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of movement disorders Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity. Movement disorders are sy ...
. Babies born between weeks 37 and 39 are considered "early term" while those born between weeks 39 and 41 are considered "full term". Babies born between weeks 41 and 42 weeks are considered "late term" while after 42 weeks they are considered " post term".
Delivery Delivery may refer to: *Delivery (commerce), of goods, e.g.: **Pizza delivery **Milk delivery Film and television *Delivering (film), ''Delivering'' (film), a 1993 short film by Todd Field *Delivery (film), ''Delivery'' (film), a 2005 animated sho ...
before 39 weeks by
labor induction Labor induction is the process or treatment that stimulates childbirth Childbirth, also known as labour or delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean section. ...
or
caesarean section Caesarean section, also known as C-section, or caesarean delivery, is the surgical procedure Surgery ''cheirourgikē'' (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via la, chirurgiae, meaning "hand work". is a medical or dental s ...
is not recommended unless required for other medical reasons. About 213 million pregnancies occurred in 2012, of which, 190 million (89%) were in the
developing world Image:Imf-advanced-un-least-developed-2008.svg, 450px, Example of Older Classifications by the International Monetary Fund, IMF and the United Nations, UN from 2008 A developing country is a country with a less developed Industrial sector, i ...
and 23 million (11%) were in the developed world. The number of pregnancies in women aged between 15 and 44 is 133 per 1,000 women. About 10% to 15% of recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage. In 2016, complications of pregnancy resulted in 230,600 maternal deaths, down from 377,000 deaths in 1990. Common causes include
bleeding Bleeding, also known as a hemorrhage, haemorrhage, or simply blood loss, is blood Blood is a body fluid Body fluids, bodily fluids, or biofluids are liquid A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid In physics, a fluid is a substan ...
,
infections An infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it. Host may ...
, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy,
obstructed labor Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is when the baby does not exit the pelvis during childbirth Childbirth, also known as labour or delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing thro ...
, miscarriage, abortion, or
ectopic pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy Complications of pregnancy are health problems that are related to pregnancy. Complications that occur primarily during childbirth are termed obstetric labor complications, and problems that occur p ...
. Globally, 44% of pregnancies are
unplanned ''Unplanned'' is a 2019 American drama Drama is the specific Mode (literature), mode of fiction Mimesis, represented in performance: a Play (theatre), play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on Radio drama, radio or tele ...
. Over half (56%) of unplanned pregnancies are aborted. Among unintended pregnancies in the United States, 60% of the women used
birth control Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woma ...
to some extent during the month pregnancy began.
# Terminology
Associated terms for pregnancy are ''gravid'' and ''parous''. ''Gravidus'' and ''gravid'' come from the
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language A classical language is a language A language is a structured system of communication Communication (from Latin ''communicare'', meaning "to share" or "to be in relation with") is "an appa ...
word meaning "heavy" and a pregnant female is sometimes referred to as a ''gravida''. '' Gravidity'' refers to the number of times that a female has been pregnant. Similarly, the term '''' is used for the number of times that a female carries a pregnancy to a viable stage.
Twins Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy.MedicineNet > Definition of TwinLast Editorial Review: 19 June 2000 Twins can be either ''monozygotic'' ('identical'), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two emb ...
and other multiple births are counted as one pregnancy and birth. A woman who has never been pregnant is referred to as a ''nulligravida.'' A woman who is (or has been only) pregnant for the first time is referred to as a ''primigravida'',, page 596. and a woman in subsequent pregnancies as a '' multigravida'' or as ''multiparous.'' Therefore, during a second pregnancy a woman would be described as ''gravida 2, para 1'' and upon live delivery as ''gravida 2, para 2.'' In-progress pregnancies,
abortion Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring In biology, offspring are the young born of living organism, organisms, produced either by a single organism ...
s,
miscarriage Miscarriage, also known in medical terms as a spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural loss of an embryo or fetus before it is fetal viability, able to survive independently. Some use the cutoff of 20 weeks of gestation, after whi ...
s and/or
stillbirth Stillbirth is typically defined as fetal A fetus or foetus (; plural fetuses, feti, foetuses, or foeti) is the unborn offspring of an animal that develops from an embryo An embryo is the early stage of development of a multicellular or ...
s account for parity values being less than the gravida number. In the case of a
multiple birth A multiple birth is the culmination of one multiple pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, ...
the gravida number and parity value are increased by one only. Women who have never carried a pregnancy more than 20 weeks are referred to as ''nulliparous''. A pregnancy is considered ''term'' at 37 weeks of gestation. It is ''preterm'' if less than 37 weeks and ''postterm'' at or beyond 42 weeks of gestation. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists have recommended further division with ''early term'' 37 weeks up to 39 weeks, ''full term'' 39 weeks up to 41 weeks, and ''late term'' 41 weeks up to 42 weeks. The terms ''preterm'' and ''postterm'' have largely replaced earlier terms of ''premature'' and ''postmature''. ''Preterm'' and ''postterm'' are defined above, whereas ''premature'' and ''postmature'' have historical meaning and relate more to the infant's size and state of development rather than to the stage of pregnancy.
# Signs and symptoms
The usual
signs and symptoms of pregnancy The signs and symptoms of pregnancy are those presentations and conditions that result from pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregn ...
do not significantly interfere with
activities of daily living Activities of daily living (ADLs or ADL) is a term used in healthcare to refer to people's daily self-care Self care is the individual practise of health management without the aid of a medical professional. In health care, self-care is an ...
or pose a health-threat to the mother or baby. However,
pregnancy complications Complications of pregnancy are health problems that are related to pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than on ...
can cause other more severe symptoms, such as those associated with
anemia Anemia ( anaemia) is a decrease in the total amount of s (RBCs) or in the , or a lowered ability of the blood to carry . When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include , weakness, , and a poor ability to exercise. W ...
. Common signs and symptoms of pregnancy include: *
Tiredness Fatigue is a feeling of tiredness. It may be sudden or gradual in onset. It is a normal phenomenon if it follows prolonged physical or mental activity, and resolves completely with rest. However, it may be a symptom of a medical condition if it ...
*
Morning sickness Morning sickness, also called nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), is a Symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy , symptom of pregnancy that involves nausea or vomiting. Despite the name, nausea or vomiting can occur at any time during the day. T ...
*
Constipation Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. The stool is often hard and dry. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and feeling as if one has not completely passed the bowel movement. Complications ...
*
Pelvic girdle pain Pelvic girdle pain (abbreviated PGP) can be described as a Symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy, pregnancy discomfort for some women and a severe disability for others. PGP can cause Chronic pain, pain, instability and limitation of mobility and f ...
*
Back pain Back pain is pain felt in the back. Back pain is divided into neck pain (cervical), middle back pain (thoracic), lower back pain (lumbar) or coccydynia (tailbone or sacral pain) based on the segment affected. The lumbar area is the most common are ...
*
Braxton Hicks contractions Braxton Hicks contractions, also known as practice contractions, are sporadic uterine contractions that may start around six weeks into a pregnancy. However, they are usually felt in the second The second (symbol: s, abbreviation: sec) is t ...
. Occasional, irregular, and often painless contractions that occur several times per day. *
Peripheral edema Peripheral edema is edema (accumulation of fluid causing swelling) in tissues perfused by the peripheral vascular system, usually in the lower Limb (anatomy), limbs. In the most dependent parts of the body (those hanging distally), it may be called ...
swelling of the lower limbs. Common complaint in advancing pregnancy. Can be caused by inferior vena cava syndrome resulting from compression of the
inferior vena cava The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood Blood is a body fluid Body fluids, bodily fluids, or biofluids are liquid A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid In physics, a fluid is a substance th ...
and pelvic veins by the
uterus The uterus (from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken in the area around Rome, known as Latium. Through the power of the ...
hydrostatic pressure Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics Mechanics (Ancient Greek, Greek: ) is the area of physics concerned with the motions of physical object ...
in lower extremities. *
Low blood pressure Hypotension is low blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. Blood pressure is indicated by two numbers, the systolic blood pressure (the top number) and the dia ...
often caused by compression of both the inferior vena cava and the
abdominal aorta The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of the descending aorta (of the thorax). Structure The abdominal aorta begins at the level of the diaphragm (anatomy), diaphragm, ...
( aortocaval compression syndrome). * Increased urinary frequency. A common complaint, caused by increased intravascular volume, elevated
glomerular filtration rate Renal functions include maintaining an acid–base balance An acid dissociation constant, ''K''a, (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionization constant) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid An acid is a molecu ...
, and compression of the
bladder The urinary bladder, or simply bladder, is a hollow muscular organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ure ...
by the expanding uterus. *
Urinary tract infection A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection An infection is the invasion of an organism's body Tissue (biology), tissues by Pathogen, disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host (biology), host tissues to the ...
*
Varicose veins Varicose veins, also known as varicoses, are a medical condition in which superficial vein A superficial vein is a vein that is close to the surface of the body. This differs from deep veins that are far from the surface. Superficial veins are ...
. Common complaint caused by relaxation of the venous
smooth muscle Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle Striated muscle tissue is a muscle tissue Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract. It is also referred to as myo ...
and increased intravascular pressure. *
Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids, also spelled haemorrhoids, are vascular structures in the anal canal The anal canal is the terminal segment of the large intestine, between the rectum and anus, located below the level of the pelvic diaphragm. It is located withi ...
(piles). Swollen veins at or inside the anal area. Caused by impaired venous return, straining associated with constipation, or increased intra-abdominal pressure in later pregnancy. * Regurgitation,
heartburn Heartburn, also known as pyrosis, cardialgia or acid indigestion, is a burning sensation in the central chest or upper central abdomen. The discomfort often rises in the chest and may radiate to the neck, throat, or angle of the arm. Heartbur ...
, and
nausea Nausea is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, often perceived as an urge to vomiting, vomit. While not painful, it can be a debilitating symptom if prolonged and has been described as placing discomfort on the chest, upper abdomen, or ...
. *
Stretch marks :''"Striae :''" Striae" is also a general term referring to thin, narrow grooves or channels, or a thin line or band especially if several of them are parallel or close together.'' Stretch marks, also known as Striae or Striae distensae, are ...
*
Breast tenderness Breast pain is the symptom of discomfort in the breast The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso of primates. In females, it serves as the mammary gland, which produces and secretes milk to feed ...
is common during the first trimester, and is more common in women who are pregnant at a young age. *
Melasma Melasma (also known as chloasma faciei,James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. . or the mask of pregnancy when present in pregnant women) is a tan or dark ...
, also known as the mask of pregnancy, is a discoloration, most often of the face. It usually begins to fade several months after giving birth.
# Timeline
The
chronology 222px, Joseph Scaliger's ''De emendatione temporum'' (1583) began the modern science of chronology Chronology (from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European language ...
of pregnancy is, unless otherwise specified, generally given as
gestational age Gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as w ...
, where the starting point is the beginning of the woman's
last menstrual period Menstruation (also known as a period and many other colloquial Colloquialism or colloquial language is the style (sociolinguistics), linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, ...
(LMP), or the corresponding age of the gestation as estimated by a more accurate method if available. Sometimes, timing may also use the
fertilization age Illustration depicting ovulation and fertilization. Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm Sperm is the male reproductive Cell (biology), cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there ...
which is the age of the embryo.
## Start of gestational age
The
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists is a professional association of physicians specializing in obstetrics and gynecology in the United States. Several Latin American countries are also represented within Districts of the orga ...
recommend the following methods to calculate gestational age:Obstetric Data Definitions Issues and Rationale for Change – Gestational Age & Term
from Patient Safety and Quality Improvement at
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists is a professional association of physicians specializing in obstetrics and gynecology in the United States. Several Latin American countries are also represented within Districts of the orga ...
. Created November 2012.
* Directly calculating the days since the beginning of the
last menstrual period Menstruation (also known as a period and many other colloquial Colloquialism or colloquial language is the style (sociolinguistics), linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, ...
. * Early
obstetric ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography, or prenatal ultrasound, is the use of medical ultrasonography Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography) is a medical imaging, diagnostic imaging technique, or therapeutic ultrasound, ...
, comparing the size of an
embryo An embryo is the early stage of development of a multicellular organism A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell (biology), cell, in contrast to a unicellular organism. All species of animals, Embryophyte, la ...
or
fetus A fetus or foetus (; plural fetuses, feti, foetuses, or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from an animal embryo An embryo is the early stage of development of a multicellular organism A multicellular organism is an organism tha ...
to that of a
reference group In the social sciences, types of social groups refers to the categorization of relationships identified within social group In the social sciences, a social group can be defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share simil ...
of pregnancies of known gestational age (such as calculated from last menstrual periods), and using the mean gestational age of other embryos or fetuses of the same size. If the gestational age as calculated from an early ultrasound is contradictory to the one calculated directly from the last menstrual period, it is still the one from the early ultrasound that is used for the rest of the pregnancy. * In case of
in vitro fertilization In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to give rise to a new in ...
, calculating days since
oocyte retrievalTransvaginal oocyte retrieval (TVOR), also referred to as oocyte retrieval (OCR), is a technique used in in vitro fertilization (IVF) in order to remove oocytes from the ovary The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that pr ...
or
co-incubation In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an ovum, egg is combined with spermatozoon, sperm outside the body, in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's Ovulation cycle, ovulatory pr ...
## Trimesters
Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, each lasting for approximately 3 months. The exact length of each trimester can vary between sources. *The first trimester begins with the start of gestational age as described above, that is, the beginning of week 1, or 0 weeks + 0 days of gestational age (GA). It ends at week 12 (11 weeks + 6 days of GA) or end of week 14 (13 weeks + 6 days of GA). *The second trimester is defined as starting, between the beginning of week 13 (12 weeks +0 days of GA) and beginning of week 15 (14 weeks + 0 days of GA). It ends at the end of week 27 (26 weeks + 6 days of GA) or end of week 28 (27 weeks + 6 days of GA). *The third trimester is defined as starting, between the beginning of week 28 (27 weeks + 0 days of GA) or beginning of week 29 (28 weeks + 0 days of GA). It lasts until
childbirth Childbirth, also known as labour or delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean section. In 2015, there were about 135 million births globally. About 15 million ...
.
## Estimation of due date
Due date estimation basically follows two steps: * Determination of which time point is to be used as
origin Origin(s) or The Origin may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Comics and manga * , a Wolverine comic book mini-series published by Marvel Comics in 2002 * , a 1999 ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' comic book series * , a major ''Judge Dred ...
for
gestational age Gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as w ...
, as described in the section above. * Adding the estimated gestational age at childbirth to the above time point. Childbirth on average occurs at a gestational age of 280 days (40 weeks), which is therefore often used as a standard estimation for individual pregnancies. However, alternative durations as well as more individualized methods have also been suggested. ''Naegele's rule'' is a standard way of calculating the due date for a pregnancy when assuming a gestational age of 280 days at childbirth. The rule estimates the expected date of delivery (EDD) by adding a year, subtracting three months, and adding seven days to the origin of gestational age. Alternatively there are
mobile app A mobile application, also referred to as a mobile app or simply an app, is a computer program In imperative programming In computer science, imperative programming is a programming paradigm that uses Statement (computer science), statements t ...
s, which essentially always give consistent estimations compared to each other and correct for
leap year A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or year) is a that contains an additional day (or, in the case of a , a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the or . Because astronomical events and seasons do not repeat in a ...
, while pregnancy wheels made of paper can differ from each other by 7 days and generally do not correct for leap year. Furthermore, actual childbirth has only a certain probability of occurring within the limits of the estimated due date. A study of singleton live births came to the result that childbirth has a
standard deviation In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or statistical dispersion, dispersion of a set of values. A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean (also called the expected v ...
of 14 days when gestational age is estimated by first trimester
ultrasound Ultrasound is s with higher than the upper audible limit of human . Ultrasound is not different from "normal" (audible) sound in its physical properties, except that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies from person to person and is appro ...
, and 16 days when estimated directly by last menstrual period.
# Physiology
## Initiation
Through an interplay of hormones that includes
follicle stimulating hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is synthesized and secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and regulates the development, growth, puberty, pubertal maturatio ...
that stimulates
folliculogenesis :''Although the process is similar in many animals, this article will deal exclusively with human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most populous and widespread species of primates, characterized by bipedality, opposable thumbs, hairlessness, ...
and
oogenesis Oogenesis, ovogenesis, or oögenesis is the differentiation of the ovum (egg cell) into a cell competent to further develop when fertilized. It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation. Oogenesis is initiated in the embryonic stage. O ...
creates a mature
egg cell The egg cell, or ovum (plural ova), is the female reproductive Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents. Reproducti ...
, the female
gamete A gamete ( /ˈɡæmiːt/; from Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the foll ...
.
Fertilization Fertilisation or fertilization (see American and British English spelling differences#-ise.2C -ize .28-isation.2C -ization.29, spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes ...
is the event where the egg cell fuses with the male gamete,
spermatozoon A spermatozoon (pronounced , alternate spelling spermatozoön; plural spermatozoa; from grc, σπέρμα ("seed") and grc, ζῷον ("living being")) is a motile Motility is the ability of an organism In biology, an organism (from An ...
. After the point of fertilization, the fused product of the female and male gamete is referred to as a
zygote A zygote (, ) is a eukaryotic Eukaryotes () are organism In biology, an organism () is any organic, life, living system that functions as an individual entity. All organisms are composed of cells (cell theory). Organisms are c ...
or fertilized egg. The fusion of female and male gametes usually occurs following the act of
sexual intercourse Sexual intercourse (or coitus or copulation) is a sexual activity Human sexual activity, human sexual practice or human sexual behaviour is the manner in which humans experience and express their sexuality Human sexuality is the way ...
. Pregnancy rates for sexual intercourse are highest during the
menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone A hormone (from the Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece Greece ( el, Ελλάδα, , ), officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country l ...
time from some 5 days before until 1 to 2 days after ovulation. Fertilization can also occur by
assisted reproductive technology Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. This subject involves procedures such as in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes or embryo ...
such as artificial insemination and
in vitro fertilisation In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation Fertilisation or fertilization (see American and British English spelling differences#-ise.2C -ize .28-isation.2C -ization.29, spelling differences), also known as generative f ...
. Fertilization (conception) is sometimes used as the initiation of pregnancy, with the derived age being termed
fertilization age Illustration depicting ovulation and fertilization. Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm Sperm is the male reproductive Cell (biology), cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there ...
. Fertilization usually occurs about two weeks before the ''next'' expected menstrual period. A third point in time is also considered by some people to be the true beginning of a pregnancy: This is time of implantation, when the future fetus attaches to the lining of the uterus. This is about a week to ten days after fertilization.
## Development of embryo and fetus
The sperm and the egg cell, which has been released from one of the female's two
ovaries The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system 400px, 1. Labia_majora.html"_;"title="Vulva: 2. Labia_majora">Vulva: 2. Labia_majora; 3. Labia_minora; 4. Vulval_vestibule.html" ;"title="Labia_minora.html" ...
, unite in one of the two
Fallopian tube The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes, salpinges (singular salpinx), or oviducts, are tubes that stretch from the ovaries The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this tra ...
s. The fertilized egg, known as a
zygote A zygote (, ) is a eukaryotic Eukaryotes () are organism In biology, an organism () is any organic, life, living system that functions as an individual entity. All organisms are composed of cells (cell theory). Organisms are c ...
, then moves toward the uterus, a journey that can take up to a week to complete. Cell division begins approximately 24 to 36 hours after the female and male cells unite. Cell division continues at a rapid rate and the cells then develop into what is known as a
blastocyst The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of mammal Mammals (from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken in th ...
. The blastocyst arrives at the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall, a process known as
implantation Implantation may refer to: * Implantation (human embryo), in which the human embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus * Implant (medicine), insertion of implants * Endometrial transplantation, as part of the Endometriosis, theory of retrograde mens ...
. The development of the mass of cells that will become the infant is called
embryogenesis An embryo is the early stage of development of a . In general, in s that , embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after and continues through the formation of body structures, such as tissues and organs. Each embr ...
during the first approximately ten weeks of gestation. During this time, cells begin to differentiate into the various body systems. The basic outlines of the organ, body, and nervous systems are established. By the end of the embryonic stage, the beginnings of features such as fingers, eyes, mouth, and ears become visible. Also during this time, there is development of structures important to the support of the embryo, including the
placenta The placenta is a temporary fetal that begins developing from the shortly after . It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate maternal and fetal circulations, and is an important pro ...
and
umbilical cord In placental Placentalia is one of the three extant subdivisions of the class of animals Mammalia Mammals (from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European la ...
. The placenta connects the developing embryo to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. The umbilical cord is the connecting cord from the embryo or fetus to the placenta. After about ten weeks of gestational age—which is the same as eight weeks after conception—the embryo becomes known as a
fetus A fetus or foetus (; plural fetuses, feti, foetuses, or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from an animal embryo An embryo is the early stage of development of a multicellular organism A multicellular organism is an organism tha ...
. At the beginning of the fetal stage, the risk of miscarriage decreases sharply. * Lennart Nilsson, A Child is Born 91 (1990): at eight weeks, "the danger of a miscarriage ... diminishes sharply." *
Women's Health Information
", Hearthstone Communications Limited: "The risk of miscarriage decreases dramatically after the 8th week as the weeks go by." Retrieved 2007-04-22.
At this stage, a fetus is about in length, the heartbeat is seen via ultrasound, and the fetus makes involuntary motions. During continued fetal development, the early body systems, and structures that were established in the embryonic stage continue to develop. Sex organs begin to appear during the third month of gestation. The fetus continues to grow in both weight and length, although the majority of the physical growth occurs in the last weeks of pregnancy. Electrical
brain activity A brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system In Biology, biology, the nervous system is a Complex system, highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its Behavior, actions and Sense, sensory information by tran ...
is first detected between the fifth and sixth week of gestation. It is considered primitive neural activity rather than the beginning of conscious thought. Synapses begin forming at 17 weeks, and begin to multiply quickly at week 28 until 3 to 4 months after birth. Although the fetus begins to move during the first trimester, it is not until the second trimester that movement, known as
quickening In pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. Pregnancy usually occurs by sex ...
, can be felt. This typically happens in the fourth month, more specifically in the 20th to 21st week, or by the 19th week if the woman has been pregnant before. It is common for some women not to feel the fetus move until much later. During the second trimester, most women begin to wear maternity clothes. File:6 weeks pregnant.png, Embryo at 4 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 6 weeks) File:10 weeks pregnant.png, Fetus at 8 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 10 weeks) File:20 weeks pregnant.png, Fetus at 18 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 20 weeks) File:40 weeks pregnant.png, Fetus at 38 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 40 weeks) File:Month 1.svg, Relative size in 1st month (simplified illustration) File:Month 3.svg, Relative size in 3rd month (simplified illustration) File:Month 5.svg, Relative size in 5th month (simplified illustration) File:Month 9.svg, Relative size in 9th month (simplified illustration)
## Maternal changes
During pregnancy, a woman undergoes many
physiological Physiology (; ) is the scientific Science () is a systematic enterprise that Scientific method, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of Testability, testable explanations and predictions about the universe."... modern science is ...
changes, which are entirely normal, including
behavioral Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English; American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, see spelling differences) is the Action (philosophy), actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or Arti ...
,
cardiovascular The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system An organ system is a group of organs An organ is a group of tissues with similar functions. Plant life and animal life rely on many o ...
, hematologic,
metabolic Metabolism (, from el, μεταβολή ''metabolē'', "change") is the set of life Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that have biological processes, such as Cell signaling, signaling and self-sustaining ...
,
renal The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrate Vertebrates () comprise all species of animal Animals (also called Metazoa) are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the Kingdom (biology), biological ...
, and
respiratory The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system A biological system is a complex biological network, network which connects several biologically relevant entities. Biological organization spans sever ...
changes. Increases in
blood sugar The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the concentration of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals. Glucose is a simple sugar, and approximately 4 g of glucose are present in the blood of a 70 ...
,
breathing Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving out and in the s to facilitate with the , mostly to flush out and bring in . All aerobic creatures need oxygen for , which uses the oxygen to break down foods for energy and produces ca ...
, and
cardiac output Cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output denoted by the symbols Q, or \dot Q_ , is a term used in cardiac physiologyCardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy, unimpaired function of the heart: involving blood flow; Ca ...
are all required. Levels of
progesterone Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens, and is the major ...
and
estrogen Estrogens or oestrogens, are a class of natural or synthetic s responsible for the development and regulation of the female and s. There are three major estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activity: (E1), (E2), and (E3). Estradiol, an ...
s rise continually throughout pregnancy, suppressing the and therefore also the
menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone A hormone (from the Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece Greece ( el, Ελλάδα, , ), officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country l ...
. A full-term pregnancy at an early age reduces the risk of
breast The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper region of the of s. In females, it serves as the , which produces and secretes milk to feed s. Both females and males develop breasts from the same tissues. At , s, in conjunction ...
,
ovarian The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the bo ...
and
endometrial cancer Endometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium (the epithelium, lining of the uterus or womb). It is the result of the abnormal growth of cells (biology), cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the bod ...
and the risk declines further with each additional full-term pregnancy. The fetus is
genetically Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.Hartl D, Jones E (2005) Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, Moravia, Moravian scientist and Augustinia ...
different from its mother, and can be viewed as an unusually successful
allograft Allotransplant (''allo-'' meaning "other" in Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece Greece ( el, Ελλάδα, , ), officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country located in Southeast Europe. Its population ...
. The main reason for this success is increased
immune tolerance Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system The immune system is a network of biological processes that protects an organism In biology, an organism (from Ancient ...
during pregnancy. Immune tolerance is the concept that the body is able to not mount an immune system response against certain triggers. During the first trimester,
minute ventilation Minute ventilation (or respiratory minute volume or minute volume) is the volume Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for example, the space that a substance ( solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or sha ...
increases by 40%. The womb will grow to the size of a lemon by eight weeks. Many symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy like nausea and tender breasts appear in the first trimester. During the second trimester, most women feel more energized, and begin to put on weight as the symptoms of morning sickness subside and eventually fade away. The uterus, the muscular organ that holds the developing fetus, can expand up to 20 times its normal size during pregnancy.
Braxton Hicks contractions Braxton Hicks contractions, also known as practice contractions, are sporadic uterine contractions that may start around six weeks into a pregnancy. However, they are usually felt in the second The second (symbol: s, abbreviation: sec) is t ...
are sporadic uterine contractions that may start around six weeks into a pregnancy; however, they are usually not felt until the second or third trimester. Final weight gain takes place during the third trimester, which is the most weight gain throughout the pregnancy. The woman's abdomen will transform in shape as it drops due to the fetus turning in a downward position ready for birth. During the second trimester, the woman's abdomen would have been upright, whereas in the third trimester it will drop down low. The fetus moves regularly, and is felt by the woman. Fetal movement can become strong and be disruptive to the woman. The woman's
navel The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus, commonly known as the belly button) is a protruding, flat, or hollowed area on the abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff or stomach) is the part of the body between th ...
will sometimes become convex, "popping" out, due to the expanding
abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the Trunk (anatomy) ...
. Head engagement, also called "lightening" or "dropping", occurs as the fetal head descends into a
cephalic presentation A cephalic presentation or head presentation or head-first presentation is a situation at childbirth Childbirth, also known as labour or delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the v ...
. While it relieves pressure on the upper abdomen and gives a renewed ease in breathing, it also severely reduces bladder capacity resulting in a need to void more frequently, and increases pressure on the pelvic floor and the rectum. It is not possible to predict when lightening occurs. In a first pregnancy it may happen a few weeks before the due date, though it may happen later or even not until labor begins, as is typical with subsequent pregnancies. It is also during the third trimester that maternal activity and sleep positions may affect fetal development due to restricted blood flow. For instance, the enlarged uterus may impede blood flow by compressing the
vena cava The venae cavae (; from the Latin for "hollow veins", singular "vena cava" ) are two large veins (venous trunks) that return deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart. In humans there are the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cav ...
when lying flat, which is relieved by lying on the left side.
## Childbirth
Childbirth, referred to as labor and delivery in the medical field, is the process whereby an infant is born. A woman is considered to be in labour when she begins experiencing regular uterine contractions, accompanied by changes of her cervix—primarily effacement and dilation. While childbirth is widely experienced as painful, some women do report painless labours, while others find that concentrating on the birth helps to quicken labour and lessen the sensations. Most births are successful vaginal births, but sometimes complications arise and a woman may undergo a
cesarean section Caesarean section, also known as C-section, or caesarean delivery, is the surgical procedure Surgery ''cheirourgikē'' (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via la, chirurgiae, meaning "hand work". is a medical or dental ...
. During the time immediately after birth, both the mother and the baby are hormonally cued to bond, the mother through the release of
oxytocin Oxytocin (Oxt or OT) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It plays a role in Human bonding, social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, and the Postpartum period, pe ...
, a hormone also released during
breastfeeding Breastfeeding, also called nursing, is the process of feeding a mother's breast milk to her infant, either directly from the breast or by expressing (pumping out) the milk from the breast and bottle-feeding it to the infant. The (WHO) reco ...
. Studies show that skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn immediately after birth is beneficial for both the mother and baby. A review done by the
World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations United Nations Specialized Agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations and each other through the co-ordinating machinery of the Unit ...
found that skin-to-skin contact between mothers and babies after birth reduces crying, improves mother–infant interaction, and helps mothers to breastfeed successfully. They recommend that
neonates 222x222px, Eight-month-old sororal twin sisters An infant (from the Latin word ''infans'', meaning 'unable to speak' or 'speechless') is the more formal or specialised synonym for the common term ''baby'', meaning the very young offspri ...
be allowed to bond with the mother during their first two hours after birth, the period that they tend to be more alert than in the following hours of early life.
### Childbirth maturity stages
In the ideal
childbirth Childbirth, also known as labour or delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean section. In 2015, there were about 135 million births globally. About 15 million ...
labor begins on its own when a woman is "at term". Events before completion of 37 weeks are considered preterm.
Preterm birth Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause ...
is associated with a range of complications and should be avoided if possible. Sometimes if a woman's water breaks or she has contractions before 39 weeks, birth is unavoidable. However, spontaneous birth after 37 weeks is considered term and is not associated with the same risks of a preterm birth. Planned birth before 39 weeks by
caesarean section Caesarean section, also known as C-section, or caesarean delivery, is the surgical procedure Surgery ''cheirourgikē'' (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via la, chirurgiae, meaning "hand work". is a medical or dental s ...
or
labor induction Labor induction is the process or treatment that stimulates childbirth Childbirth, also known as labour or delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean section. ...
, although "at term", results in an increased risk of complications., which cites * This is from factors including underdeveloped lungs of newborns, infection due to underdeveloped immune system, feeding problems due to underdeveloped brain, and
jaundice Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sen ...
from underdeveloped liver. Babies born between 39 and 41 weeks' gestation have better outcomes than babies born either before or after this range. This special time period is called "full term". Whenever possible, waiting for labor to begin on its own in this time period is best for the health of the mother and baby. The decision to perform an induction must be made after weighing the risks and benefits, but is safer after 39 weeks. Events after 42 weeks are considered postterm. When a pregnancy exceeds 42 weeks, the risk of complications for both the woman and the fetus increases significantly. Therefore, in an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy, obstetricians usually prefer to induce labour at some stage between 41 and 42 weeks.
## Postnatal period
The
postpartum period The postpartum (or postnatal) period begins immediately after childbirth Childbirth, also known as labour or delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean secti ...
also referred to as the ''puerperium'', is the postnatal period that begins immediately after delivery and extends for about six weeks. During this period, the mother's body begins the return to pre-pregnancy conditions that includes changes in hormone levels and uterus size.
# Diagnosis
The beginning of pregnancy may be detected either based on symptoms by the woman herself, or by using
pregnancy test A pregnancy test is used to determine whether a woman is pregnant Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspri ...
s. However, an important condition with serious health implications that is quite common is the denial of pregnancy by the pregnant woman. About one in 475 denials will last until around the 20th week of pregnancy. The proportion of cases of denial, persisting until delivery is about 1 in 2500. Conversely, some non-pregnant women have a very strong belief that they are pregnant along with some of the physical changes. This condition is known as a .
## Physical signs
Most pregnant women experience a number of symptoms, which can signify pregnancy. A number of early
medical sign Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition. A sign for example may be a higher or lower temperature than normal, raised or lowered blood pressure or an abnormality showi ...
s are associated with pregnancy. These signs include: * the presence of
human chorionic gonadotropin Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone for the maternal recognition of pregnancy produced by trophoblast cells that are surrounding a growing embryo (syncytiotrophoblast initially), which eventually forms the placenta after implantatio ...
(hCG) in the blood and urine * missed
menstrual period The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that make pregnancy possible. The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of eggs an ...
* implantation bleeding that occurs at
implantation Implantation may refer to: * Implantation (human embryo), in which the human embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus * Implant (medicine), insertion of implants * Endometrial transplantation, as part of the Endometriosis, theory of retrograde mens ...
of the embryo in the uterus during the third or fourth week after last menstrual period * increased
basal body temperature Basal body temperature (BBT or BTP) is the lowest body temperature Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism In biology, an organism (from Ancient Greek, Greek: ὀργανισμός, ''organismos'') is any individual contiguous s ...
sustained for over 2 weeks after
ovulation Ovulation is the release of egg An egg is the organic vessel containing the in which an develops until it can survive on its own, at which point the animal hatches. An egg results from of an . Most s, (excluding s), and lay eggs, alth ...
*
Chadwick's signChadwick sign is a bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labium (genitalia), labia resulting from increased blood flow. It can be observed as early as 6 to 8 weeks after Conception (biology), conception, and its presence is an early sign of ...
(darkening of the
cervix The cervix or cervix uteri (Latin, 'neck of the uterus') is the lower part of the uterus The uterus (from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. L ...
,
vagina In mammal Mammals (from Latin language, Latin , 'breast') are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class (biology), class Mammalia (), and characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in Female#Mammalian female, femal ...
, and
vulva The vulva (plural: vulvas or vulvae; derived from Latin for wrapper or covering) consists of the external . The vulva includes the (or mons veneris), , , , , , , the , , and and vestibular s. The urinary meatus is also included as it opens ...
) *
Goodell's signIn medicine, Goodell sign is an indication of pregnancy. It is a significant softening of the vaginal portion of the cervix from increased vascularization. This vascularization is a result of hypertrophy and engorgement of the vessels below the growi ...
(softening of the vaginal portion of the cervix) *
Hegar's signHegar's sign is a non-sensitive indication of pregnancy in women — its absence does not exclude pregnancy. It pertains to the features of the cervix and the uterine isthmus. It is demonstrated as a softening in the consistency of the uterus, and th ...
(softening of the
uterus The uterus (from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken in the area around Rome, known as Latium. Through the power of the ...
isthmus An isthmus ( or ; plural: isthmuses or isthmi; from grc, ἰσθμός, isthmós, neck) is a narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water by which they are otherwise separated. A tombolo is an isthmus that consist ...
) * Pigmentation of the linea alba
linea nigra Linea nigra (Latin for "black line"), often referred to as a pregnancy line, is a linear hyperpigmentation that commonly appears on the abdomen. The brownish streak is usually about a centimeter (0.4 in) in width. The line runs vertically alon ...
, (darkening of the skin in a midline of the
abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the Trunk (anatomy) ...
, caused by
hyperpigmentation Hyperpigmentation is the darkening of an area of skin or nail (anatomy), nails caused by increased melanin. Causes Hyperpigmentation can be caused by sun damage, inflammation, or other skin injuries, including those related to acne vulgaris.James ...
resulting from hormonal changes, usually appearing around the middle of pregnancy). * Darkening of the nipples and areolas due to an increase in hormones.
## Biomarkers
Pregnancy detection can be accomplished using one or more various
pregnancy test A pregnancy test is used to determine whether a woman is pregnant Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspri ...
s, which detect hormones generated by the newly formed
placenta The placenta is a temporary fetal that begins developing from the shortly after . It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate maternal and fetal circulations, and is an important pro ...
, serving as
biomarkers A biomarker, or biological marker is a measurable wikt:indicator, indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues to examine normal biological processes, pathogenic pr ...
of pregnancy. Blood and urine tests can detect pregnancy 12 days after implantation. Blood pregnancy tests are more sensitive than urine tests (giving fewer false negatives). Home
pregnancy test A pregnancy test is used to determine whether a woman is pregnant Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspri ...
s are
urine Urine is a liquid by-product A by-product or byproduct is a secondary product derived from a production process, manufacturing process or chemical reaction; it is not the primary product or service being produced. A by-product can be useful and ...
tests, and normally detect a pregnancy 12 to 15 days after fertilization. A quantitative blood test can determine approximately the date the embryo was conceived because hCG doubles every 36 to 48 hours. A single test of
progesterone Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens, and is the major ...
levels can also help determine how likely a fetus will survive in those with a threatened miscarriage (bleeding in early pregnancy).
## Ultrasound
Obstetric ultrasonography ultrasonography, or prenatal ultrasound, is the use of in , in which sound waves are used to create real-time visual images of the developing or in the (womb). The procedure is a standard part of care in many countries, as it can provide a v ...
can detect fetal abnormalities, detect multiple pregnancies, and improve gestational dating at 24 weeks. The resultant estimated
gestational age Gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as w ...
and due date of the fetus are slightly more accurate than methods based on last menstrual period. Ultrasound is used to measure the nuchal fold in order to screen for
Down syndrome Down syndrome or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics Gen ...
.
# Management
## Prenatal care
Pre-conception counseling Pre-conception counseling (also called pre-conceptual counseling) is a meeting with a health-care professional (generally a physician or midwife) by a woman ''before'' attempting to become pregnant. It generally includes a pre-conception risk asse ...
is care that is provided to a woman or couple to discuss conception, pregnancy, current health issues and recommendations for the period before pregnancy. Prenatal medical care is the medical and nursing care recommended for women during pregnancy, time intervals and exact goals of each visit differ by country. Women who are high risk have better outcomes if they are seen regularly and frequently by a medical professional than women who are low risk. A woman can be labeled as high risk for different reasons including previous complications in pregnancy, complications in the current pregnancy, current medical diseases, or social issues. The aim of good prenatal care is prevention, early identification, and treatment of any medical complications. A basic prenatal visit consists of measurement of blood pressure,
fundal height Fundal height, or McDonald's rule, is a measure of the size of the uterus The uterus (from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally ...
, weight and fetal heart rate, checking for symptoms of labor, and guidance for what to expect next.
## Nutrition
Nutrition Nutrition is the biochemical Biochemistry or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: st ...
during pregnancy is important to ensure healthy growth of the fetus. Nutrition during pregnancy is different from the non-pregnant state. There are increased energy requirements and specific micronutrient requirements. Women benefit from education to encourage a balanced energy and protein intake during pregnancy. Some women may need professional medical advice if their diet is affected by medical conditions, food allergies, or specific religious/ ethical beliefs. Further studies are needed to access the effect of dietary advice to prevent
gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman without diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms of ...
, although low quality evidence suggests some benefit. Adequate periconceptional (time before and right after conception)
folic acid Folate, also known as vitamin B9 and folacin, is one of the B vitamins. Manufactured folic acid, which is converted into folate by the body, is used as a dietary supplement and in food fortification as it is more stable during processing and s ...
(also called folate or Vitamin B9) intake has been shown to decrease the risk of fetal neural tube defects, such as
spina bifida Spina bifida (Latin for "split spine"; SB) is a in which there is incomplete closing of the and the around the during . There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele. Meningocele and myelomeningocele may ...
. The neural tube develops during the first 28 days of pregnancy, a urine pregnancy test is not usually positive until 14 days post-conception, explaining the necessity to guarantee adequate folate intake before conception. Folate is abundant in green leafy vegetables,
legume A legume () is a plant Plants are predominantly photosynthetic Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to Energy transformation, convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can ...
s, and
citrus ''Citrus'' is a of trees and s in the family, . Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as , , s, s, and . The genus ''Citrus'' is native to , , , , and . Various citrus species have been used and domesticat ...
. In the United States and Canada, most wheat products (flour, noodles) are fortified with folic acid. is a major structural fatty acid in the brain and retina, and is naturally found in breast milk. It is important for the woman to consume adequate amounts of DHA during pregnancy and while nursing to support her well-being and the health of her infant. Developing infants cannot produce DHA efficiently, and must receive this vital nutrient from the woman through the placenta during pregnancy and in breast milk after birth. Several
micronutrients Micronutrients are nutrient, essential dietary elements required by organisms in varying quantities throughout life to orchestrate a range of physiological functions to maintain health. Micronutrient requirements differ between organisms; for examp ...
are important for the health of the developing fetus, especially in areas of the world where insufficient nutrition is common. Women living in low and middle income countries are suggested to take multiple micronutrient supplements containing iron and folic acid. These supplements have been shown to improve birth outcomes in developing countries, but do not have an effect on perinatal mortality. Adequate intake of folic acid, and iron is often recommended. In developed areas, such as Western Europe and the United States, certain nutrients such as
Vitamin D Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroid 250px, The parent steroid skeleton. The B-ring of the parent steroid is broken between C9 and C10 to yield D vitamins. A secosteroid () is a type of steroid , a steroid with 27 carbon atoms ...
and
calcium Calcium is a chemical element In chemistry, an element is a pure Chemical substance, substance consisting only of atoms that all have the same numbers of protons in their atomic nucleus, nuclei. Unlike chemical compounds, chemical elem ...
, required for bone development, may also require supplementation. Vitamin E supplementation has not been shown to improve birth outcomes. In a Cochrane review updated in 2021 there was insufficient evidence to support zinc supplementation to improve maternal or
neonatal 222x222px, Eight-month-old sororal twin sisters An infant (from the Latin word ''infans'', meaning 'unable to speak' or 'speechless') is the more formal or specialised synonym for the common term ''baby'', meaning the very young offspri ...
outcomes. Daily iron supplementation reduces the risk of maternal anemia. Studies of routine daily iron supplementation for pregnant women found improvement in blood iron levels, without a clear clinical benefit. The nutritional needs for women carrying twins or triplets are higher than those of women carrying one baby. Women are counseled to avoid certain foods, because of the possibility of contamination with bacteria or parasites that can cause illness. Careful washing of fruits and raw vegetables may remove these pathogens, as may thoroughly cooking leftovers, meat, or processed meat. Unpasteurized dairy and deli meats may contain ''
Listeria ''Listeria'' is a genus Genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic rank Taxonomy (general) is the practice and science of classification of things or concepts, including the principles that underlie such classification. The term may also refer to ...
,'' which can cause neonatal meningitis, stillbirth and miscarriage. Pregnant women are also more prone to ''
Salmonella ''Salmonella'' is a genus Genus /ˈdʒiː.nəs/ (plural genera /ˈdʒen.ər.ə/) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruse ...
'' infections, can be in eggs and poultry, which should be thoroughly cooked. Cat feces and undercooked meats may contain the parasite
Toxoplasma gondii ''Toxoplasma gondii'' () is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan Protozoa (singular protozoon or protozoan, plural protozoa or protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryote Eukaryotes () are organisms w ...
and can cause
toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by ''Toxoplasma gondii'', an apicomplexan. Infections with toxoplasmosis usually cause no obvious symptoms in adults. Occasionally, people may have a few weeks or months of mild, flu-like illness such as ...
. Practicing good hygiene in the kitchen can reduce these risks. Women are also counseled to eat seafood in moderation and to eliminate seafood known to be high in mercury because of the risk of birth defects. Pregnant women are counseled to consume caffeine in moderation, because large amounts of caffeine are associated with miscarriage. However, the relationship between caffeine, birthweight, and preterm birth is unclear.
## Weight gain
The amount of healthy weight gain during a pregnancy varies. Weight gain is related to the weight of the baby, the placenta, extra circulatory fluid, larger tissues, and fat and protein stores. Most needed weight gain occurs later in pregnancy. The
Institute of Medicine The National Academy of Medicine (NAM), formerly called the Institute of Medicine (IoM) until 2015, is an American nonprofit A nonprofit organization (NPO), also known as a non-business entity, not-for-profit organization, or nonprofit inst ...
recommends an overall pregnancy weight gain for those of normal weight (
body mass index Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass Mass is the quantity Quantity is a property that can exist as a multitude or magnitude, which illustrate discontinuity and continuity. Quantities can be compared in terms of " ...
of 18.5–24.9), of 11.3–15.9 kg (25–35 pounds) having a singleton pregnancy. Women who are underweight (BMI of less than 18.5), should gain between 12.7 and 18 kg (28–40 lb), while those who are
overweight Being overweight or fat is having more body fat Adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue Connective tissue is one of the four basic types of animal tissue (biology), tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle ...
(BMI of 25–29.9) are advised to gain between 6.8 and 11.3 kg (15–25 lb) and those who are
obese Obesity is a medical condition A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function (biology), function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury. ...
(BMI ≥ 30) should gain between 5–9 kg (11–20 lb). These values reference the expectations for a term pregnancy. During pregnancy, insufficient or excessive weight gain can compromise the health of the mother and fetus. The most effective intervention for weight gain in underweight women is not clear. Being or becoming overweight in pregnancy increases the risk of complications for mother and fetus, including
cesarean section Caesarean section, also known as C-section, or caesarean delivery, is the surgical procedure Surgery ''cheirourgikē'' (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via la, chirurgiae, meaning "hand work". is a medical or dental ...
,
gestational hypertension Gestational hypertension or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is the development of new hypertension in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks' gestation without the presence of protein in the urine or other signs of pre-eclampsia. Gestational hyper ...
,
pre-eclampsia Pre-eclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. P ...
,
macrosomia Large for gestational age (LGA) describes full-term or post-term infants that are born of high birth weight. The term LGA or large for gestational age is defined by birth weight above the 90th percentile for their gestational age and gender. In in ...
and
shoulder dystocia Shoulder dystocia is when, after vaginal delivery of the head, the baby's anterior shoulder gets caught above the mother's pubic symphysis, pubic bone. Signs include retraction of the baby's head back into the vagina, known as "turtle sign". Compl ...
. Excessive weight gain can make losing weight after the pregnancy difficult. Some of these complications are risk factors for
stroke A stroke is a medical condition A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function (biology), function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury. Dis ...
. Around 50% of women of childbearing age in developed countries like the United Kingdom are overweight or obese before pregnancy. Diet modification is the most effective way to reduce weight gain and associated risks in pregnancy.
## Medication
Drugs used during pregnancy can have temporary or permanent effects on the fetus. Anything (including drugs) that can cause permanent deformities in the fetus are labeled as
teratogens Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development in all organisms including plants during the entire life span. A sub discipline in Medical Genetics Medical genetics is the branch of medicine that involves the diagnosis and ...
. In the U.S., drugs were classified into categories A, B, C, D and X based on the
Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a of the . The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting through the control and supervision of , products, s, and s (medications), s, s, s, s, emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics ...
(FDA) rating system to provide therapeutic guidance based on potential benefits and fetal risks. Drugs, including some
multivitamins A multivitamin is a preparation intended to serve as a dietary supplement with vitamins, dietary minerals, and other nutritional elements. Such preparations are available in the form of tablets, capsules, pastilles, powders, liquids, or injectable ...
, that have demonstrated no fetal risks after controlled studies in humans are classified as Category A. On the other hand, drugs like
thalidomide Thalidomide, sold under the brand names Contergan and Thalomid among others, is a medication used to treat a number of cancers (including multiple myeloma), graft-versus-host disease, and a number of skin conditions including complications of l ...
with proven fetal risks that outweigh all benefits are classified as Category X.
## Recreational drugs
The use of
recreational drugs Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The "need to do something for recreation" is an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for happiness, enjoyment, amusement, o ...
in pregnancy can cause various
pregnancy complication Complications of pregnancy are health problems that are related to pregnancy. Complications that occur primarily during childbirth are termed obstetric labor complications, and problems that occur primarily after childbirth are termed puerperal diso ...
s. *
Alcoholic drinks An alcoholic drink is a drink A drink (or beverage) is a liquid A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually Deformation (mechanics), deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, o ...
consumed during pregnancy can cause one or more
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. Symptoms can include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordi ...
s. According to the
CDC CDC may refer to: Organizations Government * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The United States The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US), or America, is a country Contiguous Unite ...
, there is no known safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy and no safe time to drink during pregnancy, including before a woman knows that she is pregnant. * Tobacco smoking during pregnancy can cause a wide range of behavioral, neurological, and physical difficulties. Smoking during pregnancy causes twice the risk of
premature rupture of membranes Prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM), previously known as premature rupture of membranes, is breakage of the amniotic sac before the onset of labor. Women usually experience a painless gush or a steady leakage of fluid from the vagina In mam ...
,
placental abruption Placental abruption is when the placenta separates early from the uterus, in other words separates before childbirth. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and hemorrhagic ...
and
placenta previa Placenta praevia is when the placenta attaches inside the uterus but in an abnormal position near or over the cervical opening. Symptoms include antepartum bleeding, vaginal bleeding in the second half of pregnancy. The bleeding is bright red and t ...
.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007
Preventing Smoking and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Before, During, and After Pregnancy
.
Smoking is associated with 30% higher odds of preterm birth. * Prenatal cocaine exposure is associated with
premature birth Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause ...
,
birth defect A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiat ...
s and
attention deficit disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, or excessive activity and impulsivity, which are otherwise not appropriate for a person's age. Some individuals with ADHD also d ...
. * Prenatal methamphetamine exposure can cause
premature birth Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause ...
and
congenital abnormalities A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at childbirth, birth regardless of its cause. Birth defects may result in disability, disabilities that may be physical disability, physical, intellectual disability, int ...
. Short-term neonatal outcomes in methamphetamine babies show small deficits in infant neurobehavioral function and growth restriction. Long-term effects in terms of impaired brain development may also be caused by
methamphetamine Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent (CNS) that is mainly used as a and less commonly as a for and . Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two s: and dextro-methamphetamine. ''Methamphetamine'' properly refer ...
use. *
Cannabis in pregnancy Cannabis consumption in pregnancy may or may not be associated with restrictions in growth of the fetus, miscarriage, and cognitive deficits. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists The American College of Obstetricians and Gynec ...
has been shown to be
teratogenic Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development in all organisms including plants during the entire life span. A sub discipline in Medical Genetics Medical genetics is the branch of medicine that involves the diagnosis and ...
in large doses in animals, but has not shown any teratogenic effects in humans.
## Exposure to toxins
Intrauterine exposure to
environmental toxins in pregnancy A biophysical environment is a biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism In biology, an organism (from Ancient Greek, Greek: ὀργανισμός, ''organismos'') is any individual contiguous system that embodies the Life#Biology, ...
has the potential to cause adverse effects on
prenatal development Prenatal development () includes the development of the embryo and of the foetus during a viviparous animal's gestation. Prenatal development starts with fertilization , in the germinal stage of embryonic development, and continues in fetal d ...
, and to cause
pregnancy complications Complications of pregnancy are health problems that are related to pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than on ...
. Air pollution has been associated with low birth weight infants. Conditions of particular severity in pregnancy include
mercury poisoning Mercury poisoning is a type of metal poisoning due to exposure to mercury. Symptoms depend upon the type, dose, method, and duration of exposure. They may include muscle weakness, poor coordination, numbness in the hands and feet, skin rashes, ...
and
lead poisoning Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal poisoning Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is the toxic effect of certain metals in certain forms and doses on life. Some metals are toxic when they form poisonous solubl ...
. To minimize exposure to environmental toxins, the ''American College of Nurse-Midwives'' recommends: checking whether the home has lead paint, washing all fresh
fruit In botany Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the ...
s and
vegetable Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans or other animals as food. The original meaning is still commonly used and is applied to plants collectively to refer to all edible plant matter, including the edible flower, flowers, ...
organic Organic may refer to: * Organic, of or relating to an organism, a living entity * Organic, of or relating to an anatomical organ (anatomy), organ Chemistry * Organic matter, matter that has come from a once-living organism, is capable of decay or ...
produce, and avoiding cleaning products labeled "toxic" or any product with a warning on the label. Pregnant women can also be exposed to toxins in the workplace, including airborne particles. The effects of wearing N95 filtering facepiece
respirator A respirator is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous atmospheres, including fumes, vapours, gases Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid Solid is one of the four ...
s are similar for pregnant women as for non-pregnant women, and wearing a respirator for one hour does not affect the fetal heart rate.
## Sexual activity
Most women can continue to engage in sexual activity, including
sexual intercourse Sexual intercourse (or coitus or copulation) is a sexual activity Human sexual activity, human sexual practice or human sexual behaviour is the manner in which humans experience and express their sexuality Human sexuality is the way ...
, throughout pregnancy. Most research suggests that during pregnancy both sexual desire and frequency of sexual relations decrease. In context of this overall decrease in desire, some studies indicate a second-trimester increase, preceding a decrease during the third trimester. Sex during pregnancy is a low-risk behavior except when the healthcare provider advises that sexual intercourse be avoided for particular medical reasons. For a healthy pregnant woman, there is no single ''safe'' or ''right'' way to have sex during pregnancy. Pregnancy alters the
vaginal flora Lactobacilli and a vaginal squamous cell. Vaginal flora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms A microorganism, or microbe,, ''mikros'', "small") and ''organism'' from the el, ὀργανισμός, ''organismós' ...
with a reduction in microscopic species/genus diversity.
## Exercise
Regular
aerobic exercise Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness Physical fitness is a state of health Health ...
during pregnancy appears to improve (or maintain) physical fitness.
Physical exercise Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness Physical fitness is a state of health Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being Well-being, also known as ''wellness'', ''prudential valu ...
during pregnancy appears to decrease the need for
C-section Caesarean section, also known as C-section, or caesarean delivery, is the surgical procedure by which a baby is delivered through an incision in the pregnant person's abdomen, often performed because vaginal delivery would put the baby or preg ...
, and even vigorous exercise carries no significant risks to babies and provides significant health benefits to the mother.
Bed rest Bed rest, also referred to as the rest-cure, is a medical treatment in which a person lies in bed for most of the time to try to cure an illness. Bed rest refers to voluntarily lying in bed as a treatment and not being confined to bed because of ...
, outside of research studies, is not recommended as there is no evidence of benefit and potential harm. The Clinical Practice Obstetrics Committee of Canada recommends that "All women without contraindications should be encouraged to participate in aerobic and strength-conditioning exercises as part of a healthy lifestyle during their pregnancy". Although an upper level of safe exercise intensity has not been established, women who were regular exercisers before pregnancy and who have uncomplicated pregnancies should be able to engage in high intensity exercise programs, without a higher risk of prematurity, lower birth weight, or gestational weight gain. In general, participation in a wide range of recreational activities appears to be safe, with the avoidance of those with a high risk of falling such as horseback riding or skiing or those that carry a risk of abdominal trauma, such as soccer or hockey. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists reports that in the past, the main concerns of exercise in pregnancy were focused on the fetus and any potential maternal benefit was thought to be offset by potential risks to the fetus. However, they write that more recent information suggests that in the uncomplicated pregnancy, fetal injuries are highly unlikely. They do, however, list several circumstances when a woman should contact her healthcare provider before continuing with an exercise program: vaginal bleeding,
dyspnea Shortness of breath (SOB), also known as dyspnea (BrE British English (BrE) is the standard dialect A standard language (also standard variety, standard dialect, and standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codificat ...
before exertion, dizziness, headache, chest pain, muscle weakness, preterm labor, decreased fetal movement, amniotic fluid leakage, and calf pain or swelling (to rule out
thrombophlebitis Thrombophlebitis is a phlebitis (''inflammation Inflammation (from la, inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response in ...
).
## Sleep
It has been suggested that
shift work Shift work is an employment practice designed to make use of, or provide service across, all 24 hours of the clock each day of the week (often abbreviated as ''24/7''). The practice typically sees the day divided into shifts, set periods of tim ...
and exposure to bright light at night should be avoided at least during the last trimester of pregnancy to decrease the risk of psychological and behavioral problems in the newborn.
## Dental care
The increased levels of
progesterone Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens, and is the major ...
and
estrogen Estrogens or oestrogens, are a class of natural or synthetic s responsible for the development and regulation of the female and s. There are three major estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activity: (E1), (E2), and (E3). Estradiol, an ...
during pregnancy make
gingivitis Gingivitis is a non-destructive disease that causes inflammation Inflammation (from la, wikt:en:inflammatio#Latin, inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, o ...
more likely; the
gums The gums or gingiva (plural: ''gingivae'') consist of the mucosal tissue that lies over the mandible and maxilla inside the mouth. Gum health and disease can have an effect on general health. Structure The gums are part of the soft tissue lining ...
become edematous, red in colour, and tend to bleed. Also a
pyogenic granuloma Pyogenic granuloma or lobular capillary hemangioma is a vascular tumor that occurs on both mucosa and skin, and appears as an overgrowth of tissue due to irritation Irritation, in biology Biology is the natural science that studies life ...
or "pregnancy tumor", is commonly seen on the labial surface of the papilla. Lesions can be treated by local debridement or deep incision depending on their size, and by following adequate
oral hygiene Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping one's mouth clean and free of disease A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in ...
measures. There have been suggestions that severe
periodontitis Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the Periodontium, tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen, red, and may bleed. It is considered the ...
may increase the risk of having
preterm birth Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause ...
and
low birth weight Low birth weight (LBW) is defined by the World Health Organization as a birth weight of an infant of or less, regardless of gestational age. Infants born with LBW have added health risks which require close management, often in a neonatal intensive ...
; however, a Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to determine if
periodontitis Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the Periodontium, tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen, red, and may bleed. It is considered the ...
## Flying
In low risk pregnancies, most health care providers approve flying until about 36 weeks of gestational age. Most airlines allow pregnant women to fly short distances at less than 36 weeks, and long distances at less than 32 weeks. Many airlines require a doctor's note that approves flying, specially at over 28 weeks. During flights, the risk of
deep vein thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a type of venous thrombosis Venous thrombosis is blockage of a vein caused by a thrombus (blood clot). A common form of venous thrombosis is deep vein thrombosis (DVT), when a blood clot forms in the deep veins. ...
is decreased by getting up and walking occasionally, as well as by avoiding dehydration.
Full body scanner 300px, Image from an active millimeter wave body scanner A full-body scanner is a device that detects objects on or inside a person's body for security screening purposes, without physically removing clothes or making physical contact. Depending ...
s do not use ionizing radiation, and are safe in pregnancy. Airports can also possibly use backscatter X-ray scanners, which use a very low dose, but where safety in pregnancy is not fully established.
# Complications
Each year, ill health as a result of pregnancy is experienced (sometimes permanently) by more than 20 million women around the world. In 2016, complications of pregnancy resulted in 230,600 deaths down from 377,000 deaths in 1990. Common causes include
bleeding Bleeding, also known as a hemorrhage, haemorrhage, or simply blood loss, is blood Blood is a body fluid Body fluids, bodily fluids, or biofluids are liquid A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid In physics, a fluid is a substan ...
(72,000),
infections An infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it. Host may ...
(20,000), hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (32,000),
obstructed labor Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is when the baby does not exit the pelvis during childbirth Childbirth, also known as labour or delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing thro ...
(10,000), and
pregnancy with abortive outcome Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring In biology, offspring are the young born of living organism, organisms, produced either by a single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two orga ...
(20,000), which includes
miscarriage Miscarriage, also known in medical terms as a spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural loss of an embryo or fetus before it is fetal viability, able to survive independently. Some use the cutoff of 20 weeks of gestation, after whi ...
,
abortion Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring In biology, offspring are the young born of living organism, organisms, produced either by a single organism ...
, and
ectopic pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy Complications of pregnancy are health problems that are related to pregnancy. Complications that occur primarily during childbirth are termed obstetric labor complications, and problems that occur p ...
. The following are some examples of pregnancy complications: * Pregnancy induced hypertension *
Anemia Anemia ( anaemia) is a decrease in the total amount of s (RBCs) or in the , or a lowered ability of the blood to carry . When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include , weakness, , and a poor ability to exercise. W ...
*
Postpartum depression Postpartum depression (PPD), also called postnatal depression, is a type of mood disorder associated with childbirth, which can affect both sexes. Symptoms may include extreme sadness, Fatigue (medical), low energy, anxiety, crying episodes, irrit ...
, a common but solvable complication following childbirth that may result from decreased hormonal levels. *
Postpartum psychosis Early in the history of medicine, it was recognized that severe mental illness sometimes started abruptly in the days after childbirth, later known as puerperal or postpartum psychosis. Gradually, it became clear that this was not a single and un ...
* Thromboembolic disorders, with an increased risk due to hypercoagulability in pregnancy. These are the leading cause of death in pregnant women in the US. * Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), a skin disease that develops around the 32nd week. Signs are red plaques, papules, and itchiness around the belly button that then spreads all over the body except for the inside of hands and face. *
Ectopic pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy Complications of pregnancy are health problems that are related to pregnancy. Complications that occur primarily during childbirth are termed obstetric labor complications, and problems that occur p ...
, including
abdominal pregnancy An abdominal pregnancy can be regarded as a form of an ectopic pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus The uterus (from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language bel ...
, implantation of the embryo outside the uterus *
Hyperemesis gravidarum Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a pregnancy complication that is characterized by severe nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and possibly dehydration In physiology, dehydration is a lack of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of Meta ...
, excessive nausea and vomiting that is more severe than normal morning sickness. *
Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of an pulmonary artery, artery in the lungs by a substance that has moved from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism). Symptoms of a PE may include dyspnea, shortness of breath, chest pain pa ...
, a blood clot that forms in the legs and migrates to the lungs. *
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a rare life-threatening complication of pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more ...
is a rare complication thought to be brought about by a disruption in the metabolism of fatty acids by
mitochondria A mitochondrion (; ) is a double-membrane Image:Schematic size.jpg, up150px, Schematic of size-based membrane exclusion A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. Such things may be molecules, i ...
. There is also an increased susceptibility and severity of certain infections in pregnancy.
# Diseases in pregnancy
A pregnant woman may have a pre-existing disease, which is not directly caused by the pregnancy, but may cause complications to develop that include a potential risk to the pregnancy; or a disease may develop during pregnancy. *
Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy For pregnant women with diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, incr ...
deals with the interactions of
diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as just diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorder A metabolic disorder is a disorder that negatively alters the body's processing and distribution of macronutrients such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates ...
(not restricted to
gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman without diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms of ...
) and pregnancy. Risks for the child include miscarriage, growth restriction, growth acceleration, large for gestational age (macrosomia),
polyhydramnios Polyhydramnios is a medical condition describing an excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac. It is seen in about 1% of pregnancies. It is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index (AFI) is greater than 24 cm. There are two clin ...
(too much
amniotic fluid The amniotic fluid is the protective liquid contained by the amniotic sac The amniotic sac, commonly called the bag of waters, sometimes the membranes, is the sac in which the fetus develops in amniotes. It is a thin but tough transparent pair o ...
), and birth defects. * Thyroid disease in pregnancy can, if uncorrected, cause adverse effects on fetal and maternal well-being. The deleterious effects of thyroid dysfunction can also extend beyond pregnancy and delivery to affect neurointellectual development in the early life of the child. Demand for thyroid hormones is increased during pregnancy, which may cause a previously unnoticed thyroid disorder to worsen. * Untreated
celiac disease Coeliac disease or celiac disease is a long-term autoimmune disorder, primarily affecting the small intestine, where individuals develop intolerance to gluten, present in foods such as wheat, rye and barley. Classic symptoms include gastrointe ...
can cause a
miscarriage Miscarriage, also known in medical terms as a spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural loss of an embryo or fetus before it is fetal viability, able to survive independently. Some use the cutoff of 20 weeks of gestation, after whi ...
,
intrauterine growth restriction Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to poor growth of a fetus while in the mother's womb during pregnancy. The causes can be many, but most often involve poor maternal nutrition or lack of adequate oxygen supply to the fetus. At least ...
,
small for gestational age Small for gestational age (SGA) newborns are those who are smaller in size than normal for the gestational age, most commonly defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age. Causes Being small for gestational age is broadly ...
,
low birthweight Birth weight is the body weight Human body weight refers to a person's mass or weight. Body weight is measured in kilogram The kilogram (also kilogramme) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), the current metric ...
and
preterm birth Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause ...
. Often reproductive disorders are the only manifestation of undiagnosed celiac disease and most cases are not recognized. Complications or failures of pregnancy cannot be explained simply by
malabsorption Malabsorption is a state arising from abnormality in absorption (small intestine), absorption of Nutrient, food nutrients across the gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Impairment can be of single or multiple nutrients depending on ...
, but by the
autoimmune response An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a functioning body part. There are at least 80 types of autoimmune diseases. Nearly any body part can be involved. Common symptoms include low grade fever and fatigue ...
elicited by the exposure to
gluten Gluten is a protein naturally found in some grains including wheat, barley, and rye. Although, strictly speaking, "gluten" pertains only to wheat proteins, in the medical literature it refers to the combination of prolamin and glutelin proteins ...
, which causes damage to the
placenta The placenta is a temporary fetal that begins developing from the shortly after . It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate maternal and fetal circulations, and is an important pro ...
. The
gluten-free diet A gluten-free diet (GFD) is a nutritional plan that strictly excludes gluten, which is a mixture of proteins found in wheat (and all of its species and hybrids, such as spelt, Khorasan wheat, kamut, and triticale), as well as barley, rye, and oa ...
avoids or reduces the risk of developing reproductive disorders in pregnant women with celiac disease. Also, pregnancy can be a trigger for the development of celiac disease in genetically susceptible women who are consuming gluten. * Lupus in pregnancy confers an increased rate of fetal death ''in utero,'' miscarriage, and of
neonatal lupus Neonatal lupus erythematosus is the occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus, technically known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system The immune system is a network of bio ...
. * Hypercoagulability in pregnancy is the propensity of pregnant women to develop
thrombosis Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the used in and the from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: (), Dark Ages (), the period (), and the period (). Anc ...
(blood clots). Pregnancy itself is a factor of
hypercoagulability Thrombophilia (sometimes called hypercoagulability or a prothrombotic state) is an abnormality of blood coagulation that increases the risk of thrombosis Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek la ...
(pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability), as a physiologically adaptive mechanism to prevent
postpartum bleeding Postpartum bleeding or postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is often defined as the loss of more than 500 ml or 1,000 ml of blood within the first 24 hours following childbirth Childbirth, also known as labour or delivery, is the ending of ...
. However, in combination with an underlying hypercoagulable state, the risk of thrombosis or embolism may become substantial.Page 264 in:
# Medical imaging
Medical imaging Medical imaging is the technique and process of imaging Imaging is the representation or reproduction of an object's form; especially a visual representation (i.e., the formation of an image). Imaging technology is the application of materi ...
may be indicated in pregnancy because of
pregnancy complications Complications of pregnancy are health problems that are related to pregnancy Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than on ...
, disease, or routine
prenatal care Prenatal care, also known as antenatal care, is a type of preventive healthcare. It is provided in the form of medical checkups, consisting of recommendations on managing a healthy lifestyle and the provision of medical information such as materna ...
.
Medical ultrasonography Medical ultrasound includes diagnostic Diagnosis is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon. Diagnosis is used in many different academic discipline, disciplines, with variations in the use of logic, analytics, and e ...
including
obstetric ultrasonography ultrasonography, or prenatal ultrasound, is the use of in , in which sound waves are used to create real-time visual images of the developing or in the (womb). The procedure is a standard part of care in many countries, as it can provide a v ...
, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without
contrast agents A contrast agent (or contrast medium) is a substance Substance may refer to: * Substance (Jainism), a term in Jain ontology to denote the base or owner of attributes * Chemical substance, a material with a definite chemical composition * Matter, any ...
are not associated with any risk for the mother or the fetus, and are the imaging techniques of choice for pregnant women. February 2016
Projectional radiography Projectional radiography, also known as conventional radiography, is a form of radiography Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an ob ...
,
CT scan A CT scan or computed tomography scan (formerly known as computed axial tomography or CAT scan) is a medical image, imaging Scientific technique, technique used in radiology to obtain detailed internal images of the body noninvasively for Diagno ...
and nuclear medicine imaging result in some degree of
ionizing radiation Ionizing radiation (or ionising radiation), including nuclear radiation, consists of s or s that have sufficient to s or s by detaching s from them. The particles generally travel at a speed that is greater than 1% of , and the electromagnetic w ...
exposure, but in most cases the
absorbed dose Absorbed dose is a dose quantity which is the measure of the energy deposited in matter In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. All everyday objects that can be to ...
s are not associated with harm to the baby. At higher dosages, effects can include
miscarriage Miscarriage, also known in medical terms as a spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural loss of an embryo or fetus before it is fetal viability, able to survive independently. Some use the cutoff of 20 weeks of gestation, after whi ...
,
birth defect A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiat ...
s and
intellectual disability Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability and formerly mental retardation (MR),Rosa's Law Rosa's Law is a United States The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US), or ...
.
# Epidemiology
About 213 million pregnancies occurred in 2012 of which 190 million were in the
developing world Image:Imf-advanced-un-least-developed-2008.svg, 450px, Example of Older Classifications by the International Monetary Fund, IMF and the United Nations, UN from 2008 A developing country is a country with a less developed Industrial sector, i ...
and 23 million were in the developed world. This is about 133 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44. About 10% to 15% of recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage. Globally, 44% of pregnancies are
unplanned ''Unplanned'' is a 2019 American drama Drama is the specific Mode (literature), mode of fiction Mimesis, represented in performance: a Play (theatre), play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on Radio drama, radio or tele ...
. Over half (56%) of unplanned pregnancies are aborted. In countries where abortion is prohibited, or only carried out in circumstances where the mother's life is at risk, 48% of unplanned pregnancies are aborted illegally. Compared to the rate in countries where abortion is legal, at 69%. Of pregnancies in 2012, 120 million occurred in Asia, 54 million in Africa, 19 million in Europe, 18 million in Latin America and the Caribbean, 7 million in North America, and 1 million in
Oceania Oceania (, , ) is a geographic region In geography Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia'', literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth ...
. Pregnancy rates are 140 per 1000 women of childbearing age in the developing world and 94 per 1000 in the developed world. The rate of pregnancy, as well as the ages at which it occurs, differ by country and region. It is influenced by a number of factors, such as cultural, social and religious norms; access to contraception; and rates of education. The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2013 was estimated to be highest in
Niger ) , official_languages = French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France France (), officially the French Republic (french: link=no, République française), is a country primar ...
(7.03 children/woman) and lowest in
Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign state, sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...
(0.79 children/woman). In Europe, the average childbearing age has been rising continuously for some time. In Western, Northern, and Southern Europe, first-time mothers are on average 26 to 29 years old, up from 23 to 25 years at the start of the 1970s. In a number of European countries (Spain), the mean age of women at first childbirth has crossed the 30-year threshold. This process is not restricted to Europe. Asia, Japan and the United States are all seeing average age at first birth on the rise, and increasingly the process is spreading to countries in the developing world like China, Turkey and Iran. In the US, the average age of first childbirth was 25.4 in 2010. In the United States and United Kingdom, 40% of pregnancies are
unplanned ''Unplanned'' is a 2019 American drama Drama is the specific Mode (literature), mode of fiction Mimesis, represented in performance: a Play (theatre), play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on Radio drama, radio or tele ...
, and between a quarter and half of those unplanned pregnancies were unwanted pregnancies.
# Society and culture
In most cultures, pregnant women have a special status in society and receive particularly gentle care. At the same time, they are subject to expectations that may exert great psychological pressure, such as having to produce a son and heir. In many traditional societies, pregnancy must be preceded by marriage, on pain of ostracism of mother and (illegitimate) child. Overall, pregnancy is accompanied by numerous customs that are often subject to ethnological research, often rooted in
traditional medicine 250px, Jamaica_Plain.html"_;"title="Botánicas_such_as_this_one_in_Jamaica_Plain">Botánicas_such_as_this_one_in_Jamaica_Plain,_Boston,_cater_to_the_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans.html" "title="Jamaica_Plain,_Boston.html" ;"title="Jamaica_Plain.h ...
or religion. The
baby shower "Baby Shower" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the television series upright=1.35, A live television show set and cameras A television show – or simply TV show – is any content produced for viewing on a television set which ca ...
is an example of a modern custom. Pregnancy is an important topic in
sociology of the family Sociology of the family is a subfield of the subject of sociology Sociology is a social science Social science is the Branches of science, branch of science devoted to the study of society, societies and the Social relation, relationsh ...
. The prospective child may preliminarily be placed into numerous
social role A role (also rôle or social role) is a set of connected behavior Behavior (American English American English (AmE, AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US), sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the Eng ...
s. The parents' relationship and the relation between parents and their surroundings are also affected. A belly cast may be made during pregnancy as a keepsake.
## Arts
Images of pregnant women, especially small
figurine A figurine (a diminutive form of the word ''figure'') or statuette is a small, three-dimensional sculpture ''lamassu 300px, ''Lamassu'' from Dur-Sharrukin. University of Chicago Oriental Institute. Syrian limestone Neo-Assyrian Period, c ...
s, were made in traditional cultures in many places and periods, though it is rarely one of the most common types of image. These include ceramic figures from some Pre-Columbian cultures, and a few figures from most of the ancient Mediterranean cultures. Many of these seem to be connected with
fertility Fertility is the capability to produce through following the onset of . The is the average number of children born by a female during her lifetime and is quantified . Fertility is addressed when there is a difficulty or an inability to repro ...
. Identifying whether such figures are actually meant to show pregnancy is often a problem, as well as understanding their role in the culture concerned. Among the oldest surviving examples of the depiction of pregnancy are prehistoric figurines found across much of
Eurasia Eurasia () is the largest continent A continent is any of several large landmasses. Generally identified by convention (norm), convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven geographical regions are commonly regarded as cont ...
and collectively known as
Venus figurines A Venus figurine is any portraying a woman, usually carved in .Fagan, Brian M., Beck, Charlotte, "Venus Figurines", ''The Oxford Companion to Archaeology'', 1996, Oxford University Press, pp. 740–741 Most have been unearthed in , but others ...
. Some of these appear to be pregnant. Due to the important role of the
Mother of God Catholic Mariology is Mariology Mariology is the theological study of Mary, the mother of Jesus Jesus; he, יֵשׁוּעַ, '' Yēšū́aʿ''; ar, عيسى, ʿĪsā ( 4 BC AD 30 / 33), also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or ...
in
Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic, Monotheism, monotheistic religion based on the Life of Jesus in the New Testament, life and Teachings of Jesus, teachings of Jesus, Jesus of Nazareth. It is the Major religious groups, world's ...
, the Western visual arts have a long tradition of depictions of pregnancy, especially in the biblical scene of the
Visitation Visitation may refer to: Law * Visitation (law) or contact, the right of a non-custodial parent to visit with their children * Prison visitation rights, the rules and conditions under which prisoners may have visitors Music * Visitation (Division ...
, and devotional images called a ''
Madonna del Parto Madonna Louise Ciccone (; ; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Referred to as the " Queen of Pop", she is regarded as one of the most significant figures in popular culture. Madonna is noted for her continua ...
''. The unhappy scene usually called ''Diana and Callisto'', showing the moment of discovery of Callisto's forbidden pregnancy, is sometimes painted from the Renaissance onwards. Gradually, portraits of pregnant women began to appear, with a particular fashion for "pregnancy portraits" in elite portraiture of the years around 1600. Pregnancy, and especially pregnancy of unmarried women, is also an important motif in literature. Notable examples include
Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. A Literary realism, Victorian realist in the tradition of George Eliot, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism, including the poetry ...
's 1891 novel ''
Tess of the d'Urbervilles ''Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented'' is a novel by Thomas Hardy. It initially appeared in a Book censorship, censored and Serialized novel, serialised version, published by the British illustrated newspaper ''The Grap ...
'' and Goethe's 1808 play ''
Faust Faust is the protagonist 200px, Shakespeare's ''Hamlet, Prince of Denmark.'' William Morris Hunt, oil on canvas, c. 1864 A protagonist (from grc, πρωταγωνιστής, translit=prōtagōnistḗs, lit=one who plays the first part, chief ...
''. File:1700 Zick Anatomisches Modell einer schwangeren Frau anagoria.JPG, Anatomical model of a pregnant woman; Stephan Zick (1639–1715); 1700;
Germanisches Nationalmuseum The Germanisches National Museum is a museum in Nuremberg, Germany ) , image_map = , map_caption = , map_width = 250px , capital = Berlin , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , languages_type = Official language , languages = ...
File:Macedonia-02845 (10906093425).jpg, Statue of a pregnant woman,
Macedonia Macedonia most commonly refers to: * North Macedonia North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia until February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in ...
File:Merrion Square maid.jpg, Bronze figure of a pregnant naked woman by Danny Osborne,
Merrion Square Merrion Square () is a Georgian architecture, Georgian garden square on the Southside Dublin, southside of Dublin city centre. History The square was laid out in 1752 by the estate of Viscount FitzWilliam and was largely complete by the beginni ...
File:Gheeraerts Susanna Temple, later Lady Lister.jpg,
Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger Marcus Gheeraerts (also written as Gerards or Geerards; 1561/62 – 19 January 1636) was a Flemish , described as "the most important artist of quality to work in England in large-scale between and "Strong 1969, p. 22 He was brought to England as ...
''Portrait of Susanna Temple'', second wife of Sir Martin Lister, 1620 File:Octave TASSAERT The Waif -L'abandonnée.jpg, Octave Tassaert, ''The Waif'' aka ''L'abandonnée'' 1852,
Musée Fabre The Musée Fabre is a museum in the southern France, French city of Montpellier, capital of the Hérault ''departments of France, département''. The museum was founded by François-Xavier Fabre, a Montpellier painter, in 1825. Beginning in 2003, t ...
,
Montpellier Montpellier (, , ; oc, Montpelhièr , it, Mompellieri ) is a city in southern France France (), officially the French Republic (french: link=no, République française), is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental coun ...
## Infertility
Modern reproductive medicine offers many forms of
assisted reproductive technology Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. This subject involves procedures such as in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes or embryo ...
for couples who stay childless against their will, such as
fertility medication Fertility medications, also known as fertility drugs, are medications which enhance reproductive fertility. For women, fertility medication is used to stimulate ovarian follicle, follicle development of the ovary. There are very few fertility medic ...
, artificial insemination, and
surrogacy Surrogacy is an arrangement, often supported by a legal agreement, whereby a woman (the gestational carrier) agrees to bear a child for another person or people, who will become the child's parent(s) after birth. People may seek a surrogacy a ...
.
## Abortion
An abortion is the termination of an embryo or fetus, either naturally or via medical methods. When carried out by choice, it is usually within the first trimester, sometimes in the second, and rarely in the third. Not using contraception, contraceptive failure, poor family planning or rape can lead to undesired pregnancies. Legality of socially indicated abortions varies widely both internationally and through time. In most countries of Western Europe, abortions during the first trimester were a criminal offense a few decades ago but have since been legalized, sometimes subject to mandatory consultations. In Germany, for example, as of 2009 less than 3% of abortions had a medical indication.
## Legal protection
Many countries have various legal regulations in place to protect pregnant women and their children. Many countries have laws against
pregnancy discrimination Pregnancy discrimination is a type of employment discrimination Employment discrimination is a form of discrimination based on race, gender, religion Religion is a social system, social-cultural system of designated religious behaviour, ...
. Maternity Protection Convention ensures that pregnant women are exempt from activities such as night shifts or carrying heavy stocks.
Maternity leave Parental leave, or family leave, is an employee benefit available in almost all countries. The term "parental leave" may include maternity, Paternity (law), paternity, and adoption leave; or may be used distinctively from "maternity leave" and " ...
typically provides paid leave from work during roughly the last trimester of pregnancy and for some time after birth. Notable extreme cases include Norway (8 months with full pay) and the United States (no paid leave at all except in some states). In the United States, some actions that result in miscarriage or stillbirth, such as beating a pregnant woman, are considered crimes. One law that does so is the federal
Unborn Victims of Violence Act The Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-212) is a United States The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US), or America, is a country Contiguous United States, primarily located i ...
. In 2014, the American state of
Tennessee Tennessee (, ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a state State may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State * The State (newspaper), ''The S ...
passed a law which allows prosecutors to charge a woman with criminal assault if she uses illegal drugs during her pregnancy and her fetus or newborn is harmed as a result. However, protections are not universal. In
Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign state, sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...
, the ''Employment of Foreign Manpower Act'' forbids current and former
work permit A work permit or work visa is the permission to take a job A job, employment, work or occupation, is a person A person (plural people or persons) is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness ...
holders from becoming pregnant or giving birth in Singapore without prior permission. Violation of the Act is punishable by a fine of up to S$10,000 (US$) and
deportation Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country. The term ''expulsion'' is often used as a synonym for deportation, though expulsion is more often used in the context of international law, while deportation ...
, and until 2010, their employers would lose their \$5,000 security bond.
## Marriage and education
In the US, a woman’s educational attainment and her marital status are correlated with childbearing: the percentage of women unmarried at the time of first birth drops with increasing educational level. In other words: among uneducated women, a large fraction (~80%) have their first child while they are unmarried. By contrast, few women with a bachelor's degree or higher (~25%) have their first child while unmarried. However, this phenomenon also has a strong generational component: in 1996, about 50% of women without a university degree had their first child being unmarried while that number increased to ~85% in 2018. Similarly, in 1996, only 4% of women with a BA degree or similar had their first child being unmarried. In 2018, that fraction increased to ~25%.
## Racial disparities
There are significant racial imbalances in pregnancy and neonatal care systems. Midwifery guidance, treatment, and care have been related to better birth outcomes. Diminishing racial inequities in health is an increasingly large public health challenge in the United States. Despite the fact that average rates have decreased, data on neonatal mortality demonstrates that racial disparities have persisted and grown. The death rate for African American babies is nearly double that of white neonates. According to studies, congenital defects, SIDS, preterm birth, and low birth weight are all more common among African American babies. Midwifery care has been linked to better birth and postpartum outcomes for both mother and child. It caters to the needs of the woman and provides competent, sympathetic care, and is essential for maternal health improvement. The presence of a doula, or birth assistant, during labor and delivery, has also been associated with improved levels of satisfaction with medical birth care. Providers recognized their profession from a historical standpoint, a link to African origins, the diaspora, and prevailing African American struggles. Providers participated in both direct clinical experience and activist involvement. Advocacy efforts aimed to enhance the number of minority birth attendants and to promote the benefits of woman-centered birth care to neglected areas.
* Cryptic pregnancy * Male pregnancy * Transgender pregnancy *
Couvade syndrome Couvade syndrome, also called sympathetic pregnancy, is a proposed condition in which an expectant father or other parent experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior as their wife or birth parent. These most often include major weight gain, a ...
* Simulated pregnancy | 2022-07-05 18:23:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3373425006866455, "perplexity": 7516.817613572208}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104597905.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705174927-20220705204927-00330.warc.gz"} |
https://labs.tib.eu/arxiv/?author=V.%20Kruchonok | • ### Measurement of shower development and its Moli\ere radius with a four-plane LumiCal test set-up(1705.03885)
March 12, 2018 physics.ins-det
A prototype of a luminometer, designed for a future e+e- collider detector, and consisting at present of a four-plane module, was tested in the CERN PS accelerator T9 beam. The objective of this beam test was to demonstrate a multi-plane tungsten/silicon operation, to study the development of the electromagnetic shower and to compare it with MC simulations. The Moli\ere radius has been determined to be 24.0 +/- 0.6 (stat.) +/- 1.5 (syst.) mm using a parametrization of the shower shape. Very good agreement was found between data and a detailed Geant4 simulation.
• ### Performance of fully instrumented detector planes of the forward calorimeter of a Linear Collider detector(1411.4431)
June 1, 2015 physics.ins-det
Detector-plane prototypes of the very forward calorimetry of a future detector at an e+e- collider have been built and their performance was measured in an electron beam. The detector plane comprises silicon or GaAs pad sensors, dedicated front-end and ADC ASICs, and an FPGA for data concentration. Measurements of the signal-to-noise ratio and the response as a function of the position of the sensor are presented. A deconvolution method is successfully applied, and a comparison of the measured shower shape as a function of the absorber depth with a Monte-Carlo simulation is given. | 2021-01-17 00:11:01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2883473038673401, "perplexity": 2344.323211218657}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703507971.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116225820-20210117015820-00407.warc.gz"} |
https://en.1answer.info/tag/7370616365-61746d6f737068657265 | # atmosphere's questions - English 1answer
142 atmosphere questions.
### 16 Are there any known atmospheres that would support traditional combustion engines?
4 answers, 2.629 views atmosphere combustion
If we landed a traditional automobile on the moon, the combustion engine would lack oxygen, and, for obvious reasons, would not function. I'm wondering if a planet terrestrial body exists where we ...
### 2 Where are we in the current effort to make mars habitable? [closed]
I feel like this should be a massive effort put forth by all countries. As a civilization, our population is growing at a break-neck rate. Not only would it be a fail-safe should something happen to ...
### 1 What is the science behind the variation of Mars' effective sky temperature with latitude and longitude? Why the “hot spot”?
1 answers, 61 views mars atmosphere
After reading this interesting answer to the question How cold is the Martian sky at night? Or the day for that matter? I found that Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model 2001 Version (Mars-GRAM ...
### 4 Is really almost all the water in the atmosphere of Venus above the clouds?
1 answers, 99 views planetary-science atmosphere venus water
In this question about the amount of sulfuric acid in the atmosphere of Venus it is calculated that the amount of water in it's atmosphere is $9.6 \times 10^{15} \text{ kg }$ H$_2$O. In one of the ...
### 9 Is Mars' gravity strong enough to hold a human-breathable atmosphere?
2 answers, 226 views mars gravity atmosphere
If we ever try to make Mars outdoors habitable, won't the air just keep flying off into the outer space because of low gravity?
### 9 How much sulphuric acid is on Venus?
2 answers, 1.051 views planetary-science atmosphere venus
According to Wikipedia there are just 150 ppm of sulphur dioxide and 20 ppm of water in Venus' atmosphere. At the same time it is known that there is a considerable amount of sulphuric acid in the ...
### 8 Why not bring life to the atmosphere of Venus along with the next exploring mission?
Why not bring cyanobacteria and fertilizer to the atmosphere of Venus to improve conditions for life there by producing oxygen ? Planetary protection could be a reason. According to Wikipedia: ...
### 14 Could we see the surface of Venus after the explosion of a H-bomb in its atmosphere?
4 answers, 3.651 views atmosphere venus explosives
The dense atmosphere of Venus is mainly composed of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, with clouds made of sulfuric acid droplets, which make optical observation of the surface impossible. As can be seen ...
### 2 Are the mountains of Venus of any help for us to explore the surface?
The circular orbit and small axial tilt results in no seasons, coupled with the well-known strong greenhouse that makes nights just as hot as days. As pressure gets lower by height, so does ...
### 2 What are the ranges a human can survive AND breathe in?
1 answers, 114 views atmosphere science
I am writing a space sci-fi short story series, and I am trying to figure out what the range in pressure a human can survive AND breathe. I am trying to find the lowest, safest air pressure a human ...
### 2 Concentration of gases in an atmosphere
1 answers, 36 views planetary-science atmosphere sensors
this question made me think what type of technique is used to get concentration of gases on planets? One can get the composition using spectrometry but is there anyway to tell concentration of each ...
### 2 Does Juno's UVS have any chance to spot Europa plumes?
JIRAM has recently been proven to be useful to monitor the volcanic activity on Io, from a considerable distance. Europa Clipper will have an ultraviolet spectrograph which be pretty much a copy of ...
### 1 Looking for atmospheric density models of various planets and moons
0 answers, 20 views reentry atmosphere
Looking for atmospheric density models of various planets and moons, any sort of data/resources/database of this information would be extremely useful as I am working on recreating these models for ...
### 16 Is atmospheric skimming for propellant feasible?
5 answers, 768 views fuel atmosphere oxygen hydrogen fuel-depots
A recent comment in a discussion of satellite refueling mentioned the possiblity of a spacecraft dipping into the atmosphere from LEO to obtain oxygen. Similarly, the science fiction RPG Traveller ...
### 9 Titan - Is the source of so much Methane being overlooked?
Is the source of so much Methane on Titan being overlooked? Tons of very intelligent and knowledgeable people already looked at it, so the answer in undoubtedly "no", so I guess my question is more ...
### What is the procedure when a spacesuit gets a tear in it? [duplicate]
1 answers, 70 views atmosphere spacesuits emergency
What do you do if you are in space and you get a rip in your spacesuit other than getting right with God? What if you cannot get back to base in time?
### 26 Is the “airship to orbit” mission profile feasible?
By one of those weird coincidences, I had been on JP Aerospace's site mere hours before reading this question about space dirigibles here. Their mission plan seems too good to be true. They are ...
### 1 Can air pressure be accumulated this way for a biodome or spacesuit?
Using plastic or rubber or something similar and transparent be inflated with each layer having a increasing pressure lessening the strain on the containing material? When one or two layers fails the ...
### 2 How does methane waste produced by the ISS interact with our Atmosphere?
0 answers, 54 views iss atmosphere waste methane
The ISS uses a Sabatier reactor to recover oxygen from carbon dioxide. This has an output product of methane. I would imagine that most methane that enters our atmosphere at ground level only reaches ...
### 6 How does an atmospheric probe measure temperature during descent?
I heard that the Galileo spacecraft sent Galileo Probe into Jupiter, and it reported temperatures reaching 153 degrees Celsius. The question is, when you send a probe crashing into a planet that has ...
### 9 Measuring the pressure and temperature of Pluto's atmosphere using stellar occultations
Is this primarily done analyzing the Voigt profiles absorption bands on background of stellar spectra or on re-emission bands of atmospheric compounds? Assuming Pluto's atmosphere behaves like an ...
### 45 Why is the breathing atmosphere of the ISS a standard atmosphere (at 1 atm containing nitrogen)?
8 answers, 25.878 views iss atmosphere life-support
The Wikipedia page for the International Space Station says that it has a fairly Earth-like, sea-level atmosphere: 21% oxygen, balance nitrogen at 101.3 kPa. Supposedly it's because a pure-oxygen ...
### 2 Building a Drag model for rocket optimization
0 answers, 43 views rockets atmosphere drag
I need to build a drag model for my rocket optimization program and I stumbled upon by the following formula: $CD = CD_c(M)$, $K_n < K_{nc}$, $CD = CD_{fm}$, $K_n > K_{nf}$, \$CD = CD_c +(CD_{...
### 9 Will uncovering the ice deposit in Utopia Planitia improve the climate on Mars?
3 answers, 435 views mars atmosphere water climate
In 2016 a large ice deposit has been found within the Utopia Planitia region on Mars by the SHARAD instrument on board of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The thickness of the deposit ranges from ...
### 1 Space Station in atmosphere with continuous reboosting to preserve orbit
1 answers, 126 views orbital-mechanics orbit atmosphere
I recently watched the series Altered Carbon. In that series, they showed a floating space station called "Head in the Clouds". There is a blue sky here, even clouds. This would imply a height of &...
### How much soil can be supported by an inflatable habitat on Mars?
What weight of Martian soil can be supported by the top of an inflatable habitat pressurized at Earth's atmosphere? While habitat's shape is a huge factor, this has 20 meter modules, semi-cylindrical ...
### 12 Bounce off the atmosphere at reentry?
2 answers, 950 views reentry atmosphere aerobraking
I am just watching Space Race part 3 and the cosmonauts just got their first view of Wostok. The scientist who designed the retrorockets told the soon-to-be spacemen that the rockets would have to be ...
### 5 Launching sounding rockets from the magnetic equator (ISRO's Thumba)
The Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station is operated by ISRO for launching sounding rockets because magnetic equator passes through it. Equator gives additional velocity, But what advantage ...
### 4 Could metal sulfates stay in the sulfuric acid layer of Venus?
0 answers, 66 views atmosphere venus astrobiology
For cyanobacteria metal ions like K+, Mg+ and other essential nutrients like phosphorus are vital for growing and to expand. So they could only thrive in the clouds of Venus if at least metal ions ...
### 2 Is there likely to be life in Venus's upper atmosphere?
1 answers, 152 views atmosphere venus life habitat
From what I understand, Venus's upper atmosphere is much more habitable than its surface, with a temperature and pressure that humans could tolerate. However, lack of oxygen and sulphuric acid would ...
### 5 Why not simulate certain regions of the atmosphere of Venus?
0 answers, 148 views atmosphere venus astrobiology simulation
Many people would like to know if any form of life could survive anywhere in the atmosphere of Venus. Researchers have simulated conditions on Mars and found that after a month some cyanobacteria ...
### 4 What is the typical size of the sulfuric acid droplets in the atmosphere of Venus?
0 answers, 70 views atmosphere venus
According to Wikipedia: Venusian clouds are thick and are composed mainly (75-96%) of sulfuric acid droplets. These clouds obscure the surface of Venus from optical imaging, and reflect about 75% ...
### 9 Would a mars base need to expel excess heat?
I've read that on Mars you lose 30% of your heat through convection and 70% through black body radiation. (The much lower amount from convection due to the tenous atmosphere vs. Earth.) http://www....
### 6 Can there be an atmosphere in a cave on an atmosphere-less planet?
1 answers, 238 views planetary-science atmosphere exoplanet
I am making an exoplanet for a game and was wondering whether a planet without an atmosphere (or at least with a very weak atmosphere) could support caves that do have an atmosphere, or whether the ...
### 2 Does “What happens beyond Kármán, stay beyond Kármán”?
2 answers, 237 views rockets atmosphere exhaust
The title refers to the promotional slogan "What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas." The question How much CO2 would city-to-city rocket flight produce compared to airliners? seems to be focused on ...
### 11 How much sunlight gets to the surface of Titan? What would astronauts see?
2 answers, 2.831 views planetary-science atmosphere titan insolation
Saturn being at 10 A.U. means sunlight on Titan's cloud tops is about 1/100 that on Earth's. That's 4000 times the illumination of Earth's moon. Titan's atmosphere is described as opaque smog. If ...
### 8 What are the characteristics of the Earth's atmosphere near the Karman line and why?
I am wondering - what is the nature of the atmosphere in and around the transition to space at the Karman line? It is not difficult to find references using terms like "in the atmosphere" and "out of ...
### 6 Has an astronaut ever seen pixies, ELVEs, sprites or blue jets (without a camera)?
The NASA Science video ScienceCasts: A Display of Lights Above the Storm shows several examples of Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) (Upper Atmospheric Lightning) being filmed by high-sensitivity ...
### 13 At what altitude does transonic compressibility become a non-issue?
I know that on the forthcoming SpaceX attempt at sea landing the first stage, they have added hypersonic fins to the first stage. I was curious as to what altitude transonic compressibility is an ...
### 4 Can we make a space blimp?
2 answers, 1.813 views atmosphere space-elevator geophysics
OK. Hear me out. I know that blimps float because of the buoyancy of air, and there is no air in space. But think of the way a boat floats on the top of water even though the material that the boat is ...
### 2 Range of atmospheric pressure and composition for plant survival?
0 answers, 67 views atmosphere habitat plants
I am currently working on a college senior design team that is looking at developing a small modular habitat that could sustain plant growth. These small modules would not include humans, so we only ...
### 30 Could the Moon keep an atmosphere?
When we think of terraforming a body in our galaxy Mars gets lots of consideration as the closest potential body. But what about the Moon? It is currently beyond our ability to add an atmosphere ...
### 10 Does the Venusian atmosphere's “super rotation” actually rotate?
2 answers, 348 views atmosphere venus weather
The atmosphere of Venus contains strong winds and is said to have a "super rotation" because the atmosphere (above a certain altitude) moves faster than what the ground does. No one can disagree with ...
### 23 Would a settlement on Mars need to import Nitrogen?
9 answers, 10.360 views mars atmosphere
The air on Earth is about 20% oxygen and about 78% nitrogen. Best case, there seems to be sufficient oxygen (in water) to support colonization in the polar ice caps. What about the other 4/5 of the ...
### 14 Maximum survivable atmospheric pressure
Given a similar mix of gases to those in our Earth's atmosphere, what is the upper limit of survivable atmospheric pressure for a human? Could a human survive higher pressures with a gas mix unlike ...
### 13 Why do some meteors explode in air?
1 answers, 3.448 views atmosphere physics reentry meteors
I was reading about the Tunguska and Chelyabinsk meteors and I wonder what would cause a meteor to explode in the air, instead of hitting the surface?
### 5 Apparent temperature Mars
1 answers, 156 views mars atmosphere
Apparent temperature is the temperature equivalent perceived by humans, caused by the combined effects of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. There are several ways of measuring it, ...
### 7 What useful materials can be extracted from Venusian atmosphere?
Consider a cloud-top colony on Venus. What materials needed for the upkeep and expanding of the colony can be taken from Venusian atmosphere, excluding any possibility of mining the surface?
### 10 Does atmospheric entry shake the craft?
2 answers, 192 views reentry atmosphere
Does atmospheric entry shake the craft or does the process force the craft to fly in a straight line without causing vibrations? Sci-fi movies and all have the craft shake very slightly. It would ...
### 3 Could a terrestrial planet with a hydrogen atmosphere be habitable?
3 answers, 228 views atmosphere astrobiology exoplanet hydrogen
Many exoplanets, even small ones, have densities so low that it indicates that they have hydrogen atmospheres. Is a hydrogen gas atmosphere of a terrestrial planet somehow detrimental to biology as we ... | 2018-06-23 06:42:41 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2808390259742737, "perplexity": 3450.0028502999235}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864943.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623054721-20180623074721-00613.warc.gz"} |
https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/news/170696/sanofi-begins-construction-singapore-vaccine-facility/ | news
# Sanofi begins construction of Singapore vaccine facility
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The facility is designed around a central unit that comprises several fully digitalised modules, which can produce up to four vaccines simultaneously, regardless of the vaccine technology used.
(From left) DPM Heng Swee Keat, Sanofi's executive vice-president for vaccines Thomas Triomphe, EDB chairman Beh Swan Gin and Sanofi's evolutive facility site head Koh Liang Hong viewing examples of single-use technologies that will be used in production at the Sanofi evolutive vaccine facility. Credit: CHONG JUN LIANG
Sanofi has broken ground on its state-of-the-art vaccine facility in Singapore.
Sanofi is investing €900 million (S$1.3 billion) over five years to create two such facilities globally – one in France and the$638 million production site in Tuas, Singapore, which will allow it to quickly pivot to making new vaccines that might be needed to combat future pandemics.
Sanofi have said its evolutive vaccine facility (EVF) is the first of its kind. The fully digitalised facility can produce up to four different types of vaccines at one go, unlike current facilities around the world that can make just one at a time.
Targeted for completion at the end of 2025, it will churn out vaccines to be used in Asia.
The facility is designed around a central unit that comprises several fully digitalised modules, which can produce up to four vaccines simultaneously, regardless of the vaccine technology used, for example protein- or mRNA-based ones.
The EVF will be able to quickly ‘switch’ to one vaccine process to boost supply levels and adapt to public health emergencies.
“We know that COVID-19 is not going to be here forever. So, with these evolutive facilities, we are already planting the seeds and preparing for the next pandemic, and this is the level of agility that you need,” commented Thomas Triomphe, Executive Vice-President for Vaccines at Sanofi.
“Singapore is not just an economic hub but also a technology and innovation hub. To proceed with massive investments like the EVF, you need to have a whole ecosystem of suppliers of raw materials, of starters, of innovation technologies in the same area.”
Located at Tuas Biomedical Park, the Sanofi facility is expected to create up to 200 skilled jobs for the local workforce.
Singapore’s biopharma industry has been experiencing rapid growth, further accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Manufacturing output tripled in the last two decades and is now at more than \$18 billion a year.
Sanofi is among others that have announced in recent years plans to conduct vaccine-related activities in Singapore. German firm BioNTech and Hilleman Laboratories will set up manufacturing facilities while Thermo Fisher Scientific will set up a facility to fill vials with vaccine and finish the process of packaging the medicine.
These will enable Singapore as well as the region to respond swiftly to future pandemics.
### Related diseases & conditions
This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. | 2022-12-03 02:42:42 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.40162843465805054, "perplexity": 6486.075568289676}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710918.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203011523-20221203041523-00764.warc.gz"} |
http://www.italki.com/discussion/22542 | # Hello,everybody,is there any rules for the russian stress?
I often get confused with the "o", when should it be prononced like "a" ? or is there some stabil rule for it, if not , how can people recognize the tone???thx
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The "о" vowel is pronounced like an "а" when it's not stressed:
небо [не́ба] = the sky
поле [по́ле] = a field
As for the stress location in words, I think, you just have to remember it for every word.
remember every word :-( that seems a little difficult :-(
thank u everybody. got it~
thanks. Klar~~
'o' is pronounced as '[ə]' then without stress. Example: mələko, kərova, vərota etc. But there is a city in Russia, Vologda, where people says 'o' always: moloko, korova, vorota. Then, it is right.
Can you get example?
I'm sorry for mistake.
Can you an example? | 2015-10-13 17:17:10 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8291066884994507, "perplexity": 6088.254295898417}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738008122.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222008-00214-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://cms.math.ca/cjm/msc/35B33 | Solutions for Semilinear Elliptic Systems with Critical Sobolev Exponent and Hardy Potential In this paper we consider an elliptic system with an inverse square potential and critical Sobolev exponent in a bounded domain of $\mathbb{R}^N$. By variational methods we study the existence results. Keywords:critical Sobolev exponent, Palais--Smale condition, Linking theorem, Hardy potentialCategories:35B25, 35B33, 35J50, 35J60 | 2015-05-24 21:29:11 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7643600702285767, "perplexity": 592.8438799432311}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928078.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00148-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-write-the-first-five-terms-of-the-arithmetic-sequence-given-a-4-16-a- | How do you write the first five terms of the arithmetic sequence given a_4=16, a_10=46?
Dec 22, 2017
$\left\{1 , 6 , 11 , 16 , 21 , . .\right\}$
Explanation:
the $n t h$ term of an AP is given by
$n t h = {a}_{1} + \left(n - 1\right) d$
we are given
${a}_{4} = 16 \implies 16 = {a}_{1} + 3 d - - - \left(1\right)$
${a}_{10} = 46 \implies 46 = {a}_{1} + 9 d - - \left(2\right)$
$\left(2\right) - \left(1\right)$
$30 = 6 d$
$\therefore d = 5$
taking $\left(1\right) \implies {a}_{1} = 16 - 3 \times 5 = 16 - 15 = 1$
mental check for (2), 1+9xx5=46sqrt
${a}_{1} = 1 , d = 5$
${a}_{1} = 1$
${a}_{2} = 6$
${a}_{3} = 11$
${a}_{4} = 16$
${a}_{5} = 21$
$\left\{1 , 6 , 11 , 16 , 21 , . .\right\}$ | 2019-11-17 02:05:34 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 17, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5305013060569763, "perplexity": 1314.7417551805042}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668782.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117014405-20191117042405-00126.warc.gz"} |
http://www.heldermann.de/MTA/MTA02/MTA021/mta02007.htm | Journal Home Page Cumulative Index List of all Volumes Complete Contentsof this Volume Previous Article Minimax Theory and its Applications 02 (2017), No. 1, 079--097Copyright Heldermann Verlag 2017 Perturbation Effects for a Singular Elliptic Problem with Lack of Compactness and Critical Exponent Vicentiu D. Radulescu Dept. of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia vincentiu.radulescu@imar.ro Ionela-Loredana Stancut Dept. of Mathematics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania stancutloredana@yahoo.com [Abstract-pdf] We study the existence of multiple weak entire solutions of the nonlinear elliptic equation $$-\Delta u=V(x)|x|^{\alpha}|u|^{\frac{2(\alpha+2)}{N-2}}u +\lambda g(x)\ \ \ \text{in}\ \mathbb{R}^{N}\ (N\geq 3),$$ where $V(x)$ is a positive potential, $\alpha\in(-2,0)$, $\lambda$ is a positive parameter, and $g$ belongs to an appropriate weighted Sobolev space. We are concerned with the perturbation effects of the potential $g$ and we establish the existence of some $\lambda_{*}>0$ such that our problem has two solutions for all $\lambda\in(0,\lambda_{*})$, hence for small perturbations of the right-hand side. A first solution is a local minimum near the origin, while the second solution is obtained as a mountain pass. The proof combines the Ekeland variational principle, the mountain pass theorem without the Palais-Smale condition, and a weighted version of the Brezis-Lieb lemma. Keywords: Singular elliptic equation, Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequality, perturbation, critical point, weighted Sobolev space. MSC: 35B20, 35B33, 35J20, 58E05 [ Fulltext-pdf (192 KB)] for subscribers only. | 2017-10-21 06:50:22 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5400961637496948, "perplexity": 374.291868744069}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824618.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021062002-20171021082002-00678.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/college-algebra-11th-edition/chapter-4-section-4-2-exponential-functions-4-2-exercises-page-410/71 | ## College Algebra (11th Edition)
Published by Pearson
# Chapter 4 - Section 4.2 - Exponential Functions - 4.2 Exercises - Page 410: 71
#### Answer
$x=-7$
#### Work Step by Step
We rewrite the 4 on the left, so that the base is $2$ on both sides. $4^{x-2}=2^{3x+3}$ $(2^2)^{x-2}=2^{3x+3}$ By the law of exponents: $(a^x)^y=a^{xy}$ $(2^2)^{x-2}=2^{2x-4}$ Then we set the exponents equal, because the two sides with the same base are equal only if the powers are equal too: if $b^m=b^n$ and $b \ne0$ , $b \ne1$ then $m=n$ $2x-4=3x+3$ $-7=x$
After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback. | 2018-11-18 14:13:40 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8181435465812683, "perplexity": 549.7087497819748}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744381.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118135147-20181118161147-00277.warc.gz"} |
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/231071/t-test-for-different-group-size-equal-variance | # T-test for different group size equal variance
I am very bad with statistics therefore I hope you guys can be kind.
I have two groups of data, say: Stroke ($$n=5$$) Healthy ($$n=30$$)
where $$n$$ is the number of subjects. Each subject have 10 readings for every parameters I am taking. I would like to do a comparison between stroke and healthy if there are any significant different between the group, so how should I do it?
The thing that I don't really understand is because for each subject in each group have 10 readings. How can I compare the mean between group?
P.s. the reason why I am taking 10 readings is because I am not taking the cholesterol level or stuff like that, but grip force of a person, which will be different (slightly) from trial to trial.
• If each person has 10 readings for blood pressure, then there is probably a reason that they have so many. I'm guessing they are taken over time, perhaps before and after some treatment. But please tell us why there are 10 readings. – Peter Flom Aug 22 '16 at 11:16
• Are you familiar with ANOVA? – Tim Aug 22 '16 at 11:17
• Are the readings / parameters different variables (blood pressure, heart rate, cholesterol, etc.), or the same? – gung Aug 22 '16 at 11:33
• From a second question this user has posted, "P.s. the reason why I am taking 10 readings is because I am not taking the cholesterol level or stuff like that, but grip force of a person, which will be different (slightly) from trial to trial" – adunaic Aug 22 '16 at 12:29 | 2019-06-27 06:50:17 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 3, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4313185214996338, "perplexity": 864.6462984756558}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000894.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627055431-20190627081431-00289.warc.gz"} |
http://obc.lbl.gov/specification/example.html | # 12. Example Application¶
## 12.1. Introduction¶
In this section, we compare the performance of two different control sequences. The objectives are to demonstrate the setup for closed loop performance assessment, to demonstrate how to compare control performance, and to assess the difference in annual energy consumption.
As a test case, we used a simulation model that consists of five thermal zones that are representative of one floor of the new construction medium office building for Chicago, IL, as described in the set of DOE Commercial Building Benchmarks [DFS+11]. There are four perimeter zones and one core zone. The envelope thermal properties meet ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004. The system model consist of an HVAC system, a building envelope model [WZN11] and a model for air flow through building leakage and through open doors based on wind pressure and flow imbalance of the HVAC system [Wet06]. Thus, at every simulation step, a full pressure drop calculation is done to compute the air flow distribution based on damper positions, fan control signal and fan curve.
For the base case, we implemented a control sequence published in ASHRAE’s Sequences of Operation for Common HVAC Systems [ASH06]. For the other case, we implemented the control sequence published in ASHRAE Guideline 36 [ASHRAE16]. The main conceptual differences between the two control sequences, which are described in more detail in Section 12.2.5, are as follows:
• The base case uses two different but constant supply air temperature setpoints for heating and cooling during occupied hours, whereas Guideline 36 case resets the supply air temperature setpoint based on outdoor air temperature and zone cooling requests, as obtained from the VAV terminal unit controllers. The reset is using the trim and respond logic.
• The base case resets the supply fan static pressure setpoint based on the VAV damper positions, whereas the Guideline 36 case resets the fan static pressure setpoint based on zone pressure requests from the VAV terminal controllers. The reset is using the trim and respond logic.
• The base case controls the economizer to track a mixed air temperature setpoint, whereas Guideline 36 controls the economizer based on supply air temperature control loop signal.
• The base case controls the VAV dampers based on the zone’s cooling temperature setpoint, whereas Guideline 36 uses the heating and cooling loop signal to control the VAV dampers.
The next sections are as follows: In Section 12.2 we describe the methodology, the models and the performance metrics, in Section 12.3 we compare the performance, in Section 12.4 we recommend improvements to the Guideline 36 and in Section 12.5 we discuss the main findings and present concluding remarks.
## 12.2. Methodology¶
All models are implemented in Modelica, using models from the Buildings library [WZNP14]. The models are available from https://github.com/lbl-srg/modelica-buildings/releases/tag/v5.0.0
### 12.2.1. HVAC Model¶
The HVAC system is a variable air volume (VAV) flow system with economizer and a heating and cooling coil in the air handler unit. There is also a reheat coil and an air damper in each of the five zone inlet branches.
Fig. 12.1 shows the schematic diagram of the HVAC system.
In the VAV model, all air flows are computed based on the duct static pressure distribution and the performance curves of the fans. The fans are modeled as described in [Wet13].
### 12.2.2. Envelope Heat Transfer¶
The thermal room model computes transient heat conduction through walls, floors and ceilings and long-wave radiative heat exchange between surfaces. The convective heat transfer coefficient is computed based on the temperature difference between the surface and the room air. There is also a layer-by-layer short-wave radiation, long-wave radiation, convection and conduction heat transfer model for the windows. The model is similar to the Window 5 model. The physics implemented in the building model is further described in [WZN11].
There is no moisture buffering in the envelope, but the room volume has a dynamic equation for the moisture content.
We use an internal load schedule as shown in Fig. 12.2, of which $$20\%$$ is radiant, $$40\%$$ is convective sensible and $$40\%$$ is latent. Each zone has the same internal load per floor area.
### 12.2.4. Multi-Zone Air Exchange¶
Each thermal zone has air flow from the HVAC system, through leakages of the building envelope (except for the core zone) and through bi-directional air exchange through open doors that connect adjacent zones. The bi-directional air exchange is modeled based on the differences in static pressure between adjacent rooms at a reference height plus the difference in static pressure across the door height as a function of the difference in air density. Air infiltration is a function of the flow imbalance of the HVAC system. The multizone airflow models are further described in [Wet06].
### 12.2.5. Control Sequences¶
For the above models, we implemented two different control sequences, which are described below. The control sequences are the only difference between the two cases.
For the base case, we implemented the control sequence VAV 2A2-21232 of the Sequences of Operation for Common HVAC Systems [ASH06]. In this control sequence, the supply fan speed is modulated to maintain a duct static pressure setpoint. The duct static pressure setpoint is adjusted so that at least one VAV damper is 90% open. The economizer dampers are modulated to track the setpoint for the mixed air dry bulb temperature. The supply air temperature setpoints for heating and cooling are constant during occupied hours, which may not comply with some energy codes. Priority is given to maintain a minimum outside air volume flow rate. In each zone, the VAV damper is adjusted to meet the room temperature setpoint for cooling, or fully opened during heating. The room temperature setpoint for heating is controlled by varying the water flow rate through the reheat coil. There is also a finite state machine that transitions the mode of operation of the HVAC system between the modes occupied, unoccupied off, unoccupied night set back, unoccupied warm-up and unoccupied pre-cool. Local loop control is implemented using proportional and proportional-integral controllers, while the supervisory control is implemented using a finite state machine.
For the detailed implementation of the control logic, see the model Buildings.Examples.VAVReheat.ASHRAE2006, which is also shown in Fig. 12.6.
Our implementation differs from VAV 2A2-21232 in the following points:
• We removed the return air fan as the building static pressure is sufficiently large. With the return fan, building static pressure was not adequate.
• In order to have the identical mechanical system as for the Guideline 36 case, we do not have a minimum outdoor air damper, but rather controlled the outdoor air damper to allow sufficient outdoor air if the mixed air temperature control loop would yield too little outdoor air.
For the Guideline 36 case, we implemented the multi-zone VAV control sequence based on [ASHRAE16]. Fig. 12.3 shows the sequence diagram, and the detailed implementation is available in the model Buildings.Examples.VAVReheat.Guideline36.
In the Guideline 36 sequence, the duct static pressure is reset using trim and respond logic based on zone pressure reset requests, which are issued from the terminal box controller based on whether the measured flow rate tracks the set point. The implementation of the controller that issues these system requests is shown in Fig. 12.4. The economizer dampers are modulated based on a control signal for the supply air temperature set point, which is also used to control the heating and cooling coil valve in the air handler unit. Priority is given to maintain a minimum outside air volume flow rate. The supply air temperature setpoints for heating and cooling at the air handler unit are reset based on outdoor air temperature, zone temperature reset requests from the terminal boxes and operation mode.
In each zone, the VAV damper and the reheat coil is controlled using the sequence shown in Fig. 12.5, where THeaSet is the set point temperature for heating, dTDisMax is the maximum temperature difference for the discharge temperature above THeaSet, TSup is the supply air temperature, VAct* are the active airflow rates for heating (Hea) and cooling (Coo), with their minimum and maximum values denoted by Min and Max.
Our implementation differs from Guideline 36 in the following points:
• Guideline 36 prescribes “To avoid abrupt changes in equipment operation, the output of every control loop shall be capable of being limited by a user adjustable maximum rate of change, with a default of 25% per minute.”
We did not implement this limitation of the output as it leads to delays which can make control loop tuning more difficult if the output limitation is slower than the dynamics of the controlled process. We did however add a first order hold at the trim and response logic that outputs the duct static pressure setpoint for the fan speed.
• Not all alarms are included.
• Where Guideline 36 prescribes that equipment is enabled if a controlled quantity is above or below a setpoint, we added a hysteresis. In real systems, this avoids short-cycling due to measurement noise, in simulation, this is needed to guard against numerical noise that may be introduced by a solver.
### 12.2.6. Site Electricity Use¶
To convert cooling and heating energy as transferred by the coil to site electricity use, we apply the conversion factors from EnergyStar [Ene13]. Therefore, for an electric chiller, we assume an average coefficient of performance (COP) of $$3.2$$ and for a geothermal heat pump, we assume a COP of $$4.0$$.
### 12.2.7. Simulations¶
Fig. 12.6 shows the top-level of the system model of the base case, and Fig. 12.7 shows the same view for the Guideline 36 model.
The complexity of the control implementation is visible in Fig. 12.4 which computes the temperature and pressure requests of each terminal box that is sent to the air handler unit control.
All simulations were done with Dymola 2018 FD01 beta3 using Ubuntu 16.04 64 bit. We used the Radau solver with a tolerance of $$10^{-6}$$. This solver adaptively changes the time step to control the integration error. Also, the time step is adapted to properly simulate time events and state events.
The base case and the Guideline 36 case use the same HVAC and building model, which is implemented in the base class Buildings.Examples.VAVReheat.BaseClasses.PartialOpenLoop. The two cases differ in their implementation of the control sequence only, which is implemented in the models Buildings.Examples.VAVReheat.BaseClasses.ASHRAE2006 and Buildings.Examples.VAVReheat.BaseClasses.Guideline36.
Table 12.1 shows an overview of the model and simulation statistics. The differences in the number of variables and in the number of time varying variables reflect that the Guideline 36 control is significantly more detailed than what may otherwise be used for simulation of what the authors believe represents a realistic implementation of a feedback control sequence. The entry approximate number of control I/O connections counts the number of input and output connections among the control blocks of the two implementations. For example, If a P controller receives one set point, one measured quantity and sends it signal to a limiter and the limiter output is connected to a valve, then this would count as four connections. Any connections inside the PI controller would not be counted, as the PI controller is an elementary building block (see Section 7.6) of CDL.
Table 12.1 Model and simulation statistics.
Quantity
Base case
Guideline 36
Number of components
2826
4400
Number of variables (prior to translation)
33,700
40,400
Number of continuous states
178
190
Number of time-varying variables
3400
4800
Time for annual simulation in minutes
70
100
## 12.3. Performance Comparison¶
Table 12.2 Heating, cooling, fan and total site HVAC energy, and savings of guideline 36 case versus base case.
$$E_{h} \quad [kWh/(m^2\,a)]$$
$$E_{c} \quad [kWh/(m^2\,a)]$$
$$E_{f} \quad [kWh/(m^2\,a)]$$
$$E_{tot} \quad [kWh/(m^2\,a)]$$
[%]
6.419
18.98
3.572
28.97
2.912
14.29
1.74
18.94
34.6
Fig. 12.8 and Table 12.2 compare the annual site HVAC electricity use between the annual simulations with the base case control and the Guideline 36 control. The bars labeled $$\pm 50\%$$ were obtained with simulations in which we changed the diversity of the internal loads. Specifically, we reduced the internal loads for the north zone by $$50\%$$ and increased them for the south zone by the same amount.
In this case study, the Guideline 36 control saves around $$30\%$$ site HVAC electrical energy. These are significant savings that can be achieved through software only, without the need for additional hardware or equipment. Our experience, however, was that it is rather challenging to program the Guideline 36 sequence due to their complex logic that contains various mode changes, interlocks and timers. Various programming errors and misinterpretations or ambiguities of Guideline 36 were only discovered in closed loop simulations. We therefore believe it is important to provide robust, validated implementations of Guideline 36 that encapsulates the complexity for the energy modeler and the control provider.
Fig. 12.9 shows the outside air temperature temperature $$T_{out}$$ and the global horizontal irradiation $$H_{glo,hor}$$ for a period in winter, spring and summer. These days will be used to compare the trajectories of various quantities of the base case and the Guideline 36 case.
Fig. 12.10 compares the time trajectories of the room air temperatures. The figures show that the room air temperatures are controlled within the setpoints for both cases. Small set point violations have been observed due to the dynamic nature of the control sequence and the controlled process.
Fig. 12.11 shows the control signals of the reheat coils $$y_{hea}$$ and the VAV damper $$y_{vav}$$ for the north and south zones.
Fig. 12.12 shows the temperatures of the air handler unit. The figure shows the supply air temperature after the fan $$T_{sup}$$, its control error relative to its set point $$T_{set,sup}$$, the mixed air temperature after the economizer $$T_{mix}$$ and the return air temperature from the building $$T_{ret}$$. A notable difference is that the Guideline 36 sequence resets the supply air temperature, whereas the base case is controlled for a supply air temperature of $$10^\circ \mathrm C$$ for heating and $$12^\circ \mathrm C$$ for cooling.
Fig. 12.13 show reasonable fan speeds and economizer operation. Note that during the winter days 5, 6 and 7, the outdoor air damper opens. However, this is only to track the setpoint for the minimum outside air flow rate as the fan speed is at its minimum.
Fig. 12.14 shows the volume flow rate of the fan $$\dot V_{fan,sup}/V_{bui}$$, where $$V_{bui}$$ is the volume of the building, and of the outside air intake of the economizer $$\dot V_{eco,out}/V_{bui}$$, expressed in air changes per hour. Note that Guideline 36 has smaller outside air flow rates in cold winter and hot summer days. The system has relatively low air changes per hour. As fan energy is low for this building, it may be more efficient to increase flow rates and use higher cooling and lower heating temperatures, in particular if heating and cooling is provided by a heat pump and chiller. We have however not further analyzed this trade-off.
Fig. 12.15 compares the room air temperatures for the north and south zone for the standard internal loads, and the case where we reduced the internal loads in the north zone by $$50\%$$ and increased it by the same amount in the south zone. The trajectories with subscript $$\pm 50\%$$ are the simulations with the internal heat gains reduced or increased by $$50\%$$. The room air temperature trajectories are practically on top of each other for winter and spring, but the Guideline 36 sequence shows somewhat better setpoint tracking during summer. Both control sequences are comparable in terms of compensating for this diversity, and as we saw in Fig. 12.8, their energy consumption is not noticeably affected.
## 12.4. Improvement to Guideline 36 Specification¶
This section describes improvements that we recommend for the Guideline 36 specification, based on the first public review draft [ASHRAE16].
### 12.4.1. Freeze Protection for Mixed Air Temperature¶
The sequences have no freeze protection for the mixed air temperature.
If the supply air temperature drops below $$4.4^\circ \mathrm C$$ ($$40^\circ \mathrm F$$) for $$5$$ minutes, send two (or more, as required to ensure that heating plant is active) Boiler Plant Requests, override the outdoor air damper to the minimum position, and modulate the heating coil to maintain a supply air temperature of at least $$5.6^\circ$$ C ($$42^\circ \mathrm F$$). Disable this function when supply air temperature rises above $$7.2^\circ \mathrm C$$ ($$45^\circ \mathrm F$$) for 5 minutes.
Depending on the outdoor air requirements, the mixed air temperature $$T_{mix}$$ may be below freezing, which could freeze the heating coil if it has low water flow rate. Note that the Guideline 36 sequence controls based on the supply air temperature and not the mixed air temperature. Hence, this control would not have been active.
Fig. 12.16 shows the mixed air temperature and the economizer control signal for cold climate. The trajectories whose subscripts end in no are without freeze protection control based on the mixed air temperature, as is the case for Guideline 36, whereas for the trajectories that end in with, we added freeze protection that adjusts the economizer to limit the mixed air temperature. For these simulations, we reduced the outdoor air temperature by $$10$$ Kelvin ($$18$$ Fahrenheit) below the values obtained from the TMY3 weather data. This caused in day 6 and 7 in Fig. 12.16 sub-freezing mixed air temperatures during day-time, as the outdoor air damper was open to provide sufficient fresh air. We also observed that outside air is infiltrated through the AHU when the fan is switched off. This is because the wind pressure on the building causes the building to be slightly below the ambient pressure, thereby infiltrating air through the economizers closed air dampers (that have some leakage). This causes a mixed air temperatures below freezing at night when the fan is off. Note that these temperatures are qualitative rather than quantitative results as the model is quite simplified at these small flow rates, which are about $$0.01\%$$ of the air flow rate that the model has when the fan is operating.
We therefore recommend adding the following wordings to Guideline 36, which is translated from [Bun86]:
Use a capillary sensor installed after the heating coil. If the temperature after the heating coil is below $$4^\circ C$$,
1. enable frost protection by opening the heating coil valve,
2. send frost alarm,
3. switch on pump of the heating coil.
The frost alarm requires manual confirmation.
If the temperature at the capillary sensor exceeds $$6^\circ C$$, close the valve but keep the pump running until the frost alarm is manually reset. (Closing the valve avoids overheating).
1. Add bypass at valve to ensure $$5\%$$ water flow.
2. In winter, keep bypass always open, possibly with thermostatically actuated valve.
3. If the HVAC system is off, keep the heating coil valve open to allow water flow if there is a risk of frost in the AHU room.
4. If the heating coil is closed, open the outdoor air damper with a time delay when fan switches on to allow heating coil valve to open.
5. For pre-heat coil, install a circulation pump to ensure full water flow rate through the coil.
### 12.4.2. Deadbands for Hard Switches¶
There are various sequences in which the set point changes as a step function of the control signal, such as shown in Fig. 12.5. In our simulations of the VAV terminal boxes, the switch in air flow rate caused chattering. We circumvented the problem by checking if the heating control signal remains bigger than $$0.05$$ for $$5$$ minutes. If it falls below $$0.01$$, the timer was switched off. This avoids chattering. We therefore recommend to be more explicit for where to add hysteresis or time delays.
### 12.4.3. Averaging Air Flow Measurements¶
The Guideline 36 sequence does not seem to prescribe that outdoor airflow rate measurements need to be time averaged. As such measurements can fluctuate due to turbulence, we recommend to consider averaging this measurement. In the simulations, we averaged the outdoor airflow measurement over a $$5$$ second moving window (in the simulation, this was done to avoid an algebraic system of equations, but, in practice, this would filter measurement noise).
### 12.4.4. Cross-Referencing and Modularization¶
For citing individual sections or blocks of the Guideline, it would be helpful if the Guideline where available at a permanent web site as html, with a unique url and anchor to each section. This would allow cross-referencing the Guideline from a particular implementation in a way that allows the user to quickly see the original specification.
As part of such a restructuring, it would be helpful to the reader to clearly state what are the input signals, what are configurable parameters, such as the control gain, and what are the output signals. This in turn would structure the Guideline into distinct modules, for which one could also provide a reference implementation in software.
### 12.4.5. Lessons Learned Regarding the Simulations¶
A few lessons regarding simulating such systems have been learned and are reported here. Note that related best practices are also available at https://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/modelica/userGuide/bestPractice.html
• Fan with prescribed mass flow rate: In earlier implementations, we converted the control signal for the fan to a mass flow rate, and used a fan model whose mass flow rate is equal to its control input, regardless of the pressure head. During start of the system, this caused a unrealistic large fan head of $$4000$$ Pa ($$16$$ inch of water) because the fan increased its mass flow rate faster than the VAV dampers opened. The large pressure drop also lead to large power consumption and hence unrealistic temperature increase across the fan.
• Fan with prescribed presssure head: We also tried to use a fan with prescribed pressure head. Similarly as above, the fan maintains the presssure head as obtained from its control signal, regardless of the volume flow rate. This caused unrealistic large flow rates in the return duct which has very small pressure drops. (Subsequently, we removed the return fan as it is not needed for this system.)
• Time sampling certain physical calculations: Dymola 2018FD01 uses the same time step for all continuous-time equations. Depending on the dynamics, this can be smaller than a second. Since some of the control samples every $$2$$ minutes, it has shown to be favorable to also time sample the computationally expensive simulation of the long-wave radiation network in the rooms. Because surface temperatures change slowly, computing it every $$2$$ minutes suffices. We expect further speed up can be achieved by time sampling other slow physical processes.
• Non-convergence: In earlier simulations, sometimes the solver failed to converge. This was due to errors in the control implementation that caused event iterations for discrete equations that seemed to have no solution. In another case, division by zero in the control implementation caused a problem. The solver found a way to work around this division by zero (using heuristics) but then failed to converge. Since we corrected these issues, the simulations are stable.
• Too fast dynamics of coil: The cooling coil is implemented using a finite volume model. Heat diffusion among the control volumes of the water and among the control volumes of air used to be neglected as the dominant mode of heat transfer is forced convection if the fan and pump are operating. However, during night when the system is off, the small infiltration due to wind pressure caused in earlier simulations the water in the coil to freeze. Adding diffusion circumvented this problem, and the coil model in the library includes now by default a small diffusive term.
## 12.5. Discussion and Conclusions¶
In this case study, the Guideline 36 sequence reduced annual site HVAC energy use by $$30\%$$ compared to the baseline implementation with comparable thermal comfort. Such savings are significant, and have been achieved by changes in controls programming only which can relatively easy be deployed in buildings.
Implementing the Guideline 36 sequence was, however, rather challenging due to its complexity caused by the various mode changes, interlocks, timers and cascading control loops. These mode changes, interlocks and dynamic dependencies made verification of the correctness through inspection of the control signals difficult. As a consequence, various programming errors and misinterpretations or ambiguities of the Guideline were only discovered in closed loop simulations, despite of having implemented open-loop test cases for each block of the sequence. We therefore believe it is important to provide robust, validated implementations of the sequences published in Guideline 36. Such implementations would encapsulate the complexity and provide assurances that energy modeler and control providers have correct implementations. With the implementation in the Modelica package Buildings.Controls.OBC.ASHRAE.G36_PR1, we made a start on such an implementation and laid out the structure and conventions, but have not yet covered all of Guideline 36. Furthermore, conducting field validations would be useful too.
A key short-coming from an implementer point of view was that the sequence was only available in English language, and as an implementation in ALC EIKON of sequences that are “close to the currently used version of the Guideline”. Neither allowed a validation of the CDL implementation because the English language version leaves room for interpretation (and cannot be executed) and because EIKON has quite limited simulation support that is cumbersome to use for testing the dynamic response of control sequences for different input trajectories. Therefore, a benefit of the Modelica implementation is that such reference trajectories can now easily be generated to validate alternate implementations.
A benefit of the simulation based assessment was that it allowed detecting potential issues such as a mixed air temperature below the freezing point (Section 12.4.1) and chattering due to hard switches (Section 12.4.2). Having a simulation model of the controlled process also allowed verification of work-arounds for these issues.
One can, correctly, argue that the magnitude of the energy savings are higher the worse the baseline control is. However, the baseline control was carefully implemented, following our interpretation of ASHRAE’s Sequences of Operation for Common HVAC Systems [ASH06]. While higher efficiency of the baseline may be achieved through supply air temperature reset or different economizer control, such potential improvements were only recognized after seeing the results of the Guideline 36 sequence. Thus, regardless of whether a building is using Guideline 36, having a baseline control against which alternative implementations can be compared and benchmarked is an immensely valuable feature enabled by a library of standardized control sequences. Without a benchmark, one can easily claim to have a good control, while not recognizing what potential savings one may miss. | 2023-02-07 18:05:21 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.37048330903053284, "perplexity": 1419.0209377675878}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500628.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207170138-20230207200138-00227.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1280673/showing-that-a-function-is-not-continuous | # Showing that a function is not continuous
$$f(x)= \left\{ \begin{array}{} x, &x\in \mathbb{Q} \\ 0, &x\in \mathbb{R} \setminus\mathbb{Q} \end{array} \right.$$ Show that f is not continuous for $x\neq0$.
I'd like to know if my attempted solution is ok:
Let $x_0\neq0$ and $\delta\gt0$. Since rational and irrational numbers are dense in $\mathbb{R}$, there exist $x_1\in\mathbb{Q}$ and $x_2\in\mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Q}$ so that $x_1,x_2\in U'(x_0,\delta)$. Let $\epsilon=\frac{|x_1|}{2}$. Then $|f(x_1)-f(x_2)|=|x_1|>\epsilon$ and f is not continuous.
• Do you mean $f(x)=x$ if $x\in\mathbb Q$? Otherwise this is not well defined. – Gregory Grant May 13 '15 at 17:55
• That was a mistake, sorry. Corrected now. – user240297 May 13 '15 at 17:58
• The flow could be improved. You should define $\epsilon$ before ever mentioning $\delta$. That's because non-continuity means there exists an $\epsilon$ such that $\forall$ $\delta>0$ etc... – Gregory Grant May 13 '15 at 18:02
Suggested edits: Fix $x_0\neq 0$. Let $\epsilon=\frac{x_0}{2}$. For every $0<\delta$, there exists a rational number $x_1$ and an irrational number $x_2$ in $U(x_0,\delta)$, and $|x_1|>\frac{x_0}{2}$.
Then $|f(x_1)-f(x_2)|=|x_1|>\frac{x_0}{2}=\epsilon$, which means $f$ is not continuous.
The preimage of, say, $]1,2[$ definitely not open. | 2020-01-19 10:27:42 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8960845470428467, "perplexity": 195.47509780955548}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00370.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/90812-problem-finding-max-value-urgent.html | # Math Help - problem on finding max value (URGENT)
1. ## problem on finding max value (URGENT)
I was wondering what would be the way to answer this question. I know that trial error is one way but i also know that there is a differential calculus like method. But i am not sure about how to do it. Could some one pleaes help me!!!!!
"Find the length of the cuboid which has a maximum permissible length of 1.070m and also has the maximum possible volume"
NOTE: must ensure that sum of the maximum length and the corresponding circumference (circumference of plane perpendicular to length)
All help is appreciated.
2. Originally Posted by matref
I was wondering what would be the way to answer this question. I know that trial error is one way but i also know that there is a differential calculus like method. But i am not sure about how to do it. Could some one pleaes help me!!!!!
"Find the length of the cuboid which has a maximum permissible length of 1.070m and also has the maximum possible volume"
NOTE: must ensure that sum of the maximum length and the corresponding circumference (circumference of plane perpendicular to length)
All help is appreciated.
So you have a rectangular solid with one side of length x and two of length y and must have x+ 4y= 1.070? Or sides of length x, y, z with x+ 2y+ 2z= 1.070?
The volume is $xy^2$ in the first case, xyz in the second.
In the first case, x= 1.070- 4y so $xy^2= 1.070y^2- 4y^3$. Differentiating that, $2.140y- 12y^2= y(2.140- 12y)= 0$ which gives either y= 0 or y= 2.140/12= .1783. y= 0 gives a package of volume 0- obviously the maximum. So y= .1783 and then x= 1.070- 4(.1783)= 1.070- 0.7132= 0.3568. That makes the maximum volume $(.3568)(.1783)^2= 0.011342989552.$
I don't think there is enough data to do the other case so I hope this was what you meant! Are you mailing a package? | 2014-10-25 13:27:41 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 4, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7602616548538208, "perplexity": 503.85513674041295}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648250.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00081-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://vmu.phys.msu.ru/en/abstract/2017/3/17-3-111/ | Faculty of Physics
M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University
Regular Article
# An Optimization Method for the Calculation of Hamiltonian Matrix Elements for Josephson Flux Qubits
## A. V. Kuznetsov$^1$, N. V. Klenov$^{1,2,3}$
### Moscow University Physics Bulletin 2017. 72. N 3. P. 287
• Article
Annotation
This work aims to describe the method of analytical calculation of an orthonormalized basis of states of the Josephson flux quantum bits (qubits) using a two-level approximation under the condition that the potential energy of the system is a combination of two potential wells separated by a tunnel barrier. For illustration, the calculation results in the case of the well-known three- and four-junction flux qubits, as well as promising silent qubits, are presented.
Approved: 2017 August 23
PACS:
85.25.Hv Superconducting logic elements and memory devices; microelectronic circuits
85.25.Dq Superconducting quantum interference devices
03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations
03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods
Rissian citation:
А. В. Кузнецов, Н. В. Кленов.
Вестн. Моск. ун-та. Сер. 3. Физ. Астрон. 2017. № 3. С. 111.
Authors
A. V. Kuznetsov$^1$, N. V. Klenov$^{1,2,3}$
$^1$Department of Atomic Physics, Plasma Physics and Microelectronics, Faculty of physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University
$^2$Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University
$^3$Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics
### Science News of the Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University
This new information publication, which is intended to convey to the staff, students and graduate students, faculty colleagues and partners of the main achievements of scientists and scientific information on the events in the life of university physicists. | 2022-01-24 01:26:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2619881331920624, "perplexity": 4618.289342089496}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304345.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123232910-20220124022910-00369.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/832434/why-is-the-domain-of-convergence-of-a-power-series-a-perfect-disk | # Why is the domain of convergence of a power series a perfect disk?
I've been going over power series in my Differential Equations class for approximating solutions, and one thing that's been fascinating me is the statement that there is a radius of convergence, around the point for which the series converges. Now, I understand that when a function has an asymptote, like $f(x)=\frac1x$, this is naturally going to "obstruct" convergence, and so the series has to stop converging for values too close to the asymptote. But why should this hinder convergence on the other side of the point?
Furthermore, this implies that when dealing with a complex power series, the region of convergence is a perfect disk. Why can't we have more irregular regions of convergence? What keeps convergence about the point perfectly symmetric?
-
It's not quite a perfect disk; the boundary behaviour can be rather complex. But to see why convergence at $z = r$ implies convergence at $z = s$ whenever $|r| > |s|$, use a comparison test. – user61527 Jun 13 '14 at 1:57
The set of points where a power series converges is not necessarily a perfect disk - convergence at one endpoint does not imply convergence at the other endpoint. For a particular example, the series
$$\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} x^n$$
has radius of convergence $1$ (as easily deduced from the ratio test) and diverges at both $x = \pm 1$. On the other hand, the series
$$\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} \frac{x^n}{n}$$
again has radius of convergence $1$ (again, from the ratio test perhaps). However, this diverges at the right endpoint, but converges at the left endpoint of $-1$; here, it is the alternating harmonic series.
So the boundary behaviour can be quite complicated (and even moreso in the complex case): The set of points on the boundary of the disk where the series converges can be large or small depending on the particular series.
All that we can say, generally, is that absolute convergence (and, in fact, substantially weaker versions of convergence) at a point with $z = r$ implies absolute convergence at $z = s$ whenever $|r| \ge |s|$; this follows immediately from a comparison test between the two series. since $|s|^n \le |r|^n$ for all $n$ in this case. This is the obstruction that keeps a series from converging absolutely at a boundary point, unless it converges absolutely at all boundary points.
Perhaps you'd find it easier to think about it in a slightly opposite manner: Convergence at a point implies convergence at all points closer to $0$ - so having a radius of convergence that's "too large" would be an obstruction to having a pole of any sort.
-
Actually, simple convergence at a point with $z=r$ implies absolute convergence at $z=s$. – lhf Jun 13 '14 at 2:04
@lhf Indeed it does - I didn't mention this since it takes a little bit more work to deal with the question of why the series converges at closer points. – user61527 Jun 13 '14 at 2:05
... and even more, boundedness of the terms at $z=r$ implies absolute convergence at $z=s$. – Robert Israel Jun 13 '14 at 2:05
@RobertIsrael Now that is really something. How does that even work? Would a proof be too much work? – silvascientist Jun 13 '14 at 2:44
It's very simple. If $|a_n| |r|^n \le B$ and $|s| < |r|$, then $|a_n| |s|^n \le B t^n$ where $t = |s|/|r| < 1$, and $\sum_n B t^n$ converges. – Robert Israel Jun 13 '14 at 5:38
The key result is that if a power series converges at $z=z_1$ then it converges absolutely for all $z$ with $|z|<|z_1|$, and here you get your disk. The proof uses that $a_n z_1^n \to 0$ and a comparison with the geometric series.
As others have mentioned, this results says nothing about convergence on the circle $|z|=|z_1|$.
- | 2016-06-28 16:56:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9498459100723267, "perplexity": 196.82718861029235}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/560fec8711ef6b16f1fe6807#174007 | # Question #e6807
Oct 3, 2015
I found ii)
#### Explanation:
We can write:
$A = {B}^{n} \cdot {C}^{m}$ as:
$L T = {\left({L}^{2} {T}^{-} 1\right)}^{n} \cdot {\left(L {T}^{2}\right)}^{m}$
$L T = {L}^{2 n} {T}^{- 1 n} \cdot {L}^{m} {T}^{2 m}$ and:
$L T = {L}^{2 n + m} {T}^{- n + 2 m}$
So to have the two sides equal we need that:
$2 n + m = 1$
$- n + 2 m = 1$
from the second: $n = 2 m - 1$
into the first:
$2 \left(2 m - 1\right) + m = 1$
$4 m - 2 + m = 1$
and:
$5 m = 3$
$m = \frac{3}{5}$
and back into $n = 2 m - 1$ you get:
$n = \frac{6}{5} - 1 = \frac{1}{5}$ | 2022-01-24 17:06:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 13, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6292082667350769, "perplexity": 8966.093178043036}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304572.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124155118-20220124185118-00192.warc.gz"} |
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/152539/adding-subtracting-in-binary-and-hexadecimal-formats | # Adding/Subtracting in binary and hexadecimal formats?
I have two numbers(in decimal):
M = 3892.74
N = 9341.65
I am trying to add and subtract them in binary numbers and then in hexadecimal numbers. I manage to convert the numbers into binary/ hexadecimal with 4 fraction digits.
M = 111100110100.1011 and M = f34.bd70
N = 10010001111101.1010 and N = 247d.a666
and I have found M + N = 13234.51 = 11001110110010.0101 = 33b2.83d6 I am having trouble doing the M - N ? Is there negative numbers in alternate number systems and how would I carry out this subtraction ? If my earlier work can be verified, I would also appreciate it. Thanks
• If you're doing this by hand, you can just put a negative sign in front like you normally would with decimal numbers. – Greg d'Eon Feb 5 '15 at 3:06
• Use binary 2's complement to make one of the numbers negative, then subtract by adding the 2's complement. – MarkU Feb 5 '15 at 4:04
M - N can be done in the usual way as:
00111100110100.1011 -
10010001111101.1010
---------------------
1 10101010110111.0001
---------------------
We have a borrow here. Answer is negative and is in 2's complement form.
Or you can add the 2's complement of N with M.
-N = 2's complement of N = 101101110000010.0110
0 00111100110100.1011 +
1 01101110000010.0110
---------------------
1 10101010110111.0001
---------------------
Take the 2's complement of this number to get -01010101001000.1111 = -5448.9375. | 2019-10-16 22:21:29 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5101508498191833, "perplexity": 1170.254464772229}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986670928.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016213112-20191017000612-00013.warc.gz"} |
http://www.mathstat.dal.ca/~selinger/quipper/doc/QuipperLib-QFTAdd.html | The Quipper System
Add one QDInt onto a second, in place; i.e. (x,y) ↦ (x,x+y). Arguments are assumed to be of equal size. This implementation follows the implementation in Thomas G. Draper's paper "Addition on a Quantum Computer" which doesn't require the use of any ancilla qubits through a clever use of the Quantum Fourier Transform. | 2017-10-24 07:26:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.670304000377655, "perplexity": 1556.0320699464219}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828189.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024071819-20171024091819-00281.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/14893-power-series.html | # Thread: power series
1. ## power series
The problem says:
Identifying the basic solutions as well as the general solution, find a power series solution in powers of x of the following differential equation:
y" - 4xy' + (4x^2 - 2)y = 0
2. Originally Posted by Hollysti
The problem says:
Identifying the basic solutions as well as the general solution, find a power series solution in powers of x of the following differential equation:
y" - 4xy' + (4x^2 - 2)y = 0
Here, someone please check my work. This took forever to type and I lost concentration several times along the way
3. Yes there is an error when you multiply everything out.
Note: It does not take me so long. In LaTeX you type instead of clicking on drop down menus and symbols.
,
,
### y' 4xy = 0 by power series
Click on a term to search for related topics. | 2017-02-24 11:04:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.861499547958374, "perplexity": 783.0340496515834}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171463.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00380-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.drumtom.com/q/find-the-points-of-any-horizontal-tangent-lines-of-x-2-xy-y-2-6 | Find the points of any horizontal tangent lines of x^2+xy+y^2=6?
• Find the points of any horizontal tangent lines of x^2+xy+y^2=6?
Such tangent lines would be horizontal so ... How can I find the slope of the tangent line at each point of ... $x=2$ and find the tangent line?
Positive: 23 %
... of any horizontal tangent lines: (x^2+xy+y^2) = 6. Am I doing something wrong?\[x^2+xy +y^2 = 6 ... Find the points of any horizontal tangent ...
Positive: 20 %
More resources
Finding horizontal tangents for trig function. ... {\cos x}{2+\sin x} To find the points at which the tangent is ... Find the horizontal tangent line. 1.
Positive: 23 %
CALCULUS Derivatives. Tangent Line 1. Find the equation of the ... = 4 J Find the slope of the tangent line at the given point P. y ( 6) = 4[x (2)] J Use ...
Positive: 18 %
Implicit Di erentiation Math221 Section301 ... line is horizontal. Tangent line is ... x2 + xy y2 = 1. (a) Find the tangent line and ... | 2017-01-20 10:05:47 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5988361239433289, "perplexity": 962.665630686195}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00417-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-solve-2h-8-h-17 | # How do you solve 2h - 8 = h + 17 ?
$h = 25$
$2 h \textcolor{red}{- h} - 8 \textcolor{b l u e}{+ 8} = h \textcolor{red}{- h} + 17 \textcolor{b l u e}{+ 8}$
$h = 25$ | 2022-10-04 23:34:41 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 3, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.723382830619812, "perplexity": 1358.3703713572836}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337529.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004215917-20221005005917-00137.warc.gz"} |
https://www.r-bloggers.com/2011/01/example-8-20-referencing-lists-of-variables-part-2/ | Want to share your content on R-bloggers? click here if you have a blog, or here if you don't.
In Example 8.19, we discussed how to refer to a group of variables with sequential names, such as varname1, varname2, varname3. This is trivial in SAS and can be done in R as we showed.
It’s also sometimes useful to refer to all variables which begin with a common character string. For example, in the HELP data set, there are the variables cesd, cesd1, cesd2, cesd3 and cesd4.
SAS
In SAS, this can be done with the : operator. This functions much like the * wildcard available in many operating systems.
proc means data="c:\book\help.sas7bdat" mean;
var cesd:;
run;
Variable Mean
------------------------
CESD1 22.7154472
CESD2 23.5837321
CESD3 22.0685484
CESD4 20.1428571
CESD 32.8476821
------------------------
R
This functionality is not built into R. But, as with the sequentially named variable problem, you can use the string functions available within R to replicate the effect.
In this case, we use the names() function (section 1.3.4) to get a list of the variables in the data set, then search for names whose beginnings match the desired string using the substr() function (section 1.4.3). Note that the substr() == section returns a vector of logicals, rather than variable names.
ds = read.csv("http://www.math.smith.edu/r/data/help.csv")
mean(ds[, substr(names(ds), 1, 4) == "cesd"], na.rm=TRUE)
cesd1 cesd2 cesd3 cesd4 cesd
22.71545 23.58373 22.06855 20.14286 32.84768
The typing required for the previous statement is rather involved, and requires counting characters. You may want to make a function to do this instead.
The function will accept a data frame as input and return the data frame with just the desired variables. It looks much like the direct version displayed above, but uses the substitute() function to access the “varname” parameter as text, rather than as an object. I store those characters in the object vname.
matchin = function(dsname, varname) {
vname = substitute(varname)
return(dsname[substr(names(dsname),1,nchar(vname)) == vname])
}
Now we can just type
mean(matchin(ds, cesd), na.rm=TRUE)
with results identical to those displayed above. | 2021-07-28 01:22:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3523983061313629, "perplexity": 2196.081613146722}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153515.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727233849-20210728023849-00489.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/differential-equations/104268-help.html | 1. ## Help :(
Okay.. Can anyone explain me, how to solve this problem:
$y''+4y'+4=0$.. when $y(0)=2$ and $y'(0)=0$
2. Originally Posted by MissWonder
Okay.. Can anyone explain me, how to solve this problem:
$y''+4y'+4=0$.. when $y(0)=2 and y'(0)=0$
The Characteristic Equation is
$m^2 + 4m + 4 = 0$
$(m + 2)^2 = 0$
$m = -2$.
Since the solution of the characteristic equation is repeated, the solution will be of the form
$y(x) = C_1e^{-2x} + C_2xe^{-2x}$.
We can also see that
$y'(x) = -2C_1e^{-2x} + C_2e^{-2x} -2C_2xe^{-2x}$.
Applying the initial conditions gives
$2 = C_1 + C_2$ and $0 = -2C_1 + C_2$.
Solving the equations simultaneously gives
$2 = 3C_1$
$\frac{2}{3} = C_1$
$2 = \frac{2}{3} + C_2$
$\frac{4}{3} = C_2$.
Thus $y(x) = \frac{2}{3}e^{-2x} + \frac{4}{3}xe^{-2x}$.
3. ## hmm
Applying the initial conditions gives
and .
Where do you get that last part from?
4. Originally Posted by MissWonder
Applying the initial conditions gives
and .
Where do you get that last part from?
The reply given was quite clear. Go back and read it carefully. Especially the part where the given initial condition y'(0) = 0 is substituted into the rule for y'. | 2017-03-30 19:32:22 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 17, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.904106616973877, "perplexity": 1193.2285952267166}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218199514.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212959-00286-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/147912-vectors-word-problem.html | 1. ## Vectors: Word Problem
Hi all,
I am currently studying for a first-year Math exam and am working through past exam questions. This one, however, has me totally perplexed (it's to do with planes and vectors and what-not):
A coordinate system is positioned so that the x-axis points North, the y-axis points West and the z-axis points vertically up. A man 2 meters high stands at the origin. The ground is sloping and has the equation x-y+4z = 0. How long is the man's shadow when the sun is due North at an elevation of 45 degrees?
2. Originally Posted by aceOfPentacles
Hi all,
...
A coordinate system is positioned so that the x-axis points North, the y-axis points West and the z-axis points vertically up. A man 2 meters high stands at the origin. The ground is sloping and has the equation x-y+4z = 0. How long is the man's shadow when the sun is due North at an elevation of 45 degrees?
I'm not sure if my reply is really helpful for you because you should have some knowledge about vector geometry if you want to do this problem. Nevertheless here we go:
1. The man is described by the vector $\vec m = (0,0,2)$ (Drawn in black).
2. The direction of the sunlight is described by $\vec d = (-1,0,-1)$.
3. The ray of sunlight which passes over the head of the man is described by the equation of the line l:
$lx,y,z)=(0,0,2)+t \cdot (-1,0,-1)" alt="lx,y,z)=(0,0,2)+t \cdot (-1,0,-1)" />
4. The equation of the plane p can be written as:
$p: x-y+4z=0~\implies~(1,-1,4)\cdot (x,y,z)=0$
5. Now calculate
$p\cap l~\implies~(1,-1,4)\cdot ((0,0,2)+t \cdot (-1,0,-1))=0~\implies~t=-\frac85$
6. The point where the ray hits the plane - that means the point where the shadow of the man ends - is $S\left(-\frac85\ ,\ 0\ ,\ \frac25 \right)$. So the length of the shadow is $|\vec s| = \sqrt{\left(-\frac85 \right)^2 + \left(\frac25 \right)^2}= \frac25 \cdot \sqrt{17} \approx 1.65\ m$ (Drawn in red)
3. Thanks earboth. I am in fact studying vector geometry and that was the sort of comprehensive answer I was hoping for! Although I'm not too sure how you got (-1, 0, -1) as the direction of the sunlight - is it because 45 degrees is similar to the line y = x?
4. Originally Posted by aceOfPentacles
Thanks earboth. I am in fact studying vector geometry and that was the sort of comprehensive answer I was hoping for! Although I'm not too sure how you got (-1, 0, -1) as the direction of the sunlight - is it because 45 degrees is similar to the line y = x?
Correct! The slope of the line y = x is m = 1 which correponds to the angle of 45° between the x-axis and the line. | 2016-08-27 05:31:10 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 7, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9152899384498596, "perplexity": 638.8119685957118}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982297973.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195817-00205-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://forums.qhimm.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=ieeqv4nibdoesafu4gcm3o9v50&action=printpage;topic=11944.0 | # Qhimm.com Forums
## Final Fantasy Forums => Tools => FF7 Tools => Topic started by: luksy on 2011-06-07 13:40:05
Title: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2011-06-07 13:40:05
(https://www.dropbox.com/s/v6ugt99lt451h5f/ts.png)
touphScript allows you to edit FFVII text using simple text files, hopefully this allows for faster editing and should be great for versioning / distribution if you like that kind of thing (and who doesn't).
Assuming nothing is missing it now supports every single line of text in the game:
• ff7.exe (Various menu text and Characters' Lv4 Limit dialogue)
• data\field\flevel.lgp (Field and tutorial dialogue)
• data\kernel\KERNEL.BIN (Sephiroth, Ex-SOLDIER text and scene lookup table)
• data\kernel\kernel2.bin (Most of game items and their descriptions)
• data\battle\scene.bin (Battle dialogue, enemy names, enemy attack names)
• data\wm\world_us.lgp (World map dialogue)
Features:
• Dumps and reencodes FFVII text using simple UTF-8 text files.
• All text in the game is fully supported (see files supported).
• Automatically resizes field and world map windows to fit text.
• Optionally inserts missing windows in field script.
• Unused text & scripts optionally removed.
• Options for controlling resizing, such as character name width.
• Window values, numeric displays and question paramters can be specified manually if necessary.
• Tutorial script can be edited.
• Entries can be ignored in order to selectively overwrite different parts of the text.
• Patches field scripts for bugfixes + other functionality.
Field and world windows are autosized as follows:
Window width is determined by the longest line (character names have a fixed width so some boxes are overpadded, name width can be forced with ini), window height is determined by the largest line count in between individual {NEW} tags, i.e.:
{BARRETT}
“Good luck {CLOUD}!
If you make it, we'll follow you!”{NEW}
“Whoa, I'll hold the PHS for you.
It'll break if it gets wet.”
has 3 lines until the {NEW} tag, and then another 2, so the box height will be 3 lines.
For those of you who don't RTFM here's a quickstart:
extract files
BACKUP flevel.lgp, world_us.lgp, scene.bin, kernel.bin, kernel2.bin and ff7.exe
double click exe and press d [enter] to dump
edit text files
double click exe and press e [enter] to encode
1.3.0
• Added missing snowboard text entry
• Added support for 2012 flevel
• Disabled log popup
• Numeric window fixes
Known Issues:
• 3 field names are set to dialogue, actually this is a FFVII bug and really doesn't matter, it's in the readme anyway
touphScript v1.3.0 (https://www.dropbox.com/s/g2we948370uyk20/touphScript.7z?dl=0)
Source (https://www.dropbox.com/s/2647rlruolcsp7j/touphScript_1.3.0_source.7z?dl=0)
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.1] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: DLPB on 2011-06-07 13:43:09
8) The Eagle has landed.
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.1] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: luksy on 2011-06-09 05:00:06
Looks like I messed up on the comma spacing, will be fixed in the next version!
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.1] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: DLPB on 2011-06-10 01:44:43
This is seriously impressive now :) Will be even more impressive when autosize boxes is sorted out.
So far the new version I just tested is 1 exe that does all the work for you, and can remove all dupes too shrinking flevel by a meg or 2. Editing with notepad and it reflecting only the files you have changed is great.
So simple. I will use loveless only for tweaking now.
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.2] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: luksy on 2011-06-10 02:15:21
v0.2 is up!
Next version: autosize (I promise!)
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: luksy on 2011-06-12 09:11:38
Bump for v0.3, now includes autosize!
Next version should have tutorial repacking, and anything else I can think of.
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: Armorvil on 2011-06-12 14:15:05
This is excellent. The perfect complement to Makou Reactor, since it doesn't edit dialog. Thank you ! ^^
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.4] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: luksy on 2011-06-15 03:13:05
v0.4 is out, full charmap support (for translating into other languages).
v0.5 will have a fix for the offending autosized windows, a config file, and maybe a couple of other things.
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: luksy on 2011-07-25 05:42:12
v0.5 is out!
Extra fixes included, check ini file; world text and tutorials are editable now. Also includes a simple notepad++ syntax highlighter.
Next version will fix orphaned dialogues (I promise!).
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: StickySock on 2011-07-25 15:31:57
This is awesome! I have been waiting for something like this for a long time.
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: Lazybones on 2011-07-27 05:46:07
First off, excellent tool. Thank you for your time.
However, when I go to encode the text, it crashed as 9/705: "FFVII text editor has stopped working."
(I noticed the dump is 702 files, while the encode is 705.) I haven't renamed or deleted any of the text files. I also haven't deleted any entries.
Is this simply due to a change in the number of letters in a given entry?
I'm using Windows 7 32 bit, if it matters.
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: luksy on 2011-07-27 05:56:33
Try downloading it again, I've been fixing bugs since I released 0.5 (I know I should update version no. but I'm lazy ;D ).
Make sure you're using a clean untouched flevel.lgp + world_us.lgp, copy them from the disc / iso into the field and wm folders, and redump the text.
If it still crashes pack the text files into an archive and post them here and I'll have a look.
Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor
Post by: Lazybones on 2011-07-28 03:26:59
Sorry for the delay, I've been out all day. I re-downloaded touphScript and re-copied the files from the CDs, and everything worked perfectly.
This is awesome. I can finally edit the things that have been bothering me ("It moved!" when you fall into the church) and give Barrett and Cid actual curse words instead of the %#@!. Thank you very much for your time and effort on this. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: luksy on 2011-07-28 03:50:20 Ah ok, maybe the flevel had been modified by something else beforehand. If you come across anything else please post it, the more the merrier ;) Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-07-28 16:47:09 Just a note, the tutorials will not encode correctly if you alter them. I will contact Luksy later and explain why and get it fixed :P edit. Now fixed. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: luksy on 2011-08-30 08:16:15 v0.6 released, nothing major on the surface, underneath it's all new-ish. Script patch next (last time I say this! ;D). Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: luksy on 2011-09-06 06:37:42 v0.7 - window parameters can be specified in the text with the {X x}{Y y}{W w}{H h} tags. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: MJarcos on 2011-09-16 15:14:40 Hello luksy Would be able to make your tool to extract and replace the texts of the EXE? I found the text of the menus there, and I would be doing a full translation. The table I used is below http://www.4shared.com/file/T9-dvvYj/testeff7_2.html Thank you! Sorry for my bad english = ( Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: Vgr on 2011-09-16 16:40:15 The texts are view-able in an hex-editor. If you need help to edit this, you can ask me. You'd have to wait for another program. And your English is not bad at all. Where you from? Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: MJarcos on 2011-09-16 17:08:18 I'm from Brazil... Do you have any means of contact? Thanks Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-09-16 18:10:59 This tool is not for the exe, it is for game dialogue. I don't think he is supporting changing exe dialogue, but get a hex editor and do it yourself. It is easy to edit the game manually. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: Vgr on 2011-09-16 18:51:56 Do you have any means of contact? Guess you already know, since you added me to msn :P Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: luksy on 2011-09-17 02:35:02 0.8 is out, it now automatically inserts missing windows so 99% of the text should be resizeable now. This is quite close to being final I think, provided there are no bugs. I may add support for full tutorial editing, and possibly other ingame text too if I can be bothered ::) Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-09-17 02:39:44 and as the best tester on earth I can testify that this has been testified to the best of testability..... I hope. There will probably be some form of bug we haven't found but the core of this is working and was an immense amount of work. Well done Luksy! Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: luksy on 2011-09-26 01:44:35 v0.9 is up, a few improvements here and there, and tutorials are fully scriptable, which I know you've all been waiting for :P, and if you have FFVII installed you can run touphScript from anywhere assuming the paths are correct. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-09-28 15:06:51 Luksy has added support for Kernel,kernel2 and scene.bin (including AI text) text editing. Seems to work 100% so far so that's a very good release when it arrives here! Next is FF7.exe. To sum this up, touphScript is the ultimate game text editor, soon capable of editing almost all of the games text and allowing a distributor of a mod to make sure that edits to text will not mean having to ship entire files which end up conflicting with other peoples mods. This is a godly tool. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9] touphScript - FFVII-PC text-based dialogue editor Post by: Vgr on 2011-09-28 19:50:53 If DLPB says so... then it is ;D And yes, it seems like it's good as hell! ^^ Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-09-29 02:56:59 Ok as Dan said it now supports scene.bin and kernel2.bin, I'll get to work on exe text for a 1.0 release! Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: NFITC1 on 2011-09-29 19:07:18 What part of the scene.bin text are you editing? There are only enemy names, action names, and AI text to modify and AI text would be more complicated than just inserting text. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-09-29 19:16:42 The AI text is being done via a search for opcode 93. naturally if someone has added text to scenes, it won;t replace the correct text unless the person chooses to decode and then make sure the text file is altered ready for encoding properly, but other than that it is perfect. Download it and try. Also.. apparently there is some unused "formation" data. tS edits ALL text in scene bin , kernel2.bin, world map, field, tutorial, and soon ff7.exe Can you also confirm that "Ex-Soldier" is the only text in kernel.bin? Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Vgr on 2011-09-29 19:32:01 Actually, isn't it in the kernel2? I think so, although I cannot check right now. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-09-29 19:45:10 No. It isn't :P believe me, I know. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: NFITC1 on 2011-09-29 21:35:15 The AI text is being done via a search for opcode 93. naturally if someone has added text to scenes, it won;t replace the correct text unless the person chooses to decode and then make sure the text file is altered ready for encoding properly, but other than that it is perfect. Download it and try. I don't have time to try, but this doesn't sound safe. If the text length is altered then all the AI jumps would be off. If you increase it then you'd have to re-write all the headers for the enemy AI. If shorten it then you could fill the empty space with NULL value which would be considered as NOPs. Also.. apparently there is some unused "formation" data. Can you elaborate on that a little? tS edits ALL text in scene bin , kernel2.bin, world map, field, tutorial, and soon ff7.exe Can you also confirm that "Ex-Soldier" is the only text in kernel.bin? The relevant "Ex-SOLDIER" is in the ff7.exe. Look at Aerith's info. In the KERNEL.BIN her initial name is listed as "Aerith", but when you go to name her she defaults as "Aeris". That text only exists in ff7.exe. That's where initial names come from. You can change those names to anything and it wouldn't alter the names. Actually, that's not entirely true. The names in KERNEL.BIN are the first names, but when you get to the "enter a name" screen, it defaults to the names in ff7.exe. If you have a piece of dialog that references character 4's name before you get to name her, it will read "Aerith". Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Vgr on 2011-09-29 21:52:27 Would be better if tS could edit the whole AI in the scene.bin because that way it'd be safer IMO. 256 scenes * 3 enemies per scene (would be good to dump even if it's empty, to be able to fill) and I'm not sure if independant files or only a file per enemy will be good. I mean, it brings the amount of files for scene.bin to 768 and if we split it in 16 files per enemy it'd be 768*16 which is insanely big. The final word is not mine, however ;D Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-09-29 22:13:31 Quote Can you elaborate on that a little? No, but Luksy can :P Quote The relevant "Ex-SOLDIER" is in the ff7.exe. The one the game uses is from the kernel is it not? I was sure the exe one was unused? There is a dupe in file 3 or 4 of kernel. When I edit the text inside wallmarket it changes in game. Surely you don't edit the exe? Ex Soldier never gets to a name screen. as for the AI I am pretty sure luksy has altered all the headers and pointers as well. You would have to take it up with him though, he knows what he is doin and i don't ;D He definitely does edit headers and pointers though, I mean, he has just written a program that alters script in flevel too... he is pretty competent. edit: the one in exe is definitely unused. The game must take it from that file in kernel.bin. I edited exe and it changed nothing, I edited kernel with wallmarket and it did. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-09-30 00:32:14 NFITC1 you're absolutely right about the jumps, I hadn't considered that. Luckily it's exactly the same issue when messing around with the field script and I've already solved it, I'll update the app now, thanks again. Quote Quote Also.. apparently there is some unused "formation" data. Can you elaborate on that a little? I didn't explain myself to Dan properly, as you will certainly know each scene has 4 formation AI scripts and 3 enemy AI scripts; although the vanilla game does not use text in the formation scripts, it's technically possible to insert text, so I check formation AI too just in case. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-09-30 00:53:28 Just small update, the data in the exe seems to be identical to that found in file 4 of kernel.bin , except kernel.bin is used and the exe isnt. At least this is true for offset 10h (Ex-SOLDIER) and 3ACh (Sephiroth). Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: NFITC1 on 2011-09-30 02:43:58 Ex Soldier never gets to a name screen. That's right, it's used BEFORE the name screen. That's what I meant. I probably composed that sentence out of order. After you defeat the two guards Cloud gets named so you only see the text "Ex-SOLDIER" in that one battle. After that, the game takes the name "Cloud" from the exe and uses THAT name to use as the default text for the name screen. There are several repeats of the string "Cloud" in the exe. I'm not sure which one is used. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-09-30 02:44:48 I am: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/36889302/FF7/FF7exeInfo.xls :evil: Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-09-30 08:11:56 Would be better if tS could edit the whole AI in the scene.bin because that way it'd be safer IMO. I don't really want to start bloating the files any further, my original idea was a simple text editor that anyone can use. The only place I have considered anything other than text is in the tutorials because it was trivial to dump the entire file to text including ops. It's actually safer as it is now, as manually recalculating jumps can get very ugly, very fast. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.6] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-09-30 18:27:31 Gemini put me straight... I forgot... Sephiroth text from kernel.bin is loaded on new game to ram and is then saved when you save a game... so unless you start a game again or alter the save file, you will never see the change. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-10-01 00:36:00 v0.9.8 Ok that should be it, unless there are bugs, so if you come accross something odd please let me know! When enough people have tested and confirmed working I'll promote it to 1.0. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-10-01 00:39:47 This now supports editing: All text in FF7.exe All text in Scene.bin All text in kernel.bin All text in kernel2.bin All dialogue in Flevel.lgp including tutorials. All non used text is edited out. All dialogue in World_us.lgp (ev files and mes) for World dialogue. Also supports scripting of Tutorials, my and kranmer's menu overhaul (see the ini and readme). It can automatically size dialogue windows and removes unused text entries. It also fixes broken windows from original game. A monumental effort, and imho the best single translation tool available. Can be used from Command line. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: NFITC1 on 2011-10-01 21:30:27 While we're talking about AI, are you looking at the player characters' AI in the KERNEL.BIN and the formation AI in the scene.bin? Just wondering. Also, you should think about checking for the A0 opcode since that's the debug text line. That uses standard ASCII values and not the FF7 font, though. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Vgr on 2011-10-01 21:31:13 No and no. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-10-01 23:44:22 While we're talking about AI, are you looking at the player characters' AI in the KERNEL.BIN and the formation AI in the scene.bin? Just wondering. Also, you should think about checking for the A0 opcode since that's the debug text line. That uses standard ASCII values and not the FF7 font, though. I'm checking formation AI for text just in case, not checking character AI - should I be? I check for 0xA0 but only to skip over it otherwise I wouldn't be able to read scripts that use it, don't think many people are interested in modifying debug text :D Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-10-02 01:13:05 Just a small note. I think luksy wants to add "script fixes" elsewhere, but so far there are 3 main ones: 1. bridge scene in mtcrl_9 (text removed in PC, you have to place text back which we can fix anyway with this tool). Thanks for this to myst6re. There is one, easy to unlock, at mtcrl_9, border_2 location is disabled due to the first action in the script 0 (main). In fact, the location is cleared all the time. Remove "Clear the location" action, and voila! http://youtu.be/5gBT0Y8fwhU 2. Barrett scene at Gongaga. I forget who told me this one but I also told myst6re of it. Barret is on current party GameMoment < 638 “A ruined reactor.” text was triggered in gongaga You spoke with at least one villager about the reactor accident. the fifth bit in var[3][129] is 0 The problem is that the last condition does not happen, the fifth bit is set to 1 at the beginning of the game (chrin_2 > init > S0 - main). Why? I don't know, this may be needed. After all, both fields (chrin_2 & gonjun1) are produced by the same author (Keisuke). delete the set bit action at chrin_2 > init > S0 - main 3. Temple of the Ancients original minigame (present in original Japanese game). I was going to look into it, but Shademp found out its very simple to fix. A var is set deliberately that is supposed to be set only when you fall down in the clock room 3 times. So just remove "Set the 1 bit to 1 in Var[3][239]" in kuro_4 -> produce -> S0 Init. The text has been translated already but until now, never used. People always say that this original minigame is too hard... I didn't think so. It was pretty easy. If you fall down the clock room 3 times the minigame switches to the easier version. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-10-10 10:48:22 Minor update with some text files renamed for easy access, and a feature that should be useful for text mods that allows individual entries to be ignored. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.1] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-10-20 04:20:06 Bugfixes for a couple of things that popped up when using with Aeris revival mod and hardcore mod, as Dan said in the menu mod thread touphScript will probably crash when using hardcore mod due to a bug in las2_3 I could add a check for similar errors and log instead, but logging errors can go unnoticed; at least if touphScript crashes it's pretty obvious, although annoying I'm sure, and also may suggest that there is something fatally wrong with the game code as in this case. I'll think about ways to make these kind of errors more obvious for a future release. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.2] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-10-21 03:13:10 Quick 'n' dirty bugfix for the hardcore mod issue, it shouldn't crash now. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.2] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Dark_Ansem on 2011-10-22 13:00:42 this is a great tool. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-10-22 23:51:50 Another bugfix, won't crash anymore when encoding text files with more entries than the respective field file. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-10-30 00:32:51 http://dl.dropbox.com/u/36889302/FF7/Japanese%20Table.zip This is the complete Japanese font at 4X size, found from Window.bin. There are 1071 Kanji in the game, which is correct as there are also 1071 corresponding entries in the character spacing table also found in window.bin. The gana and kana are also here. I am not sure how feasible it is to add japanese support but anyway, this is for anyone who needs it. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: sithlord48 on 2011-10-30 14:16:59 since i just added japanese support myself. maybe he can do so in a similar way. please see globals.cpp (http://blackchocobo.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/blackchocobo/trunk/globals.cpp?revision=568&view=markup) starting at line 564. its pretty ez if your using utf8 chars. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: MJarcos on 2011-10-30 14:38:21 Hello Luksy and DLPB Do you have any idea where this may be part of the texts? (http://img683.imageshack.us/img683/1483/menubattle.th.png) (http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/683/menubattle.png/) Attack Magic Item First, I thought it would be in the EXE. but was not there, I doubt that is in the files of the dialogues, not looked at the Kernel's and do not think it's graphic... Sorry if this question has been answered, but found nothing related to them... Before coming to ask me, I looked in Qhimm wiki, but found nothing... Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-10-30 16:04:24 It is in 0_kernel2.bin.txt, see the dumped text files. They are all in kernel2. @sith He has already added japanese and PSX dumping support, I think :P I believe he used Makou reactor's documentation. Also, luksy seems to have uploaded 0.9.9.3.7 which fixes the world map dialogue bug. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: MJarcos on 2011-10-30 16:19:35 Thanks man! Sorry for the inconvenience, but taking advantage of: Do you plan to move in Window.bin? Thanks! :D Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-10-30 16:24:07 I am not the author, but I do believe window.bin character spacing values are being added... or at least, reading it is being added. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Milo Leonhart on 2011-10-30 18:12:16 I'm french and i try to translate in french and apparently the character like à,é,è etc. does not appear in the game ? Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-10-30 18:42:13 The font I made with menu reconstruction does not support those letters, you are free to make your own font. Luksy's program DOES support those letters so your query is not a TS issue. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Milo Leonhart on 2011-10-30 18:54:12 The font I made with menu reconstruction does not support those letters, you are free to make your own font. Luksy's program DOES support those letters so your query is not a TS issue. Okay, thanks! Can you give me the name of the font you've used ? Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-10-30 19:28:48 I used helvetica world. If you wait until tomorrow I will upload my adobe files for you. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Milo Leonhart on 2011-10-30 19:31:33 Oh cool it's great, i'm waiting then... thanks! Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-10-30 19:47:53 Just promise to do a decent job... the only bad thing is that felix has already completed my font in new colours, so you would have to go plain or make your own gradient version. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Milo Leonhart on 2011-10-30 20:54:56 Ok it's not a problem, but can you tell me how or giveme a link to a tutorial to make my own font ? Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-10-30 20:58:19 I can't, it really is as simple as knowing how to add letters in adobe... its very simple if you do it right. If you can't do it, someone else will have to :) Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Milo Leonhart on 2011-10-30 21:04:21 Oh ok, so i'll try :) thanks again! Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Caledor on 2011-10-31 00:01:45 Thanks a lot for the adobes DLPB, until now I had problems like milo to edit the fonts, since I was adding all the "à" "è" "ò" ecc through copy-paste in paint.net, you know... But even like that it seems it's pointless 'cause the added character overlap like if there is no value for spacing set for them (is that stored in window.bin?) or whatever. Do you have any data about this thing that you used in your menu mod, like the ones you gave us about the exe? Or is it already planned to be fixed in near future? Anyway, I'm taking this chance to thank you for all the work you shared with us, the menu overhaul mod, all the info about the exe and the advice to use Cheat Engine. They helped a lot even to someone that had to start learning from zero like me. ;D Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-10-31 00:49:51 0099ddaf is roughly where the table starts in memory, it is pulled from window.bin that I had to manually edit. You have to manually edit the character widths. If luksy makes it editable in a notepad, it would be easier for you but that's what you need to do. The font needs to be properly done, so whoever uses my adobe font needs to be competent. I will not be doing a running commentary. Got way too many things to do and I do not care for any languages other than English :) Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Caledor on 2011-10-31 23:24:56 0099ddaf is roughly where the table starts in memory, it is pulled from window.bin that I had to manually edit. You have to manually edit the character widths. I found everything in memory and i managed to edit window.bin3 but when it comes to recompress it back, every program i found on this forum can't seem to do it the right way. I tried ff7dec.exe gzip.exe gunzip.exe gzip96.exe but nothing happened. I'm truly sorry to bother you again but can you please tell me what you used for compress/decompress window.bin? Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-10-31 23:35:28 I used ff7dec to decode and a hex editor. You have to use ff7dec to zip the 3rd file then place that file into window.bin with a hex editor. Window.bin is just a container for 3 gzips. It is NOT a single gzip file. This is not the correct thread for this, We should get back to ontopic discussion here now. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: MJarcos on 2011-11-20 15:14:45 Hey guys! I have a riddle for you: P 0_scene.bin.txt This file holds all the files where the names of the attacks: Machine Gun, Beat Rush, etc.. I discovered that the translation of FF7 PSX, the names were not translated because they edit it anyway error gave the game AI and some attacks did not happen According to the guys who translated: http://www.romhacking.trd.br/index.php?topic=3193.msg74095#msg74095 Every time (and even many were) trying to edit it cause some kind of error, the last (even after identifying the whole file) could lead to an error of AI enemies (not used a few hits). I've Identified all, are several blocks with these pointers and seemingly all right back even after review. I could not solve the problem, it may be some code in the AI file that needs to be linked / updated. http://www.romhacking.trd.br/index.php?topic=3193.msg74109#msg74109 Is there any chance you find a solution to this problem? Thank you very much! Obs: My English was very bad now! Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-11-20 15:17:09 If this is an error with touphScript then yes, if it isn't, then no. Does touphScript make an error? If it doesn't, your query has no place here. There have been a lot of people sending in broken exe and broken scenes that have nothing whatsoever to do with touphScript. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: MJarcos on 2011-11-20 17:18:51 Where I said that the program was a mistake? I said nothing If you use anything related to translation, will cause this error. My question is intended to warn about this problem and further improve the progam because this is something that really disrupts the lives of anyone who is moving deep into the game... The program is very good and meets my needs, the idea was to TRY to fix this error Do not get me wrong... Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-11-20 18:54:30 I do not understand what the problem is? Maybe it is because you are not a native English speaker. I can't understand where your problem lies... or if it even is a problem with tS. Someone who speaks Spanish and English fluently can maybe elaborate?> Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Caledor on 2011-11-20 20:41:29 I know this might seem a very stupid question... but i can't manage to compile this program under windows 7... what should I use? Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-11-20 22:30:57 MJarcos: please send me the affected scene.bin, kernel.bin and scene.bin.txt Dei92: I used mingw, you'll have to mess around with the makefile if you want to use something like VS Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Caledor on 2011-11-21 14:59:53 Thanks a lot luksy, I managed to do it somehow. One curious thing is that my exe is more than 1,5 Mb bigger than yours but I honestly don't care a lot as long as it works :P Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-11-21 15:47:57 Luksy used upx to shrink the exe. Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Caledor on 2011-11-21 16:10:18 Understood, i'll try that too. Thanks ;) Title: Re: [WIP] [v0.9.9.3] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-11-21 22:23:15 If you use the makefile the "release" switch will automatically strip and compress the exe, assuming UPX is installed. Title: Re: [v1.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-12-15 06:59:13 A tentative 1.0 release is out! Interesting new options are unused script deletion and dumping of all window parameters, together this means that only the text that can appear ingame is dumped, and all windows should be resizeable. Keep in mind this may still not be ready for primetime, only time will tell, please let me know of any issues. As the text files are largely incompatible with previous versions, do not use text dumped from previous versions Title: Re: [v1.1] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-12-22 04:08:58 update to 1.1, params are changed again but these are final, fixes for numeric displays, as with 1.0, don't use previous text files, make sure you start with clean files copied from the original disks. This is pretty much final and the only major changes from now on will be bugfixes. Title: Re: [v1.1] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2011-12-22 04:45:14 So comes to an end weeks of hard slog :) 8-) Title: Re: [v1.1.4] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2011-12-30 14:38:38 Small bugfix, I overlooked the fact that you can't actually add text to fields anymore, so the option's been dropped. edit: updated to 1.1.2, couple of issues fixed. edit: updated to 1.1.3, bugfix for deleted scripts edit: updated to 1.1.4, long jump opcodes fixed. Title: Re: [v1.1.4] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-01-10 13:13:27 bwhahahaha I haven't finished with bug reports just yet ;) I am sure there be a few more minor after our latest. But this is definitely looking like the completed article now. Great work. 8-) Title: Re: [v1.1.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-01-11 02:37:30 Damn you!! 1.1.5, another two bugfixes. edit: 1.2 is up, new script patching options to fix bugs and unlock extra dialogues / cutscenes, so far the following are available: • Enable extra Barret cutscene in Gongaga (gonjun1) • Enables original clock minigame difficulty in Temple of the Ancients • Activate Gongaga village elder extra dialogue immediately after other two (instead of having to ask 10 times) • Enable Kalm old guy's 3 random dialogues (only 2 shown normally). • Enable Aerith's dialogue when attempting to pass Mithril Mine before Kalm (incorrectly uses Tifa's) • Change Tifa & Aerith's lovepoints check to > 40 in Gongaga (was > 120, i.e. impossible without cheating / exploting Tifa lovepoints bug) • Fix Barret infinite lovepoints bug in Cosmo Canyon (gives +6 points if you hear him out to the end, otherwise none) • Fix Tifa infinite lovepoints bug in Shin-Ra Bldg. Prison • Modify battle game odds in Golden Saucer, shorten game to 5 rounds & fix battle end after 4th opponent. • Enable extra cutscene at Mount Corel Bridge (text needs to be copied over from PSX version) • Insert extra Barret dialogue if not in party when receiving PHS in Kalm • Patch for touphScript compatibility in Aerith's house 2F, in case Marin's question to Cloud needs to be modified. Many thanks to Shademp & DLPB for these. As a safety measure, each field script is compared against a hash, so these patches will only work on original, untouched scripts. Title: Re: [v1.2] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-01-22 16:55:09 Script error: lastmap 18: MESS script 6 byte 43 If Var[6][6] < 120 (else jump to byte 56) That gives the FMV more time to fully complete and ends at correct time. originally it chops the end off. Title: Re: [v1.2.1] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-01-23 01:09:04 1.2.1 has a couple new script mods, that one and the tv text switch in min51_1, plus longer vals for some text in exe I forgot to update :P Title: Re: [v1.2.1] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: sylandro on 2012-01-29 01:18:38 Hi, I'm using this program to dump the whole spanish ff7 texts but I encounter a problem while dumping flevel.lgp: touphScript v1.2.1 --- a FFVII text editor (d)ump or (e)ncode? d Dumping flevel.lgp 586Fatal error: std::bad_alloc I know from this topic that this has been achieved before without problems, but apparently with an older version: http://forums.qhimm.com/index.php?topic=12530.0 Any ideas as to why this might be happening? I'm using a clean installation of ff7 spanish, with the files renamed to their us counterparts to use the utility. I have the script patches disabled on the ini file. Title: Re: [v1.2.1] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-01-29 01:25:44 Try uploading your flevel somewhere so I can have a look. Title: Re: [v1.2.1] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: sylandro on 2012-01-29 08:05:34 Here it is luksy, I uploaded it here: http://www.mediafire.com/?37g7c637lanvx53 Title: Re: [v1.2.2] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-01-29 09:30:12 The first AKAO pointer is off by 1 byte in loslake2, are you 100% sure this is the original file? If so I can add a patch for it. edit: Ok I've uploaded 1.2.2 that fixes the files, blue_1 also had exactly the same issue, note that the patch will only work if loslake2 and blue_1 are the original versions, as soon as you have edited them once with ts the patch will not apply any more, so you'll have to start with an original flevel. Title: Re: [v1.2.2] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: sylandro on 2012-01-30 00:22:34 Yes, I copied the file directly from my installation dir. The Modified Date attribute even says 1998, so it's definitely the original sfield.lgp I tried the new version and it works like a charm. One really minor thing though, you forgot to comment this line in the .ini after you finished testing ;D: # Override paths flevel = .\flevel.lgp BTW, I can upload the unmodified dumps from the spanish version if someone wants them, I know they could be valuable for the community. Title: Re: [v1.2.2] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-01-30 00:38:38 Durr thanks, I'll make sure to fix it. As for the files I believe Pitbrat and UGerstl will be handling those so I think it's ok for now, thanks! Title: Re: [v1.2.2] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-01-30 00:48:34 I tried the new version and it works like a charm. Get used to that where luksy is concerned. 8) ts is an impressive little number. Title: Re: [v1.2.2] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: sylandro on 2012-01-30 03:12:01 Two things... First, when I tried to insert the text I extracted from the spanish version into the (untouched) us version I got the following errors: Code: [Select] Error in blin62_2: Incorrect number of entries: 21/22Error in rcktin5: Incorrect number of entries: 97/96Error in las3_2: Incorrect number of entries: 7/6Error in las3_3: Incorrect number of entries: 8/7Couldn't encode scene: Incorrect number of entries When I opened blin62_2 I noticed that there was an additional dialog that wasn't on the spanish version (oddly, some dialogs are in english even in the spanish version). This didn't make sense to me since there should be a 1:1 match in the used scripts... I proceeded to dump the text without stripping unused text and now I get the following error: Code: [Select] touphScript v1.2.2 --- a FFVII text editor(d)ump or (e)ncode?dDumping flevel.lgp387Fatal error: vector::_M_range_check I know, the foreign versions are a headache :/ Title: Re: [v1.2.4] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-01-30 03:41:20 Yeah don't worry I'm on it, I fixed rcktin5 because by pure chance the delimiter (-------) actually appears in the Spanish text {CID} “¡¡MALDI-------------CION!!” As for the others it looks like the Spanish script doesn't reference some of the text, for instance: blin62_2 ------------------------------ 16 Modern history of {CHOICE}Midgar space program vol. 1 I'll have a closer look at the others when I have a moment. Ninja edit: the text section in Spanish shpin_22 is completely borked, it' s been overwritten by part of another file, I should be able to fix it. Another edit: las3_2's problem is that for some reason the English version doesn't check to see if your Materia list is full before adding Magic Counter to your inventory...i.e. the Spanish version is correct! I may be able to fix the English version but for now you'll need to delete the following entry from spanish if you want it to encode No puedes aceptar más Materia. Por favor, descarta algo de Materia. ------------------------------ las3_3 has exactly the same issue for Mega All So to recap: blin62_2: add the extra English entry (the reason they are in English even in the Spanish version is because of the mayor's quiz & lazy programmers not wanting to change the script). las3_2 & 3: delete the extra Materia text rcktin5: I've fixed it file 387 i.e. shpin_22: fixed by me too. I'll upload shortly. I'll check scene in a minute. ok to get Spanish scene to work with English scene you need to delete the line "ÜÉ ËÄÍ." along with an extra newline in file #4, i.e. the text "# File 5" needs to start on line 210; it should then work. uploaded 1.2.3, see if it works! ------------------ edit: 1.2.4 is up, it should now work with all language versions. If you want to insert other languages into the English version, the following caveats apply: All field file operations refer to files from stripped fields. All languages: Delete line "ÜÉ ËÄÍ." + 1 newline at the end of file 4 in scene.bin.txt All except Italian: Delete too many materia warning text in las3_2 & last3_3 add new text entry to psdun_2 if using script patch option: Quote {AERIS} “{CLOUD}! “{CLOUD}! If we continue this way, we'll get farther and farther away from Kalm.” same for elminn_1 Quote {BARRET} “As long as we got {PURPLE}[PHS]{WHITE}, we can always reach each other. Use it if something happens.” Spanish -> English Add extra entry in blin62_2 Quote 16 Modern history of {CHOICE}Midgar space program vol. 1 ------------------------------ German -> English delete entry in blin 62_2 Quote 4 Midgar crime white paper ------------------------------ Delete empty entry in life and life2 German, French & Italian exes will not work with touphScript. Title: Re: [v1.2.4] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-01-31 01:12:01 Having fun? :evil: Title: Re: [v1.2.4] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: sylandro on 2012-01-31 05:12:37 Excellent job luksy! Thanks to the new version, I managed to transfer the full spanish script to the english version. Here's some screenshots of the accomplishment: ff7.exe: (https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ZL6IDHe1vrs/TydxSeKKjRI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/484nM0FQCSA/s640/SpToEn-Exe.PNG) scene.bin & kernel2.bin: (https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-aZa6DZpOdP0/Tyd4DmGcQ3I/AAAAAAAAAIc/xYtrt4QX_E0/s640/SpToEn-SceneKernel.PNG) field.lgp: (https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-3ZmrjjjI3gA/TyeFgXkL4HI/AAAAAAAAAIs/vx8YWa3i_tg/s640/SpToEn-Field.PNG) world_us.lgp: (https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-QU1kB1CjG_4/TyeFMlexgeI/AAAAAAAAAIk/81dX7-RnISQ/s640/SpToEn-World.PNG) Now I only have to patiently wait for DLPB's M005... Title: Re: [v1.2.4] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-01-31 05:26:39 Whoever translated that should have used the translation version of the menu overhaul because that one allows for longer strings... then again, might still go out. Simply wasnt designed for anything other than english. Title: Re: [v1.2.4] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: sylandro on 2012-01-31 05:29:49 What do you mean? I used menu overhaul version M004d and this is what happens, am I missing something? Title: Re: [v1.2.4] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-01-31 05:32:33 your words are leaving the boxes... you need to find a way to keep them inside for it to look better. I guess selecting my translation option gives you more room, then add on your own translation after that. Title: Re: [v1.2.4] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: sylandro on 2012-01-31 06:00:53 If you mean the retranslation option, most texts still overlap the window size (the window boxes adjust better but some spanish strings are even larger). I've seen the files to hack the window sizes and might do it myself in the future, but first I plan to patch the spanish translation (most of those long strings are mistranslations btw), just as an experiment. What I'm eagerly awaiting for is the new release of menu overhaul with the expanded adobe sheet and tilde support ;D Title: Re: [v1.2.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-01-31 06:02:55 bug in 1.2.4 for kernel2, 1.2.5 should fix it...oops! :-D Title: Re: [v1.2.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-01-31 06:16:11 That will be arriving soon... im sorry about the windows... id say best bet is to abbreviate the words. Title: Re: [v1.2.5] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: sylandro on 2012-02-05 18:30:08 Hi luksy, I've encountered a few issues while editing Kernel2.bin on tS 1.2.5: First is that the description text for the Chocobracelet becomes corrupted whenever I patch it with tS (even if it's a first time) : (https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-1R-GWWjDx-0/Ty7WotjutAI/AAAAAAAAAI8/RbyBYwsYg3w/s640/Kernel2-Issue1.PNG) Second, if I run touphScript more than once to edit kernel2, all the equipment descriptions mess up: (https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-WCOEY7sqod8/Ty7XLNXHg3I/AAAAAAAAAJE/Mrq2S6la0x4/s640/Kernel2-Issue2.PNG) EDIT: The descriptions are messed up even on the first edit. The descriptions of the equipment with text are carried over to the ones that do not have it. (https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-C4oyG74jk70/Ty7ZuFHJ8gI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/hFZ85zYUsWU/s640/Kernel2-Issue3.PNG) Title: Re: [v1.2.6] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-02-06 00:40:06 Thanks for that, when I added in the fix for the Italian kernel2 it messed up empty entries, 1.2.6 should fix it! Title: Re: [v1.2.6] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: sylandro on 2012-03-26 01:22:21 Hi, I don't know if this is within touphScript's scope, but is it supposed to rebuild the index of the Item menu? If I change the names of the items in kernel2.bin and then use the "Sort alphabetically" option in the Item menu, the items retain their original order before I applied the changes. For example: 1/32 Soldier -> Soldado 1/32 Zeio Nut -> Nuez Zeio After sorting alphabetically: 1. Soldado 1/32 2. Nuez Zeio Should be: 1. Nuez Zeio 2. Soldado 1/32 If not, then can you tell me which tool can help me do this? Title: Re: [v1.2.6] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-03-26 01:36:20 Oops I was going to work on that, completely forgot ;D Come back in a few days. Title: Re: [v1.2.6] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-03-26 02:02:07 Hi, I don't know if this is within touphScript's scope, It is :P I needed it also because before, Luksy created a small indexing program after I and dziugo worked out the place /working of the index system, in FF7.exe. Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-03-27 00:54:19 1.2.7 adds support for the item ordering table, DLPB tested it so if it doesn't work it's his fault not mine :D Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-03-27 03:10:19 8) I have no fear. Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Caledor on 2012-03-27 11:30:04 The download link for the source code doesn't seem to work. Anyway, is this version updated in order to match DLPB's 005? I mean... regarding the windows autosize option with all the new characters added in the overhaul project. Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-03-27 11:59:29 Fixed the link. Autosize has been a part of the program for quite a while, as were the special chars, I'm not sure what you mean. Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Caledor on 2012-03-27 12:29:14 Don't worry, I can look for myself with the source code link fixed. :wink: Thanks A small issue. I tried dumping from an untouched english flevel.lgp using the text strip option. The problem is that when I encode, even without having edited anything, I get a lot of "Error in xx: Incorrect number of entries: yy/zz" in the log. Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-03-29 05:01:10 Place up the log :) Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Caledor on 2012-03-29 12:41:55 Here's the log. http://www.mediafire.com/?hr3dhsbee1yiin7 the exe error line is due to my own hacking of the exe so never mind that. thanks in advance Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-03-29 12:59:55 Can you upload your flevel and the text dump you're using? Thanks. Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Caledor on 2012-03-29 14:00:01 The flevel is the original one (1998) and the text is the dump i get from that file with the text strip option on, that's why I though there was no need for the upload. Anyway let me know if you still need them. Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-03-29 14:11:29 Please do, because either it isn't original, or there's a problem with the text, or there's a problem with the app itself, but I can't know unless I see them :wink: Oh and the .ini file you used too please! Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Caledor on 2012-03-29 17:50:56 Uploading right now, i'll add the link when it's done. In the rar there's the flevel, the log, the ini and the text folder the flevel is extracted from the cd, the txt files are dumped from said flevel with the settings from the ini, and the log is what i get after encoding. the log after the dump is blank and I didn't touch anything in the ini between dump and encode. Done! http://www.mediafire.com/?522or3m2c2wdgqi Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-03-30 01:07:47 Thanks, I see where I've gone wrong, I'll think about how to fix it. I didn't test for not stripping scripts properly, then again I wasn't expecting anyone to use it ;D Title: Re: [v1.2.7] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-04-22 21:26:33 Script bug, existed as far as I remember from PSX days. Shown to me again just now by kranmer. Fship_4 > group 14. Yufi. > s1 - Talk > byte 471 This is a return (there are 2 returns here, this one is redundant(?), when it should be a enables access to the main menu. Otherwise menu access remains disabled until you leave the area. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: AlbusJC on 2012-06-01 07:26:23 hi there everyone! I know this topic has not been posted in for a long time but I think its better to reply here than to create a new topic. If I wrong I sorry. According to my log.txt file, I have a gzip decompression error with my scene.bin file. It's been patched with Gjoerulv's hardcore mode 1.05. I haven't got this problem with the untouched version of the file. So, is there any way that I can dump and encode this file? Thanks :) Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-06-01 07:50:41 Yeah ts goes a bit nazi with the error checking, but it's for my own sanity and allows me to offload things like file format errors on whoever made them. I'll have another look at the hardcore scene when possible. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: AlbusJC on 2012-06-01 08:51:11 Thank you very much luksy. :) Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-06-01 10:37:00 That is a known issue and is his fault not Luksy's. He has been told about it . Hopefully Luksy can find reason for his bad scene but he needs to fix it in future. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: PitBrat on 2012-06-17 00:28:22 Will Touphscript support inserting the Japanese text back into the English game? I tried inserting a Japanese dump but Touphscript generates invalid character errors and fails to insert any text. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-06-17 01:17:00 It may eventually, one thing I keep forgetting to check is if the Japanese extra charmaps are still in the data or not, do you know? If they are then all that needs to be changed is main charmap, although unless someone can be bothered to redraw the ENTIRE Japanese map anyone who uses it will be stuck with the old font + windows. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: PitBrat on 2012-06-17 02:02:41 Asa is the expert on the Japanese font. Changing the language of the US FF7 is a popular request. French, German, Italian and Spanish text works for the most part. How the US engine reads the Japanese charmap is unknown. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-06-17 02:37:55 I don't think it exists in PC and the window bin values are all set to 1. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: PitBrat on 2012-06-26 23:40:57 Once the omitted scenes are enabled with Touphscript, is there any way to run Touphscript again and disable them? Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2012-06-26 23:50:33 I don't think I can ever support rollbacks, the whole reason to hash the scripts in the first place is to guarantee that I'm modifying an original file; if I were to do the reverse more often than not it would simply fail to match the hash, once you consider the window resizing combined with the retranslation / multiple languages. The easiest way is to simply make a backup of flevel before ts runs. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-06-27 01:17:49 Precisely. People need to do their bit too... I always back flevel up for menu project for example. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: shikulja on 2012-07-09 11:37:04 ofter run and enter - d or e Fatal error: basic_ios::clear Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Naitguolf on 2012-07-10 18:50:18 Well, im trying to extract all spanish data from Sflevel.lgp (also tried to rename flevel.lpg) and english flevel.lgp, but no luck. After some files extracted, that error happened: fship_4 patch failed, not original script Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Tenko Kuugen on 2012-08-16 01:52:47 Ran into a weird error after trying to use TS to dump all the text the tool crashes when hitting 4/729 in flevel.lgp ( this is with bootleg, aerith revival + gjos hardcore mod ) Error in ancnt1: converting to field failed, Attempted to read 31746e63 bytes from 4beb Error in ancnt2: converting to field failed, Attempted to read 32746e63 bytes from 4bfe Error in ancnt3: converting to field failed, Attempted to read 33746e63 bytes from 3c15 any way to make it dump only the exe and nothing else? tried an older version of TS and it dumps fine ( v 098 ) but I'm not sure it'll encode it right, so holding off on it Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-08-16 02:07:13 These errors are most likely to do with flevel code being bad either by hardcore or aerith. use clean flevel. And yeah, that is one thing I requested from Luksy. The ability to decode/encode specific files. Depending on if the txt files exist in the folder. At the moment if it fails beforehand it does not do it. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Tenko Kuugen on 2012-08-16 03:16:34 Got it to work had some more problems but the .exe and world edits I wanted are in. MAN it was a pain to check which .exe entry for the chocobo race met the original flevel field entry which I then had to cross check against my overhaul Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-08-23 03:20:21 Ignore. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Lex Tertia on 2012-08-24 16:52:39 Hey I almost don't dare to ask but do you have the possibility to make the output files compatible to Poedit? Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: roxas010394 on 2012-08-26 05:14:19 i have a problem when i press d or e, I get a message saying Cannot Open the registry Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: ManuBBXX on 2012-08-27 19:29:58 So, it's possible with Touphscript by this way to have the game traduced same with MO installed ? I don't understand all, but I only have dialogs traduced in fr( for me ), after selecting the French translation at bootleg's installation. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: MJarcos on 2012-08-28 16:59:08 The tool will be compatible with version 2012? Thanks Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Kompass63 on 2012-08-29 16:57:30 Hello luksy I have a few minor problems with touphScript. The prehistory. I have the German version of FF7 and am already registered here for a while. I wanted to check what mods can use it for my FF7 and how to best integrate. Some smoothly, with some others you have to cheat a little, but then it goes. DLPB's Game Converter (http://forums.qhimm.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=7d0670e2e03b0fd8c27b811bb410e1e9&topic=13419.msg186845#msg186845) sounded like a project that could be useful. Since I can deal with some hex editor, I thought, rib the text from the German exe and paste it into the prefabricated of DLPB table. As easy as I thought it was not that. Some of the lines I had never seen before in the game, the table, where you can name the character is longer, the German keyboard layout is a bit different, ... I then integrated the English EXE in my game, renamed a few files, and tested whether the game runs. It seems to run. Then I have figured out how to expand the table for naming by one column, so that German special characters can be used. After a few attempts, I then made a translation whereupon DLPB asked me if you can use them now with touphScript. Then I got me first your touphScript Quote German, French & Italian exes will not work with touphScript. I read this and understand why. If you want to change that, perhaps I can help. But now I had the English EXE. The dump of the texts worked (in a few 0_scene.bin.txt appeared "encount error"), but I was shocked at the number of text files. Then I first set all parameters in the INI to 0. That didn't helped; touphScript still has extracted all text. My first question: Could you fit a way with which you can edit only certain files? In the INI could be something like the following to be present convert_flevel.lgp = yes convert_world_us.lgp = yes convert_scene.bin = no . . . I then replaced the English 0_ff7.exe.txt with my 0_ff7.exe.txt. Quote D:\_Entpacktes\touphScript>touphScript e Encoding flevel.lgp 729Fatal error: Couldn't copy file C:\Users\[Username]\AppData\Local\Temp\ts4E86.tmp to C:\Spiele\Final Fantasy VII\data\field\flevel.lgp After some experimenting I found out then that the write protection flag was set. In the German version, almost all files are installed with write protection, do not ask me why. Remove write-protection solves the problem Quote Couldn't encode exe: Unexpected continuation byte: 2 touphScript seems not like the German special characters, although in the other texts were all right there. Without these characters, the game is not really correct. Can you possibly allow these special characters? EDIT: Convert it into UTF8 format seems to fix that, sorry my fault ::) Quote 0_ff7.exe.txt line n.89 4294967292 char(s) too long I then checked with Notepad + +, line 89 contained only 2 letters. I then removed one letter, the same error. Then I removed in line 90 characters, now it worked (at least at this point). Obviously starts touphScript count the lines from 0 instead from 1 Quote 0_ff7.exe.txt line n.154 4294967292 char(s) too long I wanted there to insert Num. +, but it had to N. + Cut before touphScript was satisfied (4 characters). If I want to change the keyboard layout and some advices on this button, N. + Num. 1 is displayed. At this point the EXE, the keys are all completed with an additional 0x00, otherwise the text is displayed to the Nearest 0. In the example above, so are only 3 letters allowed, it must be followed by the 00th Although touphScript obviously had integrated all text came at the end the following message: Quote Couldn't encode exe: Unexpected continuation byte: 9 Unfortunately, I do not understand this message. But I'll try next. EDIT: Convert it into UTF8 format seems to fix that, sorry my fault ::) I hope I could help a bit, and await your answer. Greetings Kompass63 Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-08-29 16:59:59 I have already discussed this with Luksy. You have to make sure the 0_ff7.exe.txt file is saved in UTF8 format. The other error is correct that the length is too long to fit into ff7 english (you will have to reduce the size. Wait for me. I have already got a list of what needs doing), it just gets the length wrong. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Kompass63 on 2012-08-29 17:17:22 Edit: That seems to help a bit, I must let the convert, not only save.... Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-08-29 17:23:31 There must be a character there that ts doesn't like. Do you think you can figure out the offending character? Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-09-15 03:06:49 Periodic Report to Dr. Luksy CONFIDENTIAL Code: [Select] 1. Because menu overhaul is now moving to memory, some values needed by ts will no longer be read (all the ones in ff7.exe that ts uses). If possiblets needs to support these values in ini.Possibly if values exists in ini, they will override the exe values.Hopefully this will not be too difficult to do. 2. ts needs to support skipping of files when theircorresponding text file is not present. If scene.bintxt file is missing, kernels table would also be leftalone. World map, ff7.exe and kernel2 wouldall be skipped as well if corresponding text file missing. Sometimes a modder may only want toupdate 1 file or not update others.3. ts is missing entry in ff7.exe.txt due to my ownerror. Entry is BOARD between OFF and SLEIGHat 555804, 8 chars. OFF is 4chars at 555800. A note of this will need to be made tomodders so they can add the line to their existingwork if updating ts.4. Certain lines when wrong length are beingreported with wrong number of chars over limit.5. Log should start with line number, then file,then char over limit in this format which is betterfor readability. Note file name in square brackets.Line 762 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 4 char(s) too long.As opposed to 0_ff7.exe.txt line n.762 4 char(s) too long6. The log should not pop up on simple "script is not original" errors.7. ts does not work with 2012 FF7 version. Unknown reason. Crashes during decode/encode. Flevel is same as 1998 version apart from some fixes.8. Model at gold saucer being wrong size and veryannoying needs fixing with script fix. Not priority. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-09-16 04:20:22 My ff7 text file had MO chocobo names starting at line 737 (notepad++). Seems ts wants it to start 766. Has there been some alteration in newer ts revisions? Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Kompass63 on 2012-09-18 16:47:57 My ff7 text file had MO chocobo names starting at line 737 (notepad++). Seems ts wants it to start 766. Has there been some alteration in newer ts revisions? ??? The chocobo names starting at line 720 (notepad++) for me. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2012-09-18 23:05:34 Yours are not the MO chocobo names (Menu Overhaul supports longer chocobo names and chocobo prize names). TS supports both. I will explain this at a later time. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Tenko Kuugen on 2012-10-02 08:15:31 in which order does TS encode the flevel files? by ID? by name? it always crashes at specific fields for me, so I can just replace them temporarily with vanilla editions Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Asshiah on 2012-10-13 00:42:11 Just for those who'd like to compile the program from source themselves (I used MinGW and its included mingw32-make command to use the Makefile provided): in the common.h file, line 134-156: Code: [Select] template<typename T>inline T get(istream& in) { T val; read(in, &val, sizeof(T)); return val;}inline void read(istream& in, void* const p, int const size) { in.read(static_cast<char* const>(p), size);}template<typename T>inline void read(istream& in, T& out) { read(in, &out, sizeof(T));}template<typename T>inline void read(istream& in, vector<T>& out) { read(in, out.data(), vsize(out));}template<typename T>inline void read(istream& in, vector<vector<T>>& out) { for (vector<T>& v : out) read(in, v);} You need to declare the get method after the read methods in order to be able to compile. So you would have to replace previous code with: Code: [Select] inline void read(istream& in, void* const p, int const size) { in.read(static_cast<char* const>(p), size);}template<typename T>inline void read(istream& in, T& out) { read(in, &out, sizeof(T));}template<typename T>inline void read(istream& in, vector<T>& out) { read(in, out.data(), vsize(out));}template<typename T>inline void read(istream& in, vector<vector<T>>& out) { for (vector<T>& v : out) read(in, v);}template<typename T>inline T get(istream& in) { T val; read(in, &val, sizeof(T)); return val;} Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Asshiah on 2012-10-13 03:57:08 I tried using an altered touphscript program on the new ff7 2012 French files. I altered the program so that it doesn't try to dump the ff7.exe file which is clearly not compatible without changes to the code and the definition of a new offsets table. I also altered it so that it tries to dump the field.lgp file at the end after all the other files. => All files are dumped perfectly except from field.lgp. I see some non blocking errors about blackbgb and blin67_2 files but this is not really too much of a problem. But after that, a fatal error (std::bad_alloc) occurs. I looked into it a bit and it seems that when trying to read the crcin_1 file from field.lgp, a problem occurs in the following line of the field.cpp file when i=1: Code: [Select] out[i].resize(get<u32>(buf, pos)); I think we try to resize Code: [Select] out[i] which is of type vector<uint8_t> to a too big length : 2408550287. Clearly we can't allocate the desired amount of memory. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Asshiah on 2012-10-13 13:40:15 OK so I removed some variables defined in the touphScript.exe.h file: Code: [Select] #define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0502#define WINVER _WIN32_WINNT#define NTDDI_VERSION 0x05010300 This was saying to the compiler that we were targeting WinXPSP3 (or WIN2003). As I am using Windows 7 x64, this would cause a conflict when compiling with the new compiler describe below. By removing it, I let the compiler find out the Windows version used by itself. I then installed tdm-gcc with the MinGW-w64 based version which would allow to compile the program in x64. I recompiled the zlib library from source using this new compiler. Then I recompiled the touphScript program. I the error about bad_alloc is gone! This was due to the 32 bit compilation limiting the allowed maximum memory usable by the program. By using 64 bit compilation (with enough RAM), there is no more problem. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Ragna on 2012-12-31 00:59:23 Got an error no matter what option I give: Fatal error (basic_ios::clear). I'm running Win8 x64. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: OmniWarrior on 2013-03-07 05:04:38 This might be a dumb question, but still... The screenshots look nice, but for the people who have edited their games, are you going to post your config texts? I did some rom patching way back with SNES. I patched Harvest Moon and turned all of the "innocent girls" into foul mouthed, horny howlers. I think a rated R version of FF7 would be a riot. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2013-04-03 00:35:42 ugh... may have sussed out the issue I had. I will check. edit. yup. Once again Luksy wins ;) This still needs to be edited though so it can work with 2012 flevel. :evil: Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Agahnim on 2013-04-26 02:30:10 just a question.. where are the title screen texts hidden? ("NEW GAME" and "Continue?") Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Kaldarasha on 2013-04-26 02:44:04 In the FF7.exe. DLPB has done some very smart tools, which allow you to modify the text. DLPB Tools 1.2 (http://forums.qhimm.com/index.php?topic=13574.0) The games converter wouldn't be possible without them. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Agahnim on 2013-04-26 11:53:08 thanks a lot! Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: picklejar on 2013-06-19 21:39:22 after run and enter - d or e Fatal error: basic_ios::clear I had this problem, too, but I fixed it by doing two things: #1: Run as Administrator. (I suggest running "Command Prompt" as Administrator, then running touphScript.exe from the command prompt, so that you can see the output after it's done, and you can also provide the d option. However, if you right-click touphScript.exe and "Run as Administrator", that works, too.) #2: I installed FF7. See, I was trying to run touphScript without actually installing FF7. Is this supported, by the way? I was expecting/hoping touphScript would default to the current directory, and that's where I put the FF7 files, but I still couldn't get this to work. I tried lots of things, including removing read-only attributes; modifying the ini to set Override paths; tried putting the FF7 files in different places (all in the current directory, vs. putting them in the folder structure .\data\etc.); compatibility mode with earlier versions of Windows; etc. However, it's very possible that I had installed then uninstalled FF7 a long time ago, so maybe touphScript still found the old install path in the registry and was looking for the files there? Anyway, hope this helps! Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Kompass63 on 2013-06-20 03:16:46 FF7-GetKey.zip (http://www.file-upload.net/download-7735722/FF7-GetKey.zip.html) Reads all a few FF7 Registry Keys I've found... :-D Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2013-06-20 20:06:50 just a question.. where are the title screen texts hidden? ("NEW GAME" and "Continue?") You can change them with touphscript by just editing the text file 0_ff7.exe.txt Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Agahnim on 2013-06-22 03:48:01 thanx a lot DLPB. my 0_ff7.exe.txt was empty and i was thinking it's normal but now i understand that's just a bad dump. touphscript is a very useful tool Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2013-06-28 18:25:10 This tool is being rewritten and I am sure Luksy will be addressing the problems that exist :) Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: PSDoff on 2013-06-29 16:07:35 First off, this is very, very awesome. I installed FF7 on my new PC a couple days ago and went crazy with the mods and I love it. My mods resulted in the text boxes cropping off some of the dialogue which is how I found touphscript. Using it, I found that I had to use the suggestions from http://forums.qhimm.com/index.php?topic=12530.0 to get it working, using the following lines: autosize_width = 1 autosize_height = 1 menumod = 0 This all seemed to work until I went back to the FF7 bootleg program to make a few more changes. I tried to run touphscript again in the same manner but it doesn't seem to be working anymore. My log outputs "Unknown ini key: menumod" and no change is apparent. I've also tried to dump and encode without this line but that doesn't do anything either. Any thoughts? Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2013-07-24 11:36:59 The links on the first post are wrong. Probably because Qhimm forum was reset earlier this year to an earlier backup. The proper links are: 1.2.9 http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3227870/touphScript_v1.2.9.7z And source http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3227870/touphScript_source_v1.2.9.7z 1.2.8 seems to have a few bugs.... so use these. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Template on 2013-07-24 13:38:19 The links on the first post are wrong. Probably because Qhimm forum was reset earlier this year to an earlier backup. The proper links are: 1.2.9 http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3227870/touphScript_v1.2.9.7z And source http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3227870/touphScript_source_v1.2.9.7z 1.2.8 seems to have a few bugs.... so use these. omg... been using wrong version... /dies Edit: And then I frikkin died again when I saw Cosby facepalm... Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Kaldarasha on 2013-07-24 16:31:05 And I wondered, why the autosize didn't work... (http://img833.imageshack.us/img833/9418/vqg.gif) Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Template on 2013-07-25 14:13:07 Using v1.2.9 going from a German flevel that has been highly modified (Kaldarasha's Reworked Mod) to English I get the following errors: Code: [Select] blin67_2 patch failed, not original scriptchrin_2 patch failed, not original scriptcosin1_1 patch failed, not original scriptealin_2 patch failed, not original scriptelmin4_2 patch failed, not original scriptelminn_1 patch failed, not original scriptfrcyo patch failed, not original scriptfship_4 patch failed, not original scriptgames_2 patch failed, not original scriptgongaga patch failed, not original scriptgoson patch failed, not original scriptkuro_4 patch failed, not original scriptlastmap patch failed, not original scriptError in mds7: Incorrect number of entries: 74/73min51_1 patch failed, not original scriptpsdun_2 patch failed, not original script After testing I'm guessing these are almost all choice boxes? We're finding yes/no type boxes that are off vertically 1 line. The mds7 scene error seems harmless enough, no? Anybody think I can repair these manually being a normal non-superhuman type? If this were something I was having trouble with going from a regular flevel, I wouldn't bother asking; I'd start from scratch. But the Reworked Mod flevel.lgp is super highly modified, almost every scene has been changed in multiple ways. There is no way to start from scratch. I was hoping to port this flevel as part of Kaldarasha's Reworked mod (which includes his Unshaded Models Overhaul) to all available script languages. PitBrat has kindly sent me all the text rips, as I was planning to image install repeatedly in different languages and rip them with ToughScript myself. But now the project is totally stalled. I would like to verify that the actual rips (and I'm pretty sure PB used 1.2.9 to do them) are not the issue. I am almost positive it is simply because the flevel I'm trying to encode to has already had these patches installed, but in German. Everything is longer in German so it's bumping the choice boxes down a line? :-D I hate to admit defeat but unless I'm just doing something wrong I think I'll have to wait for some help with ToughScript itself :-[ Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: PitBrat on 2013-07-25 17:38:49 Ugerstl did the Touphscript rips most likely using 1.2.8. That's also the version used in Bootleg .040. Would re-ripping the text with 1.2.9 correct the errors? I only have access to the re-release international versions of FF7. I know there are some minor differences between the flevels of the re-release and cd-rom versions. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Template on 2013-07-25 17:47:29 Would re-ripping the text with 1.2.9 correct the errors? Unfortunately, no. That's actually what I did as far as the English text. v3 is from a 1.2.9 rip :oops: Pretty sure it's the encoding where the issue is coming up, and it's certainly not ToughScript's fault; the flevel text had already been altered. Kaldarasha has decided to edit the v3 I encoded manually with Makuo Reactor. But I imagine the problem will remain if I try to use TS1.2.9 to port his fixed ENG flevel to the other languages. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Kaldarasha on 2013-07-25 18:05:46 My understanding is, that Tough Script can do these patches to an unmodified flevel.lgp. That means if the program is used a second time, it should detect the new entries in the flevel and doing nothing, except writing a report that it had done nothing to the scenes. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2013-07-25 19:35:03 My understanding is, that Tough Script can do these patches to an unmodified flevel.lgp. That means if the program is used a second time, it should detect the new entries in the flevel and doing nothing, except writing a report that it had done nothing to the scenes. That's right. Apart from his entry about wrong entry numbers... that's because the text file has different entries to the flevel. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Kaldarasha on 2013-07-25 19:42:01 Yeah, an empty window is missing, I wonder how this happend. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Template on 2013-07-25 19:52:36 Does it matter if I ripped the English text from an flevel that was also modified? I even made sure the MO "additional script fixes" were in it... Was I supposed to use completely vanilla text rips? Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2013-07-25 22:59:19 The script patches only fail if the scripts themselves are not vanilla English, the text isn't considered (assuming of course the number of text entries matches the script). I can't remember off hand if the German flevel had any changes, but keep in mind that the patching will also fail if the scripts have already been patched. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Template on 2013-08-07 03:36:33 Aha, I think I get it. 1.2.9 seems to be working fine then, I just can't help but wonder if you have plans to adapt TS to work with the 2012 and STEAM flevel versions. I didn't realize they were different in a way that would make them incompatible with ToughScript but Dan mentioned it the other day. I could imagine that not really being in your plans. It only matters in that people who use GameConverter (keeps new files other than the exe) wont be able to use ToughScript (MO installer) without using something like bootleg first that overwrites using the 1998 flevel. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2013-09-04 10:40:53 Luksy is back to working on old ts to fix it up. I have sent him the following changes. If you have anything else you have noticed, please let me know. ScreenWidth = 320 ScreenHeight = 240 (it's actually less in field (not world map), but I'll be fixing that, and the game moves box automatically anyway so keep 240). Offset all sides = 0 (Again, game will sort it. Make offset 0 for all sides. No offset basically.) 1. Numerical value placements are not correct (at least... not with Menu mod). In fact, I reckon a new way of going about this needs adding. l (left) should have just 3 values. 0 (left aligned) 1 (centre) 2 (right). That's all it needs... No one is going to use pixel accurate left positioning... and its not needed. Left position would just be the offset (maybe 2 pixels). Centre would be (box width /2)-(numerical width/2) Right would be Boxwidth-offset t (top) should be done by lines, but they need adjusting. The distance between the end of line 1 on that picture and the start of the graphic is too great (not sure about non menu project). You'd need to do something like line start + line height value + offset (lets say 2 pixels, its trial and error). Also t=0 should mean the graphic is level with the top of the box (+ offset of 2 pixels). #lt 1 1 Would simply mean it is placed in centre horizontally, and just after line 1 vertically. #lt 1 0 Would be the top of the box+ 2 pixels, and centre horizontal. 2. ts does not work with 2012 flevel. I have included it in this folder. 3. ts has a few problems with in-game dialogue options like before... I am not sure which yet or whether it can be fixed without ts being changed. I'll find out. Well, one of them is the push rock thing at Gaia cliff, but thats fixable at moment by reversing the options from yes no to no yes or whatever. 4. ts does not support 2012 exe which needs to have all values offset by 0xC00, assuming that the exe will allow change given the DRM. 5. I made a mess up of ONE of the ff7 exe offsets (BOARD) resulting in it being cut in snowboard minigame. The offsets are: No terminator, size in brackets. 5557E0 RETRY (8) 5557E8 EXIT (8) 5557F0 GHOST (8) 5557F8 SURFACE (8) 555800 OFF (4) 555804 BOARD (8) 55580C SLEIGH (8) 555814 ? ? ? (8) 55581C SNOW (8) 555824 CHECKED (8) 6. ts gives out report that certain script has already been patched, which makes people freak out. The log should log it, but for that one, the pop up of the log should be disabled. 7. Option to disable log pop up entirely from ini. 8. Options to dump only certain files, script, exe, kernel, scene Because sometimes you dont want to decode all. 9. ts needs to support skip encoding files when their corresponding text file is not present. If scene.bin txt file is missing, kernels TABLE should also be left alone automatically. World map, ff7.exe and kernel2 would all be skipped as well if corresponding text file missing. Sometimes a modder may only want to update 1 file or not update others. 10. Certain lines when wrong length are being reported with wrong number of chars over limit. 11. Log reports should start with line number, then file, then char over limit in this format which is better for readability. Note file name in square brackets. Line 762 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 4 char(s) too long. As opposed to 0_ff7.exe.txt line n.762 4 char(s) too long 12. Chocobo suit guy at gold saucer being wrong size and very annoying needs fixing with script fix. Not essential to fix at all. 13. Feature needs adding to place dialogue boxes centre horizontal. (this is for the numerous items and dialogues that require centring at the top). X = (screenwidth*0.5)-(boxwidth*0.5) perhaps use flag #c that requires no values. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Kaldarasha on 2013-09-04 11:56:19 Point 9 is exactly that, what I needed. I only need to change the flevel.lgp for the flevel project. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2013-09-08 22:03:52 Correction. That chocobo being small isn't a bug really... it's supposed to be a child in a suit. Perhaps still a bit small, but that's why it's smaller than usual. The adult is with the child the first time you go there but later the child is on its own and comments that he/she will continue, even if alone. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: ThunderPeel2001 on 2013-09-15 19:50:41 Am I correct in stating that this tool does not work with the 2012 version? Every time I try to do anything with it, all I get is a "Couldn't open registry" error. Forgive me for not reading all eight pages of this thread before posting. Title: Re: [v1.2.8] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2013-09-16 21:15:52 It doesn't yet no, but when it does, you still may need to manually set the paths in the ini file that comes with it. Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: luksy on 2013-09-24 13:00:21 Latest version is up, should fix the most glaring issues (2012 flevel support most of all). There's a new archive with numeric fixes for those of you using menumod, you can run those until the new installer's out, details in the touphScript archive. As usual bring out your bugs, make sure to give as much detail as possible including log.txt Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2013-09-24 13:38:33 What's been done: 1. Flevel 2012 support added. 2. text can be centred using the #c flag that takes no value. For example #cy 8 will place boxes centred horizontally, with vertical (Y) of 8. 3. Log tidied up a bit (still needs a little refinement) 4. Log doesn't pop up anymore. 5. BOARD text in Snowboard minigame fixed. (you will need to add it to 0_ff7.exe.txt if using older text file). Do a decode on original flevel to see where to place. 6. Numeric graphic has autosize feature if no text in the dialogue box, and allows full manual control otherwise, or if you include flags. See Numeric readme in ts folder. I wrote an explanation there of how to fix numerics for Menu Overhaul too (and the zip file containing the text files needed to do it all for you are on first post here). Still needs doing: 1. Cleaner log text 2. Option to dump only certain files 3. Encode only files whose text files are present. 4. Char wrong length reported (not sure if this was fixed). 5. Update version number in app. 6. Log script patching errors only on encode, not decode. 7. Further patch needed to prevent crash on Corel Bridge with the fixed scene. At moment, when you revisit bridge after initial cut-scene, there is a crash. No cut-scene should probably happen after you have seen it the first time. 8. Range check on dialogue box X Y removing (if they are implemented. "Silently ignored" implies they arent) Quote from: from Readme Valid ranges (out of range values are silently ignored): x / s: 0 - 304 y: 0 - 224 w: 16 - 304 h / t: 1 - 13 Should be no check for X and Y. Game will correct positions. Width of box should be limited to minimum 16, no max limit. Readme is wrong with regards to "top", which is now in absolute pixels and should be limited to 240. Left should be limited to 320. Looking good! Also, support for 2012/13 executable is probably impossible due to DRM(?) ts does not support 2012 version game. That is, it will support 2012 flevel but only if it can read original executable file and use the original paths. This application therefore is designed for use with 1998 version game with added support for 2012/13 flevel file. I am not sure if Luksy plans to add full support for editing the rereleased game. The issue is simply that protection on the exe makes it rather futile bothering, and you'd be better off just converting to 1998. Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: ProtomanZxAdvent on 2013-09-27 05:02:15 Edit: never mind the battle scene.bin gets corrupted after my fix ill post a link to the fix once finished Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2013-10-08 11:18:00 Another request from me, the eternal annoyance. :evil: I am going to be adding an option for playstation button graphics soon. Obviously character widths are dealt with already because ts reads Window.bin, but I will also need ts to recognise certain flags and translate them to the correct character value. Those flags would be {U} Up {D} Down {L} Left {R} Right {C} Circle {T} Triangle {X} X {S} Square {R1} R1 {R2} R2 {L1} L1 {L2} L2 {SEL} Select {STA} Start I will begin work soon on adding them to the font map. So I don't yet know which codes will be needed for each. For other people this is how it works. 1. Originally a sentence would be: Code: [Select] Character Name“Which one? Use {PURPLE}[LEFT]{WHITE} and {PURPLE}[RIGHT]{WHITE}, then press {PURPLE}[OK]{WHITE}.” This is the PC version format. 2. My program TextChange, replaces these at install time Code: [Select] Text[S-][R]{PURPLE}[MENU]{WHITE}>{T}{PURPLE}[CANCEL]{WHITE}>{X}{PURPLE}[OK]{WHITE}>{C}{PURPLE}[SWITCH]{WHITE}>{S}{PURPLE}[PAGEUP]{WHITE}>{L1}{PURPLE}[PAGEDOWN]{WHITE}>{R1}{PURPLE}[CAMERA]{WHITE}>{L2}{PURPLE}[TARGET]{WHITE}>{R2}{PURPLE}[ASSIST]{WHITE}>{SEL}{PURPLE}[START]{WHITE}>{STA}{PURPLE}[UP]{WHITE}>{U}{PURPLE}[DOWN]{WHITE}>{D}{PURPLE}[LEFT]{WHITE}>{L}{PURPLE}[RIGHT]{WHITE}>[R} and then you get Code: [Select] Character Name“Which one? Use {L} and {R}, then press {C}.” 3. In game, you see the graphic in the place of these tags. Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: tylerkschrute on 2013-12-27 02:58:18 I'm having problems with this application. Whenever I attempt to dump the files, I receive a read / write permission error. Running the program as an administrator does not help. Which permission settings do I need to change, and where? From the snooping around I've done, nothing in the folder is read only. Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Green_goblin on 2014-04-09 19:01:30 Hello NF, I have a question for you I'm trying to import the "scene.bin" PC version translated by DLPB into the PSX version. Both PC & PSX files are identical so there should be no problem. However the size are not the same: Original PSX file is 270.336 bytes (0x42000) DLPB file is 278.528 bytes (0x44000) So now I'll have to reduce the size of the file using your tool ProudClod until I get 270.338 bytes. I deleted a couple of scenes (238 and 249), and I 've got the correct size. Are these scenes unused in the game? It looks like so, but I need your confirmation. There is another problem, according to Thisguyaresick2 (a user form the RHDN forum): (http://i101.photobucket.com/albums/m67/Control_2006/thisguy.png) (http://s101.photobucket.com/user/Control_2006/media/thisguy.png.html) Do you know something about that? Maybe there are certain scenes that, when modified, causes that oversized file. Please let me know. Thank you and regards DLPB, I thought you were using ProudCloud to edit the "scene.bin" file. As I said before I deleted scenes 238 and 249 which seem to be unused, can you confirm this please? When I open these scenes I only see dummy texts, dummy attacks, no real enemies at all. Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2014-04-09 19:07:14 All I touch so far is text using touphscript. When I start work on Weapon properly, Weapon option will use PC. But Translation and MO use ts only. Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Green_goblin on 2014-04-09 19:16:24 Ok no problem. I want to port your translation to the PSX game, since I don't have the PC version. Of course all credits will go to you and Lusky. I already have the "kernel" and "scene" files ready, now I'll take care of the worst part (copy/paste the dialogs). I'm planing to use Hack7. Any advice for me? Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: DLPB on 2014-04-09 19:58:00 I have no idea about psx editing or hack7. Sorry :) Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Bosola on 2014-04-09 23:59:04 If you need to add a large scene.bin to a PSX ISO, search the forum for my old Disc Extension Patch. It should support scene files up to 2 Meg in length. Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: Green_goblin on 2014-04-10 00:28:16 If you need to add a large scene.bin to a PSX ISO, search the forum for my old Disc Extension Patch. It should support scene files up to 2 Meg in length. Here it is: http://forums.qhimm.com/index.php?topic=11541.msg159540#msg159540 :) Title: Re: [v1.3.0] touphScript - FFVII-PC text editor Post by: kenichi on 2014-06-11 16:34:36 would you tell me about thisprogram with images or video? I tried tried but it does not happen. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2014-07-20 19:48:01 1. Cleaner log text. A better format would be: Line 1 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 2 char(s) too long. Line number, text file in square brackets, and description of error. This has been done for char length errors, but not universal to all error messages. For example : Error in ancnt1: Error in entry n 2: 23: Closing brace not found 2. Option to dump text from files separately. Something like: Code: [Select] # Dump TextExe = 1Flevel.lgp = 1Kernel.bin = 1Kernel2.bin = 1Scene.bin = 1World_us.lgp = 1 3. Encode only files when corresponding text files are present. 4. When strings are too long, the char length report in the log is incorrect. For example: 4294967288 char(s) too long. 5. No auto positioning for X and Y box positions. Game will correct positions if they exceed boundary. This seems to have been done. 6. Width of box should be limited to minimum 16, with no max limit. TS should warn user in log if box fell below 16. TS is also allowing user to use #w 15 for example. This wasn't really needed. It's the user's job to make sure of this. And they can set what they like. 7. Numeric graphic X/Y "Top" should be limited from 0 to 240. "Left" should be limited from 0 to 320. Log should note if user has tried to exceed this. 8. Menu Overhaul requires playstation buttons with following format. Hex Values are on right. Code: [Select] {U} BE{D} BF{L} 93{R} 94{X} 95{S} 96{T} 97{C} 98{L1} 99{R1} 9A{L2} 9B{R2} 9C{SEL} 81{STA} 82 9. Remove registry check for the game when paths are set manually. 10. Remove script fixes, but keep ts option handling. Ts should always try to sort options that modder edited. If this fails in game, the modder will have to create their own fix with Makou. 11. Log should not be called "log" It should have a proper name like "touphScript.log" 12. Log needs to list issues with files missing at encode time, like Window.bin. 13. Possible log warning of shared var when encountered? [for dialogue option issue]. Log only needs to log the script with a shared var when the user has changed an option. 14. char length errors in kernel are not being reported. Probably same for kernel2, world map and scene. They are being reported for the exe. 15. As kal says below... ts should log errors of particular file and not quit. A good idea would also be to log exactly which part of script failed. 16. ts should log error if a file is missing, but not halt operations. The only time ts should exit is when dealing with field files. When dealing with field files, ff7.exe / ff7_en.exe, and window.bin must exist. But with everything else, the log should just state that a file was missing. For example, when encoding ff7.exe if it does not exist, just add a log and move on to kernel1, kernel2 and so on. 17. World map (0_mes) is not obeying/recognizing the #c flag. 18. kernel is missing a text entry for Red XIII (although it's probably best to be complete and add all characters here). 19. When using Reunion, icon tags (like {X}) are not being decoded. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: Kaldarasha on 2014-07-21 20:05:44 It would be great if the tool could patch unpacked files of the flevel.lgp and skip the patch for bad files instead of aborting the whole patch. I also would like to get then a proper report of these files in the log, so I can track down them easily and replace them with clean files. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2014-07-31 23:47:42 Updated for Luksy. Awaiting fixes. 8-) Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: shikulja on 2014-08-09 05:18:05 problems with russian tranalation Fatal error: vector::_M_range_check (in game field work normal. exporting makou reactor(field)> txt normal) https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6Bbbdpi5BzBVVRIb25haUdYZXc/edit?usp=sharing whether adding the ability to import \ export pc in psx? it would make it easier to transfer translation Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2014-08-09 10:53:45 ts only supports 1998 1.02 and soon Steam. So if you aren't using those exes, it won't work. Read the readme, too. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: RPG-Ducky on 2014-10-17 18:44:55 I have a question. I'm looking to do a Danish translation of FF7. But after trying to dump the files via touphScript, the program gave me a "Fatal Error: Cannot open registry" message. I have the 2012 version, and I changed the file paths in the .ini file accordingly. I also de-activated any bugfix, dialogue strip, etc., but it still gave me the error. Does anybody know how to fix this? For reference, here's my edit of the .ini file: ----------------- # Strip unused text text_strip = 0 # Strip unused scripts script_strip = 0 # Insert missing windows. # Reuses previous window id values if available, # otherwise defaults are x = 80, y = 80, w = 150, h = 57 window_patch = 0 # Various script patches, will only work on original English field scripts to avoid conficts # In case question lines need to be modified in main script 3 ealin_2 = 0 # Enable extra Barret cutscene later on in gonjun1 chrin_2 = 0 # Enables original clock minigame difficulty kuro_4 = 0 # Activate village elder extra dialogue immediately after other two # (instead of having to ask 10 times) goson = 0 # Enable old guy's 3 random dialogues (only 2 shown normally). elmin4_2 = 0 # Enable Aerith's dialogue when attempting to pass # before Kalm (uses Tifa's without) psdun_2 = 0 # Change Tifa & Aerith's lovepoints check to > 40 (was > 120) gongaga = 0 # Fix Barret infinite lovepoints bug # (gives +6 points if you hear him out to the end, otherwise none) cosin1_1 = 0 # Fix Tifa infinite lovepoints bug blin67_2 = 0 # Modify battle game odds, shorten game to 5 rounds # & fix battle end after 4th opponent. games_2 = 0 # Enable extra cutscene (text needs to be copied over from PSX version) mtcrl_9 = 0 # Insert extra Barret dialogue if not in party when receiving PHS elminn_1 = 0 # Change when TV dialogues appear min51_1 = 0 # Fixes movie end chopping lastmap = 0 # Patches question var in case mods change it frcyo = 0 # Fixes menu access bug after talking with Yuffie fship_4 = 0 -------------------------------- Thanks. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: spy__dragon on 2014-12-09 12:09:53 Hi, we are trying to use this tool with a spanish exe original updated 1.02 but it appears the next error, we have tried many ways to dump the files. This is the error: (http://i58.tinypic.com/14xhtno.png) I looked the flag, and is activated read-only. Edit: Ok, I was able to dump the files, but I cannot to dump the exe. It was dumped but the content is white. (0 bytes the txt.) I cannot draw the flevel either. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: CirasdeNarm on 2015-03-09 02:07:07 Hi, i changed the text on worldmap (0_mes.txt) but ingame the old text appear. When i dump the texts, the new text is in the file. What can i do? Sorry for bad english. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2015-03-09 05:22:32 Hi, i changed the text on worldmap (0_mes.txt) but ingame the old text appear. When i dump the texts, the new text is in the file. What can i do? Sorry for bad english. You have to encode the files first... and you have to make sure that you are definitely encoding the correct file. See the touphscript.ini and readme. @spy__dragon Non-English 1.02 is not supported. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: CirasdeNarm on 2015-03-09 07:52:40 Hi DLPB, i had already encoded the files, but no change. :) I use the german version of the game converted to english version. Can this be the problem? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2015-03-09 08:14:12 As long as the exe and files conform to the English 1.02 (and registry is correct or file paths manually specified), it should work fine. What does touphscript.log say. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: CirasdeNarm on 2015-03-09 08:52:33 Here is, what the logfile contains: fship_4 patch failed, not original script min51_1 patch failed, not original script chrin_2 patch failed, not original script ealin_2 patch failed, not original script blin67_2 patch failed, not original script elminn_1 patch failed, not original script elmin4_2 patch failed, not original script frcyo patch failed, not original script psdun_2 patch failed, not original script games_2 patch failed, not original script gongaga patch failed, not original script goson patch failed, not original script cosin1_1 patch failed, not original script kuro_4 patch failed, not original script lastmap patch failed, not original script Line 359 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 1 char(s) too long. Line 361 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 2 char(s) too long. There is just a log.txt, not a touphscript.log or where can i find this file? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2015-03-09 09:14:09 Ah, yeah... sorry. I have the latest version of ts because I work with Luksy on retranslation project. Basically, the 2 exe entries are being ignored because the text you have there is too large. And the other maps listed are not having script fixes changed because your flevel has already been modified. You can turn off these fixes in the ini. But the text should have been changed elsewhere. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: CirasdeNarm on 2015-03-09 11:00:44 It was my fault. I use 7thHeaven and a mod overwrites the text. But i dont know, wich mod it can be. These are the Mods i use: World Textures 4BaseMod 1New_Animation 3Unshaded Models 2UM Battle addon Battle Textures Menu - Backgrounds and Avatars Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2015-03-09 11:22:28 Not our department :) :P Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: CirasdeNarm on 2015-03-09 11:38:55 Fixed! Thank you anyway. :) Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: Dtizet on 2015-10-18 10:53:29 Nice work! im always looking in this forum to improve my game, thanks to all! But now i have a little noob question with the touphscrip... I dont know how to properly use it, i downloaded touphScript v1.3.0 and Source (NumericFix for menumod link is dead) they must be in a specific folder? separate folders? i run it with Boxff7 i can see the dialogs, i can move the boxes and edit the texts but when i save an then encode... and play the game again... nothing change, so what im doing wrong ??? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2015-10-18 18:35:58 when you use "e" to encode, it should show a box that tells you the progress. It should take a while to encode. If this black box does not open there a while, then something is wrong. Either the path to the files is wrong if you manually set it (open touphscipt.ini) or your installation path doesn't exist. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: picklejar on 2015-11-16 13:05:40 Just tried touphScript and just wanted to say thanks for the fantastic work! Also, thanks for sharing the source code, it helped me to debug some issues I had when trying to run it in a non-proper environment. Source is nicely written by the way. Definitely appreciate clean code that catches errors, writes to a log file, etc. I'll probably use this as one of my models when I dust off my C++ development skills. (I have about 7 years work experience with C++, but it's been about 9 years since I've been in it. I've been in Java for 16 years.) I have some ideas on improvements, but I'll save them for later after I become more familiar with the tool. For now, just wanted to say Thanks! And also thanks to you and DLPB for the Beacause project, I've watched this off and on over the years and I'm gaining interest in it again. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: picklejar on 2015-11-28 17:59:09 Just wanted to say thanks again to Luksy for touphScript and to DLPB for Beacause. They really helped my project come together: "Learn Japanese from Final Fantasy VII" (http://forums.qhimm.com/index.php?topic=16481.0) Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-14 11:40:41 ı click touchscript.exe then dump enter but nothing happens where is text files. it says the file needed then enter. I cant readed complete that it saying. log file is empty. My pc is laptop and I use; windows 10 64 bit and I have ff7 steam version edit log.file says; Unknown ini key: dump_l Unknown ini key: dump_t Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-15 08:24:31 sorry it flood but should anyone look this title? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2015-12-15 14:51:25 ts will only work on the English game. Are you using the English Steam? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-15 15:24:17 you saying steam must be english language? because, I play ff7 english Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: picklejar on 2015-12-15 22:38:20 Q1: What's your installation directory? (For example, give full path to one of the LGP files?) Q2: Are you running as Administratir? (not sure if this is required, but can't hurt) Q3: Did you modify the touphscript.ini file? If so, can you post the whole thing? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2015-12-15 22:48:27 I'm not sure when Luksy added support for automatic Steam checking rather than manually entering paths - but the current version I have now needs to be uploaded soon regardless. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: picklejar on 2015-12-15 22:53:22 The version in the first post is pretty old. It checks registry settings though. But output is not XML, like the latest is (I think Luksy said that) Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: luksy on 2015-12-16 02:59:20 Yeah I really need to update this, bit busy right now but I'm on vacation starting Saturday so hopefully I can work on it a little then. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-16 09:02:35 Q1: What's your installation directory? (For example, give full path to one of the LGP files?) Q2: Are you running as Administratir? (not sure if this is required, but can't hurt) Q3: Did you modify the touphscript.ini file? If so, can you post the whole thing? a-1) FF7 Folder; D/Games/Steam/Steamapps/Common/Final Fantasy 7 I transferred lgp files to desktop (C/Users/D/Desktop/FF7 Editing) a-2)Yes a-3)Yes and change steam language to english Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: luksy on 2015-12-16 12:16:56 Post your ini file just in case. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-16 12:41:54 ini files; # Strip unused text text_strip = 1 # Strip unused scripts script_strip = 1 # Insert missing windows. # Reuses previous window id values if available, # otherwise defaults are x = 80, y = 80, w = 150, h = 57 window_patch = 1 # Various script patches, will only work on original English field scripts to avoid conficts # In case question lines need to be modified in main script 3 ealin_2 = 1 # Enable extra Barret cutscene later on in gonjun1 chrin_2 = 1 # Enables original clock minigame difficulty kuro_4 = 1 # Activate village elder extra dialogue immediately after other two # (instead of having to ask 10 times) goson = 1 # Enable old guy's 3 random dialogues (only 2 shown normally). elmin4_2 = 1 # Enable Aerith's dialogue when attempting to pass # before Kalm (uses Tifa's without) psdun_2 = 1 # Change Tifa & Aerith's lovepoints check to > 40 (was > 120) gongaga = 1 # Fix Barret infinite lovepoints bug # (gives +6 points if you hear him out to the end, otherwise none) cosin1_1 = 1 # Fix Tifa infinite lovepoints bug blin67_2 = 1 # Modify battle game odds, shorten game to 5 rounds # & fix battle end after 4th opponent. games_2 = 1 # Enable extra cutscene (text needs to be copied over from PSX version) mtcrl_9 = 0 # Insert extra Barret dialogue if not in party when receiving PHS elminn_1 = 1 # Change when TV dialogues appear min51_1 = 1 # Fixes movie end chopping lastmap = 1 # Patches question var in case mods change it frcyo = 1 # Fixes menu access bug after talking with Yuffie fship_4 = 1 # Dump window parameters with text # (where available) dump_x = 0 dump_y = 0 dump_w = 0 dump_h = 0 dump_l = 0 dump_t = 0 dump_question = 0 # Force character name widths to width of value # (not recommended for redistribution) # cloud = Cloud # barret = Barret # tifa = Tifa # aerith = Aerith # redxiii = Red XIII # yuffie = Yuffie # caitsith = Cait Sith # vincent = Vincent # cid = Cid # Override paths # text = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\text\" # flevel = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\flevel.lgp" # world = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\world_us.lgp" # scene = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\scene.bin" # kernel = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\kernel.bin" # kernel2 = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\kernel2.bin" # window = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\window.bin" # exe = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\ff7.exe" touphScript location; C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\touphScript Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2015-12-16 14:09:17 # text = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\text\" < the hash (#) at the start means it will not be used. You need to remove hash if you want these paths to be used. Quote text = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\text\" flevel = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\flevel.lgp" world = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\world_us.lgp" scene = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\scene.bin" kernel = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\kernel.bin" kernel2 = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\kernel2.bin" window = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\window.bin" exe = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\ff7.exe" Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-16 14:41:49 # text = ".\text\" and it gave me Unknown ini key: dump_l Unknown ini key: dump_t change system language maybe help? Because, My system language not english Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2015-12-16 14:46:55 I don't think those 2 options are used anymore. You can delete them from ini. The ini you have there is old. You;re better off using this one > Code: [Select] # Strip unused texttext_strip = 1# Strip unused scriptsscript_strip = 1# Insert missing windows.# Reuses previous window id values if available,# otherwise defaults are x = 80, y = 80, w = 150, h = 57window_patch = 1# Various script patches, will only work on original English field scripts to avoid conficts# Dump window parameters with text# (where available)dump_x = 0dump_y = 0dump_w = 0dump_h = 0dump_sp = 0dump_question = 0# Force character name widths to width of value# (not recommended for redistribution)# cloud = Cloud# barret = Barret# tifa = Tifa# aerith = Aerith# redxiii = Red XIII# yuffie = Yuffie# caitsith = Cait Sith# vincent = Vincent# cid = Cid# Override pathstext = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\text"flevel = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\flevel.lgp"world = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\world_us.lgp"scene = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\scene.bin"kernel = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\kernel.bin"kernel2 = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\kernel2.bin"window = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\window.bin"exe = "C:\Users\D\Desktop\FF7 Editing\ff7.exe" If you want to preserve the window scrolling on certain dialogue boxes, also enable dump_h = 1 when decoding. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-16 18:47:53 thanks i tried but nothing happens the program close and log file is empty. should i change system language? edit: i tried that too, anybody shows images or video this programs using? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-17 08:08:52 i found errors but i cant solved; it says file read/write error, check permissions and read only flag. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: picklejar on 2015-12-18 00:49:24 I got that error message before. It was not a problem with file permissions, it was a problem where it was not reading from the file that I thought. There might be a bug if you try to specify a custom location or use a copy of the installed files. The only way I could get it to work was to NOT specify a custom location. It will read the registry settings and find the files in the place where you installed the game. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-18 08:08:35 i installed D drive. how to edit registry files? I think, regedit, but how? edit: i found and gave full read but nothing changes also i reinstalled games. if you have touphscript and installed ffvıı please show me a short video or with images. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-19 16:18:32 i deleted ff7 register i start new game but no registry keys in regedit. touphscrith gave me this error now; FFVII app path not found in registry, using local directory Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-30 13:13:40 sorry but my touphscript problem still going ı tried many times i reinstalled games for 5-6 times (without mods) i changed pc language (turned english) i changed steam language to english. i edited permissions (have full control inclueded regedit, ff7 steam folder) but touphscript always give me permissions error. please help. Where is my mistake? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2015-12-31 12:48:27 please anyone look at this thread? and one more thing in first page syas 1.3.0 but no 1.3.0 is 1.2.9 Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2016-01-04 00:24:00 Please wait for next tS version, since current will not work with R04. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2016-01-04 09:16:04 thanks for making these tools. sorry for floods. by the way what is r04? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: ProtomanZxAdvent on 2016-01-09 22:47:46 Please wait for next tS version, since current will not work with R04. so what is the % until the next release Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2016-01-09 23:53:14 so what is the % until the next release Not my program. But Luksy has the latest version and is working on it :) Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2016-01-10 10:37:57 then we wait for lusky's answer. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: BaconCatBug on 2016-01-13 13:58:34 Is there a way to decode only a single file at a time? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2016-01-14 16:17:41 Nope. That was something that's been requested :) Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.1) Post by: DLPB on 2016-04-05 20:23:35 Until Luksy releases his latest version - this one will have to suffice. It works with Reunion R04 and the English Steam version [I can't remember whether you have to override the paths in the ini or not]. It has the following issues (or things missing that could make it better): http://forums.qhimm.com/index.php?topic=11944.msg215796#msg215796 Download HERE (https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3Kl04es5qkqRDJZclFVSU1hd2M/view) Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2016-04-25 12:41:53 hey thanks finally working. ff7.exe.txt kernel0-1.txt is empty is it normal? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2016-04-25 14:31:11 hey thanks finally working. ff7.exe.txt kernel0-1.txt is empty is it normal? 01_kernel.txt will have 3 entries only. Assuming you used correct path to it. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2016-04-25 23:11:55 log file says; Registry values found:SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\{141B8BA9-BFFD-4635-AF64-078E31010EC3}_is1 Registry values found:SOFTWARE\Square Soft, Inc.\Final Fantasy VII Error creating spacing table Couldn't dump scene: converting to scene failed, basic_ios::clear: iostream error Couldn't dump kernel: basic_ios::clear: iostream error Couldn't dump kernel2: basic_ios::clear: iostream error Couldn't dump exe: basic_ios::clear: iostream error Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2016-05-09 10:28:26 anyone tell me is there any problem this (up message) log file says? Or how to solve? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: Sundaybrawl on 2017-06-11 09:44:11 I came across this and it's amazing! Although I have a small (Not so small) issue. When I go to encode the files again, the log says "Couldn't encode exe: 6: Unknown sequence " Not too sure what it really means, it's the only issue I've had so far. Any help would be greatly appreciated! Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-06-11 16:29:27 It means probably that line 6 of the corresponding text file 0_ff7.exe has a bad character there that cannot be encoded. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: Topaz Light on 2017-06-15 04:42:54 I'm having some issues getting touphScript to successfully dump the files. Here's my .ini file: Spoiler: show # Strip unused text text_strip = 1 # Strip unused scripts script_strip = 1 # Insert missing windows. # Reuses previous window id values if available, # otherwise defaults are x = 80, y = 80, w = 150, h = 57 window_patch = 1 # Dump window parameters with text # (where available) dump_x = 0 dump_y = 0 dump_w = 0 dump_h = 1 dump_sp = 0 dump_question = 0 # Force character name widths to width of value # (not recommended for redistribution) # cloud = Cloud # barret = Barret # tifa = Tifa # aerith = Aerith # redxiii = Red XIII # yuffie = Yuffie # caitsith = Cait Sith # vincent = Vincent # cid = Cid # Override paths text = .\text\ flevel = "C:\Users\Cathy\Desktop\Gene's Personal File\Hacking\Final Fantasy VII Text Editing\flevel.lgp" world = "C:\Users\Cathy\Desktop\Gene's Personal File\Hacking\Final Fantasy VII Text Editing\world_us.lgp" scene = "C:\Users\Cathy\Desktop\Gene's Personal File\Hacking\Final Fantasy VII Text Editing\scene.bin" kernel = "C:\Users\Cathy\Desktop\Gene's Personal File\Hacking\Final Fantasy VII Text Editing\kernel.bin" kernel2 = "C:\Users\Cathy\Desktop\Gene's Personal File\Hacking\Final Fantasy VII Text Editing\kernel2.bin" window = "C:\Users\Cathy\Desktop\Gene's Personal File\Hacking\Final Fantasy VII Text Editing\window.bin" exe = "C:\Users\Cathy\Desktop\Gene's Personal File\Hacking\Final Fantasy VII Text Editing\ff7.exe" And here's the .log file: Spoiler: show Registry values found:SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\Steam App 39140 No FFVII installation found Error creating spacing table Cannot read / error reading flevel Couldn't dump world_us: basic_ios::clear: iostream error Couldn't dump scene: converting to scene failed, basic_ios::clear: iostream error Couldn't dump kernel: basic_ios::clear: iostream error Couldn't dump kernel2: basic_ios::clear: iostream error Couldn't dump exe: basic_ios::clear: iostream error Nothing in the .ini file looks out of place to me, so I'm not sure what's causing the problem, other than perhaps something to do with "No FFVII installation found" in the .log file. But then, I'm also not an expert on this program or on hacking/modding in general, much less for Final Fantasy VII specifically. I am working with the 2012 Steam release. If it matters, I installed and then uninstalled version R05c of some of the Reunion patches—Beacause+Menu Enhancement and minigame fixes, I believe—before attempting this. Does anybody have any idea what the issue might be, and how it could be fixed? Thank you very much in advance for your time! Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-06-15 11:29:44 Remove the " " around the paths. Also, your game should not be installed to the desktop, Cathy. Not a good idea. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: Topaz Light on 2017-06-15 12:53:38 Oh. Well, thank you! I feel a bit silly now. Also, I'm not actually Cathy; this computer used to be my mother's, and that's something haven't really gotten around to changing yet. Don't worry, the game isn't installed there! Those files are copies for editing, to mitigate the risk of messing anything up if something somehow goes wrong. Thanks again! Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-06-15 16:22:35 Ah, well in that case, Well done ;) Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: Vykthor13 on 2017-07-29 05:01:15 Hey there! I know this post is over a month without anyone posting, but I'm not sure if I should make a new topic for this. So, I have an issue with the tool. After reading a few of the previous posts, I could solve most of my problems, except one, "No FFVII installation found". I use the Steam version, and all texts were dumped properly (I assume). I thinks I should also mention that I have Reunion installed. So here's my ini file: Spoiler: show # Strip unused text text_strip = 1 # Strip unused scripts script_strip = 1 # Insert missing windows. # Reuses previous window id values if available, # otherwise defaults are x = 80, y = 80, w = 150, h = 57 window_patch = 1 # Dump window parameters with text # (where available) dump_x = 0 dump_y = 0 dump_w = 0 dump_h = 1 dump_sp = 0 dump_question = 0 # Force character name widths to width of value # (not recommended for redistribution) # cloud = Cloud # barret = Barret # tifa = Tifa # aerith = Aerith # redxiii = Red XIII # yuffie = Yuffie # caitsith = Cait Sith # vincent = Vincent # cid = Cid # Override paths text = .\text\ flevel = C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\field\flevel.lgp world = C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\wm\world_us.lgp scene = C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\lang-en\battle\scene.bin kernel = C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\lang-en\kernel\kernel.bin kernel2 = C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\lang-en\kernel\kernel2.bin window = C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\lang-en\kernel\window.bin exe = C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\ff7_en.exe And the only line in my log file is this: "No FFVII installation found" Anyhow, sorry if I shouldn't have "revived" this post, and any help is appreciated. Thanks in advance! Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-08-21 16:09:05 Latest link is here: https://goo.gl/tAs8Vo Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: Kimsiudog on 2017-08-31 06:17:28 with this tool can i get the real sephiroth into party without game crash? i know theres lot of sephiroth mod out there but i want the real sephiroth not the skin replace one. how do i change the story script to include sephy into party? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2017-08-31 11:56:01 ı think not this is translator tool that translating ff7 other language like spanish, chinese, etc. You need other tools that ı dont know which tool useful for you. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-10 14:51:54 I want translate FF Vii steam, what should i do? Please tell me where i need to start Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2017-09-10 15:09:39 download touphscript then start encode then back up text files like named original folder then start translate dont scrool; (if original file line 284 translated file line should be 284) I think back up both translated and original text folder. Because there are too many files. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-10 16:38:25 i run touphscript and it said: Cannot open registry i use FF VII steam cracked, download on thepiratebay Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: luksy on 2017-09-10 16:42:54 i run touphscript and it said: Cannot open registry i use FF VII steam cracked, download on thepiratebay Sorry, touphScript doesn't support pirate languages. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-10 16:43:45 i run touphscript and it said: Cannot open registry i use FF VII steam cracked, download on thepiratebay Do you think that could be the problem? Why are you posting a bug report here when your issue has nothing to do with this program. It's to do with your cracked copy. Now you've wasted everyone's time. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: Covarr on 2017-09-10 16:59:30 i run touphscript and it said: Cannot open registry i use FF VII steam cracked, download on thepiratebay Read the rules and you might have better luck. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-11 14:35:10 Sorry for my fault. I just want to know how to use your program. Finally i can dump with origin PC version (i'm not sure about steam version, so i haven't purchased it yet), thanks And ... if you don't mind, could you please tell me the way to display text like "â ơ ê ô", i want translate ff7 into my language Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: Covarr on 2017-09-11 16:41:20 We have a forum policy of not assisting users of pirated copies of Final Fantasy games at all. If you want anybody to help you, you will need to buy the game and provide proof. We will not help IN ANY WAY before that. Edit: He bought the game. Unwarned, is now eligible for help. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-12 19:10:47 i want translate ff7, please tell me how to encode text like "â ơ ê ô" I dump and edit with English word, it encode ok; when I type something like "â ơ ê ô", it encode but no change Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2017-09-13 09:07:33 This forum dont help illegal final fantasy games ı have -13 because ı ask a questio about ff x international that very very simple than your question and ı got -13 rep. Then ff x hd came steam and ı bought. Now ı have all ff games except not come pc or online. Edit; you bought game. Which language that you want to translate. Anyway my question; is possible prevent touphscript illegal or gog ff7. I dont want anyone use my ff7 translation that have not original steam ff7. Translation is free of course but cannot use illegal or gog ff7. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-13 14:23:53 I want to translate into Vietnamese. I know illegal is an important think, but the money is a problem too. FF7 is associated with my childhood so i want do something with it. The first time i translate a game, i don't know where to start. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-13 15:07:23 That may be a problem. The font likely doesn't have full vietnamese alphabet. You will need to alter that, which is a bit of a pain. But until then, you can use touphscript to alter the English steam version. You just open ts, decode, alter text files it creates (usually touphscript places them in a folder called Text), open ts, encode. See the help file. You can also use Makou Reactor from tools to alter text, but it's harder for that purpose. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-13 17:29:11 Thanks, i know how to use ts but the big problem is altering font for display vietnamese alphabet :( I search almost topic in qhimm about translate but no luck, what should i do. -- Another thing i want to ask, can i jump into any position in game to test changed text or something like that? ---- After hours of searching, i found out need dump window.bin with Hack7 to get TIM (https://i.imgur.com/hEdh0Ss.png) i see some vietnamese character in there, i think it can display without change anything. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: luksy on 2017-09-13 19:42:41 I doubt it's going to be possible without restoring the Japanese multiple font tables (although the code to do so may already be in the PC version), just the uppercase and lowercase vowels with diacritics in Vietnamese would need 144 different characters as FFVII doesn't support combinational diacritics. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-13 19:54:05 window.bin isn't where the main font is. It's in menu.lgp - and I think that's the font for both menu and dialogue in there. A member called Ilducci is good at changing the font. Or you can convert Steam to 1998 and use png files. But due to what Luksy is saying, it would be a complete pain either way. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: Mcindus on 2017-09-14 00:56:47 If only there was some sort of tool like this for FF8 .... I want to change Squall's "whatever"s Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-14 01:27:45 Doesn't Deling let you do that? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-14 03:57:53 window.bin isn't where the main font is. It's in menu.lgp - and I think that's the font for both menu and dialogue in there I will try like you say. After searching Ilducci, I found this http://forums.qhimm.com/index.php?topic=16924.0 (http://forums.qhimm.com/index.php?topic=16924.0) ---- Finally i found the way to display custom alphabet, it still change in window.bin. Redraw not use character in *.tim But I think it's not a good way because i cannot type exactly the charater i want, i must type the original character and it will show the replacement character. It may be confusing when transalte. -- I install FF7 steam on D drive and ts can't dump anymore, why???? "Registry values found No FFVII installation found" Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-16 07:49:29 Usually means steam isnt installed right. But instead, alter the actual paths in the ini file. Use the paths. Set them correctly without the " " . Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-16 09:38:26 Wow, thanks, i remove " " and it work Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2017-09-19 20:21:23 still ı cant solve this errors; bugin1a: Error in entry n 12: Unexpected end of string md8_5: Error in entry n 1: Unknown var Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-20 04:34:42 you've used poor formatting that ts doesn't understand. bugin1a probably ends with a {NEW} in one of the entries without text after it. Md8_5 line 1 has an unknown var... like {CLOUUD} instead of {CLOUD} and so on. Count the lines. It's telling you which line the error is on. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: halkun on 2017-09-20 10:50:29 Yup the blank spot on the bottom below is where the Japanese fonts are banked-switched in. You will need that functionality, but we never examined CKJ support. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-20 17:22:36 Does ts have any option to not remove character which is not in this table http://wiki.qhimm.com/view/FF7/Text_encoding Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-20 17:41:43 No. It's made for use only with the English game. The source code is there for download if you can code. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-20 19:25:19 How can i compiled with MinGW? I run g++, it show a lot of errors. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2017-09-21 09:30:22 ı solved md8_5 but bugin1a line12 just h3 here look at yourself. I put both of translated and original bugin1a https://uploadfiles.io/elbhd Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-21 09:41:35 I don't see a problem there so perhaps this is a problem with ts or your file has become corrupted somehow. Does it encode ok with the original text file? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2017-09-21 11:30:54 nope no bugin1a error original file. Just letter errors (not supporting chars like ş-ğ) and too much chars errors for 0_ff7.exe.txt Btw; is it possible prevent touphscript use cracked final fantasy 7. I dont want to use my translation that anyone who didnt buy FF7 from steam. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-21 11:53:20 nope. It's not the job of a tool to start putting restrictions on where it can be used. And it wouldn't matter, because the files could just be uploaded whole. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2017-09-21 12:25:54 ı think need a programming for ts using prevent cracked ff7. Anyway what about bugin1a? If I reedit bugin1a from beginning works? Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-21 12:33:47 It wouldn't matter for the reason I just gave, and ts is open source. I don't know why you have that issue, but Luksy will prob be along at some point :) Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: kenichi on 2017-09-21 13:40:35 ı will check bugin1a ingame controller after finishing kernel2 checking maybe error no effect game but ıdk for now. Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0) Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-21 23:11:09 i build in MinGW and get these errors: Code: [Select] C:\Users\Ti\AppData\Local\Temp\cc8BeNFJ.o:kernel.cpp:(.text_ZN2ts4gzip10decompressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEEj[__ZN2ts4gzip10decompressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEEj]+0xa6): undefined reference to inflateInit2_'C:\Users\Ti\AppData\Local\Temp\cc8BeNFJ.o:kernel.cpp:(.text$_ZN2ts4gzip10decompressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEEj[__ZN2ts4gzip10decompressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEEj]+0xbd): undefined reference to inflate'C:\Users\Ti\AppData\Local\Temp\cc8BeNFJ.o:kernel.cpp:(.text$_ZN2ts4gzip10decompressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEEj[__ZN2ts4gzip10decompressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEEj]+0xcd): undefined reference to inflateEnd'C:\Users\Ti\AppData\Local\Temp\cc8BeNFJ.o:kernel.cpp:(.text$_ZN2ts4gzip8compressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEE[__ZN2ts4gzip8compressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEE]+0x106): undefined reference to deflateInit2_'C:\Users\Ti\AppData\Local\Temp\cc8BeNFJ.o:kernel.cpp:(.text$_ZN2ts4gzip8compressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEE[__ZN2ts4gzip8compressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEE]+0x11d): undefined reference to deflate'C:\Users\Ti\AppData\Local\Temp\cc8BeNFJ.o:kernel.cpp:(.text\$_ZN2ts4gzip8compressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEE[__ZN2ts4gzip8compressERKSt6vectorIhSaIhEE]+0x12d): undefined reference to deflateEnd'C:\Users\Ti\AppData\Local\Temp\ccNVllCy.o:touphScript.exe.cpp:(.text+0x7bee): undefined reference to [email protected]'C:\Users\Ti\AppData\Local\Temp\ccNVllCy.o:touphScript.exe.cpp:(.text+0x7cf0): undefined reference to [email protected]'what should i do?
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2017-09-22 05:28:01
I can see two issues there, you don't have libz installed, and you're using an ancient version of mingw, try this it should fix both errors
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-22 16:20:10
where can i get libz?
I used mingw in the link and it got the same error.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2017-09-22 16:44:21
libz is included with mingw-w64, I'll try and compile when I get back home just to make sure nothing has broken in the years since ts was released.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: kenichi on 2017-09-22 17:04:06
Lusky my some friends have a problem about ts. When they encode ts they get regedit error and ts not install? İs ff7 save necessary for ts or how to solve? I share my regedit for ff7 with them then they edit but didnot work.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2017-09-22 20:13:11
@red_evilspirit
download this http://www.winimage.com/zLibDll/zlib123dllx64.zip, extract the x64 dll and rename it to zlib1.dll, and put it in the same folder as touphscript source. Also please use the makefile to compile, i.e. run mingw32-make in the source directory.
@kenichi
If ts can't find the files by using the registry values you'll need to use the config file to override them, check the paths in touphscript.ini
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-23 01:15:13
It still got that error: Errors list (https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5quJ_Vvn4hKdXdVclhjMldWZ00/view)
----------
Anyway i ported ts to visual studio for easily debugging.
This is original text (https://i.imgur.com/3HRMQxl.jpg)
This happen when i put uft8 character into text file image (https://i.imgur.com/L1VMJkC.jpg)
What should i do to keep original uf8 character
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2017-09-23 05:38:11
I don't use VS so I'm not sure I can help, but why are you linking libz.a and not zlib1.dll?
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: kenichi on 2017-09-23 08:31:42
another tip; use notepad ++ if original file 250 line translated file must 250 line too.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-23 08:37:51
actually, vs and g++ are the same, the different is vs have UI.
Finally i can link libz.a with this syntax:
Code: [Select]
LDLIBS := -L/ -lz -lshlwapi -lShell32But i got another error:
Code: [Select]
x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: i386 architecture of input file touphScript.exe.res' is incompatible with i386:x86-64 output
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2017-09-23 08:43:07
You've compiled the resource file with the 32 bit version of windres.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-23 09:02:04
No, I use mingw64 which you gave me, maybe you compiled with 32bit ;D.
I remove old touphScript.exe.res and compile again, now i get touphScript.exe.
Could you tell me how to do with character like ọ ế ớ ...
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2017-09-23 09:28:37
The source distribution doesn't contain a compiled resource file. As for the characters, like I said before you're going to first need to find out if the PC version of FF7 still supports multiple font tables, otherwise it's a hopeless endeavour for Vietnamese unless you want to go into the assembly and lose your mind like DLPB.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-23 09:30:52
:'(
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-23 17:43:51
I give up on inputting utf8 character. It's too complicated to modify source.
String can not store uft8, only ascii table.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2017-09-23 18:25:46
If it were only a few characters all you need to do is edit ffstring.cpp, which has the font table (which is in utf8), but due to the number of characters you need for Vietnamese one table is not enough.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-24 02:24:00
I see that table, but the problem is:
- ASCII is 2 byte so string type can store character one by one. And all ASCII character in ffstring.cpp, so i can't add more
- utf8 is 4 byte, string type split one character to two so i lost original character.
If i modify source from string to wstring, editing all function may be a bad choice:(
-----
I think even when i can input uft8 character, it doesn't mean ff7 system can read that. Unless ff7 have font file like .OTF, .TTF or .FNT
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2017-09-24 05:53:49
I'm not sure you've understood, but I'll try again:
-The character table in FFVII is fixed at 256 characters, some of these cannot be modified because they are expanded to things like characters names
-You can easily replace most of the characters in the table with whatever utf8 character you like, it doesn't matter whether it occupies 1, 2, 3, or 4 bytes. These will be used by touphscript when scanning text to map a character to FFVII's single byte encoding.
-The Japanese version of FFVII had multiple font tables, these were selected using a 2-byte sequence, the PC version may still retain this functionality
-You might be able to squeeze the Vietnamese alphabet, digits, and punctuation into the table by replacing the characters you don't need, the total number of user characters available in the table are about 210, otherwise you'll need multiple tables like Japanese
N.b.: ASCII is a 1-byte encoding, in fact it can be packed into 7 bits; utf8 is a variable width encoding, from 1-4 bytes, but this has nothing to do with editing the character table in touphscript.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-24 08:19:47
I understand the way which replacing characters in the table.
---
As you say "utf8 is a variable width encoding, from 1-4 bytes",
i see stdString2Text() in source code, it read all characters one by one so when reaching utf8 character it throw error. ts doesn't accept utf8 character when reading from text.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2017-09-24 08:33:24
It absolutely does read utf8 characters otherwise it simply wouldn't work. I'm guessing your issue is your trying to get it to read characters that aren't in the character table.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-24 11:34:36
I'm guessing your issue is your trying to get it to read characters that aren't in the character table.
Correct.
but in c++ language, string type only can store ascii.
I think even i can put vietnamese into flevel file, there is no way to force ff7 system recognize new symbol.
I should accept that from beginning :( i have spent two week for nothing.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2017-09-24 12:08:48
Correct.
but in c++ language, string type only can store ascii.
I think even i can put vietnamese into flevel file, there is no way to force ff7 system recognize new symbol.
I should accept that from beginning :( i have spent two week for nothing.
C++ doesn't care what you put in a standard string, it's a glorified vector, the encoding of the characters that take up the bytes of a string is no concern.
You haven't yet grasped that ffvii has its own text encoding, touphscript handles converting between utf8 and the ffvii format.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-24 12:47:25
You haven't yet grasped that ffvii has its own text encoding, touphscript handles converting between utf8 and the ffvii format.
I know the thing you say.
But ts only call process a part of utf8, if you debug with vietnamese character you'll see that.
before ts convert character to vector, it must read character from text file. In source code, ts use string type to store character. It can not handle some character like ọ, ư, ơ.
I can modify readText function, using wstring to store vietnamese character, but can't convert back to byteVec in stdString2Tex function
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: luksy on 2017-09-24 13:45:24
Ts can only process the characters you give it in the charMap in ffstring.cpp, because those are the only ones available in the font.
As we've been trying to tell you all week, if you want Vietnamese you'll need to both patch the character map, and the font. How ts processes the characters has got nothing to do with it, seriously just try replacing one of the characters in charMap with "ọ", and try using ọ in one of the text files, it simply works, I just tried. It still won't show up in the game until you replace the same character in the font.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-26 15:50:38
it's my fault. if compiling ts on vs, it can't read utf8.
now i can replace character with ts, but i don't know why ff7 don't use font in window.bin anymore.
I redraw font in window.bin, Makou_Reactor can read it but ff7 still show original character.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-26 16:08:30
I've told you. It's in menu.lgp on PC version NOT Window.bin.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-26 16:25:04
what is happened :'(
A few day before, ff7 still can read
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: kenichi on 2017-09-27 15:37:45
ı translated 0_kernel2.bin.txt about %50 and ı play the game how to see working but its english. For example I translated potion, hi potion mostly armors, weapons description, materia name etc but still english. Why?
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-09-27 15:41:25
Because you need to change them in all the field files too.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2017-09-30 02:43:05
I lost font color when putting font image back to menu.lgp. What program should i use to keep all color?
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-10-02 21:19:06
That's not a question for this thread. And I don't know :)
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: bidaum on 2017-10-03 16:50:03
I've found after trying to fumble my way through this today on the steam install that the readme could really do with an actual install guide as.. there no info on where it should actually be installed or how to update ini for non standard directories etc etc.
Hell could make it even easier by just allowing this way
Under a default setup you would be able to do the following:
1. Extract content to {ff7-install-directory}/touphscript/ (and put in readme to do so)
2. Run touphscript.exe
3. Select between steam version and 1998
5. d to decode
6. go to touphscipt/text/ to modify the text
7. rerun touphscipt.exe
8. e to encode
9. takes a copy of bins/lgps into touphscript/backups
10. encodes
Also.. I'm not actually getting anywhere trying to run the extract..
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-10-03 16:55:16
There is no installation. It doesn't get any simpler than just editing an ini or running program, using "d" then editing files and running with "e".
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: bidaum on 2017-10-03 16:59:28
Well I've got an issue then.
touphscript is extracted to e:\touphscript
ff7 is installed in E:\Games\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII
my ini is as so:
text = ".\text\"
flevel = "E:\Games\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\field\flevel.lgp"
world = "E:\Games\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\wm\world_us.lgp"
scene = "E:\Games\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\lang-en\battle\scene.bin"
kernel = "E:\Games\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\lang-en\kernel\kernel.bin"
kernel2 = "E:\Games\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\lang-en\kernel\kernel2.bin"
window = "E:\Games\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\lang-en\kernel\window.bin"
exe = "E:\Games\SteamLibrary\SteamApps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\ff7.exe"
tried both with and without speech marks
When I run the decode I get nothing in ./text/ and a 0kb log.txt file
I tried the software a long time ago and kinda gave up cause ended up with the same issue then of... nothing happening :(
I also just want to apologise if I seem a bit curt. been racking my brains for the past hour trying to work out whats not working.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: bidaum on 2017-10-03 17:24:10
I also just tried moving the files themselves from the steam directory to the default C:\Program Files (x86)\Square Soft, Inc\Final Fantasy VII and running from there. But still getting the same results
aha... when i run it in the command line.
I get Fatal error: Cannot open registry
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-10-03 20:03:13
Usually this means that you don't have the game installed and may be using pirated version. Is your copy genuine?
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: bidaum on 2017-10-03 20:25:06
Yep, just uninstalled and reinstalled via steam just to be sure.
TouphScript does work with the steam version right? I've gone through the thread and as far as I can tell it's supported.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-10-04 01:34:25
It is, yeah. And if it doesn't work normally., setting paths directly without "" should work. verify all paths lead to actual files.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: bidaum on 2017-10-04 02:07:08
double checked
Also moved the files into the touphscript directory and tested it that way.
But still getting fatal error cannot open registry.
exact cmd line copy below
Code: [Select]
C:\Windows\system32>e:E:\>cd e:\TouphScripte:\TouphScript>touphScript.exetouphScript v1.2.9 --- a FFVII text editor(d)ump or (e)ncode?dFatal error: Cannot open registry
My ini is below with all file paths verified
Code: [Select]
# Override paths text = e:\touphscript\text\ flevel = e:\touphscript\data\field\flevel.lgp world = e:\touphscript\data\wm\world_us.lgp scene = e:\touphscript\data\battle\scene.bin kernel = e:\touphscript\data\kernel\kernel.bin kernel2 = e:\touphscript\data\kernel\kernel2.bin window = e:\touphscript\data\kernel\window.bin exe = e:\touphscript\data\ff7_en.exe:(
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-10-04 10:12:42
Double click the exe, makes no difference?
also, make sure you are using
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: kenichi on 2017-10-05 12:55:03
@bidaum; rename ff7_en.exe to ff7.exe and when you play game rename again ff7.exe to ff7_en.exe and of course rename in ini file.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-10-05 13:17:31
That's wrong. If he's using Steam, then it HAS to be ff7_en.exe unless he has some sort of mod that's not using that name.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: kenichi on 2017-10-05 23:48:23
ı have ff7 steam and ı dont use mod because of ts; ı tried encode ts for ff7_en.exe but ı got error then ı renamed ff7_en.exe to ff7.exe and ı tried encode again and it works.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-10-06 00:57:31
If you've set the paths, like he has above, then doing that is wrong. It won't work. It shouldn't really work at all if you are installing to Steam.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: kenichi on 2017-10-06 06:32:47
my path and works.
# Override paths
# text = .\text\
# flevel = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\field\flevel.lgp"
# world = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\wm\world_us.lgp"
# scene = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\battle\scene.bin"
# kernel = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\kernel\KERNEL.BIN"
# kernel2 = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\kernel\kernel2.bin"
# window = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\kernel\WINDOW.BIN"
# exe = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\ff7.exe"
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-10-06 12:15:32
Quote
my path and works.
# Override paths
# text = .\text\
# flevel = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\field\flevel.lgp"
# world = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\wm\world_us.lgp"
# scene = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\battle\scene.bin"
# kernel = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\kernel\KERNEL.BIN"
# kernel2 = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\kernel\kernel2.bin"
# window = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\data\kernel\WINDOW.BIN"
# exe = "E:\Steam\steamapps\common\FINAL FANTASY VII\ff7.exe"
That's because all your paths above are wrong. You have started them with #, so they will be ignored. And you have used " ". ::) In other words, ts is just finding your game based on the registry.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: kenichi on 2017-10-07 09:51:12
hmm ı got this ı finally understand why my friends got registry error ı edited and working ı want to try my friends this settings. Just tell me; how to solve like line 620 5415874565846 char(s) too long errors?That line just 2 letters.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-10-07 12:03:58
That's a bug in ts. It is still too long, though. Your entry is too long.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: kenichi on 2017-10-07 17:13:32
ı encode ts and ı click play ff7 then ff7_en.exe not responding then ı got an unknown exception has occurred error
edit; ı solved; ı changed ff_en.exe to ff7.exe then encode then ı renamed ff7.exe to ff7_en.exe and game working.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: Ark14 on 2017-11-16 04:29:58
Double click the exe, makes no difference?
also, make sure you are using
Is this the last version that works with Reunion R05c? when I open it, it shows as 1.2.9.
I'm trying to translate the exe to another language but when a encode it shows a bunch like this:
Line 118 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 4294967284 char(s) too long.
Line 224 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 1 char(s) too long.
I find the lines and edit then but nothing change in the log. Even if i just put 1 character.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2017-11-20 08:20:18
Send the text file 0_ff7.exe.txt
If all else fails, you can place the file paths in the .ini file manually. See the discussion above.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: kenichi on 2017-11-25 15:06:40
is there mds7_wtut in game? İt just about game mechanics like save. Anyone play FF7 see this mds7_wtut dialogues?
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: usb on 2018-01-14 18:54:10
First of all tank you for your tool (it's amazing).
I'm trying to update the first (and only) italian translation released for PC with the updated one for PSX released by an italian translator group. I've already translated every text file but now there is a problem: the space for menu buy/sell/exit (line 573 in the 0_ff7.txt).
If I try to translate in italian it looks weird with the text going over the background box and the hand pointer that doesn't point at the beginnig of the italian word but at the same place where should be in english.
Someone knows how to fix? I've see that the franch retranslation made this menu in vertical (and not in horizontal) and this should resolve the problem but i don't know how to do.
With the searh button I don't find an answer.
Using ff7 steam edition
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2018-01-14 22:58:21
That's not relevant to this tool. It's not a fault with this tool.
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: usb on 2018-01-15 09:40:26
That's not relevant to this tool. It's not a fault with this tool.
Thank you for your answer. Maybe starting a new thred should be more appropriate
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: kenichi on 2018-01-22 09:35:46
hey DLBP there is something that ı want to sure. Original niv_ti3 is 30 line, reunion niv_ti3 is 137 line. Can ı use reunion instead of original niv_ti3?
Sorry stupid question of course not :D
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: Ghostlybreath on 2018-01-26 10:00:42
Registry values found:SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\{141B8BA9-BFFD-4635-AF64-078E31010EC3}_is1
No FFVII installation found
Error creating spacing table
Couldn't dump world_us: basic_ios::clear: iostream error
Couldn't dump scene: converting to scene failed, basic_ios::clear: iostream error
Couldn't dump kernel: basic_ios::clear: iostream error
Couldn't dump kernel2: basic_ios::clear: iostream error
Couldn't dump exe: basic_ios::clear: iostream error
i have original steam version...
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: Ghostlybreath on 2018-01-28 23:39:06
where you can edit the fight menu?
Title: Re: [FF7] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: red_evilspirit on 2018-02-10 06:48:37
where can i find document or tutorial about 'how to writing script to unpack file' like touphScript?
I don't know what keyword to find on google.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: adol125 on 2018-11-14 15:05:39
Registry values found:SOFTWARE\Square Soft, Inc.\Final Fantasy VII
bugin1a: Error in entry n 12: Unexpected end of string
Couldn't encode tutorial: Unknown var
Couldn't encode tutorial: Unknown var
Couldn't encode tutorial: Unknown var
Line 3 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 1 char(s) too long.
Line 4 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 2 char(s) too long.
Line 214 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 1 char(s) too long.
Line 223 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 4 char(s) too long.
Line 224 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 2 char(s) too long.
Line 266 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 2 char(s) too long.
Line 298 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 1 char(s) too long.
Line 424 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 1 char(s) too long.
Line 456 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 3 char(s) too long.
Line 471 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 3 char(s) too long.
Line 645 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 1 char(s) too long.
Line 672 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 4294967292 char(s) too long.
Line 677 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 4294967288 char(s) too long.
Line 696 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 2 char(s) too long.
Line 701 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 1 char(s) too long.
Line 713 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 1 char(s) too long.
Line 717 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 2 char(s) too long.
Line 718 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 1 char(s) too long.
When I encode toupscript then enter the game it says "an unknown exception error has occured." I translated ff7 in my language and translation is finished. But i got this error. Btw what means Couldn't encode tutorial: Unknown var which file is tutorial
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: Covarr on 2018-11-14 16:19:40
Reporting Posts
Only use the report button to report actual rule infractions. Do not use it to report mods or tools that don't work, missing download links, members being unable to solve your problems despite their best effort, or updates that take longer than you hoped. If you cannot cite the exact rule being broken, chances are pretty good you shouldn't be reporting the post. Abuse of the report button will lead to warnings and potential moderation.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: adol125 on 2018-11-18 19:49:47
still no answer and no solution for those above problems/bugs.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2018-11-19 02:58:08
That's because the error messages are self explanatory. Look at the lines and look at the errors.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: adol125 on 2018-11-22 14:34:13
That's because the error messages are self explanatory. Look at the lines and look at the errors.
My friends solve this problem now the log file like this;
Registry values found:SOFTWARE\Square Soft, Inc.\Final Fantasy VII
but when i encode game not open, so i changed kernel2bin.exe.txt to original then game open. How to solve this problem or i have to use kernel bin editor? (teioh program)
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2019-01-03 22:31:59
Remaining issues for Luksy or anyone who wants to fix the source:
1. Cleaner log text. A better format would be:
Line 1 [0_ff7.exe.txt]: 2 char(s) too long.
Line number, text file in square brackets, and description of error.
This has been done for char length errors, but not universal to all error messages.
For example : Error in ancnt1: Error in entry n 2: 23: Closing brace not found
2. Option to dump text from files separately. Something like:
Code: [Select]
# Dump TextExe = 1Flevel.lgp = 1Kernel.bin = 1Kernel2.bin = 1Scene.bin = 1World_us.lgp = 1`
3. When strings are too long, the char length report in the log is incorrect.
For example: 4294967288 char(s) too long.
4. Numeric graphic X/Y
"Top" should be limited from 0 to 240.
"Left" should be limited from 0 to 320.
Log should note if user has tried to exceed this.
5. Log needs to list issues with files missing at encode time, like Window.bin.
6. Possible log warning of shared var when encountered? [for dialogue option issue]. Log only needs to log the script with a shared var when the user has changed an option.
7. char length errors in kernel are not being reported. Probably same for kernel2, and scene. They are being reported for the exe.
8.
ts should log errors of particular file and not quit. A good idea would also be to log exactly which part of script failed.
9. When using Reunion, icon tags (like {X}) are not being decoded (they are being encoded fine).
10. Missing text - executable address 524BF0 - 7 chars, size of 8 bytes. Terminates with FF.
11. Reunion Chocobo Races Prizes and Chocobo Races names need to be removed entirely.
12. {CHOICE}, Tab, {MAX} values—and whether Reunion is present—should supersede the executable values when 4 options in the ini are used. This is because it is a hassle sometimes to always have the exe present to encode - and, also, Reunion doesn't edit the executable anymore as of R06.
13. Window.bin has also been abolished with R06, so again if a 256 byte table of char width values exist in the ini (with option to skip Window.bin), these should supersede Window.bin.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: adol125 on 2019-01-05 22:03:43
Is there any line or sometihing that could not be translated in 0_kernel2.bin.txt
"Registry values found:SOFTWARE\Square Soft, Inc.\Final Fantasy VII"
log flie like these but when i encode with translated 0_kernel2.bin.txt game won't open.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2019-01-06 17:37:26
Is it the English version of the game
What is the full log showing
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: adol125 on 2019-01-06 19:48:26
Is it the English version of the game
What is the full log showing
Yes. game is steam version and the log just says;
"Registry values found:SOFTWARE\Square Soft, Inc.\Final Fantasy VII"
Btw my steam language not english. Will this any cause problem?
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2019-01-06 20:52:13
This is for the English game only - unless you edit the source code.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: adol125 on 2019-01-06 22:59:47
nope i did not edit any source code. Just decode and translate the game and encode. also i dont know how to edit source code.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2019-01-06 23:17:00
Then there is nothing you can do. It won't work on non English games.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: adol125 on 2019-01-07 07:58:45
Game is english, already. I just translated txt files to my language.
https://prnt.sc/m3z6w1
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2019-01-07 22:11:42
The characters you can use and the formatting have to be correct. There's no way for me to help you with with it - as I have no idea how you are changing it.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: adol125 on 2019-01-08 07:33:58
Do you know the font that used on the game? Format is utf-8 i checked on original txt files.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2019-01-11 16:55:34
Send me all text files you are editing and the .ini file.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: adol125 on 2019-01-14 20:19:27
https://turbobit.net/ug3aerftj5lz.html
here i added original-translated kernel2bin.txt and toupscripth.ini files.
and here all files
https://turbobit.net/1kts3bg1o218.html
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: DLPB on 2019-01-14 22:04:34
You should have used google drive or something. I have to wait 59 min for another download.
Title: Re: [PC] Text editor - touphScript (v1.3.0)
Post by: adol125 on 2019-01-14 22:33:00
You should have used google drive or something. I have to wait 59 min for another download.
sorry sorry sorry i have turbobit premium i will fix immediately
http://s7.dosya.tc/server12/077zy6/Compressed.rar.html
just wait 5 seconds and click "Dosyayı indir" | 2019-01-17 21:58:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47828277945518494, "perplexity": 9197.996783160677}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659340.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117204652-20190117230652-00022.warc.gz"} |
https://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/37637/make-this-mysql-query-more-elegant-or-efficient/37657#37657 | # Make this MySQL query more elegant &/or efficient
I have created a MySQL query that works, but I feel there must be a better way. The query will be used by a PHP script whose purpose is to assign conditions & subconditions to new participants in an online experiment based on how many times each combination of condition & subcondition was already assigned to previous participants. (There are 2556 conditions and 8 subconditions, all combinations are allowed.) The purpose of the query is to calculate the number of "filtered completes" for each condition, defined as follows:
1. for a given condition C, the number of completes in each subcondition S is the number of unique data rows with condition==C and subcondition==S
2. for a given condition C, the "target" is 1 + the smallest number of completes for any subcondition S in C
3. for a given condition C and subcondition S, the "filtered completes" for S in C is the minimum of the "target" for C and the actual number of completes for S in C
4. the total "filtered completes" for the condition C is the sum of filtered completes for all subconditions S in C
Intuitively, at a given moment, I want to act as though my goal is to assign the "target" number of participants to each subcondition in a given condition. The "target" can increase only once ALL subconditions in the condition have met the target. At a given moment, I want to ignore completes in any subcondition that exceed the target. OK, here now is the query which works:
select condition, (
LEAST( Target, subcond_0 ) +
LEAST( Target, subcond_1 ) +
LEAST( Target, subcond_2 ) +
LEAST( Target, subcond_3 ) +
LEAST( Target, subcond_4 ) +
LEAST( Target, subcond_5 ) +
LEAST( Target, subcond_6 ) +
LEAST( Target, subcond_7 ) ) as filtered_completes
from (
select condition,
(1+LEAST( subcond_0, subcond_1, subcond_2, subcond_3, subcond_4, subcond_5, subcond_6, subcond_7 )) as Target,
subcond_0, subcond_1, subcond_2, subcond_3, subcond_4, subcond_5, subcond_6, subcond_7
from (
select condition,
SUM( CASE subcondition WHEN 0 THEN count( distinct id ) ELSE 0 END ) AS subcond_0,
SUM( CASE subcondition WHEN 1 THEN count( distinct id ) ELSE 0 END ) AS subcond_1,
SUM( CASE subcondition WHEN 2 THEN count( distinct id ) ELSE 0 END ) AS subcond_2,
SUM( CASE subcondition WHEN 3 THEN count( distinct id ) ELSE 0 END ) AS subcond_3,
SUM( CASE subcondition WHEN 4 THEN count( distinct id ) ELSE 0 END ) AS subcond_4,
SUM( CASE subcondition WHEN 5 THEN count( distinct id ) ELSE 0 END ) AS subcond_5,
SUM( CASE subcondition WHEN 6 THEN count( distinct id ) ELSE 0 END ) AS subcond_6,
SUM( CASE subcondition WHEN 7 THEN count( distinct id ) ELSE 0 END ) AS subcond_7
from
(
select condition, subcondition, count( distinct id ) from test_table_3
where approve=1 group by condition, subcondition
) as T1 group by condition
) as T2
) as T3;
Reasons I don't think it's good are
1. it requires me to hand-code the subconditions, so it would not be easy to change to a different number of subconditions
2. the nested selects look ugly to me
3. it seems to run a bit slow. Any suggestions for how to improve it?
Should I be doing this in PHP instead?
Here is some sample data as requested, eliminating columns that I don't think are relevant to the question:
id subjid condition subcondition approve
51 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 1175 3 1
52 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 456 0 1
53 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 1301 0 1
54 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 499 5 1
55 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 886 5 1
56 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 2257 7 1
57 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 1955 4 1
58 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 890 2 1
59 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 1667 0 1
60 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 1546 2 1
61 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 1315 5 1
62 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 139 1 1
63 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 374 3 1
64 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 1249 4 1
65 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 1658 7 1
66 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 2241 3 1
67 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 167 6 1
68 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 1370 0 1
69 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 26 3 1
70 A3GM1SF5FUOS8L 2499 6 1
• I'd suggest pasting an ERD, or sample data for this. Odds are the SQL statement is just the symptom of a bigger problem: badly designed tables and relationships. Dec 17 '13 at 23:13
• Added sample data as requested. Dec 18 '13 at 3:31
The generic solution that won't require changing when adding new subconditions involves several subqueries and will probably be very slow. There isn't too much data here, but it can be sped up (see below).
1. Completes
You have this one already in your query.
select
condition,
subcondition,
count(distinct id) as completes
from
test_table_3
where
approve = 1
group by
condition,
subcondition
2. Minimum Completes
select
condition,
min(completes) as min_completes
from
<query-1>
group by
condition
3. Filtered Completes
Join 1 and 2
select
condition,
subcondition,
min(min_completes, count(distinct id)) as filtered_completes
from
test_table_3
join
<query-2> using condition
where
approve = 1
group by
condition,
subcondition
4. Total Filtered Completes
select
condition,
sum(filtered_completes) as total_filtered_completes
from
<query-3>
group by
condition
Going Faster
First, creating a temporary table out of <query-1> would be huge. Technically, MySQL should be smart enough to do this on its own, and being only three short columns should allow it to fit easily in RAM. However, I've found that the simplest of derived tables can often cause it to go off the rails. I will confess that I don't have a lot of MySQL tuning experience.
Second, this would be pretty easy in PHP. Load the results of <query-1> into an array and use two passes to calculate the minimum, filtered, and total completes. The latter two values can be calculated together during the second pass. Since you probably need these values in PHP in the end, the only real cost is slurping in all that data which again isn't very much here.
If you got tricky, you could even probably do it with a single pass while streaming the results from MySQL so you wouldn't have to store the entire derived table in RAM at once. For each condition, you only need to know a) the minimum subcondition completes, b) how many subconditions have that minimum value, and c) how many subconditions are over that minimum. The total filtered completes for that condition equals
a * b + (a + 1) * c
• I don't think step 2 does what I need. I need to set the target for each condition equal to the minimum number of completes for subconditions within that condition, not overall. Dec 18 '13 at 20:20
• @baixiwei Grouping by condition on the outer query while grouping on both fields on the inner one gives you the minimum subcondition completes per condition. Dec 18 '13 at 21:32 | 2021-09-27 13:28:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.35811498761177063, "perplexity": 3489.015315034989}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058450.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927120736-20210927150736-00223.warc.gz"} |
https://prepmart.in/subjects.php?subject=c2NpZW5jZQ | ## Subject Wise MCQs JKSSB
###### 1. CNG is a fuel gas which is mainly composed of methane that is used for vehicles in general. Here CNG stands for
A
Complex nitrous gas
B
certified national gas
C
compressed natural gas
D
coal and nucleotide gas
Chemistry JKP SI 2022 Report Question
Explanation :
compressed natural gas
###### 2. Which of the following instruments is used to measure the blood pressure of the Human body?
A
Endoscope
B
Thermometer
C
Stethoscope
D
Sphygmomanometer
Biology JKP SI 2022 Report Question
Explanation :
To measure blood pressure, your doctor uses an instrument call a sphygmomanometer, which is more often referred to as a blood pressure cuff. The cuff is wrapped around your upper arm and inflated to stop the flow of blood in your artery.
###### 3. What is the full form of MSG, a chief flavor enhancer used in the food industry?
A
Monosodium glycinate
B
Monosodium glutamate
C
Monosodium glutamine
D
Monosulphur glycerol
Chemistry JKP SI 2022 Report Question
Explanation :
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer commonly added to Chinese food, canned vegetables, soups and processed meats.
###### 4. Which of the following options is an example for chemical change?
A
Crystallization of salt
B
Evaporation
C
Burning of coal
D
Melting of ice
Chemistry JKP SI 2022 Report Question
Explanation :
Burning of coal is a chemical change. When coal is burnt, the chief component, carbon is changed to carbon dioxide. This process cannot be reversed.
###### 5. Which of the following substances is usually used in cold countries to melt ice accumulated on the roads during winter?
A
Salt
B
Urea
C
Boric Acid
D
Hydrogen Peroxide
Chemistry JKP SI 2022 Report Question
Explanation :
Rock salt or halite is the form of sodium chloride. Brine is a solution of water and salt has a lower freezing point than pure water putting salt or saltwater on ice that is near 0oC will cause it to melt. It is called as de-icing done after snowstorm to improve traction.
###### 6. Which of the following when added to pure water usually increases its surface tension?
A
Detergent
B
Sodium Chloride
C
Kerosene oil
D
Phenyl
Chemistry JKP SI 2022 Report Question
Explanation :
The surface tension of water is increased when salt is added to it. Although the strong interactions between sodium cations and partial negative oxygen, and chloride anions and partial positive hydrogens disrupt some hydrogen bonding between water molecules, they actually strengthen the surface tension of water.
###### 7. The period of transition from childhood and adulthood is known as
A
Maturity
B
Courtship
C
D
Biology JKP SI 2022 Report Question
Explanation :
Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood. Children who are entering adolescence are going through many changes (physical, intellectual, personality and social developmental). Adolescence begins at puberty, which now occurs earlier, on average, than in the past.
###### 8. The branch of Physics concerned with the properties of sound.
A
Rhythm
B
Resonance
C
Acoustics
D
Announce
Physics JKP SI 2022 Report Question
Explanation :
Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.
###### 9. The process of breaking molecules in the absence of oxygen is called ___________.
A
Photosynthesis
B
Aerobic Respiration
C
Anaerobic Respiration
D
Evapotranspiration
Biology Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Anaerobic Respiration
###### 10. What is the SI unit of the electric current?
A
Candela
B
Pascal
C
Mole
D
Ampere
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Ampere
###### 11. Which is the most abundant gas in earths atmosphere?
A
Oxygen
B
Hydrogen
C
Carbon Dioxide
D
Nitrogen
General Science Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Nitrogen
###### 12. Which of the following is an example of vector quantity?
A
Momentum
B
Mass
C
Volume
D
Speed
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Momentum
###### 13. In Ozone, which layer is termed as "good ozone"?
A
Mesosphere
B
Troposphere
C
Exosphere
D
Stratosphere
General Science Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Stratosphere
###### 14. Which of the following vitamins is also known as Thiamine?
A
Vitamin C
B
Vitamin B1
C
Vitamin B6
D
Vitamin B12
Biology Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Thiamin (thiamine), or vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin found naturally in some foods, added to foods, and sold as a supplement.
###### 15. Which of the following vitamin deficiencies causes Xerophthalmia?
A
Vitamin A
B
Vitamin E
C
Vitamin K
D
Vitamin B12
Biology Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Vitamin A
###### 16. Which of the following is an example of mineral fuel?
A
Bauxite
B
Manganese
C
Mica
D
Coal
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Coal
###### 17. Which type of energy source is solar energy?
A
Conventional
B
Non-Renewable
C
Non-Conventional
D
Exhaustible
General Science Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Non-Conventional
###### 18. What is the atomicity of Helium?
A
2
B
1
C
8
D
3
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
1
###### 19. Which of the following is an example of amorphous solid?
A
Mica
B
Quartz
C
Diamond
D
Rubber
General Science Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Rubber
###### 20. Which of the following has the lowest frequency in an electromagnetic spectrum?
A
Gamma Rays
B
Micro Waves
C
D
Alpha Waves
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
###### 21. What is the SI unit of the wavelength?
A
Watt
B
Hertz
C
Metre
D
Second
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Wavelength is a distance so the meter is the SI unit, but wavelengths are small so are typically given in nano meters
###### 22. Which of the following particles has no electrical charge?
A
Positron
B
Electron
C
Neutron
D
Proton
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Neutron
###### 23. What is the chemical symbol of Sodium?
A
Au
B
Na
C
Pb
D
Ag
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Na
###### 24. Which of the following processes denotes water soluble inorganic nutrients go down into the soil horizon and gets precipitated as unavailable salts?
A
Eutrophication
B
Fragmentation
C
Leaching
D
Biomagnification
Biology Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Leaching
###### 25. Which of the following gas laws shows the relationship of volume and number of gas particles?
A
B
Gay Lussacs Law
C
Charles Law
D
Boyles Law
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
###### 26. The electrical instrument rheostat is used to control electric current by varying the _________.
A
Resistance
B
Frequency
C
Capacitance
D
Inductance
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Resistance
###### 27. Autotrophic nutrition is found only in ________.
A
Fishes
B
Green Plants
C
Birds
D
Mammals
Biology Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Green Plants
###### 28. Which of the following devices converts mechanical energy into electrical energy?
A
Battery
B
Solar Energy
C
Generator
D
Electrical Fuse
General Science Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
The device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.is Electric generator.
###### 29. Which of the following forms of energy is an example of a primary energy source?
A
Sun
B
Biofuels
C
Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
D
Diesel
General Science Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
The Sun is the primary source of energy for Earths climate system is the first of seven Essential Principles of Climate Sciences. Principle 1 sets the stage for understanding Earths climate system and energy balance. The Sun warms the planet, drives the hydrologic cycle, and makes life on Earth possible. Each second, more than four million tonnes of matter are converted into energy within the Suns core, producing neutrinos and solar radiation.
###### 30. Which of the following is an example of secondary electrical battery?
A
Leclanche cell
B
C
Dry Cell
D
Lithium Cell
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
###### 31. Which Newtons law gives the relationship between force, mass and acceleration?
A
Newtons Law of Cooling
B
Newtons Second Law of Motion
C
Newtons Third Law of Motion
D
Newtons First Law of Motion
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Newtons Second Law of Motion
###### 32. Which of the following protocols is related to ozone layer depletion?
A
Montreal Protocol
B
Kyoto Protocol
C
Cartagena Protocol
D
Nagoya Protocol
General Science Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Montreal Protocol
###### 33. Which of the following helps to translocate a variety of organic and inorganic solutes from the leaves to other parts of the plants?
A
Cortex
B
Pith
C
Phloem
D
Xylem
Biology Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Phloem
###### 34. Which of the following terms denotes the physical position and functional role of a species within the community?
A
Biomass
B
Ecological Pyramid
C
Ecological Niche
D
Ecotone
General Science Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Ecological Niche
###### 35. Which of the following vitamin deficiencies causes rickets in children?
A
Vitamin K
B
Vitamin D
C
Vitamin C
D
Vitamin A
General Science Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Vitamin D
###### 36. Which of the following states of matter has indefinite shape and indefinite volume?
A
Solid
B
Gas
C
Liquid
D
Plasma
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Gas
###### 37. What is the SI unit of the thermodynamic temperature?
A
Ampere
B
Candela
C
Kelvin
D
Mole
General Science Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Kelvin
###### 38. Which of the following pigments gives green colour to the leaves?
A
Nucleus
B
Cytoplasm
C
Chlorophyll
D
Mitochondria
Biology Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Chlorophyll
###### 39. Which of the following waves is an example of longitudinal waves?
A
Ultrasonic Waves
B
Micro Waves
C
Light Waves
D
Infrared Waves
General Science Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Ultrasonic Waves
###### 40. What is the atomicity of nitrogen?
A
3
B
8
C
1
D
2
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
2
###### 41. Which of the following type of solids are anisotropic in nature?
A
Amorphous Solid
B
Pseudo Solid
C
Super Cooled Liquid
D
Crystalline Solid
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Crystalline Solid
###### 42. What is the scientific name of Vitamin B9?
A
Pyridoxine
B
Ascorbic Acid
C
Riboflavin
D
Folic Acid
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Folic Acid
###### 43. What is the chemical symbol of Silver?
A
Au
B
K
C
Ag
D
Pb
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Ag
###### 44. Which of the following laws states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction?
A
Newtons First Law of Motion
B
Newtons Third Law of Motion
C
Newtons Law of Cooling
D
Newtons second Law of Motion
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Newtons Third Law of Motion
###### 45. What is the second layer of the earths atmosphere?
A
Exosphere
B
Mesosphere
C
Troposphere
D
Stratosphere
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Stratosphere
###### 46. In which of the following medium sound travels faster?
A
Solid
B
Fluid
C
Gas
D
Liquid
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Solid
###### 47. Which of the following is an example of ferrous mineral?
A
Graphite
B
Manganese
C
Gold
D
Mica
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Manganese
###### 48. Which of the following devices is used to measure potential difference between two points in a circuit?
A
Voltmeter
B
Galvanometer
C
Pycnometer
D
Ammeter
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Voltmeter
###### 49. Which of the following vitamin deficiencies causes scurvy?
A
Vitamin C
B
Vitamin K
C
Vitamin E
D
Vitamin A
Vitamins Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Vitamin C
###### 50. Mole is the SI unit of ____
A
Luminous Intensity
B
Electric Current
C
Thermodynamic Temperature
D
Amount of Substance
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Amount of Substance
###### 51. The relationship between which two gas variables are shown in Charles law?
A
Pressure - Temperature
B
Temperature - Volume
C
Pressure - Volume
D
Volume - Number of Gas Particles
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Temperature - Volume
###### 52. In which continent is ozone hole found for the first time?
A
South America
B
Africa
C
Antarctica
D
North America
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Antarctica
###### 53. On which quantum number does the orientation of atomic orbitals depend?
A
Principal Quantum Number
B
Azimuthal Quantum Number
C
Magnetic Quantum Number
D
Spin Quantum Number
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Magnetic Quantum Number
###### 54. Which of the following is known as black gold?
A
Petroleum
B
Coal
C
Wood
D
Biofuel
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
The Petroleum is called black gold because when the crude oil is extracted from the soil below, it is black in colour.
###### 55. The amount of electric current flowing per unit area is called ___
A
Current Density
B
Electrical Resistivity
C
Electrical Power
D
Electric Potential
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Current Density
###### 56. Light year is the unit of measurement of ___
A
Time
B
Acceleration
C
Velocity
D
Distance
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Distance
###### 57. Which of the following group of animals get nutrition by feeding on both plants and animals?
A
Carnivores
B
Omnivores
C
Autotrophs
D
Herbivores
Biology Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Omnivores
###### 58. Which of the following terms denotes the decomposed organic matter?
A
Humus
B
Litter
C
Explant
D
Callus
Biology Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Humus
###### 59. The process of removal of metabolic waste from the body is known as ______
A
Gastrulation
B
Excretion
C
Photosynthesis
D
Digestion
Biology Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Excretion
###### 60. In which layer of the earths atmosphere do precipitation occur?
A
Mesosphere
B
Exosphere
C
Stratosphere
D
Troposphere
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Troposphere
###### 61. Which of the following states of matter has the strongest intermolecular forces?
A
Plasma
B
Gas
C
Liquid
D
Solid
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Solid
###### 62. What is the chemical symbol of Iron?
A
In
B
Cu
C
Ir
D
Fe
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Fe
###### 63. Which of the following quantities is conserved in Bernoullis theorem?
A
Linear Momentum
B
Weight
C
Energy
D
Angular Momentum
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Energy
###### 64. Which type of energy source is tidal energy?
A
Non-Renewable
B
Conventional
C
Exhaustible
D
Non-Conventional
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Non-Conventional
###### 65. Which of the following vitamins is also known as Ascorbic Acid?
A
Vitamin C
B
Vitamin B1
C
Vitamin B2
D
Vitamin B6
Chemistry Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Vitamin C
###### 66. Which of the following radiations has the highest penetrating power?
A
B
C
D
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
###### 67. Which of the following quantities has only magnitude?
A
Momentum
B
Speed
C
Velocity
D
Force
Physics Sub Auditor 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Speed
###### 68. Sudden increase in temperature during the day is prevented by the
A
Atmosphere
B
Clouds
C
Rain
D
Acid Rain
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
A
###### 69. A coil with 25 turns and 2 cm length is passed in 1 second over a bar magnets north pole and pulled away in 0.5 sec through the same distance. What will you observe?
A
The current induced in the coil is highest when the coil is moved parallel to the magnetic field.
B
The current induced in the coil is highest when the coil is moved at an angle of 45 degrees to the magnetic field to the magnetic field.
C
The current induced in the coil is highest when the coil is moved perpendicular to the magnetic field.
D
The current induced in the coil is lowest when the coil is moved perpendicular to the magnetic field
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
The current induced in the coil is highest when the coil is moved perpendicular to the magnetic field.
###### 70. Which one of the following statements holds true for a human being?
A
About 12% of all the food consumed by it gets converted to its body mass and is made available for the next level of consumers
B
About 2% of all the food consumed by it gets converted to its body mass and is made available for the next level of consumers
C
About 10% of all the food consumed by it gets converted to its body mass and is made available for the next level of consumers
D
About 22% of all the food consumed by it gets converted to its body mass and is made available for the next level of consumers
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
C
###### 71. As per the rules of operations on scalars which of the following statements isnot correct about vectors in the context of Physical quantities?
A
Any two arbitrary vectors can be multiplied
B
Any arbitrary vector can be multiplied by an arbitrary scalar
C
Any two arbitrary vectors can be added if they have the same units
D
None of these
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
C
###### 72. The solar energy reaching unit area at outer edge of the earths atmosphere exposed perpendicularly to the rays of the Sun at the average distance between the Sun and earth is known as
A
Thermal power
B
Solar constant
C
Voltaic coefficient
D
Energy coefficient
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
B
###### 73. Biological magnification refers to
A
the increase in the concentration of toxin as we move to the top of food web
B
the micro and macro organisms that live in an ecosystem
C
The number of levels in the food web
D
the system of consumption of various foods
science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
A
###### 74. Longitudinal waves with amplitude A=0.1 can be propagated through fluids and solids with volume 2.0 m because
A
Fluids and solids have bulk modulus
B
Fluids have shear modulus and solids have bulk modulus
C
They both possess shear modulus
D
Fluids have bulk modulus and solids have shear modulus
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
A
###### 75. Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled b
A
Transpiration
B
Digestion
C
Respiration
D
Photosynthesis
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
D
###### 76. A particle moves on X-axis starting from x=1.0 If the particle moves 5.0 units in the positive direction and 3.0 units in the negative direction, then the displacement d is given by the expression
A
d=5.0+3.0
B
d=5.0-3.0
C
d=5.0+3.0-1.0
D
d=5.0-3.0-1.0
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
B
###### 77. Which one of the following is true for ozone?
A
B
Ozone is not harmful
C
Ozone is essential for all aerobic forms of life
D
Ozone is essential for the metabolic activities of plants
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
A
###### 78. Firewood has low heat content per kg of its mass. Which one of the following technologies can be used to convert firewood to a better source of energy?
A
Converting it into fossil fuel
B
Burning it in limited supply of oxygen
C
Converting it into bio gas
D
Converting it into ash
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
B
###### 79. Which isotope is used for the treatment of cancer
A
B
Cobalt
C
Iodine
D
Uranium
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
B
###### 80. Which of the following organisms derives its nutrition directly from other organisms?
A
Leech
B
Aspergillus
C
Paramecium
D
None of these
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
A
###### 81. During the process of photosynthesis in a neem tree, the first step is
A
Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
B
Reduction of carbon dioxide to Carbohydrates
C
splitting of water molecules in hydrogen and oxygen
D
Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
A
###### 82. Deficiency of Vitamin D causes
A
Rickets
B
Night Blindness
C
Scurvy
D
Beri-Beri
Science Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
A
###### 83. Uptake of Nitrogen in the Neem tree is in the form of
A
Organic compounds prepared by bacteria from atmospheric nitrogen.
B
Nitrous oxide through gaseous exchange from stomata of the plant
C
Nitric oxide through gaseous exchange from stomata of the plant
D
Nitrous oxide through roots of the plant
Chemistry Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
A
###### 84. The solid or liquid particles suspended in the air are called
A
Acid
B
Hydrocarbons
C
Aerosols
D
Water
Chemistry Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
C
###### 85. Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease?
A
Epilepsy
B
Rabies
C
Pertussis
D
Shegellosis
Diseases Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations and sometimes loss of awareness. Anyone can develop epilepsy. Epilepsy affects both males and females of all races, ethnic backgrounds and ages.
###### 86. The hormone released by the pineal gland that regulates the sleep-wake cycle is called _______.
A
Melatonin
B
Serotonin
C
Morphine
D
Oxytocin
General Science DHOBI Report Question
Explanation :
A
###### 87. Ammeter is used to measure _______ flow in the device.
A
Force
B
Voltage
C
Current
D
Resistance
General Science DHOBI Report Question
Explanation :
C
###### 88. Which of the following is known as amphibians of the plant kingdom?
A
Angiopserm
B
Pteridophyte
C
Gymnosperm
D
Bryophyte
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Bryophyte
###### 89. Which among the following has the lowest calorific value?
A
Wood
B
Hydrogen
C
Kerosene
D
Petrol
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Wood
###### 90. What is the value of absolute zero temperature in Kelvin scale?
A
- 273.15 K
B
0 K
C
- 100 K
D
- 459.69 K
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Absolute zero, technically known as zero kelvins, equals −273.15 degrees Celsius, or -459.67 Fahrenheit, and marks the spot on the thermometer where a system reaches its lowest possible energy, or thermal motion.
Absolute zero on Kelvin scale is 0K , the lowest temperature possible .
###### 91. At which place on earth the value of gravity is maximum?
A
Tropic of Capricorn
B
Equator
C
Poles
D
Tropic of Cancer
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Poles
###### 92. What is the source of formic acid?
A
Ant
B
Tomato
C
Ginger
D
Apple
General Science DHOBI Report Question
Explanation :
A
###### 93. Anaerobic decomposition is carried out in absence of ___
A
Carbon Dioxide
B
Oxygen
C
Hydrogen
D
Methane
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Oxygen
###### 94. Which of the following instruments is used to measure the speed of wind?
A
Anemometer
B
Seismometer
C
Barometer
D
Hydrometer
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Anemometer
###### 95. Which of the following is an example of simple permanent tissue in plants?
A
Sclerenchyma
B
Phloem
C
Sieve Tube
D
Xylem
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Sclerenchyma
###### 96. Lanthanides belongs to which block of elements in the modern periodic table?
A
s-block
B
f-block
C
p-block
D
d-block
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
f-block
###### 97. In which of the following population interaction, both species get harmed?
A
Parasitism
B
Commensalism
C
Amensalism
D
Competition
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Competition
###### 98. Basic solution turns red litmus paper into which colour?
A
White
B
Black
C
Green
D
Blue
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Blue
###### 99. Which of the following layers lies immediately above the troposphere?
A
Stratosphere
B
Thermosphere
C
Mesosphere
D
Ionosphere
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Stratosphere
###### 100. Which of the following countries is known as Country of Winds?
A
Denmark
B
India
C
Argentina
D
England
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Denmark
###### 101. Which of the following tides has the least difference between high and low tides?
A
Ebb Tide
B
Flood Tide
C
Spring Tide
D
Neap Tide
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Neap Tide
###### 102. Land breeze is an example of which type of heat transfer mechanism?
A
Convection
B
Insulation
C
Conduction
D
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Convection
###### 103. The property of metals by which they can be beaten into thin sheets is called _
A
Malleability
B
Ductility
C
Luster
D
Sonorous
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Malleability
###### 104. Which of the following animals is an example of viviparous?
A
Human
B
Penguin
C
Hen
D
Octopus
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Human
###### 105. Which of the following types of radiation does earth emit?
A
Ultraviolet
B
Gamma
C
Visible
D
Infrared
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Infrared
###### 106. Which of the following is an example of noble metal?
A
Tin
B
Platinum
C
Nickel
D
Iron
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Platinum
###### 107. In human blood, the haemoglobin is present in ___
A
White Blood Cells (WBC)
B
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
C
Platelets
D
Lymph
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
###### 108. Magnetite is an ore of which metal?
A
Iron
B
Aluminium
C
Zinc
D
Copper
General Laboratory Attendant 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Iron
###### 109. The Kigali agreement aims to phase out which of the following gases?
A
Hydrofluorocarbons
B
Nitrogen
C
Inert Gases
D
Oxygen
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Hydrofluorocarbons
###### 110. Which of the following particles has the smallest mass?
A
Muon
B
Proton
C
Electron
D
Neutron
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Electron
###### 111. Which of the following vitamins is also known as Riboflavin?
A
Vitamin B1
B
Vitamin B6
C
Vitamin B2
D
Vitamin C
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Vitamin B2
###### 112. Where was the worlds first oil well drilled?
A
Russia
B
India
C
The United States of America
D
China
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
The United States of America
###### 113. What is the SI unit of the frequency?
A
Metre
B
Second
C
Watt
D
Hertz
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Hertz
###### 114. Which of the following group of animals get nutrition by feeding only on plants?
A
Detritivores
B
Omnivores
C
Herbivores
D
Carnivores
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Herbivores
###### 115. Which of the following has maximum wavelength in an electromagnetic spectrum?
A
Infrared Rays
B
C
Micro Waves
D
Gamma Rays
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
###### 116. Which type of energy source is wind energy?
A
Non-Renewable
B
Exhaustible
C
Non-Conventional
D
Conventional
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Non-Conventional
###### 117. Which of the following vitamin deficiencies causes Beriberi?
A
Vitamin B12
B
Vitamin B1
C
Vitamin E
D
Vitamin K
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Vitamin B1
###### 118. The process of acquiring oxygen from outside the body to break-down the food sources for cellular needs is called ____________.
A
Translocation
B
Transpiration
C
Respiration
D
Photosynthesis
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Respiration
###### 119. What is the chemical symbol of Lead?
A
Pb
B
Au
C
Fe
D
K
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Pb
###### 120. Which is the second most abundant gas in earths troposphere?
A
Hydrogen
B
Nitrogen
C
Carbon Dioxide
D
Oxygen
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Oxygen
###### 121. What is the atomicity of Argon?
A
2
B
1
C
8
D
3
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
1
###### 122. The ratio of tensile stress (σ) to the longitudinal strain (ε) is defined as _______.
A
Bulk Modulus
B
Youngs modulus
C
Shear Modulus
D
Poisson Ratio
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Youngs modulus
###### 123. Which of the following gas laws shows the relationship of pressure and temperature?
A
B
Boyles Law
C
Gay Lussacs Law
D
Charles Law
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Gay Lussacs Law
###### 124. Which of the following is an example of scalar quantity?
A
Force
B
Speed
C
Momentum
D
Velocity
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Speed
###### 125. What is the SI unit of the amount of substance?
A
Pascal
B
Ampere
C
Mole
D
Candela
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Mole
###### 126. Which of the following processes denotes degradation of detritus into simpler inorganic substances by bacterial and fungal enzymes?
A
Leaching
B
Eutrophication
C
Catabolism
D
Biomagnification
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Catabolism
###### 127. Which of the following devices is used to measure electrical resistance in a circuit?
A
Galvanometer
B
Voltmeter
C
Ammeter
D
Ohmmeter
General Junior Supervisor Report Question
Explanation :
Ohmmeter
###### 128. What is the causative organism for Tuberculosis?
A
Fungus
B
Bacteria
C
Virus
D
Protozoa
General JSA 2021 Report Question
Explanation :
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain.
###### 129. Aspirin is:
A
Acetylsalicylic acid
B
Benzoyl salicylic acid
C
Chlorobenzoic acid
D
Anthranilic acid
Acids Accounts Assistant LAHDC Report Question
Explanation :
Acetylsalicylic acid
###### 130. The loudness of sound varies directly with the vibrating bodys:
A
intensity
B
amplitude
C
pitch
D
quality
Sound Accounts Assistant LAHDC Report Question
Explanation :
amplitude
###### 131. Which acid is used in the body to help digestion:
A
Hydrochloric Acid
B
Sulphuric Acid
C
Acetic Acid
D
Boric Acid
Acids Accounts Assistant LAHDC Report Question
Explanation :
Hydrochloric Acid
###### 132. A man presses more weight on earth at:
A
Sitting position
B
Standing Position
C
Lying Position
D
None of these
Pressure Accounts Assistant LAHDC Report Question
Explanation :
Standing Position
###### 133. AIDS virus has:
A
Single-stranded RNA
B
Single-stranded DNA
C
Double-stranded RNA
D
Double-stranded DNA
Diseases Accounts Assistant LAHDC Report Question
Explanation :
AIDS is a deadly disease caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The virus has an envelope of protein coat enclosing the Single stranded RNA genome with reverse transcriptase. The core is surrounded by a protein coat called p24. Outside this protein coat is a layer of another protein called p17.
###### 134. Nipah is a zoonotic paramyxovirus; where did it originate:
A
Originated from Rats
B
Originated from Bats
C
Originated from Humans
D
Originated from Lab
Diseases Accounts Assistant LAHDC Report Question
Explanation :
Originated from Bats
###### 135. Plants absorb most of the water needed by them through their
A
Embryonic zone
B
Zone of elongation
C
Root hairs
D
Growing point
Plant Life Accounts Assistant LAHDC Report Question
Explanation :
While plants can absorb water through their leaves, it is not a very efficient way for plants to take up water. If water condenses on the leaf during high humidity, such as fog, then plants can take in some of that surface water. The bulk of water uptake by most plants is via the roots.
###### 136. Which of the following is a non metal that remains liquid at room temperature:
A
Phosphorous
B
Bromine
C
Chlorine
D
Helium
Periodic Table Accounts Assistant LAHDC Report Question
Explanation :
Mercury exists as liquid at room temperature, but bromine is a non metal which is liquid at room temperature.
###### 137. Which is the largest blood vessel in the body?
A
Alveoli
B
Artery
C
Aorta
D
Vein
Human Body Accounts Assistant LAHDC Report Question
Explanation :
The largest artery is the aorta, the main high-pressure pipeline connected to the hearts left ventricle. The aorta branches into a network of smaller arteries that extend throughout the body. The arteries smaller branches are called arterioles and capillaries.
###### 138. Chip bags contain which gas:
A
Oxygen
B
Hydrogen
C
Carbon Dioxide
D
Nitrogen
Gases Accounts Assistant LAHDC Report Question
Explanation :
Chips packets are filled with nitrogen because it is an inert gas, which prevents the oxidation of oils present in chips.
###### 139. What other viruses belong to the coronavirus family:
A
SARS and Influenzas
B
SARS and MERS
C
SARS and HIV
D
Zika Virus and SARS
Diseases Accounts Assistant LAHDC Report Question
Explanation :
SARS and MERS
###### 140. Which of the following is a poor conductor of electricity?
A
Distilled Water
B
Graphite
C
Iron
D
Copper
Conductors Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
water being a liquid, its conductivity depends upon is dissociation into ions, but due to the low concentration of H+ and OH− ions, it is considered as a non-electrolyte and is a poor conductor of electricity.
###### 141. Pick the male reproductive part of plant.
A
Calyx
B
Sepals
C
Stigma
D
Stamens
Reproduction Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
The stamen is the male reproductive organ. It consists of a pollen sac (anther) and a long supporting filament. This filament holds the anther in position, making the pollen available for dispersal by wind, insects, or birds.
###### 142. What is the melting point of water at sea level?
A
100 Degree F
B
-273.14 Degree F
C
0 Degree F
D
32 Degree F
Melting Point Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
Pure water transitions between the solid and liquid states at 32°F (0°C) at sea level. This temperature is referred to as the melting point when rising temperatures are causing ice to melt and change state from a solid to a liquid (water).
###### 143. Which of the following is an example of water borne communicable disease?
A
Alzheimer
B
Cataract
C
Cholera
D
Diabetes
Diseases Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
The pathogenic microorganisms, their toxic exudates, and other contaminants together, cause serious conditions such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, amebiasis, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, giardiasis, campylobacteriosis, scabies, and worm infections, to name a few.
###### 144. Scurvy (Sailors disease) is caused due to the deficiency of __________.
A
Vitamin - D
B
Vitamin - A
C
Vitamin - C
D
Vitamin - E
Vitamins Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
Scurvy is caused by a chronic vitamin C deficiency.
###### 145. Which of the following is blended with petroleum in India to reduce the cost incurred by petroleum import?
A
Chloramphenicol
B
Ethanol
C
Ammonia
D
Polyvinyl Chloride
Chemical Compound Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
Ethanol
###### 146. Which of the following petroleum products is used in Ointments?
A
Paraffin wax
B
Kerosene
C
Bitumen
D
Diesel
Chemical Compound Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
"Paraffin Wax" is a petroleum product which is used for making ointments.
###### 147. What is the rate of change of displacement with respect to time?
A
Impulse
B
Length
C
Velocity
D
Momentum
Force Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
The rate of change of displacement with respect to time gives instantaneous velocity.
###### 148. Which of the following diseases is caused by Flavivirus?
A
Tuberculosis
B
Dengue
C
Leprosy
D
Typhoid
Diseases Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
Members of this family belong to a single genus, Flavivirus, and cause widespread morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Some of the mosquitoes-transmitted viruses include: Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile viruses, and Zika virus
###### 149. Isotone are species of atoms that have the same number of __________.
A
Neutrons
B
Positrons
C
Protons
D
Electrons
Periodic Table Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
Isotone, any of two or more species of atoms or nuclei that have the same number of neutrons. Thus, chlorine-37 and potassium-39 are isotones, because the nucleus of this species of chlorine consists of 17 protons and 20 neutrons, whereas the nucleus of this species of potassium contains 19 protons and 20 neutrons.
###### 150. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) is also called ________.
A
Auxin
B
Gibberellins
C
Ethylene
D
Cytokinins
Plant Life Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most common plant hormone of the auxin class and it regulates various aspects of plant growth and development. Thus, the terms “auxin” and “IAA” are occasionally used interchangeably.
###### 151. What is the unit of force?
A
B
Pascal
C
Candela
D
Newton
Force Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
The SI unit of force is the newton, symbol N. The base units relevant to force are: The metre, unit of length — symbol m. The kilogram, unit of mass — symbol kg.
###### 152. The phenomenon of splitting of light into its colours is known as _________.
A
Reflection
B
Polarization
C
Dispersion
D
Interference
Light Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
The separation of visible light into its different colors is known as dispersion.
###### 153. The number of oscillations or vibrations per second in a wave is called _______.
A
Time Period
B
Amplitude
C
Frequency
D
Wavelength
Waves Health Educator Set 2 Report Question
Explanation :
The number of oscillations per second of a vibrating object is known as its frequency. Time period is the time required to complete one oscillation. Loudness of a sound is proportional to the square of the amplitude of its vibration.
###### 154. Pick the characteristic feature of plane mirror.
A
Enlarged image
B
Real image
C
Lateral inversion
D
Diminished image
Mirrors Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
An image formed by a plane mirror has the following characteristics: Virtual and erect. Behind the mirror. The size of the image is equal to the size of the object. Laterally inverted image (image of the left side visible on the right side).
###### 155. Which of the following fuels has the highest calorific value?
A
Liquified Petroleum Gas
B
Hydrogen
C
Methane
D
Compressed Natural Gas
Periodic Table Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Calorific value is nothing but the energy contained in a fuel or food, determined by measuring the heat produced by the complete combustion of a specified quantity of it. This is now usually expressed in joules per kilogram. Hence, hydrogen has the highest calorific value.
###### 156. What is the household name of Sodium Hydrogen carbonate?
A
Bleaching powder
B
Vinegar
C
Washing soda
D
Baking soda
Chemical Compound Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
What is the household name of Sodium Hydrogen carbonate?
###### 157. What is the exudation of drops of xylem sap on the tips or edges of vascular plant leaves?
A
B
Cohesion
C
Imbibition
D
Guttation
Plant Life Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Guttation is the exudation of drops of xylem sap on the tips or edges of leaves of some vascular plants, such as grasses, and a number of fungi. Guttation is not to be confused with dew, which condenses from the atmosphere onto the plant surface.
###### 158. Which of the following is an example of communicable disease?
A
Diabetes
B
Measles
C
Osteoarthritis
D
Cancer
Diseases Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Some examples of the communicable disease include HIV, hepatitis A, B and C, measles, salmonella, measles, and blood-borne illnesses. Most common forms of spread include fecal-oral, food, sexual intercourse, insect bites, contact with contaminated fomites, droplets, or skin contact.
###### 159. Pick the ultrasonic frequency.
A
25 Hz
B
250 Hz
C
25000 Hz
D
2500 Hz
General Science Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
25000 Hz
###### 160. The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity is called _______.
A
Centrifugation
B
Amalgamation
C
Electrostriction
D
Electroplating
General Science Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity is called electroplating.
###### 161. When a gas is dispersed in liquid medium, the colloid is called _______.
A
Foam
B
Sol
C
Solid Sol
D
Emulsion
Solutions Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Foam
###### 162. Coronavirus belongs to which of the following order of viruses?
A
Nidovirales
B
Piccovirales
C
Ortervirales
D
Picornavirales
Diseases Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Nidovirales is an order of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect vertebrates and invertebrates. Host organisms include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, arthropods, molluscs, and helminths. The order includes the families Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, Roniviridae, and Mesoniviridae.
###### 163. What is meant by DDT, an environmental pollutant?
A
Dichloro diphenyl tetrachloroacetate
B
Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane
C
Dichloro diethyl trichloroethane
D
Dichloro dimethyl trichlorine
Chemical Compound Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochloride. Originally developed as an insecticide, it became infamous for its environmental impacts. DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by the Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler.
###### 164. Water is a ______.
A
Amphipathic hydrocarbon solvent
B
Hydrophobic solvent
C
Non-polar solvent
D
Polar solvent
General Science Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Polar Solvent
###### 165. Which of the following is a secondary cell?
A
Leclanche cell
B
Zinc-carbon dry cell
C
D
Daniel Cell
cells Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Aluminium-ion battery. Carbon Battery. Single Carbon Battery. ... Flow battery. Vanadium redox battery. ... Lead–acid battery. Deep cycle battery. ... Glass battery. Lithium-ion battery. Lithium ion lithium cobalt oxide battery (ICR) ... Magnesium-ion battery. Metal–air electrochemical cells. Lithium air battery are examples of secondary cells
###### 166. Which of the following diseases is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis?
A
Chickenpox
B
Plague
C
Rubella
D
Mumps
Diseases Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Plague is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. It is caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handling an animal infected with plague.
###### 167. Which of the following illustrates Newtons Third Law of Motion?
A
AC Generator
B
Hydrogen spectral series
C
Recoiling force of gun
D
X-Ray
Motion Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
The launching of a rocket,Recoiling force of gun and fielder pulling his hand back while catching a ball illustrates Newtons third law of motion.
###### 168. Which is a fat-soluble vitamin?
A
Vitamin B1
B
Vitamin A
C
Vitamin B6
D
Vitamin C
Vitamins Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats in the diet and are stored in the bodys fatty tissue and in the liver. They are found in many plant and animal foods and in dietary supplements. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble.
###### 169. Which of the following nutritional deficiencies causes the condition Osteoporosis?
A
Protein
B
Carbohydrate
C
Calcium
D
Fat
Diseases Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Osteoporosis is associated with low intake of calcium and other nutrients. Dietary copper deficiency might stimulate bone metabolism and increase in hip fractures. Excess vitamin A intake was also associated with lower bone mineral density and higher risk of hip fractures.
###### 170. Who proposed an atom model with discrete orbits called energy levels?
A
J.J.Thomson
B
Neil Bohr
C
Antoine Lavoisier
D
Joseph Proust
Atomic Theory Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Bohr Atomic Model. Bohr Atomic Model : In 1913 Bohr proposed his quantized shell model of the atom to explain how electrons can have stable orbits around the nucleus.
###### 171. Pick the organism that reproduces by budding.
A
Yeast
B
Ferns
C
Jackfruit tree
D
Spirogyra
Reproduction Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Budding is a type of asexual reproduction, which is most commonly associated in both multicellular and unicellular organisms. Bacteria, yeast, corals, flatworms, Jellyfish and sea anemones are some animal species which reproduce through budding.
###### 172. Atoms of different elements with different atomic numbers, but same mass number are called _____.
A
Isoclines
B
Isotones
C
Isobars
D
Isotopes
General Science Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
The atoms of different elements having same mass number but different atomic number are known as isobars.
###### 173. What is the product of mass and velocity of an object?
A
Momentum
B
Impulse
C
Acceleration
D
Centrifugal force
Motion Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Linear momentum is defined as the product of a systems mass multiplied by its velocity. In symbols, linear momentum is expressed as p = mv. Momentum is directly proportional to the objects mass and also its velocity. Thus the greater an objects mass or the greater its velocity, the greater its momentum.
###### 174. Which Vitamin is called anti-sterility vitamin?
A
Vitamin – E
B
Vitamin – B12
C
Vitamin – A
D
Vitamin – C
Vitamins Health Educator set 1 Report Question
Explanation :
Vitamin E was first discovered by Evans and Bishop in 1922, and it was initially denoted as an “anti-sterility factor X” that was necessary for reproduction . Since then, vitamin E has been well characterized as a powerful lipid-soluble antioxidant through extensive research.
###### 175. Which is the absolute temperature scale?
A
Celsius
B
Fahrenheit
C
Kelvin
D
All of these
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Kelvin
###### 176. Which layer protects earth from harmful rays of the Sun?
A
Ionosphere
B
Ozone layer
C
Troposphere
D
Magnetosphere
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Ozone layer
###### 177. Noise or Noise pollution measured in:
A
Phon
B
Deci
C
Decibel
D
Decimal
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Decibel
###### 178. AIDS is caused by:
A
Bacteria
B
Fungus
C
Helminth
D
Virus
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Virus
###### 179. What cause a moving body to resist a change in its state of motion?
A
Displacement
B
Acceleration
C
Inertia
D
Velocity
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Inertia
###### 180. In vulcanisation, natural rubber is heated with:
A
Carbon
B
Silicon
C
Sulphur
D
Phosphorous
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Sulphur
###### 181. Which of the following is a protein?
A
Natural rubber
B
Starch
C
Cellulose
D
None of these
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Natural rubber
###### 182. In an atomic nucleus, neutrons and protons are held together by:
A
Gravitational forces
B
Exchange forces
C
Coulombic forces
D
Magnetic forces
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Exchange forces
###### 183. Who suggested that most of the mass of the atom is located in the nucleus?
A
Thompson
B
Bohr
C
Rutherford
D
Einstein
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Rutherford
###### 184. Atoms are composed of:
A
Electrons and protons
B
Electrons only
C
Protons only
D
Electrons and Nuclei
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Electrons and Nuclei
###### 185. Which of the following is used as a moderator in nuclear reactor?
A
Thorium
B
Graphite
C
D
Heavy water (D2O)
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
A moderator is a material used in a nuclear reactor to slow down the neutrons produced from fission. By slowing the neutrons down the probability of a neutron interacting with Uranium-235 nuclei is greatly increased thereby maintaining the chain reaction.
Heavy water (D2O) is used as a moderator in nuclear reactor. It containing significantly more than the natural proportions (one in 6,500) of heavy hydrogen (deuterium, D) atoms to ordinary hydrogen atoms. Heavy water is used as a moderator in some reactors because it slows down neutrons effectively and also has a low probability of absorption of neutrons.
###### 186. Electric current is measured by:
A
Commutator
B
Anemometer
C
Ammeter
D
Voltmeter
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Ammeter
###### 187. Kilowatt is a unit to measure:
A
Work
B
Power
C
Electricity
D
Current
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Power.
###### 188. One horse power is equal to:
A
746 watts
B
748 watts
C
756 watts
D
736 watts
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
746 watts
###### 189. Kilohertz is a unit which measures:
A
Power used by a current of one ampere
B
C
Voltage
D
Electric resistance
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
###### 190. One kilometer is equal to how many miles?
A
0.84
B
0.5
C
1.6
D
0.62
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
0.62
###### 191. Very small time intervals are accurately measure by:
A
White dwarfs
B
Quartz clocks
C
Atomic clocks
D
Pulsars
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Atomic clocks
###### 192. Light year is a measurement of:
A
Speed of aeroplanes
B
Speed of light
C
Stellar distances
D
Speed of rockets
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Stellar distances
###### 193. Fathom is the unit of:
A
Sound
B
Depth
C
Frequency
D
Distance
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Depth
###### 194. What is the unit for measuring the amplitude of a sound?
A
Decibel
B
Coulomb
C
Hum
D
Cycles
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Decibel
###### 195. Which of the following is an element?
A
Ruby
B
Sapphire
C
Emerald
D
Diamond
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Diamond
###### 196. Which of the following metals remain in liquid for under normal conditions?
A
B
Zinc
C
Uranium
D
Mercury
Metals General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Mercury
###### 197. Water is a good solvent of ionic salts because:
A
It has a high specific heat
B
It has no colour
C
It has a high dipole moment
D
It has a high boiling point
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
It has a high dipole moment
###### 198. Which of the following is the lightest metal?
A
Mercury
B
Lithium
C
D
Silver
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Lithium
###### 199. Which metal pollutes the air of a big city?
A
Copper
B
Chromium
C
D
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
###### 200. Balloons are filled with:
A
Nitrogen
B
Helium
C
Oxygen
D
Argon
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Helium
###### 201. Air is a/an:
A
Compound
B
Element
C
Electrolyte
D
Mixture
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Mixture
###### 202. LPG consists of mainly:
A
Methane, Ethane and Hexane
B
Ethane, Hexane and Nonane
C
Methane, Hexane and Nonane
D
Methane, Butane and Propane
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Methane, Butane and Propane
###### 203. Diamond is an allotropic form of:
A
Germanium
B
Carbon
C
Silicon
D
Sulphur
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Carbon
###### 204. What is laughing gas?
A
Nitrous Oxide
B
Carbon monoxide
C
Sulphur dioxide
D
Hydrogen peroxide
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Nitrous Oxide
###### 205. Sodium metal is kept under:
A
Petrol
B
Alcohol
C
Water
D
Kerosene
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Kerosene
###### 206. Which of the following is in liquid form at room temperature?
A
Lithium
B
Sodium
C
Francium
D
Cerium
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The only liquid elements at standard temperature and pressure are bromine (Br) and mercury (Hg). Although, elements caesium (Cs), rubidium (Rb), Francium (Fr) and Gallium (Ga) become liquid at or just above room temperature.
###### 207. Most soluble in water is:
A
Camphor
B
Sulphur
C
Common salt
D
Sugar
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Sugar
###### 208. Permanent hardness of water may be removed by the addition of:
A
Sodium Carbonate
B
Alum
C
Potassium Permanganate
D
Lime
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Sodium Carbonate
###### 209. Potassium nitrate is used in:
A
Medicine
B
Fertilizer
C
Salt
D
Glass
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Fertilizer
###### 210. Carbon, diamond and graphite are together called:
A
Allotrope
B
Isomers
C
Isomorphs
D
Isotopes
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Allotrope
###### 211. Non stick cooking utensils are coated with:
A
Black paint
B
PVC
C
Teflon
D
Polystyrene
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Teflon
###### 212. The element common to all acids is:
A
Hydrogen
B
Carbon
C
Sulphur
D
Oxygen
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Hydrogen
###### 213. Heavy water is:
A
Deuterium oxide
B
PH7
C
Rain water
D
Tritium oxide
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 214. The group of metals Fe, Co, Ni may best called as:
A
Transition metals
B
Main group metals
C
Alkali metals
D
Rare metals
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 215. Among the various allotrope of carbon
A
Coke is the hardest, graphite is the softest
B
Diamond is the hardest, coke is the softest
C
Diamond is the hardest, graphite is the softest
D
Diamond is the hardest, lamp black is the softest
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 216. Galvanised iron sheets have a coating of :
A
B
Chromium
C
Zinc
D
Tin
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 217. When an iron nail gets rusted, iron oxide is formed:
A
Without any change in the weight of the nail
B
With decrease in the weight of the nail
C
With increase in the weight of the nail
D
Without any change in colour or weight of the nail
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 218. The average salinity of sea water is :
A
3%
B
3.5%
C
2.5%
D
2%
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 219. The property of a substance to absorb moisture from the air on exposure is called:
A
Osmosis
B
Deliquescence
C
Efflorescence
D
Desiccation
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 220. The inert gas which is substituted for nitrogen in the air used by deep sea divers for breathing, is
A
Argon
B
Xenon
C
Helium
D
Krypton
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 221. Which of the following is used as a lubricant?
A
Graphite
B
Silica
C
Iron Oxide
D
Diamond
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Graphite is structurally composed of planes of polycyclic carbon atoms that are hexagonal in orientation. The distance of carbon atoms between planes is longer and therefore the bonding is weaker. Graphite is best suited for lubrication in air. It is a mineral made of loosely bonded sheets of carbon atoms, giving it a slippery texture that makes it a very effective lubricant. This slippery quality also makes graphite a good material for pencil lead because it easily sloughs off onto paper. Graphite is bonded by covalent bond, thus, it is helf by weak intermolecular forces. Since it has weak intermolecular forces, graphite would be slippery and soft enough to act as a lubricant.
###### 222. Bromine is a :
A
Black Solid
B
Red Liquid
C
Colourless Gas
D
Highly Inflammable Gas
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Red Liquid
###### 223. Which of the gas is not known as green house gas?
A
Methane
B
Nitrous oxide
C
Carbon dioxide
D
Hydrogen
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The list of Green House Gases are as follows: 1) Water vapor 2) Carbon dioxide 3) Methane 4) Nitrous oxide 5) Ozone 6) Chlorofluorocarbons. Hydrogen is not a Green House Gas.
###### 224. Quartz crystals normally used in quartz clocks etc. is chemically :
A
Silicon Dioxide
B
Germanium Oxide
C
A mixture of Germanium Oxide and Silicon dioxide
D
Sodium Silicate
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 225. Washing soda is the common name for
A
Sodium Carbonate
B
Calcium Bicarbonate
C
Sodium Bicarbonate
D
Calcium Carbonate
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 226. The gas usually filled in the electric bulb is:
A
Nitrogen
B
Hydrogen
C
Carbon dioxide
D
Oxygen
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Incandescent light bulbs are filled with an inert gas like nitrogen, argon, or krypton - so that the filament doesnt catch fire.
###### 227. Which of the following metals forms an amalgam with other metals?
A
Tin
B
Mercury
C
D
Zinc
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 228. Which of the following is used in pencils?
A
Graphite
B
Silicon
C
Charcoal
D
Phosphorous
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Graphite
###### 229. Chlorophyll is a naturally occurring chelate compound in which central metal is:
A
Copper
B
Magnesium
C
Iron
D
Calcium
Metals General Science Report Question
Explanation :
One such chelate is chlorophyll, the green pigment of plants. In chlorophyll the central ion is magnesium, and the large organic molecule is a porphyrin. The porphyrin contains four nitrogen atoms that form bonds to magnesium in a square planar arrangement.
###### 230. Which of the following is a non metal that remains liquid at room temperature?
A
Phosphorous
B
Bromine
C
Chlorine
D
Helium
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Bromine is a chemical element with symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is the third-lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured gas. Its properties are thus intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine.
###### 231. Brass gets discoloured in air because of the presence of which of the following gases in air?
A
Oxygen
B
Hydrogen Sulphide
C
Carbox dioxide
D
Nitrogen
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Hydrogen Sulphide
###### 232. Electric bulb filament is made of:
A
Copper
B
Aluminum
C
D
Tungsten
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Tungsten
###### 233. The tree sends down roots from its branches to the soil is known as:
A
Oak
B
Pine
C
Banyan
D
Palm
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Banyan
###### 234. Rigidity of facial muscles , Rictus grin is associated with:
A
Leprosey
B
Tetany
C
Tetanus
D
Actinomycosis
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Risus sardonicus or rictus grin is a highly characteristic, abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning. It may be caused by tetanus.
###### 235. Name of a bacterial disease with oral manifestation is:
A
Measles
B
Chicken Pox
C
Beri Beri
D
Diphtheria
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Diphtheria is an infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin.
###### 236. The average adult has a blood volume of about ..........litres?
A
5
B
7
C
6
D
6.5
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The average adult has about 1.2 to 1.5 gallons (4.5 to 5.5 liters) of blood circulating inside their body.
###### 237. People living in high altitudes (like mountains) usually have a:
A
Smaller number of Red Blood Cells
B
Larger number of Red Blood Cells
C
Smaller number of White Blood Cells
D
Larger number of White Blood Cells
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
People living in high altitudes (like mountains) usually have a larger number of Red Blood Cells.
###### 238. Severe deficiency of Vitamin D results in:
A
Scurvy
B
Rickets
C
Night Blindness
D
Beri Beri
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Severe lack of vitamin D causes rickets, which shows up in children as incorrect growth patterns, weakness in muscles, pain in bones and deformities in joints. This is very rare. However, children who are deficient in vitamin D can also have muscle weakness or sore and painful muscles.
###### 239. Vitamin B is soluble in:
A
Water
B
Fats
C
Bomb
D
None of these
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
There are nine water-soluble vitamins: the B vitamins -- folate, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 -- and vitamin C. Deficiency of any of these water-soluble vitamins results in a clinical syndrome that may result in severe morbidity and mortality.
###### 240. Vitamin A is soluble in:
A
Water
B
Fats
C
Both A and B
D
None of these
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Vitamin A, also known as retinol, is a fat-soluble vitamin traditionally associated with vision and eye health. The most abundant dietary sources of vitamin A are liver, fish liver oil and butter.
###### 241. The blister form of copper is the ............form:
A
Impure
B
Raw
C
Pure
D
Refined
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Blister copper is partly purified copper with a blistered surface formed during smelting due to the release of gas during cooling.
###### 242. pH is an abbreviation for:
A
Power of Hydrogen
B
Possibility of Hydrogen
C
Population of Hydrogen
D
Position of Hydrogen
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The letters pH stand for potential of hydrogen, since pH is effectively a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (that is, protons) in a substance.
###### 243. The Average human body contains about ..............gram of sodium chloride:
A
190
B
210
C
230
D
250
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The human body contains many salts, of which sodium chloride (AKA common table salt) is the major one, making up around 0.4 per cent of the bodys weight at a concentration pretty well equivalent to that in seawater.
###### 244. The substance which increases the the rate of Chemical reaction is:
A
Metal
B
Catalyst
C
Alloy
D
Enzymes
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Catalyst, in chemistry, any substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself being consumed.
###### 245. The most abundant element in the Universe is:
A
Hydrogen
B
Oxygen
C
Carbon Dioxide
D
Silicon
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, accounting for about 75 percent of its normal matter, and was created in the Big Bang. Helium is an element, usually in the form of a gas, that consists of a nucleus of two protons and two neutrons surrounded by two electrons.
###### 246. All electromagnetic radiations travel through vaccum with the speed:
A
Equal the speed of Light
B
Less than the speed of Light
C
Greater than the speed of Light
D
A or B
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Generally speaking, we say that light travels in waves, and all electromagnetic radiation travels at the same speed which is about 3.0 * 108 meters per second through a vacuum. We call this the "speed of light"; nothing can move faster than the speed of light.
###### 247. A Transistor is a semiconductor device with at least..........terminals.
A
2
B
3
C
4
D
5
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. Transistors are one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.
###### 248. The S I unit of Heat is:
A
Joule
B
Ohm
C
volt
D
Newton
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
As an amount of energy (being transferred), the SI unit of heat is the joule (J).
###### 249. If we add salt to the pure water, its boiling point will
A
Increase
B
Decrease
C
Remain same
D
None of these
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
If you add salt to water, you raise the waters boiling point, or the temperature at which it will boil. The temperature needed to boil will increase about 0.5 C for every 58 grams of dissolved salt per kilogram of water.
###### 250. An Instrument used to measure gas pressure is called:
A
Ammeter
B
Barometer
C
Galvanometer
D
Manometer
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
A manometer is a device that calculates the pressure of a gas or vapour; some are made up of a U-shaped tube with a moving liquid column.
###### 251. When Vapours of a substance are cooled and changes into liquid, it is called:
A
Conduction
B
Condensation
C
Convection
D
Evaporation
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
If water vapour (gas) is cooled, it changes to water (liquid). This change is called condensing.
###### 252. The speed of sound is slowest in:
A
Solids
B
Liquids
C
Gases
D
Vacum
General Science General Science Report Question
Explanation :
In colloquial speech, speed of sound refers to the speed of sound waves in air. However, the speed of sound varies from substance to substance: typically, sound travels most slowly in gases, faster in liquids, and fastest in solids.
###### 253. A body weighs 10 kgs on the equator. At the poles, it is likely to weigh
A
10 kgs
B
Less than 10 kgs
C
More than 10 kgs
D
0 kgs
General General Science Report Question
Explanation :
A body weighs more at the poles than at the equator, because the earth is not a perfect square, but it is flattened at the poles. The distance between the equator and the centre of the earth and the poles, therefore the force of gravitation is more at the poles than at the equator, and so it weighs more at the poles than equator.
###### 254. Which one among the following statements about thermal conductivity is correct?
A
Steel > Wood > Water
B
Steel > Water>Wood
C
Water > Wood >Steel
D
Water > Steel > Wood
Chemistry General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Thermal conductivity is defined as the heat flow per unit time. Steel has a higher thermal conductivity than water and wood. [Thermal conductivity of steel = 50.2 w/mk Thermal conductivity of water = 0.6 w/mk Thermal conductivity of wood = 0.12 w/mk]
###### 255. Which among the following is the hardest part of our body?
A
Skull Bones
B
Thumb Nails
C
Rib Bones
D
Enamel of Teeth
General General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 256. Ozone layer is the part of
A
Mesosphere
B
Stratosphere
C
Thermosphere
D
Troposphere
General General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earths stratosphere that absorbs most of the Suns ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere.
###### 257. Which of the following is source of renewable energy?
A
Natural gas
B
Petroleum
C
Wind Energy
D
Nuclear Energy
Physics General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Wind Energy
###### 258. Light year is a measure of
A
Time
B
Speed
C
Distance
D
Luminosity
Physics General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Light-year is the distance light travels in one year. Light zips through interstellar space at 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second and 5.88 trillion miles (9.46 trillion kilometers) per year.
###### 259. In blood platelets are required for
A
Transporting Oxygen
B
Transporting Carbon dioxide
C
Initiating clotting of blood
D
Immunity
Human Body General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals to the platelets. The platelets then rush to the site of damage and form a plug (clot) to fix the damage.
###### 260. Which attribute of sound wave is related to the loudness of sound?
A
Amplitude
B
Frequency
C
Pitch
D
Speed
Physics General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The amplitude of a sound wave determines it relative loudness. In music, the loudness of a note is called its dynamic level. In physics, we measure the amplitude of sound waves in decibels (dB), which do not correspond with dynamic levels.
###### 261. Which of the following gases is not responsible for global warming?
A
Water vapours
B
Oxygen
C
Nitrous Oxide
D
Methane
General General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Oxygen
###### 262. Circulatory system is made of
A
veins and arteries
B
lymph vessels and nodes
C
blood vessels, heart and blood
D
capillaries and veins
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Heart: This muscular organ works to pump blood throughout your body via an intricate network of blood vessels.
Arteries. These thick-walled blood vessels carry oxygenated blood away from your heart.
Veins: These blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood back toward your heart.
Capillaries: These tiny blood vessels facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between your circulatory system and your organs and tissues.
###### 263. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity. It is because
A
Linear structure
B
tetrahedral structure
C
trigonal planer structure
D
hexagonal multilayer structure
Periodic Table General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Since graphite is a crystalline solid it can be defined by a basic unit cell. Graphite is hexagonal and therefore is defined by a hexagonal unit cell. ... Since each unit cell contains “centered” and “edge” carbon atoms the unit cell is considered a “centered” unit cell as opposed to a primitive unit cell.
###### 264. After diagnosis of a disease in a person, the doctor advices the patient iron and folic acid tablets
A
Osteoporosis
B
Annemia
C
Goitre
D
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Diseases General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones are fragile and are more susceptible to fractures. Anaemia is a condition in which there is a deficiency of red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood. It may result due to lack of iron or folic acid. Regular dose of iron and folic acid tablets reduces anaemia. Goitre is a condition in which there is swelling in the neck due to enlarged thyroid gland. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a condition in which there is deficiency of protein and energy resulting in various disorders like marasmus and kwashiorkor.
###### 265. Altitude sickness is caused at high altitude due to
A
high partial pressure of oxygen
B
low partial pressure of oxygen
C
low level of haemoglobin
D
high partial pressure of carbon dioxide
General General Science Report Question
Explanation :
At higher altitudes, the pressure of the air around you (barometric pressure) decreases so there is less oxygen in surrounding air.
###### 266. Which one of the following hormones is essential for the uptake of glucose by cells in the human body?
A
GH
B
TSH
C
Insulin
D
Cortisol
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Insulin is a hormone created by your pancreas that controls the amount of glucose in your bloodstream at any given moment. It also helps store glucose in your liver, fat, and muscles.
###### 267. Bernoullis principle is based on which one among the following laws?
A
Conservation of mass
B
Conservation of momentum
C
Conservation of angular momentum
D
Conservation of energy
Physics General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Bernoulli’s principle states that The total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with the fluid pressure and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains constant.
###### 268. Biological processes is used to purify water in a waste water treatment plants, this stage is called
A
Primary sewage treatment
B
Secondary sewage treatment
C
Waste water reduction
D
Biochemical reduction
General General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The stage in which the biological processes is used to purify water in a waste-water treatment plants is called secondary sewage treatment
###### 269. Niacin is the name of
A
Vitamin B2
B
Vitamin B4
C
Vitamin B5
D
Vitamin B3
Vitamins General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient. It can be manufactured by plants and animals from the amino acid tryptophan.
###### 270. For the removal of gaseous pollutants which of the following devices is suitable?
A
Wet scrubber
B
Cyclone separator
C
Electrostatic precipitator
D
Fabric Filter
General General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Scrubbers are a type of system used to remove harmful materials from industrial exhaust gasses before they are released into the environment. These pollutants are generally gaseous, and when scrubbers are used to specifically remove SOx, they are referred to as flue gas desulfurization.
###### 271. Which of the following acids is a vitamin C?
A
Aspartic acid
B
Ascorbic acid
C
D
Saccharic acid
Vitamins General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement
###### 272. Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin?
A
Vitamin B
B
Vitamin A
C
Vitamin D
D
Vitamin K
Vitamins General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The water-soluble vitamins include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine), folacin, vitamin B12, biotin, and pantothenic acid
###### 273. A hanging balloon blown up with air becomes smaller when the air in a room becomes cooler because the molecules of air
A
Move slower
B
Become bigger
C
Move faster
D
Become smaller
General General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Moves slower
###### 274. Which of the following helps in preventing floods?
A
Deforestation
B
Tilling the land
C
Afforestation
D
Removing the surface soil of the earth
Geography General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Afforestation involves the planting of trees in a drainage basin to increase interception and storage while reducing surface runoff. ... When combined with floodplain zoning, afforestation can be very effective at reducing the risk of flooding. Planting trees help prevent erosion because the roots bind the soil.
###### 275. The process in which different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash, is known as
A
Contour Cropping
B
Terrace Cropping
C
Crop rotation
D
Intercopping
Geography General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The method of soil conservation in which different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash is called Intercropping. In inter cropping the agricultural field is utilised for growing two or more crops in a specific pattern.
###### 276. Which of the following motions is used in windmill to turn the turbine of the electric generator to generate electricity?
A
Rotatory motion
B
Linear motion
C
Vertical motion
D
Circular motion
Wind Energy General Science Report Question
Explanation :
A wind turbine transforms the mechanical energy of wind into electrical energy. A turbine takes the kinetic energy of a moving fluid, air in this case, and converts it to a rotary motion. As wind moves past the blades of a wind turbine, it moves or rotates the blades. These blades turn a generator.
###### 277. In a human body the largest endocrine gland is called
A
pineal gland
B
pituitary gland
C
thyroid gland
D
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The thyroid is our bodys biggest endocrine gland, and regulates important metabolic processes connected to our heart rate, body temperature and energy levels.
###### 278. The pollutant which is responsible for ozone holes is
A
oxygen
B
carbon dioxide
C
sulphur dioxide
D
chlorofluorocarbons
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halogenated ozone-depleting substances (ODS) are mainly responsible for man-made chemical ozone depletion. The total amount of effective halogens (chlorine and bromine) in the stratosphere can be calculated and are known as the equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC).
###### 279. Which of the following enzymes is present in the salivary glands of human beings?
A
Trypsin
B
Amylase
C
Lipase
D
Pepsin
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, also called ptyalin, which is capable of breaking down starch into simpler sugars such as maltose and dextrin that can be further broken down in the small intestine.
###### 280. The source of information for making proteins is generally stored in
A
RNA
B
enzymes
C
DNA
D
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The information to make proteins is stored in an organisms DNA. Each protein is coded for by a specific section of DNA called a gene. A gene is the section of DNA required to produce one protein.
###### 281. Plants that have lost their capacity to reproduce seeds, usually reproduce by
A
binary fission
B
multiple fission
C
gametic fission
D
vegatative propagaion
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
If the plants lose their capacity to produce seed, they will carry out reproduction through asexual means, through their vegetative parts like stem, leaf, branch, etc. The formation of new plants from detached vegetative parts is called vegetative propagation.
###### 282. Tawa irrigation project is in
A
B
Orissa
C
Maharashtra
D
Haryana
Geography General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Tawa Reservoir is a reservoir on the Tawa River in central India. It is located in Itarsi of Hoshangabad District of Madhya Pradesh state, above Betul district.
###### 283. Plant harmones are also called
A
Phytohormones
B
hypothomes
C
metahormones
D
cytohormones
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Plant hormones (also known as phytohormones) are organic substances that regulate plant growth and development.
###### 284. Food webs are generally known to be
A
irrelevant to food chains
B
having one kind of food
C
independent arrangement of food chains
D
interconnected arrangement of food chains
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is consumer-resource system.
###### 285. Normally, what is the average life span of RBCs?
A
220 Days
B
4 weeks
C
4 days
D
120 days
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Human red blood cells are formed mainly in the bone marrow and are believed to have an average life span of approximately 120 days.
###### 286. Some preserved traces of living organisms usually on the hardened mud found in the deep layers of the earth are usually known as
A
RNA
B
Histones
C
Fossils
D
Chromosomes
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The word fossil comes from the Latin word fossus, meaning "having been dug up." Fossils are often found in rock formations deep in the earth. Fossilization is the process of remains becoming fossils.
###### 287. Hydra is an organism that reproduces asexually by
A
Binary fission
B
Multiple fission
C
vegetative propagation
D
Budding
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
When food is plentiful, many Hydra reproduce asexually by budding. The buds form from the body wall, grow into miniature adults and break away when mature.
###### 288. Eggs in carpels are usually known as
A
Ovaries
B
Ovules
C
styles
D
stigma
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
A carpel is the female reproductive part of the flower —composed of ovary, style, and stigma— and usually interpreted as modified leaves that bear structures called ovules, inside which egg cells ultimately form.
###### 289. The increase in global temperatures is the result of
A
Good Climate
B
Greenhouse effect
C
Deforestation
D
Ice formation
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earths average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels
###### 290. Pituitary gland, pineal gland and hypothalamus are located in which part of the human body?
A
Kidney
B
Brain
C
Thoracic cavity
D
Neck
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The pituitary gland or hypophysis is a small gland about 1 centimeter in diameter or the size of a pea. It is nearly surrounded by bone as it rests in the sella turcica, a depression in the sphenoid bone. The gland is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by a slender stalk called the infundibulum.
###### 291. On what cellular structures are genes in eukaryotes carried?
A
Endoplasmic reticulum
B
Nuclear membrane
C
Chromosomes
D
Mitrochondria
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
#
###### 292. The xylem vessels in plants are responsible for the transport of
A
Water from roots to the shoot
B
amino acids from roots to the shoot
C
gluten from roots to the shoot
D
carbon dioxide from roots to the shoot
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Xylem transports water and nutrients that enter the plant in the root up through the stem and out to all parts of the leaf. Xylem has two types of cells known as tracheids and vessel elements.
###### 293. Which of the following is a part of the brain that controls thinking
A
Forebrain
B
Midbrain
C
Hindbrain
D
Spinal Cord
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
By far the largest region of your brain is the forebrain (derived from the developmental prosencephalon), which contains the entire cerebrum and several structures directly nestled within it - the thalamus, hypothalamus, the pineal gland and the limbic system.
###### 294. The testes that is the male reproductive organ in a human body performs which of the following functions?
A
production of sperms only
B
production of testosterone only
C
production of both sperms and progesterone
D
production of both sperms and testosterone
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and for producing sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubules are responsible for producing the sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis.
###### 295. The structure which provides nutrition to the developing foetus is
A
Ovary
B
Fallopian Tube
C
Placenta
D
Seminal Vesicle
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Extra structure which provides nutrition to the embryo is placenta. Placenta is the lifeline between the mother and the baby.
###### 296. The chlorophyll in photosynthesis is used for
A
absorbing light
B
splitting water molecules
C
reduction
D
absorbing sound
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Chlorophylls job in a plant is to absorb light—usually sunlight. The energy absorbed from light is transferred to two kinds of energy-storing molecules.
###### 297. What is the role of platelets in a human body?
A
Oxygen transport
B
Carbon Dioxide transport
C
Clotting of blood
D
Giving immunity to the body
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding.
###### 298. Bowmans capsule and glomerulus together form the
A
uriniferous tubule
B
renal pelvis
C
renal corpuscle
D
renal medulla
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The Bowmans capsule and glomerulus together form the renal corpuscle. Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole and exits in the efferent arteriole. The endothelium of the glomerulus contains pores, and lies adjacent to the capsule membrane, which also contains pores called filtration slits.
###### 299. Propagules are used to raise
A
New Plants
B
New born animals
C
bacteria
D
Fungi
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Propagules used to raise growth new plants.
###### 300. An example of primary air pollutant among the following is
A
Sulphuric Acid
B
Photochemical smog
C
Ozone
D
Carbon Monoxide
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Pollutants that are formed and emitted directly from particular sources. Examples are particulates, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur oxide.
###### 301. Male harmone is
A
B
Testosterone
C
Progesterone
D
Oestrogen
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The major sex hormone in men is testosterone, which is produced mainly in the testes. The testes are controlled by a small gland in the brain called the pituitary gland, which in turn is controlled by an area of the brain called the hypothalamus. Androgens are crucial for male sexual and reproductive function.
###### 302. In an ecosystem, energy disposal for transfer from one tropic level to the next is in the form of
A
heat energy
B
mechanical energy
C
chemical energy
D
light energy
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The 10% of energy available for transfer from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem is in the form of chemical energy. The producers capture the energy present in sunlight and convert it into chemical energy which is passed into onto other trophic levels.
###### 303. Homologous chrosomes which are similar in both the sexes are known as
A
Autosomes
B
Allosomes
C
Sex chromosomes
D
Androsomes
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Autosomes are homologous chromosomes i.e. chromosomes which contain the same genes (regions of DNA) in the same order along their chromosomal arms. The chromosomes of the 23rd pair are called allosomes consisting of two X chromosomes in most females, and an X chromosome and a Y chromosome in most males.
###### 304. The Chipko Andolan was basically started against
A
deforestration
B
development of new breeds of forest plants
C
zoological survey of India
D
conservation of natural resources
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
In the 1970s, an organized resistance to the destruction of forests spread throughout India and came to be known as the Chipko movement. The name of the movement comes from the word "embrace", as the villagers hugged the trees, and prevented the contractors from felling them.
###### 305. Which of the following organisms can live without oxygen of air?
A
Amoeba
B
Sheep
C
Leech
D
Yeast
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Yeast can respire without oxygen. This type of respiration is known as anaerobic respiration.
###### 306. The organism which indicates the faecal contamination of water in the river Ganga of India is
A
Mucor sp
B
Coliform bacteria
C
Amoeba
D
Lactobacillus bacteria
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
E coli is considered to be the species of coliform bacteria that is the best indicator of faecal pollution and possible presence of disease-causing pathogens,” said noted environmental scientist and former BHU professor B D Tripathi.
###### 307. The structural and functional unit of nervous system is called a
A
Nephron
B
Neuron
C
Axon
D
Medulla
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Neurons, or nerve cell, are the main structural and functional units of the nervous system. Every neuron consists of a body (soma) and a number of processes (neurites).
###### 308. Which of the following helps in promoting stem elongation in a plant?
A
Auxin
B
Oxalic Acid
C
Abscisic Acid
D
Ethylene
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the stem tip that promotes cell elongation.
###### 309. Vein through which nutrients of the food molecules travels towards heart is called
A
Iliac Vein
B
Portal Vein
C
Hepatic Vein
D
Lateral Vein
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Hepatic veins are blood vessels that return low-oxygen blood from your liver back to the heart. The veins are key players in the supply chain that moves the blood that delivers nutrients and oxygen to every cell in your body. A blockage in one of the hepatic veins may damage your liver.
###### 310. Speciation is defined as the evolutionary process by which
A
Hybird species are formed
B
New and distinct species are formed
C
shows difference in physical traits
D
evolutionary paths converge
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Speciation is an evolutionary process by which a new species comes into being. A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another to produce fertile offspring and is reproductively isolated from other organisms.
###### 311. The structural and functional unit of ecology is generally known as
A
Ecosystem
B
Environment
C
Inheritance
D
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The structural and functional unit of the environment is the ecosystem. The ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic factors and shows interactions among themselves.
###### 312. The common tube in human male for urine and sperm is
A
Uterus
B
C
Ureter
D
Urethra
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The penis carries sperm out of the body. There are three tubes inside the penis. One is called the urethra. It is hollow and carries urine from the bladder through the penis to the outside.
###### 313. Which of the following is generally considered as a primary source of water?
A
Pond
B
Rain
C
Lakes
D
Rivers
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Rainwater is the primary source of water. It is considered as a pure and fresh form of water.
###### 314. The resources which are usually found everywhere on the earth are known as
A
Ubiquitous resources
B
Renewable resources
C
Non-renewable resources
D
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Those resources which are found everywhere are known as ubiquitous resources. Ubiquitous resources are those natural resources which are available everywhere. Air, water and wind are examples of ubiquitous resources.
###### 315. In the Kidney of mammals, Loop of Henle can be found in
A
Renal Medulla
B
Renal Cortex
C
Renal Pelvis
D
Renal Hilus
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The loop of Henle is a U-shaped or hairpin tube that lies deep in the medulla within a renal pyramid and then loops back towards the cortex. Its primary role is to concentrate the salt in the interstitium.
###### 316. The Stratosphere layer of the atmoshphere consists of what among the following the provides protection to our life?
A
Nitrogen
B
Hydrogen
C
Argon
D
Ozone
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs a portion of the radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the planets surface. Most importantly, it absorbs the portion of UV light called UVB. UVB is a kind of ultraviolet light from the sun (and sun lamps) that has several harmful effects.
###### 317. Who among the following gave the first Theory of Evolution
A
Gregor Mendal
B
Isaac Newton
C
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
D
Thomas Edision
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
In the early 19th century Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) proposed his theory of the transmutation of species, the first fully formed theory of evolution.
###### 318. Which of the following is the correct location of Thyroid gland?
A
Behind the neck
B
In front of the neck below larynx
C
Near oesophagus
D
Behind frontal lobe
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck just below the Adams apple (larynx). It is butterfly-shaped and consists of two lobes located either side of the windpipe (trachea). A normal thyroid gland is not usually outwardly visible or able to be felt if finger pressure is applied to the neck.
###### 319. Which of the following is considered as a chemical method of contraception?
A
Grafting
B
Using Diaphragm
C
Birth control pills
D
Menstruation
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Birth control pills (BCPs) contain man-made forms of 2 hormones called estrogen and progestin. These hormones are made naturally in a womans ovaries. BCPs can contain both of these hormones, or have progestin only. Both hormones prevent a womans ovary from releasing an egg during her menstrual cycle (called ovulation).BCPs are also called oral contraceptives or just "the pill."
###### 320. Chlamydiosis is related with
A
Syphills
B
Gonorrhoea
C
Urethra
D
HIV
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. It can infect both men and women. Women can get chlamydia in the cervix, rectum, or throat. Men can get chlamydia in the urethra (inside the penis), rectum, or throat.
###### 321. In a plant the small pores present on the surface of a leaf are known as
A
Cholorphyll
B
Stomata
C
Guard Cells
D
Leaf Pore
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Stomate, also called stoma, plural stomata or stomas, any of the microscopic openings or pores in the epidermis of leaves and young stems.
###### 322. The gap between two neurons is generally known as
A
Synopsis
B
Impulse
C
Synapse
D
Synaptic Code
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Synapse, also called neuronal junction, the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector).
###### 323. The fluid medium contained in the blood is
A
Plasma
B
Syrup
C
Platelets
D
Lymph
Biology General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Plasma, also called blood plasma, the liquid portion of blood. Plasma serves as a transport medium for delivering nutrients to the cells of the various organs of the body and for transporting waste products derived from cellular metabolism to the kidneys, liver, and lungs for excretion.
###### 324. what is unit of electrical resistance?
A
Mho
B
S
C
Ohm
D
Ampere
Physics General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The unit of the electrical resistance, measured with direct current, is the ohm (abbreviated Ω), named after the German physicist and mathematician Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854). According to ohms law, the resistance R is the ratio of the voltage U across a conductor and the current I flowing through it: R = U / I.
###### 325. Isotones is defined as the atoms of different elements containing same number of
A
electrons
B
protons
C
neutrons
D
nucleons
Periodic Table General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Isotone, any of two or more species of atoms or nuclei that have the same number of neutrons. Thus, chlorine-37 and potassium-39 are isotones, because the nucleus of this species of chlorine consists of 17 protons and 20 neutrons, whereas the nucleus of this species of potassium contains 19 protons and 20 neutrons
###### 326. The macronutrient needed for plants is
A
Copper
B
Iron
C
Zinc
D
Potassium
Plant Life General Science Report Question
Explanation :
There are 7 essential plant nutrient elements defined as micronutrients boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl).
Macronutrients are essential for plant growth and a good overall state of the plant. The primary macronutrients are Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K). Nitrogen is essential for plant development, since it plays a fundamental role in energy metabolism and protein synthesis
###### 327. Which of the following devices converts electrical energy to sound?
A
Loudspeaker
B
Solar Cell
C
Wind Turbine
D
Microphone
Physics General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Electromechanical transducer, any type of device that either converts an electrical signal into sound waves (as in a loudspeaker) or converts a sound wave into an electrical signal (as in the microphone)
###### 328. Electric potential difference is known as
A
Current
B
Resistance
C
Conductance
D
Voltage
Physics General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The unit of the electric potential difference is volt. One volt is defined as the one joule of energy is required to carry one coulomb of charge. Sometimes, the electric potential difference is referred to as voltage. Therefore, electric potential difference is also known as voltage
###### 329. Which among the following is less polluting fuel with respect to global emissions?
A
Coal
B
Petrol
C
Natural Gas
D
Kerosene
General General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Natural gas is less polluting fuel. Natural gas is the cleanest of all the fossil fuels. The global warming emissions from Natural gas combustion are much lower than those from coal or oil.
###### 330. The gas which is stable without octet configuration is
A
Argon
B
Helium
C
D
Neon
Periodic Table General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Helium has two electrons. Its electronic configuration is 1s2. So it does not have complete octet.
###### 331. The distance travelled by an object in a specified direction is
A
Displacement
B
Acceleration
C
Velocity
D
Speed
Motion General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The distance travelled by an object in a specific direction is called displacement. Displacement is a vector quantity. This means that it can be defined only when proper magnitude and direction are mentioned.
###### 332. A freely falling body under the pull of the Earth has a
A
Random acceleration
B
Infinite acceleration
C
Variable acceleration
D
Uniform acceleration
Motion General Science Report Question
Explanation :
This gravitational force is due to the uniform acceleration due to gravity which is considered constant near the surface of the earth and is equal to g = 10m / s2. Thus a freely falling body falls with the uniform acceleration and so it has non zero velocity or the velocity keeps on increasing.
###### 333. The inertia of a body depends on its
A
volume
B
mass
C
area
D
shape
Motion General Science Report Question
Explanation :
inertia is the nature of the body to resist the change in its state and mass is the amount of matter in the body. Inertia of the body depends on the mass of the body.
###### 334. The scientist who said that an object in motion will remain in same motion as long as no external force is applied is
A
Newton
B
Dalton
C
Galileo
D
Aristotle
Motion General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Isaac Newtons First Law of Motion describes the behavior of a massive body at rest or in uniform linear motion, i.e., not accelerating or rotating. The First Law states, A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion unless it is acted upon by an external force.
###### 335. Which of the following belongs to autotroph?
A
Lion
B
Cow
C
Grass
D
Cat
General General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Algae, along with plants and some bacteria and fungi, are autotrophs. Autotrophs are the producers in the food chain, meaning they create their own nutrients and energy. Kelp, like most autotrophs, creates energy through a process called photosynthesis.
###### 336. Which of the following is a Greenhouse gas?
A
Nitrogen
B
Methane
C
Oxygen
D
Sulphur Dioxide
Green House Gases General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and ozone (O 3 ) are the greenhouse gases present in Earths atmosphere.
###### 337. Which of the following battery is a primary battery?
A
B
Nickel Metal Hydride
C
Lithium
D
cells General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Lithium
###### 338. Which of the following law states, matter can neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction?
A
Constant proportion
B
Conservation of mass
C
Disproportion
D
Invisible particles
Chemistry General Science Report Question
Explanation :
The Law of Conservation of Mass dates from Antoine Lavoisiers 1789 discovery that mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. In other words, the mass of any one element at the beginning of a reaction will equal the mass of that element at the end of the reaction.
###### 339. Electronic configuration of sodium is
A
8,2,1
B
2,1,8
C
2,8,1
D
1,8,2
Periodic Table General Science Report Question
Explanation :
In this notation, the electronic configuration of sodium would be distributed in the orbitals as 2-8-1.
###### 340. Which of the following is a renewable resource?
A
Petrol
B
LPG
C
Coal
D
Wind
General General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Wind
###### 341. If the net force acting on an object is zero, then the body is known to be in the state of
A
motion
B
uniform motion
C
equillibrium
D
inertia motion
Motion General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Equilibrium
The state of a body at rest or in uniform motion, the resultant of all forces on which is zero.
###### 342. Methyl orange indicator give which of the following colour in an acid solution
A
Red
B
Yellow
C
Orange
D
Pink
Chemistry General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Methyl orange indicator gives red color in acid solution.
###### 343. Addition of Sodium chloride to water
A
increases temperature of water
B
decreases temperature of water
C
no change in temperature
D
rapidly increases temperature and then decreases
Chemistry General Science Report Question
Explanation :
If you add salt to water, you raise the water`s boiling point, or the temperature at which it will boil. The temperature needed to boil will increase about 0.5 C for every 58 grams of dissolved salt per kilogram of water.
###### 344. Components of the Stainless steel alloy are
A
Iron, Nickel and Chromium
B
Iron, Nickel and Magnesium
C
Iron, Bronze and Magnesium
D
Bronze, Magnesium and Nickel
Chemistry General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Stainless steel alloys contain carbon, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon as trace elements.
###### 345. Functional group in butanal is
A
CHO
B
COOH
C
COOR
D
CO
Chemistry General Science Report Question
Explanation :
In Butanal, the functional group is −CHO. In Butanol, the functional group is −OH.
###### 346. Rancidity in oils and fats is due to
A
Oxidation
B
Reduction
C
Substitution reaction
D
Combination reaction
Chemistry General Science Report Question
Explanation :
Oxygen is eight times more soluble in fats than in water and it is the oxidation resulting from this exposure that is the primary cause of rancidity. Oxidation primarily occurs with unsaturated fats by a free radical-mediated process.
###### 347. An example of saturated carbon compound is
A
Ethane
B
Ethene
C
Propene
D
Alkene
Chemistry General Science Report Question | 2022-12-01 14:14:19 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4267854392528534, "perplexity": 8150.218824672325}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710813.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201121601-20221201151601-00170.warc.gz"} |
http://www.probabilityformula.org/uniform-distribution/uniform-distribution-examples.html | Uniform Distribution Examples
Uniform distribution is an important part of statistics or we can say it is the simplest statistical distribution. Although there is hardly any variable that follows a uniform probability distribution. Uniform distribution is a type of probability distribution which has all outcomes equally likely. For example an ordinary deck of fine cards.
Basically we deal with two types of uniform distribution as mentioned below:
• Continuous uniform distribution
• Discreet uniform distribution
Examples
Some solved examples of uniform distribution are give bellow,
Example 1:
Suppose in a quiz there are $30$ participants. A question is given to all $30$ participants and the time allowed to answer it is $25$ seconds. Find the probability of participants responds within $6$ seconds?
Solution:
Given
Interval of probability distribution = [$0$ seconds, $25$ seconds]
Density of probability = $\frac{1}{25-0}$$\frac{1}{25}$
Interval of probability distribution of successful event = [$0$ seconds, $6$ seconds]
The probability P(x<6)
The probability ratio = $\frac{6}{25}$
There are $30$ participants in the quiz
Hence the participants likely to answer it in $6$ seconds = $\frac{6}{25}$ $\times\ 30\ \approx\ 7$
Example 2:
Suppose a flight is about to land and the announcement says that the expected time to land is $30$ minutes. Find the probability of getting flight land between $25$ to $30$ minutes?
Solution:
Given
Interval of probability distribution = [$0$ minutes, $30$ minutes]
Density of probability = $\frac{1}{30-0}$ =$\frac{1}{30}$
Interval of probability distribution of successful event = [$0$ minutes, $5$ minutes]
The probability (25 < x < 30)
The probability ratio = $\frac{5}{30}$ = $\frac{1}{6}$
Hence the probability of getting flight land between $25$ minutes to $30$ minutes = $0.16$
Example 3:
Suppose a random number $N$ is taken from $690$ to $850$ in uniform distribution. Find the probability number $N$ is greater than the $790$?
Solution:
Given
Interval of number in probability distribution = $[690 ,\ 850]$
Density of probability = $\frac{1}{850 - 690}$ =$\frac{1}{160}$
Now the probability is (790 < x < 850)
Interval of probability distribution of successful event = $[790,\ 850]$ = $60$
The probability ratio = $\frac{60}{160}$ = $\frac{1}{10}$
Hence the probability of $N$ number greater than $790$ = $0.1$
Example 4:
Suppose a train is delayed by approximately $60$ minutes. What is the probability that train will reach by $57$ minutes to $60$ minutes?
Solution:
Given
Interval of probability distribution = [$0$ minutes, $60$ minutes]
Density of probability = $\frac{1}{60 - 0}$ =$\frac{1}{60}$
Interval of probability distribution of successful event = [$0$ minutes, $3$ minutes]
Now the probability is (57 < x < 60)
The probability ratio = $\frac{3}{60}$
Hence the probability of train to reach between $57$ to $60$ minutes = $\frac{3}{60}$ = $0.05$ | 2017-01-18 16:06:05 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.916685163974762, "perplexity": 1268.050715998125}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280308.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00372-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://ask.sagemath.org/question/59533/differentiate-vector-field-wrt-a-variable-not-defining-the-chart/?sort=votes | # Differentiate vector field w.r.t a variable not defining the chart
I define a 3+1-dimensional manifold M:
n = 3
M = Manifold(1+n, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
and a chart X with spherical coordinates t, r, th and ph.
X.<t,r,th,ph> = M.chart('t r:(0,+oo) th:(0,pi) ph:(0,2*pi)')
I define the following symbolic function Ne, which depends on r and a new variable, eps:
eps = var('eps')
Ne = function('Ne')(r,eps)
Now, I define a vector field, u, as:
u = M.vector_field('u')
u[0] = 2*Ne; u[1] = Ne; u[2] = 0; u[3] = 0
At this point, I want to differentiate each term of u with respect to eps. However, when I write:
diff(u[0],eps)
I get:
ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple
However, I would expect to obtain:
2*diff(Ne(r, eps), eps)
I guess this is because I am differentiating a vector field from the manifold with respect to a variable (eps) which is not on the chart. In fact, if I differentiate with respect to $r$, then everything goes right. Is there a way I can fix this?
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When you write u[0] you are getting a chart function object. The global diff function calls the derivative method on the object, and this one is only defined for coordinates of the chart.
What you can do is call the expr method on the chart function to get the underlying symbolic expression:
sage: diff(u[0].expr(), eps)
2*diff(Ne(r, eps), eps)
more | 2023-03-24 00:15:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6072990298271179, "perplexity": 2374.975138248084}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945218.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323225049-20230324015049-00551.warc.gz"} |
https://possiblywrong.wordpress.com/2019/06/17/how-to-tell-time-using-gps-and-the-recent-collins-glitch/ | ## How to tell time using GPS, and the recent Collins glitch
Introduction
Last week on Sunday 9 June, hundreds of airplanes experienced a failure mode with some variants of the Collins Aerospace GPS-4000S sensor, grounding many business jets and even causing some delays among regional airlines.
Following is the initial description of the problem from Collins, as I first saw it quoted in Aviation International News:
“The root cause is a software design error that misinterprets GPS time updates. A ‘leap second’ event occurs once every 2.5 years within the U.S. Government GPS satellite almanac update. Our GPS-4000S (P/N 822-2189-100) and GLU-2100 (P/N 822-2532-100) software’s timing calculations have reacted to this leap second by not tracking satellites upon power-up and subsequently failing. A regularly scheduled almanac update with this ‘leap second’ was distributed by the U.S. government on 0:00 GMT Sunday, June 9, 2019, and the failures began to occur after this event.”
This sounded very suspicious to me… but suspicious in a mathematically interesting way, hence the motivation for this post.
The suggestion, re-interpreted and re-propagated in subsequent aviation news articles and comment threads, seems to be that the gummint introduced a “leap second event” in the recent GPS almanac update, and the Collins receivers weren’t expecting it. The “almanac” is a periodic, low-throughput message broadcast by the satellites in the GPS constellation, that newly powered-on receivers can use to get an initial “rough idea” of where they are and what time it is.
It is true that one of the fields in the almanac is a count of the number of leap seconds added to UTC time since the GPS epoch, that is, since the GPS “clock started ticking” on 6 January 1980 at 00:00:00 UTC. So what’s a leap second? Briefly, the earth’s rotation is slowing down, and so to keep our UTC clocks reasonably consistent with another astronomical time reference known as UT1, we periodically “delay” the advance of UTC time by introducing a leap second, which is an extra 61st second of the last minute of a month, historically either at the end of June or the end of December.
There have been 18 leap seconds added to UTC since 1980… but leap seconds are scheduled months in advance, and it has already been announced that there will not be a leap second at the end of this month, and there certainly wasn’t a leap second added this past June 9th.
So what really happened last week? The remainder of this post is purely speculation; I have no affiliation with Collins Aerospace nor any of its competitors, so I don’t have any knowledge of the actual software whose design was reported to be in error. This is just guesswork from a mathematician with an interest in aviation.
GPS week number roll-over
The Global Positioning System has an interesting problem: it’s hard to figure out what time it is. That is, if your GPS receiver wants to learn not just its location, but also the current time, without relying on or comparing with any external clock, then that is somewhere between impossible and difficult, depending on how fancy we want to get. The only “timestamp” that is broadcast by the satellites is a week number– indicating the integer number of weeks elapsed since the GPS epoch on 6 January 1980– and a number of seconds elapsed within the current week.
The problem is that the message field for the week number is only 10 bits long, meaning that we can only encode week 0 through week 1023. After that, on “week 1024,” the odometer rolls over, so to speak, back to indicating week 0 again.
This has already happened twice: the first roll-over was between 21 and 22 August 1999, and the second was just a couple of months ago, between 6 and 7 April 2019. An old GPS receiver whose software had not been updated to account for these roll-overs might show the time transition from 21 August 1999 “back” to 6 January 1980, for example.
It’s worth noting that those roll-overs didn’t actually occur exactly at midnight… or at least, not at midnight UTC. The GPS “clock” does not include leap seconds, but instead ticks happily along, always exactly 60x60x24x7=604,800 seconds per week. So, for example, GPS time is currently “ahead” of UTC time by 18 seconds, corresponding to the 18 leap seconds that have contributed to the “slowing” of the advance of the UTC clock. The GPS week number most recently rolled over on 6 April, not at midnight, but at 23:59:42 UTC.
Using the leap second count
It turns out that we could modify our GPS receiver software to extend its ability to tell time beyond a single 1024-week cycle, by using the leap second count field together with the rolling week number. The idea is that by predicting the addition of more leap seconds at reasonably regular intervals in the future, we can use the week number to determine the time within a 1024-week cycle, and use the leap second count to determine which 1024-week cycle we are in.
This is not a new idea; there is a good description of the approach here, in the form of a patent application by Trimble, a popular manufacturer of GPS receivers. Given the current week number $0 \leq W < 1024$ and the leap second count $L$ in the almanac, the suggested formula for the “absolute” number of weeks $W'$ since GPS epoch is given by
$W' = t + ((W-t+512)\mod 1024) - 512$
$t = \lfloor 84.56 + 70.535L \rfloor$
where the intermediate value $t$ is essentially an estimate of the week number obtained by a linear fit against the historical rate of introduction of leap seconds.
This formula was proposed in 1996, and it would indeed have worked well past the 1999 roll-over… but although it was predicted to “provide a solution to the GPS rollover problem for about 173 years,” unfortunately it would really only have lasted for about 12 years, first yielding an incorrect time in week 1654 on 18 September 2011.
The problem is shown in the figure below, indicating the number of leap seconds that have been added over time since the GPS epoch in 1980, with the red bars indicating the “week zero” epoch and roll-overs up to this point:
Leap seconds added to UTC time since GPS epoch, with GPS epoch and 1024-week roll-overs shown in red.
Right after the first roll-over in 1999, the reasonably regular introduction of leap seconds stopped, and even once they started to become “regular” again, they were regular at a lesser rate (although still more frequently than the “2.5 years” suggested by the Collins report).
Conclusion
Could something like this be the cause of this past week’s sensor failures? It’s certainly possible: it’s a relatively simple programming exercise to search for different linear fit coefficients in the above formula– a variant of which might have been used on these Collins receivers– that
1. Yield the correct absolute week number for a longer time than the above formula, including continuing past the second roll-over this past April; but
2. Yield the incorrect absolute week number, for the first time, on 9 June (i.e., the start of week 2057).
Such coefficients aren’t hard to find; for example, the reader can verify that the following satisfies the above criteria:
$t = \lfloor -291 + 102L \rfloor$
which corresponds to an estimate of one additional leap second approximately every 2 years.
Edit: See Steve Allen’s comment (and my reply) for a description of what I think is probably a more likely root cause of the problem– still related to interpreting the combination of week number roll-over and leap second occurrences, but with a slightly different failure mode.
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### 3 Responses to How to tell time using GPS, and the recent Collins glitch
1. Steve Allen says:
As of last week it had been 128 weeks since the previous leap second, and no next leap second is scheduled. GPS subframe 4 page 18 word 9 allots 8 bits for WN_LSF, the difference between the current GPS week number and the next/previous week number. So as of last week the difference no longer fits in the GPS navigation message. IS-GPS-200J describes that this can happen, and most receivers got it right, but Rockwell Collins failed at doing modulo arithmetic.
• Interesting, thanks! If I understand correctly, the relevant part of IS-GPS-200J is section 20.3.3.5.2.4: “The CS shall manage these parameters such that, when [the previous and next leap second deltas] differ, the absolute value of the difference between the
untruncated WN and WNLSF values shall not exceed 127.” This doesn’t say anything about the semantics when the previous/next deltas *don’t* differ (which they currently do not), but at any rate last week we were in the situation where the “true” untruncated WN and WNLSF values (2057 and 1929, respectively) differed by 128, and no re-interpretation (i.e., adding/subtracting 256 to account for the 8-bit truncation) would bring them any closer.
If this is indeed the root cause (which seems pretty likely to me), then if the receivers are now “working” this week, I’m guessing that they might *still* incorrectly “think” (at least implicitly within their internal calculations) that the closest leap second is actually in the *future*, at the end of 2021-11-27, 256 weeks after the actual leap second on 2016-12-31, since that future untruncated WNLSF would be 127 weeks from “now.”
2. The standupmaths channel did a video about the April 1024-week rollover when it happened: Why didn’t GPS crash? (Which is the only reason I was already aware of it.)
This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. | 2019-10-15 16:48:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 7, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.39499199390411377, "perplexity": 1656.441996158174}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660067.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015155056-20191015182556-00548.warc.gz"} |
https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/48004/problems-with-for-statement | # Problems with For statement
I'm trying to iterate some expression through for loop:
a = 0; b = 0.1; ϵ = 0.01; Ns = 100;
lhr[t_] := Normal[Series[-k7 x[t] y[t] /. Nsol /. initConst, {t, 0, Ns}]][[1]]; lhr[t]
rhr1[t_] := Normal[Series[-k7 x[t] y[t] /. Nsol /. initConst, {t, 0, Ns}]][[1]]; rhr1[t]
h = 0.01
For[t = a, t < b, t += h;
If[Abs[lhr[t]] < ϵ*Max[Abs[rhr1[t]]], Print[t]]]
I'm getting following errors:
General::ivar: 0.01 is not a valid variable. >>
General::ivar: 0.01 is not a valid variable. >>
General::ivar: 0.01 is not a valid variable. >>
General::stop: Further output of General::ivar will be suppressed during this calculation. >>
Can you help with this problem?
• Please include complete code (what areNsol,initConst?). In any case, the ; in the For is incorrect. – ciao May 17 '14 at 9:45
• Hi wizar and welcome to Mathematica.SE. Don't set h outside the For loop. It's causing a clash. – Verbeia May 17 '14 at 10:49
• the ivar error is not in the For loop, but in Series. You need to use some other variable for the series expansion, then substitute the numeric value of t: Normal[Series[ f[x] ,{x,0,Ns}]] /. x->t – george2079 May 17 '14 at 11:57
• For[t = a, t < b, t += h; If[Abs[lhr[t]] < ϵ Max[Abs[rhr1[t]]], Print[t]]] should be For[t = a, t < b, t += h, If[Abs[lhr[t]] < ϵ Max[Abs[rhr1[t]]], Print[t]]]; that is, comma not semicolon after h. – m_goldberg May 17 '14 at 21:15
Others have mentioned two important points:
• you really should provide a working example
• your problem is actually not really with For but with the evaluation of your series expansion.
the latter you can solve relatively easy by using Set (=) instead of SetDelayed (:=) in your definitions, e.g.:
lhr[t_] = Normal[Series[-k7 x[t] y[t] /. Nsol /. initConst, {t, 0, Ns}]][[1]];
That has also the advantage that the series expansion is only done once, not for every new numeric value of t again.
You almost certainly will run into problems when you work with this, though: As For does not localize its variables it will leave t set to the last value in the loop. If you then change your definitions and reevaluate them, they won't work because they expect t to be a symbol without a numeric value. To prevent that, you probably want to localize t at definition time, like so:
Module[{t},
lhr[t_] = Normal[Series[-k7 x[t] y[t] /. Nsol /. initConst, {t, 0, Ns}]][[1]];
]
This is also a good example why For loops in Mathematica always are (at most) the second best choice, as I have explained in this answer. Here Do[...,{t,a,b,h}] (or Do[...,{t,a,b-h/2,h}] if you insist on the < vs. <=) would be shorter and -- at least in my opinion -- much clearer. It would do the same thing but additionally localize t and thus not leave t` behind with a value defined. Note that I have added a section about the differences how the two will handle numeric errors potentially accumulating in the loop variable in the answer mentioned which might be of interest for your use case. | 2019-12-12 03:10:48 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2409183233976364, "perplexity": 2298.3255433555173}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540536855.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212023648-20191212051648-00353.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/549008d0581e2a6c68b84342 | # Question #84342
Dec 16, 2014
SInce $H C l$ is a strong acid and $B a {\left(O H\right)}_{2}$ is a strong base, you are dealing with a neutralization reaction.
Let's start by writing the balanced chemical equation
$2 H C {l}_{\left(a q\right)} + B a {\left(O H\right)}_{2 \left(a q\right)} \to B a C {l}_{2} \left(a q\right) + 2 {H}_{2} {O}_{\left(l\right)}$
Strong acids and strong bases dissociate completely in aqueous solution, so the reaction's complete ionic equation is
$2 {H}_{\left(a q\right)}^{+} + 2 C {l}_{\left(a q\right)}^{-} + B {a}_{\left(a q\right)}^{2 +} + 2 O {H}_{\left(a q\right)}^{-} \to B {a}_{\left(a q\right)}^{2 +} + 2 C {l}_{\left(a q\right)}^{-} + 2 {H}_{2} {O}_{\left(l\right)}$
After eliminating the spectator ions - the ions that can be found both on the reactants, and on the products' side - the net ionic equation is
${H}_{\left(a q\right)}^{+} + O {H}_{\left(a q\right)}^{-} \to {H}_{2} {O}_{\left(l\right)}$
Let's determine the number of moles for each reactant using their respective concentration, $C = \frac{n}{V}$
${n}_{H C l} = {C}_{H C l} \cdot {V}_{H C l} = 0.10 M \cdot 50.0 \cdot {10}^{- 3} L = 5.0 \cdot {10}^{- 3}$ moles
${n}_{B a {\left(O H\right)}_{2}} = C \cdot V = 0.20 M \cdot 150.0 \cdot {10}^{- 3} L = 30 \cdot {10}^{- 3}$ moles
We've determined from the balanced chemical equation that 2 moles of $H C l$ need 1 mole of $B a {\left(O H\right)}_{2}$; however, notice that we have more moles of $B a {\left(O H\right)}_{2}$ than of $H C l$, which means that the mixture will contain an excess of $B {a}^{2 +}$ and $O {H}^{-}$ ions.
The final concentrations will be
${C}_{H C l} = \frac{n}{V} _ \left(T O T A L\right) = \frac{5.0 \cdot {10}^{- 3} m o l e s}{\left(50.0 + 150.0\right) \cdot {10}^{- 3} L} = 0.025 M$
${C}_{B a {\left(O H\right)}_{2}} = \frac{30.0 \cdot {10}^{- 3} m o l e s}{\left(50.0 + 150.0\right) \cdot {10}^{- 3} L} = 0.15 M$
Therefore,
$\left[{H}^{+}\right] = 0.025 M$
$\left[C {l}^{-}\right] = 0.025 M$
$\left[B {a}^{2 +}\right] = 0.15 M$
$\left[O {H}^{-}\right] = 0.15 M$ | 2019-09-21 17:13:07 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 20, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6691259145736694, "perplexity": 1599.6033475262932}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574588.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921170434-20190921192434-00469.warc.gz"} |
https://stats.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/General_Statistics/Map%3A_Introductory_Statistics_(Shafer_and_Zhang)/10%3A_Correlation_and_Regression/10.4_The_Least_Squares_Regression_Line | # 10.4 The Least Squares Regression Line
Skills to Develop
• To learn how to measure how well a straight line fits a collection of data.
• To learn how to construct the least squares regression line, the straight line that best fits a collection of data.
• To learn the meaning of the slope of the least squares regression line.
• To learn how to use the least squares regression line to estimate the response variable y in terms of the predictor variable x.
## Goodness of Fit of a Straight Line to Data
Once the scatter diagram of the data has been drawn and the model assumptions described in the previous sections at least visually verified (and perhaps the correlation coefficient r computed to quantitatively verify the linear trend), the next step in the analysis is to find the straight line that best fits the data. We will explain how to measure how well a straight line fits a collection of points by examining how well the line y=12x1 fits the data set
xy20216283103
(which will be used as a running example for the next three sections). We will write the equation of this line as yˆ=12x1 with an accent on the y to indicate that the y-values computed using this equation are not from the data. We will do this with all lines approximating data sets. The line yˆ=12x1 was selected as one that seems to fit the data reasonably well.
The idea for measuring the goodness of fit of a straight line to data is illustrated in Figure 10.6 "Plot of the Five-Point Data and the Line ", in which the graph of the line yˆ=12x1 has been superimposed on the scatter plot for the sample data set.
Figure 10.6 Plot of the Five-Point Data and the Line yˆ=12x1
To each point in the data set there is associated an “error,” the positive or negative vertical distance from the point to the line: positive if the point is above the line and negative if it is below the line. The error can be computed as the actual y-value of the point minus the y-value yˆ that is “predicted” by inserting the x-value of the data point into the formula for the line:
erroratdatapoint(x,y)=(truey)(predictedy)=yyˆ
The computation of the error for each of the five points in the data set is shown in Table 10.1 "The Errors in Fitting Data with a Straight Line".
Table 10.1 The Errors in Fitting Data with a Straight Line
x y yˆ=12x1 yyˆ (yyˆ)2
2 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 1 1
6 2 2 0 0
8 3 3 0 0
10 3 4 −1 1
Σ - - - 0 2
A first thought for a measure of the goodness of fit of the line to the data would be simply to add the errors at every point, but the example shows that this cannot work well in general. The line does not fit the data perfectly (no line can), yet because of cancellation of positive and negative errors the sum of the errors (the fourth column of numbers) is zero. Instead goodness of fit is measured by the sum of the squares of the errors. Squaring eliminates the minus signs, so no cancellation can occur. For the data and line in Figure 10.6 "Plot of the Five-Point Data and the Line " the sum of the squared errors (the last column of numbers) is 2. This number measures the goodness of fit of the line to the data.
### Definition
The goodness of fit of a line yˆ=mx+b to a set of n pairs (x,y) of numbers in a sample is the sum of the squared errors
Σ(yyˆ)2
(n terms in the sum, one for each data pair).
## The Least Squares Regression Line
Given any collection of pairs of numbers (except when all the x-values are the same) and the corresponding scatter diagram, there always exists exactly one straight line that fits the data better than any other, in the sense of minimizing the sum of the squared errors. It is called the least squares regression line. Moreover there are formulas for its slope and y-intercept.
### Definition
Given a collection of pairs (x,y) of numbers (in which not all the x-values are the same), there is a line yˆ=βˆ1x+βˆ0 that best fits the data in the sense of minimizing the sum of the squared errors. It is called the least squares regression line. Its slope βˆ1 and y-intercept βˆ0 are computed using the formulas
βˆ1=SSxySSxxandβˆ0=yβˆ1x
where
SSxx=Σx21n(Σx)2,SSxy=Σxy1n(Σx)(Σy)
x is the mean of all the x-values, y is the mean of all the y-values, and n is the number of pairs in the data set.
The equation yˆ=βˆ1x+βˆ0 specifying the least squares regression line is called the least squares regression equation.
Remember from Section 10.3 "Modelling Linear Relationships with Randomness Present" that the line with the equation y=β1x+β0 is called the population regression line. The numbers βˆ1 and βˆ0 are statistics that estimate the population parameters β1 and β0.
We will compute the least squares regression line for the five-point data set, then for a more practical example that will be another running example for the introduction of new concepts in this and the next three sections.
### Example 2
Find the least squares regression line for the five-point data set
xy20216283103
and verify that it fits the data better than the line yˆ=12x1 considered in Section 10.4.1 "Goodness of Fit of a Straight Line to Data".
Solution:
In actual practice computation of the regression line is done using a statistical computation package. In order to clarify the meaning of the formulas we display the computations in tabular form.
x y x2 xy
2 0 4 0
2 1 4 2
6 2 36 12
8 3 64 24
10 3 100 30
Σ 28 9 208 68
In the last line of the table we have the sum of the numbers in each column. Using them we compute:
SSxxSSxyxy=Σx21n(Σx)2=20815(28)2=51.2=Σxy1n(Σx)(Σy)=6815(28)(9)=17.6=Σxn=285=5.6=Σyn=95=1.8
so that
βˆ1=SSxySSxx=17.651.2=0.34375andβˆ0=yβˆ1x=1.8(0.34375)(5.6)=0.125
The least squares regression line for these data is
yˆ=0.34375x0.125
The computations for measuring how well it fits the sample data are given in Table 10.2 "The Errors in Fitting Data with the Least Squares Regression Line". The sum of the squared errors is the sum of the numbers in the last column, which is 0.75. It is less than 2, the sum of the squared errors for the fit of the line yˆ=12x1 to this data set.
Table 10.2 The Errors in Fitting Data with the Least Squares Regression Line
x y yˆ=0.34375x0.125 yyˆ (yyˆ)2
2 0 0.5625 −0.5625 0.31640625
2 1 0.5625 0.4375 0.19140625
6 2 1.9375 0.0625 0.00390625
8 3 2.6250 0.3750 0.14062500
10 3 3.3125 −0.3125 0.09765625
### Example 3
Table 10.3 "Data on Age and Value of Used Automobiles of a Specific Make and Model" shows the age in years and the retail value in thousands of dollars of a random sample of ten automobiles of the same make and model.
1. Construct the scatter diagram.
2. Compute the linear correlation coefficient r. Interpret its value in the context of the problem.
3. Compute the least squares regression line. Plot it on the scatter diagram.
4. Interpret the meaning of the slope of the least squares regression line in the context of the problem.
5. Suppose a four-year-old automobile of this make and model is selected at random. Use the regression equation to predict its retail value.
6. Suppose a 20-year-old automobile of this make and model is selected at random. Use the regression equation to predict its retail value. Interpret the result.
7. Comment on the validity of using the regression equation to predict the price of a brand new automobile of this make and model.
Table 10.3 Data on Age and Value of Used Automobiles of a Specific Make and Model
x 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 y 28.7 24.8 26 30.5 23.8 24.6 23.8 20.4 21.6 22.1
Solution:
1. The scatter diagram is shown in Figure 10.7 "Scatter Diagram for Age and Value of Used Automobiles".
Figure 10.7 Scatter Diagram for Age and Value of Used Automobiles
1. We must first compute SSxx, SSxy, SSyy, which means computing Σx, Σy, Σx2, Σy2, and Σxy. Using a computing device we obtain
Σx=40Σy=246.3Σx2=174Σy2=6154.15Σxy=956.5
Thus
SSxxSSxySSyy=Σx21n(Σx)2=174110(40)2=14=Σxy1n(Σx)(Σy)=956.5110(40)(246.3)=28.7=Σy21n(Σy)2=6154.15110(246.3)2=87.781
so that
r=SSxySSxxSSyy=28.7(14)(87.781)=0.819
The age and value of this make and model automobile are moderately strongly negatively correlated. As the age increases, the value of the automobile tends to decrease.
2. Using the values of Σx and Σy computed in part (b),
x=Σxn=4010=4andy=Σyn=246.310=24.63
Thus using the values of SSxx and SSxy from part (b),
βˆ1=SSxySSxx=28.714=2.05andβˆ0=yβˆ1x=24.63(2.05)(4)=32.83
The equation yˆ=βˆ1x+βˆ0 of the least squares regression line for these sample data is
yˆ=2.05x+32.83
Figure 10.8 "Scatter Diagram and Regression Line for Age and Value of Used Automobiles" shows the scatter diagram with the graph of the least squares regression line superimposed.
Figure 10.8 Scatter Diagram and Regression Line for Age and Value of Used Automobiles
1. The slope −2.05 means that for each unit increase in x (additional year of age) the average value of this make and model vehicle decreases by about 2.05 units (about $2,050). 2. Since we know nothing about the automobile other than its age, we assume that it is of about average value and use the average value of all four-year-old vehicles of this make and model as our estimate. The average value is simply the value of yˆ obtained when the number 4 is inserted for x in the least squares regression equation: yˆ=2.05(4)+32.83=24.63 which corresponds to$24,630.
3. Now we insert x=20 into the least squares regression equation, to obtain
yˆ=2.05(20)+32.83=8.17
which corresponds to −$8,170. Something is wrong here, since a negative makes no sense. The error arose from applying the regression equation to a value of x not in the range of x-values in the original data, from two to six years. Applying the regression equation yˆ=βˆ1x+βˆ0 to a value of x outside the range of x-values in the data set is called extrapolation. It is an invalid use of the regression equation and should be avoided. 4. The price of a brand new vehicle of this make and model is the value of the automobile at age 0. If the value x=0 is inserted into the regression equation the result is always βˆ0, the y-intercept, in this case 32.83, which corresponds to$32,830. But this is a case of extrapolation, just as part (f) was, hence this result is invalid, although not obviously so. In the context of the problem, since automobiles tend to lose value much more quickly immediately after they are purchased than they do after they are several years old, the number $32,830 is probably an underestimate of the price of a new automobile of this make and model. For emphasis we highlight the points raised by parts (f) and (g) of the example. ### Definition The process of using the least squares regression equation to estimate the value of y at a value of x that does not lie in the range of the x-values in the data set that was used to form the regression line is called extrapolation. It is an invalid use of the regression equation that can lead to errors, hence should be avoided. ## The Sum of the Squared Errors SSE In general, in order to measure the goodness of fit of a line to a set of data, we must compute the predicted y-value yˆ at every point in the data set, compute each error, square it, and then add up all the squares. In the case of the least squares regression line, however, the line that best fits the data, the sum of the squared errors can be computed directly from the data using the following formula. The sum of the squared errors for the least squares regression line is denoted by SSE. It can be computed using the formula SSE=SSyyβˆ1SSxy ### Example 4 Find the sum of the squared errors SSE for the least squares regression line for the five-point data set xy20216283103 Do so in two ways: 1. using the definition Σ(yyˆ)2; 2. using the formula SSE=SSyyβˆ1SSxy. Solution: 1. The least squares regression line was computed in Note 10.18 "Example 2" and is yˆ=0.34375x0.125. SSE was found at the end of that example using the definition Σ(yyˆ)2. The computations were tabulated in Table 10.2 "The Errors in Fitting Data with the Least Squares Regression Line". SSE is the sum of the numbers in the last column, which is 0.75. 2. The numbers SSxy and βˆ1 were already computed in Note 10.18 "Example 2" in the process of finding the least squares regression line. So was the number Σy=9. We must compute SSyy. To do so it is necessary to first compute Σy2=0+12+22+32+32=23. Then SSyy=Σy21n(Σy)2=2315(9)2=6.8 so that SSE=SSyyβˆ1SSxy=6.8(0.34375)(17.6)=0.75 ### Example 5 Find the sum of the squared errors SSE for the least squares regression line for the data set, presented in Table 10.3 "Data on Age and Value of Used Automobiles of a Specific Make and Model", on age and values of used vehicles in Note 10.19 "Example 3". Solution: From Note 10.19 "Example 3" we already know that SSxy=28.7,βˆ1=2.05,andΣy=246.3 To compute SSyy we first compute Σy2=28.72+24.82+26.02+30.52+23.82+24.62+23.82+20.42+21.62+22.12=6154.15 Then SSyy=Σy21n(Σy)2=6154.15110(246.3)2=87.781 Therefore SSE=SSyyβˆ1SSxy=87.781(2.05)(28.7)=28.946 ### Key Takeaways • How well a straight line fits a data set is measured by the sum of the squared errors. • The least squares regression line is the line that best fits the data. Its slope and y-intercept are computed from the data using formulas. • The slope βˆ1 of the least squares regression line estimates the size and direction of the mean change in the dependent variable y when the independent variable x is increased by one unit. • The sum of the squared errors SSE of the least squares regression line can be computed using a formula, without having to compute all the individual errors. ### Exercises ### Basic For the Basic and Application exercises in this section use the computations that were done for the exercises with the same number in Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient". 1. Compute the least squares regression line for the data in Exercise 1 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient". 2. Compute the least squares regression line for the data in Exercise 2 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient". 3. Compute the least squares regression line for the data in Exercise 3 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient". 4. Compute the least squares regression line for the data in Exercise 4 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient". 5. For the data in Exercise 5 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient" 1. Compute the least squares regression line. 2. Compute the sum of the squared errors SSE using the definition Σ(yyˆ)2. 3. Compute the sum of the squared errors SSE using the formula SSE=SSyyβˆ1SSxy. 6. For the data in Exercise 6 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient" 1. Compute the least squares regression line. 2. Compute the sum of the squared errors SSE using the definition Σ(yyˆ)2. 3. Compute the sum of the squared errors SSE using the formula SSE=SSyyβˆ1SSxy. 7. Compute the least squares regression line for the data in Exercise 7 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient". 8. Compute the least squares regression line for the data in Exercise 8 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient". 9. For the data in Exercise 9 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient" 1. Compute the least squares regression line. 2. Can you compute the sum of the squared errors SSE using the definition Σ(yyˆ)2? Explain. 3. Compute the sum of the squared errors SSE using the formula SSE=SSyyβˆ1SSxy. 10. For the data in Exercise 10 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient" 1. Compute the least squares regression line. 2. Can you compute the sum of the squared errors SSE using the definition Σ(yyˆ)2? Explain. 3. Compute the sum of the squared errors SSE using the formula SSE=SSyyβˆ1SSxy. ### Applications 1. For the data in Exercise 11 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient" 1. Compute the least squares regression line. 2. On average, how many new words does a child from 13 to 18 months old learn each month? Explain. 3. Estimate the average vocabulary of all 16-month-old children. 2. For the data in Exercise 12 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient" 1. Compute the least squares regression line. 2. On average, how many additional feet are added to the braking distance for each additional 100 pounds of weight? Explain. 3. Estimate the average braking distance of all cars weighing 3,000 pounds. 3. For the data in Exercise 13 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient" 1. Compute the least squares regression line. 2. Estimate the average resting heart rate of all 40-year-old men. 3. Estimate the average resting heart rate of all newborn baby boys. Comment on the validity of the estimate. 4. For the data in Exercise 14 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient" 1. Compute the least squares regression line. 2. Estimate the average wave height when the wind is blowing at 10 miles per hour. 3. Estimate the average wave height when there is no wind blowing. Comment on the validity of the estimate. 5. For the data in Exercise 15 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient" 1. Compute the least squares regression line. 2. On average, for each additional thousand dollars spent on advertising, how does revenue change? Explain. 3. Estimate the revenue if$2,500 is spent on advertising next year.
6. For the data in Exercise 16 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient"
1. Compute the least squares regression line.
2. On average, for each additional inch of height of two-year-old girl, what is the change in the adult height? Explain.
3. Predict the adult height of a two-year-old girl who is 33 inches tall.
7. For the data in Exercise 17 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient"
1. Compute the least squares regression line.
2. Compute SSE using the formula SSE=SSyyβˆ1SSxy.
3. Estimate the average final exam score of all students whose course average just before the exam is 85.
8. For the data in Exercise 18 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient"
1. Compute the least squares regression line.
2. Compute SSE using the formula SSE=SSyyβˆ1SSxy.
3. Estimate the number of acres that would be harvested if 90 million acres of corn were planted.
9. For the data in Exercise 19 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient"
1. Compute the least squares regression line.
2. Interpret the value of the slope of the least squares regression line in the context of the problem.
3. Estimate the average concentration of the active ingredient in the blood in men after consuming 1 ounce of the medication.
10. For the data in Exercise 20 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient"
1. Compute the least squares regression line.
2. Interpret the value of the slope of the least squares regression line in the context of the problem.
3. Estimate the age of an oak tree whose girth five feet off the ground is 92 inches.
11. For the data in Exercise 21 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient"
1. Compute the least squares regression line.
2. The 28-day strength of concrete used on a certain job must be at least 3,200 psi. If the 3-day strength is 1,300 psi, would we anticipate that the concrete will be sufficiently strong on the 28th day? Explain fully.
12. For the data in Exercise 22 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient"
1. Compute the least squares regression line.
2. If the power facility is called upon to provide more than 95 million watt-hours tomorrow then energy will have to be purchased from elsewhere at a premium. The forecast is for an average temperature of 42 degrees. Should the company plan on purchasing power at a premium?
1. Verify that no matter what the data are, the least squares regression line always passes through the point with coordinates (x,y). Hint: Find the predicted value of y when x=x.
2. In Exercise 1 you computed the least squares regression line for the data in Exercise 1 of Section 10.2 "The Linear Correlation Coefficient".
1. Reverse the roles of x and y and compute the least squares regression line for the new data set
xy2041635598
2. Interchanging x and y corresponds geometrically to reflecting the scatter plot in a 45-degree line. Reflecting the regression line for the original data the same way gives a line with the equation yˆ=1.346x3.600. Is this the equation that you got in part (a)? Can you figure out why not? Hint: Think about how x and y are treated differently geometrically in the computation of the goodness of fit.
3. Compute SSE for each line and see if they fit the same, or if one fits the data better than the other.
### Large Data Set Exercises
1. Large Data Set 1 lists the SAT scores and GPAs of 1,000 students.
http://www.gone.2012books.lardbucket.org/sites/all/files/data1.xls
1. Compute the least squares regression line with SAT score as the independent variable (x) and GPA as the dependent variable (y).
2. Interpret the meaning of the slope βˆ1 of regression line in the context of problem.
3. Compute SSE, the measure of the goodness of fit of the regression line to the sample data.
4. Estimate the GPA of a student whose SAT score is 1350.
2. Large Data Set 12 lists the golf scores on one round of golf for 75 golfers first using their own original clubs, then using clubs of a new, experimental design (after two months of familiarization with the new clubs).
http://www.gone.2012books.lardbucket.org/sites/all/files/data12.xls
1. Compute the least squares regression line with scores using the original clubs as the independent variable (x) and scores using the new clubs as the dependent variable (y).
2. Interpret the meaning of the slope βˆ1 of regression line in the context of problem.
3. Compute SSE, the measure of the goodness of fit of the regression line to the sample data.
4. Estimate the score with the new clubs of a golfer whose score with the old clubs is 73.
3. Large Data Set 13 records the number of bidders and sales price of a particular type of antique grandfather clock at 60 auctions.
http://www.gone.2012books.lardbucket.org/sites/all/files/data13.xls
1. Compute the least squares regression line with the number of bidders present at the auction as the independent variable (x) and sales price as the dependent variable (y).
2. Interpret the meaning of the slope βˆ1 of regression line in the context of problem.
3. Compute SSE, the measure of the goodness of fit of the regression line to the sample data.
4. Estimate the sales price of a clock at an auction at which the number of bidders is seven.
1. yˆ=0.743x+2.675
2.
3. yˆ=0.610x+4.082
4.
5. yˆ=0.625x+1.25, SSE=5
6.
7. yˆ=0.6x+1.8
8.
9. yˆ=1.45x+2.4, SSE=50.25 (cannot use the definition to compute)
10.
1. yˆ=4.848x56,
2. 4.8,
3. 21.6
1.
1. yˆ=0.114x+69.222,
2. 73.8,
3. 69.2, invalid extrapolation
2.
1. yˆ=42.024x+119.502,
2. increases by $42,024, 3.$224,562
3.
1. yˆ=1.045x8.527,
2. 2151.93367,
3. 80.3
4.
1. yˆ=0.043x+0.001,
2. For each additional ounce of medication consumed blood concentration of the active ingredient increases by 0.043 %,
3. 0.044%
5.
1. yˆ=2.550x+1.993,
2. Predicted 28-day strength is 3,514 psi; sufficiently strong
6.
1.
2.
1. yˆ=0.0016x+0.022
2. On average, every 100 point increase in SAT score adds 0.16 point to the GPA.
3. SSE=432.10
4. yˆ=2.182
1.
1. yˆ=116.62x+6955.1
2. On average, every 1 additional bidder at an auction raises the price by 116.62 dollars.
3. SSE=1850314.08
4.
5. | 2017-07-23 02:44:38 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6408658623695374, "perplexity": 614.6343469924612}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424239.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723022719-20170723042719-00690.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/trigonometry/33019-right-triangle-trig-print.html | # Right Triangle Trig. ?
Printable View
• Apr 2nd 2008, 05:43 PM
>_<SHY_GUY>_<
Right Triangle Trig. ?
i dont know how to do these that involve using trig identities to transform one side to the other...
1. (1+ cos [theta]) (1-cos [theta]) = sin^2 [theta].
2. sin [theta]/ cos [theta] + cos [theta]/ sin [theta] =csc [theta] sec [theta]
3. Tan [theta] + Cot [theta]/ tan [theta] = csc^2 [theta]
then there is one i dont get...i can draw the diagram...but the rest i dont get (Headbang)
4. a 6-ft. person walks from the base of a sreetlight directly toward the tip of the shadow cast by the streetlight. when the person is 16 ft from it and 5 ft from the tip of the streetlight shadow, the person's shadow starts to appear beyond the streetlight's shadow.
A) use a trig function to write an equation involving the unknown quantity.
B) what is the height of the streetlight...
i know i am asking for a lot...any help would be great, especially for 4, but any help will be greatly appreciated...thank you
• Apr 2nd 2008, 05:52 PM
enmascarado
I think I understood your problem, the key here is that you are given a similar triangle, the 6ft person when he is 5 ft from the tip of the shadow.. that's your 2nd triangle.
Use that one to get either the angle for the triangle (which will be the same angle for the triangle formed by the streetlight and the long shadow), or simply use the similar triangles rule and solve for the height of the streetlight.
Let me know if I interpreted your problem correctly.
• Apr 2nd 2008, 06:02 PM
enmascarado
let me know if this is what your problem looks like...
as you see similar triangles or using trigonometry will give you the same answer
sorry for the poor quality of the drawing:
http://img231.imageshack.us/img231/4...0466dp0.th.jpg
For the other problems, 1 is identities or something like that, I don't quite remember, anyways, multiply and you'll get 1-cos^2, which by the law is equal to sin^2.
The others are also based on these identities that I'm talking about, although I'm not sure if that's what they're called, it's been many years since I saw that in school, so it's just a matter of playing with them until you get your answer.
• Apr 2nd 2008, 06:03 PM
Gusbob
1. LHS = $(1 + cos \theta)(1-cos \theta)$
This is the difference of two squares, so
= $(1-cos^2 \theta)$
Then use the trigonometric identity $cos^2\theta + sin^2\theta = 1$
= $1- (1-sin^2\theta)
= sin^2\theta
= RHS$
2.
$tan\theta$ is also $\frac{sin\theta}{cos\theta}$. Inverse tan, (not arctan) is $cot \theta$.
$cot\theta = \frac{1}{tan\theta}
= \frac{cos\theta}{sin\theta}$
Using this you should be able to solve 2.
3.for this question, I'm pretty sure you mean:
$\frac{tan\theta + cot\theta}{tan\theta}$
= $1 + (cot\theta)( \frac{1}{tan\theta})$
From question two, I've explained that $\frac{1}{tan\theta} = cot\theta$
In this case, use the identity $1 + cot^2\theta = cosec^2\theta$
• Apr 2nd 2008, 07:13 PM
>_<SHY_GUY>_<
what is LHS?
Quote:
Originally Posted by Gusbob
1. LHS = $(1 + cos \theta)(1-cos \theta)$
This is the difference of two squares, so
= $(1-cos^2 \theta)$
Then use the trigonometric identity $cos^2\theta + sin^2\theta = 1$
= $1- (1-sin^2\theta)
= sin^2\theta
= RHS$
2.
$tan\theta$ is also $\frac{sin\theta}{cos\theta}$. Inverse tan, (not arctan) is $cot \theta$.
$cot\theta = \frac{1}{tan\theta}
= \frac{cos\theta}{sin\theta}$
Using this you should be able to solve 2.
3.for this question, I'm pretty sure you mean:
$\frac{tan\theta + cot\theta}{tan\theta}$
= $1 + (cot\theta)( \frac{1}{tan\theta})$
From question two, I've explained that $\frac{1}{tan\theta} = cot\theta$
In this case, use the identity $1 + cot^2\theta = cosec^2\theta$
• Apr 2nd 2008, 07:21 PM
Gusbob
LHS is left hand side.
RHS is right hand side.
• Apr 2nd 2008, 07:24 PM
>_<SHY_GUY>_<
Quote:
Originally Posted by Gusbob
LHS is left hand side.
RHS is right hand side.
Thanks...(Bow) | 2017-05-25 11:06:16 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 24, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8987298011779785, "perplexity": 1420.816758069537}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608058.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525102240-20170525122240-00320.warc.gz"} |
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?reload=true&isnumber=23017 | # IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics
## Issue 12 Part 1 • December 1981
This issue contains several parts.Go to: Part 2
## Filter Results
Displaying Results 1 - 19 of 19
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s): 0
| |PDF (763 KB)
• ### Rectangular metallic waveguide resonator performance evaluation at near-millimeter wavelengths
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2254 - 2256
Cited by: Papers (1)
| |PDF (1066 KB)
An experimental comparison the performance of a far infrared (FIR) waveguide laser operating near the 1.2 mm wavelength with two different types of waveguides has been performed. The results indicate that a tall metallic rectangular waveguide has a lower threshold and produces more linearly polarized FIR power than a circular dielectric waveguide of comparable size. View full abstract»
• ### Analytical approximation for the reflectivity of DH lasers
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2256 - 2257
Cited by: Papers (37)
| |PDF (515 KB)
A simple analytical expression for the reflectivity of the cleaved facets of DH semiconductor lasers is compared with numerical results, and reasonable agreement is found. The analytical result is conveniently written in terms of waveguide parameters and thus gives a valuable tool for analysis of DH lasers. View full abstract»
• ### CARS measurement of velocity in a supersonic jet
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2258 - 2259
Cited by: Papers (33)
| |PDF (591 KB)
The velocity in a supersonic jet flow has been measured using CW CARS and agrees to within 4 percent of the calculated values. View full abstract»
• ### Performance comparison of heterojunction phototransistors, p-i-n FET's, and APD-FET's for optical fiber communication systems
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2259 - 2261
Cited by: Papers (18)
| |PDF (1094 KB)
An analysis of the sensitivity of InGaAs/InP bipolar heterojunction phototransistors (HJPTs) used in pulse code modulated optical communication systems is presented. The minimum detectable power of an HJPT biased at the optimum level is found to increase linearly with bit rate B while because of the fixed transconductance of the FET amplifier, the minimum detectable power of a p-i-n FET inc... View full abstract»
• ### Extinction ratio of stripe-geometry DH AlGaAs lasers with "soft" turn-on
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2262 - 2263
Cited by: Papers (1)
| |PDF (611 KB)
The effect of high spontaneous emission on the extinction ratio of modulated laser-diode signals is discussed. A calculation based on the spectra taken from oxide-defined narrow-stripe lasers at on' and off' levels shows that high spontaneous emission at the `on' level can degrade the apparent extinction ratio of the source, due to material dispersion in optical fibers, and affect transmission b... View full abstract»
• ### A subpicosecond tunable ring dye laser and its applications to time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2264 - 2266
Cited by: Papers (11)
| |PDF (956 KB)
The design and operation of a subpicosecond CW passively mode-locked dye laser is described. The laser is tunable, stable, and operates at a low power threshold (below 1 W). The use of this laser in a new time-resolved fluorescence technique is also described. View full abstract»
• ### Measurement of bit-error rate of heterodyne-type optical communication system - A simulation experiment
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2266 - 2267
Cited by: Papers (7)
| |PDF (616 KB)
The bit-error rate (BER) of a simulated PCM-ASK heterodyne-type optical communication system was measured for the first time as a function of the received signal power, to verify experimentally the theoretical prediction. The authors describe the principal of the measurement, experimental setup, and results. The bit-error rate measured as a function of the received signal power shows a good agreem... View full abstract»
• ### Electron beam pumped broad-band diatomic and triatomic excimer lasers
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2268 - 2281
Cited by: Papers (39) | Patents (1)
| |PDF (4513 KB)
The spontaneous and stimulated emission characteristics of three recently reported broad-band blue-green rare gas-halide excimers, XeF (C→A) at 486 nm, Xe2Cl at 518 nm, and Kr2F centered at 436 nm, are reviewed. The influence of different halogen donors and buffer gases as well as optimization of both the gas mixture and optical resonator configuration fo... View full abstract»
• ### Kinetic model for long-pulse XeCl laser performance
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2282 - 2289
Cited by: Papers (98)
| |PDF (2581 KB)
Describes a kinetics model for e-beam excited XeCl lasers using Ne/Xe/HCl gas mixtures. The model has been validated by comparison with measure transient absorption in Ne/Xe mixtures, as well as by comparison with measured laser performance under a range of conditions. A key feature of the model is the inclusion of a fast three-body charge exchange process between Ne2+... View full abstract»
• ### Constricted double-heterojunction AlGaAs diode lasers: Structures and electrooptical characteristics
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2290 - 2309
Cited by: Papers (41) | Patents (1)
| |PDF (7181 KB)
Constricted double-heterojunction (CDH) diode lasers are presented as the class of nonplanar-substrate devices for which the laser cavity is one of the least resistive electrical path between the contact and the substrate. Various types of CDH structures are discussed while treating three general topics: liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) over channeled substrates, lateral mode control, and current contro... View full abstract»
• ### Properties of MO-CVD-grown GaAs/GaAlAs lasers as a function of stripewidth
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2310 - 2316
Cited by: Papers (23)
| |PDF (2154 KB)
Gain-guided lasers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MO-CVD) are studied experimentally and theoretically with conducting stripewidth s as a variable. Stripe geometry lasers of 2, 4, 6, and 8 μm width, delineated by shallow proton implantations. Are very uniform relative to those grown by liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE). Measured and calculated thresholds are virtually ind... View full abstract»
• ### Calculation of cutoff frequencies in optical fibers for arbitrary profiles using the matrix method
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2317 - 2321
Cited by: Papers (25) | Patents (2)
| |PDF (1479 KB)
Proposes a simple numerical procedure to calculate the cutoff frequencies in optical fibers with an arbitrary refractive index profile including discrete numerical data from profile measurement. The cutoff problem is transformed into a matrix eigenvalue problem and the cutoff frequencies can be obtained by determining the eigenvalues of a matrix with elements given by simple expressions. View full abstract»
• ### Three-waveguide couplers for improved sampling and filtering
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2321 - 2325
Cited by: Papers (79) | Patents (4)
| |PDF (1563 KB)
Coupling between two uncoupled waveguides in proximity can be affected by introducing a third waveguide between them. One advantage of this scheme is that it can eliminate the need for bends. Another advantage is the resulting improvement in the shape of the transfer characteristic. Improved sampling and tunable filter operation of this new structure are also shown. An analysis of a uniform filter... View full abstract»
• ### Measurement and analysis on polarization properties of backward Rayleigh scattering for single-mode optical fibers
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2326 - 2334
Cited by: Papers (23) | Patents (4)
| |PDF (2812 KB)
Fluctuation components on a backward Rayleigh scattered signal measures by the polarization optical time domain reflectometer (POTDR) have been investigated in detail by means of the least squares method and the power spectra. As a result, it is revealed that the fluctuation component for the single-mode optical fibers is attributable to the inherent polarization beat length determined by the diff... View full abstract»
• ### Phase conjugation and degenerate four-wave mixing in three-level systems
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2335 - 2340
Cited by: Papers (12)
| |PDF (1847 KB)
Considers phase conjugation through degenerate four-wave mixing in a Λ-type three-level system under certain simplifying assumptions, the most restrictive among them being the assumption of symmetrical detuning of the pump from the two lower lying sublevels. When compared to an absorbing resonant two-level system, it is found that significantly higher values of the phase-conjugate reflectiv... View full abstract»
• ### Discrimination of shot-noise-driven poisson processes by external dead time: Application to radioluminescence from glass
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2341 - 2350
Cited by: Papers (15)
| |PDF (3610 KB)
The authors describe ways in which dead time can be used to constructively enhance or diminish the effects of point processes that display bunching, according to whether they are signal or noise and demonstrate that the dead-time-modified count mean and variance for an arbitrary doubly stochastic Poisson point process (DSPP) can be obtained from the Laplace transform of the single-fold and joint m... View full abstract»
• ### Optical tuning of a silicon Fabry-Perot interferometer by a pulsed 1.06 µm laser
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):2351 - 2355
Cited by: Papers (14) | Patents (2)
| |PDF (1554 KB)
Refractive index changes have been produced in a silicon crystal by excitation of electron-hole pairs with an Nd-YAG laser. The index changes were detected by observing the temporal shape of an initially smooth pulse after transmission through a silicon Fabry-Perot etalon. The index varies during the pulse with the absorbed energy and tunes the Si cavity over several resonances. The transmitted pu... View full abstract»
• ### [Back cover]
Publication Year: 1981, Page(s): 0
| |PDF (648 KB)
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# Show that the equation has exactly one real root.$x^3 + e^x = 0$
## SEE SOLUTION
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##### Heather Z.
Oregon State University
##### Kristen K.
University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
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University of Nottingham
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Idaho State University
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### Video Transcript
Okay, Now we are being asked to show that the equation has exactly one root. The equation is x x cubed, plus the F X equals zero. And we're trying to show we're trying to prove that this function, that there's only one value that gives us ex Cuba's here practical zero. And so there are many different ways to prove this. And one way to prove I'm going to use involved limit. So if we take the limit as X goes to negative infinity mhm of X Cube plus FX, what happened? So what actually happens is we get a really, really big negative infinity number because at execute growth, um, it was just for a negative 100 cube. That is still negative. So give us an even bigger negative infinity numbers. So we're gonna label that is negative infinity, and then we're gonna get plus e to the negative infinity. Now, recall that this is an exponent should eat any number raised to a negative exponents means you put it under you put it under his nominator. So this so e to the negative infinity become one over e to the infinity and one over a very large number approaches zero. So this approach is negative. Infinity now the limit as X goes to positive infinity of X cube plus e to the X. It just simply infinity plus infinity and infinity Plus infinity is still infinity. It's still a very large number. So now now you can see something very interesting happening. So when the number is very, very, very, very negative, it's negative Infinity. And this one is very, very, very positive. It's positive infinity. So that means that there is a point such that, um between negative infinity and infinity that this function has to cross the x axis. So there has to be a point where this is equal to zero. And this is true because we know this by the intermediate value zero. And we know this because this function executes but the effect is a continuous function. X cubed is a cubic funding is continuous and expert and each of the excess and expanding function which is also continuously and on all real numbers. So by the enemy of value theorem, we know for a fact that there is one group, but not that we know that there is at least a route, not necessarily one route to prove that there is only one route we have to take the derivative of X Cube plus 80 X, And the reason why is this tells us a lot about how the function is behaving and so three X square plus e. T. X. Because that's the derivative. And this derivative is always greater than zero is always increasing because X square. Even if you put a negative number, it is always positive. And so since this function is always positive, we know that it's always increasing. It never decreases. It always rises, it always goes up. And so when this is that negative infinity, we know that this has to cross the X axis ones because it's always going to be increasing. And so that proves that there's only one route. So by taking derivative, we prove that there's only one group because this function is always increasing on all domain, and so that proves it so. In general, when you're trying to prove whether the equation has one root, you were generally probably going to use the enemy value at some point to prove that there is even a route so That's a good That's a good start import and then the second. And then when you want to prove that there is only one route, there is a variety of way. But you can take a very easy way to check is to take the derivative and see how that function is increasingly decreasing on its in Vall. And I can tell you a lot about it, um, about his behavior, and I can tell you about whether there's one route group or give you some sort of sense of idea of how many routes they are. So in this case, we know that there was only one room because the function is always increasing and we know that there is a group due to the enemy factor I remember.
#### Topics
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##### Heather Z.
Oregon State University
##### Kristen K.
University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
##### Samuel H.
University of Nottingham
##### Michael J.
Idaho State University
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http://www.numdam.org/item/RCP25_1975__22__A8_0/ | Renormalizable Models with Broken Symmetries
Les rencontres physiciens-mathématiciens de Strasbourg -RCP25, Tome 22 (1975), Exposé no. 8, 50 p.
@article{RCP25_1975__22__A8_0,
author = {Lowenstein, J. H. and Rouet, A. and Stora, R. and Zimmermann, W.},
title = {Renormalizable {Models} with {Broken} {Symmetries}},
journal = {Les rencontres physiciens-math\'ematiciens de Strasbourg -RCP25},
note = {talk:8},
publisher = {Institut de Recherche Math\'ematique Avanc\'ee - Universit\'e Louis Pasteur},
volume = {22},
year = {1975},
language = {en},
url = {http://www.numdam.org/item/RCP25_1975__22__A8_0/}
}
TY - JOUR
AU - Lowenstein, J. H.
AU - Rouet, A.
AU - Stora, R.
AU - Zimmermann, W.
TI - Renormalizable Models with Broken Symmetries
JO - Les rencontres physiciens-mathématiciens de Strasbourg -RCP25
N1 - talk:8
PY - 1975
DA - 1975///
VL - 22
PB - Institut de Recherche Mathématique Avancée - Université Louis Pasteur
UR - http://www.numdam.org/item/RCP25_1975__22__A8_0/
LA - en
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ER -
Lowenstein, J. H.; Rouet, A.; Stora, R.; Zimmermann, W. Renormalizable Models with Broken Symmetries. Les rencontres physiciens-mathématiciens de Strasbourg -RCP25, Tome 22 (1975), Exposé no. 8, 50 p. http://www.numdam.org/item/RCP25_1975__22__A8_0/
[1] K. Hepp, Theorie de la Renormalisation. Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 2. Springer Verlag New York 1969. | MR 277208
K. Hepp, in "Statistical Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory", Les Houches 1970
K. Hepp, in "Statistical Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory", Gordon Breach New York (1971).
H. Epstein, V. Glaser, same volume.
W. Zimmermann, in "Lectures on Elementary Particles and Quantum Field Theory", Brandeis (1970) Vol. I.
W. Zimmermann, in "Lectures on Elementary Particles and Quantum Field Theory", MIT Press, Cambridge Mass, (1970)
E. R. Speer : Feynman Amplitudes, Princeton University Press (1965). | Zbl 0172.27301
[2] N. N. Bogoliubov, D. V. Shikov, "Introduction to the theory of quantized Fields", Interscience Pub. New York (1960). | Zbl 0088.21701
[3] H. Epstein, V. Glaser : The role of locality in Perturbation Theory, CERN TH 1400, 16 September 1971, to appear in Ann. Institut Poincaré. | Numdam | MR 342091 | Zbl 1216.81075
H. Epstein, V. Glaser, "Adiabatic Limit in Perturbation Theory" CERN TH 1344, 10 June 1971, in Meeting on Renormalization Theory, CNRS Marseille (1971).
[4] For a description of the n-dimensional regularization see, for instance, the forthcoming CERN report by G.'T Hooft, M. Veltman, also E. R. Speer, to appear.
[1] W. Zimmermann, Commun. math. Phys. 15, 208 (1969), | MR 255162 | Zbl 0192.61203
W. Zimmermann in "Lectures on Elementary Particles and Quantum Field Theory", Brandeis University, Vol. I, MIT Press., Cambridge Mass. (1970), Annals of Physics, to be published.
[2] J. H. Lowenstein, Phys. Rev. D4, 2281 (1971),
J. H. Lowenstein in "Seminars on Renormalization Theory", Vol. II, Maryland, Technical Report 73-068 (1972).
[3] K. Hepp, Commun, Math. Phys. 6, 161 (1967).
[4] J. H. Lowenstein, M. Weinstein and W. Zimmermann, to be publ.
[5] The convergence of the finite part (II.22) will be proved in a paper by M. Gomes, J. H. Lowenstein and W. Zimmermann, in preparation.
[6] It is assumed there that the number of mass parameters is not larger than the number of free parameters of the Lagrangian. For a discussion of this point see Chapter III, page 26
[7] In the models studied in Chapter IV one of the parameters ${\lambda }_{j}$ is not determined by renormalization conditions, but directly given as constant or power series in ${g}_{j}$. It can be shown for the cases considered that the Green's functions do not depend on the value of this parameter
[8] In unrenormalized form the action principle of quantum field theory is due to J. Schwinger, Phys. Rev. 91, 713 (1953).
Using Caianiello's renormalization method related formulae were derived in E. Caianiello, M. Marinaro, Nuovo Cimento 27, 1185 (1963) | Zbl 0112.45605
F. Guerra, M. Marinaro, Nuovo Cimento 42A, 306 (1966). The form (IV.24) is proved in ref. [2], it is also valid in the presence of anomalies.
[9] Y. Lam, Phys. Rev. D M. Gomes and J. H Lovenstein, to be published.
[10] A. Rouet, to be published J. H. Lowenstein, M. Weinstein and W. Zimmermann, to be publ.
[1] This is best explained in K. Symanzik, "Lectures on Symmetry Breaking" in Cargese (1970).
K. Symanzik, "Lectures on Symmetry Breaking" Gordon and Breah, New York (1972). | MR 464995
[2] J. H. Lowenstein, P.R. D4, 2281 (1971).
A. Rouet, R. Stora, Nuovo Cim. Lett. 4, 136, 139 (1972).
[3] R. Jost, The General Theory of Quantized Fields. A.M.S. Providence (1965). | MR 177667 | Zbl 0127.19105
[4] The formal "improved" energy momentum tensor was defined in : Cg. Callan, S. Coleman, R. Jackiv, Ann. Phys. 59, 42 (1970). | MR 261922 | Zbl 1092.83502
The present finite version is due to M. Bergere (private communication). The asymmetry identity was first found by A. Rouet, unpublished, and A. Rouet, R. Stora [2].
The general form of ${\Theta }_{\mu \nu }$ compatible with Ward identities was first given by K. Symanzik and K. Wilson, private communications (1970) and is now best described in terms of normal products, as done here.
[5] That the trace of the energy momentum tensor becomes soft at the GellMann Low value of the coupling constant, is shown in : B. Schroer, Lett. Nuov. Cim. 2, 867 (1971).
[6] K. Symanzik, unpublished and J. Lowenstein, Seminars on Renormalization Theory, Vol. II, Maryland Technical Report 73 - 068 (1972).
[7] Y. P. Lam, B. Schroer, to be published.
A. Rouet, Equivalence theorems for Effective Lagrangians, Marseille CNRS preprint 73/P. 528. March 1973.
[8] Arguments of this type may be found in : A. Becchi : "Absence of strong interactions to the axial anomaly in the $\sigma$ model", CERN TH 1611. January (1973). Comm. Math. Phys. to appear. | MR 1552599
[1] The material of this section will be published in a series of papers by J. H. Lowenstein, M. Weinstein, W. Zimmermann (part I and II)
The material of this section will be published in a series of papers J. H. Lowenstein, B. Schroer (part III).
[2] B. Lee, Nucl. Phys. B9, 649 (1969).
[3] K. Symanzik, Lett. Nuovo Cimento 2, 10 (1969)
K. Symanzik Commun. Math. Phys. 16, 48 (1970). | MR 266541
[4] For the proof see part II of ref. [1].
[5] For problems concerning unstable particles in perturbation theory we refer to M. Veltman, Physica 29, 122 (1969) and part III of ref. [1].
[6] For the formulation of the renormalization conditions see ref. [1].
[7] K. Symanzik, Lett. Nuovo Cimento 2, 10 (1969)
K. Symanzik Commun. Math. Phys. 16, 48 (1970). | MR 266541
F. Jegerlehner and B. Schroer, to be published.
[8] By appropriate choice of $𝒲$ one of the coefficients can be made to vanish in zero order, but not both.
[9] B. Lee, Phys. Rev. D5, 823 (1972).
[10] B. Lee and J. Zinn-Justin, to be published.
[11] The values given are the masses in zero order. Only for stable particles may the zero order values be identified with the exact masses by suitable normalization conditions.
[12] See ref. [1] , part III.
[1] This is the strategy advocated by J. Schwinger in : J. Schwinger "Particles Sources and Fields", Addison Wesley Pub. Co., Reading, Mass. (1970). | Zbl 0155.32302
J. Schwinger, "Particles and Sources", Gordon & Breach New York (1967) (Brandeis 1967). See also : | Zbl 0155.32302
A. Rouet, R. Stora, Lectures given at the Universities of Geneva and Lausanne (1973).
[2] Ch. III, Refs. [1] and [8]. The determination of an ${L}_{4}$ Lagrangian such that Ward identities hold, performed in Ref. [7] of Ch. III requires one more constraint than is allowed by the number of parameters at disposal. That constraint, a relation between some $r$ coefficients, can be shown to be automatically fulfilled by an argument concerning the high momentum behaviour of vertex functions. This argument is due to O. Piguet and similar to one used by him in the construction of an ${L}_{4}$ Lagrangian for the Higgs Kibble model with massive photons of Chapter IV. (O. Piguet, private communication).
[3] More details can be found in A. Rouet, R. Stora, Ref. [1]
A. Rouet, article in preparation.
[4] We wish to thank B.W. Lee for a discussion on this point.
[5] This way of obtaining the Slavnov identities can be found in : L. Quaranta, A. Rouet, R. Stora, E. Tirapegui "Spontaneously broken gauge invariance : Ward identities, Slavnov identities, gauge invariance", in "Renormalization of Yang Mills Fields and Applications to Particle Physics", CNRS Marseille, June 19-23 (1972), where however the treatment of renormalization formal due to the a priori possible occurence of infrared difficulties which does not happen in the treatment given in this chapter. Concerning the renormalization of gauge field theories see G.'t Hooft and B.W. Lee's Lectures, in this volume, where the original work by G.'t Hooft, B.W. Lee, M. Veltman, J. Zinn-Justin, is reported.
[6] Such a normalization condition was used in a version of the renormalization of the Higgs Kibble model in Stueckelberg's gauge, by J. H. Löwenstein, M. Weinstein, W. Zimmermann.
[7] J. H. Lowenstein, B. Schröer, PR. D 6, 1553 (1972). | 2022-07-01 23:06:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 8, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5555722117424011, "perplexity": 4376.830732115371}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103947269.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701220150-20220702010150-00591.warc.gz"} |
http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/ex/Exponential_distribution | ## Encyclopedia > Exponential distribution
Article Content
# Exponential distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the exponential distribution is a continuous probability distribution with the probability density function
$f(x) = \left\{\begin{matrix} \lambda e^{-\lambda x} &,\; x \ge 0 \\ 0 &,\; x < 0 \end{matrix}\right.$
where λ > 0 is a parameter of the distribution.
The graph below shows the probability density function for λ equal to 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5:
The expected value and standard deviation of an exponential random variable are both 1/λ (and thus its variance is 1/λ2.)
The exponential distribution is used to model Poisson processes, which are situations in which an object initially in state A can change to state B with constant probability per unit time λ. The time at which the state actually changes is described by an exponential random variable with parameter λ. Therefore, the integral from 0 to T over f is the probability that the object is in state B at time T.
The exponential distribution may be viewed as a continuous counterpart of the geometric distribution, which describes the number of Bernoulli trials necessary for a discrete process to change state. In contrast, the exponential distribution describes the time for a continuous process to change state.
Examples of variables that are approximately exponentially distributed are:
• the time until you have your next car accident
• the time until you get your next phone call
• the distance between mutations on a DNA strand
An important property of the exponential distribution is that it is memoryless. This means that if a random variable X is exponentially distributed, its conditional probability obeys
$P(X > s + t\; |\; X > t) = P(X > s) \;\; \hbox{for all}\ s, t \ge 0.$
In other words, the chance that the state change is going to happen in the next s seconds is unaffected by the amount of time that has already elapsed.
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Springs, New York ... and 34.9% are non-families. 26.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household ... | 2021-09-29 03:06:07 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7874292135238647, "perplexity": 338.60504034358087}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780061350.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210929004757-20210929034757-00176.warc.gz"} |
https://yuvalfilmus.cs.technion.ac.il/publications/papers/?id=687 | # PublicationsPapers
## The carromboard problem
Yuval Filmus
Manuscript
Snepscheut came up with the following puzzle. There is a table with four coins at the center of the four sides. The goal is to get all of the coins in the same orientation, that is, all heads or all tails. You never get to see the coins (you are blindfolded), but you can turn one or two of them. Prior to each move, the table is rotated by an arbitrary, unknown multiple of 90 degrees. How many moves do you need to reach the goal?
Dijkstra generalized the solution to $2^n$ sides. We consider an even more general problem, in which the table has $n$ sides, and the coins have $m$ “states” which are modified by addition modulo $m$ (more generally, one could think of a finite Abelian group for the state of the coins). We show that:
• The puzzle is solvable if and only if either $n=1$, $m=1$, or $n$ and $m$ are powers of the same prime.
• When m is prime, we explicitly describe all minimum-length solutions.
For similar results and more, see Rotating-table games and derivatives of words by Bar Yehuda, Etzion and Moran. | 2021-09-19 14:54:06 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7985283732414246, "perplexity": 328.71111283803737}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056890.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919125659-20210919155659-00635.warc.gz"} |
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?s=c5405532bc1ab6c4a921831a90472710&p=4245024 | ## Development of Bernoulli's equation
My book says:
$\frac{\partial V}{\partial s}\frac{ds}{dt}=-\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{dP}{ds}-g\frac{dz}{ds}$ (1.28)
The changes of pressure as a function of time cannot accelerate a fluid particle. This is because the same pressure would be acting at every instant on all sides of the fluid particles. Therefore, the partial differential can be replaced by the total derivative in Eq. (1.28)
$V\frac{dV}{ds}=-\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{dP}{ds}-g\frac{dz}{ds}$
I can't understand the explanation. Please, help me.
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The changes of pressure as a function of time cannot accelerate a fluid particle.
You need pressure to change as a function of space (position) to impart acceleration. That is you must have a a pressure difference at the same time. | 2013-05-22 21:19:10 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.33893468976020813, "perplexity": 834.0368835669872}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702447607/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110727-00020-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://docs.h2o.ai/h2o/latest-stable/h2o-docs/data-science/algo-params/missing_values_handling.html | # missing_values_handling¶
• Available in: Deep Learning, GLM, GAM
• Hyperparameter: yes
## Description¶
This option is used to specify the way that the algorithm will treat missing values. In H2O, the Deep Learning and GLM algorithms will either skip or mean-impute rows with NA values. The GLM algorithm can also use plug_values, which allows you to specify a single-row frame containing values that will be used to impute missing values of the training/validation frame. Both algorithms default to MeanImputation. Note that in Deep Learning, unseen categorical variables are imputed by adding an extra “missing” level. In GLM, unseen categorical levels are replaced by the most frequent level present in training (mod).
The fewer the NA values in your training data, the better. Always check degrees of freedom in the output model. Degrees of freedom is the number of observations used to train the model minus the size of the model (i.e., the number of features). If this number is much smaller than expected, it is likely that too many rows have been excluded due to missing values:
• If you have few columns with many NAs, you might accidentally be losing all your rows, so its better to exclude (skip) them.
• If you have many columns with a small fraction of uniformly distributed missing values, every row will likely have at least one missing value. In this case, impute the NAs (e.g., substitute the NAs with mean values) before modeling.
## Example¶
library(h2o)
h2o.init()
# import the boston dataset:
# this dataset looks at features of the boston suburbs and predicts median housing prices
# the original dataset can be found at https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Housing
boston <- h2o.importFile("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/gbm_test/BostonHousing.csv")
# set the predictor names and the response column name
predictors <- colnames(boston)[1:13]
# set the response column to "medv", the median value of owner-occupied homes in $1000's response <- "medv" # convert the chas column to a factor (chas = Charles River dummy variable (= 1 if tract bounds river; 0 otherwise)) boston["chas"] <- as.factor(boston["chas"]) # split into train and validation sets boston.splits <- h2o.splitFrame(data = boston, ratios = .8) train <- boston.splits[[1]] valid <- boston.splits[[2]] # insert missing values at random (this method happens inplace) h2o.insertMissingValues(boston) # check the number of missing values print(paste("missing:", sum(is.na(boston)), sep = ", ")) # try using the missing_values_handling parameter: boston_glm <- h2o.glm(x = predictors, y = response, training_frame = train, missing_values_handling = "Skip", validation_frame = valid) # print the mse for the validation data print(h2o.mse(boston_glm, valid=TRUE)) # grid over missing_values_handling # select the values for missing_values_handling to grid over hyper_params <- list( missing_values_handling = c("Skip", "MeanImputation") ) # this example uses cartesian grid search because the search space is small # and we want to see the performance of all models. For a larger search space use # random grid search instead: {'strategy': "RandomDiscrete"} # build grid search with previously made GLM and hyperparameters grid <- h2o.grid(x = predictors, y = response, training_frame = train, validation_frame = valid, algorithm = "glm", grid_id = "boston_grid", hyper_params = hyper_params, search_criteria = list(strategy = "Cartesian")) # Sort the grid models by mse sortedGrid <- h2o.getGrid("boston_grid", sort_by = "mse", decreasing = FALSE) sortedGrid import h2o from h2o.estimators.glm import H2OGeneralizedLinearEstimator h2o.init() # import the boston dataset: # this dataset looks at features of the boston suburbs and predicts median housing prices # the original dataset can be found at https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Housing boston = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/gbm_test/BostonHousing.csv") # set the predictor names and the response column name predictors = boston.columns[:-1] # set the response column to "medv", the median value of owner-occupied homes in$1000's
response = "medv"
# convert the chas column to a factor (chas = Charles River dummy variable (= 1 if tract bounds river; 0 otherwise))
boston['chas'] = boston['chas'].asfactor()
# insert missing values at random (this method happens inplace)
boston.insert_missing_values()
# check the number of missing values
print('missing:', boston.isna().sum())
# split into train and validation sets
train, valid = boston.split_frame(ratios = [.8])
# try using the missing_values_handling parameter:
# initialize the estimator then train the model
boston_glm = H2OGeneralizedLinearEstimator(missing_values_handling = "skip")
boston_glm.train(x = predictors, y = response, training_frame = train, validation_frame = valid)
# print the mse for the validation data
print(boston_glm.mse(valid=True))
# grid over missing_values_handling
# import Grid Search
from h2o.grid.grid_search import H2OGridSearch
# select the values for missing_values_handling to grid over
hyper_params = {'missing_values_handling': ["skip", "mean_imputation"]}
# this example uses cartesian grid search because the search space is small
# and we want to see the performance of all models. For a larger search space use
# random grid search instead: {'strategy': "RandomDiscrete"}
# initialize the GLM estimator
boston_glm_2 = H2OGeneralizedLinearEstimator()
# build grid search with previously made GLM and hyperparameters
grid = H2OGridSearch(model = boston_glm_2, hyper_params = hyper_params,
search_criteria = {'strategy': "Cartesian"})
# train using the grid
grid.train(x = predictors, y = response, training_frame = train, validation_frame = valid)
# sort the grid models by mse
sorted_grid = grid.get_grid(sort_by='mse', decreasing=False)
print(sorted_grid) | 2020-04-07 21:10:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.31617629528045654, "perplexity": 4791.760474621398}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371805747.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407183818-20200407214318-00197.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/cartesian-unit-vectors-expressed-by-cylindrical-unit-vectors.773839/ | # Cartesian unit vectors expressed by Cylindrical unit vectors
1. Oct 1, 2014
### chenrim
please someone explain me the following expression for Cartesian unit vectors expressed by the cylindrical unit vectors:
http://web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/materials/modules/ReviewB.pdf
at page B-8 line B.2.4
i would like to know which steps led to it.
thanks,
Chen
2. Oct 1, 2014
### Staff: Mentor
One way to think of this is in terms of matrices:
$$\begin{bmatrix} \hat{\rho} \\ \hat{\phi} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} cos(\phi) & sin(\phi) \\ -sin(\phi) & cos(\phi) \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \hat{i} \\ \hat{j}\end{bmatrix}$$
Apply the inverse of the above matrix to get a vector with the unit vectors i and j. The inverse is:
$$\begin{bmatrix} cos(\phi) & -sin(\phi) \\ -sin(\phi) & cos(\phi) \end{bmatrix}$$
3. Oct 1, 2014
### chenrim
I tried to understand it by the geometry of it
but that's a better way to understand it.
Thanks | 2017-09-25 22:19:38 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6082369685173035, "perplexity": 1485.9934358794255}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693459.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925220350-20170926000350-00547.warc.gz"} |
https://www.r-bloggers.com/2013/04/calculate-fantasy-players-risk-levels-using-r-2/ | [This article was first published on Fantasy Football Analytics » R | Fantasy Football Analytics, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers]. (You can report issue about the content on this page here)
Want to share your content on R-bloggers? click here if you have a blog, or here if you don't.
In prior posts, I have demonstrated how to download, calculate, and compare fantasy football projections from ESPN, CBS, and NFL.com. In this post, I will demonstrate how to calculate fantasy football players’ risk levels. Just like when determining the optimal financial portfolio, risk is important to consider when determining the optimal fantasy football team. Each player has a projected value (our best guess as to his projected points). We can think of the player’s mean or central tendency of various projections as his “value.” Nevertheless, the player’s mean projected points across various sources (e.g., ESPN, Yahoo) does not tell the whole story.
### The R Script
The R Script for the “Understanding Risk” section is at:
The R Script for the “Calculating Risk” section is at:
### Understanding Risk
Consider 3 players: Player A, Player B, and Player C. Each of the 3 players has the same number of projected points (150 points). The various sources of projections differ, however, in how consistent their projections are for the players. We will define consistency formally in terms of the dispersion of the projections for a given player in standard deviation units. The standard deviation tells us about the uncertainty of a player’s projections around his central tendency, with larger values representing more uncertainty. Sources were fairly consistent in projecting Player A, with a standard deviation of 5. Sources were less consistent in projecting Player B, with a standard deviation of 15. Sources were even more uncertain about Player C, with a standard deviation of 30.
This example is depicted below:
Each player has the same number of projected points, but each differs in the uncertainty around that estimate. We can consider the density plot (or the 95% confidence interval) as the range of plausible values for a player. So which player is best? The answer depends on whether you intend to draft the player as a starter or a bench player. If your intent is to draft a starter, your goal is to maximize value while minimizing risk. In other words, Player A would be the best (i.e., safest) starter. He may not score as many points as Players B or C, but you can be fairly confident that he will produce near his projected estimate. On the other hand, if you’ve already filled your starting lineup with players that maximize their value while minimizing their risk, the bench players serve a different role—the role of sleeper. Bench players do not score points, so it does no good to get a player with a low value and a low risk as a bench player. With bench players, it makes sense to take on more risk in the hopes that they will outperform your starters. Thus, if drafting a bench player, Player C would be best (i.e., gives you the highest potential ceiling).
### Calculating Risk
We can calculate two forms of risk: 1) variation in projections and 2) variation in rankings. In the example above, we calculated variations in projections by calculating the standard deviation of sources of player projections. We can also calculation variation in rankings by calculating the standard deviation of sources of player rankings.
To calculate the variation in projections, we calculate the standard deviation of the players’ projections from ESPN, CBS, and NFL.com:
for (i in 1:dim(projections)[1]){
projections$sdPts[i] sd(projections[i,c("projectedPts_espn","projectedPts_cbs","projectedPts_nfl")], na.rm=TRUE) } To calculate the variation in rankings, we calculate the standard deviation of the players’ rankings from experts and from “wisdom of the crowd.” We can get the consensus rankings from various so-called experts from FantasyPros.com, which averages rankings across various sources: experts ("http://www.fantasypros.com/nfl/rankings/consensus-cheatsheets.php", stringsAsFactors = FALSE)$data
experts$sdPick_experts as.numeric(experts[,"Std Dev"]) For an example of calculating variations in rankings from wisdom of the crowd, see here. We can get crowd estimates of rankings by using public mock draft information from FantasyFootballCalculator.com: drafts ("http://fantasyfootballcalculator.com/adp.php?teams=10", stringsAsFactors = FALSE)$NULL
drafts$sdPick_crowd as.numeric(drafts$Std.Dev)
Then, we can average together the variation in rankings from the experts and the crowd. After calculating the combined variations in rankings, we can standardize the variation in projections and the combined variations in rankings with a z-score. Standardizing both risk indices puts them on the same metric (mean = 0, standard deviation = 1), so that they can be averaged into a combined risk index. The risk indices were then rescaled to have a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2.
The 6 players with the highest risk on our combined risk index are the following (risk in parentheses):
Jake Locker (10.6)
Russell Wilson (12.4)
Kevin Smith (10.9)
John Skelton (9.9)
Matt Flynn (16.0)
Joe McKnight (10.3)
Note that these are not the highest risk players for next year because the projections came from last year (the projections for next year are not currently available). I will update my risk calculations when they become available.
Here is a density plot of the risk indices of all players:
### In Conclusion
In conclusion, it is important to consider risk in addition to projected points scored. Risk is not intrinsically good or bad. In general, we should take less risk when drafting starters, but more risk when drafting bench players. In a future post, I will demonstrate how to use players’ values and risk levels to optimize your fantasy lineup.
The post Calculate Fantasy Players’ Risk Levels using R appeared first on Fantasy Football Analytics. | 2021-12-06 00:13:10 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6674598455429077, "perplexity": 2087.5767427015094}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363226.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205221915-20211206011915-00543.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/countably-infinite-sets.362187/ | # Countably infinite sets
#### zeebo17
Hi,
I was wondering if two sets are disjoint countably infinite sets why is their Cartesian product also countably infinite?
Thanks!
#### farful
You can order your two sets a_1,a_2,a_3,.... and b_1,b_2,b_3 mapping them onto the set of natural numbers.
Then, you can form a triangular mapping recursively (like you do to prove that the set of rational numbers is countably infinite)... so:
(a_1,b_1) maps to 1,
(a_1,b_2) maps to 2,
(a_2,b_1) maps to 3,
(a_1,b_3) maps to 4,
(a_2,b_2) maps to 5, etc. etc.
#### CharmedQuark
Another way to think about the problem...
Since we have two countably infinite sets call them A , B we can define two bijections:
$$\alpha$$: N $$\rightarrow$$ A and $$\varphi$$: N $$\rightarrow$$ B.
We can then define another function $$\zeta$$: N $$\rightarrow$$ A X B as $$\zeta$$(n) = ( $$\alpha$$(n) , $$\varphi$$(n) ).
$$\zeta$$ is a bijection since $$\alpha$$ and $$\varphi$$ are bijections and therefore A X B is countable.
#### grief
CharmedQuark, what you said isn't exactly correct, since your constructed function from N to AxB won't be surjective.
#### HallsofIvy
Good point, in fact, it is very badly non surjective!
For example, if $\alpha(2)= p$ and $\beta(2)= q$, then $\zeta(2)= (p, q)$ but there is NO other $\zeta(n)$ giving a pair having p as its first member nor is there any other n so that $\zeta(n)$ is pair having q as its second member.
#### CharmedQuark
Good point, in fact, it is very badly non surjective!
For example, if $\alpha(2)= p$ and $\beta(2)= q$, then $\zeta(2)= (p, q)$ but there is NO other $\zeta(n)$ giving a pair having p as its first member nor is there any other n so that $\zeta(n)$ is pair having q as its second member.
Yeah I wrote it last night and wasn't paying attention to what I was writing. The function should instead be a function from N X N $$\rightarrow$$ A X B. Other than that little error the principle is the same. $$\zeta$$( n$$_{1}$$ , n$$_{2}$$ ) = ( $$\alpha$$( n$$_{1}$$ ) , $$\varphi$$( n$$_{2}$$ ) ). This function is a bijection and N X N is countable so any cartesian product of two countably infinite sets is countable.
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• Solo and co-op problem solving | 2019-03-25 19:56:55 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9435237646102905, "perplexity": 1102.1898399314148}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204300.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325194225-20190325220225-00522.warc.gz"} |
https://pkgs.rstudio.com/rmarkdown/reference/beamer_presentation.html | Format for converting from R Markdown to a Beamer presentation.
beamer_presentation(
toc = FALSE,
slide_level = NULL,
number_sections = FALSE,
incremental = FALSE,
fig_width = 10,
fig_height = 7,
fig_crop = "auto",
fig_caption = TRUE,
dev = "pdf",
df_print = "default",
theme = "default",
colortheme = "default",
fonttheme = "default",
highlight = "default",
template = "default",
keep_tex = FALSE,
keep_md = FALSE,
latex_engine = "pdflatex",
citation_package = c("default", "natbib", "biblatex"),
self_contained = TRUE,
includes = NULL,
md_extensions = NULL,
pandoc_args = NULL
)
## Arguments
toc
TRUE to include a table of contents in the output (only level 1 headers will be included in the table of contents).
slide_level
The heading level which defines individual slides. By default this is the highest header level in the hierarchy that is followed immediately by content, and not another header, somewhere in the document. This default can be overridden by specifying an explicit slide_level.
number_sections
TRUE to number section headings
incremental
TRUE to render slide bullets incrementally. Note that if you want to reverse the default incremental behavior for an individual bullet you can precede it with >. For example: > - Bullet Text. See more in Pandoc's Manual
fig_width
Default width (in inches) for figures
fig_height
Default height (in inches) for figures
fig_crop
Whether to crop PDF figures with the command pdfcrop. This requires the tools pdfcrop and ghostscript to be installed. By default, fig_crop = TRUE if these two tools are available.
fig_caption
TRUE to render figures with captions
dev
Graphics device to use for figure output (defaults to pdf)
df_print
Method to be used for printing data frames. Valid values include "default", "kable", "tibble", and "paged". The "default" method uses a corresponding S3 method of print, typically print.data.frame. The "kable" method uses the knitr::kable function. The "tibble" method uses the tibble package to print a summary of the data frame. The "paged" method creates a paginated HTML table (note that this method is only valid for formats that produce HTML). In addition to the named methods you can also pass an arbitrary function to be used for printing data frames. You can disable the df_print behavior entirely by setting the option rmarkdown.df_print to FALSE. See Data frame printing section in bookdown book for examples.
theme
Beamer theme (e.g. "AnnArbor").
colortheme
Beamer color theme (e.g. "dolphin").
fonttheme
Beamer font theme (e.g. "structurebold").
highlight
Syntax highlighting style passed to Pandoc.
Supported built-in styles include "default", "tango", "pygments", "kate", "monochrome", "espresso", "zenburn", "haddock", and "breezedark".
Two custom styles are also included, "arrow", an accessible color scheme, and "rstudio", which mimics the default IDE theme. Alternatively, supply a path to a .theme file to use a custom Pandoc style. Note that custom theme requires Pandoc 2.0+.
Pass NULL to prevent syntax highlighting.
template
Pandoc template to use for rendering. Pass "default" to use the rmarkdown package default template; pass NULL to use pandoc's built-in template; pass a path to use a custom template that you've created. See the documentation on pandoc online documentation for details on creating custom templates.
keep_tex
Keep the intermediate tex file used in the conversion to PDF
keep_md
Keep the markdown file generated by knitting.
latex_engine
LaTeX engine for producing PDF output. Options are "pdflatex", "lualatex", "xelatex" and "tectonic".
citation_package
The LaTeX package to process citations, natbib or biblatex. Use default if neither package is to be used, which means citations will be processed via the command pandoc-citeproc.
self_contained
Whether to generate a full LaTeX document (TRUE) or just the body of a LaTeX document (FALSE). Note the LaTeX document is an intermediate file unless keep_tex = TRUE.
includes
Named list of additional content to include within the document (typically created using the includes function).
md_extensions
Markdown extensions to be added or removed from the default definition of R Markdown. See the rmarkdown_format for additional details.
pandoc_args
Additional command line options to pass to pandoc
## Value
R Markdown output format to pass to render()
## Details
See the online documentation for additional details on using the beamer_presentation format.
Creating Beamer output from R Markdown requires that LaTeX be installed.
R Markdown documents can have optional metadata that is used to generate a document header that includes the title, author, and date. For more details see the documentation on R Markdown metadata.
R Markdown documents also support citations. You can find more information on the markdown syntax for citations in the Bibliographies and Citations article in the online documentation.
## Examples
if (FALSE) {
library(rmarkdown)
# simple invocation
render("pres.Rmd", beamer_presentation())
# specify an option for incremental rendering
render("pres.Rmd", beamer_presentation(incremental = TRUE))
} | 2022-12-10 01:00:36 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2217443287372589, "perplexity": 8273.218098658906}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711637.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210005738-20221210035738-00825.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1683252/eigenvectors-of-diagonally-dominant-matrices | Eigenvectors of Diagonally Dominant Matrices
Given a diagonally dominant positive semi definite matrix $A \in R^{n\times n}$, with eigen decomposition $A = U\Sigma U^T$, can we say anything about the form of $U$.
For example, to sample uniformly from the space of matrices with eigenvalues as the diagonal elements of $\Sigma$ we sample the first vector of $U$ from the unit hyper sphere $U_1 \sim \text{uniform}(S^{D})$, and the $n^{th}$ vector, $U_n$, from the hypersphere spanned by the subspace orthogonal to $U_{1:n-1}$. Is this also the case for diagonally dominated matrices?
In the case $A = I$ (as diagonally dominant as you can get!), $U$ can be any orthogonal matrix, so in this case the answer is no.
There might be something you could say if the eigenvalues of $A$ are all distinct. | 2019-10-15 08:23:01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9560263156890869, "perplexity": 119.90495210088551}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986657949.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015082202-20191015105702-00018.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/991194/cyclic-hexagon-circumradius | A cyclic hexagon has side lengths of 2, 2, 7, 7, 11, 11, in that order. Find the length of its circumradius.
Not sure if there is a theorem or formula for this, but I tried dividing it into 30°, 60°, 90° triangles. Is that a possible way to approach the problem? If there is a theorem that can be used for this I would love to know. Any help is greatly appreciated.
• Perhaps you could connect opposite vertices and using cyclic quadrilateral theorems to find the circumradius? – Pakquebchsoflwty Oct 26 '14 at 3:24
• I've tried, but it's not working out, or perhaps I'm forgetting something – Lulu Uy Oct 26 '14 at 3:35
• Check this out, see if it helps-ftp.jssac.org/Editor/Suushiki/V18/No1/V18N1_102.pdf – Pakquebchsoflwty Oct 26 '14 at 3:40
• I didn't check my working below but I think I found the trick. =) – user21820 Oct 26 '14 at 3:43
• It makes sense thanks a million. The only problem is the answer key says its 49π so perhaps they meant to ask for the area of the circumscribed circle? Im not sure – Lulu Uy Oct 26 '14 at 3:47
Adjacent edges in a cyclic polygon can be swapped without changing the circumradius. Thus all the edges can be permuted without changing the circumradius. Thus we can rearrange the side lengths of the given hexagon to be (2,7,11,2,7,11). Now opposite points are diameters of the circumcircle, and so it reduces to a cyclic quadrilateral with one side being a diameter and the others being (2,7,11). Let the diameter be $d$ and the diagonals of the quadrilateral be $x,y$. We get:
$x y = 2 \times 11 + 7 d$ [by Ptolemy's theorem]
$x^2 + 11^2 = d^2$ [by Pythagoras' theorem]
$y^2 + 2^2 = d^2$ [by Pythagoras' theorem]
Then we get:
$(d^2-121)(d^2-4) = x^2 y^2 = (7d+22)^2$
$d^4-125d^2+484 = 49d^2+308d+484$
$d^3-125d = 49d+308$ [because $d>0$]
$d^3 - 174d - 308 = 0$
$(d-14)(d^2+14d+22) = 0$
$(d-14)((d+7)^2-27) = 0$
$d=14$ [because $d>0$]
In general would be the solution for
$4 R^3 -(a^2+b^2+c^2) R - a b c = 0$
$P = \sqrt[3]{ \sqrt{4(-12)^3(a^2+b^2+c^2)^3 + 2^8 3^6 a^2 b^2 c^2} + 2^4 3^3 a b c }$
$R = \frac{P}{12 \sqrt[3]{2}} + \frac{\sqrt[3]{2} (a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2})}{P}$
then
$a=2, b=7, c=11$
$4 R^3 - 174 R - 154 = 0$
$R = 7$
• It's impossible to follow you, right from the beginning... – Jean Marie Sep 20 '17 at 13:55
Let us look at a general development involving a hexagon $ABCDEF$ with sides $a,a,b,b,c,c$. To avoid degenerate cases it is assumed these lengths are distinct, and wlog for definiteness $c$ is assumed to be the maximum of the three. Following @user21820 we can reorder the sides as desired, and I choose $|AB|=|FA|=a,|BC|=|EF|=b,|CD|=|DE|=c$. This gives a cyclic hexagon with a mirror line $DA$, thus the hexagon is reduced to quadrilateral $ABCD$ with $DA$ as a diameter of the circumcircle, thus $|DA|=2r$.
Draw diagonal $AC$. With $DA$ a diameter, $\angle ACD$ is a right angle and then $\triangle ACD$ gives:
$|AC|^2=4r^2-c^2$ Eq. 1
$\cos \angle CDA=(c/2r)$ Eq. 2
The Law of Cosines is also applied to $\triangle ABC$:
$\cos \angle ABC=(a^2+b^2+c^2-4r^2)/(2ab)$ Eq. 3
Here, Eq. 1 was used to render the length of $AC$.
In a convex cyclic quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary and thus the cosines in Eqs. 2 and 3 must be negatives of each other. Forming that equation, clearing fractions and collecting terms gives a cubic equation for $r$:
$P_3(r)=4r^3-(a^2+b^2+c^2)r-abc=0$ Eq. 4
Eq. 4 is in general irreducible but we can render its roots with sufficient precision to identify its key properties. First off, Descartes' Rule of Signs identifies exactly one positive root. This will be the root corresponding to the convex quadrilateral, and thus to the convex hexagon formed from the quadrilateral and it's mirror image, provided that the (nondegenerate) existence condition
$c/2 < r < (a+b+c)/2$
is satisfied. This says the diameter has to be longer than the longest given side but shorter than the sum of all three other sides. To check this, substitute the bounding values of $r$ into $P_3(r)$ from Eq. 4:
$P_3(c/2)=-((a+b)^2c)/2<0$
$P_3((a+b+c)/2)=ab(a+b)+ac(a+c)+bc(b+c)+2abc>0$
By continuity the root must lie between these bounds guaranteeing the geometric existence of a convex solution.
We then throw out the remaining, negative roots because they do not correspond to real objects ... or do they? It is possible to render $ABCD$ not as a convex quadrilateral but as a "crossed" quadrilateral in which two "opposite" sides, such as $AB$ and $CD$, are crossed over each other. The hexagon formed by combining the quadrilateral with its mirror image across $DA$ will also be crossed.
Crossing the sides like this effectively reverses the orientation of one side, leading to a reversed sign; but we require $a,b,c>0$. So the diameter must be "reversed" and thus a crossed quadrilateral will show up as negative root for $r$. The radius of the circumcircle in this case will be the absolute value of $r$ which must satisfy existence conditions analogous to the convex case:
$-(a+b+c)/2 < r < -c/2$
So the values of $P_3(r)$ at the bounding values may be checked as before:
$P_3(-c/2)=((a-b)^2c)/2>0$
$P_3(-(a+b+c)/2)=-(ab(a+b)+ac(a+c)+bc(b+c)+4abc)<0$
Thus one negative root corresponds to the existence of crossed polygons. The other does not correspond to real geometric objects, but it still has its influence: since this "bad" root is negative (it must be so by Descartes' Rule of Signs) and all three roots of Eq. 4 must sum to zero, the "good" crossed polygon root must correspond to a smaller circumcircle than the positive, convex root.
For the specific case at hand, Eq. 4 divided by a common factor of $2$ gives:
$2r^3-87r-77=(r-7)(2r^2+14r+11)=0$
And the roots may be interpreted as follows:
$r=+7$: convex quadrilaterals/hexagons inscribed in a circle of radius $7$
$r=-(7+3\sqrt{3})/2$: crossed polygons inscribed in a circle of radius approximately $6.1$
$r=-(7-3\sqrt{3})/2$: No geometric solutions. | 2020-07-09 11:58:40 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8616116642951965, "perplexity": 366.7913508133489}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655899931.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709100539-20200709130539-00439.warc.gz"} |
https://trac-hacks.org/ticket/8341 | Opened 12 years ago
Closed 11 years ago
SVN post commit hook MERGE message reported
Reported by: Owned by: Anders Hedberg Russ Tyndall normal TimingAndEstimationPlugin normal 0.12
Description
When using the latest 0.12 version of the trac-post-commit-hook I got a strange MERGE message back on checkin to subversion. My local copy of the checked in file did not advance the version number, but the subversion repository got the new file-version. The ticket was not updated either.
An older version (I saved previously for 0.11) of the hook script works ok so I assume that it is only the trac-...-hook script that is malfunctioning. I could not find any helpful things in the logs for apache,trac or the hook script itself.
I'm using Eclipse 3.5.2 with Subclipse (which put up the dialogbox with the MERGE message) Subversion on server is version 1.6.12. Trac is 0.12.
comment:1 Changed 12 years ago by Russ Tyndall
Well you haven't given me much to work with here. I have tested that script, but it is modified from my default (which interacts with more/other systems), so their could be bugs. If you message didnt get through that sound like a bug.
Did you get the log for the commit hook or if you did, what was in it? (It looks like by default I have logging setup oddly). But if you are not getting a log make sure that the logfile and LOG variables make sense, and that the script has permission to write to that location. After you get logging of some sort working, please post it here and I will see if we cant get it working.
HTH, Russ
comment:2 follow-up: 3 Changed 12 years ago by Anders Hedberg
This is the log-message of the commit hook on the Trac side. Enjoy ;-)
Begin Log cmd_groups:[(u'references', u'#273 (1)', u'1', u)] cmd:references, tkts#273 (1) tkt_id:273, vals[[<bound method CommitHook?._cmdRefs of <main.CommitHook? inst ance at 0x9c7a74c>>, u'1']] Setting ticket:<trac.ticket.model.Ticket object at 0xa1c1d8c> spent: 1.0
comment:3 in reply to: 2 Changed 12 years ago by Anders Hedberg
This is the log-message of the commit hook on the Trac side. Enjoy ;-)
Begin Log cmd_groups:[(u'references', u'#273 (1)', u'1', u)] cmd:references, tkts#273 (1) tkt_id:273, vals[[<bound method CommitHook?._cmdRefs of <main.CommitHook? inst ance at 0x9c7a74c>>, u'1']] Setting ticket:<trac.ticket.model.Ticket object at 0xa1c1d8c> spent: 1.0
I forgot to add that it looks exactly like the logmessage of the old working script when testing. (besides the 0x-numbers)
comment:4 follow-up: 5 Changed 12 years ago by Russ Tyndall
hrm... well, that looks like it should work (especially if it was matches the old one line for line).
Can I get a copy or screen shot of the weird MERGE message? Also just to make sure I understand:
• The commit to the repository was successful
• Your working copy did not correctly update to the latest new revision
• What is your svn status after the half commit?
• What happens when you svn update?
• I assume this is perfectly repeatable on your end ? (ie: every commit behaves the same)
I am trying to duplicate this on my end at the moment (on a fresh svn repo)
Changed 12 years ago by Anders Hedberg
Attachment: 2010-12-28 21-42-41 Merge error.png added
Merge error
Changed 12 years ago by Anders Hedberg
New try with a gif file and no space...
comment:5 in reply to: 4 Changed 12 years ago by Anders Hedberg
Can I get a copy or screen shot of the weird MERGE message? Also just to make sure I understand:
• The commit to the repository was successful
Yes.
• Your working copy did not correctly update to the latest new revision
Yes.
• What is your svn status after the half commit?
Don't know, not using command line subversion.
• What happens when you svn update?
From the console window in Eclipse (first is commit, then separate update):
commit -m "References #273 (0.5)..." C:/Users/Anders/workspace/Swegon/dummy_test.txt
Sending Users/Anders/workspace/Swegon/dummy_test.txt
Transmitting file data ...
RA layer request failed
svn: Commit failed (details follow):
svn: MERGE of '/svn/trunk': 200 OK (https://gw.join.ideon.se:447)
G C:/Users/Anders/workspace/Swegon/dummy_test.txt
Updated to revision 493.
===== File Statistics: =====
Merged: 1
• I assume this is perfectly repeatable on your end ? (ie: every commit behaves the same)
Yes, at least two times. Going into the repository view and then manually overwriting the file from the repository makes the local copy ok.
I am trying to duplicate this on my end at the moment (on a fresh svn repo)
comment:6 Changed 12 years ago by Russ Tyndall
I added some better error logging to the scripts (so you might wish to update like the last 10 lines of your file to match this revision).
You should try running the post commit script manually as below and post any errors you get.
From the trac-post-commit directory try executing:
./trac-post-commit.py -u 'youruser' -p '/var/trac/yourTracUrl' -r 493
I was able to execute mine and get no obvious errors, do you get any?
Thanks, Russ
comment:7 Changed 12 years ago by Russ Tyndall
This is the svn post-commit I am using, it might give you better logging?
#!/bin/bash
log() {
do
echo "[$(date +'%T')]$data" | tee -a $LOG || continue done } set -e REPOS="$1"
REV="$2" CNAME=basename "$REPOS"
export LOGDIR="/var/log/commit-hooks"
LOG="${LOGDIR}/$CNAME.svn-post-commit.log"
mkdir -p "${LOGDIR}" echo "date +'%F' in svn post commit :$REPOS : $REV" | log MESSAGE=svnlook log -r$REV $REPOS AUTHOR=svnlook author -r$REV $REPOS if [ -z "$TRAC_ENV" ] && [ -e "/var/trac/$CNAME" ]; then export TRAC_ENV="/var/trac/$CNAME"
fi
echo "TracEnv:$TRAC_ENV Repo:$REPOS Rev:$REV Auth:$AUTHOR" | log
/usr/bin/python /path/to/your/trac-post-commit.py -p "$TRAC_ENV" -r "$REV" -u "$AUTHOR" -m "$MESSAGE" 2>&1 | log
echo "Done with trac: \$?" | log
comment:8 Changed 11 years ago by anonymous
Resolution: → fixed new → closed
Sorry to bother you with the above. I had an urgent delivery problem and was not able to check more into this at that time, needed to get things out the door to the customer.
I found the error. I had executed the logging post-commit scripts as root on my debian machine for testing, and thus created a log-file owned by root not writeable by the www-data user. When checking in code to svn/apache the scripts was executed as www-data, and there was a "Permission denied" when opening the log/commithook.log file and the trac-post-commit-hook crashed with an IOError exception. (just as it should, just hard to debug this particular error ;-) Thanks for the help with the scripts anyway! /Anders H.
Modify Ticket
Change Properties | 2022-06-28 05:23:46 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23810839653015137, "perplexity": 9210.224954952799}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103355949.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628050721-20220628080721-00247.warc.gz"} |
http://docs.itascacg.com/3dec700/flac3d/zone/doc/manual/zone_manual/zone_commands/cmd_zone.property-distribution.html | # zone property-distribution command
Syntax
zone property-distribution <[property] fvalue > keyword ... <range>
Primary keywords:
Modify a zone constitutive model property. The property should accept a value of type float. While technically any valid type can be used here, none of the distribution keywords will apply and the zone property command should probably be used instead.
The phrase that modifies the value must be given immediately following the property value. For more information on modifying values and the operation of these keywords, see the Value Modifiers topic.
The special density keyword can be given as a property as well, assigning density to zones; this is not a constitutive model property but stored within the zone class.
deviation-gaussian f
A Gaussian distribution is used to assign the property values randomly, with a mean of fvalue and standard deviation of f .
deviation-uniform f
A uniform distribution is used to assign the property values randomly, with a mean value of fvalue and a standard deviation of f.
gradient v <origin v >
Apply a gradient to the property value.
Add fvalue to the property value.
multiply
Multiply the property value by fvalue.
vary v
Apply a linear variation to the property value.
Usage Example
The following example illustrates how zone property-distribution can be used
zone property-distribution cohesion 600 deviation-gaussian 10
The above example is to input Gaussian distribution of cohesion with a mean of 600 and standard deviation of 10. | 2022-06-30 16:38:20 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3544520437717438, "perplexity": 2702.402526497363}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103850139.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630153307-20220630183307-00269.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/double-exponents-question.678892/ | # Double Exponents Question
1. Mar 16, 2013
### notnottrue
Hi,
If all x,a,b and c are all natural numbers, is this true?
$x^{a^b} = (x^{a^{b-1}})^a$
Proof
if $c = a^{b-1}$
$ca = (a^{b-1})a = a^b$
and $(x^c)^a = x^{ca} = x^{a^b}$
Could I please have some feedback on this,
Thanks
2. Mar 16, 2013
### pwsnafu
There is no universal agreement on whether zero is a natural number. You are going to need write "positive integer" or deal with the case when one or a number of the variables are zero separately.
Last edited: Mar 16, 2013
3. Mar 17, 2013
### Mentallic
Yes, and the proof doesn't require any substitutions either. Simply following your exponent laws,
$$\left(x^{a^{b-1}}\right)^a$$
$$=x^{a^{b-1}a}$$
$$=x^{a^{b-1+1}}$$
$$=x^{a^b}$$ | 2018-01-17 15:13:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5640614032745361, "perplexity": 2492.558074901282}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886946.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117142113-20180117162113-00162.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/precalculus/precalculus-6th-edition-blitzer/chapter-1-review-exercises-page-303/104 | ## Precalculus (6th Edition) Blitzer
The function $h\left( x \right)$ can be written as a composition of the functions $f\left( x \right)={{x}^{4}}\text{ and }g\left( x \right)={{x}^{2}}+2x-1$.
Consider the functions $f\left( x \right)={{x}^{4}}$ and $g\left( x \right)={{x}^{2}}+2x-1$. Then, \begin{align} & h\left( x \right)={{\left( {{x}^{2}}+2x-1 \right)}^{4}} \\ & =f\left( g\left( x \right) \right) \end{align} Hence, the function x can be written as a composition of the above functions. | 2019-12-11 08:52:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 1.0000027418136597, "perplexity": 335.55331290752173}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540530452.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211074417-20191211102417-00314.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/20871-profit.html | # Math Help - Profit
1. ## Profit
The profit from making and selling x units of a product is given by P(x)= .05x^6+16x-600 dollars. How many units should be produced and sold in order to make a profit of $2200? 2. P(x)= .05x^6+16x-600 -----?? 0.05x^6? I assume that should be P(x) = 0.05x^2 +16x -600 So if profit =$2200,
2200 = 0.05x^2 +16x -600
0.05x^2 +16x -600 -2200
0.05x^2 +16x -2800 = 0
Divide both sides by 0.05,
x^2 +320x -56,000 = 0 | 2016-07-23 16:33:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24220284819602966, "perplexity": 5791.426510848899}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823072.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00259-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.wptricks.com/question/how-do-i-add-a-div-class-to-the-posts-in-a-filter-and-not-the-entire-filter-element/ | ## How do I add a div class to the posts in a filter and not the entire filter element?
Question
I am having some troubles with the Isotope filter gallery, as discussed in my Stackoverflow question here.
As per the first point of the accepted answer, I need to add the class .isotope, to the parent (the .row element) to make it work with URL hashes. Otherwise, it only works when you click on the filter links, as you can try on the live webpage.
Here is the element to which the user told me to add the class:
<div class="isotope row masonry" data-masonry-id="d2546a5a8aed79adf8c0b3b78a16b29f" style="position: relative; height: 969.6px;">
Notice the <div class ="isotope before row masonry bit? That is what I need to add.
However, I can only apply a custom class to the entire Posts element in Elementor. If I do that, it causes the JS to think that it needs to sort the whole grid itself and makes it disappear.
How do I target this specific row element?
0
2 years 2020-10-26T01:10:25-05:00 0 Answers 16 views 0 | 2022-09-24 17:37:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.30869847536087036, "perplexity": 1890.8466192792303}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030331677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924151538-20220924181538-00572.warc.gz"} |
https://www.esaral.com/q/find-the-equation-11663/ | Find the equation
Question:
Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the following curves at the indicated points:
$y^{2}=4 x$ at $(1,2)$
Solution:
Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the following curves at the indicated points:
$2 y \frac{d y}{d x}=4$
$\frac{\mathrm{dy}}{\mathrm{dx}}=\frac{2}{\mathrm{y}}$
$\mathrm{m}$ (tangent) at $(1,2)=1$
normal is perpendicular to tangent so, $m_{1} m_{2}=-1$
equation of tangent is given by $y-y_{1}=m($ tangent $)\left(x-x_{1}\right)$
$y-2=1(x-1)$
equation of normal is given by $y-y_{1}=m($ normal $)\left(x-x_{1}\right)$
$y-2=-1(x-1)$ | 2022-06-30 00:35:55 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5871526598930359, "perplexity": 353.1825421387725}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103646990.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630001553-20220630031553-00182.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/induction-over-the-rationals.394814/ | # Induction over the rationals?
1. Apr 12, 2010
### epkid08
Is there a variant form of induction to prove something about the rationals as opposed to just the natural numbers?
You could start by proving it for the open interval (0, 1) by showing that for an arbitrary integer m, m < n, $$P(\frac{m}{n}) \Rightarrow P(\frac{m}{n+1})$$, for all natural numbers n, and then extend the domain to all positive rationals.
Is this even plausible?
2. Apr 13, 2010
### Eynstone
Certainly, try the dictionary or spiral ordering of rationals. For that matter, induction is applicable to any countable set.The practical appicability is limited, though.
3. Apr 17, 2010
### ramsey2879
I would try proving it for the open interval (0, 1) by showing that for an arbitrary integer m, m < n, $$P(\frac{m}{n}) \Rightarrow P(\frac{m+1}{n})$$, for all natural numbers n, and then extend the starter domain to all positive rationals m/n, m<n. Where n = 1 you have the standard induction process.
Last edited: Apr 17, 2010 | 2018-12-12 09:23:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7542400360107422, "perplexity": 654.1825040081899}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823817.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212091014-20181212112514-00544.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/dirac-delta-to-the-fourth.667066/ | # Dirac delta to the fourth
1. Jan 26, 2013
### zn5252
hello,
Please attached snapshot. Does the integral 7.9 equal to 0.5 $\int$hμσ dzμ/dτ dzσ/dτdτ ?
I'm confused as to the fourth power of Dirac's Delta. Then where does the derivative on x go ?
For more on this, see MTW pg180
thanks
#### Attached Files:
• ###### Screenshot.png
File size:
30 KB
Views:
140
2. Jan 26, 2013
### Bill_K
It's not a 4th power, it means a four-dimensional delta function. I.e. in Minkowski coordinates,
δ4(x - x') = δ(x - x')δ(y - y')δ(z - z')δ(t - t')
Ofttimes you would integrate this over all four dimensions. In this case there is only one integration, leaving three δ's, so it means that Tμν(x) is concentrated on the particle's worldline. | 2017-10-21 20:43:18 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8083189725875854, "perplexity": 5339.886679722217}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824894.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021190701-20171021210701-00377.warc.gz"} |
https://www.lmfdb.org/L/rational/4/98%5E2/1.1/c9e2-0 | Learn more
Results (9 matches)
Label $\alpha$ $A$ $d$ $N$ $\chi$ $\mu$ $\nu$ $w$ prim $\epsilon$ $r$ First zero Origin
4-98e2-1.1-c9e2-0-0 $7.10$ $2.54\times 10^{3}$ $4$ $2^{2} \cdot 7^{4}$ 1.1 $$9.0, 9.0 9 1 0 0.120361 Modular form 98.10.a.d 4-98e2-1.1-c9e2-0-1 7.10 2.54\times 10^{3} 4 2^{2} \cdot 7^{4} 1.1$$ $9.0, 9.0$ $9$ $1$ $0$ $0.155241$ Modular form 98.10.c.a
4-98e2-1.1-c9e2-0-2 $7.10$ $2.54\times 10^{3}$ $4$ $2^{2} \cdot 7^{4}$ 1.1 $$9.0, 9.0 9 1 0 0.253160 Modular form 98.10.c.b 4-98e2-1.1-c9e2-0-3 7.10 2.54\times 10^{3} 4 2^{2} \cdot 7^{4} 1.1$$ $9.0, 9.0$ $9$ $1$ $0$ $0.610810$ Modular form 98.10.a.e
4-98e2-1.1-c9e2-0-4 $7.10$ $2.54\times 10^{3}$ $4$ $2^{2} \cdot 7^{4}$ 1.1 $$9.0, 9.0 9 1 0 0.652625 Modular form 98.10.c.c 4-98e2-1.1-c9e2-0-5 7.10 2.54\times 10^{3} 4 2^{2} \cdot 7^{4} 1.1$$ $9.0, 9.0$ $9$ $1$ $0$ $0.671383$ Modular form 98.10.c.f
4-98e2-1.1-c9e2-0-6 $7.10$ $2.54\times 10^{3}$ $4$ $2^{2} \cdot 7^{4}$ 1.1 $$9.0, 9.0 9 1 0 0.762572 Modular form 98.10.c.e 4-98e2-1.1-c9e2-0-7 7.10 2.54\times 10^{3} 4 2^{2} \cdot 7^{4} 1.1$$ $9.0, 9.0$ $9$ $1$ $0$ $0.853950$ Modular form 98.10.c.d
4-98e2-1.1-c9e2-0-8 $7.10$ $2.54\times 10^{3}$ $4$ $2^{2} \cdot 7^{4}$ 1.1 $9.0, 9.0$ $9$ $1$ $2$ $1.72991$ Modular form 98.10.a.f | 2022-05-17 01:02:16 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.963457465171814, "perplexity": 444.7998126825518}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515466.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516235937-20220517025937-00280.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/what-is-up-with-spin.233365/ | # What is up with spin?
1. May 5, 2008
### atom888
I have a few questions with spin. Actually, quite a alot.
1)What I know is proton and electron have spin. What subatomic particle doesnt' have spin?
2)What is spin?
3)Are they a physical thing for particles?
4)How did scientist measure it?
5)What is up and down spin mean?
6) why is it 1/2 instead of other value?
7) What are the actual interaction between same and different spin?
8) can we speed up or slow down the spin? If so, how?
9) does it take or give energy if spin can be change?
I apologize if the thread already exist. I could have go read wiki but I don't think they have all the answer. Besides... it's solid stuffs in here. lol Thx
2. May 7, 2008
### malawi_glenn
1) proton is not an elementary particle, whereas the electron is. But for example the $K_0^*$ has spin zero. The pion is also a composite particle, which belongs to the meson family. You can look on wiki -> "Hadrons" and then "Baryons" and "Mesons". and Scalar mesons and so on. But spin for composite particles is not really the same as the spin concept for elementary particles.
2) Intrinsic spin is an intrinsic degree of freedom that a particle posess.
3) what do you mean by "a physical thing"? It is not just a mathemetical concept, one can measure the spin of particles.
4) Youn search on wiki for 'spin', there is a historical introduction to it. It has to
5) The projection of the spin vector on an reference vector. For each value on S, you can have 2S+1 different projections.
6) spin does not have to be 1/2, it can be 1 or 3/2 etc. The main point is that only integer and half-integer values are allowed. The derivation can be found in almost any QM textbook, e.g Sakurai - modern quantum mechanics.
7) The interaction is due to the coupling of magetic and electic moments and so on. Orbital motion and spinning motion of electric charges in the classical world gives rise to electromagnetic interactions. One can use the same analogy when one introduces orbital and spin- angular momentum in QM.
8) The thing is that spin in QM has nothing to do with particles moving in cirular orbits, as planets moving around the sun. It has nothing to do with that, so one can not "make the electron spin slower around its own axis" since it does not spin around its own axis in the first place.
9) Depends on the physica system. Generally, if you apply a magnetic field on atoms, then the different electrons will occupy an energy state that is most energetically favourble. And since the spin has to do with the magnetic interaction, the electrons with spin up will occupy a different energy state than an electron with spin down. Serach for "stark effect" and "zeeman effect" | 2017-05-23 01:50:08 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6410678029060364, "perplexity": 739.286794981339}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607245.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523005639-20170523025639-00584.warc.gz"} |
https://computergraphics.stackexchange.com/questions/4709/energy-conservation-in-lighting-equation | # Energy Conservation in Lighting Equation
I am currently making a Ray-tracer as a personal project. My lighting equation looks like this
Pixel_color[i] = 255 * (Ma*Ig*Ca + Md*I*Cd * diffuse + Ms*I*Cs * glossy)
// M = material color (ambient, diffuse and specular)
// I = intensity of light (Ig is the global ambient intensity)
// C = color of the light (ambient , diffuse and specular)
Here diffuse and glossy contains all the necessary dot products and the normalization factors ( PI for diffuse and n+8/8*PI for Blinn Phong). Also everything is in range 0-1. I've read from some books and it says to make sure that "Ks + Kd" <= 1 And now I am confused.
1) What exactly is Ks and Kd? Is it just my surface diffuse color and specular color divided by 255 to make it in the range 0-1? Or is it the reflectance ratio that I have to multiply with my color? If it's something else then what should I set them to? For example if I have a color rgb(66, 170, 244) which is somewhat light blue. What should the Ks and Kd be for the above color?
2) These books don't include the ambient component when talking about this conservation so should it be Ka+Kd+Ks <= 1? Again if that's the case what will Ka be?
3) If I consider Ks = Ms and Kd = Md. It doesn't fit out. for example if I want a surface with the above color rgb(66, 170, 244) to be shiny and the specular highlight should be white. Then my Ms would be (255-66, 255-170, 255-244) which won't be white. Another way I could do is subtract the maximum from every component Ms(255-244, 255-244, 255-244). But this means the specular color would be very low. What if I wanted a very shiny surface?
UPDATE:-
So according to the book Computer Graphics Principles and Practice, Chapter 6 "Fixed Function and Hierarchial Modeling in WPF"
Cd Innate color of “diffuse layer” (Cd,R,Cd,G,Cd,B)
Cs Innate color of “specular layer” (Cs,R,Cs,G,Cs,B)
ka Efficiency of diffuse layer at reflecting ambient light (ka,R, ka,G, ka,B)
kd Efficiency of diffuse layer at reflecting light (kd,R, kd,G, kd,B)
ks Efficiency of specular layer at reflecting light (ks,R, ks,G, ks,B)
After that it writes,
Note that for solid-color materials, the distinction between the two terms Cd and kd is unnecessary, as far as the math is concerned; you can think of them as a single term. That is, you can fix kd,R at 1. 0 and use Cd,R to achieve any effect, and conversely you could fix Cd,R and specify only kd,R. However, the distinction between the two terms is meaningful when the innate color Cd is being provided via texture mapping; in that case, there is a need for a kd,R factor affecting the reflection of the varying color Cd specified by the texture.
After that in Chapter 14.9 it removes Kd/Ks and Cd/Cs and replaces both with K_L and K_G
These k parameters are no longer potentially ambiguous RGB triples (each 0 . . . 1), but constants representing the net probability over all directions of that term contributing to scattering.
Which led me to think they are just a single constant like "0.5" However in the next example they are telling the same thing to ensure that K_L + K_G <= 1 across all channel which implies that k_L and k_G are infact RGB triples.
• CGPP is dated regarding PBR and statements like Kd+Ks<=1 isn't correct, assuming they stand for diffuse & specular albedo. It's rather that integral of BRDF over hemisphere <= 1 for energy conservation Feb 12, 2017 at 14:18
• @JarkkoL - does that mean when i normalize blinn phong, there is no need for Kd+Ks <= 1? Feb 12, 2017 at 15:18
Comment: if you make references to book, then it would be good if you could provide references.
1. First, it is quite unusual these days to see people representing colors using a computer byte that is integer values within the range [0:255]. Most people these days use floats, and you will understand why in a moment. When you look at a material in general you can see a shiny part and a diffuse part. Shininess and diffuse appearance are computed using two different types of equation. Let's call the functions that compute the diffuse part diffuse() and the function that compute the specular component specular(). So now you can write:
ObjectColor = Ks * specular() + Kd * diffuse();
Ks and Kd control how shiny or/and diffuse your object is.
About conservation of energy. In short an object can not reflect more light that it receives. So that means that technically if the specular() and diffuse() function do the right thing Ks + Kd ought to be 1. If that wasn't true you would violate the principle of conservation of energy. In practice, it is generally good to follow this rule though most of the basic shading models are based on simple diffuse and specular models (for example the Phong model) and are not themselves energy conserving, so trying to be purely energy conserving at this level, is like trying to say you can paint a miniature with a paint roller. Forget about it, just try to be more or less in the right range.
ks and kd generally stand for the specular and diffuse coefficients.
1. if you don't do path tracing (aka don't simulate global illumination) the object won't reflect light from other objects in the scene, just light from direct light sources. So in the old time, in order to compensate for that, they would add an ambient term. In these days in age, this is considered as 'heresy'. Though if you account for the ambient term still then Ka + Kd + Ks should be again equal to 1 (same principle).
2. Not sure to understand what you say here but all these components are additive. You compute the diffuse multiplied by Kd and then you multiply the specular multiplied by Ks and then you add the two resulting numbers together. And that's your object color at the intersection point.
For an introduction to these topics I recommend you read:
Introduction Ray-Tracing
The Phong Model
In order for you to progress, I personally recommend you proceed by step and don't try to understand everything at once. The problem of rendering and shading is very complex. You need to first understand the principle of light-matter interactions, what is diffuse what is specular and how are objects illuminated (direct and indirect lighting). Once you have these notions you can jump onto shading and understand or learn about the concept of shading model, and what the flaws and strengths of existing shading models (many of them exist).
• Dude i've read all of those. And maybe i forgot to mention but i am working with floats. What do you expect when i say everything is in range [0,1] surely it can't be 0 and 1. Again i think you failed to understand my questions 1) and 3). I've read books and i know Ks and Kd are blah blah blah coefficients. But what exactly are those when it comes to putting numbers? Are those the diffuse and specular color or something else? Let me update my question with books references. Feb 12, 2017 at 9:05
• @wandering-warrior: your commend is border line polite. I am not a dude to start with. Please stay within the limits of correctness. Second I spent a share amount of time answer your question so I would appreciate some appreciation of that. If you feel I don't answer your problem, maybe you start questioning whether your questions are properly formulated. Feb 12, 2017 at 9:10
• Well sorry i can't tell your gender sitting in front of my LED. My native language isn't english so didn't know people get pissed off on the net if called a 'dude'. Yes i feel you don't answer the question because you didn't read it carefully. I clearly wrote "If Ks and Kd are the surface color or the reflectance ratio and if they are the ratio what their value should be?" You failed to answer what their value should be? Feb 12, 2017 at 9:18
• Sorry, cant help it but I'm considering downvoating based on op's attitude and not on the questions merit. Dude, loose the attitude and have a little courtesy. We're all here to help.@user18490 made a more than decent effort to answer your question.
– Erik
Feb 12, 2017 at 10:19
• @wandering-warrior please be respectful to the people who are giving their time to help you. Whether you intended so or not, the repeated use of the phrase "you failed" comes across as aggressive and ungrateful. As for the confusion over the term "dude", it's worth noting that it is a slang term with a long history and a wide range of meanings, from complimentary to insulting. It's safest to avoid slang terms here as the intended meaning will not always match the understood meaning. Feb 12, 2017 at 14:48
In Physically Based Rendering Kd is the diffuse albedo (diffuse color) and Ks the specular albedo (specular color). | 2023-03-28 22:17:07 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4947909712791443, "perplexity": 1364.2545826217613}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948871.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328201715-20230328231715-00136.warc.gz"} |
http://jdc.math.uwo.ca/M1600a/1.2-66.html | # Math 1600 Section 1.2 Question 66
The answer is exercise 66 in section 1.2 is $\query{3}$ (click to reveal). | 2017-11-22 22:14:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7885213494300842, "perplexity": 1048.3226349217268}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806676.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122213945-20171122233945-00417.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1397058/how-is-the-b-spline-definition-constructed | How is the B-Spline definition constructed?
I'm trying to understand how the B-Spline definition is constructed. That is, where did the knot vector and the basis functions and their recursive definition come from.
The definition can be seen here: http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/~tamaldey/course/784/note5.pdf
There it's also shown how the curve function is got. But not how the reasoning went in building the theory.
• Please look at these notes pomax.github.io/bezierinfo I can provide more discussion later – cactus314 Jan 22 '16 at 16:05
• For the math behind it, you'll want to read up on dual functionals and blossoms, e.g. ftp.cs.wisc.edu/Approx/cagdhand.pdf (in particular p. 12). Depending how much (infinite dimensional) linear algebra you know, this may be more less straightforward to you. – Fizz Jan 27 '16 at 11:53
• For a gentler intro that nonetheless is mathematically insightful enough see cis.upenn.edu/~jean/geomcs-v2.pdf – Fizz Jan 27 '16 at 12:03
In a nutshell, when people (engineers) started looking at tools to define freeform curves and surfaces, they understood the potential of approximation methods (as opposed to interpolation), which use control points close to the curve rather than exactly on the curve.
The general principle is to define as set of weighting functions $w_k(t)$ and compute the weighted average of the coordinates of the control points.
$$P=\frac{\sum_{k=0}^n w_k(t)P_k}{\sum_{k=0}^n w_k(t)}.$$
The weight functions $w_k$ are chosen so that they are smooth and dominate the other weights in some part of the range of $t$, so that the curve is "attracted" by the corresponding control point.
Pierre Bézier pioneered this work using the Bernstein polynomials ($t^k(1-t)^{n-k}$ with a coefficient) as the weights.
As these polynomials are global (the weights are not zero inside the interval), the control points have long-range influence and the approach isn't practical for a large number of them.
So the next approaches started using piecewise polynomials, nonzero in a subinterval and zero elsewhere. (The situation is similar with Lagrangian interpolation, which shouldn't be used for large $n$, and replaced by piecewise polynomial schemes such as cubic splines.)
The limits of the polynomial pieces define the knot vector. The weights functions on $n$ points are defined recursively as a linear combination of weight functions of subsets of size $n-1$. (This reminds of the recursive scheme used in the Neville algorithm for Lagrangian interpolation.)
• Actually, Bézier didn't use Bernstein polynomials. It was only a few years later that Robin Forrest spotted the connection between Bézier's techniques and Bernstein polynomials. – bubba Jan 29 '16 at 0:33 | 2019-05-23 06:05:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8590344190597534, "perplexity": 580.2105925453535}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257100.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523043611-20190523065611-00528.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/distance-displacement.80316/ | # Distance < Displacement
1. Jun 25, 2005
### jacyh
Why is the distance never less than the displacement?
I can't seem to find a scientific explanation for it.
2. Jun 25, 2005
### howie222
think about travelling half way around a circle, the distance travelled would be half the circumference, and the displacement would be the diameter.
in this case distance > displacement
distance can be equal to the displacement (if you travel in a straight line), but it can never be less.
3. Jun 25, 2005
### jacyh
distance can be equal to the displacement (if you travel in a straight line), but it can never be less.
I know, but... why? Haha.
4. Jun 25, 2005
### howie222
just think about the example i gave you and think of any other ones you can think of..... the displacement will never be greater than the distance.
Think of distance as "distance travelled"
So if you're going from point A to point B in any situation you can think of (around curves, over mountains etc...) The distance travelled will be greater because you had travel "around" things.
The displacement is a straight line between point A and B, so it is always the shortest possible distance.
Last edited: Jun 25, 2005
5. Jun 25, 2005
### robphy
Strictly speaking, distance is a magnitude but displacement is a vector.
So, yoiu really mean
"why is distance >= magnitude of displacement ?"
Mathematically,
$$\int \left| d\vec s \right| \geq \left| \int d\vec s \right|$$
Essentially, distance [ the arc-length of a curve from A to B ] is the sum of non-negative quantities.
The magntude of displacement [ the magnitude of a vector from A to B ] is the non-negative magnitude of a sum-of-(signed)-vector-quantities.
The proof of the inequality is essentially the triangle inequality.
6. Jun 25, 2005
### seiferseph
distance is total distance traveled, displacement is from the initial location to the final location.
7. Jun 25, 2005
### Knavish
The displacement is the shortest way possible from the start to the finish (that is, it's a line); thus, nothing can be shorter.
Know someone interested in this topic? Share this thread via Reddit, Google+, Twitter, or Facebook | 2017-04-29 02:04:52 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6536647081375122, "perplexity": 1401.4574232642299}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123172.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00067-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/the-perfect-spot-between-the-earth-and-the-moon.804859/ | # The perfect spot between the Earth and the Moon
1. Mar 24, 2015
### Calpalned
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
There exists a spaceship orbiting between the Moon and the Earth. Find the perfect spot where the gravity due to Earth is equal to the one caused by the Moon. I have already solved for the ratio $\frac {R_E}{\sqrt{M_E}} = \frac {R_M}{\sqrt{M_M}}$. $R_E$ is the distance between the spaceship and the Earth while $R_M$ represents the distance between the ship and the Moon. Likewise $M_M$ and $M_E$ are masses. The next step in my solutions guide is $R_E = \frac {(R_E + R_M)\sqrt{M_E}}{\sqrt{M_E}+\sqrt{M_M}}$. I don't understand how they got to that.
2. Relevant equations
1) Correct answer $= R_E = 3.46 * 10^8$ meters
2) Mass of the Moon $=7.347*10^22$
3) Mass of the Earth $=5.98*10^24$
4) Distance between Moon and Earth $= R_E + R_M = 3.844*10^8$
3. The attempt at a solution
Using ratio I solved for in "The problem statement, all..." I tried to isolate $R_E$
$R_E = \frac{R_M\sqrt{M_E}}{\sqrt{M_M}}$
From 4) from part 2 "Relevant equa..." I get that $R_M = 3.844*10^8 - R_E$
Therefore $R_E = \frac{(3.844*10^8 - R_E)\sqrt{M_E}}{\sqrt{M_M}}$
Thus $R_E = (3.844*10^8)(\frac{\sqrt{M_E}}{\sqrt{M_M}}) - R_E(\frac{\sqrt{M_E}}{\sqrt{M_M}})$
$R_E + R_E(\frac{\sqrt{M_E}}{\sqrt{M_M}}) = (3.844*10^8)(\frac{\sqrt{M_E}}{\sqrt{M_M}})$
$R_E(1+(\frac{\sqrt{M_E}}{\sqrt{M_M}})) = (3.844*10^8)(\frac{\sqrt{M_E}}{\sqrt{M_M}})$
$R_E = \frac{(3.844*10^8)(\frac{\sqrt{M_E}}{\sqrt{M_M}})}{1+(\frac{\sqrt{M_E}}{\sqrt{M_M}})}$
While I did get the correct answer, my equation is so complicated. How do I turn it into the one given by the solutions manual?
2. Mar 24, 2015
### Calpalned
Latex refuses to load for some reason... Any solutions? Thanks everyone.
#### Attached Files:
• ###### Picture1.jpg
File size:
9.8 KB
Views:
65
Last edited: Mar 24, 2015
3. Mar 24, 2015
### PeroK
Apart from using that specific number instead of $R_E+R_M$, there is nothing different about your solution. All you have to do is multiply top and bottom by $\sqrt{M_M}$ to get the book answer.
4. Mar 24, 2015
### Calpalned
Now I see it! Thank you so much! | 2018-03-21 13:28:02 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7583755850791931, "perplexity": 680.3871983609002}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647649.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321121805-20180321141805-00695.warc.gz"} |
http://gtts.ehu.es/TWiki/bin/view/TWiki/LatexModePlugin?rev=2&amp=&amp=&amp=&sortcol=1;table=3;up=1 | r2 - 08 Mar 2007 - 18:03:27 - MikelPenagarikanoYou are here: TWiki > TWiki Web > LatexModePlugin
# LatexModePlugin
This LaTeX Mode TWiki Plugin allows you to include LaTeX mark up commands within a TWiki page. It uses external programs (specifically latex, dvipng or dvips-and-convert, or mimetex) to generate png or gif images from the mark up. These images are then included in the rendered TWiki page. The first time a particular image is generated, there may be a significant lag in page rendering as the images are generated on the server. Once rendered, the image is saved as an attached file for the page, so subsequent viewings will not require re-renders. When you remove a math expression from a page, its image is deleted.
This plugin expands the functionality provided by the TWiki:Plugins.MathModePlugin.
## Syntax Rules
The plugin interprets a number of delimiters to declare LaTeX markup strings. For example, if the LatexModePlugin is successfully installed, the string \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-\alpha x^2} dx = \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{\alpha}} will render as an image %$\int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{ -\alpha x^2 } dx = \sqrt{ \frac{\pi}{\alpha} }$%, when enclosed within the defined delimiters.
### Standard Syntax
This plugin has two standard modes:
• in-line, declared by %%. Similar to LaTeX's inline math mode, the math markup is rendered on the same line as other text in the string.
• own-line, declared by %% or %MATHMODE{ ... }%. These equations will be rendered with center justification on their own line.
For the majority of users, these commands should be sufficient
#### Example
This is an example of the %BEGINLATEX{inline="1" density="200" gamma="1.0" color="Purple"}%\LaTeX%ENDLATEX% rendering possibilities using the LatexModePlugin. The singular value decomposition of a matrix %$A$% is defined as %BEGINLATEX{label="one" color="Green"}% \begin{displaymath} A = U \Sigma V^H \end{displaymath} %ENDLATEX% where %$U$% and %$V$% are both matrices with orthonormal columns, %$\{\cdot\}^H$% indicates a complex-conjugate transpose, and %$\Sigma$% is a diagonal matrix with singular values %$\sigma_1 > \sigma_2 > \cdots > \sigma_n \geq 0$% along the main diagonal. Eq. %REFLATEX{one}% is just one of the many matrix decompositions that exists for matrix %$A$%.
After the plugin has been succesfully installed and configured, this example should render like this:
### Extended Syntax
For those that are well familiar with LaTeX, a multi-line syntax allowing more complicated markup commands can be declared using
%BEGINLATEX%
\begin{<environment>}
_latex markup_
\end{<environment>}
%ENDLATEX%
Typically, the declared <environment> will be displaymath, although there is no limitation.
Additional options can be included to modify the rendered result. These include
option possible values default description
inline 0 or 1 0 controls inline vs ownline rendering
label alpha-numeric --- produces a linkable equation number for ownline markup
density positive integer 116 (set below) controls rendered font size
scale positive number 1.0 (set below) sets post-rendered image scaling
gamma positive number 0.6 (set below) controls rendered font darkness
bgcolor --- 'white' sets background color (details below)
color --- 'black' sets foreground font color (details below)
attachment alpha-numeric --- allows one to couple the latex command with an attached file. Useful for latex graphics commands.
engine {"", "dvipng", "ps", "pdf", "mimetex"} "" dynamically switch the rendering engine between the installation default (""), dvipng, dvips+convert, pdflatex+convert, or mimetex for LaTeX packages than need it, e.g. tikz. (details below)
For example, to declare an equation to be numbered by TWiki (not in the LaTeX image) with a larger font size and in red, use the following syntax:
%BEGINLATEX{label="eq1" density="175" color="red"}%
latex markup
%ENDLATEX%
HTML references to LaTeX equations with a defined <label> can be generated using %REFLATEX{<label>}%.
#### Rendering options
Both DENSITY and SCALE alter the rendered image size and quality. For example, if one doubles the DENSITY and halves the SCALE, the rendered image resolution will improve but keep the same image size on the rendered page. (Note: DENSITY * SCALE is the same in both cases)
density = 116, scale = 2.0 : %BEGINLATEX{density="116" scale="2.0"}% $\mathcal{A }$ %ENDLATEX% density = 232, scale = 1.0 : %BEGINLATEX{density="232" scale="1.0"}% $\mathcal{A}$ %ENDLATEX%
For regular browser viewing, the SCALE parameter sould be set to 1.0. However, one can use these parameters to improve print quality when printing a topic. To do this, increase the DENSITY setting (a value of 300 will give roughly 300dpi) and then set the SCALE setting below 1.0.
#### Font Color
As of v1.3, one can now directly control the foreground font color in the rendered mathematics. This is achieved through use of the color.sty package in the intermediate latex file.
Latex is able to render colors defined in 3 color spaces: gray, rgb, and cmyk. A limited number of colors are predefined in Latex. These include:
color color space color space value
red rgb 1,0,0
green rgb 0,1,0
blue rgb 0,0,1
black gray 0
white gray 1
cyan cmyk 1,0,0,0
magenta cmyk 0,1,0,0
yellow cmyk 0,0,1,0
For convenience, the following TWiki colors are pre-defined in the LatexModePlugin
\definecolor{Red}{rgb}{1,0,0}
\definecolor{Blue}{rgb}{0,0,1}
\definecolor{Yellow}{rgb}{1,1,0}
\definecolor{Orange}{rgb}{1,0.4,0}
\definecolor{Pink}{rgb}{1,0,1}
\definecolor{Purple}{rgb}{0.5,0,0.5}
\definecolor{Teal}{rgb}{0,0.5,0.5}
\definecolor{Navy}{rgb}{0,0,0.5}
\definecolor{Aqua}{rgb}{0,1,1}
\definecolor{Lime}{rgb}{0,1,0}
\definecolor{Green}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
\definecolor{Olive}{rgb}{0.5,0.5,0}
\definecolor{Maroon}{rgb}{0.5,0,0}
\definecolor{Brown}{rgb}{0.6,0.4,0.2}
\definecolor{Black}{gray}{0}
\definecolor{Gray}{gray}{0.5}
\definecolor{Silver}{gray}{0.75}
\definecolor{White}{gray}{1}
To use additional colors, they need to be defined in the Latex preamble, as described in the next section.
#### Including images in LaTeX markup
v3.0 introduced the ability to include attachments in the latex markup processing. This is most useful for graphics, e.g.
%BEGINLATEX{attachment="fig1.eps"}%
\includegraphics{fig1.eps}
%ENDLATEX%
It is common practice in LaTeX, however, to not specify the filename extension. This is implemented in the Plugin as well, so one could type:
%BEGINLATEX{attachment="fig1"}%
\includegraphics{fig1}
%ENDLATEX%
and the plugin will search for an attachment with extension '.eps', '.eps.gz', '.pdf', '.png', or '.jpg'. The first extension match will be used, and the rendering engine that can recognize the attachment will also be automatically determined. So for the example above, if a file 'fig1.eps' is attached to the topic, it will be used as the attachment and dvips+convert will be automatically chosen as the rendering engine.
#### Switching the rendering on the fly
v3.3 introduced the ability to switch rendering dynamically between dvipng, dvips+convert, and pdflatex+convert. Some latex packages are not supported by the preferred method dvipng, for example TikZ and PGF. Rather than force all rendering to use a slower background rendering engine, this switch allows one to use dvipng rendering as the default, but fall back to 'ps' or 'pdf' intermediate files in certain cases.
If you type: %BEGINLATEX{ engine="ps"}% \fbox{ \begin{tikzpicture}[auto,bend right] \node (a) at (0:1) {$0^\circ$}; \node (b) at (120:1) {$120^\circ$}; \node (c) at (240:1) {$240^\circ$}; \draw (a) to node {1} node [swap] {1'} (b) (b) to node {2} node [swap] {2'} (c) (c) to node {3} node [swap] {3'} (a); \end{tikzpicture} } %ENDLATEX% It will render as:
This enables a wide variety of LaTeX packages to be used within TWiki. For example: simple image manipulations using the graphicx package. Note that the package must be declared in the LaTeX preamble.
If you type: %BEGINLATEX{attachment="fig2.png" engine="pdf"}% \includegraphics[angle=30,scale=0.25]{fig2.png} %ENDLATEX% It will render as:
#### Tables, Figures, and cross-references
To round out the functionality available in standard LaTeX, the automatic generation of Figure and Table reference links is also available. These are declared using
• %BEGINFIGURE{label="fig:label" caption="this is a figure" span="twocolumn"}% ... %ENDFIGURE%, and
• %BEGINTABLE{label="tbl:label" caption="this is a table" span="twocolumn"}% ... %ENDTABLE%.
These commands will create an HTML table with a numbered caption either above (TABLE) or below (FIGURE) the included text. Cross-references to these declared environments can be accessed through %REFLATEX{<label>}%. To keep the counters/cross-references seperate for each of the three types of references, use eq: or eqn:, fig:, and tbl: as the first characters in any declared label.
The span option is used only by TWiki:Plugins.GenPDFLatex, giving the ability to designate the width of a table or figure in two-column styles. (e.g. for Figures, it expands to \begin{figure*} ... \end{figure*}.) The default span is one-column.
Sections can be numbered and labeled, for easy cross-referencing. To label a section, add a %SECLABEL{_label_}% tag after the TWiki section command. E.g.,
---++ %SECLABEL{sec:intro}% Introduction
Cross-references to the label can be generated using %REFLATEX{sec:intro}%.
To add automatic numbering to the sections, set the following parameter to a non-zero number. Sections up to this depth will be numbered.
• Set LATEXMODEPLUGIN_MAXSECDEPTH = 3
The default setting is '0', which disables the numbering and section labels.
#### Defining the LaTeX preamble
In LaTeX, the preamble is used to customize the latex processing, allowing one to add custom styles and declare new commands.
In TWiki, the preamble can be set as either a web or topic preference variable
* #Set PREAMBLE = \usepackage{color} \definecolor{Aqua}{rgb}{0,1,1}
or as a multi-line declaration, using the tags:
%BEGINLATEXPREAMBLE% ... %ENDLATEXPREAMBLE%
One critical difference between the two exists. With the exception of the color declarations above, the TWiki preference setting will override the default settings, and is intended to provide site administrators a central point to set preamble settings globally. In contrast, the tag declaration will add to the preamble defined by either the default settings or the preference setting, allowing TWiki users to amend the preamble.
### Common Symbols
Since the LatexModePlugin is not installed on TWiki.org the above external html reference is given so that you can see what the symbols are. For those who do use Latex in your TWiki install, you can copy the tables formatted for TWiki from the following topics (the symbols won't actually display without the plugin).
What to type to get a variety of symbols using Latex. Due to page loading constraints, the symbols tables are split up into 5 different topics.
## Plugin Settings
Plugin settings are stored as preferences variables. To reference these plugin settings write %<plugin>_<setting>%, i.e. %LATEXMODEPLUGIN_SHORTDESCRIPTION%
• One line description, as shown in the TextFormattingRules topic:
• Set SHORTDESCRIPTION = Enables LaTeX markup (mathematics and more) in TWiki topics
• Debug plugin: (See output in data/debug.txt)
• Set LATEXMODEPLUGIN_DEBUG = 0
• Set the dots-per-inch default density level for the rendered images (116 is suggested for 11pt browser fonts.)
• Set LATEXMODEPLUGIN_DENSITY = 116
• Set the gamma correction for the rendered images. This controls how dark the rendered text appears
• Set LATEXMODEPLUGIN_GAMMA = 0.6
• Set the scaling for the image size. Typically, set to '1'.
• Set LATEXMODEPLUGIN_SCALE = 1.0
• Uncomment the following to define a site-wide custom color, DarkBlue.
• #Set LATEXMODEPLUGIN_PREAMBLE = \usepackage{color} \definecolor{DarkBlue}{rgb}{0,0.1,0.43}
• In addition, the following parameters are available at the topic level, EQN, FIG, TBL, to override the counter reset. (i.e. if * Set EQN = 3 is declared in a topic, the first labeled equation will be given the number 4).
### Plugin Installation Instructions
First, confirm that the external software needed by the plugin is installed on the TWiki server. This includes:
• The Digest::MD5 and Image::Info perl modules.
• A mechanism to convert LaTeX markup to images. This is either
• or
Rendering can be performed by (latex and dvipng) or (latex and dvips and convert) or (pdflatex and convert) or (mimetex). The first three options allow one to include almost any LaTeX markup in a TWiki topic, whereas mimetex has very limited functionality. Among the first three options, dvipng is the fastest by a significant margin. The tweakinline processing (v2.5 and above) to align the baseline of LaTeX expressions with HTML text uses convert.
mimetex can be used in server environments where a full LaTeX installation is impractical (e.g. TWiki:Codev.TWikiOnMemoryStick). mimetex provides rendering of equations independently of external font files. This provides a very lightweight and fast mechanism to show equations. However, the number of colors is limited to 4 (black, red, blue, green) and only the mathmode and picture LaTeX environments are supported. Also, the preamble, density, and gamma settings are ignored.
Second,
• Download the LatexModePlugin.zip file from the Plugin web
Note: versions 3.0 and above are compatible only with TWiki 4.x.x. If you are running an earlier version of TWiki, (i.e. Cairo) download v2.62 (25 Sep 2006) instead.
• Unzip ZIP file in your twiki installation directory. Content:
File: Description:
lib/TWiki/Plugins/LatexModePlugin.pm Plugin Perl module
lib/TWiki/Plugins/LatexModePlugin/Init.pm The initialization module
lib/TWiki/Plugins/LatexModePlugin/Render.pm The rendering module
lib/TWiki/Plugins/LatexModePlugin/CrossRef.pm The cross-referencing module
data/TWiki/LatexModePlugin.txt Plugin topic and documentation
data/TWiki/LatexIntro.txt A basic description of LaTeX markup conventions
data/TWiki/LatexSymbols.txt Comprehensive list of available LaTeX symbols (1 of 5)
data/TWiki/LatexSymbols2.txt Comprehensive list of available LaTeX symbols (2 of 5)
data/TWiki/LatexSymbols3.txt Comprehensive list of available LaTeX symbols (3 of 5)
data/TWiki/LatexSymbols4.txt Comprehensive list of available LaTeX symbols (4 of 5)
data/TWiki/LatexSymbols5.txt Comprehensive list of available LaTeX symbols (5 of 5)
pub/TWiki/LatexModePlugin/expl-v1.4.png example image of rendered latex
Finally, customize the installation specific variables.
• Set the local disk paths for the rendering methods employed. This can be done by copying the needed lines from the following list to lib/LocalSite.cfg or lib/TWiki.cfg.
• $TWiki::cfg{Plugins}{LatexModePlugin}{latex} = '/usr/bin/latex'; •$TWiki::cfg{Plugins}{LatexModePlugin}{pdflatex} = '/usr/bin/pdflatex';
• $TWiki::cfg{Plugins}{LatexModePlugin}{dvips} = '/usr/bin/dvips'; •$TWiki::cfg{Plugins}{LatexModePlugin}{dvipng} = '/usr/bin/dvipng';
• $TWiki::cfg{Plugins}{LatexModePlugin}{convert} = '/usr/X11R6/bin/convert'; •$TWiki::cfg{Plugins}{LatexModePlugin}{mimetex} = '/usr/bin/mimetex';
• Modify the following if needed.
(These variables were introduced in version 2.4)
• $TWiki::cfg{Plugins}{LatexModePlugin}{donotrenderlist} declare a comma-separated list of LaTeX commands that will not be rendered. Default = 'input,include,catcode'. •$TWiki::cfg{Plugins}{LatexModePlugin}{tweakinline}
Turned off by default, if this boolean variable to 1 the plugin will attempt to align the baseline of the rendered in-line math with the baseline of the HTML text.
• $TWiki::cfg{Plugins}{LatexModePlugin}{bypassattach} Turned off by default, setting this boolean variable to 1 will force file creation to use direct file stores and bypass the saveAttach mechanism in TWiki4. Saves a bit of processing overhead. •$TWiki::cfg{Plugins}{LatexModePlugins}{engine}
This sets the default rendering engine
Default: 'dvipng'
### Security
Aside from providing beautiful rendering of mathematics, LaTeX is fundamentally a programming language. Before installation of this plugin, one should consider the implications of exposing access to a programming language on a web server. TWiki's use of access control can mitigate some of the risk, by limiting access to trusted users. Complementary to this approach, one can prevent certain commands from being rendered using the {donotrenderlist} configuration setting.
To start, before installing the Plugin, one should modify the texmf.cnf file on the sever to the following variables:
shell_escape = f
openout_any = p
openin_any = p % note this won't work on Windows
Next, one should declare the donotrenderlist. At a minimum, the LaTeX commands of input, include, and catcode should be in the list. On publicly editable wiki's, the commands newcommand and def should be added as well. newenvironment, newfont, newtheorem, and newsavebox should be considered as well.
Finally, one should set a limit on the length of time allowed for latex to finish its processing. This can be done in Apache via RLimit settings.
## More Details
Version control is not specifically used for the image files. Because the images are generated from the raw text, the topic history includes all the versions of the markup for the expressions, and can be re-rendered when you view a different version.
This plugin is an enhanced version of the TWiki:Plugins.MathModePlugin maintained by TWiki:Main.MichaelDaum. There are a number of significant differences:
• equations, tables, and figures can be numbered, with automatic cross-links available
• if errors occur during the latex markup processing, they are reported during the editing preview screen, but not during the standard view. The motivation for this is that, in general, authors care about the error but readers do not.
• as of version 2.5, one can force the recreation of all latex images in a topic. To do this, add the following text (similar to raw text rendering) to the end of the URL: ?latex=rerender. E.g. changing http://localhost/twiki/bin/view/TWiki/LatexModePlugin to http://localhost/twiki/bin/view/TWiki/LatexModePlugin?latex=rerender will force all of the images to be redrawn.
• as of version 2.6, one can bypass the file attachment code in TWiki 4.x.x. TWiki 4.x.x and above is designed to accommodate non-filesystem-storage (i.e. databases) for attachments. This plugin has supported this interface since v2.0. However, using the TWiki4 attachment storage mechanism adds a significant delay in plugin response time. So, a new configuration setting has been introduced to allow admins to bypass the TWiki4 interface and use direct file-system stores if they so choose. To activate, set
TWiki::cfg{Plugins}{LatexModePlugin}{bypassattach} = 1; in LocalSite.cfg ## Additional Resources (external) ## Plugin Info Plugin Author: TWiki:Main.ScottHoge Plugin Version: 30 Dec 2006 (v 3.51) Change History: v3.0 and above requires TWiki 4.x.x and above 30 Dec 2006 (v 3.51) fixed call to attachmentExists in Render.pm, corrected version number 30 Dec 2006 (v 3.5) modified how rendering of math from included topics is handled. Fixed mimetex inline processing 27 Dec 2006 (v 3.4) added mimetex to the rendering engine list 27 Nov 2006 (v 3.35) improved dynamic rendering engine to auto-select on graphics files 17 Nov 2006 (v 3.3) added dynamic switching of rendering engine, more Parse bug fixes 06 Oct 2006 (v 3.2) more bugs fixed: bgcolor option was missing from v3.0; verbatim mode fixed in Parse 04 Oct 2006 (v 3.1) fixed two bugs: populating files to check under Dakar, and itemize env parsing in Parse 30 Sep 2006 (v 3.0) Significant rewrite of module, including: section numbering/cross-links and mod_perl compatibility. 25 Sep 2006 (v 2.62) fixed handleFloat to allow TWiki markup tags in captions. 8 Aug 2006 (v 2.61) fixed INCLUDE-not-rendering bug introduced in v2.6. Aded bgcolor option. Split symbol list into 5 topics. 5 Aug 2006 (v 2.6) added security description and expanded default donotrenderlist. Reworked plugin init to reduce overhead when not in use. Added bypassattach option. Sandbox now used in place of system calls. 19 May 2006 (v 2.51) bug fix: rerender hook block of mailnotify corrected 14 Mar 2006 (v 2.5) added rerender hook, fixed '> in alt field' bug. 21 Feb 2006 (v 2.4) introduced donotrenderlist to patch a critical security hole. Bug fixes include: disabling WikiWord link rendering in alt fields of img tags; improved in-line rendering alignment available; 1 Feb 2006 (v 2.3) minor bug fixes:pathSep changes, now uses &TWiki::Func::extractParameters(), improved efficiency and inline rendering 11 Nov 2005 (v 2.2) more mods for TWiki:Plugins.GenPDFLatexAddOn: protect newlines, moved float handler, moved float label checker 15 Oct 2005 (v 2.1) minor modifications for TWiki:Plugins.GenPDFLatexAddOn support unreleased (v 2.0) Major rewrite for Dakar 30 Sep 2005 (v 1.41) relaxed the scrubing a little bit... previous version caused problems with REFLATEX 29 Sep 2005 (v 1.4) more robust scrubing of convert input parameters. errors on save now reported. 5 Sep 2005 (v 1.3) added image scale parameter, color rendering, and preamble hooks 22 Aug 2005 (v 1.2) Forked from the TWiki:Plugins.MathModePlugin by TWiki:Main.GraemeLufkin TWiki Dependency: \$TWiki::Plugins::VERSION 1.025, TWiki:Plugins.DakarContrib CPAN Dependencies: CPAN:Digest::MD5, CPAN:File::Basename, CPAN:Image::Info Other Dependencies: A working installation of latex. A working installation of convert or dvipng. Perl Version: 5.8.0 License: GPL (GNU General Public License) TWiki:Plugins/Benchmark: GoodStyle 100%, FormattedSearch 100%, LatexModePlugin 100% Plugin Home: http://TWiki.org/cgi-bin/view/Plugins/LatexModePlugin Feedback: http://TWiki.org/cgi-bin/view/Plugins/LatexModePluginDev Appraisal: http://TWiki.org/cgi-bin/view/Plugins/LatexModePluginAppraisal
This plugin was created and tested on the 02 Sep 2004 version of TWiki, using ImageMagick v5.5.7, EPS GhostScript v7.05, and tetex v2.02. It has been reported to work (Thanks Jos!) using ImageMagick 6.2.3, tetex 3.0 and ghostscript 8.51 as well.
Related Topics: TWikiPreferences, TWikiPlugins, TWiki:Plugins.MathModePlugin
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Ideas, requests, problems regarding TWiki? Send feedback | 2020-09-22 14:19:47 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8616196513175964, "perplexity": 8120.891261308119}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206133.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922125920-20200922155920-00517.warc.gz"} |
http://kathylight.com/3tyvfh/55d69e-convergence-in-mean | ## convergence in mean
convergence of the sample mean to µ. everywhere to indicate almost sure convergence. This condition causes one eye to turn outward instead of inward with the other eye creating double or blurred vision.Convergence insufficiency is usually diagnosed in school-age children and adolescents. It essentially means that "eventually" a sequence of elements get closer and closer to a single value. Converge definition is - to tend or move toward one point or one another : come together : meet. Convergence definition: The convergence of different ideas , groups, or societies is the process by which they... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Consider a sequence of IID random variables, X n, n = 1, 2, 3, …, each with CDF F X n (x) = F X (x) = 1-Q (x-μ σ). As we mentioned previously, convergence in probability is stronger than convergence in distribution. Practice online or make a printable study sheet. We have n & \quad 0 \leq x \leq \frac{1}{n} \\ Technological convergence is a term that describes the layers of abstraction that enable different technologies to interoperate efficiently as a converged system. The central limit theorem, one of the two fundamental theorems of probability, is a theorem about convergence in distribution. Converge definition, to tend to meet in a point or line; incline toward each other, as lines that are not parallel. The formal definition goes something like this: Given (infinite) sequence of real numbers X0, X1, X2, ... Xn ... we say Xn converges to a given number L if for every positive error that you think, there is a Xm such that every element Xn that comes after Xm differs from Lby less than that error. & \quad \\ 0 1 This definition is silent about convergence of individual sample paths Xn(s). If lines, roads, or paths converge, they move towards the same point where they join or meet…. Cookies help us deliver our services. &= \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{n}\\ (Note: Some authors refer to the case $r=1$ as convergence in mean.). Exercise 5.13 | Convergence in quadratic mean implies convergence of 2nd. \begin{align}%\label{eq:union-bound} Precise meaning of statements like “X and Y have approximately the Intuitively, X n is concentrating at 0 so we would like to say that X n !d 0. Convergence, in mathematics, property (exhibited by certain infinite series and functions) of approaching a limit more and more closely as an argument (variable) of the function increases or decreases or as the number of terms of the series increases. Could X n →d X imply X n →P X? Media convergence is the joining of several distinct technologies into one. \end{array} \right. Also called convergent evolution. \end{align}, We can use Hölder's inequality, which was proved in Section, For any $\epsilon>0$, we have By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. 5. In functional analysis, "convergence in mean" is most often used as another name for strong Therefore, $X_n$ does not converge in the $r$th mean for any $r \geq 1$. as , where denotes moments and all exist How to use convergence in a sentence. "Convergence in Mean." In particular, a sequence Cesàro means are of particular importance in the study of function spaces. X, if, E(X n ¡X)2! In probability theory, there exist several different notions of convergence of random variables. New York: Dover, 1990. The convergence of accounting standards refers to the goal of establishing a single set of accounting standards that will be used internationally. space . Mit Flexionstabellen der verschiedenen Fälle und Zeiten Aussprache und … Converge definition is - to tend or move toward one point or one another : come together : meet. ideas in what follows are \convergence in probability" and \convergence in distribution." How to use converge in a sentence. Convergence generally means coming together, while divergence generally means moving apart. Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share … We do not require that F n(c) converge to 1, since c is not a point of continuity in the limiting distribution function. become similar or come together: 2. the fact that…. One way of interpreting the convergence of a sequence $X_n$ to $X$ is to say that the ''distance'' between $X$ and $X_n$ is getting smaller and smaller. The notation X n a.s.→ X is often used for al-most sure convergence, while the common notation for convergence in probability is X n →p X or plim n→∞X = X. Convergence in distribution and convergence in the rth mean are … Let $1 \leq r \leq s$. Convergence, in mathematics, property (exhibited by certain infinite series and functions) of approaching a limit more and more closely as an argument (variable) of the function increases or decreases or as the number of terms of the series increases.. For example, the function y = 1/x converges to zero as x increases. Its quite rare to actually come across a strictly converging model but convergence is commonly used in a similar manner as convexity is. In the world of finance and trading, convergence … is said to converge in the th mean (or in the Hints help you try the next step on your own. Divergence vs. Convergence An Overview . \nonumber f_{X_n}(x) = \left\{ Let X n » N(0;1=n). Lernen Sie die Übersetzung für 'convergence' in LEOs Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch. \begin{align}%\label{eq:union-bound} in a normed linear space converges in mean to an element whenever. Again, convergence in quadratic mean is a measure of consistency of any estimator. Convergence in some form has been taking place for several decades, and efforts today include projects that aim to reduce the differences between accounting standards. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ConvergenceinMean.html. Prove by counterexample that convergence in probability does not necessarily imply convergence in the mean square sense. Let $X_n \sim Uniform\left(0, \frac{1}{n}\right)$. In functional analysis, "convergence in mean" is most often used as another name for strong convergence. & \leq \frac{E|X_n-X|^{\large r}}{\epsilon^{\large r}} &\textrm{ (by Markov's inequality)}. By unconditional convergence we mean that LDCs will ultimately catch up with the industrially advanced countries so that, in the long run, the standards of living throughout the world become more or less the same. Essentially meaning, a model converges when its loss actually moves towards a minima (local or global) with a decreasing trend. \end{align} B. Convergence theorems for convergence in measure. \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} P\big(|X_n| \geq \epsilon \big)&=\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} P(X_n=n^2)\\ Convergence in probability of a sequence of random variables. Let’s see if this is true. Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts: dynamic textbook, lesson plans, widgets, interactive Demonstrations, and more. Learn more. • Convergence in Mean Square • Convergence in Probability, WLLN • Convergence in Distribution, CLT EE 278: Convergence and Limit Theorems Page 5–1. The concept of convergenceis a well defined mathematical term. ‘This convergence has important implications for research and teaching in business schools.’ ‘The convergence of politics, business, culture, law and higher education are its strengths.’ ‘The convergence of communications processing is an issue.’ Convergence definition, an act or instance of converging. Consider a sequence of IID random variables, X n, n = 1, 2, 3, …, each with CDF F X n (x) = F X (x) = 1-Q (x-μ σ). It is true that convergence in mean square does not imply convergence almost surely. convergence accommodation See convergence accommodation. Theorem 0.2 (Vitali Theorem) Let f n be a sequence of non-negative integrable functions on E. Then Z E f n!0 as n!1if and only if f n!0 in measure and ff ngis uniformly integrable and tight over E. Theorem 0.3 (Fatou’s Lemma) Let f The term is also used in probability and related theories to mean something somewhat different. It essentially means that "eventually" a sequence of elements get closer and closer to a single value. However, the following exercise gives an important converse to the last implication in the summary above, when the limiting variable is a constant. The concept of convergence is a well defined mathematical term. The Solow model predicts unconditional convergence under certain special conditions. To show $X_n \ \xrightarrow{p}\ 0$, we can write, for any $\epsilon>0$ Suppose that X1;X2;:::have flnite second moments. \end{align}. Learn more. Convergence generally means coming together, while divergence generally means moving apart. Notice that X !d c means that F n(t)! Search convergence in quadratic mean and thousands of other words in English definition and synonym dictionary from Reverso. Biology The adaptive evolution of superficially similar structures, such as the wings of birds and insects, in unrelated species subjected to similar environments. In these contexts, a sequence of random variables Lernen Sie die Übersetzung für 'mean+convergence' in LEOs Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch. Convergence in mean: lt;p|>In |probability theory|, there exist several different notions of |convergence of random va... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. convergence in mean square translation in English-French dictionary. Also Binomial(n,p) random variable has approximately aN(np,np(1 −p)) distribution. Walk through homework problems step-by-step from beginning to end. Knowledge-based programming for everyone. Definition - What does Convergence mean? Sometimes, however, (Note: for convergence in mean, it is usually required that $E|X^{\large r}_n|) The most common choice is$r=2$, in which case it is called the mean-square convergence. accommodative convergence That component of convergence which occurs reflexly in response to a change in accommodation.It is easily demonstrated by having one eye fixate from a far point to a near point along its line of sight, while the other eye is occluded. To compensate for the resulting "excess," vertical motion may result: upward forcing if convergence is at low levels, or downward forcing (subsidence) if convergence is at high levels. Mit Flexionstabellen der verschiedenen Fälle und Zeiten Aussprache und … Media convergence transforms established industries, services, and work practices and enables entirely new forms of content to emerge. In this usage, convergence in the norm for the I know that convergence in probability does not imply convergence in mean. The concept of mean-square convergence, or convergence in mean-square, is based on the following intuition: two random variables are "close to each other" if the square of their difference is on average small. For any$r \geq 1$, we can write For example, the function y = … Motivation • One of the key questions in statistical signal processing is how to estimate the statistics of a r.v., e.g., its mean, variance, distribution, etc. moments (Karr, 1993, p. 158, Exercise 5.6(a)) Prove that X n q:m:!X)E(X2 n) !E(X2) (Rohatgi, 1976, p. 248, proof of Theorem 8). Learn more. How to use converge in a sentence. convergence accommodation See convergence accommodation. accommodative convergence That component of convergence which occurs reflexly in response to a change in accommodation.It is easily demonstrated by having one eye fixate from a far point to a near point along its line of sight, while the other eye is occluded. Since by assumption$\lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} E\left(|X_n-X|^{\large r}\right)=0$, we conclude \begin{array}{l l} a sequence of functions in is said to Convergence is the coming together of two different entities, and in the contexts of computing and technology, is the integration of two or more different technologies in a single device or system. &= \frac{1}{(r+1) n^{\large r}} \rightarrow 0, \qquad \textrm{ for all }r\geq 1. We conclude that$X_n \ \xrightarrow{p}\ 0. E\left(|X_n-0|^{\large r}\right)&=\int_{0}^{\frac{1}{n}} x^{\large r} n \hspace{10pt} dx\\ System response (stress, deformation) will converge to a repeatable solution with decreasing element size. Convergence: Mesh convergence determines how many elements are required in a model to ensure that the results of an analysis are not affected by changing the size of the mesh. Convergence in distribution di ers from the other modes of convergence in that it is based not on a direct comparison of the random variables X n with Xbut rather on a comparision of the distributions PfX n 2Ag and PfX2Ag. \begin{align}%\label{eq:union-bound} 0 & \quad \text{otherwise} This refers to convergence in mean. Prove by counterexample that convergence in probability does not necessarily imply convergence in the mean square sense. Convergence in probability implies convergence in distribution. The th Cesàro mean of can also be obtained by integrating against the th Fejer kernel. Convergence in mean implies convergence in probability. Convergence in kth mean We will show, in fact, that convergence in distribution is the weakest of all of these modes of convergence. Example: Imagine a sequen… If X_n \ \xrightarrow{L^{\large r}}\ X$for some$r\geq 1$, then$ X_n \ \xrightarrow{p}\ X$.$X_n$does not converge in the$r$th mean for any$r \geq 1$. Indeed, if an estimator T of a parameter θ converges in quadratic mean to θ, that means: It is said to be a strongly consistent estimator of θ. An example of convergence in quadratic mean can be given, again, by the sample mean. • Convergence in Mean Square • Convergence in Probability, WLLN • Convergence in Distribution, CLT EE 278: Convergence and Limit Theorems Page 5–1. 7.10. An alternative viewpoint is to x the indexing variable iand consider how close the random variable Xe(i) converge in mean if converges in -norm to a function Consider a sequence$\{X_n, n=1,2,3, \cdots \}$such that, The PDF of$X_nis given by &=\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} n^{2r-1}\\ special case is called "convergence in mean. It erodes long-established media industry and content “silos” and increasingly uncouples content from particular devices, which in turn presents major challenges for public policy and regulation. Aqui estão 3 dicas que devem ajudá-lo a aperfeiçoar sua pronúncia Englisch de 'convergence in mean': . If lines, roads, or paths converge, they move towards the same point where they join or meet…. See more. Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built-in Step-by-step solutions. convergence - a representation of common ground between theories or phenomena; "there was no overlap between their proposals" overlap , intersection crossroads - a point where a choice must be made; "Freud's work stands at the crossroads between psychology and neurology" Explore thousands of free applications across science, mathematics, engineering, technology, business, art, finance, social sciences, and more. However, does convergence in mean imply convergence in mean square? Motivation • One of the key questions in statistical signal processing is how to estimate the statistics of a r.v., e.g., its mean, variance, distribution, etc. 2 Mean Ergodic Theorem Although the definition of converge in mean square encompasses conver-gence to a random variable, in many applications we shall encounter con- By Chebysjev’s inequality we see that convergence in mean square implies convergence in probability. For example, a well-known fact is that if is a -integrable function for , the Cesàro means of converge to in the -norm and, moreover, if is continuous, the convergence is uniform. Prove by counterexample that convergence in probability does not necessarily imply convergence in the mean square sense. the norm on . It is nonetheless very important. \begin{align}%\label{} P\big(|X_n-X| \geq \epsilon \big)&= P\big(|X_n-X|^{\large r} \geq \epsilon^{\large r} \big) & \textrm{ (sincer \geq 1$)}\\ Convergence definition is - the act of converging and especially moving toward union or uniformity; especially : coordinated movement of the two eyes so that the image of a single point is formed on corresponding retinal areas. Convergence in probability does not imply convergence in quadratic mean, did you accidentally write the reverse statement?Some good notes on convergence can be found here.The relevant parts to your question are reproduced below. For example, if we define the distance between$X_n$and$X$as$P\big(|X_n-X| \geq \epsilon \big)$, we have convergence in probability. for some measure We call this single value the "limit". &=0. Convergence definition, an act or instance of converging. Convergence is the movement in the price of a futures contract toward the spot or cash price of the underlying commodity over time. If$ X_n \ \xrightarrow{L^{\large s}}\ X$, then$ X_n \ \xrightarrow{L^{\large r}}\ X$. I can't think of any counter-examples of this so I … \ &=\infty \qquad (\textrm{since$r \geq 1$}). 0 for tc. Stover, Christopher. Convergence in Mean The phrase "convergence in mean" is used in several branches of mathematics to refer to a number of different types of sequential convergence. (But the converse isn't true either, see here.) Riesz, F. and Szőkefalvi-Nagy, B. Functional Exercise 5.14 | Convergence in quadratic mean of partial sums (Karr, 1993, p. 159, Exercise 5.11) Let X 1;X 2;::: be pairwise uncorrelated r.v. norm) to a random variable if the th absolute jəns] (anthropology) Independent development of similarities between unrelated cultures. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ConvergenceinMean.html. The same concepts are known in more general mathematicsas stochastic convergence and they formalize the idea that a sequence of essentially random or unpredictable events can sometimes be expected to settle down int… Brechen Sie 'convergence in mean' in Geräusche auf: Sagen Sie es laut und übertreiben Sie die Geräusche, bis Sie sie konsequent produzieren können. One way to define the distance between$X_n$and$X$is, where$r \geq 1is a fixed number. Convergence insufficiency is a condition in which your eyes are unable to work together when looking at nearby objects. (evolution) Development of similarities between animals or plants of different groups resulting from adaptation to similar habitats. 2.2 Convergence in mean square and in probability To verify convergence with probability one we x the outcome !and check whether the corresponding realizations of the random process converge deterministically. W. Weisstein. \end{align} One way of interpreting the convergence of a sequenceX_n$to$X$is to say that the ''distance'' between$X$and$X_n$is getting smaller and smaller. Definition - What does Convergence mean? We call this single value the "limit". From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource, created by Eric Join the initiative for modernizing math education. converge definition: 1. Convergence is the coming together of two different entities, and in the contexts of computing and technology, is the integration of two or more different technologies in a single device or system. In functional analysis, "convergence in mean" is most often used as another name for strong convergence. The #1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical. and if, where denotes the expectation Stover. on the type of convergence. ; Nehmen Sie auf wie Sie in ganzen Sätzen 'convergence in mean' sagen, und beobachten Sie sich selbst und hören Sie zu. ", This entry contributed by Christopher X n converges to X in quadratic mean (also called convergence in L2), written X n q:m:! convergence definition: 1. the fact that two or more things, ideas, etc. Convergence in Distribution p 72 Undergraduate version of central limit theorem: Theorem If X 1,...,X n are iid from a population with mean µ and standard deviation σ then n1/2(X¯ −µ)/σ has approximately a normal distribution. Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine. EXAMPLE 5.2.1. However, we now prove that convergence in probability does imply convergence in distribution. \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} E\left(|X_n|^{\large r}\right)&=\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \left( n^{2r} \cdot \frac{1}{n} +0 \cdot \left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right) \right)\\ How to use convergence in a sentence. \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} P\big(|X_n-X| \geq \epsilon \big)=0, \qquad \textrm{ for all }\epsilon>0. In particular, it is interesting to note that, although$X_n \ \xrightarrow{p}\ 0$, the expected value of$X_n$does not converge to$0. Consider a sequence of IID random variables, X n, n = 1, 2, 3, …, each with CDF F X n (x) = F X (x) = 1-Q (x-μ σ). Let be a sequence of random variables defined on a sample space. \end{align} From a practical standpoint, technological convergence encompasses two interdependent areas: technical design and functionality. Mean square convergence implies convergence in distribution If a sequence of random variables converges in mean square to a random variable, then also converges in distribution to. 7.10. See more. Let be a random variable. The internet and digital age have helped fuel this progress, turning a … converge definition: 1. \begin{align}%\label{eq:union-bound} 7.10. Not in general: Since convergence in distribution only involves distribution functions, X n →d X is possible even if X n and X are not defined on the same sample space. 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Digital age have helped fuel this progress, turning a … converge definition is - tend! Means are of particular importance in the norm for the special case is called convergence mean... Of random variables that eventually '' a sequence of random variables defined on a space. Toward each other, as lines that are not parallel stress, deformation ) will converge to a value. \Large r } } \ 0 mean of can also be obtained by integrating against the th cesàro of! Convergence insufficiency is a measure of consistency of any estimator ; 1=n.! '' is most often used as another name for strong convergence towards the same point where they join or.! And synonym dictionary from Reverso a sample space solution with decreasing element.. Second moments probability '' and \convergence in distribution. to tend or toward! Probability '' and \convergence in probability is stronger than convergence in mean is! Convergence is the movement in the price of a sequence of elements get closer and closer to a set. 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Weisstein tend or move toward one point or one another come! | 2021-06-13 02:45:17 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 2, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8711035251617432, "perplexity": 1313.2984507310266}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487598213.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613012009-20210613042009-00493.warc.gz"} |
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/36233/format-a-tutorial-with-screenshots-in-latex/36236 | # Format a tutorial with screenshots in LaTeX
I want to format a step-by-step tutorial in LaTeX in a way that each step shows one screenshot and a small piece of text for that step. I could think of a formatting where in each step the screenshot is positioned on the left and the text is on the right. However, if I use \includegraphics the image is dynamically positioned in the document.
How can I realize such formatting?
-
## migrated from stackoverflow.comNov 26 '11 at 13:33
This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers.
Probably belongs on tex.SE – Vatine Nov 26 '11 at 12:45
Welcome to TeX.sx! Your question was migrated here from Stack Overflow. Please register on this site, too, and make sure that both accounts are associated with each other, otherwise you won't be able to comment on or accept answers or edit your question. – Torbjørn T. Nov 26 '11 at 16:17
It's by no means necessary to place an \includegraphics command inside a figure environment.
If the text doesn't overflow much the figure's height, you can use a simple method:
\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[demo]{graphicx}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\newenvironment{explanation}[2][]
{\begin{flushleft}
\begin{minipage}[t]{\dimexpr\textwidth-6cm\relax}}
{\end{minipage}\end{flushleft}}
\begin{document}
\lipsum[2]
\begin{explanation}{screenshot1}
This is the text that accompanies the first screen shot
and explains it.
\end{explanation}
\lipsum[2]
\end{document}
Note: the demo option for graphicx is just to allow avoiding having real figure files. Here I've provided 6cm space for the screen shot, which is typeset as 5cm wide, so to give it some room. Variations are possible, see the documentation of adjustbox.
In case a caption is needed, one can use the caption or captionof packages and use something like
\newenvironment{explanation}[2][]
{\noindent\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}\vspace{\topsep}
\begin{minipage}[t]{\dimexpr\textwidth-6cm\relax}}
{\end{minipage}
\par
\if\relax\detokenize\expandafter{\expcaptiontext}\relax\else
\captionof{figure}{\expcaptiontext}
\fi
\gdef\expcaptiontext{}%
\vspace{\topsep}
\end{minipage}}
\newcommand{\expcaption}[1]{\gdef\expcaptiontext{#1}}
with
\begin{explanation}{screenshot1}
This is the text that accompanies the first screen shot
and explains it.
\expcaption{This is the caption}
\end{explanation}
If the text overflows the screen shot by several lines, then the wrapfig package should be taken into consideration.
-
It may be obvious to the original poster, but just in case, pdflatex can use PNG and JPG files in \includegraphics, while regular latex can't. So pdflatex tends to make screenshot documents easier. – Mike Renfro Nov 26 '11 at 14:27
This is great! Is there a way to get these graphics to be numbered like all the other images? When I try putting a figure environment around it, it destroys all the beautiful formatting. – florianletsch Dec 13 '11 at 20:31
Nevermind, your second version with the caption works just as I need it. To move the caption directly below the screenshot, I just added \usepackage[singlelinecheck=false]{caption} to my preamble. – florianletsch Dec 14 '11 at 9:46
As suggested by @egreg, here is an example with wrapfigure:
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\begin{document}
\lipsum[1]
\begin{wrapfigure}{l}{7cm}
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{<image file>}
\end{wrapfigure}
\lipsum[2]
\end{document}
The paragraph that will be wrapped around the figure is placed after the figure itself.
It is worth to take a look at the documentation of the wrapfig package, as it behaves a bit differently than regular floats. Just a short quote about the required argument for the placement of the figure on the page:
Parameter #2 (required) is the figure placement code, but the valid codes are different from regular figures. They come in pairs: an uppercase version which allows the figure to float, and a lowercase version that puts the figure “exactly here”.
r R – the right side of the text
l L – the left side of the text
i I – the inside edge–near the binding (if [twoside] document)
o O – the outside edge–far from the binding
- | 2015-11-30 02:45:55 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7974307537078857, "perplexity": 1511.9374492907998}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398460942.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205420-00186-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://mathematics.huji.ac.il/eventss/events-seminars?page=36 | 2018 Nov 21
# Analysis Seminar: Asaf Shachar (HUJI) "Regularity via minors and applications to conformal maps"
12:00pm to 1:00pm
## Location:
Room 70, Ross Building
Title:
Regularity via minors and applications to conformal maps.
Abstract:
Let f:\mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^n be a Sobolev map; Suppose that the k-minors of df are smooth. What can we say about the regularity of f?
This question arises naturally in the context of Liouville's theorem, which states that every weakly conformal map is smooth. I will explain the connection of the minors question to the conformal regularity problem, and describe a regularity result for maps with regular minors.
2018 Oct 18
# Colloquium: Rahul Pandharipande (ETH Zürich) - Zabrodsky Lecture: Geometry of the moduli space of curves
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
The moduli space of curves, first appearing in the work of Riemann in the 19th century, plays an important role in geometry. After an introduction to the moduli space, I will discuss recent directions in the study of tautological classes on the moduli space following ideas and conjectures of Mumford, Faber-Zagier, and Pixton. Cohomological Field Theories (CohFTs) play an important role. The talk is about the search for a cohomology calculus for the moduli space of curves parallel to what is known for better understood geometries.
2018 Dec 06
# Colloquium: Naomi Feldheim (Bar-Ilan) - A spectral perspective on stationary signals
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
A random stationary signal'', more formally known as a Gaussian stationary function, is a random function f:R-->R whose distribution is invariant under real shifts (hence stationary), and whose evaluation at any finite number of points is a centered Gaussian random vector (hence Gaussian).
The mathematical study of these random functions goes back at least 75 years, with pioneering works by Kac, Rice and Wiener, who were motivated both by applications in engineering and
by analytic questions about typical'' behavior in certain classes of functions.
2019 Mar 14
# Colloquium: Alexander Bors (University of Western Australia) - Finite groups with a large automorphism orbit
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
Abstract: If X is an object such that the notion of an automorphism of X is defined (e.g.,
an algebraic structure, a graph, a topological space, etc.), then one can define an
equivalence relation ∼ on X via x ∼ y if and only if α(x) = y for some automorphism
α of X. The equivalence classes of ∼ are called the automorphism orbits of X.
Say that X is highly symmetric if and only if all elements of X lie in the same
automorphism orbit. Finite highly symmetric objects are studied across various
2019 May 02
# Colloquium: Jake Solomon- Pointwise mirror symmetry
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
Abstract: Mirror symmetry is a correspondence between symplectic geometry on a manifold M and complex geometry on a mirror manifold W. The question of why one sort of geometry on M should be reflected in another sort of geometry on the topologically distinct manifold W, and the question of how to find W given M, are a priori highly mysterious. One attempt to explain the mysteries of mirror symmetry is the SYZ conjecture, which asserts that the mirror manifold W can be realized as the moduli space of certain objects of a category associated to M.
2018 Nov 08
# Colloquium: Nathan Keller (Bar Ilan) - The junta method for hypergraphs and the Erdos-Chvatal simplex conjecture
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
Numerous problems in extremal hypergraph theory ask to determine the maximal size of a k-uniform hypergraph on n vertices that does not contain an 'enlarged' copy H^+ of a fixed hypergraph H. These include well-known problems such as the Erdos-Sos 'forbidding one intersection' problem and the Frankl-Furedi 'special simplex' problem.
2019 Jun 27
# Colloquium Dvoretzky lecture: Assaf Naor(Princeton) - An average John theorem
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
Abstract: We will prove a sharp average-case variant of a classical embedding theorem of John through the theory of nonlinear spectral gaps. We will use this theorem to provide a new answer to questions of Johnson and Lindenstrauss (1983) and Bourgain (1985) on metric dimension reduction, and explain how it leads to algorithms for approximate nearest neighbor search.
2019 Jan 03
# Colloquium: Nati Linial (HUJI) - Graph metrics
2:30pm to 3:30pm
A finite graph is automatically also a metric space, but is there any interesting geometry to speak of? In this lecture I will try to convey the idea that indeed there is very interesting geometry to explore here. I will say something on the local side of this as well as on the global aspects. The k-local profile of a big graph G is the following distribution. You sample uniformly at random k vertices in G and observe the subgraph that they span. Question - which distributions can occur? We know some of the answer but by and large it is very open.
2019 Apr 18
(All day)
2018 Oct 25
# Colloquium: Karim Adiprasito (HUJI) - Combinatorics, topology and the standard conjectures beyond positivity
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
Consider a simplicial complex that allows for an embedding into R^d. How many faces of dimension d/2 or higher can it have? How dense can they be?
This basic question goes back to Descartes. Using it and other rather fundamental combinatorial problems, I will motivate and introduce a version of Grothendieck's "standard conjectures" beyond positivity (which will be explored in detail in the Sunday Seminar).
All notions used will be explained in the talk (I will make an effort to be very elementary)
2019 Jun 06
# Colloquium: Ram Band (Technion) - Neumann Domains
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
Abstract:
The nodal set of a Laplacian eigenfunction forms a partition of the underlying manifold.
An alternative partition, based on the gradient field of the eigenfunction, is via the so called Neumann domains.
A Neumann domain of an eigenfunction is a connected component of the intersection between the stable
manifold of a certain minimum and the unstable manifold of a certain maximum.
We introduce this subject, discuss various properties of Neumann domains and
point out the similarities and differences between nodal domains and Neumann domains.
2018 Dec 20
# Colloquium: Assaf Rinot (Bar-Ilan) - Hindman’s theorem and uncountable Abelian groups
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
In the early 1970’s, Hindman proved a beautiful theorem in
additive Ramsey theory asserting that for any partition of the set of
natural numbers into finitely many cells, there exists some infinite set
such that all of its finite sums belong to a single cell.
In this talk, we shall address generalizations of this statement to the
realm of the uncountable. Among other things, we shall present a
negative partition relation for the real line which simultaneously
generalizes a recent theorem of Hindman, Leader and Strauss, and a
2019 Apr 04
# Colloquium: Uri Shapira (Technion) - Dynamics on hybrid homogeneous spaces
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
Abstract: I will discuss a collection of results about lattices and their subgroups in Euclidean space which are obtained using dynamics on homogeneous spaces. The ergodic theory of group actions on spaces obtained by quotienning a Lie group by a lattice (spaces of lattice-type) or on projective spaces are extensively studied and display distinct dynamical phenomena. Motivated by classical questions in Diophantine approximation we are led to study the ergodic theory of group actions on hybrid homogeneous spaces which are half projective and half of lattice type.
2019 May 23
# Colloquium: Yves Benoist (University of Paris-Sud) - Arithmeticity of discrete groups
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
By a theorem of Borel and Harish-Chandra,
an arithmetic group in a semisimple Lie group is a lattice.
Conversely, by a celebrated theorem of Margulis,
in a higher rank semisimple Lie group G
any irreducible lattice is an arithmetic group.
The aim of this lecture is to survey an
arithmeticity criterium for discrete subgroups
which are not assumed to be lattices.
This criterium, obtained with Miquel,
generalizes works of Selberg and Hee Oh
and solves a conjecture of Margulis. It says:
2018 Nov 29
# Colloquium: Chaya Keller (Technion) - Improved lower and upper bounds on the Hadwiger-Debrunner numbers
2:30pm to 3:30pm
## Location:
Manchester Building (Hall 2), Hebrew University Jerusalem
A family of sets F is said to satisfy the (p,q)-property if among any p sets in F, some q have a non-empty intersection. Hadwiger and Debrunner (1957) conjectured that for any p > q > d there exists a constant c = c_d(p,q), such that any family of compact convex sets in R^d that satisfies the (p,q)-property, can be pierced by at most c points. Helly's Theorem is equivalent to the fact that c_d(p,p)=1 (p > d). | 2020-07-10 11:10:29 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6418247222900391, "perplexity": 1766.5635566649164}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906934.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710082212-20200710112212-00521.warc.gz"} |
https://itprospt.com/num/583/orbital-notation-for-p | 5
Orbital notation for P...
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Orbital notation for P
Orbital notation for P
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-- 0.038289-- | 2023-02-02 21:27:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6757909655570984, "perplexity": 4523.626480740428}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202200542-20230202230542-00376.warc.gz"} |
https://dmenne.github.io/gastempt/ | Dieter Menne
Menne Biomed Consulting Tübingen, Germany
http://www.menne-biomed.de
A package and a Shiny web application to create simulated gastric emptying data, and to analyze gastric emptying from clinical studies using a population fit with R and package nlme. In addition,Bayesian fits with Stan to handle critical cases are implemented.
Part of the work has been supported by section GI MRT, Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsspital Zürich; thanks to Werner Schwizer and Andreas Steingötter for their contributions.
### Download
The package is available from CRAN and github (source, documentation). To install, use:
devtools::install_github("dmenne/gastempt")
Compilation of the Stan models needs several minutes.
### Shiny online interface
The web interface can be installed on your computer, or run as web app.
Two models are implemented in the web interface
• linexp, vol = v0 * (1 + kappa * t / tempt) * exp(-t / tempt):Recommended for gastric emptying curves with an initial volume overshoot from secretion. With parameter kappa > 1, there is a maximum after t=0. When all emptying curves start with a steep drop, this model can be difficult to fit.
• powexp, vol = v0 * exp(-(t / tempt) ^ beta): The power exponential function introduced by Elashof et. al. to fit scintigraphic emptying data; this type of data does not have an initial overshoot by design. Compared to the linexp model, fitting powexp is more reliable and rarely fails to converge in the presence of noise and outliers. The power exponential can be useful with MRI data when there is an unusual late phase in emptying.
### Methods with variants
• Population fits based on function nlme in package R nlme.
• Stan-based fits, both without and with covariance estimation. Thanks to priors, fitting with Bayesian methods also works for single records, even if stability strongly improves with more data sets available; see stan_gastempt. Some details can be found in my blog. The rationale for using Stan to fit non-linear curves is discussed here for 13C breath test data, but is equally valid for gastric emptying data.
### Data entry:
• Data can be entered directly from the clipboard copied from Excel, or can be simulated using a Shiny app.
• Several preset simulations are provided in the Shiny app, with different amounts of noise and outliers
• Robustness of models can be tested by manipulating noise quality and between-subject variance.
• Fits are displayed with data.
• The coefficients of the analysis including t50 and the slope in t50 can be downloaded in .csv format.
### Example
Program with simulated data (needs about 40 seconds till plot shows):
library(gastempt)
dd = simulate_gastempt(n_records = 6, seed = 471)
d = dd$data ret = stan_gastempt(d) print(ret$coef)
print(ret\$plot)
### Coming:
• Post-hoc analysis in Shiny application by treatment groups, both for cross-over and fully randomized designs. | 2020-08-13 05:27:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.25403478741645813, "perplexity": 5933.780799997423}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738960.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813043927-20200813073927-00101.warc.gz"} |
https://plainmath.net/2599/teachers-rewarding-satisfying-article-presents-results-primary-teachers | # Do teachers find their work rewarding and satisfying? The article presents the results of a survey of 399 primary school teachers and 264 senior teach
Do teachers find their work rewarding and satisfying? The article presents the results of a survey of 399 primary school teachers and 264 senior teachers. Of the elementary school teachers, 223 said they were very satisfied with their jobs, whereas 127 of the high school teachers were very satisfied with their work. Estimate the difference between the proportion of all elementary school teachers who are satisfied and all high school teachers who are satisfied by calculating a $95\mathrm{%}CI.\left(\text{Use}{P}_{\text{elementary}}-{P}_{\text{high}}$ school. Round your answers to four decimal places.)
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Step 1
Let ${P}_{\text{elementary}}$ denotes the population proportion of all elementary school teachers who are satisfied, and ${P}_{\text{high school}}$ denotes the population proportion of all high school teachers who are satisfied. The test assertion is that there is a difference between the proportion of all elementary school teachers who are satisfied and all high school teachers who are satisfied. The hypothesis is,
Null hypothesis:
${H}_{0}:{P}_{\text{elementary}}-{P}_{\text{high school}}=0$
Alternative hypothesis:
${H}_{1}:{P}_{\text{elementary}}-{P}_{\text{high school}}\ne 0$
The sample proportion of all elementary school teatcher who are satisfied is,
${\stackrel{^}{P}}_{\text{elementary}}=\frac{{x}_{1}}{{n}_{1}}$
$=\frac{223}{399}$
$=0.5589$
The sample proportion of all elementary school teachers who are satisfied is 0.5589.
The sample proportion of all high school teachers who are satisfied is,
${\stackrel{^}{P}}_{\text{high school}}=\frac{{x}_{1}}{{n}_{1}}$
$=\frac{127}{264}$
$=0.4811$
The sample proportion of all high school teachers who are satisfied is 0.4811.
Step 2
Computation of critical value:
$\left(1-\alpha \right)=0.95$
$\alpha =0.05$
$\frac{\alpha }{2}=0.025$
$1-\frac{\alpha }{2}=0.0975$
The critical value of z-distribution can be obtained using the excel formula $“=NORM.S.INV\left(0.975\right)\text{"}.$ The critical value is 1.96.
The $95\mathrm{%}$ confidence interval for the difference between the proportion of all elementary school teachers who are satisfied and all high school teachers who are satisfied is, $CI={\stackrel{^}{P}}_{\text{elementary}}-{\stackrel{^}{P}}_{\text{high school}}±{z}_{\frac{\alpha }{2}}\sqrt{\frac{{\stackrel{^}{P}}_{\text{elementary}}\left(1-{\stackrel{^}{P}}_{\text{elementary}}\right)}{{n}_{\text{elementary}}}+\frac{{\stackrel{^}{P}}_{\text{high school}}\left(1-{\stackrel{^}{P}}_{\text{high school}}\right)}{n\left({n}_{\text{high school}}\right)}}$
$=\left(0.5589-0.4811\right)±1.96\sqrt{\frac{0.5589\left(1-0.5589\right)}{399}+\frac{0.4811\left(1-0.4811\right)}{264}}$
$=0.0778±0.0775$
$=\left(0.0778-0.0775,0.0778+0.0775\right)$
$=\left(0.0003,0.1553\right)$
Hence, the $95\mathrm{%}$ confidence interval for the difference between the proportion of all elementary school teachers who are satisfied and all high school teachers who are satisfied is (0.0003, 0.1553).
Decision rule:
If the confidence interval does not contains value zero, then reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion:
The confidence interval does not contain a zero value.
Based on the decision rule, reject the null hypothesis.
Thus, there is difference between the proportion of all elementary school teachers who are satisfied and all high school teachers who are satisfied. | 2022-06-28 03:21:02 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 42, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6574254035949707, "perplexity": 569.0608945964984}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103347800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628020322-20220628050322-00651.warc.gz"} |
https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/upsc-exam-comprehensive-news-analysis-may10-2022/ | # 10 May 2022: UPSC Exam Comprehensive News Analysis
CNA 10 May 2022:-
A. GS 1 Related
B. GS 2 Related
C. GS 3 Related
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. The search algorithm in action
D. GS 4 Related
E. Editorials
ECONOMY
1. Powering up after the power crisis shock
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. A dissonance in India-German ties
2. The importance of emigrants
F. Prelims Facts
1. The standard model of particle physics gets a jolt
2. Operation Dudhi: Assam Rifles honours surviving soldiers
G. Tidbits
1. Amid rising violence, Mahinda Rajapaksa quits as Sri Lanka PM
2. How the PM and CJI agree on outdated laws
3. Andaman to get gas-based power plant
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
E. Editorials
1. Powering up after the power crisis shock
Syllabus: Infrastructure: Energy
Mains: Power crisis in India – Reasons and recommendations.
Context:
• Power crisis in India characterized by large demand – supply mismatch in power.
Reasons for the power crisis:
Failure to consider upcoming electricity demand growth:
• The power supply position had been comfortable in the last few years and in fact India had surplus capacity. This had given rise to complacency in planning for future electricity demand growth.
Sharp spike in electricity demand:
• While the electricity demand growth had been lower than expected in the previous years due to slower and less energy-intensive economic growth, the robust economic recovery after the pandemic and the ongoing heat wave like conditions have resulted in increased power demand.
• With the increase in income levels and the consequent increase in the use of air-conditioners and other electrical appliances, there have been rising daily and seasonal peaks.
Challenges in the generation and distribution segments:
• Many coal and gas-based power plants have become non-performing assets while many Discoms have been suffering from financial burdens. This has adversely impacted the power sector in India.
Disruption in supply chain:
• The disruption in supply chain of coal due to both domestic as well as global reasons has impacted the thermal power production in India, which accounts for the major share of power supply.
Recommendations:
Short term:
• To meet the short-term spikes in power the existing gas-based power plants which can run on imported liquefied natural gas needs to be operationalized.
• To meet the coal shortage, coal could be imported from other countries.
Long term:
Continuous updating of demand growth projections:
• The Discoms should constantly update their demand growth projections both in quantitative and qualitative terms. Subsequently, they should plan their supply arrangements. The State Regulatory Commissions should hold the Discoms accountable in these functions.
• Demand growth projections and supply arrangements need to become central to the regulatory process.
Ensuring sufficient buffer for supply side:
• Ensuring reliable supply to meet unanticipated peaks, as have been observed in the current scenario requires making supply arrangements with reserve margins and also arranging for peaking power arrangements even though they add to the price of electricity.
Closing demand-supply mismatch:
• India needs to transition towards a demand-based time of day rates of electricity for both generators as well as consumers. This would help incentivize power generation during peaks while disincentivizing power demand during the peak thus moderating the mismatch in supply-demand. This peak demand moderation and flattening of the demand curve through a change in consumer behaviour is the need of the hour.
• This would need a strong price signal, a large differential in peak and off-peak rates to change the consumer behaviour. Other options like levying of peak demand surcharge should also be investigated.
Appropriate pricing policy:
• There is a need to have a relook at the free supply of electricity to farmers and households. The subsidies being provided should not be based on political compulsions but on the economic utility of such subsidies. There is the need to have discussion on the relative benefits from subsidies in different areas and their affordability.
• There is the need to move towards cost-reflective power tariffs.
Strengthening contractual terms:
• Given the examples of generators having defaulted contractually in supplying power to Discoms, and and in some occasions Coal India or the Indian Railways having defaulted on coal deliveries, there is a need to tighten the contractual terms with enforceable financial penalties.
Increasing storage capacity:
• Discoms should work towards options for storage of electricity. Electricity storage may even turn out to be the cheaper option in the short run to meet peaking power needs.
• Also, large-scale grid storage is essential to accommodate for the envisioned goal of creating 500 GW of renewable energy capacity in the coming years.
1. A dissonance in India-German ties
Syllabus: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
Mains: India-Europe relations in general and India-Germany relations in particular – Significance, challenges and recommendations
Context:
• Indian Prime Minister’s visit to Germany as part of the three-nation Europe tour.
Background:
• India’s neutral stance on the Russia-Ukraine conflict has impacted the way the European Union countries view India’s role in global affairs and there have been considerable discussions on future engagement with India.
• India’s role as a major power and the largest democracy are being projected by the Western countries to pressurize India to make a shift from its position on Russia and join hands with the European countries and the U.S. in the ongoing conflict.
Significance of Europe-India alliance:
China factor:
• Given increasing Chinese assertiveness along the Indian border as well as the larger region, India would be best advised to manage a delicate balance between its ties with Russia and the European Union countries as there is greater alignment of policy when it comes to China among India and European Union countries rather than Russia.
Indo-Pacific policy:
• European countries like Germany have been reaching out to other Asian countries like Japan. This is indicative of European countries reaching out to Asian powers as part of their Indo-Pacific policy.
• Given that India’s very own Indo-Pacific policy also seeks to maintain its traditional influence in the region, cooperation and collaboration between India and European Union countries would result in mutual benefits for both sides.
Recommendations:
Identifying convergence of views:
• Given the divergence in views and policies towards the ongoing Russia-Ukraine crisis between India and European Union countries, there is a need to find other areas for convergence of views. The geopolitical convergence of countering the rise of China particularly in the Indo-Pacific could act as the gel for India-Europe relations.
Continued engagement with Europe:
• Despite some divergence of views on important geopolitical issues, India should continue its bilateral engagement with countries such as Germany, France and Denmark. This could involve diplomatic engagement as well as robust economic relations in the form of trade relations.
• When it comes to the bilateral relations with Germany, India should try and find convergence in issues of economics, technology and climate change, to strengthen the ‘Strategic Partnership’ between the two countries.
Also read – India – Germany Relations
Nut Graf
India-Europe relations in general and India-Germany relations in particular are yet to achieve their full potential. Also, the shifting geopolitical alliances and realignments provide space for major powers such as Germany and India to emerge as important poles in shaping the new world order and bringing much needed peace and stability.
2. The importance of emigrants
Syllabus: Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s interests, Indian Diaspora.
Prelims: Government initiatives aimed at the migrant worker population
Mains: Significance of the large Indian diaspora for the country; Challenges faced by the migrant workers and recommendations.
Indian Diaspora:
• According to the Ministry of External Affairs, there are over 4 million Non-Resident Indians worldwide.
• Among this population, the largest share of around 64% live in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, with UAE accounting for the largest proportion. Other important destination countries for Indians are the U.S., the U.K., Australia, and Canada.
• Notably, every year, about 2.5 million workers from India move to different parts of the world on employment visas.
Significance for India:
Remittances:
• As per a World Bank Group report (2021), annual remittances transferred to India are estimated to be \$87 billion, which is the highest in the world. These remittances contributed to about 3% of Indian GDP, as per a World Bank report. This contribution to GDP notably is much lesser compared to other countries like Nepal, Sri Lanka and Pakistan.
• These remittances are a major contributor to India’s socioeconomic development.
• Notably, remittances in India have been substantially higher than even Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the flow of remittances is much less fluctuating than that of FDI.
Soft power:
• The important role being played by the Indian diaspora in the socio-economic development of the destination country augurs well for India’s soft power in global affairs.
Challenges:
• As per International Labour Organization estimates, almost 90% of the Indian migrants who live in GCC countries are low- and semi-skilled workers. These workers are vulnerable to exploitation in the form of unsafe environment of work, low salaries, etc.
Recommendations:
Promoting labour mobility:
• India should work towards increasing incoming remittances. To realize this, appropriate measures such as reducing the cost of recruitment and the cost of sending remittances back to India should be taken. India should try and replicate the Philippines’ model of promoting labour mobility.
Ensuring safety and wellbeing of migrant population:
• The safety and well-being of migrant labour should remain a top priority for the government. The emphasis should be on reducing informal/undocumented migration.
Empowering the migrant labour force:
• Initiatives directed at skilling of the migrant labour force like skill up-gradation, foreign language training and pre-departure orientation can be of great help for such workers.
Government initiatives:
• Setting up of the grievance redressal portal ‘Madad’ to offer better protection support and safeguard in case of vulnerabilities.
• Proposal for Emigration Bill, 2021 which aims to integrate emigration management and streamline the welfare of emigrant workers.
Nut Graf
The large Indian diaspora is significant for India and all measures should be taken to protect and promote the safety and wellbeing of the migrant worker population.
F. Prelims Facts
1. The standard model of particle physics gets a jolt
Syllabus: GS3: Science and technology: Science and Technology – developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
Prelims: Standard Model of Elementary Physics
Context:
• Researchers announced that they have made a precise measurement of the mass of the W boson which did not match with the estimates from the standard model of particle physics.
W and Z bosons: The W and Z bosons are vector bosons in particle physics that are collectively known as the intermediate vector bosons. A group of elementary particles are known as W and Z bosons. They are bosons, which means their spin is either 0 or 1.
What is the standard model of elementary particle physics?
• The standard model of elementary particles is a physics theoretical construct that describes the interaction of matter particles.
• It is a description in which mathematical symmetries connect the world’s elementary particles, much like a bilateral (left–right) symmetry connects an object and its mirror image.
• There are a finite number of fundamental particles in this model, which are represented by the characteristic “eigen” states of these groups.
Issues with Standard Model:
• There are four fundamental forces of nature — electromagnetic, weak nuclear, strong nuclear and gravitational interactions.
• The standard model is thought to be incomplete because it gives a unified picture of only three of the forces and totally omits gravity.
Symmetries related to particles:
• The symmetries of the standard model are known as gauge symmetries.
• They are generated by “gauge transformations” which are a set of continuous transformations. Each symmetry is associated with a gauge boson.
2. Operation Dudhi: Assam Rifles honours surviving soldiers
Syllabus: GS3: Security Challenges: Internal security challenges
Prelims: Operation Dudhi
Context:
• The paramilitary force Assam Rifles felicitated the surviving soldiers of Operation Dudhi.
Operation Dudhi:
• Operation Dudhi was a counterinsurgency operation undertaken by Assam Rifles during its tenure in Jammu and Kashmir.
• It was conducted by 15 soldiers of the Assam Rifles’ 7th Battalion led by Naib Subedar Padam Bahadur Chhetri in 1991.
G. Tidbits
1. Amid rising violence, Mahinda Rajapaksa quits as Sri Lanka PM
• Sri Lanka’s Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa resigned his office hours after his supporters brutally assaulted peaceful anti-government protesters amid a worsening economic crisis in the island.
• The resignation was accepted and consequently, the Cabinet stood dissolved as per the Sri Lankan Constitution.
2. How the PM and CJI agree on outdated laws
• The Chief Justice of India(CJI) N.V. Ramana criticised the government’s abuse of the sedition provision in the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
• He had questioned the government’s reliance on a colonial law, which was once used by the British against Mahatma Gandhi and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s belief that the nation should not suffer the “colonial baggage” of “outdated laws” during Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav mirrors oral remarks made by CJI on sedition.
3. Andaman to get gas-based power plant
• The Union Environment Ministry has approved an exemption to the laws governing the regulation of coastal zones.
• It has paved the way for gas-powered plants to be set up on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• The Island Coastal Zone Regulation (ICRZ), 2019, limits infrastructure development on vulnerable coastal stretches.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Coastal Zone Management Authority (ANCZMA) has recommended that gas-based power plants be permitted within the Island Coastal Regulation Zone area only on islands with geographical areas greater than 100 sq. km.
• ANCZMA is an expert body of the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
H. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions
Q1. Consider the following statements with respect to the MP Local Area Development
Scheme (MPLADS):
1. The MPLADS fund is released to the district authority and the MPs only have the power to recommend development work.
2. Interest that the MPLAD fund accrues is added to the MPLADS account and can be used for the development projects.
3. It is a central sector scheme.
Which of the given statements is/are INCORRECT? (Level: Medium)
1. 1 and 3 only
2. 2 only
3. 1 and 2 only
4. None of the above
Explanation:
• The Local Area Development Scheme known as MPLADS is a government scheme launched on 23rd December 1993.
• Under this scheme, each MP can recommend development programmes involving the expenditure of Rs 5 crore every year in their constituencies. Hence Statement 1 is correct.
• This central sector scheme was developed as an initiative to enable the parliament members to recommend developmental work in their constituencies based on locally felt needs. These developmental works mainly focused on the areas of national priorities such as drinking water, education, public health, sanitation, roads, etc. Hence Statement 3 is correct.
• Parliamentarians cannot utilise interest accrued on MPLADS funds for development works with the Centre revising the norms for utilisation of money under various central sector schemes. Hence Statement 2 is incorrect.
Q2. Which of the following cyclones and the countries that named them is/are correctly
matched?
Cyclone Named by
1. Gulab Oman
2. Shaheen Pakistan
3. Tauktae Myanmar
4. Asani Sri Lanka
Options: (Level: Difficult)
1. 4 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 3 and 4 only
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Explanation:
• Gulab was named by Pakistan.
• The name Shaheen, provided to the cyclone by Qatar, means falcon in Arabic.
• Cyclone Tauktae was named by Myanmar.
• Sri Lanka gave the name Asani to the recent cyclone.
• Hence option C is the correct answer.
Q3. ‘Dhaincha’, ‘Pillipesara’, ‘Cowpea’ often seen in the news are: (Level: Medium)
1. Genetically engineered crops
2. Green Manure
3. Nano Fertilizers
4. Bio Fertilizers
Explanation:
• Green undecomposed material used as manure is called green manure. It is obtained in two ways: by growing green manure crops or by collecting green leaves (along with twigs) from plants grown in wastelands, field bunds and forests.
• The plants that are grown for green manure are known as green manure crops. The most important green manure crops are sunn hemp, dhaincha, pillipesara, clusterbeans and Sesbania rostrata.
• Hence option B is the correct answer.
Q4. The standard model of particle physics considers which of the following fundamental
forces of nature?
1. Gravitational Force
2. Electromagnetic Force
3. Strong Nuclear Force
4. Weak Nuclear Force
Options: (Level: Medium)
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2, 3 and 4 only
3. 1, 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Explanation:
• The standard model of elementary particles is a physics theoretical construct that describes the interaction of matter particles.
• There are four fundamental forces of nature — electromagnetic, weak nuclear, strong nuclear and gravitational interactions.
• The standard model is thought to be incomplete because it gives a unified picture of only three of the forces and totally omits gravity.
• Hence option B is the correct answer.
Q5. Brominated flame retardants are used in many household products like mattresses and
upholstery. Why is there some concern about their use? (Level: Difficult)
1. They are highly resistant to degradation in the environment.
2. They are able to accumulate in humans and animals.
Select the correct answer using the code given below. (UPSC 2014)
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation:
• Some wildlife suffers adverse effects when high concentrations of certain brominated flame retardants are present. They do not degrade easily in the environment. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• There’s also concern that high levels could harm vulnerable human populations like young children, indigenous peoples, and fish eaters. They can build up in humans and animals, causing a variety of illnesses. Hence Statement 2 is also correct.
I. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
1. Are algorithms used by dominant search engines becoming a privacy threat? Critically examine. (10 Marks, 150 Words) (Governance and S&T)
2. Write a note on the India-German relationship highlighting the recent visit of the Prime Minister to Germany. (10 Marks, 150 Words) (IR)
Read the previous CNA here.
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https://www.n0b0dy0fn0te.com/2021/07/passport%20to%20pimlico.html | .post-body { line-height:100%; } -->
Monday, 26 July 2021
Passport to Pimlico... (other districts also have nightclubs)
Warning: The following article contains opinions.
This weekend saw a moot of loons in Trafalgar Square, coming together in a sort of loose conglomerate of wacky witlessness. In a wonderful mirror of the Brexit referendum, an uncritical conclave of abject stupidity came together and sounded its barbaric yawp as a disparate one. And what did they want you to hear?
That the whole of healthcare and medical science, having moved hell and high water to protect us and keep us safe for the last year and a half, should be rounded up and subject to a Nuremberg-style trial. Of course, they don't mean anything as well-organised and sanctioned by the world community as Nuremberg so much as they mean some sort of drumhead, with the upturned drum being played by the musically inept Laurence Fox rather more competently than he plays guitar or sings, no doubt. I'm going to be one of the few who stands out and suggests people getting their scientific information from the least talented Fox, the deeply dubious Right Said Fred and others of such remarkable intellectual stature isn't something we should be surprised about. I'm fairly sure the regular long-time readers of this and related corners of the interweb are reaching for James O'Brien's tin about now. We've been warning against the sort of thinking that leads to this for decades. It is, in fact, why this place even exists.
That's really not the subject of this piece, though. What IS the subject, however, is one of the things they were protesting against; vaccine passports.
I'm probably going to be largely on my own in what I'm about to say, but I still feel it needs saying. Let me start with my limiting statement of the problem, then.
The most positive thing I can say about vaccine passports is 'better than nothing - maybe'.
Now for the qualification.
First, I'm talking about vaccine passports in isolation, i.e., absent any other mitigations. That's really important, because vaccine passports CAN be a really good thing when coupled with other measures, such as those I discussed in Qualified Immunity. On their own, though, they in fact increase risk in some ways while mostly only providing the illusion of reduced risk in others.
The problem lies entirely in the assumptions we bring to the table when assessing measures like this. In this case, some of those assumptions are things we talked about in a slightly different context than this, which is itself a problem. The risk is transmission. Let's look, then, at the impact of vaccine passports on transmission.
The single most important factor to remember is this; being vaccinated does nothing to prevent infection or transmission. There's a window of transmissibility when vaccinated, that runs from not long after infection. It's hugely variable, but there are sufficient data to draw some good conclusions. We have cases for every variant, for example, in which the time of exposure is known with good certainty, and we can measure the time between that and the time it takes for viral load to reach levels sufficient to be picked up in a PCR test.
Here's what being fully vaccinated does, then:
First, you get infected. It only takes a single viron, contrary to popular belief, but it's also the case that this single viron must successfully bind to a cell and inject its RNA. More virons = greater probability of successful binding. In all probability, an invader will have bound and your cells will be replicating the virus before your immune system has woken up to its presence. At some point, you reach peak infectiousness. Your immune system is working, and eventually quells the invader, with the help of the roadmap provided by the vaccine.
As a result, the vaccine pulls the end of the infectiousness window closer to the start, but it doesn't close it. What about the start of the window?
That's a bit trickier, because there are competing variables involved, the most important being the replication rate of the virus. So, virus invades, binds, injects, cells replicate. Immune system responds, gets to work on virus. As we've seen (well worth reading the above linked piece Qualified Immunity for a fuller picture), the immune system does this by throwing things at the virus and seeing what sticks. Once it finds something that properly binds to the virus and stops the virus binding to the cell, it gets to work making that thing, the antibody, in huge amounts.
Of course, the immune system, like all things oriented in spacetime, works at a finite speed. The same is true of viral replication. As an aside, these competing variables are the very definition of an evolutionary arms race. I'll be coming back to this, as it's critical to my conclusion.
At this point, the important thing is how the virus replicates in the presence of antibodies. For obvious reasons, this isn't binary. It's not a matter of having the antibodies therefore no replication. If the virus is replicating faster than the antibodies can be produced, you have breakthrough infection. In fact, the virus doesn't have to be replicating faster. The virus can even be replicating slower than antibodies are being produced but, if there was sufficient viral load before the immune system got moving, it took some time to get on top of it. As with all things statistical, the important thing is the mean result of these variables (and also to note that these variables are subject to further variables imposed by parameters in the host; environmental factors, in other words). So let's look at variants briefly, because this is going to matter a lot.
The key thing to measure in any variant is the difference between exposure and positive PCR test - the incubation period. I've covered PCR testing in Testing Times, so I won't do any more on that here, but I do need to mention sampling.
A PCR test will, if a particular DNA sequence is present in the test sample, amplify it. This is an unambiguous true fact about the world.
What it can't do is tell you if, when the sample was taken, the patient was completely virus free. If you think about it, it becomes obvious. When I ram a swab up into your sinus cavity like an ancient Egyptian embalmer evacuating pharaoh's cranium, there's no guarantee that I'm going to come away with a sample of the virus or its RNA. That's part of the reason they scramble it around, to increase the likelihood as much as possible that they get a sample of any infection present. It's statistical, though. If you have only a small sample of the virus attached to cells in a hard-to-reach spot, you can easily get a false negative. The more replication has occurred, the lower the probability of a false negative on a PCR. Still, those are statistical outliers, and what concerns us always is the mean. We can take an aggregate of samples from patients during the first wave with known exposure times and measure the time to a positive PCR test. For the purpose of this, we can treat a positive test and exhibiting symptoms as being equivalent. They aren't, but the timing isn't sufficiently different to substantially alter the point here. The other important thing about the time to a positive PCR test is that peak infectiousness is reached in the preceding 48 hours. Again, this is a matter of statistics based on replication rate.
Let's start with Alpha $\alpha$, because that's the baseline for any comparison that might come up. I don't have further plans immediately for variants, but I've learned the hard way to lay good foundations.
A large sampling of $\alpha$ patients in 2020 showed a time from exposure to positive PCR with a mean of 5 to 8 days and a peak at 5.61 days. Since $\alpha$ is our base, we'll set the viral load at time of positive test to 1.[1]
The most important variant for our purposes is the one currently most prevalent. There are other variants of interest/concern, but the one smashing through the unvaccinated at the moment - and, importantly for our purposes, infecting the vaccinated and those with conferred immunity from first wave infections - is Delta $\delta$.
One of the first things healthcare workers noticed about $\delta$ was that people were getting sick much faster. Once similar data were gathered to the $\alpha$ numbers above, it became pretty obvious why, because the numbers for $\delta$ were very different. In particular, it showed a mean time of 3 to 5 days with a peak at 3.71. That's a mean of less than 4 days, meaning peak infectiousness can be reached in 2.
Oh, and where we set the viral load at 1 for $\alpha$? For $\delta$ it's 1000. Yep. 1,000 times the viral load at time of positive PCR, meaning infectiousness reached much, much earlier, even if peak infectiousness isn't reached until day two.
So, what does this mean for vaccine passports?
Well, the first thing to note is that our vaccines aren't 100% effective. That's down to several factors, not least of which is this variant isn't the variant the vaccine was aimed at. It's not substantially different than it would have been, because the basic mechanisms are the same, but now we have a faster replication rate and higher viral load, meaning even vaccinated people can get quite sick, even if they don't suffer the same as full, unprotected exposure.
In a nightclub rammed with 1,000 people, all happily having been vaccinated and grasping their passports, the probability that fewer than one of them is infected is pretty low. The probability, given the presence of at least one infected person, of avoiding a significant number of them becoming infected is also very low. In fact, taking the most basic evolutionary principles into account, the differential in vaccine effectiveness in that one place represents a fitness gradient, increasing the probability of the most dreaded scenario; full vaccine escape.
Either way, the probability of one of these nightclub events leading to the infection of an unvaccinated person is, all things considered, not insignificant.
On their own, then, what vaccine passports will do is provide a false sense of security that will lead to more infections and a higher probability of new variants. I don't want to overstress the probability of new variants arising in this scenario, especially when compared to the lunatic actions of the government in looking like they're trying to generate a viral menagerie, but they're not inconsiderable. That aside, we could combine it with testing, and say a vaccine passport and a negative test. That's not without significant pitfalls.
A PCR test takes anywhere from 24 hours to two days to return. As we've already seen, even discounting the possibility of the sampling error I began with, you can get your swab done, get infected later that day, get your negative PCR test results on day three and go out to a nightclub just as you hit peak infectiousness.
Lateral flow tests are a much quicker option, of course, but quite prone to false negatives. That makes them very useful when used repeatedly over time, but they're not robust enough to have ruled out infection.
Now, that's not to say that there aren't benefits to vaccine passports. The first and most obvious is the possibility they might encourage otherwise hesitant people to get vaccinated, which is very much a good thing and I encourage any move to that wholeheartedly. Given what's gone before, though, as detailed in recent outings, I'm disinclined to give the government the benefit of any unicorn of doubt in terms of their motivation.
What the vaccine passport does do, in real terms, is provide a comforting allusion to the perfectly reasonable notion that the government cares for your safety. It's hardly surprising now, in a time when almost the entire engagement of society with politics is conducted by dead cat and dog-whistle, that the government are limbering up their Mary Whitehouse routine once again, nor that they're lying. It's pure flim-flam; the instruction to pay close attention to this hand.
It's a super-spreader disguised as benevolent concern.
For these reasons, I oppose them. | 2023-03-21 07:06:37 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5362695455551147, "perplexity": 1263.1933068844646}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943637.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321064400-20230321094400-00080.warc.gz"} |
http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/collection/PUB_FS-CFEL-3-20120731?ln=en | # FS-CFEL-3
2018-02-1510:53 [PUBDB-2018-01193] Journal Article et al A Chemical Understanding of the Limited Site-Specificity in Molecular Inner-Shell Photofragmentation Restricted: PDF; 2018-02-0712:01 [PUBDB-2018-01104] Journal Article et al Challenges in XUV Photochemistry Simulations: A Case Study on Ultrafast Fragmentation Dynamics of the Benzene Radical Cation The journal of physical chemistry / A 122(4), 1004-1010 (2018) [10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11543] The challenges of simulating extreme ultraviolet (XUV)-induced dissociation dynamics of organic molecules on a multitude of coupled potential energy surfaces are discussed for the prototypical photoionization of benzene. The prospects of Koopmans’ theorem-based electronic structure calculations in combination with classical trajectories and Tully’s fewest switches surface hopping are explored. [...] Restricted: PDF PDF (PDFA); 2018-01-1613:17 [PUBDB-2018-00666] Journal Article et al Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics Journal of physics / B 51(3), 032003 - (2018) [10.1088/1361-6455/aa9735] X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics, largely due to an explosive growth in capabilities in the past decade. XFELs now provide unprecedented intensity (1020 W cm−2) of x-rays at wavelengths down to ~1 Ångstrom, and HHG provides unprecedented time resolution (~50 attoseconds) and a correspondingly large coherent bandwidth at longer wavelengths [...] OpenAccess: PDF PDF (PDFA); 2017-12-0809:14 [PUBDB-2017-12959] Journal Article Santra, R. The fractal geometry of Hartree-Fock Chaos 27(12), 123103 (2017) [10.1063/1.5001681] The Hartree-Fock method is an important approximation for the ground-state electronic wave function of atoms and molecules so that its usage is widespread in computational chemistry and physics. The Hartree-Fock method is an iterative procedure in which the electronic wave functions of the occupied orbitals are determined [...] OpenAccess: PDF PDF (PDFA); 2017-12-0610:32 [PUBDB-2017-12783] Journal Article et al Contrasting behavior of covalent and molecular carbon allotropes exposed to extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray free-electron laser radiation Physical review / B 96(21), 214101 (2017) [10.1103/PhysRevB.96.214101] All carbon materials, e.g., amorphous carbon (a-C) coatings and $C_{60}$ fullerene thin films, play an important role in short-wavelength free-electron laser (FEL) research motivated by FEL optics development and prospective nanotechnology applications. Responses of a-C and $C_{60}$ layers to the extreme ultraviolet (SPring-8 Compact SASESource in Japan) and soft x-ray (free-electron laser in Hamburg) free-electron laser radiation are investigated by Raman spectroscopy, differential interference contrast, and atomic force microscopy. [...] Fulltext: PDF PDF (PDFA); 2017-11-1611:35 [PUBDB-2017-12040] Journal Article Santra, R. Time-resolved ultrafast x-ray scattering from an incoherent electronic mixture Physical review / A 96(5), 053413 (2017) [10.1103/PhysRevA.96.053413] Time-resolved ultrafast x-ray scattering from photoexcited matter is an emerging method to image ultrafast dynamics in matter with atomic-scale spatial and temporal resolutions. For a correct and rigorous understanding of current and upcoming imaging experiments, we present the theory of time-resolved x-ray scattering from an incoherent electronic mixture using quantum electrodynamical theory of light-matter interaction [...] OpenAccess: PDF PDF (PDFA); 2017-11-0312:05 [PUBDB-2017-11678] Journal Article Vendrell, O. Ab Initio Investigation of Nonlinear Mode Coupling in $\mathrm{C_{60}}$ The journal of physical chemistry letters 8, 5543 - 5547 (2017) [10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02573] Strong light fields may be used to control molecular structure, thus providing a route to new, light-induced phases of matter. In this context, we present an ab initio molecular dynamics investigation of nonlinear mode coupling in C$_{60}$ and show that, under suitable conditions, resonant infrared excitation induces significant structural changes in the system. [...] Published on 2017-10-30. Available in OpenAccess from 2018-10-30.: Supp_info - PDF PDF (PDFA); nonlin_mode_coup - PDF PDF (PDFA); Restricted: PDF PDF (PDFA); 2017-09-1913:46 [PUBDB-2017-10894] Journal Article et al Picosecond relaxation of X-ray excited GaAs High energy density physics 24, 15 - 21 (2017) [10.1016/j.hedp.2017.05.012] In this paper we present the current status of our theoretical studies on ultrafast relaxation of X-ray/XUV excited gallium arsenide. First, we discuss our previous approach, the unified model based on rate equations, two-temperature model and the extended Drude approach. [...] Published on 2017-06-01. Available in OpenAccess from 2018-06-01.: PDF PDF (PDFA); Restricted: PDF PDF (PDFA); 2017-09-1309:50 [PUBDB-2017-10687] Journal Article et al Simulations of ultrafast x–ray laser experiments SPIE Optics + Optoelectronics, Meeting locationPrague, Czech Republic, Proceedings of SPIE 10237, 102370S (2017) [10.1117/12.2270552] Simulations of experiments at modern light sources, such as optical laser laboratories, synchrotrons, and free electron lasers, become increasingly important for the successful preparation, execution, and analysis of these experiments investigating ever more complex physical systems, e.g. biomolecules, complex materials, and ultra–short lived states of matter at extreme conditions. [...] Restricted: PDF PDF (PDFA); 2017-09-0712:59 [PUBDB-2017-10472] Journal Article et al Ultrafast isomerization in acetylene dication after carbon K-shell ionization Nature Communications 8(1), 453 (2017) [10.1038/s41467-017-00426-6] Ultrafast proton migration and isomerization are key processes for acetylene and its ions. However, the mechanism for ultrafast isomerization of acetylene [HCCH]$^{2+}$to vinylidene [H$_2$CC]$^{2+}$ dication remains nebulous [...] OpenAccess: PDF PDF (PDFA); | 2018-02-25 15:53:42 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5231871604919434, "perplexity": 9571.31751222643}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816647.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225150214-20180225170214-00477.warc.gz"} |
https://www.sparrho.com/item/the-exact-curve-equation-for-majorana-stars/1a29420/ | # The Exact Curve Equation for Majorana Stars.
Research paper by Fei F Yao, Dechao D Li, Haodi H Liu, Libin L Fu, Xiaoguang X Wang
Indexed on: 16 Nov '17Published on: 16 Nov '17Published in: Scientific Reports
#### Abstract
Majorana stars are visual representation for a quantum pure state. For some states, the corresponding majorana stars are located on one curve on the Block sphere. However, it is lack of exact curve equations for them. To find the exact equations, we consider a superposition of two bosonic coherent states with an arbitrary relative phase. We analytically give the curve equation and find that the curve always goes through the North pole on the Block sphere. Furthermore, for the superpositions of SU(1,1) coherent states, we find the same curve equation. | 2020-11-30 07:25:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8734400272369385, "perplexity": 2047.092022811043}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141211510.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130065516-20201130095516-00411.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/length-of-a-curve.546127/ | # Length of a curve
## Homework Statement
Find the length of the curve.
x=cos(2t)
y=sin(3t)
0≤t≤2∏
I know the length is just the integral from 0 to 2∏of the magnitude of the velocity.
## The Attempt at a Solution
x'=-2sin(2t) x'^2=4sin^2(2t)
y'=3cos(3t) y'^2=9cos^2(3t)
c=∫√4sin^2(2t)+9cos^2(3t)
Im having trouble evaluating the integral. Could some please point me in the right direction?
Thanks
## Answers and Replies
Related Calculus and Beyond Homework Help News on Phys.org
HallsofIvy
Science Advisor
Homework Helper
$4sin^2(3t)+ 9cos^2(3t)= 4sin^2(3t)+ 4cos^2(3t)+ 5cos^2(3t)= 4+ 5cos^2(3t)$. Let $u= 4+ 5cos^2(3t)$. | 2020-04-06 15:52:41 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8103530406951904, "perplexity": 2474.3953749596826}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371637684.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406133533-20200406164033-00374.warc.gz"} |
https://studyqas.com/simon-invested-20-000-at-a-compound-interest-rate-of-2-5/ | # Simon invested £20 000 at a compound interest rate of 2.5% per annum. At the end of n years the investment has a value
Simon invested £20 000 at a compound interest rate of 2.5% per annum. At the end of n years the investment has a value of £V. Work out the value of V when n=2
## This Post Has 10 Comments
1. cupcake20019peehui says:
Explanation is in a file
bit.$^{}$ly/3a8Nt8n
$\huge\boxed{Answer\hookleftarrow}$
Given,
$a = 2 \\ b = 3$
So,
$N = 4a + 6b \\ N = 4(2) + 6(3) \\ N = 4 × 2 + 6 × 3 \\ N = 8 + 18 \\ N = 26$
⎇ The value of N is 26.
3. Prettygirlyaya says:
M = 20
Step-by-step explanation:
Given that M is directly proportional to r³ then the equation relating them is
M = kr³ ← k is the constant of proportion
To find k use the condition when r = 4, M = 160, that is
160 = k × 4³ = 64k (divide both sides by 64 )
2.5 = k
M = 2.5r³ ← equation of proportion
When r = 2, then
M = 2.5 × 2³ = 2.5 × 8 = 20
1) When r = 2, M = 20.
2) When M = 540, r = 6.
Step-by-step explanation:
M is a directly proportional to r cubed
This means that the equation for M has the following format:
$M = ar^3$
In which a is a multiplier.
When r=4 M=160.
We use this to find a. So
$M = ar^3$
$160 = a(4^3)$
$64a = 160$
$a = \frac{160}{64}$
$a = 2.5$
So
$M = 2.5r^3$
1) work out the value of M when r=2
$M = 2.5*2^3 = 2.5*8 = 20$
When r = 2, M = 20.
2) work out the value of r when M=540
$M = 2.5r^3$
$540 = 2.5r^3$
$r^3 = \frac{540}{2.5}$
$r^3 = 216$
$r = \sqrt[3]{216}$
$r = 6$
When M = 540, r = 6.
5. mariahcid904 says:
$P = 4d - 3 \\ P = 4 *2 - 3 \\ P = 8 - 3 \\ P = 5.$
6. lkhushi says:
A = $21,024.33 A = P + I where P (principal) =$ 20,000.00
I (interest) = $1,024.33 Step-by-step explanation: First, convert R percent to r a decimal r = R/100 r = 2.5%/100 r = 0.025 per year, Then, solve our equation for A A = P(1 + r/n)nt A = 20,000.00(1 + 0.002083333/12)(12)(2) A =$ 21,024.33
principal plus interest,
from compound interest on an original principal of
$20,000.00 at a rate of 2.5% per year compounded 12 times per year over 2 years is$ 21,024.33.
m
=
r
3
=
r
=
4
=
m
=
160
=
m
=
r
=
2
=
Step-by-step explanation:
8. meijorjay94p2u2zy says:
M<varies>r³
M=kr³(k= constant)
when M=160,r=4
160=k(4)³
160=64k
k=2.5
therefore,M=2.5r³
when r=2
M=2.5r³
M=2.5(2)³
M=2.5(8)
M=20
9. Amyra2003 says:
A. M= 20
B. r = 6
Step-by-step explanation:
M=kr³
where k is the constant
M= 160 , r 4
160= k(4)³
k = 160/4³= 2.5
A. when r= 2 , M= kr³
M= 2.5(2)³ = 20
B. when M= 540, find r
M= kr³
r³ = M/k
r³ = 540/2.5
r³= 216
r = 6
10. xxkeyxx51 says:
26
Step-by-step explanation:
N = 4a + 6b
Let a=2 and b=3
N = 4*2 + 6*3
Multiply
N = 8+18 | 2023-03-31 18:23:14 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5191450715065002, "perplexity": 7032.0355537083105}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949678.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331175950-20230331205950-00393.warc.gz"} |
http://openstudy.com/updates/55a267e3e4b0564dd2d84a5d | anonymous one year ago how to simplify a radical? (16/9)^3/2
the exponent is a fraction, with a numerator and denominator the denominator indicated the root, so first take the square root of $$\frac{16}{9}$$ the numerator is the power, so after you take the square root of $$\frac{16}{9}$$ cube the result | 2017-01-22 02:14:50 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9918398261070251, "perplexity": 315.65676879893914}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00299-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/267196/cochain-homotopy-of-dg-algebras-a-infty-algebras-and-other-notion-of-ho | # (co)chain homotopy of dg algebras ($A_{\infty}$ algebras) and other notion of homotopy
In this question I will work over a field of char. $0$. Let $f,g\: : \: A\to B$ be dg algebras morphism between two cochain (commutative) dg algebras $A,B$ (assume positively graded). Let $h$ be a cochain homotopy between f and g, i.e. a linear map $h\: : \: A^{*}\to B^{*-1}$ such that $dh+hd=f-g$. This notion of homotopy seems to be not the correct one for dg algebras (see for example Do chain homotopic maps between dg-algebras induce “same” maps on dg-modules?). Let $\Lambda(t)$ be the dg algebra of polynomial forms on the interval $[0,1]$. The ''correct'' notion of homotopy between $f$ and $g$ seems to be: $f$ and $g$ are homotopic iff there exist a dg algebra morphism $H\: : \: A\to B\otimes \Lambda(t)$ such that $$H(a,0)=f(a),\quad H(a,1)=g(a).$$ It is possible to turn $H$ in a cochain homotopy by define $h:=\int_{0}^{1}H$ such that: if $f$ and $g$ are homotopic via $H$ they are chain homotopic via $h$. Here my questions:
1) It seems to me that there should be an obstruction to produce an homotopy $H$ from a chain homotopy $h$ (see for example the მამუკაჯიბლაძე's comment in Do chain homotopic maps between dg-algebras induce “same” maps on dg-modules?). Is there a way to "measure" this obstruction?
2) Under which conditions on $A$ and $B$ does this obstruction vanishes?($A$ cofibrant? $A$, $B$ minimal algebras?)
3) The same discussion above works as well in the context of $A_{\infty}$ algebras. Assume that $A$ and $B$ are $A_{\infty}$ algebras. A notion of homotopy between $A_{\infty}$ algebra maps $f_{\bullet}, g_{\bullet}\: : \: A\to B$ may be the following: there exist an $A_{\infty}$ algebra map $H_{\bullet}\: :\: A\to B\otimes\Lambda(t)$ such that $$H_{\bullet}(a,0)=f_{\bullet}(a),\quad H_{\bullet}(a,1)=g_{\bullet}(a).$$ Similarly we can define the notion of cochain homotopy between $A_{\infty}$ algebra maps. My question is: what will be the translation of question 1),2) in terms of $A_{\infty}$ ($C_{\infty}$) algebras?
4)Here a non trivial example. In this paper) about the homotopy transfer theorem an explicit chain homotopy between $A_{\infty}$ algebra maps is constructed. Let $A$ be a dg algebra and H(A) its cohomology. Consider a (cochain) quasi isomorphism $i\: : \: H(A)\to A$, a cochain map $p\: : \: A\to H(A)$ such that $pi=Id$. Assume that there exists a cochain homotopy between $ip$ and the identity maps on $A$. Then there exist
a) an $A_{\infty}$ structure on $H(A)$,
b) quasi isomorphism (of $A_{\infty}$ algebras) $g_{\bullet}$, $f_{\bullet}$ such that $f_{1}=p$ and $g_{1}=i$.
c) a "cochain homotopy*" $h_{\bullet}$ between $(g_{\bullet} \circ f_{\bullet})$ and the identity on $A$.
Here the question: Is it possible to turn $h_{\bullet}$ into $H_{\bullet}$ here? what will be the condition on $A$?
EDIT: As pointed out by Gabriel, the definition in Markl's paper is more elaborated. For $n>1$, $h_{n}$ is not merely a cochain map betwen $(f\circ g)_{n}$ and $0$.
• In (3), should it be $B\otimes \Lambda(t)$? – David White Apr 20 '17 at 3:05
• You've explicitly said you're working in characteristic zero, so there's no problem with your definition of homotopy which uses polynomial forms, but this is going to clash with just about any definition you find in the literature. Since $A_\infty$ works perfectly well in any characteristic and even over the integers, any reasonable reference will give a definition of $A_\infty$ homotopy which works in any characteristic and over the integers. Your definition using polynomial forms, which involves derivatives of polynomials and thus division by arbitrarily large integers, does not. – Gabriel C. Drummond-Cole Apr 20 '17 at 4:42
• So any answer to question 4 will have to deal with the fact that your definition of $A_\infty$ homotopy is non-standard. Setting that aside, I think you've misunderstood your reference. In Problem 2-(iv) and Theorem 5 of the reference, the construction is given of an "$A_\infty$ homotopy $\mathbf{H}$" (what I would characterize as the correct definition, not the same as your definition), explicitly NOT just a cochain homotopy $h$. The definition used by Markl of an $A_\infty$ homotopy is item (6) in Section 2 (Conventions). – Gabriel C. Drummond-Cole Apr 20 '17 at 4:45
• @David White, yes! Now is fixed. – Cepu Apr 20 '17 at 9:00
• @GabrielC.Drummond-Cole, Yes I see, $h_{2}$ is something more than a cochain homotopy! Thanks, so the "polynomial definition" and the Markl's one are equivalent over a field of charachteristic 0, but the "polynomial definition" is not well defined over a field of charachteristic $p$ for example. Is it then possible to construct $H_{\bullet}$ from $h_{\bullet}$ explicitly? – Cepu Apr 20 '17 at 9:16 | 2019-05-22 02:11:07 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9574205279350281, "perplexity": 284.94378889727193}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256600.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522002845-20190522024845-00469.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/106513/finite-cyclic-groups/106521 | # Finite cyclic groups
According to the theorem that a finite cyclic subgroup $G=\langle g \rangle$, there exsits a smallest positive integer $n$ such that $g^n=1$, and we have $G=\{1,g,g^2,...,g^{n-1}\}$ where $1,g,...,g^{n-1}$ are all distinct. I am just wondering why those powers couldn't be negtive? Is it because $G$ is finite?
-
Well, if $g^n=1$, then which of $1,g,g^2,...,g^{n-1}$ would $g^{-1}$ be? – user5137 Feb 7 '12 at 2:04
Ohhhh, is it because the operations are multiplication and addtion? – Shannon Feb 7 '12 at 2:17
Not quite...we're in a group, so there's really only one operation that we care about (and which you've denoted multiplicatively in your question). – user5137 Feb 7 '12 at 2:24
They could: $G$ is also equal to $\{1,g^{-1},g^{-2},\dots,g^{1-n}\}$ and to $\{g^n,g^{n+1},\dots,g^{2n-1}\}$, among many other sets of powers of $g$. It’s pretty easy to see that $G=\{g^n,g^{n+1},\dots,g^{2n-1}\}$: after all, $g^{k+n}=g^k\cdot g^n=g^k\cdot 1=g^k$, so $g^n=1,g^{n+1}=g,\dots,g^{2n-1}=g^{n-1}$. You have to work a little harder to match up $\{1,g,g^2,\dots,g^{n-1}\}$ with $\{1,g^{-1},g^{-2},\dots,g^{1-n}\}$, but not much: $g\cdot g^{n-1}=1$, so $g^{-1}=g^{n-1}$, and in general $g^{n-k}=g^n\cdot g^{-k}=1\cdot g^{-k}=g^{-k}$.
Exercise: If $k,k+1,\dots,k+n-1$ are any $n$ consecutive integers, then $$G=\{g^k,g^{k+1},\dots,g^{k+n-1}\}\;.$$
Exercise: Find a set of $n$ exponents, $\{k_1,k_2,\dots,k_n\}$, that are not consecutive integers but still have the property that $$G=\{g^{k_1},g^{k_2},\dots,g^{k_n}\}\;.$$
Great! For the exercise 2, can you tell me which g^k_i=1? – Shannon Feb 7 '12 at 2:27 @Shannon: You could choose it to be any of them. As a hint for the exercise, think about the exponents modulo $n$. – Brian M. Scott Feb 7 '12 at 2:30 | 2013-05-25 04:56:58 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.864647626876831, "perplexity": 219.32271148132773}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705543116/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115903-00071-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://jimmyjhickey.com/Deep-Learning-With-R-Ch4 | ## Notes on Deep Learning with R Chapter 4
Chapter 4 - Fundamentals of Machine Learning
These are my notes on Chapter 4 of Deep Learning with R by Chollet and Allaire.
# Four Branches of Machine Learning
## Supervised Learning
This consists of learning to map input data to known targets given a set of examples. Along with regression and classification, supervised learning also contains sequence generation, syntax tree prediction, object detection, and image segmentation.
## Unsupervised Learning
This branch deals with finding interesting transformations of the input data without any help from the targets. It is useful in data visualization, data compression/ denoising, and to understand underlying structure/correlation in the data. It is an important step in understanding your data prior to performing supervised learning on it. Some use cases are dimensionality reduction and clustering.
## Self-supervised Learning
This is supervised learning without given targets. There is no human annotation. The annotations generally come from a heuristic algorithm. One example is autoencoders.
## Reinforcement Learning
An agent receives information about its environment and learns to choose actions that will maximize reward.
# Evaluating Machine Learning Models
We will examine strategies to minimize overfitting and maximize generalization of our models.
## Training, validation, and test sets
You train on the training data, evaluate your model’s performance on the validation data, and then do one final test on the test data. We need a validation and a test set because each time we run our model we will be changing some hyperparameters (configuration settings like number of layers and penalty). We change these to optimize performance, but this can lead to overfitting on the validation set (even though we don’t train the model itself on it). This is why we still need yet another set of data, the test data, to ultimately assess our model.
There are a few ways to perform this data splitting.
### Simple hold-out validation
Simply split the data into two pieces. Train on one and test on the other.
If little data is available, then your validation and test sets may be too small to be representative. If different random shufflings of the data prior to splitting perform very differently, then there probably is not enough data.
### K-fold validation
Split your data into $K$ partitions of equal size. For each partition $i$, train on the other $K-1$ partitions and then evaluate performance on partition $i$. Average the result to get your final performance. You can use another partition for validation.
### Iterated K-fold validation with shuffling
This is useful when you have relatively little data and you need a precise model. It consist of doing K-fold validation as before, but shuffling the data each time before splitting.
## Things to keep in mind
• Data representativeness - You want your training and test set to be representative of the data at hand. One way to help with this is to shuffle your data before modeling. *Temporal data - If you are trying to predict future events from past events, do not shuffle your data. You will create a temporal leak essentially training your model on data from the future.
• Redundancy in your data - If you have the same data twice try not to put them in the test and training sets as you will be testing on the same data you trained on. Training and validation sets should be disjoint.
# Data preprocessing, feature engineering, and feature learning
These are important steps to prepare the input data and targets before feeding them into a neural network.
## Data preprocessing for neural networks
This aims to make raw data more amenable to neural networks. Here are some strategies.
### Vectorization
All inputs and targets in a neural network must be tensors of floats or integers, so your data needs to be transformed into that format. Some translation scheme needs to be created to vectorize non-numerical data such as sound, images, and text.
### Value Normalization
It generally isn’t safe to feed data that takes a large array of values into a neural network (unless all the values are in a specified range like 0-1, 100-200, etc). This can create large gradient updates that prevent the network from converging. To fix this, scale values to be in the 0-1 range and try to scale features to be in roughly the same range. You can achieve this by normalizing each feature independently to have mean 0 and stdev 1. Remember to scale the data in both the training on the test using the training set’s mean and stdev. In R this can be done with the scale() function.
## Handling missing values
One option is to put a 0 for missing values (assuming 0 isn’t a meaningful response for that feature). The network will learn that this means missing. (Not sure if this is really a good idea.) Note that if there are no missing values in your train set but there are in your test set, you should artificially generate training samples with missing data. This can be done by copying some training sample and dropping some of the features.
## Feature engineering
Feature engineering process of using your knowledge of the data and the machine learning algorithm to create new transformations of the input data before it goes into the model. Good features allow you to solve a problem using less computation resources and less data.
# Overfitting and underfitting
Overfitting happens in every machine learning problem, so it is important to learn to deal with it.
The fundamental issue in machine learning is balancing between optimization (adjusting the model to improve performance) and generalization (how the model performs on new data). If you model is underfit there is still progress to be made; the network hasn’t modeled all the patterns in the training data. After a certain number of iterations on the training data the generalization stops improving and you start to overfit.
Overfitting can be combatted by regularization. This is modulating the quantity of information that the model is allowed to store. Only allowing it to store a small number of patterns will force it to choose only the most prominent (via the optimization process). This will cut down on finding irrelevant patterns when overfitting.
## Reducing the network’s size
This is the simplest way to prevent overfitting. However, if the network is too small performance will drop. Test an array of different architectures (on your validation set, not your test set) and compare results. Generally you start small and get bigger until you hit diminishing returns on validation loss.
## Adding weight regularization
This forces weights to take small values which makes the distribution of weights more regular. It is done by adding to the loss function a cost associated with having large weights. Some examples are:
• $L1$ regularization - The cost added is proportional to the absolute value of the weight coefficients (the $L1$ norm of the weights).
• $L2$ regularization - The cost added is proportional to the $L2$ norm of the weights. This is the same as weight decay.
You can also use a combination of these schemes. These penalties are only added at training time.
Dropout, applied to a layer, consists of randomly dropping out (setting a number to 0) a number of output features of the layer during training. At test time, no units are dropped out; instead the layer’s output values are scaled down by a factor equal to the dropout rate, to balance for the fact that more units are active than at training time.
Introducing noise to the output values of a layer can break up happenstance patterns that aren’t significant (which the network would memorize if all neurons were present).
# The universal workflow of machine learning
## Defining the problem and assembling a dataset
First you must define your problem.
• What will your input data be?
• What are you trying to predict?
• Binary classification, regression , vector regression, etc.
• Is the data available or do we need to collect it?
• Do we need supervised learning? Unsupervised? Reinforcement?
It is hard to know if your input data will provide useful information in predicting your response.
“Keep in mind that machine learning can only be used to memorize patterns that are present in your training data. You can only recognize what you’ve seen before. Using machine learning trained on past data to predict the future is making the assumption that the future will behave like tha past. That often isn’t the case.”
## Choosing a measure of success
Accuracy? Precision and recall? Customer-retention?
This metric will guide you to the choice of a loss function: what your model will optimize. It should be directly aligned with the higher-level goals of making the model.
For balanced classification problems accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) are common metrics. For class imbalanced problems you can use precision and recall. For ranking or multilabel classification problems you can use mean average precision. You can also make your own custom metric.
## Deciding on an evaluation protocol
Once you have a measure of success, you need to monitor it to measure progress. This can be done with any of the previously described validation schemes.
## Preparing your data
Vectorize, scale, normalize, feature engineering, etc.
## Developing a model that does better than baseline
Note that if you can’t beat a random baseline after multiple attempts, the answer to your problem may not be present in your current data set.
There are three key choices when building your first working model.
• Last layer activation
• Loss function
• Optimization configuration
Here’s a table to help
Problem Type Last-layer activation Loss function
Binary classification sigmoid binary_crossentropy
Multiclass, single label softmax categorical_crossentropy
Multiclass multilabel sigmoid binary_crossentropy
Regression to arbitrary values None mse
Regression to 0-1 sigmoid mse or binary_crossentropy
## Scaling up: developing a model that overfits
Is your model sufficiently powerful? Beef up your model until it starts overfitting.
2. Make the layers bigger
3. Train for more epochs
Monitor training and validation loss and other desired metrics. Once your validation performance starts to degrade you have started overfitting and can scale back a bit.
## Regularizing your model and tuning your hyperparameters
Modify your model, train it, evaluate (on validation), repeat. Try the following things
• Add $L1$ and/or $L2$ regularization. | 2021-05-06 03:35:14 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4828459620475769, "perplexity": 1020.7471651615381}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988725.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506023918-20210506053918-00410.warc.gz"} |
https://jeeneetqna.in/62/rocket-fuel-burns-rate-fuel-ejected-from-rocket-with-velocity | # In a rocket, fuel burns at the rate of 1 kg/s. This fuel is ejected from the rocket with a velocity of 60 km/s.
more_vert
In a rocket, fuel burns at the rate of 1 kg/s. This fuel is ejected from the rocket with a velocity of 60 km/s. This exerts a force on the rocket equal to
(a) 6000 N
(C) 60 N
(6) 60000 N
(d) 600 N | 2021-05-14 17:14:41 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8870639204978943, "perplexity": 559.6283232448878}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991428.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514152803-20210514182803-00269.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/692017/find-the-projection-on-the-plane-and-parallel-to-the-line | # Find the projection on the plane and parallel to the line
I have a plane, $\Pi$, a line, $D$, and a basis, $C$:
$$\Pi : x + 2y + 2z = 0\\ D : \begin{cases} x = t \\ y = 2t \\ z = 4t \\ \end{cases},\;\; t \in \mathbb{R}\\ C = (\vec{i}, \vec{j}, \vec{k})$$
There's also $T$, which is defined as "the projection on the plane $\Pi$ parallel to the line $D$."
Let $B$ be a basis, with $\vec{b_1}$ and $\vec{b_2}$ two vectors from the plane, and $\vec{b_3}$ the direction vector of $D$.
$$B = (\vec{b_1}, \vec{b_2}, \vec{b_3}) = (2\vec{i} - k, 2\vec{i} - \vec{j}, \vec{i} + 2\vec{j} + 4\vec{k})$$
This means that:
$$[T]_B = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix}$$
Right?
The final question is to give $A = [T]_C$ . To get that, I need to use the following transition matrices, which I have to find:
$$[T]_C = \; _CP_B \; [T]_B \; _BP_C$$
I got
$$_BP_C = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{1}{12} & \frac{1}{6} & \frac{1}{6} \\ \frac{1}{6} & -\frac{2}{3} & \frac{1}{3} \\ -\frac{5}{24} & 0 & -\frac{1}{3} \\ \end{bmatrix}\\ _CP_B = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & -1 & 2 \\ -1 & 0 & 3 \\ \end{bmatrix}\\ [T]_C = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{1}{6} & 0 & \frac{5}{12} \\ \frac{1}{3} & 1 & -\frac{7}{6} \\ -\frac{5}{12} & -\frac{5}{12} & -\frac{5}{24} \\ \end{bmatrix}$$
My problem is that the trace of $[T]_C$ is supposed to be equal to $2$ and its determinant to $0$. The determinant is $0$, but the trace isn't 2 (it's $\frac{23}{24}$). Also, there's supposed to be some sort of relation between the columns of $A = [T]_C$.
Did I do something wrong? Do I even have the right method? Did I make a mistake somewhere? Is there a way to check my calculations?
The $(3,3)$-th (i.e. the bottom right) entry of your $_CP_B$ is wrong. It should be 4 instead of 3. Consequently, $\phantom{}_BP_C = (\phantom{}_CP_B)^{-1}$ is calculated wrongly too.
• Yeah, I wasn't sure if I $_BP_C = (_CP_B)^{-1}$. I did it and I got $$[T]_C = \frac{1}{13} \begin{bmatrix} 12 & -2 & -2 \\ -2 & 9 & -4 \\ -4 & -8 & 5 \\ \end{bmatrix}$$ $\text{tr}([T]_C) = 2$ and $\text{det}([T]_C) = 0$, so it's all good! Thank you! Now I just have to find some sort of relation between the columns of $[T]_C$.. Feb 27, 2014 at 14:10 | 2022-08-17 04:17:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9696913957595825, "perplexity": 84.59523369051009}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00448.warc.gz"} |
https://guitarknights.com/guitar-gear-guitar-sizes.html | An open tuning allows a chord to be played by strumming the strings when "open", or while fretting no strings. The base chord consists of at least three notes and may include all the strings or a subset. The tuning is named for the base chord when played open, typically a major triad, and each major-triad can be played by barring exactly one fret.[60] Open tunings are common in blues and folk music,[59] and they are used in the playing of slide and lap-slide ("Hawaiian") guitars.[60][61] Ry Cooder uses open tunings when he plays slide guitar.[59]
In contrast, regular tunings have equal intervals between the strings,[20] and so they have symmetrical scales all along the fretboard. This makes it simpler to translate chords. For the regular tunings, chords may be moved diagonally around the fretboard. The diagonal movement of chords is especially simple for the regular tunings that are repetitive, in which case chords can be moved vertically: Chords can be moved three strings up (or down) in major-thirds tuning and chords can be moved two strings up (or down) in augmented-fourths tuning. Regular tunings thus appeal to new guitarists and also to jazz-guitarists, whose improvisation is simplified by regular intervals.
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As with most chords in this list, a clear G major chord depends on curling your first finger so the open fourth string rings clearly. Strum all six strings. Sometimes, it makes sense to play a G major chord using your third finger on the sixth string, your second finger on the fifth string, and your fourth (pinky) finger on the first string. This fingering makes the move to a C major chord much easier.
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Open tunings improve the intonation of major chords by reducing the error of third intervals in equal temperaments. For example, in the open-G overtones tuning G-G-D-G-B-D, the (G,B) interval is a major third, and of course each successive pair of notes on the G- and B-strings is also a major third; similarly, the open-string minor-third (B,D) induces minor thirds among all the frets of the B-D strings. The thirds of equal temperament have audible deviations from the thirds of just intonation: Equal temperaments is used in modern music because it facilitates music in all keys, while (on a piano and other instruments) just intonation provided better-sounding major-third intervals for only a subset of keys.[65] "Sonny Landreth, Keith Richards and other open-G masters often lower the second string slightly so the major third is in tune with the overtone series. This adjustment dials out the dissonance, and makes those big one-finger major-chords come alive."[66]
BUT, I use it a very differently. I use a week's lesson as a week's lesson! I don't play one a day, I play the whole week's worth each day! And, I stay on the week's lessons until I have them down. I very often back to earlier weeks, and go over them to see how much better I play them, see if they are really in my fingers..and they are perfect warm ups. I go on to new week's lessons, only if and when I feel ready.
As previously stated, a dominant seventh is a four-note chord combining a major chord and a minor seventh. For example, the C7 dominant seventh chord adds B♭ to the C-major chord (C,E,G). The naive chord (C,E,G,B♭) spans six frets from fret 3 to fret 8;[49] such seventh chords "contain some pretty serious stretches in the left hand".[46] An illustration shows a naive C7 chord, which would be extremely difficult to play,[49] besides the open-position C7 chord that is conventional in standard tuning.[49][50] The standard-tuning implementation of a C7 chord is a second-inversion C7 drop 2 chord, in which the second-highest note in a second inversion of the C7 chord is lowered by an octave.[49][51][52] Drop-two chords are used for sevenths chords besides the major-minor seventh with dominant function,[53] which are discussed in the section on intermediate chords, below. Drop-two chords are used particularly in jazz guitar.[54] Drop-two second-inversions are examples of openly voiced chords, which are typical of standard tuning and other popular guitar-tunings.[55]
Instructor ProfileArlen RothThe King of All Guitar TeachersMusic lesson pioneer Arlen Roth is the quintessential guitarist. An accomplished and brilliant musician — and one of the very few who can honestly say he’s done it all — Roth has, over the course of his celebrated 35-year career, played on the world’s grandest stages, accompanied many of the greatest figures in modern music and revolutionized the concept of teaching guitar. Read More...Lessons Wes Montgomery-style Octaves
In an acoustic instrument, the body of the guitar is a major determinant of the overall sound quality. The guitar top, or soundboard, is a finely crafted and engineered element made of tonewoods such as spruce and red cedar. This thin piece of wood, often only 2 or 3 mm thick, is strengthened by differing types of internal bracing. Many luthiers consider the top the dominant factor in determining the sound quality. The majority of the instrument's sound is heard through the vibration of the guitar top as the energy of the vibrating strings is transferred to it. The body of an acoustic guitar has a sound hole through which sound projects. The sound hole is usually a round hole in the top of the guitar under the strings. Air inside the body vibrates as the guitar top and body is vibrated by the strings, and the response of the air cavity at different frequencies is characterized, like the rest of the guitar body, by a number of resonance modes at which it responds more strongly.
the fifth, which is a perfect fifth above the root; consequently, the fifth is a third above the third—either a minor third above a major third or a major third above a minor third.[13][14] The major triad has a root, a major third, and a fifth. (The major chord's major-third interval is replaced by a minor-third interval in the minor chord, which shall be discussed in the next subsection.)
On guitars that have them, these components and the wires that connect them allow the player to control some aspects of the sound like volume or tone using knobs, switches, or buttons. The most basic electronic control is a volume knob. Some guitars also have a tone-control knob, and some guitars with multiple pickups have pickup selector switches or knobs to determine which pickup(s) are activated. At their simplest, these consist of passive components, such as potentiometers and capacitors, but may also include specialized integrated circuits or other active components requiring batteries for power, for preamplification and signal processing, or even for electronic tuning. In many cases, the electronics have some sort of shielding to prevent pickup of external interference and noise.
## A string’s gauge is how thick it is. As a general rule, the thicker a string is the warmer its response will be and the more volume it will produce. However, thicker strings are also stiffer. This makes it harder to fret the string and makes it more difficult to execute heavy string bends. Thinner strings are generally brighter and easier to play, but on some instruments they can sound thin and tinny.
As you start practicing, your fingers may be sore for a while, but that will pass with four to six weeks. One thing I want to warn you about is that new guitar players can get frustrated when they can’t play clean chords because they try to switch between chords too soon. Often, they try to switch chords before they’ve really learned and memorized each chord shape. For now, don’t worry about switching chords and just work on each shape, getting them down, and going right to them.
The guitar is a fretted musical instrument that usually has six strings.[1] It is typically played with both hands by strumming or plucking the strings with either a guitar pick or the finger(s)/fingernails of one hand, while simultaneously fretting (pressing the strings against the frets) with the fingers of the other hand. The sound of the vibrating strings is projected either acoustically, by means of the hollow chamber of the guitar (for an acoustic guitar), or through an electrical amplifier and a speaker.
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To play a C chord on a guitar, put your ring finger on the third fret on the A string, your middle finger on the second fret on the D string, leave the G string open, and put your index finger on the first fret of the B string. Before you try to strum the chord, play each note individually until the note sounds clear. When you've mastered the C chord, try moving on to other chords like G or F.
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Unlike a piano or the voices of a choir, the guitar (in standard tuning) has difficulty playing the chords as stacks of thirds, which would require the left hand to span too many frets,[40] particularly for dominant seventh chords, as explained below. If in a particular tuning chords cannot be played in closed position, then they often can be played in open position; similarly, if in a particular tuning chords cannot be played in root position, they can often be played in inverted positions. A chord is inverted when the bass note is not the root note. Additional chords can be generated with drop-2 (or drop-3) voicing, which are discussed for standard tuning's implementation of dominant seventh chords (below).
The nut is a small strip of bone, plastic, brass, corian, graphite, stainless steel, or other medium-hard material, at the joint where the headstock meets the fretboard. Its grooves guide the strings onto the fretboard, giving consistent lateral string placement. It is one of the endpoints of the strings' vibrating length. It must be accurately cut, or it can contribute to tuning problems due to string slippage or string buzz. To reduce string friction in the nut, which can adversely affect tuning stability, some guitarists fit a roller nut. Some instruments use a zero fret just in front of the nut. In this case the nut is used only for lateral alignment of the strings, the string height and length being dictated by the zero fret.
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The BMus in performance with a concentration in guitar is a program that focuses on the study of classical guitar literature and techniques. Goals include enabling students to express themselves musically while emphasizing the skills necessary to pursue careers as professional musicians. The course of study includes extensive performance experiences.
Pickups are transducers attached to a guitar that detect (or "pick up") string vibrations and convert the mechanical energy of the string into electrical energy. The resultant electrical signal can then be electronically amplified. The most common type of pickup is electromagnetic in design. These contain magnets that are within a coil, or coils, of copper wire. Such pickups are usually placed directly underneath the guitar strings. Electromagnetic pickups work on the same principles and in a similar manner to an electric generator. The vibration of the strings creates a small electric current in the coils surrounding the magnets. This signal current is carried to a guitar amplifier that drives a loudspeaker.
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There are two available modes for playing the guitar; strum or pick. In Strum mode you will here the notes played back quickly one after another like when using a plectrum and they will stop after the guitar chord is complete, in pick mode they will keep going until you tell it to stop. This is also true when using the MyChords panel. You can toggle between these two modes using the button at the top of the guitar chords application.
So with that in mind, would you like to learn the guitar on your own or with others? The choice is yours at Guitar Center. If you prefer one-on-one instruction, that's absolutely doable - in fact, you'll find our schedule to be very flexible. Of course, learning in a group is an excellent way to meet like-minded musicians with similar tastes and share ideas on how to improve one another's craft. Who knows, you might even leave a group guitar lesson with plans to start a band with your newfound musical companions. Either way, our group and private guitar lessons are very entertaining and informative.
Learn a G major. Your ring finger goes on the top string, 3rd fret. The middle finger is for the 5th string, 2nd fret, and you pinky goes all the way to the bottom, on the 3rd fret of the 1st string. Strum all of the strings together to play the chord. If you want, add in the 3rd fret, 2nd string -- this not is not necessary, but makes a richer sounding chord.
The lower strap button is usually located at the bottom (bridge end) of the body. The upper strap button is usually located near or at the top (neck end) of the body: on the upper body curve, at the tip of the upper "horn" (on a double cutaway), or at the neck joint (heel). Some electrics, especially those with odd-shaped bodies, have one or both strap buttons on the back of the body. Some Steinberger electric guitars, owing to their minimalist and lightweight design, have both strap buttons at the bottom of the body. Rarely, on some acoustics, the upper strap button is located on the headstock. Some acoustic and classical guitars only have a single strap button at the bottom of the body—the other end must be tied onto the headstock, above the nut and below the machine heads.
At least two instruments called "guitars" were in use in Spain by 1200: the guitarra latina (Latin guitar) and the so-called guitarra morisca (Moorish guitar). The guitarra morisca had a rounded back, wide fingerboard, and several sound holes. The guitarra Latina had a single sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers "moresca" or "morisca" and "latina" had been dropped, and these two cordophones were simply referred to as guitars.[8]
On almost all modern electric guitars, the bridge has saddles that are adjustable for each string so that intonation stays correct up and down the neck. If the open string is in tune, but sharp or flat when frets are pressed, the bridge saddle position can be adjusted with a screwdriver or hex key to remedy the problem. In general, flat notes are corrected by moving the saddle forward and sharp notes by moving it backwards. On an instrument correctly adjusted for intonation, the actual length of each string from the nut to the bridge saddle is slightly, but measurably longer than the scale length of the instrument. This additional length is called compensation, which flattens all notes a bit to compensate for the sharping of all fretted notes caused by stretching the string during fretting.
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As stated above, construction has just as much of an impact on a guitar’s tone as material. The factors that make up construction are as follows: gauge, string core, winding type, and string coating. And while these factors are all important, keep in mind that different companies use different approaches to all of them. So never be afraid to try out a variety brands, because while the strings may look the same you will get a different response.
###### Traditional electromagnetic pickups are either single-coil or double-coil. Single-coil pickups are susceptible to noise induced by stray electromagnetic fields, usually mains-frequency (60 or 50 hertz) hum. The introduction of the double-coil humbucker in the mid-1950s solved this problem through the use of two coils, one of which is wired in opposite polarity to cancel or "buck" stray fields.
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While Courses are a great way to learn guitar on your own, sometimes you need personalized feedback or private lessons from top guitar instructors in order to bust out of that rut or step your guitar playing up to the next level. With no pressure nor scheduling issues, TrueFire Online Classrooms are the best way to take private guitar lessons online!
The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has been applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times and as such causes confusion. The English word guitar, the German Gitarre, and the French guitare were all adopted from the Spanish guitarra, which comes from the Andalusian Arabic قيثارة (qīthārah)[4] and the Latin cithara, which in turn came from the Ancient Greek κιθάρα (kithara).[A] which comes from Persian word Sihtar. We can see this kind of naming in Setar, Tar, Dutar and Sitar. The word "Tar" at the end of all of these words is a Persian word that means "string".[6]
Learn a D major. This chord only requires the bottom four strings. Place your index finger on the 3rd string, 2nd fret. Your ring finger then goes on the 2nd string, 3rd fret, and your middle finger is the 1st string, second fret. You'll form a little triangle shape. Only strum these three strings and the 4th string -- the open D -- to sound out the chord.
As stated above, construction has just as much of an impact on a guitar’s tone as material. The factors that make up construction are as follows: gauge, string core, winding type, and string coating. And while these factors are all important, keep in mind that different companies use different approaches to all of them. So never be afraid to try out a variety brands, because while the strings may look the same you will get a different response.
##### I've been with Artistworks for four years and plan on sticking around for some time to come. I've tried three different schools with them and each one offers exceptionally high quality video lessons. Support from the instructor is always first rate too. Being able to send a video to your instructor and receive a personalised video reponse is incredible. Forums and peer support add to the experience. Some of the website functionality is a bit shaky but the quality of instruction compensates for this. I would highly recommend Artistworks. I love it.
There's no other instrument with as much presence and cultural identity as the guitar. Virtually everyone is familiar with tons of different guitar sounds, from intense metal shredding to soft and jaunty acoustic folk music. And behind all those iconic guitar tones are great sets of strings. Just like a saxophonist changes reeds from time to time or a drummer replaces sticks, putting new strings on your guitar every so often is an important part of owning and playing one.
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Left-handed players sometimes choose an opposite-handed (mirror) instrument, although some play in a standard-handed manner, others play a standard-handed guitar reversed, and still others (for example Jimi Hendrix) played a standard-handed guitar strung in reverse. This last configuration differs from a true opposite handed guitar in that the saddle is normally angled in such a way that the bass strings are slightly longer than the treble strings to improve intonation. Reversing the strings, therefore, reverses the relative orientation of the saddle, adversely affecting intonation, although in Hendrix's case, this is believed to have been an important element in his unique sound.
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# Adding a minor seventh to a major triad creates a dominant seventh (denoted V7). In music theory, the "dominant seventh" described here is called a major-minor seventh, emphasizing the chord's construction rather than its usual function.[27] Dominant sevenths are often the dominant chords in three-chord progressions,[18] in which they increase the tension with the tonic "already inherent in the dominant triad".[28]
On almost all modern electric guitars, the bridge has saddles that are adjustable for each string so that intonation stays correct up and down the neck. If the open string is in tune, but sharp or flat when frets are pressed, the bridge saddle position can be adjusted with a screwdriver or hex key to remedy the problem. In general, flat notes are corrected by moving the saddle forward and sharp notes by moving it backwards. On an instrument correctly adjusted for intonation, the actual length of each string from the nut to the bridge saddle is slightly, but measurably longer than the scale length of the instrument. This additional length is called compensation, which flattens all notes a bit to compensate for the sharping of all fretted notes caused by stretching the string during fretting.
The main purpose of the bridge on an acoustic guitar is to transfer the vibration from the strings to the soundboard, which vibrates the air inside of the guitar, thereby amplifying the sound produced by the strings. On all electric, acoustic and original guitars, the bridge holds the strings in place on the body. There are many varied bridge designs. There may be some mechanism for raising or lowering the bridge saddles to adjust the distance between the strings and the fretboard (action), or fine-tuning the intonation of the instrument. Some are spring-loaded and feature a "whammy bar", a removable arm that lets the player modulate the pitch by changing the tension on the strings. The whammy bar is sometimes also called a "tremolo bar". (The effect of rapidly changing pitch is properly called "vibrato". See Tremolo for further discussion of this term.) Some bridges also allow for alternate tunings at the touch of a button.
One of our goals at CCM is to instill in students a great appreciation for guitar and music that will last them a lifetime. Students at CCM have won numerous international guitar competitions, performed outreach concerts all over the world, and have gotten into the best colleges in the United States. Recent CCM graduates have gone on to Harvard, Stanford, Brown, and USC. Visit our Yelp pages to see what families have to say about our program.
The neck joint or heel is the point at which the neck is either bolted or glued to the body of the guitar. Almost all acoustic steel-string guitars, with the primary exception of Taylors, have glued (otherwise known as set) necks, while electric guitars are constructed using both types. Most classical guitars have a neck and headblock carved from one piece of wood, known as a "Spanish heel." Commonly used set neck joints include mortise and tenon joints (such as those used by C. F. Martin & Co.), dovetail joints (also used by C. F. Martin on the D-28 and similar models) and Spanish heel neck joints, which are named after the shoe they resemble and commonly found in classical guitars. All three types offer stability.
Open tuning refers to a guitar tuned so that strumming the open strings produces a chord, typically a major chord. The base chord consists of at least 3 notes and may include all the strings or a subset. The tuning is named for the open chord, Open D, open G, and open A are popular tunings. All similar chords in the chromatic scale can then be played by barring a single fret.[16] Open tunings are common in blues and folk music,[17] and they are used in the playing of slide and bottleneck guitars.[16][18] Many musicians use open tunings when playing slide guitar.[17]
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# It shouldn’t be a surprise that students learn faster when taking private guitar lessons or classes, compared to watching video tutorials or YouTube videos. Finding a specialized teacher - whether in-home, studio, or online classes - for one-on-one guitar tutoring will give you the feedback and personal attention you need to become the best guitar player you can be!
I've been with Artistworks for four years and plan on sticking around for some time to come. I've tried three different schools with them and each one offers exceptionally high quality video lessons. Support from the instructor is always first rate too. Being able to send a video to your instructor and receive a personalised video reponse is incredible. Forums and peer support add to the experience. Some of the website functionality is a bit shaky but the quality of instruction compensates for this. I would highly recommend Artistworks. I love it.
The ratio of the spacing of two consecutive frets is {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{12}]{2}}} (twelfth root of two). In practice, luthiers determine fret positions using the constant 17.817—an approximation to 1/(1-1/ {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{12}]{2}}} ). If the nth fret is a distance x from the bridge, then the distance from the (n+1)th fret to the bridge is x-(x/17.817).[15] Frets are available in several different gauges and can be fitted according to player preference. Among these are "jumbo" frets, which have much thicker gauge, allowing for use of a slight vibrato technique from pushing the string down harder and softer. "Scalloped" fretboards, where the wood of the fretboard itself is "scooped out" between the frets, allow a dramatic vibrato effect. Fine frets, much flatter, allow a very low string-action, but require that other conditions, such as curvature of the neck, be well-maintained to prevent buzz.
# The nut is a small strip of bone, plastic, brass, corian, graphite, stainless steel, or other medium-hard material, at the joint where the headstock meets the fretboard. Its grooves guide the strings onto the fretboard, giving consistent lateral string placement. It is one of the endpoints of the strings' vibrating length. It must be accurately cut, or it can contribute to tuning problems due to string slippage or string buzz. To reduce string friction in the nut, which can adversely affect tuning stability, some guitarists fit a roller nut. Some instruments use a zero fret just in front of the nut. In this case the nut is used only for lateral alignment of the strings, the string height and length being dictated by the zero fret.
TrueFire's In The Jam delivers an unparalleled jamming experience for the practicing musician. The next best thing to being there live, In The Jam puts YOU in the jam with top artists. Each edition includes multi-track video jams organized into separate video and audio tracks for each of the instruments. You can mute, solo or adjust the volume of any track.
On almost all modern electric guitars, the bridge has saddles that are adjustable for each string so that intonation stays correct up and down the neck. If the open string is in tune, but sharp or flat when frets are pressed, the bridge saddle position can be adjusted with a screwdriver or hex key to remedy the problem. In general, flat notes are corrected by moving the saddle forward and sharp notes by moving it backwards. On an instrument correctly adjusted for intonation, the actual length of each string from the nut to the bridge saddle is slightly, but measurably longer than the scale length of the instrument. This additional length is called compensation, which flattens all notes a bit to compensate for the sharping of all fretted notes caused by stretching the string during fretting.
With the advent of YouTube tutorials for just about everything, it's only fitting that there are a lot of videos out there claiming to be able to teach you how to play guitar. While you might think this is a quick and easy way to become a pro, you'll want to make sure you have all of the information before diving in headfirst. Online Tutorials When you're surfing the Internet, you'll come across many different websites with prerecorded tutorials to help you learn guitar online. But the keywo
Electric guitars, introduced in the 1930s, use an amplifier and a loudspeaker that both makes the sound of the instrument loud enough for the performers and audience to hear, and, given that it produces an electric signal when played, that can electronically manipulate and shape the tone using an equalizer (e.g., bass and treble tone controls) and a huge variety of electronic effects units, the most commonly used ones being distortion (or "overdrive") and reverb. Early amplified guitars employed a hollow body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s, as it was less prone to unwanted acoustic feedback "howls". As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of electric guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars (used in jazz guitar, blues and rockabilly) and solid-body guitars, which are widely used in rock music. | 2019-06-16 21:00:16 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1931329369544983, "perplexity": 3525.731454312585}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998298.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616202813-20190616224813-00351.warc.gz"} |
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/179460/finding-the-confidence-level | Finding the confidence level
The following question is on a study guide for a test:
A candidate who is running for Student Body President wants to know if more Juniors vote than Seniors. The hope is to interpret this information to know who to campaign towards.
The student body candidate wants to know the answer to his question. You access last years records and find 3750 Junior voted and only 3900 Seniors voted. Using excel statistics, you discovered determine that 38.8% of the Juniors and 37.5% of the Seniors voted in last years election.
Based on last years election, what is the highest confidence level for which you can claim that more Juniors vote than Seniors? You are solving for the highest confidence level in which you can reject the Null hypothesis.
As you can see, I have the answer. I just don't know the process for finding that answer. Can someone walk me through the step by step please?
• Please add the [self-study] tag & read its wiki. Then tell us what you understand thus far, what you've tried & where you're stuck. We'll provide hints to help you get unstuck. – gung - Reinstate Monica Oct 30 '15 at 19:32
This is a bit of a strange question, but here goes.
You are essentially asked to compare proportions in two samples: juniors and seniors. In both samples, you are looking at the proportion of voters $P$.
Let $P_j=0.388$ and $P_s=0.375$ be the respective proportions of juniors and seniors.
You want to test (reject) the null hypothesis that $H_0: P_j - P_s \leq 0$ (you are only interested in Juniors voting more, not differently, so this will be a one-tailed test). The alternative is $H_1: P_j - P_s > 0$.
What you first need to realize that these $P_x$ are Bernoulli random variables. Hence, their variance is $Var_x = P_x(1-P_x) \forall x \in \{j,s\}$
Then the standard error of the difference in proportions is $SE(D) = \sqrt{\frac{Var_j}{n_j} + \frac{Var_s}{n_s}}$.
Now here's where it gets weird (in my opinion, I might be wrong). By knowing the number of people who voted and their proportions in the population, you also know the whole population size. I.e., you've sampled the whole population. So $n_j$ and $n_s$ should be 9665 and 10400, respectively. But if you then do the math with these numbers, you get too high a confidence level.
So let's go with the supplied 3750 and 3900. Using those numbers, you get that $SE(D) = \sqrt{0.00012} = 0.01111$. So the resulting z-score is $\frac{(0.388-0.375)}{0.01111} = 1.17019$.
Plugging this number into the cumulative normal, you get $P(D > 0) = 0.87904$, which is almost what you should've gotten (the 87% in your result could've arisen through rounding somewhere midway through).
Anyway, I believe this was the intended calculation process, but I'm not sure I see the reason behind using the voter numbers as population sizes. Or am I completely wrong somewhere? | 2020-11-27 08:56:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7393079400062561, "perplexity": 514.8342693149336}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141191511.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127073750-20201127103750-00291.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-simplify-9-x-2-3-x-1-1#174141 | How do you simplify (9 - x^(-2))/(3 + x^(-1))?
Oct 4, 2015
$3 - \frac{1}{x}$
Explanation:
Since
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX} \textcolor{red}{} 9 - \frac{1}{x} ^ \left(- 2\right)}$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXXXXX}} = \textcolor{red}{9 - \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}}$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXXXXX}} = \textcolor{red}{\frac{9 {x}^{2} - 1}{{x}^{2}}}$
and
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}} \textcolor{b l u e}{3 + {x}^{- 1}}$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXXXXX}} = \textcolor{b l u e}{3 + \frac{1}{x}}$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXXXXX}} = \textcolor{b l u e}{\frac{3 x + 1}{x}}$
$\frac{\textcolor{red}{\left(9 - \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)}}{\textcolor{b l u e}{\left(3 + {x}^{- 1}\right)}}$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}} = \frac{\textcolor{red}{\frac{9 {x}^{2} - 1}{{x}^{2}}}}{\textcolor{b l u e}{\frac{3 x + 1}{x}}}$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}} = \frac{9 {x}^{2} - 1}{{x}^{2}} \cdot \frac{x}{3 x + 1}$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}} = \frac{\left(3 x + 1\right) \left(3 x - 1\right)}{x \cdot x} \cdot \frac{x}{3 x + 1}$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}} = \frac{\cancel{\left(3 x + 1\right)} \left(3 x - 1\right)}{\cancel{x} \cdot x} \cdot \frac{\cancel{x}}{\cancel{\left(3 x + 1\right)}}$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}} = \frac{3 x - 1}{x}$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}} = 3 - \frac{1}{x}$ | 2022-01-22 21:01:14 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 14, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5043565034866333, "perplexity": 10794.89404061418}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303884.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122194730-20220122224730-00149.warc.gz"} |
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Torricelli/ | Evangelista Torricelli
Quick Info
Born
15 October 1608
Faenza, Romagna (now Italy)
Died
25 October 1647
Florence, Tuscany (now Italy)
Summary
Evangelista Torricelli was an Italian scientist who was the first man to create a sustained vacuum and to discover the principle of a barometer. He also achieved some important results in the development of the calculus.
Biography
Evangelista Torricelli's parents were Gaspare Torricelli and Caterina Angetti. It was a fairly poor family with Gaspare being a textile worker. Evangelista was the eldest of his parents three children, having two younger brothers at least one of whom went on to work with cloth. It is greatly to his parents' credit that they saw that their eldest son had remarkable talents and, lacking the resources to provide an education for him themselves, they sent him to his uncle who was a Camaldolese monk. Brother Jacopo saw that Evangelista was given a sound education until he was old enough to enter a Jesuit school.
Torricelli entered a Jesuit College in 1624 and studied mathematics and philosophy there until 1626. It is not entirely clear at which College he studied, with most historians believing that he attended the Jesuit College in Faenza, while some believe that he entered the Collegio Romano in Rome. What is undoubtedly the case is that after study at the Jesuit College he was then in Rome. Certain facts are clear, namely that Torricelli's father died in or before 1626 and that his mother moved to Rome for she was certainly living there in 1641 at the time of her death. Torricelli's two brothers also moved to Rome and again we know for certain that they were living there in 1647. The most likely events seem to be that after Gaspare Torricelli died, Caterina and her two younger sons moved to Rome to be with Evangelista who was either already living there or about to move to that city.
At the Jesuit College Torricelli showed that he had outstanding talents and his uncle, Brother Jacopo, arranged for him to study with Benedetto Castelli. Castelli, who like Jacopo was a Camaldolese monk, taught at the University of Sapienza in Rome. Sapienza was the name of the building which the University of Rome occupied at this time and it gave its name to the University. There is no evidence that Torricelli was actually enrolled at the university, and it is almost certain that he was simply being taught by Castelli as a private arrangement. As well as being taught mathematics, mechanics, hydraulics, and astronomy by Castelli, Torricelli became his secretary and held this post from 1626 to 1632. It was an arrangement which meant that he worked for Castelli in exchange for the tuition he received. Much later he took over Castelli's teaching when he was absent from Rome.
There does still exist a letter which Torricelli wrote to Galileo on 11 September 1632 and it gives us some very useful information about Torricelli's scientific progress. Galileo had written to Castelli but, since Castelli was away from Rome at the time, his secretary Torricelli wrote to Galileo to explain this fact. Torricelli was an ambitious young man and he greatly admired Galileo, so he took the opportunity to inform Galileo of his own mathematical work. Torricelli began by Galileo Galileo that he was a professional mathematician and that he had studied the classical texts of Apollonius, Archimedes and Theodosius. He had also read almost everything that the contemporary mathematicians Brahe, Kepler and Longomontanus had written and, he told Galileo, he was convinced by the theory of Copernicus that the Earth revolved round the sun. Moreover, he had carefully studied Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican which Galileo had published about six months before Torricelli wrote his letter.
It was clear from his letter that Torricelli was fascinated by astronomy and was a strong supporter of Galileo. However the Inquisition banned the sale of the Dialogue and ordered Galileo to appear in Rome before them. After Galileo's trial in 1633, Torricelli realised that he would be on dangerous ground were he to continue with his interests in the Copernican theory so he deliberately shifted his attention onto mathematical areas which seemed less controversial. During the next nine years he served as secretary to Giovanni Ciampoli, a friend of Galileo, and possibly a number of other professors. We do not know where Torricelli lived during this period but, as Ciampoli served as governor of a number of cities in Umbria and the Marches, it is likely that he lived for periods in Montalto, Norcia, San Severino and Fabriano.
By 1641 Torricelli had completed much of the work which he was to publish in three parts as Opera geometrica in 1644. We shall give more details of this work later in this biography, but for the moment we are interested in the second of the three parts De motu gravium . This basically carried on developing Galileo's study of the parabolic motion of projectiles which had appeared in Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning the two new sciences published in 1638. Torricelli was certainly in Rome in early 1641 when he asked Castelli for his opinion on De motu gravium. Castelli was so impressed that he wrote to Galileo himself, at this time living in his home in Arcetri near Florence, watched over by officers from the Inquisition. In April 1641 Castelli travelled from Rome to Venice and, on the way, stopped in Arcetri to give Galileo a copy of Torricelli's manuscript and suggest that he employed him as an assistant.
Torricelli remained in Rome while Castelli was on his travels and gave his lectures in his place. Although Galileo was keen to have Torricelli's assistance there was a delay before this could happen. On the one hand Castelli did not return to Rome for some time, while the death of Torricelli's mother further delayed his departure. On 10 October 1641 Torricelli arrived at Galileo's house in Arcetri. He lived there with Galileo and also with Viviani who was already assisting Galileo. He only had a few months with Galileo, however, before that famous scientist died in January 1642. Delaying his return to Rome for a while after Galileo died, Torricelli was appointed to succeed Galileo as the court mathematician to Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany. He did not receive the title of Court Philosopher to the Grand Duke which Galileo had also held. He held this post until his death living in the ducal palace in Florence.
In looking at Torricelli's achievements we should first put his mathematical work into context. Another pupil of Castelli, Bonaventura Cavalieri, held the chair of mathematics at Bologna. Cavalieri presented his theory of indivisibles in Geometria indivisibilis continuorum nova published in 1635. The method was a development of Archimedes' method of exhaustion incorporating Kepler's theory of infinitesimally small geometric quantities. This theory allowed Cavalieri to find, in a simple and rapid way, the area and volume of various geometric figures. Torricelli studied the methods being proposed by Cavalieri and at first was suspicious of them. However, he soon became convinced that these powerful methods were correct and began to develop them further himself. In fact he used a combination of the new and old methods, using the method of indivisibles to discover his results, but often giving a classical geometrical proof of them. He gave this not because he doubted the correctness of the method of indivisibles, rather because he wanted to give a proof:-
... according to the usual method of the ancient geometers ...
so that readers not familiar with the new methods would still be convinced of the correctness of his results.
By 1641 he had proved a number of impressive results using the methods which he would publish three years later. He examined the three dimensional figures obtained by rotating a regular polygon about an axis of symmetry. Torricelli also computed the area and centre of gravity of the cycloid. His most remarkable results, however, resulted from his extension of Cavalieri's method of indivisibles to cover curved indivisibles. With these tools he was able to show that rotating the unlimited area of a rectangular hyperbola between the $y$-axis and a fixed point on the curve, resulted in a finite volume when rotated round the $y$-axis. Notice that we have stated this result in the modern notation of coordinate geometry which was totally unavailable to Torricelli. This last result, described in [1] as:-
... a gem of the mathematical literature of the time ...
is considered in detail in [23] where it is noted that, immediately after its publication in 1644, the result aroused great interest and admiration because it went totally against the intuition of mathematicians of the period.
We mentioned Torricelli's results on the cycloid and these resulted in a dispute between him and Roberval. The article [19] discusses:-
... a letter dated October 1643, by which Torricelli gets in touch with Roberval and reports to him about his views and results on the centre of gravity of the parabola, the semigeneral parabolas, the surface of the cycloid and its history, the solid of revolution generated by a conic and the hyperbolic acute solid.
We should also note another fine contribution made by Torricelli was in solving a problem due to Fermat when he determined the point in the plane of a triangle so that the sum of its distances from the vertices is a minimum (known as the isogonic centre of the triangle). This contribution, described in detail in [20], is summarised in that paper as follows:-
Around 1640, Torricelli devised a geometrical solution to a problem, allegedly first formulated in the early 1600s by Fermat: 'given three points in a plane, find a fourth point such that the sum of its distances to the three given points is as small as possible'.
Torricelli was the first person to create a sustained vacuum and to discover the principle of a barometer. In 1643 he proposed an experiment, later performed by his colleague Vincenzo Viviani, that demonstrated that atmospheric pressure determines the height to which a fluid will rise in a tube inverted over the same liquid. This concept led to the development of the barometer. Torricelli wrote a letter to his friend Michelangelo Ricci, who like him had been a student of Castelli, on 11 June 1644. At this stage Torricelli was in Florence, writing to his friend Ricci who was in Rome.
I have already called attention to certain philosophical experiments that are in progress ... relating to vacuum, designed not just to make a vacuum but to make an instrument which will exhibit changes in the atmosphere, which is sometimes heavier and denser and at other times lighter and thinner. Many have argued that a vacuum does not exist, others claim it exists only with difficulty in spite of the repugnance of nature; I know of no one who claims it easily exists without any resistance from nature.
Whether a vacuum existed was a question which had been argued over for centuries. Aristotle had simply claimed that a vacuum was a logical contradiction, but difficulties with this had led Renaissance scientists to modify this to the claim that 'nature abhors a vacuum' which is in line with those who Torricelli suggests believe a vacuum exists despite 'the repugnance of nature'. Galileo had observed the experimental evidence that a suction pump could only raise water by about nine metres but had given an incorrect explanation based on the "force created by a vacuum". Torricelli then described an experiment and gives for the first time the correct explanation:-
We have made many glass vessels ... with tubes two cubits long. These were filled with mercury, the open end was closed with the finger, and the tubes were then inverted in a vessel where there was mercury. .. We saw that an empty space was formed and that nothing happened in the vessel where this space was formed ... I claim that the force which keeps the mercury from falling is external and that the force comes from outside the tube. On the surface of the mercury which is in the bowl rests the weight of a column of fifty miles of air. Is it a surprise that into the vessel, in which the mercury has no inclination and no repugnance, not even the slightest, to being there, it should enter and should rise in a column high enough to make equilibrium with the weight of the external air which forces it up?
He attempted to examine the vacuum which he was able to create and test whether sound travelled in a vacuum. He also tried to see if insects could live in the vacuum. However he seems not to have succeeded with these experiments.
In De motu gravium which was published as part of Torricelli's 1644 Opera geometrica , Torricelli also proved that the flow of liquid through an opening is proportional to the square root of the height of the liquid, a result now known as Torricelli's theorem. It was another remarkable contribution which has led to some suggesting that this result makes him the founder of hydrodynamics. Also in De motu gravium Torricelli studied projectile motion. He developed Galileo's ideas on the parabolic trajectory of projectiles launched horizontally, giving a theory for projectiles launched at any angle. He also gave numerical tables which would help gunners find the correct elevation of their guns to give the required range. Three years later he received a letter from Renieri of Genoa who claimed that he had conducted some experiments which contradicted the theory of parabolic trajectories. The two corresponded on the topic with Torricelli saying that his theory was in fact based on ignoring certain effects which would make the experimental data slightly different.
Torricelli not only had great skills in theoretical work but he also had great skill as a maker of instruments. He was a skilled lens grinder, making excellent telescopes and small, short focus, simple microscopes, and he seems to have learnt these techniques during the time he lived with Galileo. Gliozzi writes in [1]:-
... one of Torricelli's telescope lenses ... was examined in 1924 ... using a diffraction grating. It was found to be of exquisite workmanship, sos much so that one face was seen to have been machined better than the mirror taken a reference surface ...
In fact he made much money from his skill in lens grinding in the last period of his life in Florence and the Grand Duke gave him many gifts in return for scientific instruments.
Much of Torricelli's mathematical and scientific work has not survived, mainly because he published only the one work we referred to above. In addition to letters which have survived which tell us important facts about his achievements, we also have some lectures which he gave. These were collected and published after his death and include one he gave when he was elected to the Accademia della Crusca in 1642 and seven others given to the Academy during the next few years. One of these was on the wind and it is important for again Torricelli was the first to give the correct scientific explanation when he proposed that [1]:-
... winds are produced by differences of air temperature, and hence density, between two regions of the earth.
We referred above to the argument between Torricelli and Roberval concerning the cycloid, and in 1646 Torricelli began gathering together the correspondence which had passed between the two on the topic. It is clear that Torricelli was an honest man who felt that he needed to publish the material to present the truth to the world. There can be no doubt that these two great mathematicians had made similar discoveries about the cycloid but neither had been influenced by the other's ideas. However, before he completed the task of preparing the correspondence for publication Torricelli contracted typhoid in October 1647 died a few days later at the young age of 39 while in his prime as a research mathematician and scientist.
Hours before his death he tried to ensure that his unpublished manuscripts and letters be given to someone to prepare for publication and he entrusted them to his friend Ludovico Serenai. After neither Castelli nor Michelangelo Ricci would undertake the task and although Viviani did agree to prepare the material for publication he failed to accomplish the task. Some of Torricelli's manuscripts were lost and it was not until 1919 that the remaining material was published as Torricelli had wished. His collected works were published with Gino Loria and Guiseppe Vassura as editors, three volumes being published in 1919 and the fourth volume in 1944 nearly 300 years after Torricelli's death. Sadly material left by him, bearing his own signature, was destroyed in the Torricelli Museum in Faenza in 1944.
Torricelli's remarkable contributions mean that had he lived he would certainly have made other outstanding mathematical discoveries. Collections of paradoxes which arose through inappropriate use of the new calculus were found in his manuscripts and show the depth of his understanding. In fact he may indeed have made contributions which will never be known, for the full range of his ideas were never properly recorded.
References (show)
1. M Gliozzi, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).
2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica.
http://www.britannica.com/biography/Evangelista-Torricelli
3. G Castelnuovo, Le origini del calcolo infinitesimale nell'era moderna, con scritti di Newton, Leibniz, Torricelli (Milan, 1962).
4. F J Jervis-Smith, Evangelista Torricelli : written on the occasion of the tercentenary commemoration of the Italian philosopher (Oxford, 1908).
5. G Loria and G Vassura (eds.), Opere di Evangelista Torricelli (Vols 1-3, Faenza, 1919), (Vol 4, Faenza, 1944).
6. A Agostini, Il 'De tactionibus' di Evangelista Torricelli, Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. (3) 6 (1951), 319-321.
7. A Agostini, Problemi di massimo e minimo nella corrispondenza di E Torricelli, Rivista Mat. Univ. Parma 2 (1951), 265-275.
8. A Agostini, I baricentri trovati da Torricelli, Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. (3) 6 (1951), 149-159.
9. A Agostini, Il metodo delle tangenti fondato sopra la dottrina dei moti nelle opere di Torricelli, Period. Mat. (4) 28 (1950), 141-158.
10. G Baroncelli, On the invention of the geometric spiral : an unpublished letter of Torricelli to Michelangelo Ricci (Italian), Nuncius Ann. Storia Sci. 8 (2) (1993), 601-606.
11. M Blay, Varignon et le statut de la loi de Torricelli, Arch. Internat. Hist. Sci. 35 (114-115) (1985), 330-345.
12. E Bortolotti, Il problema della tangente nell'opera geometrica di Evangelista Torricelli, Mem. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna. Cl. Sci. Fis. (9) 10 (1943), 181-191.
13. E Bortolotti, L'Opera geometrica di Evangelista Torricelli, Monatsh. Math. Phys. 48 (1939), 457-486.
14. G Castelnuovo, Le origini del calcolo infinitesimale nell'era moderna (Milan, 1962), 52-53, 58-62.
15. Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647) (Russian), Mat. v Shkole (4) (1983), i.
16. E Festa, La notion d' 'agrégat d'indivisibles' dans la constitution de la cinématique galiléenne : Cavalieri, Galilée, Torricelli, Rev. Histoire Sci. 45 (2-3) (1992), 307-336.
17. L S Freiman, Fermat, Torricelli, Roberval (Russian), in Sources of classical science : a collection of articles (Moscow, 1968), 173-254.
18. F de Gandt, L'évolution de la théorie des indivisibles et l'apport de Torricelli, in Geometry and atomism in the Galilean school (Florence, 1992), 103-118.
19. J Itard, La lettre de Torricelli à Roberval d'octobre 1643, Rev. Histoire Sci. Appl. 28 (2) (1975), 113-124.
20. J Krarup and S Vajda, On Torricelli's geometrical solution to a problem of Fermat, Duality in practice, IMA J. Math. Appl. Bus. Indust. 8 (3) (1997), 215-224.
21. E Levi, Evangelista Torricelli, in G Garbrecht (ed.), Hydraulics and Hydraulic Research: A Historical Review (Rotterdam-Boston, 1987), 93-102.
22. C Maccagni, Galileo, Castelli, Torricelli and others - The Italian school of hyrdaulics in the 16th and 17th centuries, in G Garbrecht (ed.), Hydraulics and Hydraulic Research: A Historical Review (Rotterdam-Boston, 1987), 81-88.
23. P Mancosu and E Vailati, Torricelli's infinitely long solid and its philosophical reception in the seventeenth century, Isis 82 (311) (1991), 50-70.
24. G Medolla, Some unpublished documents relative to the life of Evangelista Torricelli (Italian), Boll. Storia Sci. Mat. 13 (2) (1993), 287-296.
25. Z Opial, The rectification of a logarithmic spiral in the works of E Torricelli (Polish), Wiadom. Mat. (2) 3 (1960), 251-265.
26. A Procissi, Su l'inviluppo delle parabole in Torricelli e sulla nozione di inviluppo di una famiglia di curve piane, Period. Mat. (4) 31 (1953), 34-43.
27. P Robinson, Evangelista Torricelli, Mathematical Gazette 78 (1994), 37-47.
28. M Segre, Torricelli's correspondence on ballistics, Ann. of Sci. 40 (5) (1983), 489-499.
29. L A Sorokina, Certain differential methods in the works of E Torricelli (Russian), in 1970 History and Methodology of Natural Sciences IX : Mechanics, Mathematics (Moscow, 1970), 218-226.
30. L Tenca, I presunti contrasti fra Evangelista Torricelli e Vincenzio Viviani, Period. Mat. (4) 38 (1960), 87-94.
31. L Tenca, L'attività matematica di Evangelista Torricelli, Period. Mat. (4) 36 (1958), 251-263.
32. L Tenca, Su una svista di stampa in 'de Dimensione Parabolae' di Evangelista Torricelli notata da Stefano Angeli, Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. (3) 11 (1956), 258-259.
33. C V Varetti, Contributo alla storia dell'ottica nella prima metà del secolo XVII dal canocchiale di Galileo alle lenti del Torricelli, in Atti Secondo Congresso Un. Mat. Ital. 1940 (Rome, 1942), 572-581. | 2022-05-26 01:57:02 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 2, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5455625653266907, "perplexity": 2830.3503473026853}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662595559.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526004200-20220526034200-00300.warc.gz"} |
https://www.proofwiki.org/wiki/Union_of_Family/Examples/Size_of_y-1_lt_n_and_Size_of_y%2B1_gt_1_over_n | # Union of Family/Examples/Size of y-1 lt n and Size of y+1 gt 1 over n
## Example of Union of Family
Let $I$ be the indexing set $I = \set {1, 2, 3, \ldots}$
Let $\family {T_n}$ be the indexed family of subsets of the set of real numbers $\R$, defined as:
$T_n = \set {y: \size {y - 1} < n \land \size {y + 1} > \dfrac 1 n}$
Then:
$\ds \bigcup_{n \mathop \in I} T_n = \R \setminus \set {-1}$
## Proof
$T_n = \openint {1 - n} {-1 - \dfrac 1 n} \cup \openint {-1 + \dfrac 1 n} {1 + n}$
We have that:
$\paren {\openint {1 - n} {-1 - \dfrac 1 n} \cup \openint {-1 + \dfrac 1 n} {1 + n} } \subseteq \paren {\openint {1 - \paren {n + 1} } {-1 - \dfrac 1 {n + 1} } \cup \openint {-1 + \dfrac 1 {n + 1} } {1 + \paren {n + 1} } }$
That is:
$T_n \subseteq T_{n + 1}$
and so:
$\ds \bigcup_{n \mathop \in I} T_n = \lim_{n \mathop \to \infty} \openint {1 - n} {-1 - \dfrac 1 n} \cup \openint {-1 + \dfrac 1 n} {1 + n}$
As $n \to \infty$, we have:
$\ds 1 - n$ $\to$ $\ds -\infty$ $\ds -1 - \dfrac 1 n$ $\to$ $\ds -1$ $\ds -1 + \dfrac 1 n$ $\to$ $\ds 1$ $\ds 1 + n$ $\to$ $\ds + \infty$
and it follows that:
$\lim_{n \mathop \to \infty} \openint {1 - n} {-1 - \dfrac 1 n} \cup \openint {-1 + \dfrac 1 n} {1 + n} = \openint \gets {-1} \cup \openint {-1} \to$
whence the result.
$\blacksquare$ | 2022-08-15 16:45:19 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9746417999267578, "perplexity": 573.9236703654174}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00043.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/laplace-transform-of-a-taylor-series-expansion.323629/ | # Laplace transform of a Taylor series expansion
Homework Helper
Gold Member
I'm reading a paper on tissue cell rheology ("Viscoelasticity of the human red blood cell") that models the creep compliance of the cell (in the s-domain) as
$$J(s) = \frac{1}{As+Bs^{a+1}}$$
where $0\leq a\leq 1$. Since there's no closed-form inverse Laplace transform for this expression, they explore early-time ($t\rightarrow 0$) and late-time ($t\rightarrow \infty$) behavior by using a Taylor series expansion around $s\rightarrow \infty$ and $s\rightarrow 0$, respectively. This is said to yield
$$J(t)\approx \frac{t^a}{B\Gamma(a+1)}-\frac{At^{2a}}{B^2\Gamma(2a+1)}+\frac{A^2t^{3a}}{B^3\Gamma(3a+1)}$$
for the early-time behavior and
$$J(t)\approx \frac{1}{A}-\frac{Bt^{-a}}{A^2\Gamma(1-a)}$$
for the late-time behavior. However, I just can't see how these expressions arise. I know that the Laplace transform of $t^a$ is
$$L[t^a]=\frac{\Gamma(a+1)}{s^{a+1}}$$
and so presumably
$$L\left[\frac{t^a}{\Gamma(a+1)}\right]=\frac{1}{s^{a+1}}\mathrm{,}\quad L\left[\frac{t^{-a}}{\Gamma(1-a)}\right]=\frac{1}{s^{-a+1}}$$
but I can't figure out where these terms would appear in a Taylor series expansion. When I try to expand $J(s)$ in the manner of
$$f(x+\Delta x)\approx f(x) + f^\prime(x)\Delta x +\frac{1}{2}f^{\prime\prime}(x)(\Delta x)^2$$
I get zero or infinity for each term. Unfortunately, Mathematica is no help in investigating an expansion around $s\rightarrow\infty$ or $s\rightarrow 0$; it just returns the original expression. Perhaps I'm making a silly error, or perhaps the paper skipped an important enabling or simplifying step. Any thoughts?
Last edited:
benorin
Homework Helper
Gold Member
Both series expansions below are geometric series: $\frac{1}{1-x}=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}x^k\mbox{ for }|x|<1$.
For $\left| {\scriptstyle \frac{B}{A}}s^{a} \right| < 1,$ we have
$$J(s) = \frac{1}{As+Bs^{a+1}} = \frac{1}{As}\cdot\frac{1}{1+{\scriptstyle \frac{B}{A}}s^{a}} = \frac{1}{As}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\left(-1\right)^k \left(\frac{B}{A}}\right)^k s^{ak}=\frac{1}{A}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\left(-1\right)^k \left(\frac{B}{A}}\right)^k s^{ak-1}$$
$$J(s) = \frac{1}{As}-\frac{B}{A^2s^{1-a}}}+\frac{B^2}{A^3s^{1-2a}}}-\cdots$$
hence
$$J(t) = \frac{1}{A}u(t)-\frac{Bt^{-a}}{A^2\Gamma (1-a)}}+\frac{B^2t^{-2a}}{A^3\Gamma (1-2a)}}-\cdots$$
where $u(t)$ is the unit step function...
And for $\left| {\scriptstyle \frac{A}{B}} s^{-a} \right| < 1,$ we have
$$J(s) = \frac{1}{As+Bs^{a+1}} = \frac{1}{Bs^{a+1}}\cdot\frac{1}{ {\scriptstyle \frac{A}{B}}s^{-a}}+1} =\frac{1}{Bs^{a+1}}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\left(-1\right)^k \left(\frac{A}{B}}\right)^k s^{-ak}=\frac{1}{B}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\left(-1\right)^k \left(\frac{A}{B}}\right)^k s^{-ak-a-1}$$
$$J(s) = \frac{1}{Bs^{a+1}}-\frac{A}{B^2s^{2a+1}}+\frac{A^2}{B^3s^{3a+1}}-\cdots$$
hence
$$J(t) = \frac{t^{a}}{B\Gamma (a+1)}-\frac{At^{2a}}{B^2\Gamma (2a+1)}+\frac{A^2t^{3a}}{B^3\Gamma (3a+1)}-\cdots$$ | 2021-01-25 20:21:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9044080972671509, "perplexity": 708.2715704024763}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703644033.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125185643-20210125215643-00373.warc.gz"} |
https://9to5answer.com/matlab-operator-a-b | # Matlab, operator A\B
13,615
## Solution 1
My MATLAB (R2010b) says quite a lot about what A\B does:
mldivide(A,B) and the equivalent A\B perform matrix left division (back slash). A and B must be matrices that have the same number of rows, unless A is a scalar, in which case A\B performs element-wise division — that is, A\B = A.\B.
If A is a square matrix, A\B is roughly the same as inv(A)*B, except it is computed in a different way. If A is an n-by-n matrix and B is a column vector with n elements, or a matrix with several such columns, then X = A\B is the solution to the equation AX = B. A warning message is displayed if A is badly scaled or nearly singular.
If A is an m-by-n matrix with m ~= n and B is a column vector with m components, or a matrix with several such columns, then X = A\B is the solution in the least squares sense to the under- or overdetermined system of equations AX = B. In other words, X minimizes norm(A*X - B), the length of the vector AX - B. The rank k of A is determined from the QR decomposition with column pivoting. The computed solution X has at most k nonzero elements per column. If k < n, this is usually not the same solution as x = pinv(A)*B, which returns a least squares solution.
mrdivide(B,A) and the equivalent B/A perform matrix right division (forward slash). B and A must have the same number of columns.
If A is a square matrix, B/A is roughly the same as B*inv(A). If A is an n-by-n matrix and B is a row vector with n elements, or a matrix with several such rows, then X = B/A is the solution to the equation XA = B computed by Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting. A warning message is displayed if A is badly scaled or nearly singular.
If B is an m-by-n matrix with m ~= n and A is a column vector with m components, or a matrix with several such columns, then X = B/A is the solution in the least squares sense to the under- or overdetermined system of equations XA = B.
## Solution 2
x = inv (A'*A)*A'*B goes for over determined systems (i.e. which feature A as an n x m matrix with n>m; in these circumstances A'A is invertible).
In your case you have an under determined system.
Thus, what may happen?
My opinion, although you can check, at least in your case:
when you do A\B matlab solves an optimization problem in the inverse sense w.r.t. the usual least squares, that is
X = argmin_{X \in S} ||X||,
where S is the set of solutions. In other words, it gives you the solution of the system having minimum L^2 norm. (Consider that you can handle the problem by hands, at least in your case).
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### justik
Updated on July 25, 2022
• justik 2 months
What is the result of the operation A\B, where A(1, m) and B (1, m)?
In the manual it is written:
A\B returns a least-squares solution to the system of equations A*x= B.
So it means x = inv (A'*A)*A'*B? However, the matrix A'*A is singular...
Let us suppose:
A=[1 2 3]
B=[6 7 6]
A\B
0 0 0
0 0 0
2.0000 2.3333 2.0000
If ve use MLS:
C = inv (A'*A) singular matrix
C = pinv(A'*A)
0.0051 0.0102 0.0153
0.0102 0.0204 0.0306
0.0153 0.0306 0.0459
D= C*A'*B
0.4286 0.5000 0.4286
0.8571 1.0000 0.8571
1.2857 1.5000 1.2857
So results A\B and inv (A'*A)*A'*B are different...
• justik almost 10 years
@ FakeDIY. Thanks, but I had already read before I posted my question. However, the case three it is not clear for me... | 2022-09-29 02:33:29 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8727850317955017, "perplexity": 819.20278289578}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335303.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929003121-20220929033121-00000.warc.gz"} |
https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/37414/sos-and-the-small-set-expansion-property | SOS and the small set expansion property
For what graphs do we know that their small set expansion property has a low degree SOS proof? Is this known to be true for say the complete graphs?
A terminology issue about what is low degree" :
Around page 13 here, http://www.boazbarak.org/sos/files/lec2d.pdf, when this was shown for the Boolean hypercube graph the author claimed that this is a degree $4$ SOS certificate. This terminology is a bit peculiar to me. Because as one sees in the proof it uses non-negativity of the pseudo-expectation of polynomials of the form $(fg)^2$ where $f$ and $g$ are degree at most $d$ polynomials in $n-1$ variables. So I think this should have been called a degree $4d$ SOS certificate. But somehow they want to see this as a degree $4$ SOS proof in the space of Fourier coeffients because the product $fg$ is obviously degree $2$ over Fourier coefficients. I am not sure if this way of thinking makes sense! It would be helpful to know why this way of counting makes sense!
• Regarding your terminology issue: did you read the discussion after Lemma 10? It states explicitly that "These [$L_x(f)^4$] are polynomials in the coefficients of $f$." I.e., for $x$ fixed, $L_{x}\colon (f_\alpha)_\alpha$ is a function which takes the set of coefficients of a polynomial $f$ and returns $L_x(f)=f(x)$ (so $L_x$ is a linear function). Why don't you think this makes sense? – Clement C. Jan 28 '17 at 3:06
• Well, that comment is what I find to be a puzzling way to count. The statement of Lemma $10$ is not a fixed $x$ statement. It is taking a pseudo-expectation over some pseudo-distribution over the hypercube. Then isn't it obvious and natural that the quantity of which one is taking the pseudo-expectation be considered a function of $x$ and in that case the degree of the polynomial whose pseudo-expectation one is invoking to be non-negative is of degree $4d$ in $x$. – gradstudent Jan 28 '17 at 3:28
• Whenever you say something is low degree you need to know what the variables are. Here the variables are the coefficients of $f$. The $\mathbb{E}_x$ symbols in the lemma denote actual expectation, not pseudoexpectation. After the lemma, it is mentioned that it implies you can take pesudoexpectation over $f$. – Sasho Nikolov Jan 28 '17 at 15:03
• It may help to keep Lemma 10 in context. The idea is to prove that the boolean hypercube is a small-set expander, and their argument involves looking at eigenspaces of that graph. The natural variables then are the entries in vectors indexed by $\{\pm 1\}^n$. Their proof takes the conceptual point of view that these vectors are functions $\{\pm 1\}^n \to \mathbb{R}$ (whose degree $d$ is relevant). Consequently the natural variables in the SOS proof are the values of these functions. – Andrew Morgan Jan 28 '17 at 16:31 | 2020-07-10 22:09:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8873746991157532, "perplexity": 257.368030031562}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655912255.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710210528-20200711000528-00188.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/939427/premeasure-and-induced-outer-measure | Premeasure and induced outer measure
Let $A \subset P(X)$ be an algebra, $A_\sigma$ the collection of countable unions of sets in $A$, and $A_{\sigma \delta}$ the collection of countable intersections of sets in $A_\sigma$. Let $\mu_0$ be a premeasure on $A$ and $\mu ^*$ the induced outer measure. Show that if $\mu^*(E)<\infty$, then
$E$ is $\mu^*$ measurable iff there exists $B\in A_{\sigma \delta}$ with $E\subset B$ and $\mu^*(B\cap E^c)=0$.
I can prove the forward implication. Stuck in proving reverse implication. Can anyone help me?
Let $C$ be an arbitrary set in $X$. By Caratheodory's theorem the $\mu^{*}$-measurable sets form a $\sigma$-algebra, and so $B$ is $\mu^*$-measurable.
Therefore $\mu^*(C) = \mu^*(C \cap B) + \mu^*(C \cap B^{c}).$ Since $E \subseteq B$ we have that $\mu^*(C \cap E) \leq \mu^*(C \cap B)$. And since $\mu^*(B \setminus E) = 0$ we have $\mu^*(C \cap (B \setminus E)) = 0$. Finally, we use the fact that $E^{c} = B^{c} \cup (B \setminus E)$, which tells us that $\mu^*(C \cap E^{c}) \leq \mu^*(C \cap B^{c}) + \mu^*(C \cap (B \setminus E)) = \mu^*(C \cap B^{c})$.
Putting this all together $$\mu^*(C) = \mu^*(C \cap B) + \mu^*(C \cap B^{c}) \geq \mu^*(C \cap E) + \mu^*(C \cap E^{c}),$$ implying that $E$ is $\mu^*$-measurable.
• How is the statement "$B$ is $\mu^*$-measurable" justified? Just because the $\mu^*$ measurable sets form a $\sigma$-algebra, that doesn't mean that $B$ must be in that $\sigma$-algebra. – Emily Feb 8 '15 at 3:03
• Folland Proposition 1.13 b: If $\mu_{0}$ is a premeasure on $A$ and $\mu^{*}$ is the induced outer measure, then every set in $A$ is $\mu^{*}$-measurable. This means that if we let $M$ denote the $\sigma$-algebra of $\mu^{*}$-measurable sets, then $A \subseteq M$, and hence $A_{\sigma \delta} \subseteq M$. – unknownymous Feb 8 '15 at 6:54 | 2019-10-17 05:46:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9814308285713196, "perplexity": 71.96234832507403}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986672723.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017045957-20191017073457-00031.warc.gz"} |
http://nrich.maths.org/public/leg.php?code=12&cl=3&cldcmpid=661 | Search by Topic
Resources tagged with Factors and multiples similar to Medal Muddle:
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Broad Topics > Numbers and the Number System > Factors and multiples
How Old Are the Children?
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
A student in a maths class was trying to get some information from her teacher. She was given some clues and then the teacher ended by saying, "Well, how old are they?"
Have You Got It?
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Can you explain the strategy for winning this game with any target?
A First Product Sudoku
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Given the products of adjacent cells, can you complete this Sudoku?
Product Sudoku 2
Stage: 3 and 4 Challenge Level:
Given the products of diagonally opposite cells - can you complete this Sudoku?
Factor Lines
Stage: 2 and 3 Challenge Level:
Arrange the four number cards on the grid, according to the rules, to make a diagonal, vertical or horizontal line.
Ben's Game
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Ben passed a third of his counters to Jack, Jack passed a quarter of his counters to Emma and Emma passed a fifth of her counters to Ben. After this they all had the same number of counters.
Product Sudoku
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
The clues for this Sudoku are the product of the numbers in adjacent squares.
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
A mathematician goes into a supermarket and buys four items. Using a calculator she multiplies the cost instead of adding them. How can her answer be the same as the total at the till?
Got It
Stage: 2 and 3 Challenge Level:
A game for two people, or play online. Given a target number, say 23, and a range of numbers to choose from, say 1-4, players take it in turns to add to the running total to hit their target.
Special Sums and Products
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Find some examples of pairs of numbers such that their sum is a factor of their product. eg. 4 + 12 = 16 and 4 × 12 = 48 and 16 is a factor of 48.
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
List any 3 numbers. It is always possible to find a subset of adjacent numbers that add up to a multiple of 3. Can you explain why and prove it?
Stars
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Can you find a relationship between the number of dots on the circle and the number of steps that will ensure that all points are hit?
Three Times Seven
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
A three digit number abc is always divisible by 7 when 2a+3b+c is divisible by 7. Why?
The Remainders Game
Stage: 2 and 3 Challenge Level:
A game that tests your understanding of remainders.
Repeaters
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Choose any 3 digits and make a 6 digit number by repeating the 3 digits in the same order (e.g. 594594). Explain why whatever digits you choose the number will always be divisible by 7, 11 and 13.
Factors and Multiples - Secondary Resources
Stage: 3 and 4 Challenge Level:
A collection of resources to support work on Factors and Multiples at Secondary level.
Remainder
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
What is the remainder when 2^2002 is divided by 7? What happens with different powers of 2?
LCM Sudoku II
Stage: 3, 4 and 5 Challenge Level:
You are given the Lowest Common Multiples of sets of digits. Find the digits and then solve the Sudoku.
AB Search
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
The five digit number A679B, in base ten, is divisible by 72. What are the values of A and B?
American Billions
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Play the divisibility game to create numbers in which the first two digits make a number divisible by 2, the first three digits make a number divisible by 3...
Even So
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Find some triples of whole numbers a, b and c such that a^2 + b^2 + c^2 is a multiple of 4. Is it necessarily the case that a, b and c must all be even? If so, can you explain why?
Eminit
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
The number 8888...88M9999...99 is divisible by 7 and it starts with the digit 8 repeated 50 times and ends with the digit 9 repeated 50 times. What is the value of the digit M?
Napier's Location Arithmetic
Stage: 4 Challenge Level:
Have you seen this way of doing multiplication ?
Divisively So
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
How many numbers less than 1000 are NOT divisible by either: a) 2 or 5; or b) 2, 5 or 7?
Cuboids
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Find a cuboid (with edges of integer values) that has a surface area of exactly 100 square units. Is there more than one? Can you find them all?
Remainders
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
I'm thinking of a number. When my number is divided by 5 the remainder is 4. When my number is divided by 3 the remainder is 2. Can you find my number?
Multiplication Equation Sudoku
Stage: 4 and 5 Challenge Level:
The puzzle can be solved by finding the values of the unknown digits (all indicated by asterisks) in the squares of the $9\times9$ grid.
X Marks the Spot
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
When the number x 1 x x x is multiplied by 417 this gives the answer 9 x x x 0 5 7. Find the missing digits, each of which is represented by an "x" .
What Numbers Can We Make Now?
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Imagine we have four bags containing numbers from a sequence. What numbers can we make now?
Factor Track
Stage: 2 and 3 Challenge Level:
Factor track is not a race but a game of skill. The idea is to go round the track in as few moves as possible, keeping to the rules.
Oh! Hidden Inside?
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Find the number which has 8 divisors, such that the product of the divisors is 331776.
What Numbers Can We Make?
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Imagine we have four bags containing a large number of 1s, 4s, 7s and 10s. What numbers can we make?
LCM Sudoku
Stage: 4 Challenge Level:
Here is a Sudoku with a difference! Use information about lowest common multiples to help you solve it.
Charlie's Delightful Machine
Stage: 3 and 4 Challenge Level:
Here is a machine with four coloured lights. Can you develop a strategy to work out the rules controlling each light?
Sieve of Eratosthenes
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Follow this recipe for sieving numbers and see what interesting patterns emerge.
Factors and Multiples Game
Stage: 2, 3 and 4 Challenge Level:
A game in which players take it in turns to choose a number. Can you block your opponent?
Hot Pursuit
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
The sum of the first 'n' natural numbers is a 3 digit number in which all the digits are the same. How many numbers have been summed?
Helen's Conjecture
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Helen made the conjecture that "every multiple of six has more factors than the two numbers either side of it". Is this conjecture true?
N000ughty Thoughts
Stage: 4 Challenge Level:
How many noughts are at the end of these giant numbers?
Hidden Rectangles
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Rectangles are considered different if they vary in size or have different locations. How many different rectangles can be drawn on a chessboard?
Transposition Cipher
Stage: 3 and 4 Challenge Level:
Can you work out what size grid you need to read our secret message?
Substitution Transposed
Stage: 3 and 4 Challenge Level:
Substitution and Transposition all in one! How fiendish can these codes get?
Substitution Cipher
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Find the frequency distribution for ordinary English, and use it to help you crack the code.
Gabriel's Problem
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Gabriel multiplied together some numbers and then erased them. Can you figure out where each number was?
Inclusion Exclusion
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
How many integers between 1 and 1200 are NOT multiples of any of the numbers 2, 3 or 5?
Thirty Six Exactly
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
The number 12 = 2^2 × 3 has 6 factors. What is the smallest natural number with exactly 36 factors?
Factoring Factorials
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Find the highest power of 11 that will divide into 1000! exactly.
Diggits
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Can you find what the last two digits of the number $4^{1999}$ are?
Funny Factorisation
Stage: 3 Challenge Level:
Some 4 digit numbers can be written as the product of a 3 digit number and a 2 digit number using the digits 1 to 9 each once and only once. The number 4396 can be written as just such a product. Can. . . . | 2017-04-26 12:05:01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3824458718299866, "perplexity": 1170.1636678446469}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121305.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00272-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |