Upload all models and assets for es (latest)
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- .gitattributes +7 -0
- README.md +230 -0
- RESEARCH_REPORT.md +686 -0
- es_morph_tokenizer.json +0 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_128d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_128d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_32d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_32d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_64d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/es_64d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/es_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/es_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/es_128d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/es_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/es_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/es_32d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/es_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/es_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/es_64d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/es_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/es_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/es_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/es_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/es_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/es_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/es_5gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/es_5gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/es_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
.gitattributes
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visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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| 1 |
+
---
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| 2 |
+
language: es
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+
language_name: Spanish
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| 4 |
+
language_family: romance_iberian
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+
tags:
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- wikilangs
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- nlp
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- tokenizer
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- embeddings
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| 10 |
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- n-gram
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- markov
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- wikipedia
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- feature-extraction
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- sentence-similarity
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- tokenization
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- n-grams
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- markov-chain
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- text-mining
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- fasttext
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- babelvec
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- vocabulous
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- vocabulary
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- monolingual
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- family-romance_iberian
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license: mit
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library_name: wikilangs
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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datasets:
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- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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dataset_info:
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name: wikipedia-monthly
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description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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metrics:
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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value: 4.831
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- name: best_isotropy
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type: isotropy
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value: 0.7898
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- name: best_alignment_r10
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type: alignment
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value: 0.9680
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- name: vocabulary_size
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type: vocab
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value: 1128398
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generated: 2026-03-04
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---
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| 48 |
+
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# Spanish — Wikilangs Models
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| 50 |
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Open-source tokenizers, n-gram & Markov language models, vocabulary stats, and word embeddings trained on **Spanish** Wikipedia by [Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org).
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🌐 [Language Page](https://wikilangs.org/languages/es/) · 🎮 [Playground](https://wikilangs.org/playground/?lang=es) · 📊 [Full Research Report](RESEARCH_REPORT.md)
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## Language Samples
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| 56 |
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Example sentences drawn from the Spanish Wikipedia corpus:
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| 58 |
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> Apogonia es un género de escarabajos. Algunos son plagas de los árboles de durio. Referencias
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| 60 |
+
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| 61 |
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> Elymordeum es un género monotípico de plantas herbáceas perteneciente a la familia de las poáceas. Su única especie es Elymordeum montanense (Scribn.) Bowden. Referencias
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| 62 |
+
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| 63 |
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> Graphis es un género de hongos liquenizados de la familia Graphidaceae. Fue descrito por el naturalista francés Michel Adanson en Referencias de Graphidales
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| 64 |
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| 65 |
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> Modem puede hacer referencia: el módem, dispositivo electrónico de comunicación; o el partido político francés MoDem.
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| 66 |
+
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| 67 |
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> Opegrapha es un género de hongos liquenizados de la familia Opegraphaceae. Especies Referencias de Arthoniales
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| 68 |
+
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| 69 |
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## Quick Start
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| 70 |
+
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| 71 |
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### Load the Tokenizer
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| 72 |
+
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| 73 |
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```python
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| 74 |
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import sentencepiece as spm
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| 75 |
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| 76 |
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sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
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sp.Load("es_tokenizer_32k.model")
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| 78 |
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text = "Opegrapha es un género de hongos liquenizados de la familia Opegraphaceae. Espec"
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| 80 |
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tokens = sp.EncodeAsPieces(text)
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| 81 |
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ids = sp.EncodeAsIds(text)
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| 82 |
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print(tokens) # subword pieces
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| 84 |
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print(ids) # integer ids
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| 85 |
+
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| 86 |
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# Decode back
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| 87 |
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print(sp.DecodeIds(ids))
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| 88 |
+
```
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| 89 |
+
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| 90 |
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<details>
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| 91 |
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<summary><b>Tokenization examples (click to expand)</b></summary>
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| 92 |
+
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| 93 |
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**Sample 1:** `Opegrapha es un género de hongos liquenizados de la familia Opegraphaceae. Espec…`
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| 94 |
+
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| 95 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 96 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
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| 97 |
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| 8k | `▁o pe gra p ha ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁hon … (+22 more)` | 32 |
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| 98 |
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| 16k | `▁o pe gra pha ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁hongos ▁li … (+18 more)` | 28 |
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| 99 |
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| 32k | `▁o pe gra pha ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁hongos ▁li … (+17 more)` | 27 |
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| 100 |
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| 64k | `▁o pe gra pha ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁hongos ▁li … (+17 more)` | 27 |
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| 101 |
+
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| 102 |
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**Sample 2:** `Una única familia: Salicaceae. Árboles, arbustos y matas. Numerosos óvulos; 2 ca…`
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| 103 |
+
|
| 104 |
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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| 105 |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 106 |
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| 8k | `▁una ▁única ▁familia : ▁sal ica ceae . ▁árboles , … (+29 more)` | 39 |
|
| 107 |
+
| 16k | `▁una ▁única ▁familia : ▁sal ica ceae . ▁árboles , … (+24 more)` | 34 |
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| 108 |
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| 32k | `▁una ▁única ▁familia : ▁sal icaceae . ▁árboles , ▁arbustos … (+17 more)` | 27 |
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| 109 |
+
| 64k | `▁una ▁única ▁familia : ▁sal icaceae . ▁árboles , ▁arbustos … (+17 more)` | 27 |
|
| 110 |
+
|
| 111 |
+
**Sample 3:** `Apogonia es un género de escarabajos. Algunos son plagas de los árboles de durio…`
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| 112 |
+
|
| 113 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 114 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 115 |
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| 8k | `▁apo gon ia ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁esca ra ba … (+14 more)` | 24 |
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| 116 |
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| 16k | `▁apo gon ia ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁esca raba jos … (+13 more)` | 23 |
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| 117 |
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| 32k | `▁apo gonia ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁esca raba jos . … (+12 more)` | 22 |
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| 118 |
+
| 64k | `▁apo gonia ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁escarabajos . ▁algunos ▁son … (+9 more)` | 19 |
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| 119 |
+
|
| 120 |
+
</details>
|
| 121 |
+
|
| 122 |
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### Load Word Embeddings
|
| 123 |
+
|
| 124 |
+
```python
|
| 125 |
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from gensim.models import KeyedVectors
|
| 126 |
+
|
| 127 |
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# Aligned embeddings (cross-lingual, mapped to English vector space)
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| 128 |
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wv = KeyedVectors.load("es_embeddings_128d_aligned.kv")
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
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similar = wv.most_similar("word", topn=5)
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| 131 |
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for word, score in similar:
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| 132 |
+
print(f" {word}: {score:.3f}")
|
| 133 |
+
```
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| 134 |
+
|
| 135 |
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### Load N-gram Model
|
| 136 |
+
|
| 137 |
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```python
|
| 138 |
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import pyarrow.parquet as pq
|
| 139 |
+
|
| 140 |
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df = pq.read_table("es_3gram_word.parquet").to_pandas()
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| 141 |
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print(df.head())
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| 142 |
+
```
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| 143 |
+
|
| 144 |
+
## Models Overview
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| 145 |
+
|
| 146 |
+

|
| 147 |
+
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| 148 |
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| Category | Assets |
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| 149 |
+
|----------|--------|
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| 150 |
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| Tokenizers | BPE at 8k, 16k, 32k, 64k vocab sizes |
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| 151 |
+
| N-gram models | 2 / 3 / 4 / 5-gram (word & subword) |
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| 152 |
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| Markov chains | Context 1–5 (word & subword) |
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| 153 |
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| Embeddings | 32d, 64d, 128d — mono & aligned |
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| 154 |
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| Vocabulary | Full frequency list + Zipf analysis |
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| 155 |
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| Statistics | Corpus & model statistics JSON |
|
| 156 |
+
|
| 157 |
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## Metrics Summary
|
| 158 |
+
|
| 159 |
+
| Component | Model | Key Metric | Value |
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| 160 |
+
|-----------|-------|------------|-------|
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| 161 |
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| Tokenizer | 8k BPE | Compression | 3.89x |
|
| 162 |
+
| Tokenizer | 16k BPE | Compression | 4.28x |
|
| 163 |
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| Tokenizer | 32k BPE | Compression | 4.60x |
|
| 164 |
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| Tokenizer | 64k BPE | Compression | 4.83x 🏆 |
|
| 165 |
+
| N-gram | 2-gram (subword) | Perplexity | 225 🏆 |
|
| 166 |
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| N-gram | 2-gram (word) | Perplexity | 183,447 |
|
| 167 |
+
| N-gram | 3-gram (subword) | Perplexity | 1,802 |
|
| 168 |
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| N-gram | 3-gram (word) | Perplexity | 1,817,727 |
|
| 169 |
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| N-gram | 4-gram (subword) | Perplexity | 10,272 |
|
| 170 |
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| N-gram | 4-gram (word) | Perplexity | 7,309,961 |
|
| 171 |
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| N-gram | 5-gram (subword) | Perplexity | 43,696 |
|
| 172 |
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| N-gram | 5-gram (word) | Perplexity | 8,151,138 |
|
| 173 |
+
| Markov | ctx-1 (subword) | Predictability | 0.0% |
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| 174 |
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| Markov | ctx-1 (word) | Predictability | 0.0% |
|
| 175 |
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| Markov | ctx-2 (subword) | Predictability | 37.1% |
|
| 176 |
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| Markov | ctx-2 (word) | Predictability | 53.8% |
|
| 177 |
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| Markov | ctx-3 (subword) | Predictability | 32.1% |
|
| 178 |
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| Markov | ctx-3 (word) | Predictability | 76.0% |
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| 179 |
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| Markov | ctx-4 (subword) | Predictability | 32.2% |
|
| 180 |
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| Markov | ctx-4 (word) | Predictability | 88.3% 🏆 |
|
| 181 |
+
| Vocabulary | full | Size | 1,128,398 |
|
| 182 |
+
| Vocabulary | full | Zipf R² | 0.9938 |
|
| 183 |
+
| Embeddings | mono_32d | Isotropy | 0.7898 |
|
| 184 |
+
| Embeddings | mono_64d | Isotropy | 0.7625 |
|
| 185 |
+
| Embeddings | mono_128d | Isotropy | 0.6860 |
|
| 186 |
+
| Embeddings | aligned_32d | Isotropy | 0.7898 🏆 |
|
| 187 |
+
| Embeddings | aligned_64d | Isotropy | 0.7625 |
|
| 188 |
+
| Embeddings | aligned_128d | Isotropy | 0.6860 |
|
| 189 |
+
| Alignment | aligned_32d | R@1 / R@5 / R@10 | 56.6% / 81.2% / 86.8% |
|
| 190 |
+
| Alignment | aligned_64d | R@1 / R@5 / R@10 | 75.2% / 88.6% / 92.6% |
|
| 191 |
+
| Alignment | aligned_128d | R@1 / R@5 / R@10 | 79.6% / 94.4% / 96.8% 🏆 |
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
📊 **[Full ablation study, per-model breakdowns, and interpretation guide →](RESEARCH_REPORT.md)**
|
| 194 |
+
|
| 195 |
+
---
|
| 196 |
+
|
| 197 |
+
## About
|
| 198 |
+
|
| 199 |
+
Trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) — monthly snapshots of 300+ Wikipedia languages.
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** · Maintainer: [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) · [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
### Citation
|
| 204 |
+
|
| 205 |
+
```bibtex
|
| 206 |
+
@misc{wikilangs2025,
|
| 207 |
+
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 208 |
+
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 209 |
+
year = {2025},
|
| 210 |
+
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
|
| 211 |
+
publisher = {Zenodo},
|
| 212 |
+
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs},
|
| 213 |
+
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 214 |
+
}
|
| 215 |
+
```
|
| 216 |
+
|
| 217 |
+
### Links
|
| 218 |
+
|
| 219 |
+
- 🌐 [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
|
| 220 |
+
- 🌍 [Language page](https://wikilangs.org/languages/es/)
|
| 221 |
+
- 🎮 [Playground](https://wikilangs.org/playground/?lang=es)
|
| 222 |
+
- 🤗 [HuggingFace models](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 223 |
+
- 📊 [wikipedia-monthly dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 224 |
+
- 👤 [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 225 |
+
- 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
|
| 226 |
+
|
| 227 |
+
**License:** MIT — free for academic and commercial use.
|
| 228 |
+
|
| 229 |
+
---
|
| 230 |
+
*Generated by Wikilangs Pipeline · 2026-03-04 04:26:07*
|
RESEARCH_REPORT.md
ADDED
|
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|
| 1 |
+
# Spanish — Full Ablation Study & Research Report
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
Detailed evaluation of all model variants trained on **Spanish** Wikipedia data by [Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org).
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
👈 [Back to README](README.md)
|
| 6 |
+
|
| 7 |
+
## 📋 Repository Contents
|
| 8 |
+
|
| 9 |
+
### Models & Assets
|
| 10 |
+
|
| 11 |
+
- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
|
| 12 |
+
- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
|
| 13 |
+
- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
|
| 14 |
+
- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
|
| 15 |
+
- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
|
| 16 |
+
- Language Vocabulary
|
| 17 |
+
- Language Statistics
|
| 18 |
+
|
| 19 |
+

|
| 20 |
+
|
| 21 |
+
### Analysis and Evaluation
|
| 22 |
+
|
| 23 |
+
- [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
|
| 24 |
+
- [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
|
| 25 |
+
- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
|
| 26 |
+
- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
|
| 27 |
+
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 28 |
+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental)
|
| 29 |
+
- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
|
| 30 |
+
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
|
| 31 |
+
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
| 32 |
+
|
| 33 |
+
---
|
| 34 |
+
## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
|
| 35 |
+
|
| 36 |
+

|
| 37 |
+
|
| 38 |
+

|
| 39 |
+
|
| 40 |
+

|
| 41 |
+
|
| 42 |
+

|
| 43 |
+
|
| 44 |
+
### Results
|
| 45 |
+
|
| 46 |
+
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 47 |
+
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 48 |
+
| **8k** | 3.885x | 3.89 | 0.0687% | 4,882,549 |
|
| 49 |
+
| **16k** | 4.280x | 4.28 | 0.0756% | 4,432,264 |
|
| 50 |
+
| **32k** | 4.603x | 4.60 | 0.0813% | 4,121,359 |
|
| 51 |
+
| **64k** | 4.831x 🏆 | 4.83 | 0.0854% | 3,926,906 |
|
| 52 |
+
|
| 53 |
+
### Tokenization Examples
|
| 54 |
+
|
| 55 |
+
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 56 |
+
|
| 57 |
+
**Sample 1:** `Opegrapha es un género de hongos liquenizados de la familia Opegraphaceae. Espec...`
|
| 58 |
+
|
| 59 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 60 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 61 |
+
| 8k | `▁o pe gra p ha ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁hon ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 62 |
+
| 16k | `▁o pe gra pha ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁hongos ▁li ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
|
| 63 |
+
| 32k | `▁o pe gra pha ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁hongos ▁li ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
|
| 64 |
+
| 64k | `▁o pe gra pha ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁hongos ▁li ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
|
| 65 |
+
|
| 66 |
+
**Sample 2:** `Una única familia: Salicaceae. Árboles, arbustos y matas. Numerosos óvulos; 2 ca...`
|
| 67 |
+
|
| 68 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 69 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 70 |
+
| 8k | `▁una ▁única ▁familia : ▁sal ica ceae . ▁árboles , ... (+29 more)` | 39 |
|
| 71 |
+
| 16k | `▁una ▁única ▁familia : ▁sal ica ceae . ▁árboles , ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
|
| 72 |
+
| 32k | `▁una ▁única ▁familia : ▁sal icaceae . ▁árboles , ▁arbustos ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
|
| 73 |
+
| 64k | `▁una ▁única ▁familia : ▁sal icaceae . ▁árboles , ▁arbustos ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
|
| 74 |
+
|
| 75 |
+
**Sample 3:** `Apogonia es un género de escarabajos. Algunos son plagas de los árboles de durio...`
|
| 76 |
+
|
| 77 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 78 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 79 |
+
| 8k | `▁apo gon ia ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁esca ra ba ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
|
| 80 |
+
| 16k | `▁apo gon ia ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁esca raba jos ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
|
| 81 |
+
| 32k | `▁apo gonia ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁esca raba jos . ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
|
| 82 |
+
| 64k | `▁apo gonia ▁es ▁un ▁género ▁de ▁escarabajos . ▁algunos ▁son ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
|
| 83 |
+
|
| 84 |
+
|
| 85 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.831x compression
|
| 88 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0687% unknown tokens
|
| 89 |
+
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 90 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 91 |
+
|
| 92 |
+
---
|
| 93 |
+
## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
|
| 94 |
+
|
| 95 |
+

|
| 96 |
+
|
| 97 |
+

|
| 98 |
+
|
| 99 |
+

|
| 100 |
+
|
| 101 |
+
### Results
|
| 102 |
+
|
| 103 |
+
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 104 |
+
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 105 |
+
| **2-gram** | Word | 183,447 | 17.49 | 4,181,700 | 10.2% | 22.2% |
|
| 106 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 225 🏆 | 7.82 | 32,676 | 73.3% | 99.3% |
|
| 107 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 1,817,727 | 20.79 | 12,295,310 | 2.4% | 7.7% |
|
| 108 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 1,802 | 10.82 | 237,444 | 31.5% | 76.4% |
|
| 109 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 7,309,961 | 22.80 | 24,272,836 | 1.0% | 3.5% |
|
| 110 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 10,272 | 13.33 | 1,392,210 | 16.3% | 43.2% |
|
| 111 |
+
| **5-gram** | Word | 8,151,138 | 22.96 | 17,610,926 | 0.6% | 2.4% |
|
| 112 |
+
| **5-gram** | Subword | 43,696 | 15.42 | 4,988,047 | 9.3% | 26.6% |
|
| 113 |
+
|
| 114 |
+
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 115 |
+
|
| 116 |
+
**2-grams (Word):**
|
| 117 |
+
|
| 118 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 119 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 120 |
+
| 1 | `de la` | 3,764,844 |
|
| 121 |
+
| 2 | `en el` | 1,831,679 |
|
| 122 |
+
| 3 | `en la` | 1,685,738 |
|
| 123 |
+
| 4 | `de los` | 1,321,114 |
|
| 124 |
+
| 5 | `a la` | 938,285 |
|
| 125 |
+
|
| 126 |
+
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 127 |
+
|
| 128 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 129 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 130 |
+
| 1 | `uno de los` | 141,403 |
|
| 131 |
+
| 2 | `de la ciudad` | 115,570 |
|
| 132 |
+
| 3 | `la ciudad de` | 108,727 |
|
| 133 |
+
| 4 | `referencias enlaces externos` | 100,698 |
|
| 134 |
+
| 5 | `la provincia de` | 97,604 |
|
| 135 |
+
|
| 136 |
+
**4-grams (Word):**
|
| 137 |
+
|
| 138 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 139 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 140 |
+
| 1 | `de la provincia de` | 59,022 |
|
| 141 |
+
| 2 | `de la ciudad de` | 41,783 |
|
| 142 |
+
| 3 | `a lo largo de` | 38,783 |
|
| 143 |
+
| 4 | `de la universidad de` | 33,450 |
|
| 144 |
+
| 5 | `en la ciudad de` | 31,628 |
|
| 145 |
+
|
| 146 |
+
**5-grams (Word):**
|
| 147 |
+
|
| 148 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 149 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 150 |
+
| 1 | `a lo largo de la` | 12,052 |
|
| 151 |
+
| 2 | `cuenta con una población de` | 11,005 |
|
| 152 |
+
| 3 | `0 0 0 0 0` | 10,612 |
|
| 153 |
+
| 4 | `en los juegos olímpicos de` | 8,927 |
|
| 154 |
+
| 5 | `de la segunda guerra mundial` | 8,768 |
|
| 155 |
+
|
| 156 |
+
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 157 |
+
|
| 158 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 159 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 160 |
+
| 1 | `e _` | 52,737,608 |
|
| 161 |
+
| 2 | `a _` | 52,540,713 |
|
| 162 |
+
| 3 | `_ d` | 41,585,544 |
|
| 163 |
+
| 4 | `d e` | 41,490,874 |
|
| 164 |
+
| 5 | `s _` | 40,981,306 |
|
| 165 |
+
|
| 166 |
+
**3-grams (Subword):**
|
| 167 |
+
|
| 168 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 169 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 170 |
+
| 1 | `_ d e` | 34,910,171 |
|
| 171 |
+
| 2 | `d e _` | 27,000,114 |
|
| 172 |
+
| 3 | `_ l a` | 16,444,469 |
|
| 173 |
+
| 4 | `o s _` | 15,082,263 |
|
| 174 |
+
| 5 | `e l _` | 14,921,174 |
|
| 175 |
+
|
| 176 |
+
**4-grams (Subword):**
|
| 177 |
+
|
| 178 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 179 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 180 |
+
| 1 | `_ d e _` | 25,355,198 |
|
| 181 |
+
| 2 | `_ l a _` | 12,685,143 |
|
| 182 |
+
| 3 | `_ e n _` | 10,248,634 |
|
| 183 |
+
| 4 | `_ e l _` | 9,367,910 |
|
| 184 |
+
| 5 | `o _ d e` | 6,941,874 |
|
| 185 |
+
|
| 186 |
+
**5-grams (Subword):**
|
| 187 |
+
|
| 188 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 189 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 190 |
+
| 1 | `_ d e _ l` | 6,404,305 |
|
| 191 |
+
| 2 | `o _ d e _` | 5,587,851 |
|
| 192 |
+
| 3 | `s _ d e _` | 5,212,347 |
|
| 193 |
+
| 4 | `_ q u e _` | 5,016,845 |
|
| 194 |
+
| 5 | `d e _ l a` | 4,732,721 |
|
| 195 |
+
|
| 196 |
+
|
| 197 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 198 |
+
|
| 199 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 225
|
| 200 |
+
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 201 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~27% of corpus
|
| 202 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 203 |
+
|
| 204 |
+
---
|
| 205 |
+
## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
|
| 206 |
+
|
| 207 |
+

|
| 208 |
+
|
| 209 |
+

|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+

|
| 212 |
+
|
| 213 |
+
### Results
|
| 214 |
+
|
| 215 |
+
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 216 |
+
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 217 |
+
| **1** | Word | 1.0184 | 2.026 | 16.60 | 2,511,755 | 0.0% |
|
| 218 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 1.1686 | 2.248 | 8.74 | 17,433 | 0.0% |
|
| 219 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.4618 | 1.377 | 3.10 | 41,654,830 | 53.8% |
|
| 220 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 0.6288 | 1.546 | 4.11 | 152,257 | 37.1% |
|
| 221 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.2403 | 1.181 | 1.67 | 128,974,391 | 76.0% |
|
| 222 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.6792 | 1.601 | 4.08 | 625,267 | 32.1% |
|
| 223 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.1170 🏆 | 1.084 | 1.24 | 214,851,229 | 88.3% |
|
| 224 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.6781 | 1.600 | 3.60 | 2,547,890 | 32.2% |
|
| 225 |
+
|
| 226 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 227 |
+
|
| 228 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
|
| 229 |
+
|
| 230 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 231 |
+
|
| 232 |
+
1. `de boca juniors al alcanzar sus danzas en el nk con ellos el español y el`
|
| 233 |
+
2. `la ribera de jabez aúl en el primer álbum considerada una variante guacara data del encéfalo`
|
| 234 |
+
3. `en la pequeña localidad recibió una especie musa valí de megaron del origen suizo enfrentar demandas`
|
| 235 |
+
|
| 236 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 237 |
+
|
| 238 |
+
1. `de la campana de huesca por el proyecto de igual manera considera a los que la rebelión`
|
| 239 |
+
2. `en el reino humano ahí habitaban las estribaciones de la flota de la presidencia de manuel fernández`
|
| 240 |
+
3. `en la victoria del ejército mexicano las investigaciones arqueológicas fue también del talmud en el ...`
|
| 241 |
+
|
| 242 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 243 |
+
|
| 244 |
+
1. `uno de los testimonios más antiguos independientes de eugène canseliet y tomados exclusivamente de f...`
|
| 245 |
+
2. `de la ciudad donde el cadáver yacía aún en el aeropuerto recibió a 4 120 000 de los`
|
| 246 |
+
3. `la ciudad de bogotá ya que también fue considerado para ser desarrollado como una expresión profunda...`
|
| 247 |
+
|
| 248 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 249 |
+
|
| 250 |
+
1. `de la provincia de buenos aires de argentina de bienestar social de mallorca cirer toma posesión del...`
|
| 251 |
+
2. `de la ciudad de méxico y dentro de la esfera de las tradiciones judías con elementos de culto judío`
|
| 252 |
+
3. `a lo largo de la jornada feria barroca a primeros de octubre embarcaron rumbo a la desierta isla de`
|
| 253 |
+
|
| 254 |
+
|
| 255 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
| 256 |
+
|
| 257 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
|
| 258 |
+
|
| 259 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 260 |
+
|
| 261 |
+
1. `_uien_y_sene_fuá`
|
| 262 |
+
2. `e_locipa_y_tatr_`
|
| 263 |
+
3. `atrs_a_playblay_`
|
| 264 |
+
|
| 265 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 266 |
+
|
| 267 |
+
1. `e_con_utien_dity,`
|
| 268 |
+
2. `a_a_ta_y_carro_el`
|
| 269 |
+
3. `_de_tes_perona_pr`
|
| 270 |
+
|
| 271 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 272 |
+
|
| 273 |
+
1. `_de_un_mar_más_all`
|
| 274 |
+
2. `de_la_bra_con_el_,`
|
| 275 |
+
3. `_la_la_conte,_g._c`
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 278 |
+
|
| 279 |
+
1. `_de_la_justaventas_`
|
| 280 |
+
2. `_la_interés_pequeta`
|
| 281 |
+
3. `_en_varie_daño_a_la`
|
| 282 |
+
|
| 283 |
+
|
| 284 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 285 |
+
|
| 286 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 88.3% predictability
|
| 287 |
+
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 288 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (2,547,890 contexts)
|
| 289 |
+
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 290 |
+
|
| 291 |
+
---
|
| 292 |
+
## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
|
| 293 |
+
|
| 294 |
+

|
| 295 |
+
|
| 296 |
+

|
| 297 |
+
|
| 298 |
+

|
| 299 |
+
|
| 300 |
+
### Statistics
|
| 301 |
+
|
| 302 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 303 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 304 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 1,128,398 |
|
| 305 |
+
| Total Tokens | 317,857,480 |
|
| 306 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 281.69 |
|
| 307 |
+
| Median Frequency | 4 |
|
| 308 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 33492.75 |
|
| 309 |
+
|
| 310 |
+
### Most Common Words
|
| 311 |
+
|
| 312 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 313 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 314 |
+
| 1 | de | 25,424,319 |
|
| 315 |
+
| 2 | la | 12,852,916 |
|
| 316 |
+
| 3 | en | 10,451,863 |
|
| 317 |
+
| 4 | el | 9,561,089 |
|
| 318 |
+
| 5 | y | 8,147,125 |
|
| 319 |
+
| 6 | a | 5,543,222 |
|
| 320 |
+
| 7 | que | 5,130,281 |
|
| 321 |
+
| 8 | del | 4,632,587 |
|
| 322 |
+
| 9 | los | 4,528,979 |
|
| 323 |
+
| 10 | se | 3,615,320 |
|
| 324 |
+
|
| 325 |
+
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 326 |
+
|
| 327 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 328 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 329 |
+
| 1 | drammenselva | 2 |
|
| 330 |
+
| 2 | bidagos | 2 |
|
| 331 |
+
| 3 | guillenpbro | 2 |
|
| 332 |
+
| 4 | peytrequincomisión | 2 |
|
| 333 |
+
| 5 | méndezpbro | 2 |
|
| 334 |
+
| 6 | ollerhno | 2 |
|
| 335 |
+
| 7 | ricamonseñor | 2 |
|
| 336 |
+
| 8 | grezillé | 2 |
|
| 337 |
+
| 9 | leguedeniau | 2 |
|
| 338 |
+
| 10 | lajubaudiere | 2 |
|
| 339 |
+
|
| 340 |
+
### Zipf's Law Analysis
|
| 341 |
+
|
| 342 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 343 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 344 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 0.9940 |
|
| 345 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.993771 |
|
| 346 |
+
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 347 |
+
|
| 348 |
+
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 349 |
+
|
| 350 |
+
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 351 |
+
|-------------|----------|
|
| 352 |
+
| Top 100 | 44.4% |
|
| 353 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 62.8% |
|
| 354 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 78.2% |
|
| 355 |
+
| Top 10,000 | 84.3% |
|
| 356 |
+
|
| 357 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 358 |
+
|
| 359 |
+
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9938 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 360 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 44.4% of corpus
|
| 361 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 1,118,398 words needed for remaining 15.7% coverage
|
| 362 |
+
|
| 363 |
+
---
|
| 364 |
+
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
| 365 |
+
|
| 366 |
+

|
| 367 |
+
|
| 368 |
+

|
| 369 |
+
|
| 370 |
+

|
| 371 |
+
|
| 372 |
+

|
| 373 |
+
|
| 374 |
+
|
| 375 |
+
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 376 |
+
|
| 377 |
+

|
| 378 |
+
|
| 379 |
+

|
| 380 |
+
|
| 381 |
+
|
| 382 |
+
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 383 |
+
|
| 384 |
+
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 385 |
+
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 386 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.7898 | 0.3869 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 387 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.7625 | 0.3145 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 388 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.6860 | 0.2555 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 389 |
+
| **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.7898 🏆 | 0.3861 | 0.5660 | 0.8680 |
|
| 390 |
+
| **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.7625 | 0.3206 | 0.7520 | 0.9260 |
|
| 391 |
+
| **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.6860 | 0.2619 | 0.7960 | 0.9680 |
|
| 392 |
+
|
| 393 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 394 |
+
|
| 395 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** aligned_32d with 0.7898 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 396 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.3209. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 397 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 79.6% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
|
| 398 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 399 |
+
|
| 400 |
+
---
|
| 401 |
+
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 402 |
+
|
| 403 |
+
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 404 |
+
|
| 405 |
+
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 406 |
+
|
| 407 |
+
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 408 |
+
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 409 |
+
| Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis |
|
| 410 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **-0.909** | Low formulaic content | - |
|
| 411 |
+
|
| 412 |
+
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 413 |
+
|
| 414 |
+
These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
|
| 415 |
+
|
| 416 |
+
#### Productive Prefixes
|
| 417 |
+
| Prefix | Examples |
|
| 418 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 419 |
+
| `-a` | aprile, akiya, argumenta |
|
| 420 |
+
| `-s` | seifer, seninho, stobar |
|
| 421 |
+
| `-ma` | maremmae, maozim, manks |
|
| 422 |
+
| `-m` | mizrajíes, moguereños, morganáticas |
|
| 423 |
+
| `-c` | captivos, coevolucionarias, clips |
|
| 424 |
+
| `-p` | pk3, polistinae, polypetalæ |
|
| 425 |
+
| `-t` | tangamanga, tedros, tubariales |
|
| 426 |
+
| `-b` | bundesagentur, bitschnau, botrioides |
|
| 427 |
+
|
| 428 |
+
#### Productive Suffixes
|
| 429 |
+
| Suffix | Examples |
|
| 430 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 431 |
+
| `-s` | lebbeus, tedros, captivos |
|
| 432 |
+
| `-a` | tangamanga, akiya, luvana |
|
| 433 |
+
| `-o` | kajanto, seninho, ducetio |
|
| 434 |
+
| `-e` | aprile, trimble, dumonde |
|
| 435 |
+
| `-n` | hazzan, ameln, bebieron |
|
| 436 |
+
| `-os` | tedros, captivos, moguereños |
|
| 437 |
+
| `-es` | tubariales, emboques, mizrajíes |
|
| 438 |
+
| `-as` | coevolucionarias, morganáticas, turillas |
|
| 439 |
+
|
| 440 |
+
### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
|
| 441 |
+
|
| 442 |
+
Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
|
| 443 |
+
|
| 444 |
+
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 445 |
+
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 446 |
+
| `iend` | 1.89x | 259 contexts | iendo, fiend, liendo |
|
| 447 |
+
| `ient` | 1.55x | 383 contexts | aient, iente, cient |
|
| 448 |
+
| `spañ` | 2.35x | 44 contexts | españ, spaña, españa |
|
| 449 |
+
| `ació` | 1.84x | 114 contexts | ación, vació, yació |
|
| 450 |
+
| `lmen` | 1.79x | 97 contexts | ülmen, olmen, ilmen |
|
| 451 |
+
| `aliz` | 1.40x | 288 contexts | aliza, valiz, alizé |
|
| 452 |
+
| `ombr` | 1.52x | 179 contexts | ombri, sombr, ombre |
|
| 453 |
+
| `resi` | 1.36x | 299 contexts | resis, resid, resit |
|
| 454 |
+
| `stru` | 1.34x | 259 contexts | strub, strul, struk |
|
| 455 |
+
| `ontr` | 1.45x | 156 contexts | contr, pontro, lontra |
|
| 456 |
+
| `renc` | 1.40x | 185 contexts | prenc, renck, frenc |
|
| 457 |
+
| `ntre` | 1.41x | 176 contexts | antre, intre, entre |
|
| 458 |
+
|
| 459 |
+
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 460 |
+
|
| 461 |
+
This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
|
| 462 |
+
|
| 463 |
+
| Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples |
|
| 464 |
+
|--------|--------|-----------|----------|
|
| 465 |
+
| `-a` | `-s` | 162 words | arrianas, alumbrados |
|
| 466 |
+
| `-c` | `-s` | 149 words | certhiaxis, corpasinos |
|
| 467 |
+
| `-c` | `-a` | 139 words | contrarreforma, cusítica |
|
| 468 |
+
| `-p` | `-s` | 132 words | phitos, preformados |
|
| 469 |
+
| `-a` | `-a` | 118 words | azaña, artemisina |
|
| 470 |
+
| `-s` | `-s` | 116 words | subtropicalis, senderistas |
|
| 471 |
+
| `-p` | `-a` | 114 words | proteobacteria, prevalescencia |
|
| 472 |
+
| `-e` | `-s` | 111 words | estamos, escarpes |
|
| 473 |
+
| `-t` | `-s` | 94 words | tragaluces, thenailles |
|
| 474 |
+
| `-c` | `-o` | 88 words | cristofano, calpetano |
|
| 475 |
+
|
| 476 |
+
### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
|
| 477 |
+
|
| 478 |
+
Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
|
| 479 |
+
|
| 480 |
+
| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
|
| 481 |
+
|------|-----------------|------------|------|
|
| 482 |
+
| desarrollarlas | **`desarrollar-la-s`** | 7.5 | `la` |
|
| 483 |
+
| peptoides | **`peptoi-d-es`** | 7.5 | `d` |
|
| 484 |
+
| şemsiruhsar | **`şemsiruh-s-ar`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 485 |
+
| zakrisson | **`zakris-s-on`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 486 |
+
| caesarobrigenses | **`caesarobrigen-s-es`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 487 |
+
| kushiyara | **`kushiy-a-ra`** | 7.5 | `a` |
|
| 488 |
+
| ngwempisi | **`ngwempi-s-i`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 489 |
+
| hēmitheos | **`hēmith-e-os`** | 7.5 | `e` |
|
| 490 |
+
| tsimliansk | **`tsimlian-s-k`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 491 |
+
| inculcado | **`inculc-a-do`** | 7.5 | `a` |
|
| 492 |
+
| cbgranada | **`cbgran-a-da`** | 7.5 | `a` |
|
| 493 |
+
| trespasser | **`trespas-s-er`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 494 |
+
| megasares | **`megas-ar-es`** | 7.5 | `ar` |
|
| 495 |
+
| programarlas | **`programar-la-s`** | 7.5 | `la` |
|
| 496 |
+
| galactano | **`galac-ta-no`** | 7.5 | `ta` |
|
| 497 |
+
|
| 498 |
+
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 499 |
+
|
| 500 |
+
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 501 |
+
The language Spanish shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.
|
| 502 |
+
|
| 503 |
+
---
|
| 504 |
+
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 505 |
+
|
| 506 |
+

|
| 507 |
+
|
| 508 |
+
### Production Recommendations
|
| 509 |
+
|
| 510 |
+
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 511 |
+
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 512 |
+
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.83x) |
|
| 513 |
+
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (225) |
|
| 514 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (88.3%) |
|
| 515 |
+
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 516 |
+
|
| 517 |
+
|
| 518 |
+
---
|
| 519 |
+
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 520 |
+
|
| 521 |
+
This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
|
| 522 |
+
|
| 523 |
+
### Tokenizer Metrics
|
| 524 |
+
|
| 525 |
+
**Compression Ratio**
|
| 526 |
+
> *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
|
| 527 |
+
>
|
| 528 |
+
> *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
|
| 529 |
+
>
|
| 530 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
|
| 531 |
+
|
| 532 |
+
**Average Token Length (Fertility)**
|
| 533 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
|
| 534 |
+
>
|
| 535 |
+
> *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
|
| 536 |
+
>
|
| 537 |
+
> *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
|
| 538 |
+
|
| 539 |
+
**Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
|
| 540 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
|
| 541 |
+
>
|
| 542 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
|
| 543 |
+
>
|
| 544 |
+
> *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
|
| 545 |
+
|
| 546 |
+
### N-gram Model Metrics
|
| 547 |
+
|
| 548 |
+
**Perplexity**
|
| 549 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
|
| 550 |
+
>
|
| 551 |
+
> *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
|
| 552 |
+
>
|
| 553 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
|
| 554 |
+
|
| 555 |
+
**Entropy**
|
| 556 |
+
> *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
|
| 557 |
+
>
|
| 558 |
+
> *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
|
| 559 |
+
>
|
| 560 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
|
| 561 |
+
|
| 562 |
+
**Coverage (Top-K)**
|
| 563 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
|
| 564 |
+
>
|
| 565 |
+
> *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
|
| 566 |
+
>
|
| 567 |
+
> *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
|
| 568 |
+
|
| 569 |
+
### Markov Chain Metrics
|
| 570 |
+
|
| 571 |
+
**Average Entropy**
|
| 572 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
|
| 573 |
+
>
|
| 574 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
|
| 575 |
+
>
|
| 576 |
+
> *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
|
| 577 |
+
|
| 578 |
+
**Branching Factor**
|
| 579 |
+
> *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
|
| 580 |
+
>
|
| 581 |
+
> *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
|
| 582 |
+
>
|
| 583 |
+
> *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
|
| 584 |
+
|
| 585 |
+
**Predictability**
|
| 586 |
+
> *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
|
| 587 |
+
>
|
| 588 |
+
> *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
|
| 589 |
+
>
|
| 590 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
|
| 591 |
+
|
| 592 |
+
### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
|
| 593 |
+
|
| 594 |
+
**Zipf's Coefficient**
|
| 595 |
+
> *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
|
| 596 |
+
>
|
| 597 |
+
> *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
|
| 598 |
+
>
|
| 599 |
+
> *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
|
| 600 |
+
|
| 601 |
+
**R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
|
| 602 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
|
| 603 |
+
>
|
| 604 |
+
> *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
|
| 605 |
+
>
|
| 606 |
+
> *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
|
| 607 |
+
|
| 608 |
+
**Vocabulary Coverage**
|
| 609 |
+
> *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
|
| 610 |
+
>
|
| 611 |
+
> *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
|
| 612 |
+
>
|
| 613 |
+
> *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
|
| 614 |
+
|
| 615 |
+
### Word Embedding Metrics
|
| 616 |
+
|
| 617 |
+
**Isotropy**
|
| 618 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
|
| 619 |
+
>
|
| 620 |
+
> *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
|
| 621 |
+
>
|
| 622 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
|
| 623 |
+
|
| 624 |
+
**Average Norm**
|
| 625 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
|
| 626 |
+
>
|
| 627 |
+
> *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
|
| 628 |
+
>
|
| 629 |
+
> *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
|
| 630 |
+
|
| 631 |
+
**Cosine Similarity**
|
| 632 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
|
| 633 |
+
>
|
| 634 |
+
> *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
|
| 635 |
+
>
|
| 636 |
+
> *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
|
| 637 |
+
|
| 638 |
+
**t-SNE Visualization**
|
| 639 |
+
> *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
|
| 640 |
+
>
|
| 641 |
+
> *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
|
| 642 |
+
>
|
| 643 |
+
> *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
|
| 644 |
+
|
| 645 |
+
### General Interpretation Guidelines
|
| 646 |
+
|
| 647 |
+
1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
|
| 648 |
+
2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
|
| 649 |
+
3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
|
| 650 |
+
4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
|
| 651 |
+
5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
|
| 652 |
+
|
| 653 |
+
|
| 654 |
+
### Visualizations Index
|
| 655 |
+
|
| 656 |
+
| Visualization | Description |
|
| 657 |
+
|---------------|-------------|
|
| 658 |
+
| Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
|
| 659 |
+
| Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
|
| 660 |
+
| Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
|
| 661 |
+
| Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
|
| 662 |
+
| N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
|
| 663 |
+
| N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
|
| 664 |
+
| N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
|
| 665 |
+
| N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
|
| 666 |
+
| Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
|
| 667 |
+
| Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
|
| 668 |
+
| Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
|
| 669 |
+
| Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
|
| 670 |
+
| Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
|
| 671 |
+
| Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
|
| 672 |
+
| Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
|
| 673 |
+
| Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
|
| 674 |
+
| Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
|
| 675 |
+
| Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
|
| 676 |
+
| Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
|
| 677 |
+
| t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
|
| 678 |
+
| t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
|
| 679 |
+
| Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
|
| 680 |
+
| Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
|
| 681 |
+
| Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
|
| 682 |
+
|
| 683 |
+
---
|
| 684 |
+
👈 [Back to README](README.md)
|
| 685 |
+
|
| 686 |
+
*Generated by Wikilangs Pipeline · 2026-03-04 06:09:07*
|
es_morph_tokenizer.json
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models/embeddings/aligned/es_128d.bin
ADDED
|
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|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
+
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/es_128d.projection.npy
ADDED
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models/embeddings/aligned/es_32d.bin
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/es_32d.projection.npy
ADDED
|
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| 1 |
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| 7 |
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models/embeddings/aligned/es_64d.bin
ADDED
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ADDED
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| 1 |
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{"lang": "es", "dim": 64, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": true}
|
models/embeddings/aligned/es_64d.projection.npy
ADDED
|
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models/embeddings/aligned/es_64d_metadata.json
ADDED
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| 1 |
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{
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|
| 7 |
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|
| 8 |
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models/embeddings/monolingual/es_128d.bin
ADDED
|
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models/embeddings/monolingual/es_128d.meta.json
ADDED
|
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{"lang": "es", "dim": 128, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": false}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/es_128d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
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{
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|
| 3 |
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|
| 4 |
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| 5 |
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| 6 |
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| 8 |
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| 9 |
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| 10 |
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| 11 |
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|
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|
| 14 |
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| 15 |
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|
| 16 |
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|
models/embeddings/monolingual/es_32d.bin
ADDED
|
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models/embeddings/monolingual/es_32d.meta.json
ADDED
|
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| 1 |
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{"lang": "es", "dim": 32, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": false}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/es_32d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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| 6 |
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| 14 |
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| 15 |
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|
| 16 |
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|
models/embeddings/monolingual/es_64d.bin
ADDED
|
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models/embeddings/monolingual/es_64d.meta.json
ADDED
|
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|
| 1 |
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{"lang": "es", "dim": 64, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": false}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/es_64d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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|
| 14 |
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|
| 16 |
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|
models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
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models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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|
| 1 |
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
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| 4 |
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| 5 |
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|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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|
models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
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models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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|
| 1 |
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
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| 4 |
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| 5 |
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| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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| 1 |
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| 3 |
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| 4 |
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| 5 |
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|
| 6 |
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| 7 |
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models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
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| 1 |
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models/subword_markov/es_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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|
| 1 |
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
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| 4 |
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| 5 |
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|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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|
models/subword_ngram/es_2gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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| 1 |
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models/subword_ngram/es_2gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
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|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
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|
| 3 |
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|
| 4 |
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"language": "es",
|
| 5 |
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|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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|
models/subword_ngram/es_3gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
|
|
|
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| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/subword_ngram/es_3gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
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|
| 3 |
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|
| 4 |
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|
| 5 |
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|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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|
models/subword_ngram/es_4gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
|
|
|
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|
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| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/subword_ngram/es_4gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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|
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
| 1 |
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{
|
| 2 |
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|
| 3 |
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|
| 4 |
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|
| 5 |
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|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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|
models/subword_ngram/es_5gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
|
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|
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| 1 |
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models/subword_ngram/es_5gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| 1 |
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{
|
| 2 |
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|
| 3 |
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|
| 4 |
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|
| 5 |
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|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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|
models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_16k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| 1 |
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ADDED
|
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|
|
models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_32k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_32k.vocab
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models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_64k.model
ADDED
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@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
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| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 3 |
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models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_64k.vocab
ADDED
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models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_8k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/tokenizer/es_tokenizer_8k.vocab
ADDED
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|
models/vocabulary/es_vocabulary.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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oid sha256:0d4d3d12dfc50b538e3861deec092ee8c256b82688dc2d960c32101d41717f10
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| 3 |
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