---
language:
- en
license: apache-2.0
library_name: transformers
tags:
- sql
- forensics
- text-to-sql
- llama
- fine-tuned
base_model: unsloth/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct
datasets:
- pawlaszc/mobile-forensics-sql
metrics:
- accuracy
model-index:
- name: ForensicSQL-Llama-3.2-3B
  results:
  - task:
      type: text-to-sql
      name: Text-to-SQL Generation
    dataset:
      type: mobile-forensics
      name: SQLiteDS — Mobile Forensics SQL Dataset (corrected)
    metrics:
    - type: accuracy
      value: 91.0
      name: Overall Accuracy (without app name)
    - type: accuracy
      value: 95.1
      name: Easy Queries Accuracy
    - type: accuracy
      value: 87.5
      name: Medium Queries Accuracy
    - type: accuracy
      value: 88.9
      name: Hard Queries Accuracy
---

# ForensicSQL-Llama-3.2-3B

## Model Description

**ForSQLiteLM** (ForensicSQL-Llama-3.2-3B) is a fine-tuned Llama 3.2-3B model specialized
for generating SQLite queries from natural language requests against mobile forensic databases.
The model converts investigative questions into executable SQL queries across a wide range of
forensic artifact databases — WhatsApp, Signal, iMessage, Android SMS, iOS Health, WeChat,
Instagram, blockchain wallets, and many more.

This model was developed as part of a research project and accompanying journal paper
investigating LLM fine-tuning for forensic database analysis, and is integrated into
[FQLite](https://github.com/pawlaszczyk/fqlite), an established open-source forensic
analysis tool.

> **Key result:** 91.0% execution accuracy on a 100-example held-out test set — within
> 4 percentage points of GPT-4o (95.0%) evaluated under identical conditions
> (McNemar test: p ≈ 0.39, not significant at α = 0.05), while running fully locally
> with no internet connectivity required.

## Model Details

| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| **Base Model** | meta-llama/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct |
| **Fine-tuning Method** | Full fine-tune (bf16) |
| **Training Dataset** | SQLiteDS — 800 training examples, 191 forensic artifact categories |
| **Training Framework** | Hugging Face Transformers |
| **Best Val Loss** | 0.3043 (7 epochs) |
| **Model Size (bf16)** | ~6 GB |
| **Hardware Required** | 16 GB unified memory (Apple M-series) or equivalent GPU |

## Performance

### Overall Results (fixed dataset, n=100, best configuration)

| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| **Overall Accuracy** | **91.0%** (91/100) |
| 95% CI (Wilson) | [83.8%, 95.2%] |
| Executable Queries | 92/100 |
| GPT-4o Accuracy | 95.0% (gap: 4 pp, p ≈ 0.39) |
| Base Model (no fine-tuning) | 35.0% |
| Improvement over base | +56 pp |

### Accuracy by Query Difficulty

| Difficulty | Accuracy | n | 95% CI | vs. GPT-4o |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Easy (single-table) | **95.1%** | 39/41 | [83.9%, 98.7%] | 0.0 pp |
| Medium (joins, aggregation) | **87.5%** | 28/32 | [71.9%, 95.0%] | 0.0 pp |
| Hard (CTEs, window functions) | **88.9%** | 24/27 | [71.9%, 96.1%] | −3.7 pp |

ForSQLiteLM matches GPT-4o exactly on Easy and Medium queries. The remaining gap
is concentrated on Hard queries (complex CTEs, window functions, multi-table joins).

### Accuracy by Forensic Domain

| Domain | Accuracy | n | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Messaging & Social | **100.0%** | 28/28 | [87.9%, 100.0%] |
| Android Artifacts | **94.4%** | 17/18 | [74.2%, 99.0%] |
| Productivity & Other | **88.9%** | 16/18 | [67.2%, 96.9%] |
| iOS CoreData | **84.0%** | 21/25 | [65.3%, 93.6%] |
| Finance & Crypto | **81.8%** | 9/11 | [52.3%, 94.9%] |

### Prompt Configuration Ablation

| Configuration | Overall | Easy | Medium | Hard | iOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **WITHOUT App Name** ★ | **91.0%** | **95.1%** | 87.5% | **88.9%** | 84.0% |
| WITH App Name | 88.0% | 92.7% | 87.5% | 81.5% | **88.0%** |

★ Primary configuration — omitting the application name from the prompt yields
3 pp higher overall accuracy. Interestingly, including the app name helps iOS
CoreData schemas (+4 pp) but hurts Hard queries (−7.4 pp); the primary
configuration without app name is recommended for general use.

### Post-Processing Pipeline Contribution

| Component | Queries saved |
|---|---|
| Execution feedback (retry) | 7 |
| Alias normalization | 18 |
| Column corrections (Levenshtein) | 2 |

### Training Progression

| Configuration | Val Loss | Accuracy | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Base model (no fine-tuning) | — | 35.0% | — |
| Fine-tuned, no augmentation | — | 68.0% | +33 pp |
| + Data augmentation (3.4×) | — | 74.0% | +6 pp |
| + Extended training (7 epochs) | 0.3617 | 84.0% | +10 pp |
| + Post-processing pipeline | 0.3617 | 87.0% | +3 pp |
| + Execution feedback | 0.3617 | 90.0% | +3 pp |
| + Corrected training dataset (v5) | **0.3043** | **91.0%** | +1 pp |

## Intended Use

### Primary Use Cases
- Mobile forensics investigations: automated SQL query drafting against seized device databases
- Integration into forensic tools (FQLite, Autopsy, ALEAPP/iLEAPP workflows)
- Research in domain-specific Text-to-SQL
- Educational use for learning forensic database analysis

### Important: This Model is a Drafting Assistant

> **ForSQLiteLM is not a replacement for SQL expertise.** It generates candidate queries
> that require review by a practitioner with sufficient SQL knowledge before any reliance
> is placed on their results. The 91.0% accuracy means approximately **1 in 11 queries
> contains an error**. In court-admissible or case-critical work, all outputs must be
> independently validated.

### Out-of-Scope Use
- Autonomous forensic decision-making without human review
- Production systems requiring >95% guaranteed accuracy
- General-purpose SQL generation outside the forensic domain
- Non-SQLite databases (PostgreSQL, MySQL, etc.)

## How to Use

### Quick Start (Transformers)

```python
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
import torch

model_name = "pawlaszc/ForensicSQL-Llama-3.2-3B"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_name,
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    device_map="auto"
)
model.eval()

schema = """
CREATE TABLE message (
    ROWID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    text TEXT,
    handle_id INTEGER,
    date INTEGER,
    is_from_me INTEGER,
    cache_has_attachments INTEGER
);
CREATE TABLE handle (
    ROWID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    id TEXT,
    service TEXT
);
"""

request = "Find all messages received in the last 7 days that contain attachments"

# Note: do NOT use apply_chat_template — use plain-text prompt
prompt = f"""Generate a valid SQLite query for this forensic database request.

Database Schema:
{schema}

Request: {request}

SQLite Query:
"""

inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt", truncation=True, max_length=2048)
inputs = {k: v.to(model.device) for k, v in inputs.items()}

with torch.no_grad():
    outputs = model.generate(
        **inputs,
        max_new_tokens=300,
        do_sample=False,        # greedy decoding — do not change
    )

input_length = inputs['input_ids'].shape[1]
sql = tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][input_length:], skip_special_tokens=True)
print(sql.strip())
```

> **Important:** Use plain-text tokenization (do **not** call `apply_chat_template`).
> The model was trained and evaluated with a plain-text prompt format.
> Use `do_sample=False` (greedy decoding) for reproducible results.

### Python Helper Class

```python
class ForensicSQLGenerator:
    def __init__(self, model_name="pawlaszc/ForensicSQL-Llama-3.2-3B"):
        from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
        import torch

        self.tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
        self.model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
            model_name,
            torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
            device_map="auto"
        )
        self.model.eval()

    def generate_sql(self, schema: str, request: str) -> str:
        prompt = (
            "Generate a valid SQLite query for this forensic database request.\n\n"
            f"Database Schema:\n{schema}\n\n"
            f"Request: {request}\n\n"
            "SQLite Query:\n"
        )
        inputs = self.tokenizer(
            prompt, return_tensors="pt", truncation=True, max_length=2048
        )
        inputs = {k: v.to(self.model.device) for k, v in inputs.items()}
        input_length = inputs["input_ids"].shape[1]

        with torch.no_grad():
            outputs = self.model.generate(
                **inputs, max_new_tokens=300, do_sample=False
            )

        sql = self.tokenizer.decode(
            outputs[0][input_length:], skip_special_tokens=True
        )
        # Return first statement only, normalized
        return sql.strip().split("\n")[0].strip().rstrip(";") + ";"


# Usage
generator = ForensicSQLGenerator()
sql = generator.generate_sql(schema, "Find all unread messages from the last 24 hours")
print(sql)
```

### With Ollama / llama.cpp (GGUF)

```bash
# With llama.cpp
./llama-cli -m forensic-sql-q4_k_m.gguf \
  --temp 0 \
  -p "Generate a valid SQLite query for this forensic database request.

Database Schema:
CREATE TABLE sms (_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, address TEXT, body TEXT, date INTEGER);

Request: Find all messages sent after midnight

SQLite Query:"

# With Ollama — create a Modelfile
cat > Modelfile << 'EOF'
FROM ./forensic-sql-q4_k_m.gguf
PARAMETER temperature 0
PARAMETER num_predict 300
EOF

ollama create forensic-sql -f Modelfile
ollama run forensic-sql
```

## Training Details

### Dataset — SQLiteDS

- **Total examples:** 1,000 (800 train / 100 val / 100 test), fixed random seed 42
- **Forensic artifact categories:** 191
- **Reference query validation:** All 1,000 reference queries validated for execution
  correctness against in-memory SQLite; 50 queries (5%) corrected before final training
- **Augmentation:** 3.4× expansion via instruction paraphrasing, WHERE clause reordering,
  and LIMIT injection — augmented examples confined to training split only
- **Dataset:** [pawlaszc/mobile-forensics-sql](https://huggingface.co/datasets/pawlaszc/mobile-forensics-sql)
- **License:** CC BY 4.0

### Hyperparameters

| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Training method | Full fine-tune (no LoRA) |
| Precision | bfloat16 |
| Epochs | 7 |
| Learning rate | 2e-5 (peak) |
| LR scheduler | Cosine with warmup |
| Batch size | 1 + gradient accumulation 4 |
| Max sequence length | 2048 |
| Optimizer | AdamW |
| Hardware | Apple M-series, 16 GB unified memory |
| Training time | ~17.6 hours |
| Best val loss | 0.3043 (epoch 7) |

### Key Training Insight: Sequence Length

Early training runs with `max_seq_length=512` truncated 92% of examples, causing
the model to learn schema generation (CREATE TABLE) instead of queries — resulting
in only ~50% accuracy. Setting `max_seq_length=2048` eliminated truncation and
improved accuracy from 50% to 68% before augmentation, and to 91% after all
training components were applied.

## Limitations

### Known Issues

1. **iOS CoreData Schemas (84.0%):** The Z-prefix column naming convention
   (e.g., `ZISFROMME`, `ZTIMESTAMP`) provides no semantic signal from column
   names alone, making these schemas harder to reason about.
2. **Hard Queries — 3.7 pp gap to GPT-4o:** Complex CTEs, recursive queries,
   and window functions are the primary remaining challenge.
3. **Finance & Crypto (81.8%, n=11):** Small test set; confidence intervals are
   wide. Interpret with caution.
4. **~1 in 11 error rate:** Approximately 9% of generated queries will contain
   errors. Expert review of all outputs is required before use in investigations.

### When Human Review is Especially Important
- Complex multi-table queries with CTEs or window functions
- Case-critical or court-admissible investigations
- Any query that will be used to draw conclusions about a suspect
- Queries involving rare or unusual forensic artifact schemas

## Evaluation

- **Test set:** 100 examples, held-out, seed=42, non-augmented
- **Metric:** Execution accuracy — query is correct iff it executes without error
  AND returns a result set identical to the reference query
- **Reference validation:** All reference queries validated for execution correctness
  before evaluation; 5 broken queries in the test set were corrected
- **Evaluation script:** Available in the dataset repository on Zenodo ([DOI])

## Citation

If you use this model or the SQLiteDS dataset in your research, please cite:

```bibtex
@article{pawlaszczyk2026forsqlitelm,
  author  = {Dirk Pawlaszczyk},
  title   = {AI-Based Automated SQL Query Generation for SQLite Databases
             in Mobile Forensics},
  journal = {Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation},
  year    = {2026},
  note    = {FSIDI-D-26-00029}
}
```

## License

Apache 2.0 — following the base Llama 3.2 license terms.

## Acknowledgments

- Base model: Meta's Llama 3.2-3B-Instruct
- Training framework: Hugging Face Transformers
- Forensic tool integration: [FQLite](https://github.com/pawlaszczyk/fqlite)
- Schema sources: iLEAPP, ALEAPP, Autopsy (used under their respective open-source licenses)

## Additional Resources

- **Dataset (Zenodo):** [SQLiteDS — DOI to be added on publication]
- **Dataset (HuggingFace):** [pawlaszc/mobile-forensics-sql](https://huggingface.co/datasets/pawlaszc/mobile-forensics-sql)
- **FQLite integration:** [github.com/pawlaszczyk/fqlite](https://github.com/pawlaszczyk/fqlite)
- **Paper:** FSIDI-D-26-00029 (under review)

---

**Disclaimer:** ForSQLiteLM is intended for research and forensic practitioner use.
All generated SQL queries must be reviewed by a qualified practitioner before
execution in live forensic investigations. The authors accept no liability for
incorrect conclusions drawn from unvalidated model outputs.