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  # kernel-code-embed
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- A compact **C code embedding model for Linux kernel retrieval**. Ask a question
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- in English; it ranks kernel functions by how well they answer it.
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-
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- Symmetric bi-encoder — queries and code go through the **same** encoder with no
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- prefix or instruction prompt.
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-
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- | | |
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- |---|---|
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- | parameters | 42.6M |
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- | layers / hidden / heads | 8 / 512 / 8 |
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- | vocabulary | 32,768 byte-level BPE, built for C |
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- | max sequence length | **320** |
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- | pooling | mean |
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- | output | 512-dim, L2-normalised |
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- | size on disk | 162 MB |
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-
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- ## Usage
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  ```python
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  from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
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  model = SentenceTransformer("nethunter2023/kernel-code-embed")
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  query = "how are free pages coalesced into larger blocks"
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- code = """
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- static inline void __free_one_page(struct page *page, unsigned long pfn,
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- struct zone *zone, unsigned int order,
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- int migratetype, fpi_t fpi_flags)
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- {
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- ...
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- }
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- """
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  emb = model.encode([query, code], normalize_embeddings=True)
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  print(emb @ emb.T) # cosine similarity
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  ```
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- **Do not raise `max_seq_length` above 320.** Feeding longer inputs measurably
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- degrades retrieval quality — in a spot check it moved a correct answer from
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- rank 12 to rank 40. Chunk longer functions instead.
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-
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- ## Evaluating this model
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-
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- Enough detail to reproduce or compare the numbers below.
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-
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- - **Embeddings:** `normalize_embeddings=True`, mean pooling, 512-dim.
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- - **Similarity:** cosine (equivalently, dot product on normalised vectors).
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- - **No prompt prefixes** on either side — encode raw query text and raw code.
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- - **Sequence length:** leave at 320.
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- - **Open retrieval below:** every `.c`/`.h` chunk in Linux v7.1-rc5 as the index
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- (914,554 chunks), 400 held-out kernel-doc anchors as queries, the documented
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- function as the single correct answer.
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- - **Hybrid** is dense retrieval fused with BM25 via reciprocal rank fusion.
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- - **Closed evaluation:** 2,000 held-out pairs against 4,000 candidates. A
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- deliberately hard setting: the distractors come from the same source files as
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- the answer, so lexical overlap alone does not separate them.
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-
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- ## Results
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-
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- Open retrieval over the whole kernel — **914,554 candidate chunks**:
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- | metric | dense | hybrid (dense + BM25 RRF) |
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- |---|---|---|
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- | recall@1 | 0.8125 | **0.9050** |
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- | recall@5 | 0.9375 | **0.9725** |
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- | recall@10 | 0.9575 | **0.9775** |
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- | recall@50 | 0.9850 | **0.9950** |
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- | MRR | 0.8682 | **0.9374** |
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- | median rank | 1 | 1 |
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-
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- The correct function ranks first out of 914,554 candidates 90% of the time.
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-
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- Closed evaluation, against a lexical baseline:
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-
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- | metric | BM25 | this model |
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- |---|---|---|
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- | accuracy@1 | 0.7115 | **0.9225** |
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- | NDCG@10 | 0.8297 | **0.9659** |
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-
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- ## Limitations
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- - **Domain-specific.** Trained on Linux kernel C only. It is not a general-purpose
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- code or text embedding model, and it should not be expected to transfer to
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- other languages or codebases.
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- - **Short context.** 320 tokens. Long functions must be chunked.
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- - **Evaluated on kernel-doc anchors**, which are written by kernel developers and
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- are more precise than typical end-user questions. Expect lower accuracy on
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- casual or ambiguous phrasing.
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- - Licensed GPL-2.0, consistent with its Linux kernel training data.
 
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  # kernel-code-embed
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+ A 42.6M-parameter bi-encoder for retrieving **Linux kernel C** from
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+ natural-language queries. Queries and code use the same encoder, no prefixes.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ```python
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  from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
 
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  model = SentenceTransformer("nethunter2023/kernel-code-embed")
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  query = "how are free pages coalesced into larger blocks"
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+ code = "static inline void __free_one_page(struct page *page, ...) { ... }"
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  emb = model.encode([query, code], normalize_embeddings=True)
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  print(emb @ emb.T) # cosine similarity
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  ```
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+ 512-dim output, mean pooling, L2-normalised score with cosine similarity.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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+ `max_seq_length` is **320** and should not be raised; longer inputs degrade
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+ retrieval. Chunk longer functions instead.