"""Evaluation metrics for error prediction. We report: - ROC-AUC of wrongness score vs binary `correct/incorrect` label. - PR-AUC (positive class = wrong). - AURC (area under risk-coverage). - Accuracy-Rejection Curve area *above baseline* (the paper's headline metric). - ECE of the underlying classifier (constant across feature variants, included for context). """ from __future__ import annotations from typing import Dict import numpy as np from sklearn.metrics import average_precision_score, roc_auc_score def accuracy_rejection_curve( wrongness_scores: np.ndarray, y_true: np.ndarray, y_pred: np.ndarray, step: int = 1, ) -> Dict[str, np.ndarray]: """ARC à la Nadeem et al. 2009 — sort by ascending confidence (= descending wrongness), drop the least confident first, recompute accuracy on the remaining set. """ N = len(wrongness_scores) order = np.argsort(-wrongness_scores) # most-likely-wrong first r_rates, accs = [0.0], [float((y_pred == y_true).mean())] for i in range(step, N, step): keep = order[i:] if len(keep) == 0: break r_rates.append(i / N) accs.append(float((y_pred[keep] == y_true[keep]).mean())) return {"rejection_rate": np.asarray(r_rates), "accuracy": np.asarray(accs)} def arc_auc_above_baseline(arc: Dict[str, np.ndarray]) -> float: """Trapezoid-integrate (accuracy - baseline_accuracy) wrt rejection_rate.""" r = arc["rejection_rate"] a = arc["accuracy"] baseline = a[0] return float(np.trapz(np.maximum(a - baseline, 0), r)) def aurc(wrongness_scores: np.ndarray, y_true: np.ndarray, y_pred: np.ndarray) -> float: N = len(wrongness_scores) order = np.argsort(wrongness_scores) # ascending wrongness → most confident first cum_errors = np.cumsum((y_pred[order] != y_true[order]).astype(np.float64)) coverage = (np.arange(1, N + 1)) / N risk = cum_errors / np.arange(1, N + 1) return float(np.trapz(risk, coverage)) def expected_calibration_error(probs_max: np.ndarray, correct: np.ndarray, n_bins: int = 15) -> float: bins = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, n_bins + 1) ece = 0.0 N = len(probs_max) for i in range(n_bins): lo, hi = bins[i], bins[i + 1] mask = (probs_max > lo) & (probs_max <= hi) if mask.sum() == 0: continue acc = correct[mask].mean() conf = probs_max[mask].mean() ece += (mask.sum() / N) * abs(acc - conf) return float(ece) def evaluate_all( wrongness_scores: np.ndarray, y_true: np.ndarray, y_pred: np.ndarray, probs_max: np.ndarray, ) -> Dict[str, float]: wrong = (y_pred != y_true).astype(int) metrics: Dict[str, float] = {} if len(np.unique(wrong)) > 1: metrics["roc_auc_wrong"] = float(roc_auc_score(wrong, wrongness_scores)) metrics["pr_auc_wrong"] = float(average_precision_score(wrong, wrongness_scores)) else: metrics["roc_auc_wrong"] = float("nan") metrics["pr_auc_wrong"] = float("nan") arc = accuracy_rejection_curve(wrongness_scores, y_true, y_pred, step=1) metrics["arc_auc_above_baseline"] = arc_auc_above_baseline(arc) metrics["aurc"] = aurc(wrongness_scores, y_true, y_pred) metrics["ece"] = expected_calibration_error(probs_max, (y_true == y_pred).astype(float)) metrics["base_accuracy"] = float((y_pred == y_true).mean()) return metrics