[{"text": "[SQUEAKING]", "start": 0.964, "duration": 1.446}, {"text": "[RUSTLING]", "start": 2.41, "duration": 0.964}, {"text": "[CLICKING]", "start": 3.374, "duration": 2.41}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: All right.", "start": 12.215, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "Let's progress, then.", "start": 13.34, "duration": 2.985}, {"text": "So last time we got started\ndrawing trees for sentences.", "start": 19.34, "duration": 4.41}, {"text": "I spent a lot of time\nwith verb phrases", "start": 23.75, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "drawing trees for more and\nmore elaborate verb phrases", "start": 26.96, "duration": 3.54}, {"text": "and ignoring repeated requests\nthat I go ahead and diagram", "start": 30.5, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "the rest of the sentence\nalready, and I finally did.", "start": 34.37, "duration": 4.24}, {"text": "So we had sentences like--", "start": 38.61, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "I think this was not one of\nthem, but this is like the ones", "start": 40.402, "duration": 2.458}, {"text": "we were talking about--", "start": 42.86, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "\"She will tickle the child.\"", "start": 43.818, "duration": 1.882}, {"text": "I said we're going to do the\nconstruction of sentences", "start": 45.7, "duration": 4.165}, {"text": "the same way we did the\nconstruction of words", "start": 49.865, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "back when we were\ndoing morphology.", "start": 51.74, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "We're going to use\nthis operation \"merge\"", "start": 53.36, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "which takes pairs of things\nand puts them together", "start": 55.1, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "to make new things.", "start": 57.29, "duration": 1.18}, {"text": "So we'll merge \"the\" and \"child\"\nand get a new thing, which", "start": 58.47, "duration": 4.13}, {"text": "we'll name a noun\nphrase after the fact", "start": 62.6, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "that it crucially\ncontains a noun.", "start": 64.73, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "And we'll merge that\nnoun phrase with the verb", "start": 67.31, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "\"tickle\" and that's how\nwe get the verb phrase.", "start": 70.34, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "And then we have\nthese two other words", "start": 72.41, "duration": 1.66}, {"text": "in here, \"she\" and \"will.\"", "start": 74.07, "duration": 2.18}, {"text": "And \"she\" is a noun, a\nspecial kind of noun.", "start": 76.25, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "It's a pronoun.", "start": 79.37, "duration": 0.95}, {"text": "And \"will,\" I made\nup a name for \"will.\"", "start": 80.32, "duration": 4.42}, {"text": "I called it a \"T.\"", "start": 84.74, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "T for tense.", "start": 86.18, "duration": 1.753}, {"text": "Actually, that gives\nme too much credit.", "start": 87.933, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "Other people gave it\nthat name, I'm just", "start": 89.6, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "transmitting to you that name.", "start": 91.49, "duration": 1.84}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 93.33, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "And then we said,\nif we want to make", "start": 93.83, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "a tree for the whole\nsentence, what we'll do", "start": 96.26, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "is first we'll merge T\nwith the verb phrase.", "start": 98.36, "duration": 3.94}, {"text": "So we'll merge those\ntwo things and we'll", "start": 102.3, "duration": 1.88}, {"text": "give the resulting\nobject the label T.", "start": 104.18, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "And then we'll merge that\nnew object that we've", "start": 107.39, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "created with the noun.", "start": 110.54, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "And since, maybe you\nremember, \"phrase\" is just", "start": 113.84, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "a name for the largest\nthing with a given label,", "start": 117.56, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "that daughter of TP that\nwe've got there, \"she\"--", "start": 121.67, "duration": 4.53}, {"text": "yeah, it's a noun, but\nit's now also a noun phrase", "start": 126.2, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "because it's the highest\nthing with its label.", "start": 129.08, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "That noun phrase and\nits sister, that T bar,", "start": 132.8, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "become the daughters of this\nnew node that we've created, TP.", "start": 136.55, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "I said that's the way we're\ngoing to build sentences.", "start": 140.18, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "Immediately several\nof you objected.", "start": 143.57, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "Kateryna here, for\nexample, ruthlessly", "start": 145.73, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "demanded that I explain\nwhy we were doing it", "start": 148.04, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "in that order and not,\nfor example, like this.", "start": 151.43, "duration": 3.84}, {"text": "We've got \"tickle the child\"\njust like before, but this time", "start": 155.27, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "we'll merge \"she\"\nwith \"will\" first.", "start": 158.18, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "It'd be a projecting T. And then\nwe'll merge the result of that", "start": 161.39, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "with \"tickle the child,\"\ngiving you a TP again--", "start": 165.08, "duration": 3.25}, {"text": "[COUGHS]", "start": 168.33, "duration": 0.68}, {"text": "Excuse me.", "start": 169.01, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "Giving you a TP again--", "start": 169.97, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "that didn't help at all, did it?", "start": 171.23, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "But with a different\nconstituent structure.", "start": 173.84, "duration": 2.725}, {"text": "Several of you wanted to know,\nwhy are we not doing that?", "start": 176.565, "duration": 2.375}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 178.94, "duration": 0.81}, {"text": "And I attempted to\nconvince you not", "start": 179.75, "duration": 3.78}, {"text": "to do that with the tools\nthat we have available,", "start": 183.53, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "the constituent structure\ntests that we've", "start": 187.1, "duration": 4.26}, {"text": "developed in like a day\nand a half of syntax.", "start": 191.36, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "And I was not able to do\nthat because I had not", "start": 193.73, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "shown you sufficiently\nsophisticated constituency", "start": 196.55, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "tests.", "start": 198.74, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "So I began on the board showing\nyou another constituency test,", "start": 200.12, "duration": 4.95}, {"text": "and I promised you that\ntoday I would use that test", "start": 205.07, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "to demonstrate that we\nneed the tree on the left", "start": 208.58, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "and not the tree on\nthe right, and that", "start": 210.77, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "was a dramatic\ncliffhanger last time.", "start": 212.78, "duration": 2.05}, {"text": "And then I attempted\nto distract you", "start": 214.83, "duration": 1.683}, {"text": "from this by talking about\nother stuff for a little while.", "start": 216.513, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "That's more or less\nwhere we were last time.", "start": 218.93, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 220.88, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 222.38, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So now let me attempt\nto distinctly show you", "start": 222.88, "duration": 3.103}, {"text": "that we should have\nthe tree on the left", "start": 225.983, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "and the tree on the right.", "start": 227.65, "duration": 0.66}, {"text": "And I should tell\nyou that although I'm", "start": 228.31, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "going to give you a piece\nof evidence for that today,", "start": 229.935, "duration": 3.805}, {"text": "the evidence is going\nto come in in bits", "start": 233.74, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "over our discussion\nof syntax, which is", "start": 237.43, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "going to last a little while.", "start": 240.01, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "So I'll show you one\npiece of evidence now", "start": 241.9, "duration": 2.59}, {"text": "and if you don't like that piece\nof evidence, well, just wait.", "start": 244.49, "duration": 2.69}, {"text": "There will be more.", "start": 247.18, "duration": 1.54}, {"text": "But what I'm going to do\ntoday, thanks to Kateryna,", "start": 248.72, "duration": 2.59}, {"text": "is rush something that I was\nplanning to tell you about much", "start": 251.31, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "later.", "start": 253.81, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "So if you don't like what\nI'm about to do, blame her.", "start": 255.73, "duration": 2.87}, {"text": "This was all her idea.", "start": 258.6, "duration": 1.54}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 260.14, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 261.22, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 262.45, "duration": 2.33}, {"text": "So here are some data that\nwe talked about last time.", "start": 264.78, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "Different sentences, I think,\nbut the same general idea.", "start": 268.65, "duration": 4.26}, {"text": "Observation.", "start": 272.91, "duration": 0.67}, {"text": "These are both grammatical\nEnglish sentences:", "start": 273.58, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "\"She would recognize Mary\"\nand \"Anyone who knows", "start": 275.455, "duration": 3.125}, {"text": "her would recognize Mary.\"", "start": 278.58, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "They're both English sentences.", "start": 279.72, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "But there's an interesting\ndifference between them.", "start": 281.4, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "They both contain pronouns and\nthey contain the name Mary,", "start": 284.34, "duration": 4.71}, {"text": "but they differ in that\nthe first sentence, \"she\"", "start": 289.05, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "cannot be Mary.", "start": 292.62, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "It has to be some other\nperson in that first sentence.", "start": 294.72, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "So that first sentence has to\ninvolve two different people--", "start": 298.05, "duration": 5.68}, {"text": "one of them female, and Mary\nis probably also female, though", "start": 303.73, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "who knows.", "start": 306.88, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Maybe not.", "start": 307.38, "duration": 0.63}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 308.01, "duration": 2.84}, {"text": "On the other hand, in\nthe second sentence,", "start": 310.85, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "\"Anyone who knows her\nwould recognize Mary,\"", "start": 313.31, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "it's possible that\n\"her\" refers to Mary.", "start": 315.26, "duration": 3.285}, {"text": "Those were the data\nthat we collectively", "start": 318.545, "duration": 2.687}, {"text": "decided on last time\nwhen we were talking", "start": 321.232, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "about examples like this.", "start": 322.94, "duration": 1.12}, {"text": "And I showed you the second\nkind of example partly--", "start": 324.06, "duration": 3.26}, {"text": "I think somebody\nhopefully offered me", "start": 327.32, "duration": 4.32}, {"text": "a theory of why the\nfirst one was bad.", "start": 331.64, "duration": 1.843}, {"text": "It was the theory I was hoping\nthey would offer where they", "start": 333.483, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "said, yeah, maybe what's wrong\nwith \"She would recognize", "start": 335.9, "duration": 2.453}, {"text": "Mary\"-- what's wrong with\nhaving \"She\" refer to Mary", "start": 338.353, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "is that Mary is later\nin the sentence.", "start": 340.52, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "Pronouns refer to\nother people, but they", "start": 343.46, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "have to be people who we've\nalready been talking about", "start": 345.59, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "or something like that.", "start": 347.84, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "Totally sensible,\nreasonable theory.", "start": 348.798, "duration": 2.822}, {"text": "You might expect it to work\nthat way, and it doesn't.", "start": 351.62, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "The second sentence shows that\nit's possible for pronouns", "start": 354.98, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "to refer to things that\nare later in the sentence.", "start": 357.71, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 359.84, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "Cool.", "start": 361.04, "duration": 0.87}, {"text": "So how are we going to\ndistinguish these two theories", "start": 361.91, "duration": 2.363}, {"text": "from each other?", "start": 364.273, "duration": 0.667}, {"text": "That was the\ncliffhanger last time.", "start": 364.94, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "I said we can distinguish these\ntheories or these examples.", "start": 366.398, "duration": 6.78}, {"text": "So that's just the data\nI just ran through.", "start": 373.178, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "\"She\" is not Mary in\nthe first sentence,", "start": 374.97, "duration": 1.79}, {"text": "but \"she\" can be Mary\nin the second sentence.", "start": 376.76, "duration": 1.7}, {"text": "It doesn't have\nto be, but it can.", "start": 378.46, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "All right.", "start": 382.1, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "Now, I'm going to show\nyou how we'll distinguish", "start": 382.85, "duration": 3.78}, {"text": "those kinds of examples using\nthe tree that I was hoping", "start": 386.63, "duration": 5.34}, {"text": "you would just unthinkingly\naccept when I built it for you.", "start": 391.97, "duration": 4.74}, {"text": "And then what I'll\ndo is show you", "start": 396.71, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "that the theory that\nI'm going to show you", "start": 399.47, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "for this pair of sentences\nwouldn't work if we had", "start": 401.66, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "the other kind of structure.", "start": 404.18, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "And then if you\nwant, we can talk", "start": 405.44, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "some about whether\nthere is another way", "start": 407.12, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "to talk about the other\nkind of structure.", "start": 409.1, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "Now, my abilities as\na graphic designer--", "start": 410.85, "duration": 3.92}, {"text": "you may have picked up on\nthis seeing my slides--", "start": 414.77, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "are limited.", "start": 417.56, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "So I was not able to\ncome up with a way", "start": 420.47, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "to put all of the trees\nthat you might like", "start": 422.78, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "to be able to look at all\nat once on a single slide,", "start": 425.12, "duration": 3.19}, {"text": "so I'm going to put some of them\nup here on the board instead.", "start": 428.31, "duration": 4.88}, {"text": "We'll see if we can\nmake reference to them.", "start": 433.19, "duration": 6.28}, {"text": "So she would-- here's\nthe tree that people were", "start": 439.47, "duration": 5.63}, {"text": "offering as an alternative.", "start": 445.1, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 450.8, "duration": 0.54}, {"text": "This is the kind of\ntree that people were", "start": 451.34, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "offering as an alternative.", "start": 452.57, "duration": 0.97}, {"text": "So the tree that's on\nthe slide is the tree", "start": 453.54, "duration": 1.4}, {"text": "that I want you to believe in.", "start": 454.94, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "The tree that's on\nthe board is the tree", "start": 456.5, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "that people said, \"Hey, why\nare we not doing it that way?\"", "start": 457.76, "duration": 2.29}, {"text": "Right?", "start": 460.05, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "I always feel nervous when\nI write things on the board", "start": 464.29, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "that I want you not to believe.", "start": 466.96, "duration": 2.38}, {"text": "So just so we're\nclear, this is wrong.", "start": 469.34, "duration": 7.1}, {"text": "Not the right tree.", "start": 476.44, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "That's the right tree, yeah?", "start": 478.33, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "But I'm now going to try\nto convince you of that.", "start": 479.53, "duration": 2.26}, {"text": "So the reason it\nmakes me nervous", "start": 481.79, "duration": 1.79}, {"text": "is that I know it's\nmorning, loosely construed.", "start": 483.58, "duration": 4.632}, {"text": "It's late enough in the\nsemester that you're probably", "start": 488.212, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "sleep deprived.", "start": 490.42, "duration": 0.785}, {"text": "It's easy to think, well,\nif the professor wrote it", "start": 491.205, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "on the board it\nmust be true, yeah?", "start": 493.33, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "This is not true.", "start": 494.92, "duration": 2.003}, {"text": "At least, I don't\nthink it's true.", "start": 496.923, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "I'll try to convince you.", "start": 498.34, "duration": 1.042}, {"text": "OK, so that tree up there.", "start": 499.382, "duration": 2.978}, {"text": "If we use that tree\nup there, we can", "start": 502.36, "duration": 5.52}, {"text": "account for the contrast\nbetween the two sentences", "start": 507.88, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "on the slide--", "start": 510.34, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "[COUGH]", "start": 511.63, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "My gracious.", "start": 512.59, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "We can account for the contrast\nbetween the two sentences", "start": 514.24, "duration": 2.819}, {"text": "on the slide with the\nfollowing principle.", "start": 517.059, "duration": 2.431}, {"text": "It goes like this.", "start": 519.49, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "If you have an NP like \"she\"\nthat merges with another node--", "start": 520.99, "duration": 4.89}, {"text": "let's call it alpha--", "start": 525.88, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "the NP can't refer to any of\nthe names that are inside alpha,", "start": 527.68, "duration": 4.83}, {"text": "any of the names that\nare dominated by alpha.", "start": 532.51, "duration": 3.04}, {"text": "I'll keep it specific\nto names for now.", "start": 535.55, "duration": 3.56}, {"text": "We're going to talk much more\nabout principles like this", "start": 539.11, "duration": 2.68}, {"text": "later.", "start": 541.79, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "We're going to develop a\ntheory of what kinds of things", "start": 542.29, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "pronouns can refer to and what\nkinds of things they can't.", "start": 545.14, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "But this works for the pair\nof examples that we have here.", "start": 548.32, "duration": 4.36}, {"text": "So what's wrong\nwith this example--", "start": 552.68, "duration": 2.93}, {"text": "why can't \"she\" refer\nto Mary in this example?", "start": 555.61, "duration": 2.93}, {"text": "The theory would be it's because\nyou merge \"she\" with that T bar", "start": 558.54, "duration": 4.63}, {"text": "there, and that T\nbar dominates \"Mary.\"", "start": 563.17, "duration": 3.74}, {"text": "And therefore,\nthis principle says", "start": 566.91, "duration": 2.38}, {"text": "\"she\" can't refer\nto anything that's", "start": 569.29, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "inside that T bar and\n\"Mary\" is inside that T bar.", "start": 570.88, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "That's what this\nprinciple is meant to do.", "start": 574.27, "duration": 3.048}, {"text": "Let me show you that that\ndistinguishes between the two", "start": 577.318, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "examples.", "start": 579.61, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So if instead we had\n\"anyone who knows her\"--", "start": 580.61, "duration": 5.36}, {"text": "if we had \"anyone who\nknows her\" as the subject,", "start": 585.97, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "\"Anyone who knows her\nwould recognize Mary\"--", "start": 588.28, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "well, I'm going to try to get\naway without actually telling", "start": 590.26, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "you how we're going to diagram\nall of \"anyone who knows her.\"", "start": 594.13, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "But \"anyone\" is the noun\nin \"anyone who knows her,\"", "start": 597.85, "duration": 3.54}, {"text": "and it's a noun that's\nmodified by what's", "start": 601.39, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "called a relative clause.", "start": 603.58, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "So \"who knows her\" is a kind\nof clause that modifies nouns.", "start": 605.26, "duration": 4.44}, {"text": "And I have given it the label\nquestion mark, question mark", "start": 609.7, "duration": 2.863}, {"text": "because someday we'll talk\nabout relative clauses", "start": 612.563, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "and talk about what\nlabel they ought to have", "start": 614.605, "duration": 1.725}, {"text": "and all that good stuff.", "start": 616.33, "duration": 1.06}, {"text": "But for now, it's a thing.", "start": 617.39, "duration": 2.18}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 619.57, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "And what's inside\nit is that pronoun,", "start": 620.35, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "\"her,\" which got merged.", "start": 623.14, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "Somewhere inside that relative\nclause is a verb phrase,", "start": 626.41, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "\"knows,\" and the\nnoun phrase, \"her.\"", "start": 629.62, "duration": 3.84}, {"text": "So if we ask, what was this\nnoun first merged with?", "start": 633.46, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "Well, it definitely\nwasn't merged with T bar.", "start": 637.03, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "It was merged with something\ninside the relative clause.", "start": 639.64, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "It was merged with this verb.", "start": 642.25, "duration": 1.63}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 643.88, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 644.96, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "So this principle that says,\nif a noun phrase merges", "start": 645.95, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "with another node,\nalpha, the noun phrase", "start": 649.19, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "can't refer to any names\nthat alpha dominates.", "start": 651.47, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "That distinguishes between \"She\nwould recognize Mary,\" where", "start": 654.74, "duration": 4.05}, {"text": "\"she\" is merged with something\nthat contains \"Mary,\"", "start": 658.79, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "and \"Anyone who knows\nher would recognize", "start": 662.06, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "Mary,\" where \"her\" is\nnot merged with something", "start": 664.43, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "that contains \"Mary.\"", "start": 667.37, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "Do people see that this\nprinciple draws the distinction", "start": 669.92, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "that we wanted to draw?", "start": 672.44, "duration": 3.43}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 675.87, "duration": 0.93}, {"text": "Giray?", "start": 676.8, "duration": 0.9}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]\nsomewhere in the subtree", "start": 677.7, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "or does it have [INAUDIBLE]?", "start": 680.7, "duration": 1.248}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: No, that's\nmore or less what it means.", "start": 681.948, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "So trees-- you think of\nthe basic relation in trees", "start": 684.24, "duration": 4.58}, {"text": "as \"immediately dominate,\"\nso a node immediately", "start": 688.82, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "dominates the nodes that\nwere merged to create it.", "start": 691.1, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "And dominate is the\ntransitive closure", "start": 693.77, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "of immediately dominate.", "start": 695.87, "duration": 1.18}, {"text": "So you dominate the things\nyou immediately dominate", "start": 697.05, "duration": 2.128}, {"text": "and the things those things\nimmediately dominate,", "start": 699.178, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "and so on until you run out of\nimmediate domination relations.", "start": 701.22, "duration": 2.583}, {"text": "That's what \"dominate\" means.", "start": 703.803, "duration": 1.937}, {"text": "To put it more\ngraphically, you dominate", "start": 705.74, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "the things that are related\nto you by lines pointing down.", "start": 707.66, "duration": 4.65}, {"text": "That's what this means.", "start": 712.31, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "Raquel?", "start": 714.26, "duration": 0.63}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: So did we agree\nthat the \"her\" in this thing", "start": 714.89, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "can refer to Mary potentially or\nare we saying specifically not?", "start": 718.31, "duration": 3.5}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: I\nasserted that it could.", "start": 721.81, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: So it's that the\nNP contains \"who knows her\"", "start": 723.56, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "and it's merging with the T bar.", "start": 727.19, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "The T bar dominates \"Mary.\"", "start": 728.99, "duration": 1.93}, {"text": "Then does that not contradict\nthe new rule we just learned,", "start": 730.92, "duration": 4.66}, {"text": "or is it like the who knows\npart that combined with?", "start": 735.58, "duration": 2.203}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah.", "start": 737.783, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "So here, let me draw\n\"anyone who knows her\"", "start": 738.7, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "a little more carefully.", "start": 741.88, "duration": 1.06}, {"text": "So here's \"anyone.\"", "start": 742.94, "duration": 3.98}, {"text": "Here's the relative\nclauses that I'm", "start": 746.92, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "going to continue possibly\nfoolishly not to label,", "start": 748.78, "duration": 3.16}, {"text": "so there's some stuff in here.", "start": 751.94, "duration": 1.4}, {"text": "And then, \"who\nknows her,\" there's", "start": 753.34, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "maybe a TP down in there\ncontaining a T bar and a T.", "start": 756.97, "duration": 4.92}, {"text": "And who knows, maybe the\nsubject of it is \"who.\"", "start": 761.89, "duration": 2.35}, {"text": "Right?", "start": 764.24, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So somewhere inside--\nso there's \"anyone\"", "start": 764.74, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "and then there's this\nrelative clause which contains", "start": 766.66, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "a sentence, \"who knows her.\"", "start": 769.15, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "That's what relative\nclauses are.", "start": 771.28, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "They're a special\nkind of sentence", "start": 773.08, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "that acts as a\nmodifier for nouns.", "start": 774.76, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "So you're right.", "start": 777.31, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "And then this thing is\nbecoming part of a larger TP.", "start": 779.47, "duration": 5.58}, {"text": "\"Would\"-- so now\nI'm just drawing", "start": 785.05, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "what's on the slide with\na little more detail--", "start": 787.48, "duration": 4.77}, {"text": "\"recognize\"-- bless you--", "start": 792.25, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "\"Mary.\"", "start": 796.36, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "So now there are--", "start": 798.76, "duration": 3.022}, {"text": "apart from \"Mary\"-- well, OK.", "start": 801.782, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "There are three noun\nphrases in this sentence.", "start": 802.99, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "There's \"Mary,\"\nthere's this thing,", "start": 804.907, "duration": 3.153}, {"text": "and there's this pronoun, \"her.\"", "start": 808.06, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 810.16, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "And claim, a noun\nphrase can't refer", "start": 811.48, "duration": 5.97}, {"text": "to something that is contained\nin the alpha with which", "start": 817.45, "duration": 3.99}, {"text": "the noun phrase merges.", "start": 821.44, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "So that's a claim\nthat says when we ask,", "start": 823.69, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "who does \"her\" refer to here?", "start": 827.11, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "Can it refer to Mary?", "start": 829.21, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "The answer is, yeah, because\nthis was merged with \"knows.\"", "start": 830.98, "duration": 4.275}, {"text": "\"Knows\" doesn't contain\n\"Mary\" and so we're all set.", "start": 835.255, "duration": 3.705}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: So your ancestors\nmerging doesn't impact that?", "start": 838.96, "duration": 2.335}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yes.", "start": 841.295, "duration": 0.875}, {"text": "No, you're not responsible for\nthe crimes of your ancestors.", "start": 842.17, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "That's right.", "start": 844.67, "duration": 1.1}, {"text": "So this noun phrase shouldn't\nbe able to refer to Mary.", "start": 845.77, "duration": 6.08}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 851.85, "duration": 0.88}, {"text": "And that might be true.", "start": 852.73, "duration": 1.51}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 854.24, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 855.98, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 857.27, "duration": 1.36}, {"text": "OK, so this has been an attempt\nat an argument form, argument", "start": 858.63, "duration": 4.12}, {"text": "by successful account.", "start": 862.75, "duration": 2.11}, {"text": "So I've shown you how, with\nthis principle and these trees,", "start": 864.86, "duration": 6.41}, {"text": "the trees that I\nhad on the slide,", "start": 871.27, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "this kind of tree where a\nTP contains three things.", "start": 873.34, "duration": 5.01}, {"text": "There's a T, the sister of\nthe T is the verb phrase,", "start": 878.35, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "and then the\ndaughter of the TP is", "start": 881.71, "duration": 3.54}, {"text": "the subject of the whole thing.", "start": 885.25, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "That's the kind of tree\nthat I was drawing you.", "start": 886.542, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "Or to say that in another\nway, when you're assembling", "start": 888.5, "duration": 2.24}, {"text": "a sentence out of those three\nthings, what you're doing", "start": 890.74, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "is you're first merging\nT with the verb phrase", "start": 893.032, "duration": 2.118}, {"text": "and then you're merging the\nresult of that with a noun", "start": 895.15, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "phrase.", "start": 897.52, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "That was the order in which\nI wanted to do things.", "start": 898.3, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "I said, what I've tried to show\nyou is that if we do things", "start": 900.79, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "in that order we can\nhave an account using", "start": 903.43, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "this principle that\nI've just invoked", "start": 906.07, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "for this contrast between\nthese two sentences, the fact", "start": 909.43, "duration": 2.322}, {"text": "that \"she\" can't refer to\nMary in the first sentence,", "start": 911.752, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "but that \"her\" can refer to\nMary in the second sentence.", "start": 913.96, "duration": 4.29}, {"text": "So this is, as I said,\nargument form, argument", "start": 918.25, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "by successful account.", "start": 920.77, "duration": 1.215}, {"text": "If you buy these\ntrees then, hey,", "start": 921.985, "duration": 2.325}, {"text": "we get this account\nof this contrast", "start": 924.31, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "between these sentences.", "start": 925.87, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 927.07, "duration": 0.51}, {"text": "Now suppose we were instead\nto do this kind of tree.", "start": 927.58, "duration": 5.43}, {"text": "Well, good.", "start": 933.01, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "But notice at least the\nprinciple that I posited here", "start": 935.77, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "wouldn't work for\nthis kind of tree.", "start": 940.0, "duration": 3.1}, {"text": "So the principle that\nI've posited here", "start": 943.1, "duration": 1.73}, {"text": "says if a noun phrase is\nmerged with some alpha the noun", "start": 944.83, "duration": 3.97}, {"text": "phrase can't refer to\nanything inside the alpha.", "start": 948.8, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Well, this noun phrase, \"she\"\nhas just been merged with the T", "start": 950.8, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "\"would.\"", "start": 953.95, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "So that principle at least\nwould not draw this distinction.", "start": 955.54, "duration": 4.38}, {"text": "Possible response\ncould be, yeah, but now", "start": 959.92, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "we need another principle.", "start": 961.69, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "To which the response is,\nyeah, well, what principle?", "start": 964.06, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "Show it to me.", "start": 968.14, "duration": 1.43}, {"text": "So what we're going to do\nis we'll have this tree", "start": 969.57, "duration": 2.44}, {"text": "and we're comparing\nthis tree with--", "start": 972.01, "duration": 2.617}, {"text": "I'll draw it again--", "start": 974.627, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "\"Mary,\" \"recognize,\"\n\"would,\" and now we're", "start": 978.64, "duration": 7.08}, {"text": "going to have \"anyone,\"\nblah, blah, blah, \"her.\"", "start": 985.72, "duration": 8.16}, {"text": "So we want this \"her\" to\nbe able to refer to Mary", "start": 993.88, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "but we want this \"she\" not\nto be able to refer to Mary.", "start": 996.82, "duration": 3.075}, {"text": "So there.", "start": 1003.28, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "That's part of an\nargument, anyway,", "start": 1006.16, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "that you should buy\nthe kinds of trees,", "start": 1008.53, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "do the mergers in the order\nthat I wanted you to do them in.", "start": 1011.38, "duration": 4.02}, {"text": "We have a name for\nthis relation that", "start": 1015.4, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "holds between \"she\" and\n\"Mary\" in this kind of tree.", "start": 1018.1, "duration": 6.749}, {"text": "The relation that holds\nbetween a node like the she--", "start": 1024.849, "duration": 3.391}, {"text": "the noun phrase \"she\" in this\ntree and another node like", "start": 1028.24, "duration": 5.07}, {"text": "the noun phrase \"Mary\" in this\ntree, which is contained--", "start": 1033.31, "duration": 4.2}, {"text": "I'm sorry.", "start": 1037.51, "duration": 0.89}, {"text": "This is too complicated.", "start": 1038.4, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Let me introduce some variables.", "start": 1039.4, "duration": 1.495}, {"text": "We have a name for\nthe kind of relation", "start": 1040.895, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "that holds between a node\nlike the noun phrase \"she\"--", "start": 1042.52, "duration": 4.38}, {"text": "let's call that node x--", "start": 1046.9, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "and another node that is\ncontained in something", "start": 1048.55, "duration": 4.02}, {"text": "that x was merged with.", "start": 1052.57, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "So the relation that holds\nbetween \"she\" and \"Mary.\"", "start": 1054.91, "duration": 2.41}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 1057.32, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Or for that matter, between\n\"she\" and the verb phrase", "start": 1057.82, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "or between \"she\" and \"would.\"", "start": 1060.61, "duration": 1.33}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 1061.94, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So the relationship that holds\nbetween a node x and everything", "start": 1062.44, "duration": 5.43}, {"text": "that's inside the node with\nwhich that x was merged.", "start": 1067.87, "duration": 4.36}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 1072.23, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "That relation is\ncalled C command.", "start": 1072.73, "duration": 1.695}, {"text": "We're now not going to\ntalk about C command", "start": 1078.97, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "for a little while\nbecause, as I said,", "start": 1080.86, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "you're experiencing a\nmoment of anachronism.", "start": 1083.02, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "I'm telling you things that\nI was planning to tell you", "start": 1085.06, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "in a few weeks but\nbecause you demanded it,", "start": 1087.31, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "I'm offering you an argument\nfor this particular way", "start": 1090.88, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "of assembling trees.", "start": 1093.07, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 1094.21, "duration": 1.232}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 1095.442, "duration": 1.948}, {"text": "All right.", "start": 1097.39, "duration": 1.908}, {"text": "All right, good.", "start": 1099.298, "duration": 0.667}, {"text": "Yes.", "start": 1103.85, "duration": 0.51}, {"text": "Alternative way of\ndrawing trees wouldn't", "start": 1104.36, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "let us use this explanation.", "start": 1105.5, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "You would need a\ndifferent one, and then", "start": 1106.82, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "if you like that alternative\nway of drawing trees,", "start": 1108.83, "duration": 2.403}, {"text": "it's your job to come\nup with a different one.", "start": 1111.233, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "Kateryna, yes, has\nalready come up with one.", "start": 1113.15, "duration": 3.125}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I just\nwant to clarify.", "start": 1116.275, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "Does C command refer\nto that principle", "start": 1117.65, "duration": 1.935}, {"text": "that we were talking about?", "start": 1119.585, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: No, I'm sorry.", "start": 1120.71, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "Let me say it better.", "start": 1122.002, "duration": 2.668}, {"text": "There's a definition\nfor C command.", "start": 1124.67, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: C command\nis the relationship?", "start": 1127.22, "duration": 0.08}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: C command\nis the relationship.", "start": 1127.3, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "So you say \"x C commands y.\"", "start": 1129.258, "duration": 6.092}, {"text": "There are various ways to define\nC command, but one of them--", "start": 1135.35, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "here, I'll show you one and then\nwe can talk about another one.", "start": 1137.96, "duration": 2.625}, {"text": "You can say \"x C commands y\nif every node that dominates", "start": 1140.585, "duration": 6.315}, {"text": "x dominates y,\" and\npeople usually add", "start": 1146.9, "duration": 9.77}, {"text": "\"and x does not dominate y.\"", "start": 1156.67, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "So this is one way to\ndefine it formally.", "start": 1163.75, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "What does that do?", "start": 1165.73, "duration": 0.87}, {"text": "It says if you look\nat the noun phrase", "start": 1166.6, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "\"she,\" what the noun phrase\nC commands is everything that", "start": 1168.85, "duration": 5.22}, {"text": "is dominated by everything\nthat dominates \"she,\"", "start": 1174.07, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "the noun phrase \"she.\"", "start": 1177.13, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "So what dominates the\nnoun phrase \"she\"?", "start": 1178.33, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "Well, it's just the node TP.", "start": 1180.28, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "And so \"she\" C commands\neverything that's", "start": 1183.43, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "dominated by the node\nTP, which is basically", "start": 1185.89, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "everything except for TP.", "start": 1188.89, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "So T bar and T and\nthe verb phrase.", "start": 1190.18, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "The T would C commands\nthe verb phrase", "start": 1193.15, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "and also the verb and\nthe noun phrase \"Mary.\"", "start": 1197.38, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 1200.11, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "To put it yet another\nway, you C command", "start": 1201.07, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "your sister and everything\nyour sister dominates.", "start": 1203.02, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "That's what C command is.", "start": 1206.35, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "Lots and lots of syntax\nmakes reference to C command,", "start": 1208.81, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "and so we will keep\ncoming back to it.", "start": 1211.45, "duration": 2.08}, {"text": "It's a thing that\nwill come up again.", "start": 1213.53, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 1216.86, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "So again, this is all dramatic\nforeshadowing or anachronism", "start": 1218.12, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "or whatever you want to say--", "start": 1221.57, "duration": 1.35}, {"text": "whatever you want to call it.", "start": 1222.92, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "These are things I was\nplanning to teach you", "start": 1224.39, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "a little bit in the\nfuture, and so now you", "start": 1226.28, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "have a jump on in life.", "start": 1229.34, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "Later on some things will\nsuddenly become familiar.", "start": 1231.83, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 1234.86, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "Yep.", "start": 1235.61, "duration": 2.65}, {"text": "All right, good.", "start": 1238.26, "duration": 0.69}, {"text": "I have been teasing you\nfor making me do this", "start": 1241.84, "duration": 2.538}, {"text": "but I really appreciate\nit, actually.", "start": 1244.378, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "It's a real pleasure\nteaching people who", "start": 1245.92, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "disagree with me all the time.", "start": 1248.62, "duration": 1.755}, {"text": "When I'm on airplanes and I\ncan't avoid telling the person", "start": 1258.743, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "next to me what I do for\na living and I tell them", "start": 1261.16, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "I teach linguistics\nat MIT, they're like,", "start": 1262.84, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "oh-- sometimes they\nsay, \"Oh, I didn't know", "start": 1264.49, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "they had linguistics at MIT.\"", "start": 1266.32, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "I'm like, \"Yes, yes!\"", "start": 1267.528, "duration": 1.852}, {"text": "And then they say, \"So what's\nit like teaching MIT undergrads", "start": 1269.38, "duration": 4.05}, {"text": "linguistics?\"", "start": 1273.43, "duration": 0.66}, {"text": "And I say, \"It's\ngreat because they all", "start": 1274.09, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "have these math and\nscience backgrounds so they", "start": 1275.715, "duration": 1.975}, {"text": "don't believe a word I say.", "start": 1277.69, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "It's terrific.", "start": 1279.01, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "So I go in there and\nI tell them things", "start": 1280.57, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "and they're like, well,\nno, show me some proof.", "start": 1282.58, "duration": 2.63}, {"text": "I go, well, OK.", "start": 1285.21, "duration": 2.368}, {"text": "In another university\nI think I would", "start": 1287.578, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "be able to get away with\njust the authority of having", "start": 1289.12, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "a beard this length.", "start": 1291.52, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "People would just\nbelieve me, but no.", "start": 1293.26, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "It's great.\"", "start": 1296.77, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 1297.73, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "This is a slide we saw before.", "start": 1299.02, "duration": 1.51}, {"text": "This is just to remind you\nof a bunch of terminology.", "start": 1300.53, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "Some of it I've been using\nas we've been talking.", "start": 1303.44, "duration": 2.39}, {"text": "So just to remind you, when\nwe're talking about trees,", "start": 1305.83, "duration": 5.13}, {"text": "standardly use\nfeminine kinship terms", "start": 1310.96, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "to talk about relations\nbetween parts of trees.", "start": 1312.67, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "So we talk about sisters, which\nare two things that are both--", "start": 1314.77, "duration": 4.02}, {"text": "two things that were\nmerged to form a node.", "start": 1318.79, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "So for example, the\nD, \"the,\" and the N,", "start": 1321.37, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "\"child,\" those are sisters.", "start": 1324.58, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "The V, \"tickle,\"\nand the noun phrase,", "start": 1326.56, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "\"the child,\" those are\nsisters in this tree.", "start": 1328.54, "duration": 3.81}, {"text": "We talk about mothers.", "start": 1332.35, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "So the noun phrase \"the child\"\nis the mother of D and N,", "start": 1333.4, "duration": 4.26}, {"text": "\"the\" and \"child.\"", "start": 1337.66, "duration": 2.2}, {"text": "We also talk about daughters.", "start": 1339.86, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "So \"the\" and \"child\" are the\ndaughters of the noun phrase.", "start": 1341.6, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "And I think I said\nlast time that's it,", "start": 1345.35, "duration": 1.727}, {"text": "so we don't talk about\ngrandmothers or aunts", "start": 1347.077, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "or anything else.", "start": 1348.91, "duration": 1.78}, {"text": "And then and this came up when\nGiday asked a question earlier.", "start": 1350.69, "duration": 3.95}, {"text": "The basic relation that's\nreflected in these trees", "start": 1354.64, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "is the relation of\nimmediate domination.", "start": 1358.39, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "That's the relation that's\ncreated by the operation", "start": 1361.06, "duration": 2.2}, {"text": "\"merge.\"", "start": 1363.26, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So when you merge\ntwo things, you", "start": 1363.76, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "create a new thing that\nimmediately dominates the two", "start": 1367.06, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "things that you merged.", "start": 1369.58, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "That's just our name for\nthat relation in the tree.", "start": 1370.57, "duration": 3.66}, {"text": "And then there is\nanother notion, dominate,", "start": 1374.23, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "which is the transitive closure\nof immediately dominate.", "start": 1377.83, "duration": 2.95}, {"text": "So you dominate the things\nthat you immediately dominate", "start": 1380.78, "duration": 2.573}, {"text": "and the things that those things\nimmediately dominate and so on,", "start": 1383.353, "duration": 2.667}, {"text": "all the way down to the tree.", "start": 1386.02, "duration": 2.56}, {"text": "And then we said there's this\nword \"constituent,\" which we've", "start": 1388.58, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "been using for some\ntime, and all of you", "start": 1391.67, "duration": 3.882}, {"text": "seem to have a\nhandle on it anyway.", "start": 1395.552, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "But just to give it\na formal definition,", "start": 1397.01, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "we'll say that something\nis a constituent", "start": 1399.08, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "if there's a single\nnode that dominates", "start": 1401.06, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "all the words in alpha.", "start": 1404.06, "duration": 2.83}, {"text": "So \"the child\" is a\nconstituent because there's", "start": 1406.89, "duration": 3.17}, {"text": "a node that dominates just\nthose words, the noun phrase.", "start": 1410.06, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "\"Tickle the child\"\nis a constituent", "start": 1413.66, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "because there's a verb phrase\ndominating just those words.", "start": 1416.03, "duration": 3.9}, {"text": "\"Will tickle the\"\nis not a constituent", "start": 1419.93, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "because there's no node\ndominating just those words.", "start": 1422.48, "duration": 3.74}, {"text": "Is that clear?", "start": 1426.22, "duration": 1.97}, {"text": "This is all just\nterminology, and I'm", "start": 1428.19, "duration": 2.96}, {"text": "telling you about it because\nyou're going to hear me use it.", "start": 1431.15, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "In fact, you already have.", "start": 1433.65, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 1436.15, "duration": 0.72}, {"text": "All right?", "start": 1436.87, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "So the way we've been talking,\nthen, we take pairs of things,", "start": 1437.65, "duration": 5.02}, {"text": "we merge them to\ncreate new things.", "start": 1442.67, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "And we haven't said very much.", "start": 1445.76, "duration": 2.56}, {"text": "In fact, we haven't\nsaid anything at all", "start": 1448.32, "duration": 1.88}, {"text": "about why you pick\nthe particular things", "start": 1450.2, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "that you pick.", "start": 1454.43, "duration": 1.72}, {"text": "So I want to talk about\nthat a little bit.", "start": 1456.15, "duration": 2.51}, {"text": "Here are some sentences mostly\ninvolving ants, I guess,", "start": 1458.66, "duration": 4.77}, {"text": "and anteaters, And they're\nall grammatical sentences", "start": 1463.43, "duration": 4.17}, {"text": "of English, I think.", "start": 1467.6, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "\"The ants thrived\" and\n\"The anteater arrived\"--", "start": 1469.19, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "this is kind of a\nlittle dramatic story", "start": 1471.59, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "about some ants and\ntheir difficult lives!--", "start": 1474.35, "duration": 2.988}, {"text": "\"The ants thrived.\"", "start": 1477.338, "duration": 0.792}, {"text": "\"The anteater arrived.\"", "start": 1478.13, "duration": 0.9}, {"text": "\"The anteater\ndevoured the ants.\"", "start": 1479.03, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "And \"Mary slapped the anteater.\"", "start": 1480.44, "duration": 1.333}, {"text": "A little sad story about\nants, or a happy story", "start": 1481.773, "duration": 2.147}, {"text": "about an anteater.", "start": 1483.92, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "It depends on whose\nside you're on, I guess.", "start": 1484.67, "duration": 2.11}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 1486.78, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Observation, old observation.", "start": 1490.92, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "Verbs, in lots of languages,\nmaybe all languages,", "start": 1493.53, "duration": 5.68}, {"text": "can be fruitfully thought of as\ncoming in at least two types.", "start": 1499.21, "duration": 4.06}, {"text": "There are verbs like\n\"thrive\" and \"arrive\"", "start": 1503.27, "duration": 3.14}, {"text": "which need to not have objects.", "start": 1506.41, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "So you can say \"The ants\nthrived\" or \"The anteater", "start": 1509.86, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "arrived.\"", "start": 1512.11, "duration": 0.72}, {"text": "You cannot say \"The ants\nthrived the ant farm\"", "start": 1512.83, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "or \"The anteater\narrived the anthill.\"", "start": 1515.17, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "You can't put an object\nafter those kinds of verbs.", "start": 1517.33, "duration": 3.89}, {"text": "And then there are other verbs,\nlike \"devour\" and \"slap,\"", "start": 1521.22, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "that are the opposite.", "start": 1524.43, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "You can say \"The anteater\ndevoured the ants.\"", "start": 1525.81, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "You can't very well say\n\"The anteater devoured.\"", "start": 1527.73, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "That sentence is not finished.", "start": 1529.73, "duration": 1.7}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 1531.43, "duration": 0.71}, {"text": "So really \"Mary\nslapped the anteater.\"", "start": 1532.14, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "You can't say \"Mary slapped.\"", "start": 1534.36, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "Did I hear noises\nof disagreement?", "start": 1536.73, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "Facial expressions\nof disagreement?", "start": 1539.07, "duration": 2.342}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: \"Mary slaps.\"", "start": 1541.412, "duration": 1.268}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Sorry?", "start": 1542.68, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "Apart from the\ntechnical term, yeah.", "start": 1545.08, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "Apart from that.", "start": 1548.26, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 1549.55, "duration": 2.21}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 1551.76, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "So there are verbs that\nseem to want to have objects", "start": 1553.02, "duration": 2.773}, {"text": "and there are verbs that seem\nto want to not have objects.", "start": 1555.793, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "Classic observation.", "start": 1558.21, "duration": 1.02}, {"text": "The name for that\nclassic observation", "start": 1559.23, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "is that there are verbs that\nare what's called transitive.", "start": 1560.79, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "Those are the verbs that\nwant to have objects,", "start": 1563.52, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "verbs like \"devour\" and \"slap.\"", "start": 1565.44, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "There are other verbs\nthat are intransitive.", "start": 1566.94, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "Those are verbs like\n\"thrive\" and \"arrive.\"", "start": 1568.773, "duration": 2.577}, {"text": "I picked these verbs\nfairly carefully.", "start": 1571.35, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "There are many, many--", "start": 1573.45, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "possibly most verbs--\nthat can be either one.", "start": 1575.79, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "So for example, you can say\n\"The anteater ate the ants\"", "start": 1579.18, "duration": 4.14}, {"text": "and you can also say\n\"The anteater ate.\"", "start": 1583.32, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "It's fine.", "start": 1585.66, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 1586.44, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "So some verbs are transitive,\nothers are intransitive.", "start": 1588.66, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "Maybe there are also other\nverbs that are indecisive.", "start": 1592.35, "duration": 2.98}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 1595.33, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: In that\ncontext, how is \"ate\"", "start": 1595.83, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "different from \"devoured\"?", "start": 1597.24, "duration": 1.11}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Good question.", "start": 1598.35, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 1599.1, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "But I think the fact, the facts\nare as I just described them,", "start": 1599.6, "duration": 2.87}, {"text": "right?", "start": 1602.47, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "That \"The anteater devoured\"\nis not a complete sentence,", "start": 1602.97, "duration": 2.95}, {"text": "but \"The anteater ate\" is.", "start": 1605.92, "duration": 1.91}, {"text": "\"Devoured\" and \"ate\" mean\nslightly different things.", "start": 1607.83, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "You have to be louder and\nmessier and more violent", "start": 1610.62, "duration": 4.045}, {"text": "if you're devouring,\nI guess, and \"eat\"", "start": 1614.665, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "is a more plain vanilla verb.", "start": 1616.29, "duration": 1.622}, {"text": "Why that means that one of\nthese verbs has to be transitive", "start": 1617.912, "duration": 2.458}, {"text": "and the other doesn't is\na really good question.", "start": 1620.37, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 1622.37, "duration": 1.34}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 1623.71, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "Other questions?", "start": 1624.88, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "To which I may, again,\nonly be able to say, yeah,", "start": 1627.38, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "that's a good question.", "start": 1629.66, "duration": 1.57}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 1631.23, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I was just going\nto follow up and then say,", "start": 1631.73, "duration": 2.508}, {"text": "are we going to\nanswer that question?", "start": 1634.238, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: No.", "start": 1635.78, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "No, no, no.", "start": 1636.613, "duration": 0.787}, {"text": "No.", "start": 1637.4, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "No.", "start": 1638.18, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "No, we are not.", "start": 1639.14, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "Other questions?", "start": 1640.4, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "I enjoy listening\nto your questions", "start": 1641.72, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "even if I can't answer them.", "start": 1643.31, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "OK, so some verbs\nare transitive,", "start": 1646.82, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "others are intransitive.", "start": 1648.32, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "So that's a classic observation.", "start": 1650.87, "duration": 1.605}, {"text": "People have been saying\nthat since the Romans", "start": 1652.475, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "and the Greeks.", "start": 1654.35, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "Less classic observation\nis that there", "start": 1656.21, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "are other kinds of verbs\nthat not only need an object", "start": 1658.19, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "but also need a\nprepositional phrase.", "start": 1661.82, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "Actually, there\nare verbs that just", "start": 1663.71, "duration": 1.11}, {"text": "need a prepositional phrase.", "start": 1664.82, "duration": 1.167}, {"text": "We'll talk about\nthat maybe later,", "start": 1665.987, "duration": 1.813}, {"text": "but let's talk for now\nabout a verb like \"put.\"", "start": 1667.8, "duration": 3.056}, {"text": "\"Put\" absolutely has\nto have an object,", "start": 1670.856, "duration": 3.424}, {"text": "so it's transitive\nin that sense.", "start": 1674.28, "duration": 1.43}, {"text": "But it also has to have\na prepositional phrase.", "start": 1675.71, "duration": 2.92}, {"text": "So you can say \"The anteater\nput the ants onto a plate.\"", "start": 1678.63, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "This is a comparatively\ncivilized anteater.", "start": 1682.11, "duration": 3.38}, {"text": "But you can't leave\nout either the object", "start": 1685.49, "duration": 2.433}, {"text": "or the prepositional phrase.", "start": 1687.923, "duration": 1.167}, {"text": "You can't say \"The\nanteater put the ants.\"", "start": 1689.09, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "That's not a sentence.", "start": 1691.34, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "And you also cannot say \"The\nanteater put onto a plate.\"", "start": 1692.39, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "Also not a sentence.", "start": 1695.87, "duration": 1.35}, {"text": "So \"put\" needs to combine\nwith both an object", "start": 1697.22, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "and a preposition.", "start": 1700.97, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "So apparently, in--", "start": 1703.85, "duration": 2.367}, {"text": "I hope this is what I\nsay on the next slide.", "start": 1706.217, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 1708.05, "duration": 2.473}, {"text": "Remember when we were\ntalking about what", "start": 1710.523, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "we would need to state in\nour lexicon about each word", "start": 1712.19, "duration": 4.32}, {"text": "or about each morpheme,\nif we're putting morphemes", "start": 1716.51, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "in our lexicon, which we were\nsaying probably we should?", "start": 1718.91, "duration": 3.885}, {"text": "We were saying, yeah, When you\nlist an entry in your lexicon", "start": 1722.795, "duration": 4.468}, {"text": "you're going to need\nto say whether it's", "start": 1727.263, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "a free morpheme or\na bound morpheme", "start": 1728.93, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "and whether it's a prefix\nor a suffix or an infix", "start": 1730.79, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "or whatever all else,\nand how it's pronounced.", "start": 1733.13, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "And we spend some time doing\nphonology and convincing", "start": 1736.46, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "ourselves that saying how\nsomething is pronounced", "start": 1739.52, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "might be more complicated\nthan it looks.", "start": 1741.83, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "Here's something else that\nwe're going to have to state.", "start": 1744.32, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "When we list a verb we're going\nto need to state something", "start": 1747.53, "duration": 5.67}, {"text": "about-- this is\ncalled selection.", "start": 1753.2, "duration": 1.48}, {"text": "So we need to say\nverbs, for example,", "start": 1754.68, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "select for the kinds of things\nthat they want to combine with.", "start": 1757.41, "duration": 3.77}, {"text": "So our list, our lexical\nentry for a verb like \"devour\"", "start": 1761.18, "duration": 4.272}, {"text": "has to say, oh\nyeah, this is a verb", "start": 1765.452, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "that needs to have an object.", "start": 1766.91, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "I think we need to say that.", "start": 1770.5, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "This gets back to your question\nof a second ago, right?", "start": 1771.73, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "Can we derive it\nfrom anything else", "start": 1774.46, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "about the meaning of \"devour\"\nthat it has to have an object?", "start": 1776.62, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "Can we make that\nfollow from something?", "start": 1779.35, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "Rather than just having to\nsay next to \"devour,\" oh yeah,", "start": 1781.54, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "this one needs an object.", "start": 1784.03, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "Can that be a general property\nof certain classes of verbs?", "start": 1785.5, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "That's an ongoing project.", "start": 1788.0, "duration": 0.95}, {"text": "There are linguists trying\nto figure out the answers", "start": 1788.95, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "to questions like that.", "start": 1791.117, "duration": 2.343}, {"text": "But yeah, for 24.900 we'll\njust state for every verb,", "start": 1793.46, "duration": 3.28}, {"text": "this verb needs an object.", "start": 1796.74, "duration": 1.76}, {"text": "This is kind of like--", "start": 1798.5, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "and it should look\na little familiar--", "start": 1799.94, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "when we were doing \"unlockable\"\nand other polymorphemic words", "start": 1802.25, "duration": 5.58}, {"text": "like that we were saying, yeah,\nthere are affixes that say,", "start": 1807.83, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "\"I want to combine with\na verb,\" let's say,", "start": 1810.65, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "and \"I'll give you an\nadjective as a result.\"", "start": 1813.8, "duration": 3.88}, {"text": "Similarly, verbs have to\nspecify what they merge with.", "start": 1817.68, "duration": 2.81}, {"text": "So the verb \"put\" is\npronounced \"put\"--", "start": 1820.49, "duration": 3.84}, {"text": "I should really have\ndone that in IPA.", "start": 1824.33, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "It's pronounced whatever.", "start": 1826.55, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "\"Put.\"", "start": 1828.44, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "And it means something.", "start": 1829.82, "duration": 2.77}, {"text": "It means to cause\nsomething to be in a place,", "start": 1832.59, "duration": 1.97}, {"text": "whatever, however we're\ngoing to state its meaning,", "start": 1834.56, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "and it selects for a noun phrase\nand a prepositional phrase.", "start": 1836.685, "duration": 2.565}, {"text": "That's the way we'll say that.", "start": 1839.25, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "So the verb put needs to\nmerge with those things.", "start": 1840.5, "duration": 3.65}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 1844.15, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Actually, be a\nlittle more specific", "start": 1848.06, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "about how selection\nworks exactly.", "start": 1849.83, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "So I just said-- yeah, is\nthis much clearer so far?", "start": 1852.53, "duration": 4.098}, {"text": "So let's be a little more\nspecific about what selection", "start": 1856.628, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "is and what exactly\nyou're selecting for.", "start": 1858.92, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "I just said there are\nverbs like \"put\" that", "start": 1863.0, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "select for an object and\nalso a prepositional phrase.", "start": 1865.52, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "There are also verbs\nthat only select", "start": 1868.04, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "for a prepositional phrase.", "start": 1869.81, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "\"Depend\" is one of those.", "start": 1871.1, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "So \"depend\" can combine--", "start": 1873.38, "duration": 4.75}, {"text": "kind of needs to combine,\nit depends, but at least can", "start": 1878.13, "duration": 6.12}, {"text": "combine with a\nprepositional phrase,", "start": 1884.25, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "but not just any\nprepositional phrase.", "start": 1886.59, "duration": 1.807}, {"text": "It needs to combine with a\nprepositional phrase in which", "start": 1888.397, "duration": 2.333}, {"text": "the preposition is \"on.\"", "start": 1890.73, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "You can depend on things.", "start": 1893.46, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "You cannot depend from things\nor at things or near things", "start": 1895.8, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "or by things.", "start": 1899.19, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "You can't depend near something.", "start": 1900.15, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "That's not how you\nuse the word \"depend.\"", "start": 1901.74, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "If you learn other\nlanguages-- especially", "start": 1905.31, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "if you learn other\nIndo-European languages", "start": 1907.77, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "because Indo-European\nlanguages seem", "start": 1909.57, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "to be especially fond of\nprepositions, I don't know,", "start": 1911.07, "duration": 5.51}, {"text": "Indo-European languages, the\nlanguage family that English is", "start": 1916.58, "duration": 2.99}, {"text": "part of, we have more\nprepositions than languages", "start": 1919.57, "duration": 3.9}, {"text": "really should--", "start": 1923.47, "duration": 0.82}, {"text": "And if you learn a\nnew language, there's", "start": 1924.29, "duration": 2.54}, {"text": "this weird mapping from\none language to the next", "start": 1926.83, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "where you just need to\nlearn which prepositions.", "start": 1929.35, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "It's not simple.", "start": 1931.48, "duration": 0.93}, {"text": "You don't get to learn \"This\npreposition is the translation", "start": 1932.41, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "for that preposition.\"", "start": 1934.27, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "You learn things like, \"This\nis the preposition that", "start": 1935.26, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "means 'at' for cities and large\nislands but for small islands", "start": 1937.48, "duration": 4.2}, {"text": "you should use this other\npreposition instead.\"", "start": 1941.68, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "Not to scare you or\nanything, but if you", "start": 1943.93, "duration": 1.35}, {"text": "want to learn other\nIndo-European languages you", "start": 1945.28, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "should brace yourself\nfor things like that.", "start": 1947.238, "duration": 2.394}, {"text": "If you don't want to\ndo things like that,", "start": 1949.632, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "learn a language that's\nnot Indo-European,", "start": 1951.34, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "because outside Indo-European\nit's mostly like,", "start": 1952.9, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "\"Here is our\nlocative preposition.", "start": 1955.03, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "Please use responsibly.\"", "start": 1956.47, "duration": 2.892}, {"text": "But English is an\nIndo-European language,", "start": 1959.362, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "and so we have stuff like this,\nverbs like \"depend\" that say,", "start": 1961.07, "duration": 2.57}, {"text": "\"I want a prepositional phrase\nand I want the preposition", "start": 1963.64, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "to be 'on.'", "start": 1966.49, "duration": 1.7}, {"text": "Can't be anything else.\"", "start": 1968.19, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So apparently it's possible, at\nleast in some kinds of cases,", "start": 1972.28, "duration": 3.08}, {"text": "for a verb to select not\njust a prepositional phrase,", "start": 1975.36, "duration": 3.31}, {"text": "but a prepositional phrase\nwith a particular head.", "start": 1978.67, "duration": 2.21}, {"text": "Where by head I mean the\npreposition-- the thing", "start": 1980.88, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "that the prepositional\nphrase is named after,", "start": 1983.37, "duration": 2.625}, {"text": "the smallest thing\nwith the label P.", "start": 1985.995, "duration": 6.635}, {"text": "So that's the kind\nof selection you get.", "start": 1992.63, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "There are other imaginable\nkinds of selection", "start": 1995.09, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "that you don't ever get.", "start": 1997.91, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "So prepositional phrases\ncan be modified by adverbs.", "start": 1999.62, "duration": 4.275}, {"text": "So you can say \"She put\nthem under the tree.\"", "start": 2003.895, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "You can also say \"She put\nthem right under the tree,\"", "start": 2005.77, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "\"She put them directly under the\ntree,\" where those adverbs are", "start": 2008.08, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "modifying the prepositional\nphrase \"under the tree,\"", "start": 2011.59, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "saying something about\nthe spatial relation", "start": 2015.34, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "between those\nthings and the tree.", "start": 2017.17, "duration": 1.42}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2018.59, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "But we're never going to\nfind a verb that selects", "start": 2022.72, "duration": 4.66}, {"text": "for a prepositional phrase.", "start": 2027.38, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "So there are verbs like\n\"depend\" that select", "start": 2031.097, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "for a prepositional phrase\nwhere the preposition has", "start": 2032.93, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "to be something, like\n\"depend\" needs \"on\" We're", "start": 2035.097, "duration": 2.423}, {"text": "never going to find\na verb that selects", "start": 2037.52, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "for a prepositional\nphrase and it", "start": 2039.29, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "needs to be modified by a\ncertain kind of modifier.", "start": 2040.7, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "We'll never find a--", "start": 2043.94, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "I made up a verb, \"glorf.\"", "start": 2045.08, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2046.73, "duration": 0.54}, {"text": "And \"glorf\" says, \"I need\na prepositional phrase.", "start": 2047.27, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "I don't care what\nthe preposition is.", "start": 2050.0, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "You can say 'She\nglorfed them right under", "start": 2052.01, "duration": 2.669}, {"text": "the tree,' 'She glorfed\nthem right through", "start": 2054.679, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "the tree,' 'She glorfed them\nright beside the tree,' I", "start": 2056.449, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "don't care what\nthe preposition is,", "start": 2058.699, "duration": 1.201}, {"text": "but we need 'right' at the\nbeginning of the prepositional", "start": 2059.9, "duration": 2.56}, {"text": "phrase.\"", "start": 2062.46, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "There are no verbs like\nthat in any language.", "start": 2062.96, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "Selection doesn't work that way.", "start": 2066.23, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "How does selection work?", "start": 2068.51, "duration": 1.169}, {"text": "If you're selecting for\na prepositional phrase,", "start": 2069.679, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "you're selecting if you\nhave any restrictions", "start": 2071.719, "duration": 2.011}, {"text": "on the kind of prepositional\nphrase you want.", "start": 2073.73, "duration": 1.719}, {"text": "They are restrictions of\nthe form \"I would like", "start": 2075.449, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "the preposition to be (this).\"", "start": 2077.407, "duration": 1.881}, {"text": "Sometimes they are\nrestrictions of the form", "start": 2079.288, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "\"I would like the\npreposition to be", "start": 2081.08, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "(this class of prepositions).\"", "start": 2082.538, "duration": 1.422}, {"text": "So I might have a slide\nabout this later too.", "start": 2083.96, "duration": 2.429}, {"text": "\"Put\" can combine with a bunch\nof different prepositional", "start": 2086.389, "duration": 3.181}, {"text": "phrases.", "start": 2089.57, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "The preposition can be \"under\"\nor \"on,\" \"beside,\" whatever,", "start": 2091.01, "duration": 4.8}, {"text": "but you can't say things like\n\"She put them during the party\"", "start": 2095.81, "duration": 4.62}, {"text": "or \"She put them\ndespite the rain.\"", "start": 2100.43, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "So there are a bunch\nof prepositions", "start": 2103.01, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "that don't go well with \"put.\"", "start": 2104.51, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "It's basically \"put\" needs\na prepositional phrase that", "start": 2106.22, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "is a location.", "start": 2108.47, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "So that's a class\nof prepositions", "start": 2110.45, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "but it's not every\nimaginable preposition.", "start": 2112.91, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "But there are no verbs--\nthere's no \"glorf,\"", "start": 2117.95, "duration": 2.33}, {"text": "there are no verbs that say,\n\"I want a prepositional phrase.", "start": 2120.28, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "I don't care what\nthe preposition is,", "start": 2122.78, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "but I want it to be modified by\n'right,'\" or \"I want it to be", "start": 2124.322, "duration": 2.838}, {"text": "modified by 'directly,'\" or\neven just \"I want it to be", "start": 2127.16, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "modified.\"", "start": 2129.41, "duration": 0.91}, {"text": "There aren't verbs like that.", "start": 2130.32, "duration": 3.54}, {"text": "So it looks as though\nheads, like verbs,", "start": 2133.86, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "get to select for\nphrases, and they-- this", "start": 2137.82, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "is an old observation of Noam\nChomsky's in a '65 book of his.", "start": 2140.49, "duration": 5.135}, {"text": "He said, looks like there\nare all these cases where", "start": 2145.625, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "a verb is not only selecting\nfor a certain kind of phrase,", "start": 2147.75, "duration": 3.652}, {"text": "but it's selecting for\na certain kind of phrase", "start": 2151.402, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "with a particular head or with\nthe head of a particular class", "start": 2153.36, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "like locative.", "start": 2156.6, "duration": 0.98}, {"text": "I want a locative\npreposition like \"put.\"", "start": 2157.58, "duration": 3.82}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2161.4, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "Sound great?", "start": 2162.57, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 2164.57, "duration": 0.91}, {"text": "Cool.", "start": 2165.48, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So once we believe this, once\nwe recognize that this is true,", "start": 2168.85, "duration": 5.16}, {"text": "that this is how\nselection works,", "start": 2174.01, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "that verbs get to\nselect for things", "start": 2175.87, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "they want to merge with--\nnot just verbs, we'll see.", "start": 2178.03, "duration": 2.397}, {"text": "All kinds of things get\nto select for things", "start": 2180.427, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "that they want to merge with.", "start": 2182.26, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "And if they are picky about\nthe nature of the thing", "start": 2185.02, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "that they merge with,\nwhat they are picky about", "start": 2190.06, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "is the head of the thing\nthat they merge with,", "start": 2192.67, "duration": 3.82}, {"text": "the thing that the\nphrase is named after.", "start": 2196.49, "duration": 2.69}, {"text": "So the preposition, in the\ncase of a prepositional phrase.", "start": 2199.18, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "So once we recognize that that's\na thing of the \"depend on\"", "start": 2203.29, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "phenomenon, then we\ncan start using it", "start": 2206.35, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "as a way of looking\naround for other heads", "start": 2209.92, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "when we see that kind of\nrelation of pickiness.", "start": 2212.29, "duration": 3.152}, {"text": "If you have this verb\nthen you had better", "start": 2215.442, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "have this kind of word here.", "start": 2217.15, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "Then we get to suspect that\nthere's a selection relation", "start": 2219.97, "duration": 2.958}, {"text": "there because now\nwe know that that's", "start": 2222.928, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "how selection relations work.", "start": 2224.47, "duration": 3.04}, {"text": "So here's another\nexample of the same kind.", "start": 2227.51, "duration": 3.08}, {"text": "\"I think that I have\nwon the lottery.\"", "start": 2230.59, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "Fine.", "start": 2232.57, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "That's actually kind of\npleasant to think about.", "start": 2234.28, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "\"I wonder whether I\nhave won the lottery.\"", "start": 2237.31, "duration": 2.36}, {"text": "Also fine.", "start": 2239.67, "duration": 1.67}, {"text": "But \"I think whether I\nhave won the lottery.\"", "start": 2241.34, "duration": 3.35}, {"text": "No.", "start": 2244.69, "duration": 0.81}, {"text": "I cannot say that.", "start": 2245.5, "duration": 1.84}, {"text": "And also \"I wonder that\nI have won the lottery.\"", "start": 2247.34, "duration": 3.05}, {"text": "Cannot say in modern English.", "start": 2250.39, "duration": 2.187}, {"text": "There are older versions\nof English in which", "start": 2252.577, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "you could say things like this.", "start": 2254.41, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "It meant \"I am surprised\nthat I have won the lottery.\"", "start": 2255.702, "duration": 3.598}, {"text": "But in modern English the\nfirst two sentences are OK,", "start": 2259.3, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "the second two\nsentences are bad.", "start": 2262.45, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "Do people agree?", "start": 2264.55, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "Don't let me run roughshod\nover your English judgments,", "start": 2265.54, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "but I think this is true.", "start": 2268.12, "duration": 2.08}, {"text": "So here's another\nplace where there's", "start": 2270.2, "duration": 1.64}, {"text": "this relationship of pickiness.", "start": 2271.84, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "So we know that if\nyou have a \"depends,\"", "start": 2274.18, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "you must have a\nprepositional phrase", "start": 2276.52, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "and the head of the\nprepositional phrase", "start": 2278.02, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "must be \"on.\"", "start": 2279.687, "duration": 1.153}, {"text": "Here we seem to be\nseeing that with \"think\"", "start": 2280.84, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "there can be a clause after it,\nand then there's a particular", "start": 2283.33, "duration": 5.22}, {"text": "word that starts that\nclause which must be \"that\"", "start": 2288.55, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "and cannot be \"whether.\"", "start": 2291.34, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "And we're seeing\nthat \"wonder\" seems", "start": 2294.43, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "to be selecting for the\nclause that comes after it,", "start": 2298.15, "duration": 3.07}, {"text": "and it's picky about the\nproperties of the first word", "start": 2301.22, "duration": 3.89}, {"text": "in that clause.", "start": 2305.11, "duration": 0.73}, {"text": "It can be \"whether\" but\nit cannot be \"that.\"", "start": 2305.84, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "So here we get to make the\nmove that I foreshadowed.", "start": 2309.98, "duration": 3.38}, {"text": "Is that going to go--", "start": 2313.36, "duration": 0.94}, {"text": "we can say maybe this is\nlike \"depend\" and \"on.\"", "start": 2314.3, "duration": 2.09}, {"text": "Maybe \"think\" is\nselecting for that clause", "start": 2316.39, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "and maybe that is\nlike \"on,\" so \"on\"", "start": 2319.03, "duration": 2.653}, {"text": "is the head of the\nprepositional phrase.", "start": 2321.683, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "The prepositional phrase\nis named after \"on.\"", "start": 2323.35, "duration": 2.055}, {"text": "\"On\" is a preposition.", "start": 2325.405, "duration": 1.395}, {"text": "Similarly, we're going\nto say this clause has,", "start": 2326.8, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "as its head, words like\n\"that\" and \"whether.\"", "start": 2329.05, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "We have a name for words\nlike \"that\" and \"whether.\"", "start": 2335.22, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "We call them\n\"complementizers,\" which--", "start": 2338.4, "duration": 5.508}, {"text": "I feel as though I've done\na lot of apologizing already", "start": 2343.908, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "for terminology in this class\nso maybe I'll just stop.", "start": 2346.2, "duration": 2.678}, {"text": "That's what we call them.", "start": 2348.878, "duration": 1.042}, {"text": "We call them complementizers.", "start": 2349.92, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "Deal.", "start": 2351.42, "duration": 2.68}, {"text": "You may have heard them\ncalled other things", "start": 2354.1, "duration": 2.93}, {"text": "in English classes.", "start": 2357.03, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "\"Subordinating conjunctions,\"\nthey're sometimes called.", "start": 2358.35, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "Try not to get too\nhung up on that.", "start": 2361.71, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "In this class they are\ncalled complementizers.", "start": 2363.24, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "And they have the\nhandy abbreviation C.", "start": 2366.57, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "So what we'll say is that a verb\nlike \"think\" selects for CP.", "start": 2371.61, "duration": 7.95}, {"text": "So the name we're going to\ngive to this clause that", "start": 2379.56, "duration": 3.84}, {"text": "comes after \"think,\" \"that\nI have won the lottery,\"", "start": 2383.4, "duration": 4.12}, {"text": "we're going to call that a CP.", "start": 2387.52, "duration": 1.35}, {"text": "Why?", "start": 2388.87, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Well, because we've seen that\nthis relationship of pickiness", "start": 2389.37, "duration": 2.622}, {"text": "holds between \"think\" and\n\"that\" and between \"wonder\"", "start": 2391.992, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "and \"whether,\" and that\nentitles us to believe", "start": 2394.2, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "\"that\" and \"whether\" are\nthe heads of the phrases", "start": 2397.2, "duration": 3.387}, {"text": "that \"think\" and \"wonder\"\nare selecting for.", "start": 2400.587, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "They're like the\n\"on\" in \"depend on.\"", "start": 2402.42, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2404.52, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "So that's the reason to\ndraw the trees this way.", "start": 2405.27, "duration": 2.89}, {"text": "So we'll say, when you have a\nclause like \"that I have won", "start": 2408.16, "duration": 4.518}, {"text": "the lottery\" or \"whether\nI have won the lottery,\"", "start": 2412.678, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "that thing is a CP.", "start": 2414.72, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "\"That\" or \"whether\" is\nits head, and those things", "start": 2416.13, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "are being selected by verbs\nlike \"think\" or \"wonder.\"", "start": 2418.32, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2420.54, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 2423.75, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "All right.", "start": 2425.61, "duration": 0.6}, {"text": "Those are all complementizers.", "start": 2426.21, "duration": 3.41}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 2429.62, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So are we done with syntax?", "start": 2430.12, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "We now have this\nbelief in selection", "start": 2435.79, "duration": 1.87}, {"text": "which is allowing us to explain\nwhy certain pairs of things", "start": 2437.66, "duration": 5.21}, {"text": "are merging in the\nway that they are.", "start": 2442.87, "duration": 1.81}, {"text": "So in this example, \"I will\ntickle the child,\" when", "start": 2444.68, "duration": 4.01}, {"text": "we ask why did\nyou merge \"tickle\"", "start": 2448.69, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "together with the noun\nphrase \"the child,\"", "start": 2451.9, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "we now have an answer.", "start": 2454.36, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "We get to say, yeah, we\ndid that because \"tickle\"", "start": 2455.95, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "is a transitive verb.", "start": 2460.18, "duration": 1.78}, {"text": "So if we look up\n\"tickle\" in the lexicon", "start": 2461.96, "duration": 1.88}, {"text": "the lexicon will\ntell us, yeah, this", "start": 2463.84, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "is a verb that at least\nhas a use in which it", "start": 2465.52, "duration": 4.77}, {"text": "wants to combine with\na noun phrase object.", "start": 2470.29, "duration": 2.95}, {"text": "So that's why you merged\nthe verb with the noun", "start": 2473.24, "duration": 3.8}, {"text": "phrase \"the child.\"", "start": 2477.04, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "And similarly, we\nmight say, yeah,", "start": 2478.93, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "why did we merge the verb phrase\ntogether with the T \"will\"?", "start": 2480.82, "duration": 3.5}, {"text": "And we can say\nsomething similar.", "start": 2484.32, "duration": 1.66}, {"text": "The T \"will\" is selecting\nfor a verb phrase.", "start": 2485.98, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "It needs a verb phrase as\nits sister, and so there.", "start": 2488.59, "duration": 4.163}, {"text": "That's why we're merging these\ntwo things with each other.", "start": 2492.753, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "So we have beginners of\nexplanations or answers", "start": 2495.17, "duration": 3.56}, {"text": "to questions like,\nwhy did you merge", "start": 2498.73, "duration": 2.625}, {"text": "those things in that order?", "start": 2501.355, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "Why did you merge those\ntwo things together?", "start": 2502.48, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "The answer is going\nto sometimes be,", "start": 2504.76, "duration": 1.505}, {"text": "well, because\nthere's a selection", "start": 2506.265, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "relation between those things.", "start": 2507.64, "duration": 2.86}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 2510.5, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "But here's the problem.", "start": 2512.39, "duration": 2.6}, {"text": "You can do anything\nwith a feather.", "start": 2514.99, "duration": 3.08}, {"text": "So I spent some time\ntelling you there", "start": 2518.07, "duration": 2.272}, {"text": "are verbs that need\nobjects and there are verbs", "start": 2520.342, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "that need to not have objects.", "start": 2522.3, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "There are transitive verbs,\nthere are intransitive verbs,", "start": 2523.59, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "and OK, there are verbs\nthat can be either one.", "start": 2525.42, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "And I tried to move us quickly\npast that class of verbs,", "start": 2527.378, "duration": 3.892}, {"text": "but they exist.", "start": 2531.27, "duration": 2.71}, {"text": "So yeah, the child, we know\nwhy the child is in there", "start": 2533.98, "duration": 3.38}, {"text": "and we think that the\nrelationship between \"tickle\"", "start": 2537.36, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "and \"the child\" is a\nrelation of pickiness.", "start": 2539.79, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "There are some verbs that can\nmerge together with an object", "start": 2542.97, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "like that and there are\nother verbs that can't.", "start": 2545.94, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "But \"with a feather\"\nis not like that.", "start": 2549.94, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "You can tickle a\nchild with a feather.", "start": 2552.55, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "You can walk down the\nstreet with a feather.", "start": 2554.26, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "You can stand with a feather.", "start": 2557.95, "duration": 1.222}, {"text": "You can dance with a feather.", "start": 2559.172, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "You can do anything\nwith a feather.", "start": 2560.38, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "Prepositional phrase\n\"with a feather\"--", "start": 2562.48, "duration": 1.953}, {"text": "you can write your\ndissertation with a feather", "start": 2564.433, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "if you work hard at it.", "start": 2566.35, "duration": 1.838}, {"text": "Prepositional phrase\nlike \"with a feather,\"", "start": 2568.188, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "there's no pickiness involved.", "start": 2569.98, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "It can just combine\nwith anything.", "start": 2572.38, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "So this does not fall\nunder our generalizations", "start": 2577.06, "duration": 4.52}, {"text": "about how selection works.", "start": 2581.58, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "We don't seem to have\nthe kind of relation", "start": 2584.25, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "that we have between\nthe verb and the object.", "start": 2586.29, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "Yeah, there are verbs that\nwant objects and verbs that", "start": 2588.78, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "don't want objects,\nbut we're not", "start": 2591.03, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "going to find a verb that\nneeds \"with the feather\"", "start": 2592.405, "duration": 2.885}, {"text": "in this sense, using a feather.", "start": 2595.29, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2598.29, "duration": 0.748}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Could you\nalmost look at it", "start": 2599.038, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "from a perspective\nof agency, the fact", "start": 2600.58, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "that you could say \"with a\nfeather\" but not \"with a dog.\"", "start": 2603.08, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "The dog is able to--", "start": 2606.05, "duration": 2.48}, {"text": "you can't tickle a\nchild with a dog.", "start": 2608.53, "duration": 2.51}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah.", "start": 2611.04, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "Well, it's complicated, right?", "start": 2612.51, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "You can tickle a child with\na dog-- well, let's see.", "start": 2615.03, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "The fact that you cannot\ntickle a child with a dog,", "start": 2617.73, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "if it's a fact, I think is\nprobably a fact about dogs.", "start": 2620.64, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "Right?", "start": 2624.72, "duration": 0.84}, {"text": "I mean, so we're in \"colorless\ngreen ideas\" territory here.", "start": 2625.56, "duration": 5.52}, {"text": "I was about to do the thing that\neverybody always does when I", "start": 2631.08, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "show them colorless green\nideas where they say, \"Well,", "start": 2633.66, "duration": 3.52}, {"text": "but if 'colorless' and 'green'\nmeant different things then", "start": 2637.18, "duration": 2.87}, {"text": "the sentence would be OK.\"", "start": 2640.05, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "And I think tickling\na child with a dog,", "start": 2641.76, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "I find myself saying,\nwell, but what if it's", "start": 2644.01, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "a particularly hairy dog?", "start": 2645.99, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "And you grab it and\nrub it on the child", "start": 2648.09, "duration": 4.317}, {"text": "in just the right way, you could\nimagine maybe being able to--", "start": 2652.407, "duration": 2.583}, {"text": "but yeah.", "start": 2654.99, "duration": 0.93}, {"text": "\"I will tickle the\nchild with the hammer.\"", "start": 2655.92, "duration": 3.1}, {"text": "Probably you could never\ntickle the child with a hammer,", "start": 2659.02, "duration": 2.63}, {"text": "but this is 24.900 and we\ndon't have to care about that.", "start": 2661.65, "duration": 4.83}, {"text": "So some things are better\ntickling instruments", "start": 2666.48, "duration": 3.81}, {"text": "than others, but\nthankfully I am not here", "start": 2670.29, "duration": 4.41}, {"text": "to educate you about\ntickling instruments.", "start": 2674.7, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "That'll be somebody\nelse's job, if anybody.", "start": 2677.64, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2680.52, "duration": 1.96}, {"text": "Not that I'm\npromising that there", "start": 2682.48, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "is an MIT class\nwhere you can learn", "start": 2683.95, "duration": 1.755}, {"text": "about tickling instruments.", "start": 2685.705, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "I mean, I suppose\nthere could be,", "start": 2686.83, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "but it's definitely\nnot this one.", "start": 2687.91, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2689.29, "duration": 0.9}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2690.19, "duration": 1.18}, {"text": "Good.", "start": 2691.37, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "All right.", "start": 2691.87, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 2693.28, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "So \"with the feather\" is\nanother kind of thing.", "start": 2695.44, "duration": 4.41}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2699.85, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "This is just saying\nwhat I just said.", "start": 2700.35, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "Doesn't seem right to say that\n\"child\" or \"tickle\" selects", "start": 2701.892, "duration": 2.658}, {"text": "\"with a feather\" because you\ncan do anything with a feather", "start": 2704.55, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "and, uh--", "start": 2708.66, "duration": 1.63}, {"text": "there.", "start": 2710.29, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2710.79, "duration": 0.3}, {"text": "So \"I will tickle the\nchild with the feather.\"", "start": 2711.09, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "\"I will devour the\nchild with the feather.\"", "start": 2713.007, "duration": 2.116}, {"text": "\"I will write a novel\nwith the feather.\"", "start": 2715.123, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "\"I will thrive\nwith the feather.\"", "start": 2716.79, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "You can do anything\nwith the feather.", "start": 2718.165, "duration": 2.075}, {"text": "Some of these things are more\nor less plausible than others,", "start": 2720.24, "duration": 2.65}, {"text": "but they're all grammatical.", "start": 2722.89, "duration": 1.97}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2724.86, "duration": 0.603}, {"text": "Does that sound right?", "start": 2725.463, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "I don't know why\nI used \"devour.\"", "start": 2728.845, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "So we said there are verbs\nlike \"tickle\" and \"devour\" and", "start": 2735.56, "duration": 3.16}, {"text": "\"write\" that need\nto have objects,", "start": 2738.72, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "or at least can have objects.", "start": 2743.76, "duration": 1.33}, {"text": "And there are other verbs\nlike \"thrive\" that pickily", "start": 2745.09, "duration": 1.88}, {"text": "can't have objects.\nso not every verb", "start": 2746.97, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "can be followed by the child.", "start": 2748.53, "duration": 1.11}, {"text": "I can \"tickle the child.\"", "start": 2749.64, "duration": 1.042}, {"text": "I can \"devour the child.\"", "start": 2750.682, "duration": 1.358}, {"text": "I can \"write the child.\"", "start": 2752.04, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "But I cannot \"thrive the child\"\nno matter how hard I try.", "start": 2755.28, "duration": 3.98}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2759.26, "duration": 0.615}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: In the\nprevious slide--", "start": 2759.875, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah?", "start": 2761.25, "duration": 0.39}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: The fact that\nwith something a little bit", "start": 2761.64, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "better [INAUDIBLE] verb.", "start": 2763.765, "duration": 1.115}, {"text": "How does that relate to what\nyou said earlier about how", "start": 2764.88, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "verbs select the preposition?", "start": 2767.172, "duration": 1.968}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: So yeah, good.", "start": 2769.14, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "Nice point", "start": 2770.55, "duration": 1.02}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]\ndoesn't work.", "start": 2771.57, "duration": 1.693}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah.", "start": 2773.263, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "Yeah, Yeah, yeah.", "start": 2774.18, "duration": 0.708}, {"text": "That's a good point.", "start": 2774.888, "duration": 1.162}, {"text": "So maybe this is\na way to say it.", "start": 2776.05, "duration": 1.97}, {"text": "If you have a verb and you give\nthat verb everything it needs--", "start": 2778.02, "duration": 5.1}, {"text": "everything it selects,\nyou can always then", "start": 2783.12, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "add \"with a feather.\"", "start": 2785.76, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "So \"I will depend on the child\nwith the feather\" is fine.", "start": 2787.71, "duration": 5.22}, {"text": "You gave \"depend\" its\nprepositional phrase", "start": 2792.93, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "that it wanted, \"on\nthe child,\" and then", "start": 2795.3, "duration": 3.443}, {"text": "you get to add\n\"with the feather.\"", "start": 2798.743, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "\"With the feather\" is desert.", "start": 2800.16, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "You never need\n\"with the feather,\"", "start": 2801.81, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "but you can always have it.", "start": 2803.28, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "That's right.", "start": 2805.2, "duration": 0.66}, {"text": "And then yes, you're\nabsolutely right.", "start": 2805.86, "duration": 1.72}, {"text": "You can't say \"I will\ndepend with the feather\"", "start": 2807.58, "duration": 2.15}, {"text": "because that's a case\nwhere \"depend\" needs", "start": 2809.73, "duration": 2.135}, {"text": "a prepositional phrase and\nit needs the preposition", "start": 2811.865, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "to be \"on.\"", "start": 2813.99, "duration": 0.69}, {"text": "But if you give\n\"depend\" what it needs,", "start": 2814.68, "duration": 1.99}, {"text": "then you may always\nadd \"with the feather.\"", "start": 2816.67, "duration": 2.39}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2819.06, "duration": 1.93}, {"text": "It's an optional extra, always.", "start": 2820.99, "duration": 2.81}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2823.8, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "Always, modulo-- \"modulo\"!", "start": 2825.03, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "That's a word I\nlearned in grad school.", "start": 2827.91, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "It means \"Always\nsetting aside issues", "start": 2830.01, "duration": 4.89}, {"text": "like, wait, what do you\nmean you will devour", "start": 2834.9, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "the child with the feather?", "start": 2837.63, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "Like, how are you-- what?", "start": 2838.83, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "How are you going to do that?\"", "start": 2839.91, "duration": 0.97}, {"text": "So some of these things it's\nnot so clear what exactly--", "start": 2840.88, "duration": 2.333}, {"text": "or \"I will thrive\nwith the feather.\"", "start": 2843.213, "duration": 1.557}, {"text": "Maybe that means something.", "start": 2844.77, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "I will live a long\nand happy life", "start": 2845.895, "duration": 1.635}, {"text": "as long as I have the feather.", "start": 2847.53, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "So we're back to \"colorless\ngreen ideas\" territory,", "start": 2849.45, "duration": 5.25}, {"text": "more or less.", "start": 2854.7, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "We're not in the business of\ntrying to figure out which", "start": 2855.45, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "of these sentences make sense.", "start": 2858.03, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "We're in the business\nof trying to figure out", "start": 2859.35, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "which of them are grammatical,\nand they're all grammatical.", "start": 2861.225, "duration": 2.595}, {"text": "That's all I'm asserting.", "start": 2863.82, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2865.05, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]\n\"...with this feather.\"", "start": 2866.1, "duration": 4.02}, {"text": "Does \"with this feather\"\nmodify \"the child\" or \"tickle\"?", "start": 2870.12, "duration": 2.425}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yes.", "start": 2872.545, "duration": 0.875}, {"text": "To which the answer is yes.", "start": 2873.42, "duration": 1.168}, {"text": "You're right.", "start": 2874.588, "duration": 0.542}, {"text": "So it's ambiguous.", "start": 2875.13, "duration": 1.507}, {"text": "It can have either\nof those structures", "start": 2876.637, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "and either of those meanings.", "start": 2878.22, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2879.42, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So good point.", "start": 2879.92, "duration": 1.22}, {"text": "So \"I will tickle the child\nwith the feather\" could mean--", "start": 2881.14, "duration": 3.135}, {"text": "I think we talked\nabout this in class--", "start": 2884.275, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "I will use the feather\nto tickle the child,", "start": 2885.9, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "or I will tickle, possibly\nwith my fingers, the child who", "start": 2887.692, "duration": 3.655}, {"text": "has a feather.", "start": 2891.347, "duration": 0.583}, {"text": "That's absolutely right.", "start": 2891.93, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "But \"with the feather\" doesn't--", "start": 2894.18, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "so \"with the feather,\" yeah,\nit's even more adaptable", "start": 2896.13, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "than I made it sound.", "start": 2899.4, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "It can combine with noun\nphrases and with verb phrases,", "start": 2900.48, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "and it can always combine\nwith noun phrases.", "start": 2903.9, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "Concentrate on\nthat reading where", "start": 2907.86, "duration": 1.392}, {"text": "it's the child who\nhas the feather,", "start": 2909.252, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "\"I can tickle a child\nwith a feather.\"", "start": 2910.71, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "I can tickle an\nadult with a feather,", "start": 2912.3, "duration": 1.553}, {"text": "I can tickle a dog\nwith a feather,", "start": 2913.853, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "I can tickle an orange\nwith a feather--", "start": 2915.27, "duration": 2.745}, {"text": "would be hard, but\nit's grammatical.", "start": 2918.015, "duration": 3.255}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2921.27, "duration": 0.9}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2922.17, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2922.95, "duration": 0.54}, {"text": "So \"with a feather\"-- anything\ncan have a feather, and you", "start": 2923.49, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "can always use a\nfeather to do anything.", "start": 2925.907, "duration": 2.033}, {"text": "That's the moral of all this.", "start": 2927.94, "duration": 2.32}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 2930.26, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "People are leaving.", "start": 2933.678, "duration": 0.792}, {"text": "Was it all the talk\nabout devouring children?", "start": 2934.47, "duration": 2.766}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: People are leaving.", "start": 2937.236, "duration": 1.494}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Sorry?", "start": 2938.73, "duration": 1.385}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I was\ntrying to come up", "start": 2940.115, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "with something that wouldn't\ndepend on this feather.", "start": 2941.49, "duration": 2.258}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS:\n\"With this feather\"?", "start": 2943.748, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "No.", "start": 2945.29, "duration": 0.9}, {"text": "So.", "start": 2946.19, "duration": 1.11}, {"text": "\"Who are you with this feather?\"", "start": 2947.3, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "\"I am far, far more\nimpressive with this feather.\"", "start": 2950.81, "duration": 2.41}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2953.22, "duration": 0.64}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2953.86, "duration": 0.625}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2954.485, "duration": 0.615}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 2955.1, "duration": 0.33}, {"text": "All right.", "start": 2955.43, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So you can do anything\nwith the feather.", "start": 2955.93, "duration": 1.87}, {"text": "And conversely, so\n\"with a feather\"", "start": 2957.8, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "can combine with anything--\nmaybe not conversely.", "start": 2960.56, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "\"With a feather\" can\ncombine with anything.", "start": 2962.93, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "Objects can't combine\nwith just anything.", "start": 2965.63, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "You have to pick a\nverb that is transitive", "start": 2968.57, "duration": 2.3}, {"text": "or at least can be transitive.", "start": 2970.87, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "So you can \"tickle a child.\"", "start": 2972.12, "duration": 1.258}, {"text": "You can \"devour a child.\"", "start": 2973.378, "duration": 1.042}, {"text": "You can \"write a child.\"", "start": 2974.42, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "You cannot \"thrive a child.\"", "start": 2976.64, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "So if you pick an\nintransitive verb then", "start": 2978.26, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "you can't combine it\nwith a direct object.", "start": 2980.0, "duration": 1.99}, {"text": "So there's a selection\nrelation between the verb", "start": 2981.99, "duration": 2.03}, {"text": "and its object.", "start": 2984.02, "duration": 0.66}, {"text": "That's what we were\njust talking about.", "start": 2984.68, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "We have to look up verbs\nlike \"tickle\" and \"devour\"", "start": 2986.305, "duration": 2.245}, {"text": "and \"write\" in the\nlexicon and find out", "start": 2988.55, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "whether they can combine\nwith objects or not,", "start": 2990.26, "duration": 1.93}, {"text": "but we'll never have\nto look anything up", "start": 2992.19, "duration": 1.52}, {"text": "to know whether you can\nadd \"with a feather.\"", "start": 2993.71, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "You can just always\nadd \"with a feather.\"", "start": 2995.09, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2997.01, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "So yes, when we're\nbuilding trees", "start": 2999.11, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "we're going to have selection\nrelations that sometimes tell", "start": 3001.84, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "us, yeah, if we have,\nsay, this kind of verb,", "start": 3004.45, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "we'd better have this kind\nof phrase combining with it.", "start": 3006.79, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "We have \"devour.\"", "start": 3009.73, "duration": 1.608}, {"text": "It had better combine\nwith an object.", "start": 3011.338, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "Something has to get devoured.", "start": 3012.88, "duration": 1.703}, {"text": "But then there are going\nto be other kinds of things", "start": 3014.583, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "like \"with a feather\" that\nare just always options.", "start": 3016.75, "duration": 3.04}, {"text": "You can always put them in.", "start": 3019.79, "duration": 2.42}, {"text": "Another terminology break.", "start": 3022.21, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "We call things that\nare selected arguments.", "start": 3024.01, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "So \"the child\" is an argument\nof the verb \"tickle,\"", "start": 3028.01, "duration": 5.54}, {"text": "in this example,\nand we call phrases", "start": 3033.55, "duration": 2.768}, {"text": "that don't seem to be\nselected by anything,", "start": 3036.318, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "we call those adjuncts.", "start": 3038.11, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "Just the name for those things.", "start": 3039.79, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "Here we have to be careful.", "start": 3047.43, "duration": 1.57}, {"text": "This is a point where people\nget confused sometimes.", "start": 3049.0, "duration": 3.26}, {"text": "So let me see if I can say this.", "start": 3052.26, "duration": 3.53}, {"text": "Knowing me, I will probably\nsay this several different ways", "start": 3055.79, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "and we'll just see\nif I manage to say it", "start": 3059.36, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "in a way that makes it\nmake sense because people", "start": 3061.58, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "get confused about this.", "start": 3064.31, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "Arguments.", "start": 3066.14, "duration": 0.748}, {"text": "Here's a way to think about it.", "start": 3066.888, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "Arguments, like direct\nobjects, arguments", "start": 3068.18, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "are picky about which heads\nthey can combine with.", "start": 3071.06, "duration": 3.25}, {"text": "So if you're asking, should\nI put in a noun phrase", "start": 3074.31, "duration": 4.55}, {"text": "object for this verb?", "start": 3078.86, "duration": 1.64}, {"text": "Well, you've got to\nknow what the verb is,", "start": 3080.5, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "whether it's a transitive\nverb or an intransitive verb.", "start": 3082.25, "duration": 3.78}, {"text": "Adjuncts are not.", "start": 3086.03, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "So adjuncts like\n\"with a feather\"", "start": 3087.32, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "can combine with anything.", "start": 3090.11, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "There's no selection, really.", "start": 3093.59, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "You don't have to\nlook anything up", "start": 3094.88, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "to find out whether you\ncan merge \"with a feather.\"", "start": 3096.2, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "The confusion\ncomes in like this.", "start": 3100.95, "duration": 4.22}, {"text": "The problem is there\nare optional arguments.", "start": 3105.17, "duration": 2.86}, {"text": "So I flagged this earlier.", "start": 3108.03, "duration": 1.19}, {"text": "There are verbs\nthat are transitive", "start": 3109.22, "duration": 1.61}, {"text": "and there are verbs\nthat are intransitive,", "start": 3110.83, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "and in the earlier\nslides where I", "start": 3112.58, "duration": 1.927}, {"text": "was talking about\ntransitivity I tried", "start": 3114.507, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "to concentrate on\nverbs that were", "start": 3116.09, "duration": 2.11}, {"text": "comfortable in their identity\nas either transitive verbs", "start": 3118.2, "duration": 2.63}, {"text": "or intransitive verbs, but\nthere are many, many verbs", "start": 3120.83, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "that can be either one.", "start": 3123.38, "duration": 2.085}, {"text": "So you can \"dance\" or you\ncan \"dance a hornpipe.\"", "start": 3125.465, "duration": 3.075}, {"text": "Here's the thing.", "start": 3131.24, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "So you can \"dance\" or you can\n\"dance a hornpipe,\" but when", "start": 3135.81, "duration": 3.02}, {"text": "you \"dance a\nhornpipe,\" \"a hornpipe\"", "start": 3138.83, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "is an argument of\n\"dance\" because you", "start": 3140.78, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "have to know whether the\nverb can be a transitive verb", "start": 3143.42, "duration": 3.84}, {"text": "to know whether there can\nbe a noun phrase there.", "start": 3147.26, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "The confusion comes in.", "start": 3149.93, "duration": 1.45}, {"text": "People look at sentences\nlike \"I will devour the child", "start": 3151.38, "duration": 8.8}, {"text": "with the feather.\"", "start": 3160.18, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "Let's make it \"tickle.\"", "start": 3165.33, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "\"I will tickle the\nchild with the feather.\"", "start": 3168.233, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "Syntacticians are\nthe kind of people", "start": 3172.65, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "for whom \"I will devour\nthe child with a feather\"", "start": 3174.15, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "and \"I will tickle the\nchild with the feather\"", "start": 3176.19, "duration": 1.245}, {"text": "are basically the same sentence.", "start": 3177.435, "duration": 1.695}, {"text": "We're just not interested in\nthe differences between those.", "start": 3179.13, "duration": 4.03}, {"text": "They're basically the same.", "start": 3183.16, "duration": 1.73}, {"text": "People look at\nthat and they go--", "start": 3184.89, "duration": 1.608}, {"text": "well, maybe I want\nit to be \"devour.\"", "start": 3186.498, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "No, we can stick with \"tickle.\"", "start": 3188.04, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "So what we say is\nthis is an argument", "start": 3193.48, "duration": 3.32}, {"text": "and this is an adjunct.", "start": 3196.8, "duration": 4.988}, {"text": "To say that this is an argument\nis to say that whether it can", "start": 3201.788, "duration": 2.542}, {"text": "be there or not is\ndetermined by what verb", "start": 3204.33, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "you've got, whether the\nverb is transitive or not.", "start": 3206.52, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "To say that this\nis an adjunct is", "start": 3208.95, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "to say that I don't care what\nthe verb is when I decide", "start": 3210.325, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "whether to put that in or not.", "start": 3212.617, "duration": 1.343}, {"text": "What people get\nconfused by is this.", "start": 3213.96, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "Adjuncts are pretty\ntypically optional.", "start": 3216.27, "duration": 2.737}, {"text": "You can tickle a\nchild with a feather.", "start": 3219.007, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "You don't have to, you\ncan just tickle a child.", "start": 3220.59, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "There's never a requirement\nthat an adjunct be there.", "start": 3223.98, "duration": 3.31}, {"text": "And so this is one of those\ntests for whether you're", "start": 3227.29, "duration": 4.852}, {"text": "looking at an argument\nor an adjunct that", "start": 3232.142, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "only works in one direction.", "start": 3233.85, "duration": 2.26}, {"text": "If it's an adjunct it\nhad better be optional.", "start": 3236.11, "duration": 4.89}, {"text": "But if it's optional,\nit could be an adjunct", "start": 3241.0, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "or it could be a hornpipe.", "start": 3244.36, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "It could be an object, in\nthese kinds of examples, that's", "start": 3246.46, "duration": 5.1}, {"text": "combining with the\nkind of verb that", "start": 3251.56, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "can be either transitive\nor intransitive.", "start": 3253.06, "duration": 2.93}, {"text": "So if you're looking at a phrase\nand you're saying to yourself", "start": 3255.99, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "\"This phrase is\noptional,\" you're", "start": 3258.81, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "not then entitled to guess that\nit's an adjunct, necessarily.", "start": 3260.46, "duration": 4.043}, {"text": "You only get to\nfind out that it's", "start": 3264.503, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "an adjunct by asking\nyourself, will it", "start": 3265.92, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "matter what verb\nI have, let's say?", "start": 3268.47, "duration": 2.95}, {"text": "Or what noun I have,\ndepending on what", "start": 3271.42, "duration": 1.61}, {"text": "you're combining it with.", "start": 3273.03, "duration": 1.85}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 3274.88, "duration": 1.33}, {"text": "Is that clear?", "start": 3276.21, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "Have I said it in enough\ndifferent ways, Faith?", "start": 3277.41, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Is this\nat all complicated", "start": 3279.75, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "if you treat the feather\nas, like, an animate entity?", "start": 3281.25, "duration": 5.28}, {"text": "So if you were to actually\n[INAUDIBLE] a person", "start": 3286.53, "duration": 2.86}, {"text": "and you would say, I\ndanced with the feather.", "start": 3289.39, "duration": 2.486}, {"text": "Would it mean you're dancing--", "start": 3291.876, "duration": 1.786}, {"text": "like, is that [INAUDIBLE]?", "start": 3293.662, "duration": 1.505}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Oh.", "start": 3295.167, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "Oh.", "start": 3296.0, "duration": 0.45}, {"text": "Oh.", "start": 3296.45, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Oh.", "start": 3296.95, "duration": 0.85}, {"text": "Oh.", "start": 3297.8, "duration": 0.85}, {"text": "Oh.", "start": 3298.65, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Oh, dear.", "start": 3299.15, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "Well, let's reluctantly put\nfeathers aside for a second", "start": 3304.1, "duration": 4.69}, {"text": "and talk about something that we\nknow is animate, like children.", "start": 3308.79, "duration": 6.51}, {"text": "So you can dance with the child.", "start": 3315.3, "duration": 2.39}, {"text": "You can play games\nwith the child.", "start": 3317.69, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "You can eat lunch\nwith the child.", "start": 3320.84, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "\"With the child\"\nis probably still", "start": 3323.63, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "an adjunct in that\nkind of reading.", "start": 3326.9, "duration": 3.28}, {"text": "So \"with the feather\"--\nyou're raising a good", "start": 3330.18, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "point that with in English--", "start": 3332.16, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "I was warning you about\nIndo-European prepositions.", "start": 3333.81, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "\"With\" can mean two subtly\ndifferent things, right?", "start": 3337.17, "duration": 3.735}, {"text": "So you're pointing out that if\nI tickle a child with a feather,", "start": 3340.905, "duration": 2.625}, {"text": "I'm using the feather as\nan instrument for what", "start": 3343.53, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "I'm going to do.", "start": 3345.96, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "If I have lunch with a feather--", "start": 3347.61, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "if I have lunch with a\nchild, then that \"with\"", "start": 3349.71, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "is introducing somebody who\nis doing something together", "start": 3352.38, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "with me, right?", "start": 3355.14, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "We're both doing the\nactivity in the verb frames.", "start": 3356.85, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "So those are maybe two different\n\"with\"s, but they're both ad--", "start": 3359.19, "duration": 4.44}, {"text": "those two prepositional phrases,\nthey're probably both adjuncts.", "start": 3363.63, "duration": 3.81}, {"text": "And \"I will dance with\nthe feather,\" I guess,", "start": 3367.44, "duration": 2.89}, {"text": "could have either\nreading in principle.", "start": 3370.33, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 3372.28, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 3372.78, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 3374.04, "duration": 0.72}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 3374.76, "duration": 1.49}, {"text": "Cool.", "start": 3376.25, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "Nice example.", "start": 3377.24, "duration": 3.04}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 3380.28, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "OK, so that's the distinction\nbetween arguments and adjuncts.", "start": 3382.08, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "Why are we bothering\nto distinguish", "start": 3387.9, "duration": 1.712}, {"text": "arguments and adjuncts?", "start": 3389.612, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "Well, there are various places\nwhere they behave differently", "start": 3390.57, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "in interesting ways.", "start": 3393.07, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "So take a sentence like\n\"I decided on the boat.\"", "start": 3395.11, "duration": 5.15}, {"text": "That can mean a couple\nof different things.", "start": 3400.26, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "Somebody tell me something\nthat it can mean.", "start": 3402.27, "duration": 2.142}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I made the\ndecision on the boat.", "start": 3404.412, "duration": 1.968}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Sorry?", "start": 3406.38, "duration": 0.42}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I made the\ndecision while I was on.", "start": 3406.8, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: \"I\nmade the decision", "start": 3408.3, "duration": 0.69}, {"text": "while I was on the boat.\"", "start": 3408.99, "duration": 0.63}, {"text": "That's one thing it can mean.", "start": 3409.62, "duration": 0.9}, {"text": "What's the other thing?", "start": 3410.52, "duration": 0.87}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: \"I was a\nboat dealer and I", "start": 3411.39, "duration": 1.092}, {"text": "was picking between\ntwo different boats", "start": 3412.482, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "and I decided on this one.\"", "start": 3414.107, "duration": 1.323}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah.", "start": 3415.43, "duration": 0.37}, {"text": "Yeah, yeah, yeah.", "start": 3415.8, "duration": 0.708}, {"text": "So I was deciding between\na boat and something else.", "start": 3416.508, "duration": 3.152}, {"text": "You know, am I going to buy--", "start": 3419.66, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "or maybe I was deciding\nbetween two different boats", "start": 3421.7, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "and I decided on the boat.", "start": 3423.92, "duration": 1.11}, {"text": "I decided on the big\nblack boat instead", "start": 3425.03, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "of the small white boat.", "start": 3427.58, "duration": 1.11}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 3428.69, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Whatever.", "start": 3429.19, "duration": 0.53}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 3429.72, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Or I decided on the boat\nrather than the motorcycle.", "start": 3430.22, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "I was deciding what to\nspend my lottery money on.", "start": 3432.44, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 3434.72, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 3435.5, "duration": 0.69}, {"text": "It can mean either\nof those things.", "start": 3436.19, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "Maybe the next\nslide will do this", "start": 3440.27, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "and I won't have to mess\nwith the blackboard.", "start": 3441.71, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Yes.", "start": 3444.71, "duration": 0.84}, {"text": "So those are the two\nreadings, actually,", "start": 3445.55, "duration": 3.792}, {"text": "in the same order\nthat we got them.", "start": 3449.342, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "Faith's reading, which\nis the first one,", "start": 3450.8, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "I made my decision\nwhile I was on the boat.", "start": 3452.24, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "And then Joseph's\nreading, I chose the boat.", "start": 3454.19, "duration": 2.62}, {"text": "It can mean either\nof those things.", "start": 3456.81, "duration": 3.19}, {"text": "Is \"on the boat\" an\nargument or an adjunct?", "start": 3460.0, "duration": 1.905}, {"text": "Given what we've said about\narguments and adjuncts.", "start": 3464.85, "duration": 3.803}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: It depends on the\nmeaning that you intend.", "start": 3468.653, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yes.", "start": 3470.82, "duration": 1.31}, {"text": "Yes.", "start": 3472.13, "duration": 0.53}, {"text": "The answer to that\nquestion is yes.", "start": 3472.66, "duration": 1.552}, {"text": "Is it an argument or adjunct?", "start": 3474.212, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "Yes.", "start": 3475.42, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Yes, it is.", "start": 3475.92, "duration": 0.73}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 3476.65, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "Suppose we take the first\nreading for \"on the boat.\"", "start": 3478.51, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "So I made my decision\nwhile I was on the boat.", "start": 3481.75, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "Is that an argument\nor an adjunct,", "start": 3484.24, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "that version of on the boat?", "start": 3486.22, "duration": 2.65}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Adjunct.", "start": 3488.87, "duration": 0.91}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS:\nIt's an adjunct.", "start": 3489.78, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "You can do anything on a boat.", "start": 3491.155, "duration": 2.386}, {"text": "Sleep on a boat.", "start": 3493.541, "duration": 0.759}, {"text": "Write your\ndissertation on a boat.", "start": 3494.3, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "Lots of things you\ncan do on a boat.", "start": 3496.52, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "On a boat can combine\nwith all kinds of things.", "start": 3498.5, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "But the second reading\nwhere I decided on the boat", "start": 3501.26, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "ends up meaning \"I\nchose the boat,\" that's", "start": 3504.47, "duration": 3.84}, {"text": "kind of an idiosyncratic fact\nabout \"decide\" and \"on,\" right?", "start": 3508.31, "duration": 3.66}, {"text": "That \"decide\" and \"on\" can\nsquash together to mean", "start": 3511.97, "duration": 3.93}, {"text": "\"choose.\"", "start": 3515.9, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "Right?", "start": 3517.79, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "You can't do this even\nwith other expressions that", "start": 3520.04, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "more or less mean \"decide.\"", "start": 3522.86, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "You can't say \"I made\nup my mind on the boat\"", "start": 3524.27, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "and mean \"I chose the\nboat,\" I don't think.", "start": 3527.0, "duration": 3.22}, {"text": "Right?", "start": 3530.22, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "And you certainly can't\ncombine \"on the boat\"", "start": 3533.81, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "with any random verb and\nexpect to get a new meaning.", "start": 3535.82, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "That's not the way life works.", "start": 3538.55, "duration": 3.34}, {"text": "So there's an adjunct\nmeaning of \"on the boat\"", "start": 3541.89, "duration": 3.05}, {"text": "and there's an argument\nmeaning of \"on the boat.\"", "start": 3544.94, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 3548.21, "duration": 0.87}, {"text": "Cool.", "start": 3549.08, "duration": 0.57}, {"text": "Now, yeah, is it an\nargument or adjunct?", "start": 3549.65, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "Yes.", "start": 3552.14, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "So the first one is an adjunct,\nthe second one is an argument.", "start": 3552.92, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "Good.", "start": 3555.17, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Consider a sentence like,\n\"I decided on the boat", "start": 3558.07, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "on the plane.\"", "start": 3560.11, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "Please, while you're\nconsidering the sentence,", "start": 3561.73, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "do not think about cases where\nboats are on planes or planes", "start": 3563.83, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "are on boats.", "start": 3566.56, "duration": 0.84}, {"text": "There are planes\nthat are also boats--", "start": 3567.4, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "I've been teaching this class\nto MIT undergrads for a while.", "start": 3569.11, "duration": 3.66}, {"text": "I know the kinds\nof moves that you", "start": 3572.77, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "are thinking about even now.", "start": 3574.96, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "So just consider cases where--", "start": 3577.15, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "so the imaginable things that\nit could mean given those", "start": 3580.51, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "two readings for \"on the boat.\"", "start": 3583.48, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "I think there are two.", "start": 3585.97, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "It could mean, \"While I was on\nthe plane I chose the boat,\"", "start": 3587.02, "duration": 5.91}, {"text": "or it could mean \"While I was\non the boat I chose the plane.\"", "start": 3592.93, "duration": 4.87}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 3597.8, "duration": 0.84}, {"text": "In principle it ought to be able\nto mean either of those things.", "start": 3598.64, "duration": 3.59}, {"text": "Can it mean both\nof those things?", "start": 3602.23, "duration": 3.605}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE],,\nbut I just--", "start": 3605.835, "duration": 5.445}, {"text": "I decided on the\nboat on the plane.", "start": 3611.28, "duration": 2.8}, {"text": "Like, deciding on the plane on\nthe boat sounds much weirder.", "start": 3614.08, "duration": 4.053}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah.", "start": 3618.133, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "Here, I'll tell you what.", "start": 3619.05, "duration": 0.63}, {"text": "Let me write these\nreadings down just", "start": 3619.68, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "so we can point at them as we're\ntalking because otherwise I", "start": 3621.222, "duration": 3.696}, {"text": "can tell we're going\nto get confused.", "start": 3624.918, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "I'm already confused and\nwe've only just started.", "start": 3626.46, "duration": 2.77}, {"text": "So one reading is \"I chose the\nboat while I was on the plane.\"", "start": 3629.23, "duration": 10.754}, {"text": "The other is \"I chose the\nplane while I was on the boat.\"", "start": 3639.984, "duration": 11.956}, {"text": "Is that legible at all?", "start": 3657.78, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "Can you read that, any of you?", "start": 3659.46, "duration": 1.28}, {"text": "Yes?", "start": 3660.74, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Sort of?", "start": 3661.24, "duration": 0.37}, {"text": "Kind of?", "start": 3661.61, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "OK, good.", "start": 3662.11, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "So those are the two readings.", "start": 3663.36, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "Call them reading\none and reading two,", "start": 3664.8, "duration": 1.838}, {"text": "or we could call them\nthe \"choose the boat\"", "start": 3666.638, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "reading and the \"choose\nthe plane\" reading.", "start": 3668.43, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "And now we're trying to figure\nout which of those things", "start": 3670.222, "duration": 2.333}, {"text": "can this mean.", "start": 3672.555, "duration": 0.585}, {"text": "Kate?", "start": 3673.14, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: OK.", "start": 3673.64, "duration": 0.542}, {"text": "So instinctively I chose reading\none because the boat just--", "start": 3674.182, "duration": 5.016}, {"text": "I don't know.", "start": 3679.198, "duration": 0.542}, {"text": "That feels like it makes sense.", "start": 3679.74, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "But then I thought, if you\nwork hard enough to make sense,", "start": 3681.72, "duration": 3.7}, {"text": "especially if you\nwere to replace", "start": 3685.42, "duration": 2.723}, {"text": "the second prepositional\nphrase with something", "start": 3688.143, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "more simple, like \"at lunch\"--", "start": 3690.06, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Oh.", "start": 3692.55, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: In [? formal, ?]\nor yesterday, I guess,", "start": 3693.54, "duration": 3.34}, {"text": "which isn't--", "start": 3696.88, "duration": 0.68}, {"text": "I don't know.", "start": 3697.56, "duration": 0.542}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE]", "start": 3698.102, "duration": 0.914}, {"text": "But \"I decided on the boat\nat lunch\" makes sense.", "start": 3699.016, "duration": 3.964}, {"text": "You still have essentially\nthe same content.", "start": 3702.98, "duration": 3.085}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yes.", "start": 3706.065, "duration": 0.875}, {"text": "Yes.", "start": 3706.94, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "So that's a nice point.", "start": 3708.32, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "Let me react to it by\nattempting to squash it.", "start": 3711.53, "duration": 4.35}, {"text": "So don't change either of\nthe prepositional phrases", "start": 3715.88, "duration": 4.02}, {"text": "into anything else.", "start": 3719.9, "duration": 0.978}, {"text": "But we are going to\nwant to come back", "start": 3720.878, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "to that because that's a nice\npoint that you're making.", "start": 3722.42, "duration": 3.25}, {"text": "I think if I say \"I decided\non the boat at lunch,\"", "start": 3725.67, "duration": 6.92}, {"text": "that we're back to the\noriginal ambiguity.", "start": 3732.59, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "Is that your feeling?", "start": 3734.93, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "That that can mean either\nI chose the boat at lunch", "start": 3736.1, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "or I decided while I was\non the boat at lunch.", "start": 3738.56, "duration": 5.82}, {"text": "Is that true, do you think?", "start": 3744.38, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I just got lost.", "start": 3745.91, "duration": 1.083}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Me too.", "start": 3746.993, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Me too.", "start": 3747.993, "duration": 0.527}, {"text": "So yeah, stick to\nthese prepositions", "start": 3748.52, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "or these prepositions.", "start": 3750.68, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "That sentence, we're\ntrying to figure out", "start": 3752.0, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "what that sentence can mean.", "start": 3753.708, "duration": 1.262}, {"text": "What can that sentence mean?", "start": 3754.97, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 3755.97, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I think\nthe first one would", "start": 3756.47, "duration": 1.587}, {"text": "be more usual in the sense\nthat if you tried to--", "start": 3758.057, "duration": 3.893}, {"text": "I mean, I know you told us\nnot to replace anything, but--", "start": 3761.95, "duration": 2.642}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: It's all right.", "start": 3764.592, "duration": 1.333}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: If you do try\nto replace \"on the boat\"", "start": 3765.925, "duration": 3.255}, {"text": "with another adjunct, I don't\nknow, like \"the building,\"", "start": 3769.18, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "it would be a little weird.", "start": 3773.29, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "It would pass off as something--", "start": 3775.18, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "I would pass it off as\nsomething that you could say,", "start": 3777.13, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "but I wouldn't quite say it and\nit sounds super weird to say.", "start": 3779.47, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "Like, \"I decided in the\nbuilding on the plane\"?", "start": 3782.41, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "Is this clearly\ndeciding on the plane?", "start": 3785.98, "duration": 3.61}, {"text": "Decide on the plane,\nbut it sounds weird", "start": 3789.59, "duration": 3.44}, {"text": "because \"decided on\"\nshould be kind of better.", "start": 3793.03, "duration": 2.045}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS:\nOK, so now we've", "start": 3795.075, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "had two votes for changing\nsome of the prepositions,", "start": 3796.45, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "so I'll stop fighting it.", "start": 3798.7, "duration": 2.08}, {"text": "We could also be thinking about,\n\"I decided in the building", "start": 3800.78, "duration": 10.73}, {"text": "on the boat.\"", "start": 3811.51, "duration": 0.66}, {"text": "Is this grammatical?", "start": 3818.42, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "Sort of?", "start": 3821.15, "duration": 1.416}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 3822.566, "duration": 0.924}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 3823.49, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "And does this mean\nI chose the boat", "start": 3824.27, "duration": 4.327}, {"text": "while it was in the building?", "start": 3828.597, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "It can.", "start": 3833.01, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 3833.76, "duration": 0.81}, {"text": "I guess it's hard for me\nto be both in a building", "start": 3834.57, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "and on a boat unless the\nbuilding is on the boat", "start": 3837.03, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "or the boat is on the building.", "start": 3840.12, "duration": 1.31}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 3841.43, "duration": 1.06}, {"text": "Many, many hands.", "start": 3842.49, "duration": 1.02}, {"text": "Yes?", "start": 3843.51, "duration": 1.155}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Yeah.", "start": 3844.665, "duration": 0.625}, {"text": "My thinking was that when\nthe prepositional phrase is", "start": 3848.41, "duration": 4.93}, {"text": "in argument, it's more attached\nto the verb by association.", "start": 3853.34, "duration": 5.67}, {"text": "So it kind of makes less\nsense to split in the middle.", "start": 3859.01, "duration": 6.88}, {"text": "So that sentence that\nyou put below there", "start": 3865.89, "duration": 5.05}, {"text": "doesn't quite go as\nwell, and so that's", "start": 3870.94, "duration": 7.23}, {"text": "why choosing the boat on\nthe plane makes more sense.", "start": 3878.17, "duration": 5.847}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: OK.", "start": 3884.017, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "Cool.", "start": 3884.85, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So actually, what you just\nsaid and what Faith just said", "start": 3885.35, "duration": 3.1}, {"text": "and what you just\nsaid a second ago,", "start": 3888.45, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "these dovetail nicely, I think.", "start": 3890.52, "duration": 1.977}, {"text": "Let me now try to\nsummarize something that I", "start": 3892.497, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "think all three of you said.", "start": 3894.33, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "Maybe we can say it like this.", "start": 3897.24, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "When I asked, can this\nmean \"I chose the boat", "start": 3899.67, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "while it was in the building\"?", "start": 3901.83, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "Everybody was like, nah.", "start": 3903.33, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "I think it can, but for\nme I have to pronounce it", "start": 3906.15, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "in a particular way.", "start": 3908.97, "duration": 1.66}, {"text": "So I can say \"I decided, in\nthe building, on the boat.\"", "start": 3910.63, "duration": 6.8}, {"text": "I think that's the easiest\nway for me to say it and have", "start": 3917.43, "duration": 3.66}, {"text": "it mean that.", "start": 3921.09, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "So I did something\nfancy with my voice", "start": 3923.28, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "there that involved trying to\nhide this prepositional phrase.", "start": 3926.01, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 3929.25, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "It's sometimes called\na parenthetical", "start": 3930.81, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "where you put in these\nthings in strange places.", "start": 3934.2, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "There's lots of interesting\nwork on parentheticals.", "start": 3936.78, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "So one thing that all\nof you are teaching us,", "start": 3940.17, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "maybe, is that it's\ndangerous for me", "start": 3942.6, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "to just show you these words\non this slide and ask you", "start": 3944.25, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "what they mean.", "start": 3946.83, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "What I should really do is\npronounce the sentence at you.", "start": 3947.61, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "So when you're asking yourself\nhow many things can this mean,", "start": 3950.13, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "don't ask yourself what\n\"I decided, on the boat,", "start": 3953.22, "duration": 3.99}, {"text": "on the plane\" means.", "start": 3957.21, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "Ask yourself, what does\n\"I decided on the boat", "start": 3959.28, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "on the plane\" mean?", "start": 3962.16, "duration": 3.82}, {"text": "Should I do that again?", "start": 3965.98, "duration": 1.73}, {"text": "How many of you think that\nit can mean number one?", "start": 3967.71, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "\"I decided on the\nboat on the plane.\"", "start": 3971.4, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "How many of you think that\nit can mean number two?", "start": 3973.92, "duration": 2.998}, {"text": "Is there anybody who thinks\nthat it can mean number two", "start": 3976.918, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "and cannot mean number one?", "start": 3979.21, "duration": 1.758}, {"text": "Is there anybody who thinks\nthat it can mean number one", "start": 3980.968, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "and cannot mean number two?", "start": 3983.26, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 3985.69, "duration": 0.87}, {"text": "So through the\npower of democracy", "start": 3986.56, "duration": 2.917}, {"text": "we've come to the conclusion\nthat it can mean number one", "start": 3989.477, "duration": 2.333}, {"text": "and can't mean number two,\nexcept for a couple of you who", "start": 3991.81, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "feel that it can\nmean either one.", "start": 3994.81, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 3996.73, "duration": 0.6}, {"text": "I think the ones who feel\nthat it can mean either one", "start": 3997.33, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "are ones who maybe have ways\nof doing parentheticals that", "start": 3999.79, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "are less dramatic than I just\ndid, this process of hiding", "start": 4003.42, "duration": 4.14}, {"text": "a prepositional phrase.", "start": 4007.56, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "Because I agree that you\ncan say \"I decided\"--", "start": 4009.48, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "see if you agree--", "start": 4012.39, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "\"I decided on the\nboat on the plane\"", "start": 4013.38, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "can mean \"I chose the plane\nwhile I was on the boat.\"", "start": 4017.25, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "I have to say that\nin a particular way,", "start": 4020.1, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "play those games with\npitch as I speak.", "start": 4022.77, "duration": 3.118}, {"text": "Lots of interesting\nquestions about what the heck", "start": 4025.888, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "I am doing when I do that.", "start": 4027.93, "duration": 1.368}, {"text": "Yeah, you had a\nquestion a while ago.", "start": 4029.298, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "Sorry.", "start": 4030.84, "duration": 0.63}, {"text": "Yep, you.", "start": 4031.47, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: What do you think\nabout the sentence \"I,", "start": 4031.97, "duration": 2.083}, {"text": "in the building,\ndecided on the boat.\"", "start": 4034.053, "duration": 1.647}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Whoa.", "start": 4035.7, "duration": 1.02}, {"text": "\"I, in the building,\ndecided on the boat.\"", "start": 4036.72, "duration": 4.28}, {"text": "You asked this question before.", "start": 4041.0, "duration": 1.665}, {"text": "You're the guy who\nlikes to modify pronouns", "start": 4042.665, "duration": 2.505}, {"text": "with prepositional phrases.", "start": 4045.17, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "What's your name?", "start": 4047.3, "duration": 1.803}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I'm the guy who\nlikes to modify pronouns--", "start": 4049.103, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: OK,\nthat's your name.", "start": 4051.27, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "OK, the guy who likes--", "start": 4052.853, "duration": 1.027}, {"text": "do you have a nickname?", "start": 4053.88, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "\"Guy.\"", "start": 4055.17, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "We'll call you \"Guy.\"", "start": 4055.67, "duration": 2.86}, {"text": "Cool.", "start": 4058.53, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So I, in the building,\ndecided on the boat.", "start": 4059.03, "duration": 5.64}, {"text": "Hey, you think I could do that?", "start": 4064.67, "duration": 1.6}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 4066.27, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Then we have the problem\nthat if I'm in the building", "start": 4070.874, "duration": 3.506}, {"text": "I can't also be on a boat unless\nreally unlikely things are", "start": 4074.38, "duration": 4.05}, {"text": "happening.", "start": 4078.43, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "Right?", "start": 4079.69, "duration": 0.6}, {"text": "Unless there's a\nbuilding on a boat", "start": 4080.29, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "or a boat on a building\nor something like that.", "start": 4081.55, "duration": 2.05}, {"text": "And so you're kind of biased\nin favor of the reading where", "start": 4083.6, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "I chose the boat\nbecause we've also", "start": 4086.017, "duration": 1.713}, {"text": "said that I'm in\nthe building, thanks", "start": 4087.73, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "to the prepositional phrase\nthat you're named after,", "start": 4090.01, "duration": 4.2}, {"text": "the one that\nmodifies the pronoun.", "start": 4094.21, "duration": 2.479}, {"text": "That's a nice example.", "start": 4096.689, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "Faith?", "start": 4098.189, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Don't\nwe have something", "start": 4098.689, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "similar that happens if you say,\n\"I decided to run on the boat?\"", "start": 4100.064, "duration": 3.031}, {"text": "Because either you're\nrunning on the boat", "start": 4103.095, "duration": 1.785}, {"text": "or you're deciding to\nrun for president--", "start": 4104.88, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "I don't know.", "start": 4108.3, "duration": 0.893}, {"text": "Campaign while\nyou're on the boat.", "start": 4109.193, "duration": 1.507}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah.", "start": 4110.7, "duration": 0.315}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 4111.015, "duration": 0.315}, {"text": "\"I decided to run on the boat.\"", "start": 4111.33, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "That's a nice example.", "start": 4112.622, "duration": 1.043}, {"text": "Yeah, so I decided\nto run for president", "start": 4113.665, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "or I decided to\nbe in the marathon", "start": 4115.29, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "while I was on the\nboat, or I decided,", "start": 4117.12, "duration": 3.483}, {"text": "\"Here's a fun thing I'll do.", "start": 4120.603, "duration": 1.167}, {"text": "I'll run on the boat.\"", "start": 4121.77, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 4122.687, "duration": 1.363}, {"text": "Right.", "start": 4124.05, "duration": 0.54}, {"text": "Those are good examples where--", "start": 4124.59, "duration": 2.243}, {"text": "actually, all of these\nare examples where--", "start": 4126.833, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "yeah, let me back up.", "start": 4131.46, "duration": 1.45}, {"text": "So \"I decided on the\nboat on the plane.\"", "start": 4132.91, "duration": 1.732}, {"text": "Through the power of democracy\nwe've come to the conclusion", "start": 4134.642, "duration": 2.458}, {"text": "that that means number one.", "start": 4137.1, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "What that means is\nthere are two places", "start": 4139.38, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "for on the boat for\nprepositional phrases to be.", "start": 4142.83, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "There's the place where\nit gets to be an argument", "start": 4145.74, "duration": 2.411}, {"text": "and there's the place where\nit gets to be an adjunct.", "start": 4148.151, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "Right?", "start": 4150.359, "duration": 1.156}, {"text": "And the place where it\ngets to be an argument", "start": 4151.515, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "is closer to the verb.", "start": 4153.39, "duration": 1.067}, {"text": "Several of you said this, right?", "start": 4154.457, "duration": 1.333}, {"text": "So if it's right after the\nverb it gets to be an argument,", "start": 4155.79, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "and if it's not right\nafter the verb then", "start": 4158.207, "duration": 2.293}, {"text": "it needs to be an adjunct.", "start": 4160.5, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "And in simple sentences,\nlike \"I decided on the boat,\"", "start": 4161.97, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "you don't know where it is.", "start": 4165.0, "duration": 1.442}, {"text": "So you don't know whether\nit's in the argument", "start": 4166.442, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "place or the adjunct place, and\nso the example is ambiguous.", "start": 4168.359, "duration": 2.701}, {"text": "It's kind of like the\nambiguity of \"I will tickle", "start": 4171.06, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "the child with the feather,\"\nwhere you don't know", "start": 4173.43, "duration": 2.152}, {"text": "whether \"with the feather\"\nmodifies \"the child\"", "start": 4175.582, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "or the verb phrase\n\"tickled the child.\"", "start": 4177.54, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "Or, and now this\nis why finally I'm", "start": 4180.21, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "becoming relevant to what\nyou just said, Faith,", "start": 4183.3, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "that's another example\nwhere \"on the boat,\"", "start": 4185.7, "duration": 2.159}, {"text": "it's ambiguous where you put.", "start": 4187.859, "duration": 1.351}, {"text": "It could be a couple different\nplaces in the structure", "start": 4189.21, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "and it could modify\ndifferent things.", "start": 4191.46, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 4194.1, "duration": 0.54}, {"text": "So we're getting\nthese ambiguities.", "start": 4194.64, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "And the fact that these\nambiguities disappear", "start": 4196.65, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "if you pile these\nprepositional phrases up", "start": 4198.6, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "disappear for most of us.", "start": 4200.58, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "Some of you are more creative\nwith prepositional phrases.", "start": 4201.87, "duration": 3.757}, {"text": "Kateryna, for example, has\ngreat prepositional phrases--", "start": 4205.627, "duration": 2.333}, {"text": "go ahead.", "start": 4207.96, "duration": 0.63}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Is there\na reason why we're", "start": 4208.59, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "ignoring the intonation angle?", "start": 4210.132, "duration": 2.148}, {"text": "Is this like a competence\nversus performance situation?", "start": 4212.28, "duration": 2.377}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: No.", "start": 4214.657, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "No.", "start": 4215.49, "duration": 0.84}, {"text": "No.", "start": 4216.33, "duration": 0.57}, {"text": "This is more a let's\nstart with imagining", "start": 4216.9, "duration": 8.28}, {"text": "that there's no wind resistance\nwhen we're doing physics,", "start": 4225.18, "duration": 2.68}, {"text": "right?", "start": 4227.86, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "This is a, yeah, that's a really\ninteresting complication, which", "start": 4228.36, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "we need to study what the heck\nis going on with intonation.", "start": 4232.23, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "But we're going to\nstart by developing", "start": 4236.1, "duration": 2.618}, {"text": "a theory of English sentences\nin which nothing interesting is", "start": 4238.718, "duration": 2.542}, {"text": "happening with intonation.", "start": 4241.26, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "And then because this is 24.900\nwe will probably never get out", "start": 4242.85, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "of that.", "start": 4245.73, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "But intonation is\na fascinating topic", "start": 4247.2, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "that you then go try\nto add to your model.", "start": 4250.62, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 4253.26, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "Yes?", "start": 4254.49, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: So to correctly\nwrite sentence two", "start": 4255.24, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "and the sentence below,\nwould you put commas around--", "start": 4258.09, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Oh, yeah.", "start": 4262.17, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: --\"on the boat\"?", "start": 4263.7, "duration": 0.6}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Oh, I see.", "start": 4264.3, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "So yes, if we--\nyou mean the string", "start": 4265.425, "duration": 2.163}, {"text": "\"I decided on the\nboat on the plane,\"", "start": 4267.588, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "if we wanted it to\nhave reading two?", "start": 4269.13, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "Yeah, commas are\none way that you", "start": 4271.62, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "indicate the special intonation\nthat makes this possible.", "start": 4273.66, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "So commas-- no\nlanguage, actually,", "start": 4277.62, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "has a very good way to\nindicate intonation.", "start": 4280.86, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "It's not something that\nwe're good at spelling,", "start": 4283.92, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "but punctuation marks are one\nof the things we do to do that.", "start": 4286.77, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 4290.64, "duration": 0.54}, {"text": "Nice point.", "start": 4291.18, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "Raquel?", "start": 4292.17, "duration": 0.72}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I was\nthinking that the rule", "start": 4292.89, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "that you were saying\nabout the number one", "start": 4294.66, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "being the preferred computation.", "start": 4297.51, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "It makes a lot of\nsense in that the--", "start": 4299.31, "duration": 2.18}, {"text": "if there was going to\nbe a situation where", "start": 4301.49, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "a thought two sounded\ncorrect, I think", "start": 4303.24, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "it would have to be something\nwhere the adjunct sounds", "start": 4305.67, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "like it needs to come\nreally close to the verb", "start": 4308.13, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "decide on a whim.", "start": 4310.047, "duration": 1.293}, {"text": "If you said, \"I decided\non a whim on the boat,\"", "start": 4311.34, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "I feel like I would be more\nlikely to say that made sense", "start": 4314.46, "duration": 2.822}, {"text": "than \"I decided on\nthe boat on the plane\"", "start": 4317.282, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "because I need to hear\nand decide on a whim.", "start": 4318.99, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah.", "start": 4321.3, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "That's a very nice point\nand a really nice example.", "start": 4322.44, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "I mean maybe-- so I think\nthe next slide is going", "start": 4325.68, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "to echo a version of that.", "start": 4327.75, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "What we're seeing is--", "start": 4329.37, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "so here I've got an idealized\nversion of the judgments", "start": 4331.56, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "that we more or less got.", "start": 4334.17, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "There are some people for whom\nyou can get either reading.", "start": 4336.24, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "Interestingly, nobody has\nthe opposite judgment,", "start": 4339.66, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "that \"I decided on the boat on\nthe plane\" preferentially means", "start": 4341.82, "duration": 5.7}, {"text": "\"I chose the plane while\nI was on the boat.\"", "start": 4347.52, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "And what we're seeing\nthen is that if you have--", "start": 4349.95, "duration": 5.368}, {"text": "so one difference between\narguments and adjuncts,", "start": 4355.318, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "the reason that I\nintroduced you to them,", "start": 4357.36, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "is that arguments\nare picky about which", "start": 4359.25, "duration": 1.948}, {"text": "heads they can combine\nwith and adjuncts are not.", "start": 4361.198, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "You can do anything with\na feather but something", "start": 4363.24, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "like a direct object,\nyou have to look", "start": 4365.49, "duration": 2.103}, {"text": "at the verb to see whether\nyou have it or not.", "start": 4367.593, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "And what we're also seeing is\nthat if you have a head that", "start": 4369.51, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "has both an argument\nand an adjunct,", "start": 4372.0, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "and that's the \"decide on\nthe boat on the plane\" thing,", "start": 4374.64, "duration": 3.04}, {"text": "then the argument is\ncloser to the head.", "start": 4377.68, "duration": 3.56}, {"text": "So far, yeah?", "start": 4381.24, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "And this connects with\nRaquel was just saying.", "start": 4382.44, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "One way to think about\nit, maybe, is to say,", "start": 4385.47, "duration": 1.928}, {"text": "if you have these two\nprepositional phrases", "start": 4387.398, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "and you have this\nverb and you're", "start": 4389.19, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "trying to decide, in\nwhat order shall I merge", "start": 4390.72, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "these things with each other?", "start": 4392.76, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "Apparently the answer\nis, well, first,", "start": 4394.23, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "see what the verb\nwould like you to do.", "start": 4397.11, "duration": 2.62}, {"text": "So if the verb needs\nsomething, then", "start": 4399.73, "duration": 3.17}, {"text": "satisfy the needs of the verb\nfirst and then fool around", "start": 4402.9, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "with adjuncts.", "start": 4406.26, "duration": 0.65}, {"text": "Yes.", "start": 4406.91, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "You can do adjuncts later.", "start": 4407.41, "duration": 1.55}, {"text": "And Raquel's making the point\nthat there are various things", "start": 4408.96, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "in life that verbs could need\nand we have to develop a theory", "start": 4411.69, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "of all of them, and\ntoday we haven't.", "start": 4414.93, "duration": 2.86}, {"text": "Yep.", "start": 4417.79, "duration": 1.45}, {"text": "Any questions about any of this?", "start": 4419.24, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "I think, if I\nremember right, this", "start": 4421.58, "duration": 2.257}, {"text": "might be a good place\nto pause and see", "start": 4423.837, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "what I was going to do next.", "start": 4425.42, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "Yes, no.", "start": 4427.04, "duration": 0.6}, {"text": "So we're about to do\nanother test for arguments", "start": 4427.64, "duration": 2.098}, {"text": "and adjuncts.", "start": 4429.738, "duration": 0.542}, {"text": "And we will do it, but\nwe'll do it next time", "start": 4430.28, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "where \"next time\" is not next\nweek, but the week after,", "start": 4433.04, "duration": 3.64}, {"text": "right?", "start": 4436.68, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Because you guys have\nto go break spring.", "start": 4437.18, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "So have a great spring\nbreak, everybody.", "start": 4440.48, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "Go do something relaxing,\nand we will see you again", "start": 4442.52, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "in a couple weeks.", "start": 4445.91, "duration": 2.42}]