[{"text": "The following\ncontent is provided", "start": 0.57, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "by MIT OpenCourseWare under\na Creative Commons license.", "start": 2.37, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "Additional information\nabout our license,", "start": 6.33, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "and MIT OpenCourseWare\nin general,", "start": 8.43, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "is available at ocw.mit.edu.", "start": 10.8, "duration": 1.94}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Yeah,\nthe internet--", "start": 15.33, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "I was really trying to--", "start": 18.42, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "push is not the word, but\nsomething close to push,", "start": 21.33, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "Doctor Ing to do\nsomething on that.", "start": 24.6, "duration": 5.35}, {"text": "So one of the things\nabout the internet", "start": 29.95, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "is that we've\nproduced a generation,", "start": 31.81, "duration": 15.777}, {"text": "and the \"we\" is the world.", "start": 47.587, "duration": 1.083}, {"text": "Let me tell you\nwhat I mean by that.", "start": 51.25, "duration": 2.15}, {"text": "Now, I don't know if I ever\ntold you I was in South Africa,", "start": 53.4, "duration": 6.44}, {"text": "and I was up in Lesotho.", "start": 59.84, "duration": 3.79}, {"text": "And I'm riding down this road\nand it's total desolation,", "start": 63.63, "duration": 9.29}, {"text": "total.", "start": 72.92, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "We're up in the mountains--\ntotal desolation.", "start": 73.42, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "And all of a sudden,\nthere's this guy", "start": 76.48, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "walking along the side of\nthe road with a cellphone.", "start": 78.07, "duration": 4.64}, {"text": "And I asked my driver, said, who\nis he talking to, somebody back", "start": 82.71, "duration": 4.5}, {"text": "at his village?", "start": 87.21, "duration": 0.67}, {"text": "He said, no, he's\nprobably talking", "start": 87.88, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "to a relative in France.", "start": 89.297, "duration": 1.378}, {"text": "So when I say \"we\"\nand I mean the world,", "start": 93.54, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "I really mean we have produced\na generation that is probably", "start": 96.33, "duration": 9.48}, {"text": "in some ways wired into the\ninternet and other things", "start": 105.81, "duration": 6.06}, {"text": "that I am not wired into,\nand that you all are probably", "start": 111.87, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "just--", "start": 115.44, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "I don't even know if\nI count you all in it.", "start": 117.33, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "STUDENT: We didn't have\nit in our childhood.", "start": 120.24, "duration": 2.98}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE] happen after hours.", "start": 123.22, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "So I think that must be\ndifferent [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 126.13, "duration": 2.844}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: And what\nI've gotten from students", "start": 134.442, "duration": 3.288}, {"text": "is a basic moral sensibility\nabout the internet", "start": 137.73, "duration": 8.56}, {"text": "that I don't have, and\nthat I can argue against.", "start": 146.29, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "But they have a basic\nsentimentality about it,", "start": 150.52, "duration": 4.03}, {"text": "which I think gives\nrise to all ethics.", "start": 154.55, "duration": 1.67}, {"text": "You have to have a sentiment.", "start": 156.22, "duration": 1.94}, {"text": "You have to have a\npassion about something.", "start": 158.16, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "You have to feel something.", "start": 159.99, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "And one of them is\nthat no matter what", "start": 161.7, "duration": 3.112}, {"text": "the law says, whatever\nyou can get from the net", "start": 164.812, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "belongs to you.", "start": 166.77, "duration": 0.63}, {"text": "It's like free water out\npast the 12-mile limit.", "start": 167.4, "duration": 5.7}, {"text": "There's a sensibility they\nhave that no matter what", "start": 173.1, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "you put up there,\nonce it gets up there,", "start": 176.16, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "it's in public domain.", "start": 178.98, "duration": 2.41}, {"text": "And I say, no.", "start": 181.39, "duration": 0.613}, {"text": "You know what I mean, I'm able\nto argue all of that stuff.", "start": 182.003, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "And they, OK, they\nbelieve what I-- but I", "start": 184.42, "duration": 1.79}, {"text": "look at them in their\nfaces after I've argued.", "start": 186.21, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "They're not buying it.", "start": 188.49, "duration": 3.08}, {"text": "And the only argument that I can\ngive to them that confuses them", "start": 191.57, "duration": 3.99}, {"text": "is the one where\nI say that I ran", "start": 195.56, "duration": 4.32}, {"text": "into this undergraduate\nstudent one day at Howard.", "start": 199.88, "duration": 4.26}, {"text": "It was a Chemical\nEngineering major.", "start": 204.14, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "I hadn't had him in the\nclass, but I knew him.", "start": 205.67, "duration": 2.352}, {"text": "He's walking down the\nhall with a guitar.", "start": 208.022, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "I said, I didn't know\nyou play the guitar.", "start": 209.73, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "He said, well I\nplay at the guitar.", "start": 211.48, "duration": 1.49}, {"text": "I'm not really good at\nit, but I write songs.", "start": 212.97, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "I said, oh, really?", "start": 214.845, "duration": 1.115}, {"text": "So he opens up his\nguitar and pulls out,", "start": 215.96, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "shows me this little sheet of\npaper, about that much of it,", "start": 217.91, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "as a song.", "start": 222.02, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "I said, oh, how nice.", "start": 223.7, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "He sold it to Prince.", "start": 225.26, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "So I said, how much\ndid you make for that?", "start": 226.88, "duration": 2.8}, {"text": "And it was about\ntwice the salary", "start": 229.68, "duration": 2.42}, {"text": "I make in a year, what he got\nfrom that, royalties and all.", "start": 232.1, "duration": 5.93}, {"text": "So I say now, if you wrote\na song and it's yours,", "start": 241.06, "duration": 5.34}, {"text": "I don't care if you spent\n12 years on it or 12 minutes", "start": 246.4, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "on it.", "start": 250.03, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "Do you want everybody\ndownloading your song?", "start": 252.1, "duration": 4.979}, {"text": "And they will sit and think.", "start": 257.079, "duration": 1.861}, {"text": "And they've got\nproblems with that.", "start": 258.94, "duration": 3.66}, {"text": "But I still think that\nthere's a possibility", "start": 262.6, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "we have to contend with a\nsensibility about the net", "start": 265.42, "duration": 7.77}, {"text": "that my generation was\ndeveloping about robots.", "start": 273.19, "duration": 4.35}, {"text": "So my generation was\nabout willing to say", "start": 277.54, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "that a robot was sentient,\nnot really that the robot was", "start": 280.0, "duration": 4.71}, {"text": "sentient, but that we could\nhave feelings for a machine.", "start": 284.71, "duration": 3.99}, {"text": "And I don't think we ever quite\ngot there, mainly because we're", "start": 292.03, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "dying off first.", "start": 295.3, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "But I don't know, if\nyou ever meet somebody", "start": 297.88, "duration": 5.3}, {"text": "my age or older, ask them what\nthey feel about their car.", "start": 303.18, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "They might feel that--", "start": 310.01, "duration": 1.732}, {"text": "STUDENT: What do you predict?", "start": 311.742, "duration": 1.728}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Well, I mean,\nsome people feel about a car,", "start": 313.47, "duration": 2.57}, {"text": "they get out and kiss the engine\nif you let them, it wasn't hot.", "start": 316.04, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "I mean, they feel\nsentimentality about it.", "start": 319.04, "duration": 4.35}, {"text": "So I don't know it's\nan interesting thing", "start": 323.39, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "to speculate about.", "start": 325.19, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "The important thing for this\nclass is to speculate about it.", "start": 326.63, "duration": 4.02}, {"text": "Keep it in mind.", "start": 330.65, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "Watch people.", "start": 331.7, "duration": 0.87}, {"text": "Ask them questions, because\nyour arguments may not", "start": 332.57, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "sink in with them past\nthe rational level.", "start": 335.03, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "What I want to do today\nis go into some depth", "start": 342.09, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "on these codes of ethics, but\nI want to entertain Q&A first.", "start": 344.31, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "Any burning issues,\noutstanding stuff?", "start": 350.55, "duration": 2.175}, {"text": "STUDENT: Related to\nthe codes of ethics?", "start": 359.48, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME:\nRelated to anything,", "start": 361.85, "duration": 1.96}, {"text": "so that I can start\ninto the code of ethics", "start": 363.81, "duration": 2.63}, {"text": "with a clear conscience.", "start": 366.44, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "STUDENT: I have to\nshow you something,", "start": 368.482, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "I brought this to\nshow you Professor,", "start": 370.065, "duration": 3.115}, {"text": "because [INAUDIBLE] were\nstudying the legal applications", "start": 373.18, "duration": 3.705}, {"text": "of genetic engineering.", "start": 376.885, "duration": 1.335}, {"text": "It's like, I'm showing him--", "start": 378.22, "duration": 2.39}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Ethics, as\nI believe most engineers", "start": 380.61, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "understand and practice it--", "start": 383.04, "duration": 3.38}, {"text": "hot dog-- involves the carefully\ncalculated, responsible", "start": 386.42, "duration": 4.2}, {"text": "application of well-understood\nprinciples in accordance", "start": 390.62, "duration": 4.8}, {"text": "with established public\nand professional standards", "start": 395.42, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "to produce results that are both\nsafe and beneficial to society.", "start": 398.63, "duration": 6.13}, {"text": "STUDENT: But this man's argument\nis actually you cannot call", "start": 404.76, "duration": 2.51}, {"text": "genetic--", "start": 407.27, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "what's done with gene,\ngenetic engineering.", "start": 408.02, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "These people who manipulate the\ngenetic material of organisms,", "start": 410.54, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "they can't assume--", "start": 414.02, "duration": 1.87}, {"text": "they can't say\nthis is a safe way.", "start": 415.89, "duration": 2.228}, {"text": "And no [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 418.118, "duration": 0.792}, {"text": "There's so much\nuncertainty you really", "start": 418.91, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "can't call it engineering\nwas his main argument.", "start": 420.493, "duration": 2.327}, {"text": "But I thought it\nwas interesting.", "start": 422.82, "duration": 1.693}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Could you write\ndown the source for me?", "start": 424.513, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "STUDENT: Yeah.", "start": 426.68, "duration": 0.583}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] engineering\nimplies ethical responsibility.", "start": 427.263, "duration": 3.737}, {"text": "STUDENT: Exactly, so\n[INAUDIBLE] interesting.", "start": 431.0, "duration": 3.37}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Yeah, that's an\nargument, if you'll recall--", "start": 434.37, "duration": 4.325}, {"text": "you have no reason\nto recall this", "start": 438.695, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "because it was the very,\nvery, very last thing I said,", "start": 440.07, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "but when we went to\nthe Norwegian lecture,", "start": 442.95, "duration": 9.0}, {"text": "my very last recommendation was\nthat we think about competency.", "start": 451.95, "duration": 6.91}, {"text": "We define competency in terms\nof the good, not competent,", "start": 458.86, "duration": 5.07}, {"text": "and then ask whether it's\ngood, but it is not competent", "start": 463.93, "duration": 4.22}, {"text": "unless it is also good.", "start": 468.15, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "And the group didn't\nseem to want to spend", "start": 471.06, "duration": 4.2}, {"text": "much time on that part.", "start": 475.26, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "They wanted to spend time on\nthe character development.", "start": 476.4, "duration": 5.53}, {"text": "But that part was\nsignificant because--", "start": 481.93, "duration": 9.498}, {"text": "well, for two reasons.", "start": 491.428, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "Well, let me just\nsay for one reason,", "start": 497.928, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "if I want to put the\n[INAUDIBLE] in that way.", "start": 499.47, "duration": 2.29}, {"text": "And that is that if\nyou take the ethics out", "start": 501.76, "duration": 5.56}, {"text": "of the definition of\ncompetency, what you", "start": 507.32, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "have is a lower-order\nstandard for competence.", "start": 509.27, "duration": 7.19}, {"text": "You don't have to be\nreally good at what", "start": 516.46, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "you do because let's say, for\nexample, three children come", "start": 518.35, "duration": 6.73}, {"text": "in here and one of them has\ngot a disease that we'll all", "start": 525.08, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "catch in 10 minutes.", "start": 528.08, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "Well, one way to\nsolve the problem--", "start": 530.63, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "kill all the children.", "start": 532.13, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "I wouldn't call that competent.", "start": 533.96, "duration": 3.9}, {"text": "OK, so I want to say\nthat competency really", "start": 537.86, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "includes ethics as a condition.", "start": 541.19, "duration": 5.46}, {"text": "Because it not only means that\nyou have to be really highly", "start": 546.65, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "competent, but you build in\ncompetence into the culture,", "start": 551.69, "duration": 4.68}, {"text": "that people do not look for\nthe one that's not ethical.", "start": 556.37, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "And I guess I put the other one\nin there because it actually", "start": 561.41, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "means the same thing.", "start": 565.16, "duration": 1.03}, {"text": "It goes back to my lecture,\nagain, about Faust--", "start": 566.19, "duration": 3.41}, {"text": "that if you leave\nout the ethics part,", "start": 569.6, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "you're going to get what you\ncall a competent solution,", "start": 571.52, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "but it would be\nsomething you don't want.", "start": 574.34, "duration": 3.9}, {"text": "The monkey's paw again--", "start": 578.24, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "so I think the monkey's paw\nreally defines competency", "start": 581.36, "duration": 3.9}, {"text": "without ethics.", "start": 585.26, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "And that's something\nthat nobody wants,", "start": 587.84, "duration": 3.99}, {"text": "even though you\nhave agreed a priori", "start": 591.83, "duration": 5.302}, {"text": "on the terms of the contract.", "start": 597.132, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "So those are my\narguments about that.", "start": 600.88, "duration": 4.09}, {"text": "So yeah, I'd like\nto see that paper.", "start": 604.97, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "And I'd like to--\nactually, I'm trying", "start": 607.58, "duration": 1.88}, {"text": "to get Stephanie\nBird in here to talk.", "start": 609.46, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "She does ethics and science.", "start": 613.09, "duration": 4.29}, {"text": "So she wants to talk about\nthose kinds of issues, too.", "start": 617.38, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "And I want to bring her in\nhere to talk about these issues", "start": 620.11, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "because I think when you say\nwhat something is, you clarify", "start": 622.81, "duration": 4.275}, {"text": "it by saying what it is not.", "start": 627.085, "duration": 2.995}, {"text": "So we're not talking\nabout ethics and science,", "start": 630.08, "duration": 2.09}, {"text": "but how do we know?", "start": 632.17, "duration": 1.28}, {"text": "Well, let's have a lecture\non ethics and science.", "start": 633.45, "duration": 4.06}, {"text": "So what you'll find\nin ethics and science", "start": 637.51, "duration": 5.12}, {"text": "is two categories of\nissues, basically.", "start": 642.63, "duration": 6.24}, {"text": "One is ethics in research.", "start": 648.87, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "Research ethics, which\nis what I talked about,", "start": 652.44, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "is today almost\nalways considered", "start": 654.93, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "research ethics in\nsciences, even though it", "start": 657.93, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "can include anything else.", "start": 660.27, "duration": 1.93}, {"text": "But all of the\nissues have come up", "start": 662.2, "duration": 1.97}, {"text": "with big scientists\nmaking gross violations", "start": 664.17, "duration": 5.55}, {"text": "of your basic sense of ethics.", "start": 669.72, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "The other category\nhas to do with what", "start": 673.83, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "I would call political issues--", "start": 676.71, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "abortion--", "start": 680.4, "duration": 2.093}, {"text": "STUDENT: Should we\nbe doing it at all?", "start": 682.493, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "[INTERPOSING VOICES]", "start": 684.076, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: --stem cells.", "start": 684.909, "duration": 1.121}, {"text": "That's right, should\nwe be doing it at all.", "start": 686.03, "duration": 4.8}, {"text": "And some people\nwill tell you if you", "start": 690.83, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "get four philosophers in\nthis room, one of them", "start": 693.89, "duration": 4.61}, {"text": "will say that those issues\nreally aren't ethical issues,", "start": 698.5, "duration": 8.42}, {"text": "they are scientific issues.", "start": 706.92, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "Because we want a scientific\ndefinition of a human being.", "start": 709.17, "duration": 4.673}, {"text": "We all agree that we shouldn't\nbe doing these things", "start": 713.843, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "to human beings, but is that\na human being, that fetus", "start": 716.01, "duration": 6.67}, {"text": "or whatever?", "start": 722.68, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "And so that person will say,\nI'm done, walk out of the room--", "start": 724.24, "duration": 4.31}, {"text": "not that he doesn't\nwant to talk about it,", "start": 728.55, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "but it's not ethics\nfor him or her.", "start": 730.3, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "STUDENT: And others\nwill say [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 736.17, "duration": 5.74}, {"text": "is a matter of definition,\nnot just science.", "start": 741.91, "duration": 4.38}, {"text": "That's the other side\nof that [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 746.29, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: That's\non the other side is--", "start": 748.082, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "STUDENT: That's why it doesn't--", "start": 749.832, "duration": 1.512}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE] the\ndefinition [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 751.344, "duration": 4.936}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: There got to be--", "start": 756.28, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]\nYeah, I mean, I think so.", "start": 757.53, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "I would say that it's not--", "start": 761.61, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "science has to agree upon,\nscientists as a community", "start": 766.37, "duration": 3.105}, {"text": "have to agree upon the\ndefinition and the starting", "start": 769.475, "duration": 2.722}, {"text": "point [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 772.197, "duration": 2.733}, {"text": "There's not a series of\nexperiments that can be done.", "start": 774.93, "duration": 3.64}, {"text": "I mean, it all\ninvolves [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 778.57, "duration": 4.849}, {"text": "about what possibly\n[INAUDIBLE] I definitely", "start": 783.419, "duration": 5.891}, {"text": "have not [INAUDIBLE]\nbeginning of [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 789.31, "duration": 6.45}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Well,\nthat takes time, right?", "start": 795.76, "duration": 4.36}, {"text": "I mean, you have\nto sit out, and you", "start": 800.12, "duration": 1.52}, {"text": "have to think about that one.", "start": 801.64, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "Actually, what I say\nis, first of all,", "start": 803.86, "duration": 4.93}, {"text": "it is a philosophical\nargument because it belongs", "start": 808.79, "duration": 2.358}, {"text": "to the category of metaphysics.", "start": 811.148, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "You're talking about how are you\ngoing to divide the world up.", "start": 812.44, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "And the scientific\ndefinition can only", "start": 817.48, "duration": 6.72}, {"text": "contribute one part of that.", "start": 824.2, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "The other thing about it is that\nthe affected parties are not", "start": 832.47, "duration": 4.22}, {"text": "only the fetus.", "start": 836.69, "duration": 2.535}, {"text": "You've got the mother,\nyou've got the father.", "start": 839.225, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "You've got a whole\nbunch of other people", "start": 841.1, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "who are concerned\nabout all that.", "start": 842.96, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "Then the more you step into the\npolitical domain on this issue,", "start": 844.76, "duration": 5.01}, {"text": "the more you get into\nthe religious domain.", "start": 849.77, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "So you've got to start\ndividing the house there.", "start": 852.44, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "What are we going\nto talk about here?", "start": 854.44, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "We're going to use faith as\nan appeal, a legitimate source", "start": 855.982, "duration": 5.788}, {"text": "of appeal?", "start": 861.77, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Or we're going to\nstay with reason?", "start": 862.27, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So you've got to continue\nto divide the house.", "start": 865.27, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "And once you do that, still\nhaven't solved the problem.", "start": 867.25, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "So I think that\nhaving her in here--", "start": 872.77, "duration": 4.41}, {"text": "I owe her a paper\nby the way, one", "start": 877.18, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "that I'm reading for her,\nnot one that I've written.", "start": 880.45, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "So that would be helpful, and\nI hope you all have the stomach", "start": 883.3, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "for one lecture on this.", "start": 886.24, "duration": 3.2}, {"text": "You might.", "start": 889.44, "duration": 0.54}, {"text": "And then, we'll talk about\nwhether or not any of it's", "start": 892.992, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "genetic engineering, or whether\nit's really bioengineering.", "start": 895.2, "duration": 5.63}, {"text": "Because you are\nmaking something,", "start": 900.83, "duration": 4.24}, {"text": "like you take clay and\nmake bricks, or like", "start": 905.07, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "you take iron and make steel.", "start": 908.28, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "You're making something.", "start": 910.38, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "STUDENT: There's\na design process.", "start": 911.43, "duration": 2.332}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: There's a\ndesign process involved.", "start": 913.762, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 915.72, "duration": 3.093}, {"text": "STUDENT: It's not very\nwell understood, maybe,", "start": 918.813, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE] It's not based\non sound science yet.", "start": 920.73, "duration": 6.058}, {"text": "No one really quite\nunderstands what's", "start": 926.788, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "going to happen\nwhen [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 928.371, "duration": 4.659}, {"text": "STUDENT: The [? grid ?] building\nisn't well understood, then.", "start": 933.03, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "There's lots of\nengineering practices", "start": 937.11, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "that are not standard\n[INAUDIBLE] totally uncertain.", "start": 938.85, "duration": 5.121}, {"text": "So I wonder if the\nauthor of that article", "start": 943.971, "duration": 2.099}, {"text": "would say that wasn't\nengineering until [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 946.07, "duration": 5.22}, {"text": "Because that goes against\na lot of the definition", "start": 951.29, "duration": 2.234}, {"text": "that we discussed in this class.", "start": 953.524, "duration": 1.491}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE]", "start": 955.015, "duration": 0.994}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Well, I'm\ngiving consideration", "start": 964.46, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "to all of this in\nmy research work.", "start": 968.09, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "And I haven't finished it.", "start": 970.61, "duration": 2.41}, {"text": "But where I am now\nis that it goes back", "start": 973.02, "duration": 4.828}, {"text": "to the Manhattan Project.", "start": 977.848, "duration": 1.042}, {"text": "Actually, it goes back\nbefore the Manhattan Project.", "start": 978.89, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "It goes back, really, to radar.", "start": 981.14, "duration": 4.41}, {"text": "And that's when scientists\nwere doing engineering.", "start": 985.55, "duration": 5.15}, {"text": "So if you get a scientist\nwho is doing engineering,", "start": 990.7, "duration": 5.05}, {"text": "basically they might\nnot do it right.", "start": 995.75, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "So you can call it\nengineering, I think,", "start": 997.79, "duration": 4.29}, {"text": "but it's not what I would call\nsophisticated engineering.", "start": 1002.08, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "Because it's like when\nengineers sometimes do science.", "start": 1005.71, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "I think a good example\nof that is the invention", "start": 1009.67, "duration": 4.5}, {"text": "of thermodynamics.", "start": 1014.17, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "If you're looking at the history\nof thermodynamics, engineers,", "start": 1016.54, "duration": 4.7}, {"text": "boilers, and boilers\nfor trains, developed", "start": 1021.24, "duration": 7.65}, {"text": "a science using what scientists\nwould call herky jerky methods.", "start": 1028.89, "duration": 4.15}, {"text": "And so that's what I'm\ntrying to reconcile now.", "start": 1036.849, "duration": 3.701}, {"text": "And I think I'll\nhave it reconciled", "start": 1040.55, "duration": 2.24}, {"text": "before the month is out,\nbut what happens to a thing", "start": 1042.79, "duration": 4.799}, {"text": "when it is practiced\nby a non-practitioner.", "start": 1047.589, "duration": 4.931}, {"text": "Here's is a good example.", "start": 1052.52, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "I'll tell you a good example.", "start": 1054.35, "duration": 1.21}, {"text": "I was getting on the\nelevator with this researcher", "start": 1055.56, "duration": 4.78}, {"text": "here at MIT who is doing\nresearch on systems.", "start": 1060.34, "duration": 7.39}, {"text": "Actually, I was getting\non the elevator with him", "start": 1067.73, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "at the airport.", "start": 1069.73, "duration": 0.63}, {"text": "We ran into each\nother at the airport.", "start": 1070.36, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "And he's going to this\nconference on systems.", "start": 1072.43, "duration": 4.42}, {"text": "There's another person here\nat MIT who's the president", "start": 1076.85, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "of the organization,\nnamed Pat Hale, H-A-L-E.", "start": 1079.61, "duration": 3.79}, {"text": "Don't know if you\nknow [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 1083.4, "duration": 3.08}, {"text": "And we were discussing that,\nand he had organized a session.", "start": 1086.48, "duration": 6.83}, {"text": "And so I said, what did you\norganize your session on?", "start": 1093.31, "duration": 5.62}, {"text": "And really what he\nsaid was that he", "start": 1098.93, "duration": 5.77}, {"text": "belongs to the first generation\nof systems engineers.", "start": 1104.7, "duration": 3.54}, {"text": "I said, hold up--", "start": 1108.24, "duration": 1.155}, {"text": "what are you talking about?", "start": 1109.395, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "Systems engineering had been\naround before you were around.", "start": 1110.52, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "He says, no, they were all\nthis engineer, or that business", "start": 1113.28, "duration": 6.6}, {"text": "person, or the\nother doing systems.", "start": 1119.88, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "But we are the first ones who\nare really systems engineers.", "start": 1123.33, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "Everybody who was my teacher,\nmy faculty advisor, all", "start": 1126.75, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "of these people were people\nwho were doing engineering,", "start": 1130.32, "duration": 3.49}, {"text": "but they mainly had it\nfrom this perspective", "start": 1133.81, "duration": 2.21}, {"text": "of another discipline.", "start": 1136.02, "duration": 1.93}, {"text": "And so we want to\norganize the young people", "start": 1137.95, "duration": 2.69}, {"text": "to start developing a\npurely systems idea.", "start": 1140.64, "duration": 5.14}, {"text": "And so I think that tells a\nstory about a lot of things.", "start": 1145.78, "duration": 3.59}, {"text": "It tells it about\nengineering ethics", "start": 1149.37, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "because the people involved were\nbasically mostly philosophers,", "start": 1150.87, "duration": 7.43}, {"text": "and they got some engineers,\nand half of the engineers", "start": 1158.3, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "were practicing engineers.", "start": 1161.0, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "Many of them had\nbeen whistleblowers.", "start": 1162.83, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "Half of them were\nacademic engineers.", "start": 1164.9, "duration": 4.18}, {"text": "So who becomes the first\nengineering ethicist?", "start": 1169.08, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "Well, I felt that\nway when I came out.", "start": 1176.087, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "I felt that I was\nin a generation that", "start": 1177.67, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "was the first person--", "start": 1179.253, "duration": 2.217}, {"text": "not the first person, but in\nthe first generation at least--", "start": 1181.47, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "not the first age\ngeneration, but", "start": 1184.02, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "in the first\nacademic generation,", "start": 1187.41, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "who was doing engineering\nethics with a combined approach", "start": 1190.41, "duration": 7.24}, {"text": "that on occasion\ndeveloped something", "start": 1197.65, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "that was different from the\ntwo things that made it.", "start": 1201.4, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "And you can do that by\nadding to or violating", "start": 1204.82, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "one of the principles of one of\nthe participating disciplines.", "start": 1208.24, "duration": 6.33}, {"text": "And an example of\nthat is the one", "start": 1214.57, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "where I talk about\nthe virtue ethics", "start": 1216.37, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "from the standpoint\nof what I had first", "start": 1220.06, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "called African ethics,\nbut now I have realized", "start": 1222.1, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "that it's all around the world.", "start": 1225.01, "duration": 1.99}, {"text": "There's this whole other point\nof view that non-Western.", "start": 1227.0, "duration": 3.73}, {"text": "And so the question is,\nand my colleagues at Howard", "start": 1230.73, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "are debating me, is\nthis an extension", "start": 1234.09, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "of Greek ethics, Western ethics,\nor is this something different?", "start": 1237.69, "duration": 6.467}, {"text": "So I think that one\nmakes a big mistake when", "start": 1251.54, "duration": 8.51}, {"text": "one defines competency\nin a manner that does not", "start": 1260.05, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "have a moral dimension.", "start": 1263.74, "duration": 2.29}, {"text": "And scientists argue-- this\nused to be a big issue,", "start": 1266.03, "duration": 2.51}, {"text": "then I get on to the point\nof the codes of ethics--", "start": 1268.54, "duration": 6.35}, {"text": "there were big debates\nin the '70s and '80s", "start": 1278.82, "duration": 4.38}, {"text": "over the question, is\nscience value free?", "start": 1283.2, "duration": 5.7}, {"text": "Then it got narrowed\ndown to truth.", "start": 1288.9, "duration": 2.175}, {"text": "Squirrel got a nut--", "start": 1293.97, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "is there value in that,\nsomebody would argue.", "start": 1295.62, "duration": 5.29}, {"text": "So truth can be\nseparate from values.", "start": 1300.91, "duration": 5.46}, {"text": "You have to ask yourself,\nif truth was not", "start": 1306.37, "duration": 4.65}, {"text": "separate from\nvalues, why would we", "start": 1311.02, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "need two different\nwords, truth and value?", "start": 1312.52, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "STUDENT: That makes sense.", "start": 1322.929, "duration": 1.083}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: So my take on it\nhas come out-- since you all", "start": 1328.52, "duration": 4.71}, {"text": "got me on this road.", "start": 1333.23, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "I didn't ask for this.", "start": 1334.76, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "My take on it is that\ntruth is value free.", "start": 1337.46, "duration": 13.45}, {"text": "You can think about\na truthful statement", "start": 1350.91, "duration": 6.31}, {"text": "and then make a value\njudgment about it separately.", "start": 1357.22, "duration": 5.1}, {"text": "But then I come back and say,\nwhat is scientific truth?", "start": 1362.32, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "What is scientific truth?", "start": 1369.74, "duration": 3.85}, {"text": "And then there's a book,\ntwo books, three books--", "start": 1373.59, "duration": 4.41}, {"text": "well, let's say two--", "start": 1380.85, "duration": 0.875}, {"text": "that I hadn't intended to\nlecture about, but why not?", "start": 1385.07, "duration": 4.14}, {"text": "One is called Patterns\nof Discovery by Hanson.", "start": 1397.37, "duration": 31.32}, {"text": "And the other is called--", "start": 1428.69, "duration": 3.075}, {"text": "let me start talking, then\nit'll come to my mind.", "start": 1440.42, "duration": 2.697}, {"text": "I didn't prepare for this.", "start": 1443.117, "duration": 1.083}, {"text": "STUDENT: Is it Kuhn?", "start": 1447.483, "duration": 0.938}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Kuhn,\nThomas Kuhn, The Nature", "start": 1448.421, "duration": 1.809}, {"text": "of Scientific Revolutions.", "start": 1450.23, "duration": 2.114}, {"text": "STUDENT: I think it might\neven be the structure.", "start": 1457.57, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Structure\nof Scientific Revolution.", "start": 1459.57, "duration": 3.215}, {"text": "STUDENT: Still haven't\nfinished it, but--", "start": 1462.785, "duration": 1.94}, {"text": "now", "start": 1479.48, "duration": 1.492}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Both, of\nthem talk about something", "start": 1480.972, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "called worldview.", "start": 1482.93, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "Both of them talk about\nsomething called gestalt.", "start": 1484.97, "duration": 6.66}, {"text": "So both of them will\ntalk about this figure,", "start": 1491.63, "duration": 14.51}, {"text": "and you would not believe\nthat this figure has", "start": 1506.14, "duration": 8.48}, {"text": "a name called the Necker cube.", "start": 1514.62, "duration": 2.025}, {"text": "Because a Swedish\npsychologist studied it.", "start": 1519.21, "duration": 4.72}, {"text": "I mean, we do it in\nengineering from day one,", "start": 1523.93, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "this thing here, if for no\nother reason than you'll", "start": 1527.53, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "extend this out, call that x,\nextend this up, call that y,", "start": 1531.04, "duration": 2.685}, {"text": "extend this out and\ncall that z, won't you?", "start": 1533.725, "duration": 3.255}, {"text": "If for no other reason.", "start": 1536.98, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "Now, what they'll do is they'll\nask if A is in front of B,", "start": 1541.84, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "or is B in front of A?", "start": 1546.88, "duration": 1.31}, {"text": "Your mind can switch them.", "start": 1551.55, "duration": 1.536}, {"text": "You can get both.", "start": 1559.9, "duration": 1.12}, {"text": "It takes a minute.", "start": 1561.02, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "Is this thing coming out of the\nboard and down to the right,", "start": 1564.2, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "or is it coming out of the\nboard and up to the left?", "start": 1568.28, "duration": 2.625}, {"text": "Well, the point is that we're\ndealing with gestalt here.", "start": 1575.63, "duration": 4.94}, {"text": "And the whole range of\na choice of gestalts", "start": 1580.57, "duration": 6.66}, {"text": "is called world view.", "start": 1587.23, "duration": 1.96}, {"text": "So if you choose to see\nthat A is in front of B,", "start": 1589.19, "duration": 2.3}, {"text": "and then you see a lot\nof different things", "start": 1591.49, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "with the same kind of\nchoice, that whole thing", "start": 1593.29, "duration": 3.84}, {"text": "forms your world view.", "start": 1597.13, "duration": 1.9}, {"text": "And somebody coming\nin the door may", "start": 1599.03, "duration": 3.17}, {"text": "have a different or\noverlapping world view.", "start": 1602.2, "duration": 4.29}, {"text": "Now, what they say is that\nevery learned discipline", "start": 1606.49, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "has its world view.", "start": 1609.25, "duration": 5.09}, {"text": "And that you can walk\ninto a class and get", "start": 1614.34, "duration": 3.68}, {"text": "lost when you are right, but\nyou're just looking at it", "start": 1618.02, "duration": 5.472}, {"text": "from a different point.", "start": 1623.492, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "You're looking at B\nas being behind A.", "start": 1624.45, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "Everybody else is looking\nat A in front of B", "start": 1626.88, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "because that's the\nworldview associated", "start": 1630.75, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "with this learned discipline.", "start": 1632.61, "duration": 1.565}, {"text": "So what they say, then, is that\nwhen you talk about the truth,", "start": 1641.39, "duration": 7.85}, {"text": "that's one thing.", "start": 1649.24, "duration": 0.73}, {"text": "But when you talk\nabout scientific truth", "start": 1649.97, "duration": 1.82}, {"text": "in the context of a\nscientific world view,", "start": 1651.79, "duration": 5.14}, {"text": "you're talking about looking\nat it this way as opposed", "start": 1656.93, "duration": 3.94}, {"text": "to another way.", "start": 1660.87, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "You're not talking about\nalways looking at the truth.", "start": 1662.46, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "And so therefore, you\nhave put a value judgment", "start": 1665.49, "duration": 3.35}, {"text": "on why you want to look\nat it that way as opposed", "start": 1668.84, "duration": 3.62}, {"text": "to the other.", "start": 1672.46, "duration": 0.97}, {"text": "And that value judgment\nhas moral implications.", "start": 1673.43, "duration": 5.07}, {"text": "So I go before these people and\nsay, yeah, truth is value free,", "start": 1678.5, "duration": 3.74}, {"text": "but scientific truth isn't\nbecause you have chosen, then,", "start": 1682.24, "duration": 5.96}, {"text": "to look at it a certain\nway when you could", "start": 1688.2, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "have looked at it another way.", "start": 1690.06, "duration": 4.68}, {"text": "And then what Kuhn\ncomes along and says", "start": 1694.74, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "is, that's how we get paradigm\nshifts in the disciplines.", "start": 1697.41, "duration": 4.14}, {"text": "Somebody says we all better\nlook at it the other way.", "start": 1701.55, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "And when everybody starts\nchanging their worldview,", "start": 1709.5, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "when they look at the same\nthing and actually see", "start": 1712.17, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "something different, then\nyou've got a paradigm shift.", "start": 1716.04, "duration": 6.125}, {"text": "And now you talk\nabout why people", "start": 1722.165, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "get Nobel Prizes, why\npeople write dissertations,", "start": 1723.54, "duration": 7.58}, {"text": "Master's theses.", "start": 1731.12, "duration": 0.69}, {"text": "Thomas Kuhn was actually here.", "start": 1748.64, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "STUDENT: There was [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 1756.832, "duration": 1.479}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: He wrote\nit back in the '40s.", "start": 1761.27, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "He was a historian.", "start": 1764.99, "duration": 1.69}, {"text": "He was a historian.", "start": 1766.68, "duration": 1.159}, {"text": "And he uses that thesis\nto do history of science.", "start": 1783.26, "duration": 5.86}, {"text": "And that thesis\nthen tells him how", "start": 1789.12, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "to break up the errors,\nand that between this error", "start": 1792.09, "duration": 3.84}, {"text": "and that there was\na paradigm shift.", "start": 1795.93, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "And the paradigm\nshift was like that.", "start": 1798.09, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "And this stuff is\nvery interesting.", "start": 1803.96, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "We look at it, and\neverybody agrees", "start": 1806.78, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "that this, in fact, is a cube.", "start": 1808.94, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "I don't care how\nmany people you get.", "start": 1810.23, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "I mean, you ask them\nwhat do they see,", "start": 1811.98, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "and everybody will\nagree that it's a cute.", "start": 1813.563, "duration": 2.967}, {"text": "Just think about.", "start": 1816.53, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "And this is what Hanson does.", "start": 1819.29, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "He says, just think about it.", "start": 1823.16, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "I asked you what did you see?", "start": 1824.45, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "I didn't ask you\nwhat this represents.", "start": 1826.67, "duration": 2.445}, {"text": "I asked you, what\ndo you actually see?", "start": 1829.115, "duration": 2.835}, {"text": "Everybody says, \"a cube.\"", "start": 1831.95, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "it's not a cube.", "start": 1834.158, "duration": 0.667}, {"text": "It's 12 lines on a flat surface.", "start": 1837.66, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "Actually, what your brain\nsees is not even a line,", "start": 1841.26, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "it's a bitmap.", "start": 1844.41, "duration": 1.96}, {"text": "You've got white dots\nand black dots in there.", "start": 1846.37, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "So your brain is\ndoing all of this work", "start": 1849.67, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "to organize what you experience\nso that you can understand it,", "start": 1853.03, "duration": 4.62}, {"text": "so you can get\nmeaning out of it.", "start": 1857.65, "duration": 3.227}, {"text": "Well, basically, this\nis not even a cube.", "start": 1860.877, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "Now, there's an artist\nthat deals with this issue.", "start": 1869.01, "duration": 3.54}, {"text": "Now I'm going to tell\nyou who this artist is.", "start": 1879.47, "duration": 2.8}, {"text": "And I'm going to tell\nyou that only one or two", "start": 1882.27, "duration": 6.25}, {"text": "pieces of his work\ncome through to me,", "start": 1888.52, "duration": 3.55}, {"text": "but maybe you see Mondrian.", "start": 1892.07, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "Because Mondrian knows how\nto draw and color a Necker", "start": 1900.4, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "cube so that looks flat, whereas\nPicasso can use 6 to 10 of them", "start": 1904.09, "duration": 12.93}, {"text": "to draw your face.", "start": 1917.02, "duration": 0.765}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]?", "start": 1927.483, "duration": 0.994}, {"text": "Completely different?", "start": 1936.96, "duration": 1.82}, {"text": "And they always use the example,\nif you're on a train moving,", "start": 1938.78, "duration": 3.73}, {"text": "and you throw a ball in\nthe air, it looks to you", "start": 1942.51, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "like it goes straight up\nand down when actually, it's", "start": 1944.51, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "taking the shape of a\nparabola, like in a different", "start": 1946.718, "duration": 2.672}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE].", "start": 1949.39, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Right.", "start": 1951.07, "duration": 1.09}, {"text": "STUDENT: So I think\na lot about that,", "start": 1952.16, "duration": 1.67}, {"text": "what is [INAUDIBLE] if it's real\nto you that it goes straight up", "start": 1953.83, "duration": 4.87}, {"text": "and down, for me looking\nat it from a distance--", "start": 1958.7, "duration": 2.402}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Well, that's\nthe kind of thinking that we", "start": 1965.04, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "need to do in this class--", "start": 1967.29, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "I mean, not that we\nhaven't been doing it.", "start": 1968.34, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "But what is truth?", "start": 1970.09, "duration": 5.77}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 1975.86, "duration": 1.523}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Well,\nlet's play with that.", "start": 1977.383, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "What do you mean absolute?", "start": 1979.05, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "STUDENT: Is there one\nuniversal truth for everyone?", "start": 1982.26, "duration": 4.725}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: What does\nthe word \"truth\" mean?", "start": 1986.985, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "All right.", "start": 1991.86, "duration": 0.57}, {"text": "Well, Aristotle played\naround with that question.", "start": 1995.46, "duration": 5.72}, {"text": "Plato did, too, and\nthey went very far.", "start": 2001.18, "duration": 4.83}, {"text": "They went at least--", "start": 2006.01, "duration": 2.83}, {"text": "accomplished 50%\nof the question.", "start": 2008.84, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "And the rest of us have\naccomplished, added to that.", "start": 2012.23, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "Maybe we're at 90%, 95%.", "start": 2015.29, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "Let's speculate on that.", "start": 2019.01, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "What do we mean by that?", "start": 2022.75, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "Plato said one thing about it.", "start": 2024.31, "duration": 4.387}, {"text": "You want me to talk?", "start": 2028.697, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "STUDENT: I want you to talk.", "start": 2029.53, "duration": 1.983}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: OK.", "start": 2031.513, "duration": 0.667}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE] Plato said-- we're\ntalking about what is truth.", "start": 2032.18, "duration": 6.19}, {"text": "And I don't consider\nthat a diversion.", "start": 2038.37, "duration": 2.42}, {"text": "I wanted to talk about\ncodes of ethics today.", "start": 2040.79, "duration": 4.24}, {"text": "Frankly, the question\nof what is truth", "start": 2045.03, "duration": 1.79}, {"text": "is more interesting\nthan codes of ethics.", "start": 2046.82, "duration": 3.352}, {"text": "But I'm looking at the clock.", "start": 2050.172, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "We've got time.", "start": 2051.38, "duration": 1.93}, {"text": "We've got time.", "start": 2053.31, "duration": 0.71}, {"text": "This is what a philosophy\nclass is supposed to be--", "start": 2054.02, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "supposed to be 75% ad hoc.", "start": 2058.25, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "I wouldn't say that\nabout a math class.", "start": 2063.25, "duration": 2.085}, {"text": "OK, let me start talking,\nbut I want you all", "start": 2069.1, "duration": 5.11}, {"text": "to take over the conversation\nif you can get to it.", "start": 2074.21, "duration": 7.88}, {"text": "Let me start with Plato.", "start": 2082.09, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "Plato said, well, let's\nnot talk about truth first.", "start": 2083.23, "duration": 5.87}, {"text": "Let's talk about\nsomething else first.", "start": 2089.1, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "Let's talk about knowledge.", "start": 2092.28, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "What is knowledge?", "start": 2093.42, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "And Plato said, well, knowledge\nis a statement-- that is,", "start": 2099.51, "duration": 7.51}, {"text": "a sentence that's\neither true or false,", "start": 2107.02, "duration": 5.17}, {"text": "and that there are two kinds\nof knowledge, statements.", "start": 2112.19, "duration": 5.03}, {"text": "One is a statement that agrees\nwith other knowledge statements", "start": 2117.22, "duration": 11.74}, {"text": "according to the rules\nof logic and reason.", "start": 2128.96, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "And that's called\nrational knowledge.", "start": 2139.25, "duration": 4.48}, {"text": "The other one is a\nstatement that agrees", "start": 2143.73, "duration": 4.98}, {"text": "with observation or experience.", "start": 2148.71, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "I'll put observation, but\nI don't mean just the eye.", "start": 2151.17, "duration": 2.77}, {"text": "I mean all of the five senses.", "start": 2153.94, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "So there's a cup of\ncoffee on the table.", "start": 2162.26, "duration": 3.53}, {"text": "That's a statement of knowledge.", "start": 2165.79, "duration": 1.333}, {"text": "STUDENT: Isn't that\na statement of fact?", "start": 2171.76, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: No, it's the\nsame thing as a [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 2173.427, "duration": 2.291}, {"text": "It's an observation of a fact.", "start": 2175.718, "duration": 1.922}, {"text": "It's a statement that describes\nan observation of a fact,", "start": 2177.64, "duration": 3.56}, {"text": "or it is a fact because\nit is information", "start": 2181.2, "duration": 5.1}, {"text": "that is coming to\nmy brain of the type", "start": 2186.3, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "that I call sensory information.", "start": 2189.39, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "And then what I\nwould speculate on", "start": 2194.65, "duration": 1.79}, {"text": "is that that sensory\ninformation comes", "start": 2196.44, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "from someplace outside of the\nmind, call it \"real world.\"", "start": 2198.96, "duration": 5.76}, {"text": "So a knowledge statement--", "start": 2207.5, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "well, you might\ncome along and say,", "start": 2210.68, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "I said this was a cup of coffee.", "start": 2213.11, "duration": 2.33}, {"text": "I analyze it.", "start": 2215.44, "duration": 0.617}, {"text": "There's some coffee\nin it, but there's", "start": 2216.057, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "really strychnine in there.", "start": 2217.64, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "Pretty soon,\n[INAUDIBLE] the room.", "start": 2219.92, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "So Plato doesn't have\nany problems with that.", "start": 2224.0, "duration": 4.6}, {"text": "Plato says that you can improve\nupon your knowledge statements,", "start": 2228.6, "duration": 5.85}, {"text": "and in the limit,\nyou get the truth.", "start": 2234.45, "duration": 8.65}, {"text": "That's why Plato was very happy\nto say we pursue the truth,", "start": 2243.1, "duration": 6.8}, {"text": "but we make knowledge claims.", "start": 2249.9, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "You do the same thing when\nit comes to value judgments.", "start": 2253.77, "duration": 6.6}, {"text": "You make a value judgment and\nin the limit, you get the good.", "start": 2260.37, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "So now, this is called\nrational knowledge,", "start": 2268.21, "duration": 5.78}, {"text": "and this is called\nempirical knowledge.", "start": 2273.99, "duration": 12.82}, {"text": "You can also say values, value\njudgments, and get the good.", "start": 2286.81, "duration": 5.57}, {"text": "And then Plato says that if\nyou put these two together,", "start": 2296.79, "duration": 7.58}, {"text": "and imagine that this limit does\nexist, what do you think Plato", "start": 2304.37, "duration": 10.65}, {"text": "or what do you think pretty much\n90% of the philosophers that", "start": 2315.02, "duration": 3.758}, {"text": "are out here-- what do\nyou think they would", "start": 2318.778, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "call the truth and the good?", "start": 2320.57, "duration": 3.405}, {"text": "If there's something out\nthere that is perfect--", "start": 2328.6, "duration": 4.41}, {"text": "yes, that's Plato's theology.", "start": 2333.01, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "He calls this God.", "start": 2335.5, "duration": 2.74}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] in\nthere somewhere, too?", "start": 2338.24, "duration": 2.3}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Values,\nthat's aesthetic value.", "start": 2340.54, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "STUDENT: I have a question\nabout rational knowledge.", "start": 2351.891, "duration": 4.264}, {"text": "So rational knowledge, we said,\nagrees with other [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 2356.155, "duration": 12.335}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Well, it's\nhard to put in words.", "start": 2368.49, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "Let me give you\na starting point.", "start": 2371.25, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "Mathematics is\nrational knowledge.", "start": 2373.92, "duration": 3.19}, {"text": "It makes no reference to\nexperience or to objects.", "start": 2377.11, "duration": 4.8}, {"text": "You ready for this?", "start": 2385.09, "duration": 0.81}, {"text": "Can you see this up at the top?", "start": 2390.54, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 2393.63, "duration": 1.147}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: I'll tell you what.", "start": 2394.777, "duration": 1.333}, {"text": "STUDENT: That's good.", "start": 2403.082, "duration": 1.318}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE] my mind [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 2404.4, "duration": 2.305}, {"text": "So like math, saying that the\nderivative of the natural log", "start": 2411.61, "duration": 7.002}, {"text": "is whatever it is, is\nknowledge, but it makes no sense", "start": 2418.612, "duration": 8.428}, {"text": "unless you know what\n\"derivative\" means", "start": 2427.04, "duration": 3.533}, {"text": "or what \"natural log\" means.", "start": 2430.573, "duration": 1.167}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: You've\ngot definitions.", "start": 2431.74, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "Start with definitions.", "start": 2433.72, "duration": 2.89}, {"text": "You've got symbols.", "start": 2436.61, "duration": 1.908}, {"text": "You've got rules for\nputting them together.", "start": 2438.518, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "You call that syntax.", "start": 2440.31, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "And then you have rules\nfor deducing other symbols.", "start": 2443.58, "duration": 5.22}, {"text": "You call that semantics.", "start": 2448.8, "duration": 1.66}, {"text": "So now we're talking\nabout deducing a theorem", "start": 2450.46, "duration": 3.2}, {"text": "from an axiom.", "start": 2453.66, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] but\nit's not-- it can't just be", "start": 2456.75, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE].", "start": 2459.39, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Right, or I'm\ngoing to be a little bit more--", "start": 2460.8, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "it is not empirical.", "start": 2464.25, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "I don't want to say\nthat it can or possibly.", "start": 2468.35, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "We throw that all out.", "start": 2470.75, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "It's all mental,\nand it's all reason.", "start": 2472.07, "duration": 4.686}, {"text": "STUDENT: I also think of\nEinstein's paper [INAUDIBLE]??", "start": 2476.756, "duration": 2.832}, {"text": "He talks about\nEuclidean geometry,", "start": 2482.42, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "and how you talk about a\nlot [INAUDIBLE] exists.", "start": 2484.19, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "Can you observe a line?", "start": 2486.68, "duration": 1.284}, {"text": "Because it's infinitely small--", "start": 2487.964, "duration": 1.464}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Right.", "start": 2489.428, "duration": 0.792}, {"text": "[INTERPOSING VOICES]", "start": 2490.22, "duration": 0.91}, {"text": "STUDENT: So it's not something\nthat you can really observe.", "start": 2491.13, "duration": 1.985}, {"text": "And a point is the same thing.", "start": 2493.115, "duration": 1.588}, {"text": "You can't really observe,\nempirically measure a point.", "start": 2494.703, "duration": 3.209}, {"text": "It doesn't really\nexist [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 2497.912, "duration": 2.261}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Right.", "start": 2505.678, "duration": 0.792}, {"text": "I could put a rock\nhere, and then", "start": 2506.47, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "a smaller rock, and a smaller\none, and a smaller one.", "start": 2508.33, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "We could even go down\nto an atomic particle,", "start": 2511.93, "duration": 4.59}, {"text": "and keep going.", "start": 2516.52, "duration": 0.77}, {"text": "We still haven't got a point.", "start": 2517.29, "duration": 1.66}, {"text": "But we can still\ntalk about a point.", "start": 2518.95, "duration": 2.625}, {"text": "STUDENT: Right.", "start": 2521.575, "duration": 0.625}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE]", "start": 2522.2, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: And\nall kinds of stuff.", "start": 2523.85, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "That's right.", "start": 2528.188, "duration": 0.542}, {"text": "So what Kant wanted to do is\ntake that kind of thinking out", "start": 2532.67, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "of the scientific\nrealm, and say,", "start": 2535.97, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "I want to base a value\njudgment strictly off", "start": 2540.2, "duration": 6.47}, {"text": "of the rational process,\nstrictly mental.", "start": 2546.67, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "And Mill said, I want to make a\nrational judgment strictly out", "start": 2550.63, "duration": 5.07}, {"text": "of the empirical thinking--\nknowledge, statements.", "start": 2555.7, "duration": 5.68}, {"text": "So they took all of\nthis stuff and put it", "start": 2561.38, "duration": 1.79}, {"text": "into the value domain.", "start": 2563.17, "duration": 1.11}, {"text": "Now, let's talk some more\nabout empirical knowledge.", "start": 2569.19, "duration": 4.22}, {"text": "Let's talk some more.", "start": 2584.13, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "There is a genre of story\nthat all start the same way.", "start": 2586.2, "duration": 9.4}, {"text": "They end slightly differently,\nbut they all start the same,", "start": 2595.6, "duration": 5.465}, {"text": "and we can get a\nlot out of this.", "start": 2601.065, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "You're driving along someplace.", "start": 2605.85, "duration": 4.49}, {"text": "Look down, something\nlooks funny about your car", "start": 2610.34, "duration": 5.6}, {"text": "or for whatever reason, you\nget off 95, the main highway.", "start": 2615.94, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "You get on some little road,\ngoing down this little road.", "start": 2619.33, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "And then there are no houses, no\ngas stations, just driving down", "start": 2623.29, "duration": 6.527}, {"text": "this little road.", "start": 2629.817, "duration": 0.708}, {"text": "It's getting dark,\nthe car stops,", "start": 2630.525, "duration": 3.493}, {"text": "and the road comes to an\nend, and there's nothing", "start": 2634.018, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "there but the woods.", "start": 2636.06, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "And for some reason, you\ndecide to get out of your car", "start": 2639.03, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "and walk through the woods.", "start": 2642.3, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "You've got to run into\nsomething-- shopping center.", "start": 2643.44, "duration": 4.32}, {"text": "You run into a monastery.", "start": 2647.76, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "And you knock on the\ndoor, and hear a voice", "start": 2652.1, "duration": 4.19}, {"text": "on the other side\ntalking to you.", "start": 2656.29, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "And there's a little window in\nthe door, a little window where", "start": 2659.14, "duration": 3.35}, {"text": "you can basically pass.", "start": 2662.49, "duration": 1.66}, {"text": "And everybody can\nspeak the same English.", "start": 2664.15, "duration": 4.63}, {"text": "Now, all of the stories\nstart the same way.", "start": 2671.47, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "I'm going to tell two of them.", "start": 2673.9, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "Now, one of them is that they\ntell you to go away at first.", "start": 2679.42, "duration": 5.638}, {"text": "You say you're hungry,\nyou need a place to sleep.", "start": 2685.058, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "And they tell you to go away.", "start": 2687.1, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "You keep knocking on\nand banging on the door.", "start": 2688.36, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "And all of a sudden, that little\nwindow falls open by itself.", "start": 2691.84, "duration": 8.25}, {"text": "Nobody opened it,\nit just falls open,", "start": 2700.09, "duration": 1.57}, {"text": "and you get a peek inside.", "start": 2701.66, "duration": 1.083}, {"text": "And you look in there,\nand everything is yellow--", "start": 2705.41, "duration": 8.74}, {"text": "floor, walls, the ceiling,\nchairs, the desk, their food,", "start": 2714.15, "duration": 8.04}, {"text": "their skin, their\neyes, their hair.", "start": 2722.19, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "Everything is yellow.", "start": 2725.43, "duration": 1.515}, {"text": "Everything is yellow.", "start": 2730.87, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "Then you say, why is\neverything yellow?", "start": 2735.04, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "They don't have the word\n\"yellow\" in their vocabulary.", "start": 2739.04, "duration": 3.643}, {"text": "Then you reach in your\nhand, and let's say", "start": 2746.85, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "you had a pen that\nhad red ink in it.", "start": 2750.24, "duration": 1.96}, {"text": "So you squirt some\nred ink in there.", "start": 2752.2, "duration": 2.42}, {"text": "All of a sudden, two words\ncomes into their vocabulary", "start": 2754.62, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "at the same time--\n\"red\" and \"yellow.\"", "start": 2757.53, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "Then they get to\ntalk, and then they", "start": 2764.71, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "find the word \"color\" to\naccount for both of them,", "start": 2766.69, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "and to distinguish\ncolor from other things.", "start": 2769.09, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "But they had yellow in\nfront of them all along,", "start": 2771.49, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "but they couldn't see it.", "start": 2774.82, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "Or they could see it,\ncouldn't distinguish it.", "start": 2776.47, "duration": 4.937}, {"text": "Only when that got that\nother color in there could", "start": 2781.407, "duration": 2.083}, {"text": "they distinguish it.", "start": 2783.49, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "But then red and yellow\ncome in their language", "start": 2784.323, "duration": 3.037}, {"text": "at the same time.", "start": 2787.36, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "So now, that's what Kuhn\nis talking about when", "start": 2792.98, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "he says a new paradigm.", "start": 2795.86, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "He's not saying that somebody\nis going to show you something", "start": 2799.19, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "that you've never seen before.", "start": 2801.69, "duration": 2.35}, {"text": "What he's going to say\nis you're going to say,", "start": 2804.04, "duration": 3.56}, {"text": "I don't know what word to\nuse about my experience", "start": 2807.6, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "with this thing.", "start": 2811.2, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "It was here all along,\nbut did I see it?", "start": 2811.98, "duration": 7.51}, {"text": "No.", "start": 2819.49, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Then you have to find a\nlot of different words", "start": 2819.99, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "to describe what you did see.", "start": 2821.907, "duration": 2.223}, {"text": "And you still won't.", "start": 2824.13, "duration": 1.675}, {"text": "And you'll wind up\nspeaking with people", "start": 2825.805, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "call \"tongues,\" very abstract.", "start": 2827.43, "duration": 1.745}, {"text": "It's only when the other\none came in there that you", "start": 2829.175, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "could see both of them.", "start": 2831.3, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "Now let's get to Einstein--", "start": 2840.28, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "same story.", "start": 2843.31, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "You're at the monastery.", "start": 2846.25, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "The monks won't let you in.", "start": 2848.5, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "The door opens up.", "start": 2851.71, "duration": 3.02}, {"text": "This time, you look in there\nand all of the monks are blind.", "start": 2854.73, "duration": 6.44}, {"text": "You don't ask them a\nquestion about generations.", "start": 2865.98, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "They've always been blind.", "start": 2871.23, "duration": 1.232}, {"text": "Everybody's been blind.", "start": 2872.462, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "So what you do is you finally\ntalk them into letting you in.", "start": 2876.16, "duration": 8.55}, {"text": "And when you get\nin there, you find", "start": 2884.71, "duration": 4.07}, {"text": "that there's a rack in a\ncloset, a rack of t-shirts.", "start": 2888.78, "duration": 3.645}, {"text": "Now, all of the t-shirts are the\nsame size, smell the same way,", "start": 2896.3, "duration": 5.9}, {"text": "made out of the same material.", "start": 2902.2, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "They are all the\nsame except that they", "start": 2904.81, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "have different colors, but\nthe blind man can't see it.", "start": 2906.97, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "The blind man cannot\ndistinguish one from the other.", "start": 2912.75, "duration": 2.738}, {"text": "He's sitting there.", "start": 2915.488, "duration": 0.792}, {"text": "He knows he pulls out one,\nand they're all the same.", "start": 2916.28, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "You can tell that half of them\nare dark red and the other half", "start": 2921.43, "duration": 6.06}, {"text": "are white.", "start": 2927.49, "duration": 0.54}, {"text": "They can't see it, but there's\none thing the blind men know,", "start": 2930.63, "duration": 3.93}, {"text": "and that is that when\nthey put on some t-shirts", "start": 2934.56, "duration": 5.7}, {"text": "and sit out in the\nsun, they get warm.", "start": 2940.26, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "And when they put\non other t-shirts,", "start": 2942.03, "duration": 2.265}, {"text": "they sit out under the sun\nand they don't get warm.", "start": 2944.295, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "They stay a little bit cool.", "start": 2946.42, "duration": 2.83}, {"text": "You go in there and say,\nwell, wear the red ones", "start": 2949.25, "duration": 3.328}, {"text": "when you want to get warm\nand wear the white ones", "start": 2952.578, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "when you want to get cool.", "start": 2954.62, "duration": 1.083}, {"text": "They don't know what\nyou're talking about.", "start": 2955.703, "duration": 2.607}, {"text": "Einstein calls\nthat \"hyperspace,\"", "start": 2958.31, "duration": 3.54}, {"text": "says that we have five senses.", "start": 2961.85, "duration": 5.22}, {"text": "If we had a sixth one, we\ncould perceive other things.", "start": 2967.07, "duration": 4.87}, {"text": "With our five\nsenses, we can still", "start": 2971.94, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "perceive some of those\nthings, but their behaviors", "start": 2974.25, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "don't fit in the patterns,\nlike these traces of particles", "start": 2977.82, "duration": 5.38}, {"text": "they see, these\nparticle physicists", "start": 2983.2, "duration": 2.42}, {"text": "see even to this day.", "start": 2985.62, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "They know that they're\nthere, but they", "start": 2987.63, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "don't behave according\nto Newton's laws,", "start": 2989.73, "duration": 5.28}, {"text": "to Einstein's special\ntheory of relativity.", "start": 2995.01, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "As a matter of fact, there's\nno pattern that you can see.", "start": 2997.83, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "And so what they say\nis that a pattern", "start": 3001.16, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "would exist if some\nalien came down", "start": 3003.68, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "here with a sixth sense who\ncould perceive something", "start": 3006.35, "duration": 5.41}, {"text": "like that.", "start": 3011.76, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "We don't have the sixth sense.", "start": 3012.51, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "We know that this thing\nis behaving like this.", "start": 3014.19, "duration": 4.75}, {"text": "So here's what Einstein and\nthese physicists try to do--", "start": 3018.94, "duration": 4.01}, {"text": "what they try to do is\nwrite a position vector,", "start": 3022.95, "duration": 5.19}, {"text": "not just in x, y, z, and\nsay that these are dependent", "start": 3028.14, "duration": 5.01}, {"text": "variables, and they're\nall dependent on time.", "start": 3033.15, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "Einstein comes back and\nsays, let's put in alpha,", "start": 3036.45, "duration": 6.57}, {"text": "call it the fourth\ndimension, do our arithmetic,", "start": 3043.02, "duration": 3.54}, {"text": "and we will be able to\naccount for that behavior", "start": 3046.56, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "even though we don't\nbelong or can't", "start": 3050.07, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "sense the rest of\nthis hyperspace,", "start": 3051.87, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "just like the blind\nmen can account", "start": 3054.06, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "for the difference in t-shirts\nby going out in the sun,", "start": 3057.93, "duration": 5.6}, {"text": "but can't see the difference\nor otherwise perceived it.", "start": 3063.53, "duration": 4.05}, {"text": "So that's what hyperspace is.", "start": 3067.58, "duration": 3.34}, {"text": "It's an attempt to\naccount for something", "start": 3070.92, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "you can't fully perceive--\nyou can't perceive but you", "start": 3072.81, "duration": 4.68}, {"text": "can perceive the effects.", "start": 3077.49, "duration": 3.22}, {"text": "So what you say is that in order\nto understand this position", "start": 3080.71, "duration": 3.5}, {"text": "vector, you have to\nspeculate another dimension.", "start": 3084.21, "duration": 5.5}, {"text": "And if you do your math right,\nyou'll get right answers.", "start": 3089.71, "duration": 4.6}, {"text": "Better stated, you\nwill find a pattern.", "start": 3094.31, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "And then you use this\nalpha to fit in so", "start": 3098.8, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "that you fit into the pattern.", "start": 3101.83, "duration": 2.41}, {"text": "And if that has a predictive\nquality, then you've got a law.", "start": 3104.24, "duration": 7.35}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 3111.59, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: You just\nhave to live with it,", "start": 3114.89, "duration": 1.94}, {"text": "like the blind men just\nhave to live with the fact.", "start": 3116.83, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 3119.47, "duration": 2.287}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: And\nthey're not even sure", "start": 3121.757, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "before they go out\nwhich ones are.", "start": 3123.34, "duration": 3.695}, {"text": "So you take two\nor three of them,", "start": 3127.035, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "you go out you put them on, take\na chance that one of them will.", "start": 3128.41, "duration": 3.22}, {"text": "But you've tied\ndown things a bit.", "start": 3131.63, "duration": 2.025}, {"text": "You've got a science.", "start": 3133.655, "duration": 0.875}, {"text": "They've got a science in\nthere, in that monastery.", "start": 3134.53, "duration": 4.67}, {"text": "So that's where you get a lot\nof this abstract thinking coming", "start": 3142.53, "duration": 3.66}, {"text": "along later, with people\nlike Kierkegaard and Sartre.", "start": 3146.19, "duration": 7.2}, {"text": "Let me see if I can\nget my French right.", "start": 3153.39, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "I qualified in French, but I\ndon't count myself as a person", "start": 3156.0, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "who knows French, but\n\"Sahrt,\" S-A-R-T-R-E.", "start": 3158.73, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "I feel more comfortable\nin saying \"Sar-tre.\"", "start": 3162.03, "duration": 2.062}, {"text": "Sartre won the\nNobel Prize twice.", "start": 3167.19, "duration": 5.85}, {"text": "I think he won it three times,\nbut he turned it down one time.", "start": 3173.04, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "These are people who talk\nabout existentialism.", "start": 3178.96, "duration": 5.97}, {"text": "And if you go talk\nto a Zen Buddhist,", "start": 3193.17, "duration": 6.24}, {"text": "he or she will\ntalk about Nirvana.", "start": 3199.41, "duration": 2.415}, {"text": "And if you talk to\nEinstein, or any", "start": 3206.26, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "of his intellectual descendants,\nhe will talk about hyperspace.", "start": 3209.5, "duration": 5.28}, {"text": "There's a lot of similarity\nin those concepts,", "start": 3217.97, "duration": 10.56}, {"text": "a lot of similarity\nin those concepts.", "start": 3228.53, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "And there is Kierkegaard who'll\ntalk about existentialism,", "start": 3230.36, "duration": 7.29}, {"text": "and then he does the same\nthing that these two guys did,", "start": 3237.65, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "when they looked at knowledge\nand truth, values and the good,", "start": 3242.69, "duration": 5.46}, {"text": "and you look at\nknowledge in terms", "start": 3248.15, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "of empirical knowledge\nand rational knowledge,", "start": 3249.59, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "these people talk about\nactually empirical values", "start": 3251.72, "duration": 4.14}, {"text": "and rational values.", "start": 3255.86, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "So Kierkegaard comes\nalong and says,", "start": 3259.22, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "let's stretch out hyperspace.", "start": 3261.41, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "Can we talk about good\nand bad in hyperspace?", "start": 3264.11, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "In other words, not\njust the real world,", "start": 3266.93, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "but things that you cannot\ntotally observe but that are", "start": 3269.78, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "there anyway?", "start": 3272.75, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "And you get a lot of sympathy\nfrom that if you go over", "start": 3275.51, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "to the Art Department.", "start": 3278.18, "duration": 1.466}, {"text": "You don't have to go to\nthe School of Religion.", "start": 3282.492, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "You go to the Art\nDepartment, Ballet.", "start": 3284.45, "duration": 5.01}, {"text": "They'll tell you there's\na hyperspace out there.", "start": 3289.46, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "There's a hyper world out\nthere, and that some people are", "start": 3291.89, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "in touch with it, and most\nof the rest of us aren't.", "start": 3295.85, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "And they don't know\nwhat it is out there,", "start": 3304.3, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "but they know when you've\ngot it, like the monks did.", "start": 3307.48, "duration": 4.17}, {"text": "They knew when you\nhad the red shirt,", "start": 3311.65, "duration": 3.618}, {"text": "but they didn't know about\nred and white shirts.", "start": 3315.268, "duration": 3.407}, {"text": "But they know when\nyou've got it,", "start": 3318.675, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "and those are the ones\nyou call the geniuses.", "start": 3320.05, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "Not genius in\nterms of intellect,", "start": 3322.63, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "but just people\nwho've just got it.", "start": 3324.07, "duration": 3.61}, {"text": "Some people just\ngot it, and they", "start": 3327.68, "duration": 2.27}, {"text": "can touch that other world.", "start": 3329.95, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "Ancient people knew\nabout this stuff.", "start": 3332.8, "duration": 1.605}, {"text": "Tell you how they\nknew about it--", "start": 3339.855, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "they knew it in a way that\nwe call it very concrete.", "start": 3344.24, "duration": 3.5}, {"text": "They knew about it in\nterms of consciousness", "start": 3347.74, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "and unconsciousness.", "start": 3349.6, "duration": 1.34}, {"text": "They knew about the dream state.", "start": 3354.44, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "And when I say \"ancient,\" I'm\ntalking about beyond way back.", "start": 3361.52, "duration": 6.25}, {"text": "I'm talking about\n10,000 years ago.", "start": 3367.77, "duration": 8.58}, {"text": "I'm talking about even\nprobably before that,", "start": 3376.35, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "but when human beings\nbegan to have dreams.", "start": 3378.87, "duration": 5.24}, {"text": "They say some\nanimals have dreams--", "start": 3384.11, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "dogs.", "start": 3386.63, "duration": 0.93}, {"text": "STUDENT: Wait, they know a\nparticular point in time when", "start": 3387.56, "duration": 3.2}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE]?", "start": 3390.76, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: I don't\nknow, but they speculate--", "start": 3392.76, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]\nfirst start recording.", "start": 3394.8, "duration": 3.08}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: They know\nwhen dreams became a factor", "start": 3397.88, "duration": 5.61}, {"text": "in your daily life.", "start": 3403.49, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "They know that,\nbecause they were", "start": 3406.85, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "able to see what we call\nreligious artifacts and burial.", "start": 3408.38, "duration": 5.94}, {"text": "I think burial was what the\ncultural archaeologists say", "start": 3414.32, "duration": 4.44}, {"text": "is the first, then cave drawings\non walls, art, but burial--", "start": 3418.76, "duration": 7.18}, {"text": "the notion that somebody\ndeserves some kind of ceremony", "start": 3425.94, "duration": 7.2}, {"text": "after they died, and\nhave to be buried,", "start": 3433.14, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "and something goes into\nthe grave with them", "start": 3435.54, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "to notice the notion that\nthere is another world.", "start": 3438.03, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "And the other world\nthat they thought", "start": 3440.97, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "was that you are just\ngoing to the dream state,", "start": 3442.59, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "and you'll never\nget out of it now,", "start": 3446.19, "duration": 4.69}, {"text": "and that the dream\nstate was just", "start": 3450.88, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "as valid as a conscious state.", "start": 3452.41, "duration": 4.29}, {"text": "The price we pay for saying\nthat the dream state is not", "start": 3456.7, "duration": 4.68}, {"text": "worth anything unless you've\ngot a real mental problem--", "start": 3461.38, "duration": 5.01}, {"text": "the price we pay for that is\nthat we forget the obvious,", "start": 3466.39, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "and that is that our conscious\nminds can't be entirely trusted", "start": 3469.42, "duration": 4.5}, {"text": "because there are a lot of\ntruths that are in our mind", "start": 3473.92, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "that our conscious minds\ndo not want to face.", "start": 3476.17, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "And we put them\nin our unconscious", "start": 3478.045, "duration": 1.785}, {"text": "and they come out in dreams\nin the forms of dragons,", "start": 3479.83, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "and trolls, and all that.", "start": 3482.65, "duration": 3.4}, {"text": "So there is truth down there.", "start": 3486.05, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "That's what the mythic\nhero has got to do.", "start": 3488.48, "duration": 3.17}, {"text": "He's got to kill that dragon.", "start": 3491.65, "duration": 2.27}, {"text": "That's the symbol.", "start": 3493.92, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "That is the metaphor for solving\nyour biggest problems in life.", "start": 3494.7, "duration": 4.17}, {"text": "You have to say\nthat you've got all", "start": 3498.87, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "of the truth necessary\nto solve this problem.", "start": 3500.61, "duration": 1.93}, {"text": "But some of it you\nhave hidden, so you", "start": 3502.54, "duration": 2.77}, {"text": "have to go down in\nthe unconscious,", "start": 3505.31, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "get it, bring it up to\nconsciousness, and make it fit,", "start": 3506.78, "duration": 4.8}, {"text": "mostly morally.", "start": 3511.58, "duration": 1.6}, {"text": "Because a lot of the\nthings you have hidden down", "start": 3513.18, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "there don't fit\nbecause you don't", "start": 3515.18, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "want to accept the\nmoral truth of it.", "start": 3517.01, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "Notice I said \"moral truth.\"", "start": 3520.07, "duration": 3.488}, {"text": "So there are truths down there.", "start": 3523.558, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "So what the primitive-- that's\nthe word I'm looking for--", "start": 3524.85, "duration": 5.56}, {"text": "beyond ancient--\nprimitive human beings", "start": 3530.41, "duration": 5.21}, {"text": "understood the two\ndifferent worlds", "start": 3535.62, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "and they believed\nthat both were valid.", "start": 3539.22, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "And that whatever was\ndown in one, some of them", "start": 3541.8, "duration": 4.47}, {"text": "had mirror images of\nwhat was up in the other.", "start": 3546.27, "duration": 4.44}, {"text": "But there were other\nthings, and you had", "start": 3550.71, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "to learn how to live in both.", "start": 3552.72, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "And there was always\none individual", "start": 3555.3, "duration": 3.83}, {"text": "that understood both of them.", "start": 3559.13, "duration": 4.482}, {"text": "You know what they called them?", "start": 3563.612, "duration": 2.725}, {"text": "Go ahead and say it.", "start": 3566.337, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "STUDENT: I've heard you\nsay \"shaman\" before.", "start": 3567.17, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Yeah, the shaman.", "start": 3569.09, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "Shaman understands those\ntwo different worlds", "start": 3574.37, "duration": 4.77}, {"text": "and can navigate them.", "start": 3579.14, "duration": 4.5}, {"text": "And so hyperspace-- let's\ntake this thing one more time,", "start": 3583.64, "duration": 11.677}, {"text": "and then we'll try one\nor two of these codes", "start": 3595.317, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "before we get out of here.", "start": 3597.15, "duration": 2.65}, {"text": "Hyperspace-- let's go back to\nknowledge in the first place.", "start": 3599.8, "duration": 3.85}, {"text": "Go back to knowledge.", "start": 3603.65, "duration": 1.135}, {"text": "We're talking now about there's\na term of art in philosophy,", "start": 3607.7, "duration": 7.52}, {"text": "and it's called--", "start": 3615.22, "duration": 1.335}, {"text": "I'm putting it in quotes because\nI want you to memorize this--", "start": 3616.555, "duration": 3.535}, {"text": "it's called the\n\"mind-body problem.\"", "start": 3620.09, "duration": 6.365}, {"text": "Now, the mind-body\nproblem is this--", "start": 3634.57, "duration": 3.31}, {"text": "we know that there\nexists a mind.", "start": 3637.88, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "Does there exist the body?", "start": 3640.04, "duration": 1.19}, {"text": "Or is the mind just\ntelling you that things", "start": 3644.59, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "are going on, and\nsomehow or another,", "start": 3648.7, "duration": 3.38}, {"text": "you believe that there's a\nphysical world out here that", "start": 3652.08, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "will be there even\nif you're dead?", "start": 3655.35, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "Believe it or not, there's\na lot of serious debate", "start": 3660.417, "duration": 2.083}, {"text": "about all that right\nnow, whether or not", "start": 3662.5, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "there's only the mind.", "start": 3665.68, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "The thing that you've\ngot to take seriously", "start": 3671.998, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "about it is some of the\nbest thinkers, at least", "start": 3673.79, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "that the Western\nworld has ever had,", "start": 3676.73, "duration": 3.2}, {"text": "have tried to tackle this thing.", "start": 3679.93, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "Descartes tried to tackle it.", "start": 3683.02, "duration": 3.08}, {"text": "He got a big chunk of it.", "start": 3686.1, "duration": 1.305}, {"text": "You remember what it was?", "start": 3687.405, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "STUDENT: I think,\ntherefore I am.", "start": 3689.155, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: There it is.", "start": 3690.53, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "He said there is\none world for sure,", "start": 3692.78, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "and that you do exist\nbecause it's in your mind.", "start": 3695.21, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Your mind exists now.", "start": 3698.21, "duration": 1.9}, {"text": "Why?", "start": 3700.11, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Because you think.", "start": 3700.61, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "Do you think?", "start": 3703.25, "duration": 1.087}, {"text": "Yeah, I think.", "start": 3704.337, "duration": 0.583}, {"text": "Then they start\nplaying games with you.", "start": 3708.26, "duration": 4.29}, {"text": "Well, what about this desk?", "start": 3712.55, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "How do you know you're\nnot just dreaming it?", "start": 3713.99, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "How do you know that this\nisn't, in fact, the desk?", "start": 3716.36, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "Because I can play\na game with you,", "start": 3718.61, "duration": 1.657}, {"text": "and I can make this\nthing out of water,", "start": 3720.267, "duration": 2.723}, {"text": "and you just won't know the\ndifference until you touch it.", "start": 3722.99, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So I can manipulate your world.", "start": 3728.64, "duration": 4.19}, {"text": "What do you know?", "start": 3732.83, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "Is this valid, this\nbusiness of observation,", "start": 3734.72, "duration": 6.93}, {"text": "or is it just you and your mind?", "start": 3741.65, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "There is some other thinking\nthat the only valid statement", "start": 3746.28, "duration": 4.1}, {"text": "you can make about knowledge is\nyour mind, but not your mind,", "start": 3750.38, "duration": 7.26}, {"text": "because what you say is yours\nis only part of a whole.", "start": 3757.64, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "All of this has to do with--", "start": 3774.24, "duration": 3.88}, {"text": "this finds its way into ethical\nthought one way or another.", "start": 3778.12, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "And like I said, if you\nread Kierkegaard, A-A-R-D,", "start": 3784.3, "duration": 11.58}, {"text": "some of these other people\ndealing with that hyperspace.", "start": 3795.88, "duration": 10.73}, {"text": "There any artists that deal\nwith hyperspaces and all", "start": 3806.61, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "of this stuff.", "start": 3809.07, "duration": 0.72}, {"text": "Can you imagine a\nfourth dimension?", "start": 3813.03, "duration": 2.097}, {"text": "I thought I couldn't\nimagine one until I", "start": 3824.173, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "met-- until I had\nthis discussion", "start": 3825.84, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "with a cousin of mine.", "start": 3828.54, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "Well, this cousin of mine has\nthe same mentality as a shaman.", "start": 3831.42, "duration": 4.71}, {"text": "He was diagnosed as\nschizophrenic, long time,", "start": 3839.23, "duration": 4.54}, {"text": "20, 30 years ago, 40 years ago.", "start": 3843.77, "duration": 4.04}, {"text": "He had all of the\nmakings of a shaman.", "start": 3850.32, "duration": 6.66}, {"text": "He had a terrible\nexperience as a child,", "start": 3856.98, "duration": 4.91}, {"text": "and he never had a job.", "start": 3861.89, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Lives at home with his mother.", "start": 3866.89, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "I was sitting there.", "start": 3874.06, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "His mother asked me to\ngo talk to him one day.", "start": 3876.1, "duration": 3.023}, {"text": "I went, and sat down,\nand talked to him.", "start": 3879.123, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "I said, we don't have to\ntalk if you don't want to.", "start": 3880.79, "duration": 3.828}, {"text": "He said, I want to.", "start": 3884.618, "duration": 0.792}, {"text": "I said, well, everybody\nsays you've got a problem.", "start": 3885.41, "duration": 4.56}, {"text": "What's your problem?", "start": 3889.97, "duration": 2.65}, {"text": "He said, sometimes\nhe goes to sleep", "start": 3892.62, "duration": 7.53}, {"text": "and he doesn't wake\nup for a month.", "start": 3900.15, "duration": 3.46}, {"text": "And he's not laying in\nthe bed for a month.", "start": 3903.61, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "He's walking around,\ntalking it, but he", "start": 3905.402, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "said he's in the dream state.", "start": 3907.027, "duration": 1.263}, {"text": "Then he comes out of it.", "start": 3913.26, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "He only knows that he\nwas in the dream state", "start": 3914.82, "duration": 1.88}, {"text": "when he comes out of it.", "start": 3916.7, "duration": 1.99}, {"text": "It's like the yellow.", "start": 3918.69, "duration": 1.76}, {"text": "He only knows there's red--", "start": 3920.45, "duration": 2.433}, {"text": "STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 3922.883, "duration": 3.387}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: People\ntell him he has", "start": 3926.27, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "a distorted concept of time.", "start": 3929.51, "duration": 1.605}, {"text": "But there are some\ntalents that he has.", "start": 3934.64, "duration": 6.45}, {"text": "And one of those talents\nis the talent that--", "start": 3941.09, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "I got the what was his\nname problem again.", "start": 3950.3, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "The book and the movie is called\n\"The Picture of Dorian Gray.\"", "start": 3956.9, "duration": 11.18}, {"text": "What's the author's name?", "start": 3968.08, "duration": 1.407}, {"text": "STUDENT: Oscar Wilde.", "start": 3969.487, "duration": 0.875}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Oscar Wilde,\nyes, yeah, Oscar Wilde.", "start": 3973.55, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "There's a movie that I've gotten\nalso, that's written in French.", "start": 3981.98, "duration": 4.79}, {"text": "I haven't looked at it.", "start": 3986.77, "duration": 1.703}, {"text": "I looked at it\nonce on television,", "start": 3988.473, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "and I went and ordered it.", "start": 3989.89, "duration": 1.942}, {"text": "It's got subtitles.", "start": 3991.832, "duration": 3.658}, {"text": "And there's this\nyoung artist who falls", "start": 3995.49, "duration": 5.25}, {"text": "in love with this young girl.", "start": 4000.74, "duration": 3.59}, {"text": "And he tries to paint her\nand he can't get it right.", "start": 4004.33, "duration": 6.25}, {"text": "He says he just can't\nbring out her inner beauty.", "start": 4010.58, "duration": 3.922}, {"text": "Every time he paints\nher, she looks", "start": 4014.502, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "like \"Picture of Dorian Gray--\"\nit looks like something else.", "start": 4015.96, "duration": 5.76}, {"text": "So he says he knows\nof this old man that", "start": 4021.72, "duration": 5.36}, {"text": "lives up in the hills\nwho's a famous artist.", "start": 4027.08, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "And he's an artist\nwho's just got it.", "start": 4031.31, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "Everybody says there's\nartists, and then there's", "start": 4033.95, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "some people just got it.", "start": 4036.29, "duration": 1.42}, {"text": "So he says, he's\na friend of mine.", "start": 4037.71, "duration": 2.45}, {"text": "I'm going to take\nyou up to his house", "start": 4040.16, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "and I'm going to ask\nhim to paint you.", "start": 4042.71, "duration": 3.59}, {"text": "So he goes up to this\nman's house, small villa.", "start": 4046.3, "duration": 3.9}, {"text": "Man's there with his wife.", "start": 4050.2, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "And the old man\nis very reluctant", "start": 4052.21, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "to take on this job\nof painting this girl.", "start": 4054.61, "duration": 4.03}, {"text": "And there's a real\nnice line in there", "start": 4058.64, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "where the old man says, well,\nif when I start painting her,", "start": 4061.4, "duration": 5.81}, {"text": "I don't know what\nthe paint on my brush", "start": 4067.21, "duration": 4.47}, {"text": "is going to do when\nit hits the canvas.", "start": 4071.68, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "You may not like what you see.", "start": 4074.65, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "And it goes on.", "start": 4078.86, "duration": 0.91}, {"text": "And at the end, the last scene,\nhe's completed the painting.", "start": 4079.77, "duration": 4.46}, {"text": "He puts the cover\nover the painting.", "start": 4084.23, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "He takes a sledgehammer,\nand he breaks", "start": 4087.32, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "a hole in the brick wall.", "start": 4090.8, "duration": 2.547}, {"text": "He takes the painting-- we never\nsee the painting-- he puts it", "start": 4093.347, "duration": 2.583}, {"text": "in the hole, and\nhe got some water,", "start": 4095.93, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "and he covers the hole back up.", "start": 4098.24, "duration": 1.949}, {"text": "In other words, he was able\nto capture her \"true self,\"", "start": 4100.189, "duration": 5.75}, {"text": "and she looked like a beast.", "start": 4105.939, "duration": 2.701}, {"text": "And he just could not give\nthat picture to that young boy", "start": 4108.64, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "because it would\ntear his heart out.", "start": 4111.58, "duration": 2.069}, {"text": "That's the whole\npoint of the thing.", "start": 4113.649, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "The whole point of the\nthing is that some people,", "start": 4115.149, "duration": 2.521}, {"text": "like my cousin, can\nsee that inner you.", "start": 4117.67, "duration": 4.78}, {"text": "And I don't like the\n[INAUDIBLE] because I don't", "start": 4122.45, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "want him to see [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 4124.45, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "But we got along, so I\nguess it's not so bad.", "start": 4127.42, "duration": 3.22}, {"text": "But he doesn't have\nthe skill to put brush", "start": 4130.64, "duration": 5.089}, {"text": "to paint and paint to canvas.", "start": 4135.729, "duration": 3.811}, {"text": "And I tried to tell him,\nhe developed poetic skills.", "start": 4139.54, "duration": 3.689}, {"text": "And all poetic skills--", "start": 4143.229, "duration": 2.331}, {"text": "you don't have to rhyme.", "start": 4145.56, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "But if he can see those things\nin people, then he is special.", "start": 4149.109, "duration": 3.451}, {"text": "He's got a special talent.", "start": 4152.56, "duration": 3.549}, {"text": "And a lot of artists\nare like that--", "start": 4156.109, "duration": 2.011}, {"text": "Jackson Pollock.", "start": 4161.04, "duration": 0.84}, {"text": "STUDENT: Does he see\nthe world differently?", "start": 4166.55, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: I would not\ngo to an ice cream parlor", "start": 4168.89, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "with Jackson Pollock.", "start": 4171.05, "duration": 1.229}, {"text": "But in other words, what I\nthink is healthy for us to say", "start": 4175.49, "duration": 7.11}, {"text": "is that so far as our senses are\nconcerned, some of these people", "start": 4182.6, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "are in hyperspace.", "start": 4185.42, "duration": 1.635}, {"text": "They're perceiving\nthings that we", "start": 4187.055, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "could perceive if we could\npurge our unconsciousnesses", "start": 4188.43, "duration": 4.139}, {"text": "of their demons, and\nreconcile all that's", "start": 4192.569, "duration": 2.791}, {"text": "down there with our conscious,\nand our reason, and our morals.", "start": 4195.36, "duration": 3.66}, {"text": "And that's what's supposed to\nhappen when you become wise,", "start": 4199.02, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "that you're supposed\nto be able to purge", "start": 4202.11, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "your unconscious of\nall of his demons.", "start": 4205.23, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "Carl Jung said that.", "start": 4207.72, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "And he said it happens\nonly in the old,", "start": 4209.61, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "because in order for the\nrest of us, the non-shaman,", "start": 4212.25, "duration": 3.54}, {"text": "for the rest of us to do\nit and remain healthy,", "start": 4215.79, "duration": 4.5}, {"text": "we have to see death.", "start": 4220.29, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "And when we see the Grim\nReaper not far away,", "start": 4223.2, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "then these demons just\ndon't mean that much.", "start": 4226.29, "duration": 3.9}, {"text": "And if we can find a\nmoral way to accept them--", "start": 4230.19, "duration": 5.285}, {"text": "you know what I\nmean by moral way", "start": 4235.475, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "to accept the stuff\nthat's down there?", "start": 4236.85, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "Well, one that's\nunforgettable is", "start": 4241.475, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "Freud when he talked\nabout how a boy can", "start": 4242.85, "duration": 3.93}, {"text": "have a sexual attraction\nto his mother.", "start": 4246.78, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "Well, that's kept down\nin the unconscious", "start": 4251.052, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "because that's\nmorally unacceptable.", "start": 4252.76, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "So there's a demon down there.", "start": 4256.84, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "But if you're getting\nold, and the Grim Reaper", "start": 4258.94, "duration": 2.522}, {"text": "is right over there,\nyou don't know", "start": 4261.462, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "when you're going, that\nbecomes no longer significant.", "start": 4262.92, "duration": 3.748}, {"text": "You could bring that to\nconsciousness and deal with it.", "start": 4266.668, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "So a wise person is purged,\nis unconscious of all", "start": 4268.96, "duration": 3.32}, {"text": "these demons, and takes on some\nof these skills of the shaman,", "start": 4272.28, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "and can see into certain\nkinds of hyperspace.", "start": 4275.91, "duration": 4.59}, {"text": "In this class-- I wouldn't say\nthis in an engineering class,", "start": 4292.61, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "but in this class, I'm\nno longer in the mood", "start": 4295.11, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "to talk about codes of ethics.", "start": 4296.943, "duration": 1.418}, {"text": "So I have to make\nthat an assignment.", "start": 4300.95, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "We have a surprise.", "start": 4303.86, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "Did you read your email?", "start": 4305.03, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "We have a visitor\ncoming on Tuesday.", "start": 4306.35, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "What is definite is\nthat apparently, he had", "start": 4312.06, "duration": 5.01}, {"text": "asked about a class like this.", "start": 4317.07, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "This is a visitor from\nthe Netherlands, chairman", "start": 4319.35, "duration": 5.64}, {"text": "of a department, of an\nEngineering Department,", "start": 4324.99, "duration": 4.59}, {"text": "apparently part of this whole\nreconstruction of education", "start": 4329.58, "duration": 5.91}, {"text": "in Europe.", "start": 4335.49, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "And engineering ethics is\ngetting on everybody's agenda", "start": 4337.44, "duration": 5.52}, {"text": "over there.", "start": 4342.96, "duration": 1.79}]