[{"text": "The following\ncontent is provided", "start": 0.57, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "by MIT OpenCourseWare under\na Creative Commons license.", "start": 2.37, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "Additional information\nabout our license", "start": 6.33, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "and MIT OpenCourseWare\nin general", "start": 8.43, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "is available at ocw.mit.edu.", "start": 10.8, "duration": 4.07}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: I say, look,\nI'm writing a term paper", "start": 14.87, "duration": 3.34}, {"text": "on your article, you know?", "start": 18.21, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "I'd like to ask you\na few questions,", "start": 20.34, "duration": 3.56}, {"text": "because when it comes\nto engineering ethics,", "start": 23.9, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "there's about a--", "start": 26.06, "duration": 1.46}, {"text": "if it's strictly engineering\nethics as opposed", "start": 27.52, "duration": 3.49}, {"text": "to other kinds--", "start": 31.01, "duration": 2.35}, {"text": "I mean, the more\ngeneral ethics, there's", "start": 33.36, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "a 90% chance that I\nwill know the author who", "start": 36.42, "duration": 4.05}, {"text": "you're talking about.", "start": 40.47, "duration": 1.312}, {"text": "Tell you a little bit\nwhere they're coming from", "start": 41.782, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "and invite you to call them up.", "start": 43.74, "duration": 1.72}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 48.65, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "We've got a good day today.", "start": 49.61, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "What I'd like to do is to--", "start": 52.79, "duration": 1.6}, {"text": "I'm giving your papers back.", "start": 54.39, "duration": 1.67}, {"text": "What I'd like to do is\nto review the papers,", "start": 56.06, "duration": 2.32}, {"text": "but I want your permission.", "start": 58.38, "duration": 2.09}, {"text": "What I want to do is to\nmake an anonymous review,", "start": 60.47, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "but I want to make it public.", "start": 63.47, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "I want to read it\nout to everybody.", "start": 65.48, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "Nobody will know who said what.", "start": 67.34, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: But there's\nonly two of us.", "start": 72.008, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 73.55, "duration": 0.63}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Well, they\ndon't know which one of you--", "start": 74.18, "duration": 2.298}, {"text": "I'll tell you what.", "start": 76.478, "duration": 0.792}, {"text": "It's not--", "start": 77.27, "duration": 0.6}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: It doesn't--\nI don't care.", "start": 77.87, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Well, let's\nsee-- let's see how it goes.", "start": 79.7, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "There's nothing in\nhere that's going to--", "start": 81.908, "duration": 1.709}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: No.", "start": 83.617, "duration": 0.708}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: --that\nI have to say", "start": 84.325, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "that's going to be-- you know.", "start": 85.7, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "Anything that's-- let me use\nsome judgment and see how it", "start": 90.05, "duration": 5.18}, {"text": "goes.", "start": 95.23, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "And-- OK.", "start": 97.54, "duration": 12.9}, {"text": "Now what I want you to do\nis I'm going to-- the grade", "start": 110.44, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "that I have put down here is\nnot the grade for the paper", "start": 112.78, "duration": 5.34}, {"text": "you gave me.", "start": 118.12, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "The grade that I put down here\nis for your second draft that", "start": 120.12, "duration": 6.12}, {"text": "will respond to my comments.", "start": 126.24, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: OK.", "start": 128.1, "duration": 1.602}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: And\nthat you can save.", "start": 129.702, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "You don't give back to\nme, but you can save,", "start": 131.16, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "but you can talk\nto me about it, OK?", "start": 133.35, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "As we go along.", "start": 137.35, "duration": 0.71}, {"text": "In other words, I want to--", "start": 138.06, "duration": 1.515}, {"text": "I said at the\nbeginning of class,", "start": 139.575, "duration": 1.485}, {"text": "I want to see\nimprovement, all right?", "start": 141.06, "duration": 2.462}, {"text": "So I want you to feel\nlike you can doctor", "start": 143.522, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "this thing up a little bit.", "start": 145.23, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 147.9, "duration": 0.72}, {"text": "I marked good in several\ncases on both papers,", "start": 148.62, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "mainly because--", "start": 151.65, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "not because you made good\nobservations, which you did,", "start": 154.5, "duration": 4.05}, {"text": "and good thoughts.", "start": 158.55, "duration": 0.915}, {"text": "You gave me some good thoughts.", "start": 159.465, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "But I was actually surprised,\npositively surprised", "start": 160.757, "duration": 2.623}, {"text": "by the good thoughts that\nboth of you had put in here.", "start": 163.38, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "But it was little\nthings like that you", "start": 166.8, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "did get a reference that\nI had not brought in", "start": 169.08, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "and you did it on your own.", "start": 171.81, "duration": 1.3}, {"text": "That was good, OK?", "start": 173.11, "duration": 1.49}, {"text": "And for example, I\ndidn't make a distinction", "start": 174.6, "duration": 5.13}, {"text": "between act and\nrule utilitarianism,", "start": 179.73, "duration": 4.47}, {"text": "and you all figured that out.", "start": 184.2, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "That's the kind of\nstuff I'm looking for.", "start": 186.78, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "Another one is an anomaly\nthat's just in the field.", "start": 189.96, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "Let me tell you-- let me\ngive you something that", "start": 194.19, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "will cause you to remember it.", "start": 196.86, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "It's a little game that you\ncan play with three-year-olds.", "start": 199.08, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "You ever played-- y'all\nplay around with kids?", "start": 202.41, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "Three-year-olds, four-year-olds.", "start": 204.78, "duration": 1.51}, {"text": "It's a little game,\nbut it is very--", "start": 206.29, "duration": 2.42}, {"text": "my experience with\ntelling it, with playing", "start": 208.71, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "this game with these little\nkids is very, very interesting.", "start": 211.11, "duration": 4.96}, {"text": "And that is you say, what\nhas a big head, red eyes,", "start": 216.07, "duration": 7.65}, {"text": "and eats rocks?", "start": 223.72, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Kid says, I don't know.", "start": 225.72, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "You say, a big-headed,\nred-eyed rock eater.", "start": 226.95, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 230.25, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "Kid says, OK.", "start": 231.45, "duration": 1.16}, {"text": "Then you say, what has\na big head, yellow eyes,", "start": 232.61, "duration": 4.42}, {"text": "and eats rocks?", "start": 237.03, "duration": 2.21}, {"text": "And the kid says, a big-headed,\nyellow-eyed rock eater.", "start": 239.24, "duration": 4.86}, {"text": "You say, no.", "start": 244.1, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "They only come in red.", "start": 245.39, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 246.47, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "Now my experience is\nthat four-year-olds", "start": 247.7, "duration": 3.765}, {"text": "will see the point to that.", "start": 251.465, "duration": 1.185}, {"text": "That's just the way life is, OK?", "start": 252.65, "duration": 2.774}, {"text": "All right?", "start": 255.424, "duration": 2.806}, {"text": "Now in ethics, you will\nfind a lot of this.", "start": 258.23, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "You'll find deontological\nethics, but nobody--", "start": 261.17, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "very few people--\nnot a lot of people", "start": 264.5, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "talk about ontological ethics.", "start": 266.09, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "Don't be bothered by that, OK?", "start": 269.84, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "And there'll be a lot of those.", "start": 272.42, "duration": 2.77}, {"text": "There'll be a lot of them.", "start": 275.19, "duration": 1.172}, {"text": "Let me see if I can\nthink of another one.", "start": 276.362, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "They'll talk about\nconsequentialists", "start": 285.32, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "and non-consequentialists,\nbut there's another one.", "start": 286.82, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "I'll think of it before\nthe class is over.", "start": 289.85, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "But there are a lot of\nthese little anomalies.", "start": 291.6, "duration": 2.18}, {"text": "Just don't let them bother\nyou, but pick them up.", "start": 293.78, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "Pick them up.", "start": 296.24, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 297.23, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "Another thing is that this\ncase is more properly called", "start": 298.85, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "the A7D case than the A7 case.", "start": 303.89, "duration": 5.322}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: What does that mean?", "start": 309.212, "duration": 1.858}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: It's the\nnomenclature for the break.", "start": 311.07, "duration": 3.993}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: OK.", "start": 315.063, "duration": 0.542}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Now here's a very\nsignificant teaching point.", "start": 322.24, "duration": 5.56}, {"text": "Very significant teaching\npoint for this kind of class.", "start": 327.8, "duration": 4.46}, {"text": "On the one hand, a\nprescription for behavior", "start": 332.26, "duration": 5.85}, {"text": "is made more\ncompelling, I agree,", "start": 338.11, "duration": 4.26}, {"text": "if you use two very\ndifferent approaches", "start": 342.37, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "and come up with the\nsame prescription.", "start": 344.8, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "That is very compelling.", "start": 347.53, "duration": 2.99}, {"text": "But in ethics, there's no\nreason that two prescriptions", "start": 350.52, "duration": 4.12}, {"text": "should be the same.", "start": 354.64, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "If you get different\nprescriptions,", "start": 357.91, "duration": 1.76}, {"text": "you don't have to say,\nyou need more work.", "start": 359.67, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "That's the way it can end.", "start": 363.15, "duration": 3.17}, {"text": "OK, what you're really looking\nfor is the defensibility of it.", "start": 366.32, "duration": 4.25}, {"text": "So I could give\nyou a classic case,", "start": 370.57, "duration": 3.35}, {"text": "one that I think you should\nthink over, and probably one", "start": 373.92, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "that you've thought over before.", "start": 376.65, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "It doesn't have a name, but\nyou've seen it in movies.", "start": 378.6, "duration": 5.16}, {"text": "A ship sinks.", "start": 383.76, "duration": 3.76}, {"text": "Some people escape\nin a lifeboat.", "start": 387.52, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "There are 10 people\nin the lifeboat.", "start": 390.7, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "There's food enough for\n10 people for a week,", "start": 393.19, "duration": 4.83}, {"text": "but they don't expect to\nbe picked up for a month.", "start": 398.02, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "Well, you can come up with\na whole lot of solutions", "start": 404.09, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "that are very different, even\nopposite, and all of them", "start": 407.72, "duration": 4.14}, {"text": "are equally defensible.", "start": 411.86, "duration": 3.34}, {"text": "You can come up with\nsome solutions--", "start": 415.2, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "you can come up--\nyou can come up", "start": 417.3, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "with a solution\nthat is defensible.", "start": 419.4, "duration": 2.71}, {"text": "I can come up with\nthe same solution,", "start": 422.11, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "but it's not defensible.", "start": 424.42, "duration": 1.227}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 428.63, "duration": 0.94}, {"text": "All right.", "start": 429.57, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So in an engineering class, we--", "start": 430.07, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "well, let's put it this way.", "start": 437.863, "duration": 1.167}, {"text": "In undergraduate\nengineering, there", "start": 439.03, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "is such a thing as the answer\nin the back of the book.", "start": 442.99, "duration": 4.31}, {"text": "The operative word is the.", "start": 447.3, "duration": 3.14}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 450.44, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "In graduate, you're\ngoing to find", "start": 451.19, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "you can get more than one\nanswer and there's costs", "start": 453.23, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "and benefits on either side.", "start": 456.2, "duration": 3.28}, {"text": "Out there, a lot of good\nanswers, a lot of bad answers.", "start": 459.48, "duration": 5.41}, {"text": "And what is going to count\nmost in many situations", "start": 464.89, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "is like it is here.", "start": 468.97, "duration": 1.758}, {"text": "It's your argument.", "start": 470.728, "duration": 0.792}, {"text": "And that's going to be because--", "start": 475.16, "duration": 2.325}, {"text": "and this is one thing that\nI try to direct my class to,", "start": 477.485, "duration": 3.735}, {"text": "because people just will not\nknow, no matter what you say,", "start": 481.22, "duration": 13.02}, {"text": "what the right answer is.", "start": 494.24, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "The question-- let\nme tell you a story.", "start": 496.04, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "I've got another story.", "start": 498.14, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "Let me just tell this story.", "start": 499.28, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "I'm a young assistant\nprofessor, and I'm down there--", "start": 501.95, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "and I go down to NASA\nLangley Research Center.", "start": 505.46, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "This is in Hampton, Virginia.", "start": 508.97, "duration": 2.387}, {"text": "Know about it?", "start": 511.357, "duration": 0.583}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I worked there.", "start": 511.94, "duration": 1.042}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Oh.", "start": 512.982, "duration": 0.708}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]\nfor summer-- two summer", "start": 513.69, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "internships.", "start": 515.565, "duration": 0.545}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Really?", "start": 516.11, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "What division.", "start": 516.943, "duration": 0.722}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: The space projects\n[INAUDIBLE],, so yeah.", "start": 517.665, "duration": 4.75}, {"text": "In the building where the\nMercury astronauts were", "start": 522.415, "duration": 2.135}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE].", "start": 524.55, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Whoa.", "start": 525.51, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "I was down there in the\nlate '70s and almost all", "start": 526.68, "duration": 4.59}, {"text": "through the '80s.", "start": 531.27, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "I had grants with them\nfor about 12 years.", "start": 532.83, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "And I had a\nrelationship down there", "start": 537.27, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "where I was going down there\nso often that what I'd do", "start": 539.01, "duration": 3.66}, {"text": "is rent a house.", "start": 542.67, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "I'd take students with me.", "start": 543.42, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "We'd live in the house, work.", "start": 545.37, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "And I did that eight\nor nine years, I guess.", "start": 548.7, "duration": 5.61}, {"text": "And so we would all get in\nthe car and ride down there.", "start": 559.38, "duration": 6.23}, {"text": "And I had this little\nspeech I'd give.", "start": 565.61, "duration": 4.108}, {"text": "I was unmarried\nat the time, and I", "start": 569.718, "duration": 2.842}, {"text": "would tell them,\nwhatever happens", "start": 572.56, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "in Hampton stays in Hampton.", "start": 574.87, "duration": 5.53}, {"text": "I don't want any students\ncoming back to Howard, saying,", "start": 580.4, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "I saw Dr. Broome--", "start": 582.77, "duration": 2.805}, {"text": "I said, whatever happens\ndown here stays down there.", "start": 585.575, "duration": 2.865}, {"text": "So one year we were\nriding down there.", "start": 588.44, "duration": 3.9}, {"text": "I was riding down\nthere with four--", "start": 592.34, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "three students.", "start": 593.81, "duration": 0.84}, {"text": "Four students.", "start": 594.65, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "Three students.", "start": 596.06, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "And I made my little speech.", "start": 597.71, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "They agreed with it.", "start": 600.92, "duration": 1.54}, {"text": "And then one of them said,\ndoes that go for us too?", "start": 602.46, "duration": 4.31}, {"text": "And I thought,\nthere's never a case", "start": 606.77, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "where I'd go back to Howard\nand tell what students did.", "start": 608.51, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "I don't care what they did.", "start": 610.88, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "I just thought, do it.", "start": 612.02, "duration": 2.51}, {"text": "And so I said, yeah, I\nguess it goes for you too.", "start": 614.53, "duration": 4.5}, {"text": "So they started lighting\nup these reefers.", "start": 619.03, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "And I said, oh my god.", "start": 623.69, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "What have I got myself into?", "start": 626.42, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "Then the police came.", "start": 627.89, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "It was because\nthey were speeding.", "start": 630.02, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "And there's a place in Virginia.", "start": 635.737, "duration": 1.333}, {"text": "I'm going to tell you right now.", "start": 637.07, "duration": 1.333}, {"text": "It's called-- it's called--", "start": 638.403, "duration": 5.029}, {"text": "what's it called?", "start": 643.432, "duration": 0.708}, {"text": "I can't think of it right now,\nbut there's a place in Virginia", "start": 646.387, "duration": 2.583}, {"text": "where if the police\nget you for speeding,", "start": 648.97, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "they don't give you\na ticket on the spot.", "start": 651.34, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "They take you about\n10 miles off the road", "start": 653.59, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "to a special place where\nyou have to fill out a form", "start": 655.54, "duration": 3.81}, {"text": "and you have to pay in cash.", "start": 659.35, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "They took us off.", "start": 661.85, "duration": 0.715}, {"text": "I said, I know\nI'm going to jail.", "start": 662.565, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 663.94, "duration": 1.87}, {"text": "That was 30 years ago.", "start": 665.81, "duration": 1.61}, {"text": "But the story is that\none day, I went to what's", "start": 667.42, "duration": 7.14}, {"text": "called a division meeting.", "start": 674.56, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "This was the structures\nand dynamics division.", "start": 676.09, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "And I had to go to all\nof the division meetings.", "start": 679.72, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "And it got me spirited\nin there that day.", "start": 682.81, "duration": 5.61}, {"text": "So imagine a room.", "start": 688.42, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "There's about 100 engineers.", "start": 691.42, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "95 of them have PhDs.", "start": 693.55, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "They called the place a\ncampus when I was there.", "start": 695.83, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "And these engineers were\nup making a presentation,", "start": 699.22, "duration": 4.91}, {"text": "and the chief was\nsitting on the side", "start": 704.13, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "and started quizzing\nthem about it.", "start": 707.4, "duration": 4.01}, {"text": "And it got mean in there.", "start": 711.41, "duration": 3.95}, {"text": "And he hit his\nfist on the table,", "start": 715.36, "duration": 4.12}, {"text": "and it kept going\nround and round.", "start": 719.48, "duration": 2.57}, {"text": "And so that was my\nfirst meeting, I think.", "start": 722.05, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "And I said, my god, if I have\nto make a presentation in here,", "start": 725.05, "duration": 4.65}, {"text": "I'm just going to have to\ndread it, because it was awful.", "start": 729.7, "duration": 4.17}, {"text": "Awful is the word.", "start": 733.87, "duration": 3.38}, {"text": "So after that, it\nwas lunch time.", "start": 737.25, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "Went to the cafeteria.", "start": 739.95, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "And this man sat at this long\ntable after he got his tray.", "start": 743.13, "duration": 5.46}, {"text": "Sat at this long\ntable, and nobody", "start": 748.59, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "sat with him at that table,\nnot from the division,", "start": 751.5, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "not from any place else.", "start": 755.13, "duration": 1.508}, {"text": "Everybody went someplace else,\nexcept he's sitting over there", "start": 756.638, "duration": 2.542}, {"text": "by himself.", "start": 759.18, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "So I came up with my\ntray and I said, look,", "start": 761.04, "duration": 4.47}, {"text": "I said, you mind some company?", "start": 765.51, "duration": 2.59}, {"text": "No.", "start": 768.1, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "He said no.", "start": 768.6, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "And so I said, well,\nI'm down here just", "start": 769.89, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "for-- as you know,\njust for the summer.", "start": 772.2, "duration": 2.8}, {"text": "Maybe next summer too.", "start": 775.0, "duration": 1.07}, {"text": "But I said, this is\nan opportunity for me", "start": 776.07, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "to learn something.", "start": 779.31, "duration": 1.795}, {"text": "I said, it was a pretty\nmean meeting we just had.", "start": 781.105, "duration": 5.505}, {"text": "And I said to him--", "start": 786.61, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "I said, not only that, but\nlet's call a spade a spade.", "start": 788.14, "duration": 7.47}, {"text": "I said, all those PhDs in\nthere that you are tearing up,", "start": 795.61, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "and you don't even hold a\nPhD or a masters from MIT.", "start": 799.21, "duration": 5.26}, {"text": "I said, how do when they're\nright or when they're wrong?", "start": 807.14, "duration": 3.84}, {"text": "And he said, being right\nor wrong is not the issue.", "start": 810.98, "duration": 3.805}, {"text": "He said, it's a\nquestion of commitment.", "start": 814.785, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "What are they willing\nto put their careers on?", "start": 816.41, "duration": 2.761}, {"text": "He said, so I put\nthe heat on them.", "start": 819.171, "duration": 3.149}, {"text": "And what I'm looking\nfor is, number one,", "start": 822.32, "duration": 2.69}, {"text": "whether or not they're going\nto stand by what they said", "start": 825.01, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "or whether they're going\nto start backpedaling.", "start": 827.44, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "And number two, whether\nanybody sitting out there", "start": 830.5, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "is going to join them or\nbe glad it's not then.", "start": 833.59, "duration": 3.987}, {"text": "He said, you watched them.", "start": 837.577, "duration": 1.083}, {"text": "He said, I put them\nunder pressure.", "start": 838.66, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "After a while, they\nstarted backpedaling,", "start": 841.3, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "and nobody came to\ntheir aid, so we're not", "start": 843.67, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "going with those results.", "start": 846.28, "duration": 1.825}, {"text": "They're probably right.", "start": 848.105, "duration": 2.735}, {"text": "But we're not going with that.", "start": 850.84, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "He said, if they\nstood up to me--", "start": 853.03, "duration": 3.81}, {"text": "he said, this is government.", "start": 856.84, "duration": 1.702}, {"text": "They're know there's going\nto be a rift coming around", "start": 858.542, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "in a year or so, OK?", "start": 860.75, "duration": 2.918}, {"text": "These guys-- he's\ngoing to fire them.", "start": 863.668, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "He said, but look.", "start": 868.68, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "He said, if they had stood up\nto me and if a couple of them", "start": 870.78, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "out of the audience stood up\nand stood with them, he said,", "start": 873.75, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "that's what we're\ngoing to go with.", "start": 876.72, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "The thing might go up and\ncome back down, explode.", "start": 878.4, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "He said, but that's\nthe business we're in.", "start": 881.1, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "This is the real\nworld of engineering.", "start": 883.65, "duration": 1.967}, {"text": "It's the commitment that counts.", "start": 885.617, "duration": 1.333}, {"text": "And we've got good\npeople out here.", "start": 889.86, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "And if they are\nwilling to commit,", "start": 891.75, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "then the United\nStates will say, when", "start": 894.48, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "the thing goes up and\nexplodes, they will say,", "start": 898.11, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "here's some more money.", "start": 900.39, "duration": 1.11}, {"text": "Try it again.", "start": 901.5, "duration": 3.22}, {"text": "But if we have\nthe right answers,", "start": 904.72, "duration": 2.33}, {"text": "it's not the whole story.", "start": 907.05, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "It's not even the main\nstory, particularly", "start": 908.7, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "if you're talking\nabout space where", "start": 910.56, "duration": 2.115}, {"text": "you don't have a tradition.", "start": 912.675, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "Everything you're doing\nis for the first time.", "start": 913.8, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "So that's the real world.", "start": 916.68, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "Now the good news is--", "start": 918.43, "duration": 2.51}, {"text": "the bad news is that\nundergraduate education is not", "start": 920.94, "duration": 2.26}, {"text": "like that.", "start": 923.2, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Semi depends on who\nyour major professor is.", "start": 927.41, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "Graduate education is not\nlike that in engineering.", "start": 930.62, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "But from day one,\nethics education", "start": 934.34, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "is like that, because--", "start": 936.65, "duration": 2.63}, {"text": "we want a good answer.", "start": 939.28, "duration": 1.15}, {"text": "Now don't get me wrong, OK?", "start": 940.43, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "But it's that argument\nup to it and whether", "start": 942.47, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "or not as I'm grading it and as\nany other professor would grade", "start": 945.41, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "it whether or not I would commit\nme and my kids to your answers,", "start": 949.28, "duration": 7.686}, {"text": "to your analysis,\nbecause my kids are going", "start": 956.966, "duration": 2.876}, {"text": "to have to cross that bridge.", "start": 959.842, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "And so I'm interested that you\ngot everything written down,", "start": 963.63, "duration": 5.43}, {"text": "but there's got to be something\nunder it that's compelling.", "start": 969.06, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "And that is impossible to\ngrade, but I can tell you", "start": 972.66, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "whether or not it's there.", "start": 976.35, "duration": 1.6}, {"text": "I can tell you whether\nor not I feel it.", "start": 977.95, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "And most importantly,\neven if I don't feel it,", "start": 980.65, "duration": 3.477}, {"text": "I've been out here\nlong enough to know", "start": 984.127, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "whether somebody else will.", "start": 985.71, "duration": 2.62}, {"text": "I will say, yeah, there\nare some people out here", "start": 988.33, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "that would really feel this.", "start": 990.33, "duration": 2.47}, {"text": "But that takes time.", "start": 992.8, "duration": 2.06}, {"text": "My objective in this class is\nnot to meet that objective.", "start": 994.86, "duration": 4.89}, {"text": "It's the first time you've had\nan engineering ethics course,", "start": 999.75, "duration": 4.35}, {"text": "and if this was a\nsequence, then I", "start": 1004.1, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "would expect it the next time.", "start": 1006.62, "duration": 1.918}, {"text": "It's my objective in this\nclass to talk about it.", "start": 1008.538, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "Let's see.", "start": 1016.215, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Yes.", "start": 1022.23, "duration": 0.785}, {"text": "A few comments.", "start": 1023.015, "duration": 0.625}, {"text": "Immanuel Kant takes his\ncategorical imperative", "start": 1028.55, "duration": 5.97}, {"text": "and states it three or\nfour different ways.", "start": 1034.52, "duration": 2.26}, {"text": "Now I think you\nall picked that up.", "start": 1036.78, "duration": 2.15}, {"text": "There's a subtlety\nin one of them.", "start": 1038.93, "duration": 3.939}, {"text": "The golden rule is one\nof those statements.", "start": 1042.869, "duration": 2.581}, {"text": "So tie that in to Kant.", "start": 1045.45, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "He explicitly says\nthat the golden rule", "start": 1048.93, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "is a legitimate statement of\nthe categorical imperative.", "start": 1053.16, "duration": 4.301}, {"text": "So what that means is that out\nof the different formulations", "start": 1060.95, "duration": 4.35}, {"text": "of his categorical imperative,\nyou can pick any one of them.", "start": 1065.3, "duration": 4.58}, {"text": "I'm not too sure\nthat a philosopher", "start": 1069.88, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "would say that one is\nbetter than the other.", "start": 1072.01, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "Just different ways of\nstating the thing properly,", "start": 1074.38, "duration": 2.477}, {"text": "because it's a\ncomplicated sort of thing.", "start": 1076.857, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "I guess you all know which\none is my preference, treating", "start": 1081.58, "duration": 3.54}, {"text": "people as means to ends.", "start": 1085.12, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "That's my preference.", "start": 1088.36, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "The first one is a\nlittle bit convoluted.", "start": 1090.13, "duration": 4.47}, {"text": "Frankly, I like it,\nbecause he's really", "start": 1094.6, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "trying-- he's really saying\nwhat I think he really means,", "start": 1096.58, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "and that is he's\ntrying to connect", "start": 1099.19, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "this categorical imperative\nto first principles of logic.", "start": 1100.99, "duration": 3.66}, {"text": "So that's important to you.", "start": 1107.89, "duration": 2.3}, {"text": "I think the main\nimportance of that to you", "start": 1114.06, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "is that now you\ncan see what counts", "start": 1116.85, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "as a fundamental idea as opposed\nto a theory that's incremental.", "start": 1119.88, "duration": 9.24}, {"text": "You can now say that, well,\nnow I know what the Nobel--", "start": 1129.12, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "if there was a Nobel Prize for\nphilosophy, which there isn't--", "start": 1132.27, "duration": 4.04}, {"text": "even though philosophers\nhave gotten Nobel Prizes--", "start": 1136.31, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "for what?", "start": 1140.94, "duration": 0.66}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: For peace?", "start": 1141.6, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: I think maybe\nyou can count some of them--", "start": 1142.89, "duration": 5.01}, {"text": "all of them who got it for\npeace were philosophers or doing", "start": 1147.9, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "philosophy, even some of\nthe chemists who did it.", "start": 1150.75, "duration": 5.01}, {"text": "But Sartre.", "start": 1155.76, "duration": 3.98}, {"text": "Jump off from Sartre.", "start": 1159.74, "duration": 2.418}, {"text": "He's a philosopher.", "start": 1162.158, "duration": 0.792}, {"text": "He got it.", "start": 1162.95, "duration": 0.97}, {"text": "He got it, and some others, but\nthey got it from literature.", "start": 1163.92, "duration": 4.22}, {"text": "But they were doing\nphilosophy in the literature.", "start": 1168.14, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "And Sartre-- I think is the way\na Frenchman would pronounce it.", "start": 1171.17, "duration": 2.93}, {"text": "I think I can get away\nwith saying \"Sar-truh\"--", "start": 1174.1, "duration": 3.91}, {"text": "is someone that I\nwould like to cover.", "start": 1178.01, "duration": 4.7}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 1182.71, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "And we can read--", "start": 1185.89, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "the good thing\nabout doing Sartre", "start": 1188.08, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "is that his plays-- you can\nread his plays overnight.", "start": 1189.7, "duration": 6.06}, {"text": "They're real short.", "start": 1195.76, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "And we can talk about what--", "start": 1198.07, "duration": 4.8}, {"text": "but he is--", "start": 1202.87, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "Sartre is a Frenchman.", "start": 1204.7, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "He is in a different category.", "start": 1205.93, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "He's going to tell you things\njust by what I just did.", "start": 1208.72, "duration": 2.685}, {"text": "He's going to tell a story.", "start": 1211.405, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "Out of that, you've got to\nsynthesize what the message is.", "start": 1212.53, "duration": 3.136}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE]", "start": 1215.666, "duration": 0.936}, {"text": "Let's see if I can\nmake some more.", "start": 1219.88, "duration": 3.318}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Professor\nBroome, so there", "start": 1223.198, "duration": 1.812}, {"text": "are three ways to look at it.", "start": 1225.01, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "If we're doing an analysis,\nI know we probably", "start": 1226.84, "duration": 3.2}, {"text": "won't have an assignment like\nwe do where we're specifically", "start": 1230.04, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "told to take this approach.", "start": 1232.54, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "But is it OK just to choose\nour favorite and pick one?", "start": 1233.86, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "In theory, should they all\ncome to the same conclusion?", "start": 1236.95, "duration": 2.825}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: There's no\nreason that they should all", "start": 1239.775, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "come to the same conclusion.", "start": 1241.9, "duration": 1.298}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: OK.", "start": 1243.198, "duration": 0.542}, {"text": "So we could phrase\nit in a different way", "start": 1243.74, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "and come up with something\ncompletely different,", "start": 1246.53, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "depending on which\ninterpretation", "start": 1248.53, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "we'd like or choose to use, or\nthink is the most appropriate.", "start": 1250.39, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: What\nI hope is that you", "start": 1253.15, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "have enough experiences\nwithin this class", "start": 1254.65, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "that you will find\nthat you can come up", "start": 1256.36, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "with two opposite even\nconclusions that are well", "start": 1259.87, "duration": 4.2}, {"text": "grounded.", "start": 1264.07, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: And we should\nwrite about both of them", "start": 1266.02, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "and have the same\ndefensibility for both of them.", "start": 1268.18, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: OK,\nyou're putting me in--", "start": 1271.81, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: My\nquestion is, since we", "start": 1273.46, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "talked about wanting to have the\npassion behind the conclusion,", "start": 1275.56, "duration": 5.22}, {"text": "should we--", "start": 1280.78, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "does that mean we should\nonly write about the approach", "start": 1283.03, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "that gives us that passion--", "start": 1286.33, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: No.", "start": 1287.71, "duration": 0.21}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: --and that argument?", "start": 1287.92, "duration": 0.54}, {"text": "No.", "start": 1288.46, "duration": 0.3}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: No.", "start": 1288.76, "duration": 0.667}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: OK.", "start": 1289.427, "duration": 0.563}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Because this\nthing takes time, OK?", "start": 1289.99, "duration": 3.52}, {"text": "It takes time.", "start": 1293.51, "duration": 0.775}, {"text": "This is going to\nbe an assignment", "start": 1294.285, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "that I'm going to make\nbefore the class is over.", "start": 1295.66, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "And the most important thing--", "start": 1298.99, "duration": 2.947}, {"text": "not the most important\nthing, but what", "start": 1301.937, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "I'm going to take\nout of it today", "start": 1303.52, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "is something that the\noffice says early on,", "start": 1306.73, "duration": 7.05}, {"text": "right at the end of his preface.", "start": 1313.78, "duration": 4.5}, {"text": "He calls it forward,\n[INAUDIBLE] forward.", "start": 1318.28, "duration": 4.29}, {"text": "And this is Wolfram von\nEschenbach's Parzival.", "start": 1322.57, "duration": 5.135}, {"text": "It's part of the\nArthurian mythology.", "start": 1330.99, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "But this is a German\nwho's writing it.", "start": 1337.57, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "And you're probably most\nfamiliar with Thomas Malory's.", "start": 1341.68, "duration": 6.925}, {"text": "It was called Morte d'Arthur,\nKing Arthur's story.", "start": 1348.605, "duration": 3.185}, {"text": "You know, Guinevere\nand all of that.", "start": 1351.79, "duration": 3.31}, {"text": "You're probably most\nfamiliar with that.", "start": 1355.1, "duration": 2.06}, {"text": "They are pretty much different\nversions of the same story,", "start": 1357.16, "duration": 6.22}, {"text": "and you'll find many of the same\ncharacters in these stories.", "start": 1363.38, "duration": 5.56}, {"text": "But both the translators,\nboth of the ones that I have,", "start": 1368.94, "duration": 9.56}, {"text": "this one and the\none of Morte Arthur,", "start": 1378.5, "duration": 4.35}, {"text": "start out by telling\nyou that, well, I", "start": 1382.85, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "could translate this thing\nback into plain English,", "start": 1386.09, "duration": 7.48}, {"text": "but I won't because [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 1393.57, "duration": 3.745}, {"text": "He says, because\nif you just read it", "start": 1397.315, "duration": 3.475}, {"text": "in the vernacular of the\ntime, that after a while,", "start": 1400.79, "duration": 8.13}, {"text": "maybe page 30, maybe page\n50, it'll sound right.", "start": 1408.92, "duration": 5.82}, {"text": "And you've already had that\nexperience with Shakespeare.", "start": 1414.74, "duration": 4.53}, {"text": "You read Shakespeare,\nbut you were like--", "start": 1419.27, "duration": 4.35}, {"text": "the first time you read it,\nyou would say, good god.", "start": 1423.62, "duration": 2.77}, {"text": "Why didn't the teacher give\nme plain English Shakespeare?", "start": 1426.39, "duration": 4.19}, {"text": "Well, if they gave\nyou Shakespeare--", "start": 1430.58, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "and after a while,\nsomething magic happens.", "start": 1432.38, "duration": 3.07}, {"text": "The stuff sounds like--", "start": 1435.45, "duration": 1.39}, {"text": "you feel like you've\nlearned a language, right?", "start": 1436.84, "duration": 2.11}, {"text": "Something happens, and\nthat's what happened.", "start": 1438.95, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "That's what happens.", "start": 1440.48, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "And I took that long\nexplanation to come back", "start": 1441.313, "duration": 2.377}, {"text": "to tell you that that's what\nhappens in this kind of course.", "start": 1443.69, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "You're learning\nsomething very new,", "start": 1446.21, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "and it'll take a while to\nget in the rhythm of it,", "start": 1448.34, "duration": 4.48}, {"text": "particularly with complexities.", "start": 1452.82, "duration": 2.12}, {"text": "After a while, you'll say,\nwell, yeah, it is complex,", "start": 1454.94, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "but I see a way through this.", "start": 1457.58, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "Let's see.", "start": 1464.15, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "Many of the comments that I\nhad were pretty much the same.", "start": 1465.11, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "And-- oh, another issue is\nwith the utilitarian approach.", "start": 1476.85, "duration": 9.28}, {"text": "It's a little bit\nforgiving in terms of your", "start": 1489.97, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "being able to\npredict consequences.", "start": 1493.09, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "You don't have to\nbe exactly this.", "start": 1495.85, "duration": 2.755}, {"text": "If you read Stuart\n[? Milliner, ?] what", "start": 1498.605, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "they're saying is, your\nbest judgment at the time.", "start": 1500.23, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "So you make your\njudgment at the time.", "start": 1506.04, "duration": 1.788}, {"text": "You don't have to take into in.", "start": 1507.828, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "You know-- you see, that's\nwhat really comes into account", "start": 1509.12, "duration": 5.97}, {"text": "with engineering.", "start": 1515.09, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "You're going to build a bridge.", "start": 1517.28, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "You're going to build that\nbridge for a life of 100 years.", "start": 1519.02, "duration": 4.29}, {"text": "Now you're supposed\nto tell me what", "start": 1523.31, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "the consequences\nare to everybody", "start": 1525.44, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "who crosses that bridge?", "start": 1526.94, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "You've got to make\nsome kind of judgement,", "start": 1530.39, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "a reasonable\njudgement that is not", "start": 1532.14, "duration": 4.5}, {"text": "so much defensible as it is--", "start": 1536.64, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "I'm going to use\nthe term commitable.", "start": 1539.19, "duration": 2.27}, {"text": "You think that other\npeople will say, yeah,", "start": 1541.46, "duration": 2.98}, {"text": "we'll go along with this.", "start": 1544.44, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "And that's why there's--", "start": 1546.57, "duration": 2.99}, {"text": "and when it comes\nto engineering,", "start": 1549.56, "duration": 1.84}, {"text": "you won't find this\nin many of the texts.", "start": 1551.4, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "I don't think you'll find\nit in any of them, frankly.", "start": 1553.23, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "But I'll tell you\nright now, which", "start": 1555.48, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "is one of the most compelling\nrationales an engineer can", "start": 1556.897, "duration": 6.593}, {"text": "give for doing x as opposed\nto y that works almost--", "start": 1563.49, "duration": 5.08}, {"text": "if it applies, works\nalmost all the time.", "start": 1568.57, "duration": 4.85}, {"text": "We always do it that way.", "start": 1573.42, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "Tradition.", "start": 1575.82, "duration": 2.05}, {"text": "OK, so you've got a\ncitizen group in here,", "start": 1577.87, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "and they want to\nknow why you want", "start": 1580.48, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "to put the nuclear\nwaste dump over", "start": 1582.46, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "there as opposed to over there.", "start": 1584.14, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "And then you come up with\nsome kind of a formula,", "start": 1586.3, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "and they don't\nunderstand the formula,", "start": 1590.05, "duration": 2.985}, {"text": "and they're mad about it, OK?", "start": 1593.035, "duration": 3.045}, {"text": "If you are able to\ntell their rightly,", "start": 1596.08, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "and all the other\nengineers in the room", "start": 1598.48, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "go along with it, that that\nformula is what we always use,", "start": 1600.13, "duration": 5.593}, {"text": "you're going to go a\nlong way with that.", "start": 1605.723, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "Scientists can't\nget away with that,", "start": 1607.39, "duration": 4.345}, {"text": "because there's always\na formula that's", "start": 1611.735, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "better than the old ones.", "start": 1613.36, "duration": 3.37}, {"text": "But engineers traditionally\nis a good one.", "start": 1616.73, "duration": 2.283}, {"text": "And you can use that in ethics.", "start": 1619.013, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 1623.49, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "Let's see.", "start": 1625.08, "duration": 0.6}, {"text": "Oh, lastly, the story turns.", "start": 1625.68, "duration": 8.88}, {"text": "I'm going to leave that\none to more discussion", "start": 1638.41, "duration": 3.042}, {"text": "as we go along the\nclass, because I", "start": 1641.452, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "plan to do more of that.", "start": 1642.91, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "So when you do your draft two--", "start": 1645.41, "duration": 2.87}, {"text": "and I'm going to ask you to make\ndraft two a copy of draft one", "start": 1648.28, "duration": 9.15}, {"text": "so that you can look back\nand see your progress.", "start": 1657.43, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "Don't amend it.", "start": 1660.07, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "Don't edit draft one, OK?", "start": 1662.32, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "So as time goes\nalong, see if you", "start": 1666.28, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "will go back and change anything\nyou said about the story turns.", "start": 1668.68, "duration": 4.385}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 1681.62, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Did I step on anybody's toes?", "start": 1682.12, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "Any comments, questions?", "start": 1690.84, "duration": 2.373}, {"text": "This was the homework.", "start": 1693.213, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 1702.24, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Let's do some\nunfinished-- well, no.", "start": 1702.74, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "Let me give you more time.", "start": 1704.39, "duration": 1.083}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 1743.83, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "Unfinished business\nand then new business,", "start": 1746.29, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "better stated since you all\nlove parliamentary procedure", "start": 1749.35, "duration": 9.085}, {"text": "so much.", "start": 1758.435, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "You have experience with\nparliamentary bodies?", "start": 1762.58, "duration": 4.06}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Not much.", "start": 1766.64, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "I think high school,\nlike student council", "start": 1767.69, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "was the most [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 1769.7, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 1771.77, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Maybe\nwe should do more.", "start": 1773.18, "duration": 3.44}, {"text": "I was chair of the Faculty\nSenate at Howard for six years.", "start": 1776.62, "duration": 4.17}, {"text": "Now senates are usually at\nuniversities either a senate,", "start": 1780.79, "duration": 6.87}, {"text": "a committee of the faculty\nthat does certain things", "start": 1787.66, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "and represents the\nfaculty to the president.", "start": 1791.17, "duration": 4.34}, {"text": "At Howard, the senate is a--", "start": 1795.51, "duration": 6.87}, {"text": "consists of all of the faculty,\nall the full-time faculty.", "start": 1802.38, "duration": 4.59}, {"text": "And it also consists\nof the president", "start": 1806.97, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "and the dean, those ex\nofficio members, without vote.", "start": 1809.1, "duration": 4.38}, {"text": "And this senate, all\nof its committees", "start": 1813.48, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "and all of its meetings\nare presided over", "start": 1816.36, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "by a faculty person.", "start": 1818.31, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "And the senate reports\nto the board of trustees", "start": 1820.32, "duration": 4.65}, {"text": "through the president.", "start": 1824.97, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "So they give the document\nto the president,", "start": 1827.28, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "and the president is compelled\nto give it to the board.", "start": 1830.67, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "Now the president can decide\nhow to give it to the board.", "start": 1834.39, "duration": 3.195}, {"text": "But nevertheless, that's\nthe way it operates.", "start": 1837.585, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "The point I'm trying\nto make is that try", "start": 1839.46, "duration": 4.71}, {"text": "to imagine an engineer with a\ngavel, parliamentary procedure", "start": 1844.17, "duration": 4.92}, {"text": "at a university where you've\ngot a law school, a department", "start": 1849.09, "duration": 5.16}, {"text": "of business.", "start": 1854.25, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "And I'll tell you the\nhardest ones to preside over.", "start": 1856.17, "duration": 3.043}, {"text": "We've got a medical\nschool for surgeons.", "start": 1859.213, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "Every surgeon knows\nexactly the way", "start": 1864.44, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "he or she knows it's got to\ngo, and you can't tell them", "start": 1867.83, "duration": 4.51}, {"text": "one way or the other.", "start": 1872.34, "duration": 2.38}, {"text": "The lawyers, there's a\nway to deal with them.", "start": 1874.72, "duration": 4.53}, {"text": "Well, they operate with the law\na lot like they do with ethics.", "start": 1879.25, "duration": 4.86}, {"text": "If one lawyer believes\nA, another one", "start": 1884.11, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "believes B. So when the\none who's believing A", "start": 1885.76, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "is tearing you up,\nfind one that--", "start": 1888.76, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 1890.8, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "--that will use\napproach B. Right.", "start": 1894.1, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "So now you're beginning to\nsee what connection that I", "start": 1897.31, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "am going to make matters\nbetween law and ethics.", "start": 1900.04, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "There's a whole\nlot of connection.", "start": 1903.34, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "And depending on what\ncountry you're in--", "start": 1905.02, "duration": 4.17}, {"text": "depending on what\ncountry are you in,", "start": 1909.19, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "you may find that there's\nno difference between law", "start": 1911.89, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "and ethics.", "start": 1914.47, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "You may go to the Middle\nEast, and the judges", "start": 1917.26, "duration": 4.59}, {"text": "have on clerical outfits with\nthe Quran in front of them,", "start": 1921.85, "duration": 6.54}, {"text": "and they're doing--", "start": 1928.39, "duration": 2.387}, {"text": "they don't see any difference\nbetween law, ethics,", "start": 1930.777, "duration": 2.083}, {"text": "and religion.", "start": 1932.86, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "No difference.", "start": 1933.85, "duration": 0.69}, {"text": "It's all the same.", "start": 1934.54, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 1936.7, "duration": 1.02}, {"text": "So where was I?", "start": 1937.72, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "Oh, we don't want\nto do old business.", "start": 1939.82, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "Unfinished business.", "start": 1941.98, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "What were we doing last?", "start": 1943.27, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "I don't think we finished it.", "start": 1944.77, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "Chap-- oh.", "start": 1946.78, "duration": 0.72}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: We had started\ntalking about Ford Pinto.", "start": 1947.5, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Ford Pinto.", "start": 1950.05, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "Now there was something I\nthink is unfinished about that,", "start": 1951.73, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "about our discussion on that.", "start": 1955.6, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "We talked about Ford, but we\ndidn't talk about any persons.", "start": 1958.24, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "Now I want to put\nthe question to you.", "start": 1964.61, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "First let me put an\nobservation to you,", "start": 1967.97, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "that in law, a corporation\nhas the status of a person.", "start": 1971.42, "duration": 9.05}, {"text": "So that means a corporation\ncan commit a crime.", "start": 1980.47, "duration": 4.18}, {"text": "A corporation can be\npunished for the crime,", "start": 1984.65, "duration": 3.26}, {"text": "even though nobody\nin the corporation", "start": 1987.91, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "has been found guilty of\ncommitting any crime, OK?", "start": 1991.39, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "We agree on that?", "start": 1994.15, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Mm-hmm.", "start": 1994.93, "duration": 0.43}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: All right.", "start": 1995.36, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "If you find a better,\nsharper statement", "start": 1996.318, "duration": 2.062}, {"text": "and bring it in next\nclass, we'll amend it,", "start": 1998.38, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "is what I just said.", "start": 2000.81, "duration": 1.78}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 2002.59, "duration": 1.73}, {"text": "When engineering ethics\nwas really invented back", "start": 2004.32, "duration": 4.83}, {"text": "in the early, early '70s--", "start": 2009.15, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "did I give y'all a history\nof engineering ethics yet", "start": 2012.48, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "or the STS movement?", "start": 2015.15, "duration": 1.412}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Yes, you did.", "start": 2016.562, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: OK.", "start": 2017.52, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "Then one of the--", "start": 2019.29, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "there were two great hopes\nof the scholars, mainly", "start": 2020.46, "duration": 4.95}, {"text": "the philosophers in it.", "start": 2025.41, "duration": 4.05}, {"text": "One great hope was\nthat someone would", "start": 2029.46, "duration": 3.81}, {"text": "be able to discover\na new ethic, maybe", "start": 2033.27, "duration": 8.39}, {"text": "from a utilitarian\nvariety, maybe", "start": 2041.66, "duration": 5.1}, {"text": "from a categorical or\nthe ontological variety.", "start": 2046.76, "duration": 6.629}, {"text": "Maybe a new variety.", "start": 2053.389, "duration": 1.388}, {"text": "But a lot of people\nthought they would", "start": 2054.777, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "be able to find a new ethic.", "start": 2056.36, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "I'm not so sure that they did.", "start": 2058.46, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Meaning a new\nmoral standard on which", "start": 2060.38, "duration": 3.89}, {"text": "to base decisions?", "start": 2064.27, "duration": 1.119}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Yeah.", "start": 2065.389, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "Actually, they did, and I'll\ntell you about one or two", "start": 2071.74, "duration": 2.72}, {"text": "that I think they might have\ndone, or we might have done.", "start": 2074.46, "duration": 5.051}, {"text": "So that was one of\nthe great hopes.", "start": 2079.511, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "Another great hope\nwas to be able to give", "start": 2080.969, "duration": 5.491}, {"text": "a corporation moral agency.", "start": 2086.46, "duration": 3.659}, {"text": "The hope was to be able to\nsay that a corporation did", "start": 2093.81, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "the wrong thing.", "start": 2096.78, "duration": 0.93}, {"text": "And there was this paper\nthat was written by one of--", "start": 2100.45, "duration": 8.88}, {"text": "I'll call him out One of\nthe giants in the field,", "start": 2109.33, "duration": 2.26}, {"text": "his name is John Ladd,\nL-A-D-D. John Ladd is", "start": 2111.59, "duration": 8.17}, {"text": "in semi-retirement.", "start": 2119.76, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "I guess he's about 80 now,\nbut he's still active.", "start": 2122.01, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "Still writes.", "start": 2125.4, "duration": 0.935}, {"text": "Still comes to meetings.", "start": 2126.335, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "John Ladd wrote this\npaper, and what it said", "start": 2130.23, "duration": 3.78}, {"text": "was that there's nothing\nin any moral tradition that", "start": 2134.01, "duration": 5.34}, {"text": "would allow the assignment of\nmoral agency to a corporation.", "start": 2139.35, "duration": 6.97}, {"text": "As a matter of fact, he said,\nthere's only one assignment", "start": 2146.32, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "that you can make to a group\nas opposed to an individual.", "start": 2149.83, "duration": 5.67}, {"text": "You want to take a wild\nguess as to what group that", "start": 2155.5, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "is, a collection of\npersons that has moral--", "start": 2157.93, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "that has moral agency,\na collection as opposed", "start": 2161.26, "duration": 4.89}, {"text": "to an individual?", "start": 2166.15, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "If you make a wild guess,\nyou'll probably be right.", "start": 2171.62, "duration": 2.57}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: A religion?", "start": 2174.19, "duration": 1.36}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: No.", "start": 2175.55, "duration": 2.645}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: A religion?", "start": 2178.195, "duration": 1.455}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Nope.", "start": 2179.65, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "That's a good one,\nbecause you would", "start": 2181.6, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "think that because of the\nhierarchical arrangement", "start": 2183.1, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "that-- no.", "start": 2185.83, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "Family, because the kids--", "start": 2187.42, "duration": 3.747}, {"text": "the parents are\nresponsible for what--", "start": 2191.167, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "morally responsible for\nthe kid's moral behavior,", "start": 2192.75, "duration": 4.38}, {"text": "he argued.", "start": 2197.13, "duration": 0.84}, {"text": "And I don't remember\nanybody arguing back on it.", "start": 2197.97, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "Now this is John\nLadd talking, OK?", "start": 2201.03, "duration": 2.385}, {"text": "If you ever decide to do\nanything with John Ladd,", "start": 2206.22, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "I'll give you his phone number.", "start": 2209.4, "duration": 2.317}, {"text": "I have to look at\nup, but I've got it,", "start": 2211.717, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "and I've got his home\nphone number too.", "start": 2213.3, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "We could call him up.", "start": 2214.925, "duration": 1.015}, {"text": "He'd really like to talk to you.", "start": 2215.94, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "So that pretty much killed it,\nthat corporations could not", "start": 2218.64, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "have moral agency.", "start": 2222.36, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "Now I'm going to\ntalk about a way", "start": 2223.92, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "to make corporations\nhave moral agency.", "start": 2225.78, "duration": 2.932}, {"text": "It's going to be\nnew, but I'm going", "start": 2228.712, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "to put that towards\nthe end of the course.", "start": 2230.17, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "All right.", "start": 2232.96, "duration": 1.64}, {"text": "So when we talked about\nthe Ford Pinto case,", "start": 2234.6, "duration": 4.29}, {"text": "I remember us talking a lot\nabout Ford and the Ford Pinto,", "start": 2238.89, "duration": 5.67}, {"text": "but I don't remember us\ntalking about individuals.", "start": 2244.56, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "Were they any\nindividual behaviors", "start": 2249.6, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "in there that we should\ndiscuss, and then", "start": 2251.79, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "characterize that behavior as\neither moral, immoral, ethical,", "start": 2255.87, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "or unethical?", "start": 2258.93, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "Any difference between\nmorals and ethics?", "start": 2261.33, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "Oh.", "start": 2266.45, "duration": 2.63}, {"text": "See, that's one thing that\nis typical of this course.", "start": 2269.08, "duration": 4.36}, {"text": "Typically, you get\nhalfway through the course", "start": 2273.44, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "before somebody will define\nwhat the course means.", "start": 2275.51, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 2278.18, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "OK, that's not unusual at all,\nbut it's about time for us", "start": 2282.26, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "to get a little sophisticated\nabout those two words.", "start": 2285.47, "duration": 4.62}, {"text": "OK, so I'll give you a\nchance to look them up first,", "start": 2290.09, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "and then I'll tell\nyou what's going on.", "start": 2292.64, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2295.7, "duration": 1.733}, {"text": "Are there any individuals\nthat we need to talk about", "start": 2297.433, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "in this Ford Pinto case?", "start": 2299.6, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "Did they name any,\nor did they just", "start": 2300.65, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "talk about engineers generally?", "start": 2302.18, "duration": 4.44}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: In our little\nblurb, they name one.", "start": 2306.62, "duration": 2.325}, {"text": "They name Echold, the\nDirector of Automotive Safety.", "start": 2308.945, "duration": 3.992}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Yeah, what\ndid they say about Echold?", "start": 2312.937, "duration": 2.083}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: He is the one who\nactually issued the study", "start": 2315.02, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "with the cost-benefit\nanalysis, concluding", "start": 2317.228, "duration": 2.772}, {"text": "that it was more costly to\nadd in the safety feature.", "start": 2320.0, "duration": 5.043}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: OK.", "start": 2325.043, "duration": 0.667}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: But he's\none character.", "start": 2329.175, "duration": 1.535}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Yeah.", "start": 2330.71, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I would\nsay another one--", "start": 2331.46, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "it's not mentioned\nin the article--", "start": 2332.918, "duration": 1.632}, {"text": "is Iacocca, who\nsaid we need to make", "start": 2334.55, "duration": 4.47}, {"text": "a vehicle that's\nless than $2,000", "start": 2339.02, "duration": 1.66}, {"text": "and less than 2,000 pounds.", "start": 2340.68, "duration": 1.816}, {"text": "We've got to do it.", "start": 2342.496, "duration": 2.724}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: OK Lee Iacocca,\ninterestingly enough", "start": 2345.22, "duration": 3.94}, {"text": "after that, I think you all\nprobably know better than I,", "start": 2349.16, "duration": 3.53}, {"text": "became quite a corporate\nhero in America.", "start": 2352.69, "duration": 2.295}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Yeah.", "start": 2354.985, "duration": 0.625}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Yeah.", "start": 2357.37, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "Well, Echold.", "start": 2361.69, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "Now what do you think\nEchold would say--", "start": 2364.93, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "if Echold came in here, what\ndo you think Echold would say--", "start": 2366.94, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "how he would say--", "start": 2370.51, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "would he defend what he did?", "start": 2371.68, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "And could you\ndefend what he did?", "start": 2378.56, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "And could you\ncriticize what he did?", "start": 2381.53, "duration": 4.68}, {"text": "And you can play\ndevil's advocate.", "start": 2386.21, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "You can give me both arguments.", "start": 2388.04, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: So I assume he\nwould defend what he did,", "start": 2396.03, "duration": 2.72}, {"text": "saying that it was-- that\ncost-benefit analysis,", "start": 2398.75, "duration": 3.94}, {"text": "which assigns cost to\nhuman life, is legitimate,", "start": 2402.69, "duration": 5.03}, {"text": "and it's a practice and used--", "start": 2407.72, "duration": 1.943}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: It's tradition.", "start": 2409.663, "duration": 1.167}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: --by-- yeah, by\nengineers and engineering", "start": 2410.83, "duration": 5.76}, {"text": "managers in deciding whether\na rescue is acceptable.", "start": 2416.59, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: All right,\nlet's play a game.", "start": 2419.53, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "Suppose I'm Echold, and I\nhire you not as my lawyer,", "start": 2421.28, "duration": 3.59}, {"text": "but as my ethicist.", "start": 2424.87, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "And I'm going before\nan ethical review,", "start": 2426.88, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "and you've got to present\nmy case, two of y'all.", "start": 2429.55, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 2432.85, "duration": 1.305}, {"text": "And you've got to ground this.", "start": 2435.46, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "Just can't say,\ngive me an opinion.", "start": 2437.5, "duration": 2.35}, {"text": "How would you ground it?", "start": 2439.85, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I would\nprobably ground it", "start": 2440.85, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "in the fact that a manager,\nthat it's their responsibility--", "start": 2442.35, "duration": 3.76}, {"text": "I think we discussed this\na little bit last time--", "start": 2446.11, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "to worry about money.", "start": 2448.48, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "As a manager, that's my\nethical responsibility", "start": 2449.8, "duration": 5.64}, {"text": "to conduct the study that is\ngoing to accurately tell you", "start": 2455.44, "duration": 3.95}, {"text": "how this is going to affect\nthe company's finances.", "start": 2459.39, "duration": 3.32}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: So how\ncan you justify it?", "start": 2462.71, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "Is that your personal theory,\nor is there some theory", "start": 2464.63, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "out here you can reference?", "start": 2467.51, "duration": 1.749}, {"text": "Well, you can probably use\nsomething of a content nature.", "start": 2475.13, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "Not exactly [? Kant, ?]\nbut talk about a contract.", "start": 2477.53, "duration": 2.35}, {"text": "Do you have an obligation?", "start": 2479.88, "duration": 1.16}, {"text": "That's a principle.", "start": 2481.04, "duration": 0.863}, {"text": "Is there a principle\nthat you have", "start": 2481.903, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "to live up to your contract?", "start": 2483.32, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: No, that\nis the contract", "start": 2484.85, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "that I have with the country--", "start": 2487.31, "duration": 1.36}, {"text": "with the company\nwhen I took this job.", "start": 2488.67, "duration": 1.79}, {"text": "That was the contract.", "start": 2493.015, "duration": 1.065}, {"text": "I'm worried about money, bottom\nline, making this thing work.", "start": 2494.08, "duration": 3.442}, {"text": "And that's my contract.", "start": 2497.522, "duration": 3.211}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: OK.", "start": 2500.733, "duration": 0.667}, {"text": "Now we have to worry that\nafter you've said that,", "start": 2501.4, "duration": 4.335}, {"text": "that there's an opposing\npoint of view that's going", "start": 2505.735, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "to give a different answer.", "start": 2507.955, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Oh, yeah.", "start": 2509.08, "duration": 0.57}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Utilitarian.", "start": 2509.65, "duration": 1.042}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 2510.692, "duration": 1.448}, {"text": "And that the interesting\npart about that", "start": 2512.14, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "is that your customers\nare most likely going", "start": 2514.81, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "to use your utilitarian,\nbecause that affects them.", "start": 2516.85, "duration": 3.325}, {"text": "That's the way they're\ngoing to see it.", "start": 2520.175, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 2524.32, "duration": 0.61}, {"text": "So probably Echold or\nsomebody in Echold's position", "start": 2524.93, "duration": 5.96}, {"text": "would typically say\nwhat you just said,", "start": 2530.89, "duration": 4.1}, {"text": "but I would add something to it.", "start": 2534.99, "duration": 2.74}, {"text": "We've already said\nthis in the class.", "start": 2537.73, "duration": 2.6}, {"text": "We've already seen it.", "start": 2540.33, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "And that is that the ethical\nresponsibility beyond that", "start": 2541.5, "duration": 5.01}, {"text": "is at a higher level.", "start": 2546.51, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 2550.61, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "Now let me give you\nsomething that will come", "start": 2551.39, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "into play once you say that.", "start": 2556.43, "duration": 2.62}, {"text": "And I've done my job.", "start": 2559.05, "duration": 2.96}, {"text": "The utilitarian responsibility\nis at the higher level.", "start": 2562.01, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "Let's play that again.", "start": 2569.79, "duration": 1.13}, {"text": "My job is the ontological.", "start": 2570.92, "duration": 4.2}, {"text": "I have a principle.", "start": 2575.12, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "Live up to my contracts.", "start": 2577.85, "duration": 3.84}, {"text": "I made a deal.", "start": 2581.69, "duration": 2.92}, {"text": "The contract was legal.", "start": 2584.61, "duration": 1.533}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Wait, what's the--", "start": 2586.143, "duration": 1.599}, {"text": "what role are you playing now?", "start": 2587.742, "duration": 1.628}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: I don't\nknow which role--", "start": 2589.37, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "I'm playing Echold's role.", "start": 2590.953, "duration": 1.777}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: OK.", "start": 2592.73, "duration": 0.6}, {"text": "And then what's the contract?", "start": 2593.33, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: The contract\nis my job description.", "start": 2595.55, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: OK.", "start": 2598.07, "duration": 2.23}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Which\nhas legal force,", "start": 2600.3, "duration": 1.55}, {"text": "because the corporation\nis incorporated.", "start": 2601.85, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "That is that there exists a\ncontract between the entity", "start": 2605.27, "duration": 6.42}, {"text": "and society.", "start": 2611.69, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "So you can play that game\nstraight down the line.", "start": 2616.15, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "There's a contract between\nthe entity and society", "start": 2618.97, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "in the Articles\nof Incorporation.", "start": 2621.61, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "And that is a\nhierarchical organization,", "start": 2627.5, "duration": 4.05}, {"text": "and my position in\nthe hierarchy has", "start": 2631.55, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "a name and a responsibility,\nor a mission.", "start": 2634.19, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "To live up to that\nprinciple, I have", "start": 2640.4, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "to live up to that mission.", "start": 2643.01, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 2648.698, "duration": 1.819}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Pardon?", "start": 2650.517, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "Again?", "start": 2651.35, "duration": 0.3}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]\nbreak a contract.", "start": 2651.65, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Now to\nbreak a contract--", "start": 2653.275, "duration": 1.735}, {"text": "now we're in the gray area\nbetween ethics and law.", "start": 2659.48, "duration": 4.45}, {"text": "And if we shift too\nmuch to the law area,", "start": 2663.93, "duration": 1.93}, {"text": "you'll know it, because I won't\nknow what I'm talking about.", "start": 2665.86, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 2668.36, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 2671.57, "duration": 1.39}, {"text": "But I do know that to break\na contract, both parties", "start": 2672.96, "duration": 4.79}, {"text": "to the contract have\nto agree to break,", "start": 2677.75, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "unless you break a leg\nor something like that.", "start": 2680.87, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "But it takes some\nagreement, all right?", "start": 2684.47, "duration": 5.34}, {"text": "So your point is\ngoing to-- your point", "start": 2689.81, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "is going to be included\nin what I'm about to say.", "start": 2692.06, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "I don't if this is in this\nparticular textbook or not,", "start": 2702.2, "duration": 2.95}, {"text": "but it's something that's in\nprobably enough engineering", "start": 2705.15, "duration": 10.13}, {"text": "ethics textbooks or in\nenough ethics textbooks,", "start": 2715.28, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "or in enough textbooks on\nscience, scientific ethics,", "start": 2719.24, "duration": 5.97}, {"text": "which is mostly research\nethics, that this", "start": 2725.21, "duration": 4.285}, {"text": "is something you have to know.", "start": 2729.495, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "It's called the\nNuremberg principle.", "start": 2730.745, "duration": 12.906}, {"text": "Anybody want to give a lecture?", "start": 2750.598, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "All right.", "start": 2756.27, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "Nuremberg.", "start": 2757.35, "duration": 0.6}, {"text": "The Nuremberg trials,\nthat's where it comes from.", "start": 2757.95, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "Now this is interesting.", "start": 2765.18, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "Try to read some law--", "start": 2768.15, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "I'll try to read\nlaw, because I have", "start": 2769.35, "duration": 2.005}, {"text": "to argue with lawyers at dinner\nall the time on weekends.", "start": 2771.355, "duration": 2.375}, {"text": "I just found-- when my wife\nand I go out with friends,", "start": 2777.3, "duration": 5.13}, {"text": "a third of them are\nlawyers and a third of them", "start": 2782.43, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "are psychiatrists.", "start": 2784.68, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "The other third vary.", "start": 2787.92, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "But I don't defend myself\nagainst the psychiatrists.", "start": 2790.62, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 2793.86, "duration": 3.213}, {"text": "And it just was very strange\nthat my wife's first husband", "start": 2799.2, "duration": 5.94}, {"text": "is a psychiatrist.", "start": 2805.14, "duration": 2.02}, {"text": "But all of these\nother psychiatrists", "start": 2807.16, "duration": 1.58}, {"text": "are friends that I\nhad before I met her.", "start": 2808.74, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "And I guess they like\npracticing on me.", "start": 2811.44, "duration": 3.8}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE]", "start": 2815.24, "duration": 1.36}, {"text": "But that's significant,\nbecause when", "start": 2816.6, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "we talk about the\nNuremberg principle,", "start": 2820.35, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "there's some really fundamental\nstuff-- fundamental stuff", "start": 2822.42, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "in there about the law that\nis taken directly from ethics.", "start": 2825.54, "duration": 5.92}, {"text": "See, there's two kinds of law.", "start": 2831.46, "duration": 3.167}, {"text": "Anybody know lawyers,\nhang out with lawyers?", "start": 2834.627, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "You should sometime.", "start": 2839.757, "duration": 2.113}, {"text": "You'd get them to talk--", "start": 2841.87, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "I mean, if you can\nstop them from talking.", "start": 2842.87, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "But there are two kinds of law.", "start": 2844.62, "duration": 3.335}, {"text": "One is called natural law\nand the other one is--", "start": 2852.16, "duration": 6.327}, {"text": "I'm trying to think of the name.", "start": 2858.487, "duration": 1.333}, {"text": "It's not exactly scientific law.", "start": 2859.82, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "What's the other one called?", "start": 2861.74, "duration": 2.718}, {"text": "I get these names--", "start": 2864.458, "duration": 0.792}, {"text": "I wasn't prepared to talk\nabout this today, but now", "start": 2865.25, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "that it's come up, I'm\ngoing to go through it,", "start": 2867.77, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "and they will amend it\nnext class, or add to it,", "start": 2869.687, "duration": 2.043}, {"text": "or whatever we need to.", "start": 2871.73, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "But look up the other kind.", "start": 2873.11, "duration": 1.316}, {"text": "The natural law basically\nsays that law and ethics--", "start": 2877.76, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "law should never disobey\nethical principles.", "start": 2881.99, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "Should always be supported\nby ethical principles.", "start": 2885.5, "duration": 6.651}, {"text": "Most law that's done\nin the United States", "start": 2892.151, "duration": 2.469}, {"text": "it's not natural\nlaw, but both came up", "start": 2894.62, "duration": 10.03}, {"text": "in the Nuremberg principles.", "start": 2904.65, "duration": 2.187}, {"text": "Now what happened in\nthe Nuremberg principle", "start": 2906.837, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "was that the\ndefendants were Nazis.", "start": 2908.67, "duration": 4.965}, {"text": "Big Nazis.", "start": 2916.91, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "And their basic defense was\nthat they were following orders,", "start": 2918.41, "duration": 10.22}, {"text": "that in their country--", "start": 2928.63, "duration": 3.93}, {"text": "it's almost the same thing we're\ntalking about now with Ford,", "start": 2932.56, "duration": 4.56}, {"text": "that the government had a\nresponsibility to the people,", "start": 2937.12, "duration": 7.14}, {"text": "and that there was a hierarchy,\nand that if anybody at the top", "start": 2944.26, "duration": 4.41}, {"text": "did something that was morally\nwrong, then punish him.", "start": 2948.67, "duration": 4.44}, {"text": "The rest of us were doing what\nwe were legally required to do.", "start": 2953.11, "duration": 5.22}, {"text": "What they said-- and what\nhappened was in the end--", "start": 2964.05, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "or what happened was that\nthey wound up into a quandary,", "start": 2967.32, "duration": 11.08}, {"text": "because the West wanted to\nsay that what they had done", "start": 2978.4, "duration": 9.6}, {"text": "was to commit a crime\nagainst humanity,", "start": 2988.0, "duration": 4.14}, {"text": "of which each person in the\nhierarchy was responsible.", "start": 2992.14, "duration": 3.185}, {"text": "And defense-- and not all of the\ndefendants had the same lawyer.", "start": 3002.12, "duration": 10.79}, {"text": "There was this one lawyer.", "start": 3012.91, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "As a matter of fact, if you\nsee this movie called Judgement", "start": 3015.61, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "at Nuremberg, the lawyer\nwas played by Max--", "start": 3018.73, "duration": 8.73}, {"text": "anybody remember his last name?", "start": 3031.51, "duration": 2.68}, {"text": "Lawyer.", "start": 3034.19, "duration": 2.51}, {"text": "He got the Academy Award that\nyear for Best Supporting Actor.", "start": 3036.7, "duration": 4.81}, {"text": "The lawyer said,\nyes, they committed--", "start": 3041.51, "duration": 6.65}, {"text": "they were not only\nfollowing their orders,", "start": 3048.16, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "but yes, they committed,\neach one of them,", "start": 3049.91, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "a crime against humanity.", "start": 3051.74, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "Then he came up with a\nbrilliant remark to that.", "start": 3055.83, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "You can't punish a person for\nbreaking a law that you just", "start": 3061.8, "duration": 4.84}, {"text": "made.", "start": 3066.64, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "At the time they did\nit, there was no law", "start": 3069.75, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "called crime against humanity.", "start": 3071.64, "duration": 1.943}, {"text": "So what the West\nfinally did was they", "start": 3077.37, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "came up with all of these films\nfrom the concentration camps", "start": 3080.82, "duration": 4.95}, {"text": "and used those films pretty\nmuch like the OJ case.", "start": 3085.77, "duration": 4.84}, {"text": "Just bear down on\npublic opinion.", "start": 3090.61, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "So what they did in the end,\nthey got pretty much support", "start": 3093.25, "duration": 4.58}, {"text": "from the rest of the world.", "start": 3097.83, "duration": 3.4}, {"text": "That's the way that\nthing came down.", "start": 3101.23, "duration": 1.88}, {"text": "It came down-- check\nthe spelling on this.", "start": 3103.11, "duration": 5.83}, {"text": "I had not prepared for this,\nbut it's called My Lai.", "start": 3108.94, "duration": 8.85}, {"text": "It was in Vietnam.", "start": 3117.79, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "It was a Vietnam case\nwhere an American--", "start": 3119.32, "duration": 3.78}, {"text": "where American soldiers killed\nthese civilians, men, women,", "start": 3123.1, "duration": 4.24}, {"text": "and children.", "start": 3127.34, "duration": 1.88}, {"text": "And Lieutenant Calley said that\nhe was merely following orders.", "start": 3129.22, "duration": 7.035}, {"text": "And what the scholars did--", "start": 3140.02, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "I'm not going to talk\nabout the law anymore.", "start": 3141.58, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "What the scholars did\nwas they came back", "start": 3144.19, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "to the Nuremberg\nprinciple and said", "start": 3146.5, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "that an officer is responsible\nfor what he or she does,", "start": 3149.89, "duration": 7.09}, {"text": "regardless of the orders.", "start": 3156.98, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "The sergeant and the rest of\nthe men should follow orders.", "start": 3160.16, "duration": 4.77}, {"text": "They divided the house.", "start": 3164.93, "duration": 1.005}, {"text": "So now if we apply\nthis thinking to Ford,", "start": 3170.24, "duration": 5.01}, {"text": "what we would tell\nEchold is that being", "start": 3175.25, "duration": 6.45}, {"text": "a professional\nemployee as opposed", "start": 3181.7, "duration": 4.77}, {"text": "to a technical or other\nkind of an employee,", "start": 3186.47, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "you are responsible for what\nyou do, orders notwithstanding.", "start": 3189.65, "duration": 8.098}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 3197.748, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "All right.", "start": 3203.86, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So now what I'm\ngoing to do is I just", "start": 3204.36, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "thought rather\nthan all of us just", "start": 3206.64, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "saying, we'll revisit\nthis the next time,", "start": 3209.79, "duration": 5.36}, {"text": "I'm going to make a\nlighthearted assignment,", "start": 3215.15, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "and that is that you become\nfamiliar with the Nuremberg", "start": 3219.23, "duration": 4.44}, {"text": "principle, the Calley case,\nand see if you can apply it", "start": 3223.67, "duration": 5.37}, {"text": "to the Ford Pinto case,\nand whatever corrections", "start": 3229.04, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "need to be made at the\nnext class on anything", "start": 3232.07, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "that I said in this class,\nor even the following class,", "start": 3237.11, "duration": 6.88}, {"text": "that it'll be everybody's\nresponsibility to get it right.", "start": 3243.99, "duration": 3.245}, {"text": "But I think that I'm\n99% on all of this.", "start": 3249.98, "duration": 2.535}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?", "start": 3255.482, "duration": 1.01}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Yes?", "start": 3256.492, "duration": 0.708}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 3257.2, "duration": 0.992}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Which one?", "start": 3258.192, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "This one?", "start": 3259.15, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "This one?", "start": 3261.49, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 3262.27, "duration": 1.428}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: It's\nin a lot of movies.", "start": 3263.698, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: The one with\nJack Nicholson from--", "start": 3265.24, "duration": 3.856}, {"text": "the military movie.", "start": 3269.096, "duration": 1.446}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 3270.542, "duration": 2.892}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 3273.434, "duration": 3.74}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: A Few Good Men?", "start": 3277.174, "duration": 1.042}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE] Jack\nNicholson [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 3278.216, "duration": 2.451}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Jack\nNicholson, you said?", "start": 3280.667, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 3282.25, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 3285.34, "duration": 0.88}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]\nTom Cruise.", "start": 3286.22, "duration": 3.164}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Tom Cruise.", "start": 3289.384, "duration": 0.916}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Tom--\nwhat's the name of it?", "start": 3290.3, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: A Few Good Men.", "start": 3292.19, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: A Few Good Men.", "start": 3293.48, "duration": 1.573}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: There\nwas a trial there.", "start": 3295.053, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "There was some\n[INAUDIBLE] in Guantanamo.", "start": 3299.38, "duration": 8.54}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Yes.", "start": 3307.92, "duration": 0.72}, {"text": "Oh, in Guantanamo.", "start": 3308.64, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "Whoa.", "start": 3310.35, "duration": 0.745}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] then\nget off on [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 3311.095, "duration": 24.379}, {"text": "And I think [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 3335.474, "duration": 2.316}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: There\nwas another one", "start": 3354.223, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "that I didn't see starring Gene\nHackman and Denzel Washington", "start": 3355.64, "duration": 5.16}, {"text": "where Denzel is captain\nof this nuclear sub,", "start": 3360.8, "duration": 3.656}, {"text": "and Hackman gives him\nthe order to fire.", "start": 3364.456, "duration": 2.219}, {"text": "I don't know the\nname of that film.", "start": 3369.54, "duration": 2.832}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I've seen it.", "start": 3372.372, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE]", "start": 3373.33, "duration": 1.35}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Now\nI guess you know", "start": 3374.68, "duration": 2.445}, {"text": "I'm susceptible to talking\nabout films in class.", "start": 3377.125, "duration": 2.545}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 3379.67, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So if you see any of\nthese films and you", "start": 3380.17, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "want to make a five-minute\nreport on the film,", "start": 3382.96, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "that is legitimate\nfor this class.", "start": 3385.06, "duration": 1.675}, {"text": "That was another one.", "start": 3389.44, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "I'll tell you another one\nthat goes back a little", "start": 3395.26, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "early for you all.", "start": 3398.29, "duration": 1.02}, {"text": "When Ronald Reagan\nwas president,", "start": 3404.32, "duration": 3.79}, {"text": "there was a military\nevent in the Red Sea.", "start": 3408.11, "duration": 5.24}, {"text": "And Reagan came on\nnational television", "start": 3416.27, "duration": 5.54}, {"text": "and said that only\nhe as president", "start": 3421.81, "duration": 5.13}, {"text": "had the authority to order\na military person in combat", "start": 3426.94, "duration": 8.43}, {"text": "to use nuclear weapons, but he\nwas delegating his authority", "start": 3435.37, "duration": 7.61}, {"text": "in the Red Sea to\nthe ship captain.", "start": 3442.98, "duration": 2.21}, {"text": "Now I'll tell you why I\nremember that so well,", "start": 3449.89, "duration": 5.02}, {"text": "because when I saw him come\non television and say that,", "start": 3454.91, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "I was in an airplane\nthat was getting ready", "start": 3459.14, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "to land at [? Darain, ?]\nwhich is on the Red Sea.", "start": 3461.93, "duration": 9.12}, {"text": "I was on my way to\nChina and we were--", "start": 3471.05, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "actually, it was\n[? Darain. ?] That's", "start": 3473.81, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "where I was going, [? Darain. ?]", "start": 3475.79, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "And we were just about 20\nminutes out before they", "start": 3478.31, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "said, prepare to land.", "start": 3484.31, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "And [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 3486.05, "duration": 0.832}, {"text": "I'm looking over there,\nlooking at the Red Sea.", "start": 3486.882, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "My god.", "start": 3488.84, "duration": 0.63}, {"text": "I said, am I going to\nbe in a nuclear war?", "start": 3489.47, "duration": 5.11}, {"text": "But I remember that.", "start": 3494.58, "duration": 2.18}, {"text": "So yes, these\nsituations are not--", "start": 3496.76, "duration": 7.355}, {"text": "I would like to call\nthem real, but I", "start": 3504.115, "duration": 2.815}, {"text": "think that they are more\nthan realistic, if you", "start": 3506.93, "duration": 5.02}, {"text": "can follow my meeting in that.", "start": 3511.95, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "What do you do when the\ndelegation of authority", "start": 3516.72, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "goes down to ship commanders\nfor a nuclear war,", "start": 3520.2, "duration": 4.86}, {"text": "to launch a nuclear\nweapon in defense?", "start": 3525.06, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "Now you begin to talk\nabout these issues.", "start": 3529.91, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "Somebody is\nresponsible, no matter", "start": 3531.68, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "who gave them the authority.", "start": 3533.36, "duration": 1.563}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 3539.475, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "I think I'm happy with this\ndiscussion on the Ford Pinto.", "start": 3543.05, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Can I bring\nup one topic on it?", "start": 3550.57, "duration": 2.17}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: I'm\ngoing to bring up--", "start": 3552.74, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "I just thought of another topic\nI'm going to bring up on it.", "start": 3554.24, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "Go ahead.", "start": 3556.22, "duration": 0.36}, {"text": "Actually, it's a story\nI'm going to tell.", "start": 3556.58, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Well, so\nI've been trying", "start": 3558.38, "duration": 2.9}, {"text": "to find a way to say\nthat the actions of Ford", "start": 3561.28, "duration": 5.28}, {"text": "in producing and\nselling the Pintos", "start": 3566.56, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "is not morally defensible.", "start": 3568.36, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "And what I came\nup with was to say", "start": 3570.76, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "that even though the utilitarian\ncost-benefit analysis said", "start": 3572.23, "duration": 6.64}, {"text": "it was not worth it to\nadd the safety feature", "start": 3578.87, "duration": 5.27}, {"text": "and to sell the car, what\nthey didn't think about", "start": 3584.14, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "was informed consent.", "start": 3587.44, "duration": 1.57}, {"text": "So they didn't respect\nthe moral agency", "start": 3589.01, "duration": 2.3}, {"text": "of the public to decide about\nthe risk they were [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 3591.31, "duration": 4.41}, {"text": "Is that an appropriate issue\nto bring into this case?", "start": 3595.72, "duration": 5.63}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: That's\na good question.", "start": 3601.35, "duration": 1.63}, {"text": "That's a good question.", "start": 3602.98, "duration": 1.73}, {"text": "Now informed consent-- I\nwant y'all to know that term.", "start": 3604.71, "duration": 5.37}, {"text": "Informed consent comes\nout of medical ethics,", "start": 3610.08, "duration": 8.46}, {"text": "because now you're talking\nabout your physician", "start": 3618.54, "duration": 5.85}, {"text": "not only getting your consent\nfor some kind of procedure,", "start": 3624.39, "duration": 6.57}, {"text": "but the physician giving\nyou some lessons on what", "start": 3630.96, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "you're doing.", "start": 3633.81, "duration": 2.81}, {"text": "Now a little bit of US history.", "start": 3636.62, "duration": 2.655}, {"text": "When I was a kid,\nyou just did not--", "start": 3642.54, "duration": 6.24}, {"text": "you just did not criticize\nwhat a doctor said.", "start": 3648.78, "duration": 4.85}, {"text": "Just totally unheard of.", "start": 3653.63, "duration": 1.87}, {"text": "It was almost bordering\non the religious.", "start": 3655.5, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "You just did not\nquestion your doctor.", "start": 3659.22, "duration": 2.72}, {"text": "And getting a second\nopinion would have been--", "start": 3661.94, "duration": 3.645}, {"text": "would have been unthinkable.", "start": 3665.585, "duration": 3.035}, {"text": "During the late '60s,\nthat began to turn around,", "start": 3668.62, "duration": 6.94}, {"text": "mainly because--", "start": 3675.56, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "now everything I've said\nis empirically testable.", "start": 3676.73, "duration": 3.13}, {"text": "I doubt if anybody would\ndispute what I just said.", "start": 3679.86, "duration": 5.57}, {"text": "Now you might get\na little dispute,", "start": 3685.43, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "but anybody who would\ndispute what I'm about to say", "start": 3686.93, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "would understand clearly what\nI'm saying and why I said it,", "start": 3689.21, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "and that is that things began\nto turn around when the women's", "start": 3692.54, "duration": 4.77}, {"text": "movement began to\ngive women more", "start": 3697.31, "duration": 8.38}, {"text": "recognition for their\nresponsibilities", "start": 3705.69, "duration": 8.15}, {"text": "and thoughts and abilities.", "start": 3713.84, "duration": 3.77}, {"text": "Which meant that you now\nhave women who had children", "start": 3717.61, "duration": 4.86}, {"text": "and who are reading books about\nhow to care for their children.", "start": 3722.47, "duration": 3.16}, {"text": "They just weren't\nconsulting the doctors.", "start": 3725.63, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "And if the doctor said something\nthat they didn't believe it,", "start": 3728.54, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "consult another one.", "start": 3731.66, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "So out of that, you\nget the STS movement,", "start": 3733.13, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "and medical ethics then began\nto start talking about informed", "start": 3736.49, "duration": 3.99}, {"text": "consent being a moral\ndimension to a relationship", "start": 3740.48, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "between physician and patient.", "start": 3744.05, "duration": 3.58}, {"text": "Now if you apply informed\nconsent to engineering,", "start": 3750.79, "duration": 9.83}, {"text": "you run into not a theoretical,\nbut an applications problem,", "start": 3760.62, "duration": 5.54}, {"text": "that in most cases\nin utilitarianism", "start": 3766.16, "duration": 7.75}, {"text": "you can't find all of\nthe affected parties.", "start": 3773.91, "duration": 4.81}, {"text": "And informed consent is so\neasy, because it's the patient", "start": 3778.72, "duration": 4.6}, {"text": "or the patient's mother.", "start": 3783.32, "duration": 1.913}, {"text": "Could be the\npatient's father too,", "start": 3785.233, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "but you see what I'm saying.", "start": 3786.65, "duration": 1.167}, {"text": "We're talking about a role\nin the family that you play", "start": 3787.817, "duration": 2.883}, {"text": "[INAUDIBLE].", "start": 3790.7, "duration": 1.42}, {"text": "All right?", "start": 3792.12, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So informed consent then, all--", "start": 3792.62, "duration": 6.7}, {"text": "except for one case--", "start": 3799.32, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "well, not one case,\nbut one case that I'm", "start": 3800.7, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "going to bring in the class--", "start": 3802.47, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "and I'm not going to\ntell you which one it is,", "start": 3805.05, "duration": 2.502}, {"text": "but I'm going to bring\none in the class.", "start": 3807.552, "duration": 2.338}, {"text": "Informed consent in engineering\nusually gets diffused.", "start": 3809.89, "duration": 4.88}, {"text": "Now, in this case, that you--", "start": 3814.77, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "informed consent, how\nwould you apply it", "start": 3817.5, "duration": 10.75}, {"text": "to the Ford Pinto case?", "start": 3828.25, "duration": 1.39}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Well, one option is\nthat one of the engineers who", "start": 3833.22, "duration": 5.63}, {"text": "knew of the test results, knew\nthat the car would explode", "start": 3838.85, "duration": 4.44}, {"text": "if hit in a certain way,\ncould at least write", "start": 3843.29, "duration": 5.66}, {"text": "a memo to an authority that\nmaybe wasn't being told", "start": 3848.95, "duration": 4.51}, {"text": "about these things,\nlike a higher manager,", "start": 3853.46, "duration": 3.59}, {"text": "and hope that an\naction would be taken.", "start": 3857.05, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "And then if that didn't do\nanything, contact a news agency", "start": 3859.48, "duration": 5.161}, {"text": "and say, I want to blow the\nwhistle on this car that's", "start": 3864.641, "duration": 4.599}, {"text": "about to be in production.", "start": 3869.24, "duration": 2.052}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: All right.", "start": 3871.292, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "Now I've never heard that\nargument applied before Pinto,", "start": 3872.25, "duration": 7.63}, {"text": "but what I'm saying is you're\nbringing up something that's", "start": 3879.88, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "causing my mind to turn around.", "start": 3882.79, "duration": 2.347}, {"text": "Maybe this is a good project.", "start": 3885.137, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "Whether or not there\nis some action that", "start": 3889.53, "duration": 6.15}, {"text": "is short of\nwhistleblower that gets", "start": 3895.68, "duration": 6.98}, {"text": "the consent of the\naffected parties", "start": 3902.66, "duration": 4.74}, {"text": "is appropriate to this case,\nand my instincts tell me it is.", "start": 3907.4, "duration": 4.305}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I mean, now we\nhave the Consumer Report.", "start": 3911.705, "duration": 2.805}, {"text": "So if a car is produced\nand really unsafe,", "start": 3914.51, "duration": 3.83}, {"text": "that word gets out.", "start": 3918.34, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "And when people buy cars,\nthey can [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 3919.66, "duration": 3.066}, {"text": "and see how unsafe it is.", "start": 3922.726, "duration": 1.804}, {"text": "So maybe that's the correction\non something like this.", "start": 3924.53, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Why don't\nyou give it some thought?", "start": 3926.78, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: OK.", "start": 3928.78, "duration": 0.807}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Everybody\ngive it some thought.", "start": 3929.587, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "I think this requires\na little thought.", "start": 3931.42, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "I don't know that anybody\nhas thought of that one.", "start": 3933.045, "duration": 3.045}, {"text": "I've not seen anything on it.", "start": 3936.09, "duration": 1.27}, {"text": "I do know that--", "start": 3941.68, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "let's put it this way.", "start": 3942.82, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "What you're really\nbringing up is", "start": 3944.8, "duration": 9.45}, {"text": "you're suggesting that there\nis a continuum somewhere", "start": 3954.25, "duration": 4.18}, {"text": "between whistleblowing and what\nthey call public understanding", "start": 3958.43, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "of engineering.", "start": 3962.3, "duration": 2.6}, {"text": "And that's a formal term.", "start": 3964.9, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "There's an office at\nthe National Academy", "start": 3966.13, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "of Engineering called Public\nUnderstanding of Engineering.", "start": 3967.93, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "There's an office\nat the National", "start": 3970.63, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "Academy of Sciences\ncalled Public", "start": 3972.67, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "Understanding of Science.", "start": 3974.2, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "And so a person could\ninform them, you might say,", "start": 3977.2, "duration": 11.28}, {"text": "which is not--", "start": 3988.48, "duration": 0.87}, {"text": "I don't if this is the\nsame thing as going--", "start": 3989.35, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "I haven't given this thought.", "start": 3991.51, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "I don't know who\nhas given a thought.", "start": 3993.28, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "My instincts tell me nobody's\ngiven it a thought, because I", "start": 3994.87, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "would have read it by now.", "start": 3998.5, "duration": 2.92}, {"text": "So give it some thought.", "start": 4001.42, "duration": 1.52}, {"text": "And even if you don't come up\nwith a conclusion, if you come", "start": 4002.94, "duration": 4.05}, {"text": "up with some more\nquestions or comments", "start": 4006.99, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "as the course goes\nalong, throw them in.", "start": 4009.36, "duration": 4.254}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 4013.614, "duration": 2.488}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 4016.102, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 4021.456, "duration": 0.974}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Yeah?", "start": 4022.43, "duration": 1.43}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: When I [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 4023.86, "duration": 1.34}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: They passed the\n20-mile-per-hour test,", "start": 4043.35, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "but in two years, there was\ngoing to be a new standard that", "start": 4045.72, "duration": 2.81}, {"text": "was 21 miles per\nhour [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 4048.53, "duration": 3.515}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 4052.045, "duration": 3.415}, {"text": "Is that a federal\nstandard or something", "start": 4055.46, "duration": 2.373}, {"text": "that's required by\nthe [INAUDIBLE]??", "start": 4057.833, "duration": 2.617}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: That was a\nfederal standard, right?", "start": 4060.45, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Mm-hmm.", "start": 4062.45, "duration": 0.48}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Yeah, that was\nnot a professional engineering", "start": 4062.93, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "standard.", "start": 4065.45, "duration": 1.824}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 4067.274, "duration": 3.076}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Now there are\ntwo things I can say on that.", "start": 4083.687, "duration": 2.333}, {"text": "And probably whatever\nyou have in mind,", "start": 4086.02, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "if you have a thought on\nthis, put it on the table.", "start": 4089.59, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "We'll probably buy it.", "start": 4092.86, "duration": 1.14}, {"text": "Well, you're in a case almost\nlike this Nuremberg case,", "start": 4096.64, "duration": 3.2}, {"text": "you know?", "start": 4099.84, "duration": 0.78}, {"text": "Somebody's supposed to--\nsomebody guilty of a crime", "start": 4100.62, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "before the act was made a crime.", "start": 4103.68, "duration": 5.5}, {"text": "They performed the act\nbefore it was made--", "start": 4109.18, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "that's one.", "start": 4111.37, "duration": 1.995}, {"text": "Then there's another one that I\nwant to bring up in this class.", "start": 4113.365, "duration": 2.625}, {"text": "I was talking-- we've\ngot to get out of here,", "start": 4115.99, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "but I was talking to somebody--", "start": 4118.42, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "let me give you--", "start": 4127.09, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "do we have an assignment?", "start": 4128.05, "duration": 2.309}, {"text": "We still have to do\nthe two nuclear cases.", "start": 4130.359, "duration": 4.247}, {"text": "So that's your assignment.", "start": 4134.606, "duration": 1.083}, {"text": "We still have to do Chernobyl\nand Three Mile Island.", "start": 4135.689, "duration": 5.281}, {"text": "OK, so that's next time.", "start": 4140.97, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "This is Thursday?", "start": 4142.05, "duration": 1.152}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Mm-hmm.", "start": 4143.202, "duration": 1.296}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: All right.", "start": 4144.498, "duration": 1.706}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 4146.204, "duration": 3.485}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: Ah,\nnow let me do that,", "start": 4149.689, "duration": 1.744}, {"text": "and then let me put\nthis-- if I have time, put", "start": 4151.433, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "this other issue on the board.", "start": 4153.35, "duration": 2.2}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 4155.55, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "I want everybody\nto read this book,", "start": 4158.67, "duration": 1.598}, {"text": "and I'm going to give\nyou a month to do it.", "start": 4160.268, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "Let me see.", "start": 4167.88, "duration": 0.66}, {"text": "A month, a month, a month.", "start": 4168.54, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "Where would a month put us?", "start": 4169.83, "duration": 2.21}, {"text": "How about three weeks?", "start": 4172.04, "duration": 0.93}, {"text": "Because the first\n50 pages is going", "start": 4182.529, "duration": 1.921}, {"text": "to be like reading Shakespeare.", "start": 4184.45, "duration": 2.369}, {"text": "It's going to be a\nlittle laborious.", "start": 4186.819, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "That's why I'm giving\nyou a lot of time.", "start": 4188.319, "duration": 2.231}, {"text": "But after that, it\nrolls right out.", "start": 4190.55, "duration": 4.04}, {"text": "Today is the 9th.", "start": 4194.59, "duration": 4.53}, {"text": "What about April 1?", "start": 4199.12, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 4202.27, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "TAFT BROOME: April-- oh, OK.", "start": 4203.65, "duration": 4.63}, {"text": "Why not the first class\nafter spring break?", "start": 4208.28, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "So April 1 is Saturday,\nso that will be April 4.", "start": 4213.2, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 4222.11, "duration": 1.052}, {"text": "I'm going to give you--", "start": 4223.162, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "I'm going to give you--", "start": 4224.12, "duration": 0.958}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 4231.89, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "Now it's important to\nget the spelling right,", "start": 4233.06, "duration": 4.39}, {"text": "because there is Parzival, and\nit's by Wolfram von Eschenbach.", "start": 4237.45, "duration": 29.36}, {"text": "And I would like\nfor you to get--", "start": 4266.81, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "there's more than\none translation,", "start": 4269.12, "duration": 7.04}, {"text": "and the translations\nare different.", "start": 4276.16, "duration": 1.748}, {"text": "But I would like for you to get\nthe one that's Penguin Classic.", "start": 4281.82, "duration": 2.685}, {"text": "It's one of the\nPenguin Classics.", "start": 4291.95, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "And this particular translator\nis named Attao, A-T-T-A-O.", "start": 4295.28, "duration": 17.01}, {"text": "The main reason for choosing\nAttao is to choose one so that", "start": 4312.29, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "we have the same one, because\nthe translations will vary.", "start": 4316.25, "duration": 4.29}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 4328.07, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "So get that one, and we'll\ndiscuss it first class", "start": 4328.57, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "after the spring break.", "start": 4331.42, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "Like I said, the first 50\npages, don't be put off.", "start": 4335.77, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "It's like reading\nShakespeare the first time.", "start": 4339.73, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "It's a little bit, you know--", "start": 4341.98, "duration": 3.873}, {"text": "let me just open\na page at random.", "start": 4345.853, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "\"There was a heathen\nnamed Flegetanis--", "start": 4352.87, "duration": 4.44}, {"text": "Flegetanis who was highly\nrenowned for his acquirements.\"", "start": 4357.31, "duration": 5.42}, {"text": "Acquirements.", "start": 4362.73, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "\"The same physicus was\ndescended from Solomon.\"", "start": 4364.41, "duration": 6.35}, {"text": "Don't worry about physicus.", "start": 4370.76, "duration": 1.35}, {"text": "You'll get it, OK?", "start": 4372.11, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "In other words, don't even\nlook for a dictionary--", "start": 4375.23, "duration": 9.06}, {"text": "I mean, a dictionary.", "start": 4384.29, "duration": 2.59}, {"text": "Just read this author's\nforward and he'll tell you", "start": 4386.88, "duration": 4.31}, {"text": "how to get through this book.", "start": 4391.19, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "And after this, it'll\nknock your socks off.", "start": 4394.07, "duration": 4.89}, {"text": "If you get Parzival\nmixed up with Parsifal--", "start": 4398.96, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "P-A-R-S-I-F-A-L-- it's the\nsame mythical character.", "start": 4402.47, "duration": 6.38}, {"text": "Pretty much the same\nstory, but different.", "start": 4408.85, "duration": 4.41}, {"text": "Very different.", "start": 4413.26, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "And Parsifal is-- it's time\nto go, just about time to go.", "start": 4415.57, "duration": 5.42}, {"text": "Parsifal is the name of\na great German opera,", "start": 4420.99, "duration": 8.57}, {"text": "and he's one of the characters.", "start": 4429.56, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "And Lohengrin is his son.", "start": 4432.02, "duration": 4.06}, {"text": "And that's a whole\ndifferent thing.", "start": 4436.08, "duration": 6.34}, {"text": "It's been turned around.", "start": 4442.42, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "Then there's Percival.", "start": 4444.19, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "Same knight.", "start": 4447.37, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "Pretty much-- there's\na Venn diagram.", "start": 4449.65, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "There's overlapping stories.", "start": 4452.2, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "A lot in the middle is\nthe same, but there's", "start": 4453.49, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "a lot on the edges\nthat are different.", "start": 4455.65, "duration": 3.01}, {"text": "Percival is the same knight\nin King Arthur's Round Table.", "start": 4458.66, "duration": 5.45}, {"text": "It's Parzival, but the stories\ntell it different a little bit.", "start": 4464.11, "duration": 4.617}, {"text": "A little bit.", "start": 4468.727, "duration": 3.343}, {"text": "But I want you to read that one.", "start": 4472.07, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "And by the time you've\nfinished it, we will start--", "start": 4473.93, "duration": 4.83}, {"text": "and I do have time to do this.", "start": 4478.76, "duration": 1.64}, {"text": "That what we have done so\nfar is that we've looked at--", "start": 4484.19, "duration": 12.19}, {"text": "in the Greek\ntradition, we've looked", "start": 4496.38, "duration": 4.97}, {"text": "at consequentialist approaches.", "start": 4501.35, "duration": 6.72}, {"text": "At least one\nconsequentialist approach.", "start": 4508.07, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "One non-consequentialist\napproach", "start": 4510.41, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "or principled approach,\ndeontological approach.", "start": 4513.14, "duration": 4.05}, {"text": "Then we're going to\nlook at virtue ethics.", "start": 4517.19, "duration": 7.3}, {"text": "And under that, we're going\nto look at narrative ethics.", "start": 4524.49, "duration": 8.82}, {"text": "And then actually,\nwhat I'm going to do--", "start": 4533.31, "duration": 5.26}, {"text": "this gets a little complicated.", "start": 4538.57, "duration": 1.42}, {"text": "This narrative ethics is\ngoing to be non-Greek, OK?", "start": 4539.99, "duration": 7.25}, {"text": "And then we're going to--", "start": 4547.24, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "remember the two paintings.", "start": 4549.28, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "We had The School at Athens.", "start": 4551.53, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "All of this is in The School\nof Athens except this one.", "start": 4553.36, "duration": 4.98}, {"text": "This one goes out and\ndoes something else.", "start": 4558.34, "duration": 3.4}, {"text": "Then we're going to go\nlook at the painting, which", "start": 4561.74, "duration": 3.41}, {"text": "is The Mass at\nBolsena, and we're", "start": 4565.15, "duration": 3.83}, {"text": "going to look at the\nRoman point of view.", "start": 4568.98, "duration": 4.24}, {"text": "And we're going to look\nat all of these cases,", "start": 4573.22, "duration": 4.77}, {"text": "but through the lens\nof codes of ethics.", "start": 4577.99, "duration": 6.3}, {"text": "We're going to go back to\neach one of these cases", "start": 4587.73, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "and see what the code\nhas-- what if some code has", "start": 4590.43, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "to say about it.", "start": 4593.28, "duration": 1.84}, {"text": "So that will be towards the end.", "start": 4595.12, "duration": 2.26}, {"text": "And I do not plan to spend\na whole lot of time on this,", "start": 4597.38, "duration": 4.09}, {"text": "but I plan to spend\na whole lot of time", "start": 4601.47, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "on this, a whole\nlot of time on this.", "start": 4603.54, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "Not so much on this,\nnot so much on that,", "start": 4605.76, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "but a whole lot of time on that.", "start": 4608.28, "duration": 3.32}, {"text": "And when we start doing\nthe narrative ethics,", "start": 4611.6, "duration": 5.14}, {"text": "we will need characters\nfrom mythology.", "start": 4616.74, "duration": 4.02}, {"text": "And we'll have at\nleast one mythology", "start": 4620.76, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "that we can all\nanchor ourselves on.", "start": 4622.77, "duration": 3.19}, {"text": "And I would like to have\nsome other mythologies.", "start": 4625.96, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "And it would be fun for you\nto read some mythologies", "start": 4630.04, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "from some cultures that you\ndon't know anything about.", "start": 4633.64, "duration": 4.9}, {"text": "Or if you know\nsomething about them,", "start": 4643.63, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "let's make sure\nthey're not Western.", "start": 4645.13, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "OK?", "start": 4651.61, "duration": 1.79}, {"text": "Well, that's it for today.", "start": 4653.4, "duration": 1.11}, {"text": "Thank you.", "start": 4654.51, "duration": 1.52}]