transcripts/12UWP2ZhUl0.json

[{"text": "[SQUEAKING]\n[RUSTLING] [CLICKING]", "start": 0.0, "duration": 6.279}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS:\nSigned languages--", "start": 11.109, "duration": 1.971}, {"text": "there are a bunch\nof signed languages.", "start": 13.08, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "I've listed three of them\nhere, but there are many.", "start": 16.56, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "And maybe the first\nthing to say about them,", "start": 19.71, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "I can remember a\ntime when I believed,", "start": 22.41, "duration": 4.44}, {"text": "as a child, that signed\nlanguages were basically", "start": 26.85, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "just codes--", "start": 29.4, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "coded versions of\nspoken languages.", "start": 30.84, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "When I was a kid,\nyou were sometimes", "start": 34.02, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "taught ASL signs for things\nevery so often in class,", "start": 35.52, "duration": 4.902}, {"text": "sort of the way\nyou would be taught", "start": 40.422, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "the occasional Spanish\nword in class or whatever.", "start": 41.88, "duration": 2.428}, {"text": "It's like, here's the word\nin a foreign language.", "start": 44.308, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "Let's all learn this word.", "start": 46.35, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "Unlike Spanish, the impression\nI was given by my teachers-- who", "start": 49.32, "duration": 2.675}, {"text": "may actually have\nbelieved this--", "start": 51.995, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "was that the way you spoke\nASL was to speak English,", "start": 53.37, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "but to use your hands.", "start": 56.49, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "So like every English word\nhad an ASL translation.", "start": 57.72, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "And there is\nsomething like that.", "start": 61.83, "duration": 1.57}, {"text": "It's called Signed\nExact English.", "start": 63.4, "duration": 2.33}, {"text": "But it is not the standard\nlanguage used by the deaf.", "start": 65.73, "duration": 4.38}, {"text": "The deaf use something\ncalled American Sign Language", "start": 70.11, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "in America.", "start": 72.51, "duration": 1.116}, {"text": "Another way to\nmake this point may", "start": 77.28, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "be that signed\nlanguages are not just", "start": 79.05, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "coded versions of the spoken\nlanguages that are around them,", "start": 81.15, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "is that American-- to point out\nthat American Sign Language is", "start": 84.54, "duration": 5.07}, {"text": "fairly closely related to French\nSign Language, which I won't", "start": 89.61, "duration": 4.14}, {"text": "try to pronounce in French\nbecause I don't speak French,", "start": 93.75, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "for historical reasons.", "start": 96.81, "duration": 2.23}, {"text": "The first schools for\nthe deaf in America", "start": 99.04, "duration": 2.78}, {"text": "were established by\npeople from France", "start": 101.82, "duration": 1.937}, {"text": "who had established schools\nfor the deaf in France", "start": 103.757, "duration": 2.083}, {"text": "and began establishing\nthem here.", "start": 105.84, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "So American Sign Language is\na descendant of French Sign", "start": 107.28, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "Language, and it is unrelated\nto British Sign Language", "start": 110.79, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "and quite different from it.", "start": 113.25, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "So go ahead and\nmake all the jokes", "start": 114.57, "duration": 2.615}, {"text": "you want about American\nEnglish and British English", "start": 117.185, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "being different, but they're\nmore similar to each other", "start": 119.31, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "than either is to French.", "start": 121.602, "duration": 1.488}, {"text": "But American Sign Language is\nmore similar to French Sign", "start": 123.09, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "Language than it is to\nBritish Sign Language", "start": 126.78, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "because American Sign\nLanguage is not English.", "start": 129.24, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "It's another\nlanguage, one which is", "start": 131.49, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "spoken with your body,\nespecially your hands.", "start": 133.89, "duration": 2.385}, {"text": "Yes, I just said that.", "start": 139.473, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "Thank you.", "start": 140.39, "duration": 2.382}, {"text": "Another way to make\nthe same point,", "start": 142.772, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "there are big\ngrammatical differences", "start": 144.23, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "between ASL and English, some\nof which we'll be exploring.", "start": 145.82, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "Here's one.", "start": 149.0, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "In English has\novert wh-movement.", "start": 149.5, "duration": 2.51}, {"text": "Remember wh-movement?", "start": 152.01, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "So in \"Who did John see?\"", "start": 154.68, "duration": 2.03}, {"text": "Lots of other languages,\nlike Mandarin, don't.", "start": 156.71, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "And in this regard, ASL\nis more like Mandarin", "start": 159.53, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "than it is like English.", "start": 162.5, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "It's actually a blend.", "start": 163.94, "duration": 1.35}, {"text": "You can do either one.", "start": 165.29, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "But there's a very natural\nway to ask wh-questions", "start": 166.73, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "in ASL, which looks\nsomething like this.", "start": 169.64, "duration": 4.72}, {"text": "Here's a guy who\nis about to say,", "start": 174.36, "duration": 1.73}, {"text": "I think, \"Who did John see?\"", "start": 176.09, "duration": 3.94}, {"text": "\"John\"- \"saw\"- \"who?\"", "start": 180.03, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "Yeah, so I'll get him\nto sign that again.", "start": 181.59, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "So \"John saw who?\"", "start": 184.14, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "And \"who\" is signed like this.", "start": 186.99, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "That's the ASL for \"who.\"", "start": 188.67, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "There's another thing he's\ndoing, which we'll talk about.", "start": 191.07, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "Part of signing\na question in ASL", "start": 193.92, "duration": 4.063}, {"text": "is not just what you\ndo with your hands,", "start": 197.983, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "but what you do with your face.", "start": 199.65, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "You're required to\nlook puzzled as you", "start": 201.03, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "ask these particular\nkinds of questions--", "start": 204.15, "duration": 1.93}, {"text": "and so to tilt your head\nand furrow your brow.", "start": 206.08, "duration": 2.45}, {"text": "And there's some\nvery careful work", "start": 208.53, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "on where, exactly, you're\nrequired to tilt your head", "start": 211.32, "duration": 2.515}, {"text": "and furrow your brow.", "start": 213.835, "duration": 0.875}, {"text": "It turns out to be\nvery interesting.", "start": 214.71, "duration": 1.63}, {"text": "It isn't just you do that\nfor the whole question.", "start": 216.34, "duration": 2.06}, {"text": "You do that for certain\nparts of the question.", "start": 218.4, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "And linguists who work\non signed languages", "start": 220.317, "duration": 2.733}, {"text": "do work on what's going on.", "start": 223.05, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "I'll put a link to this.", "start": 224.85, "duration": 1.58}, {"text": "This is a corpus of American\nSign Language utterances", "start": 226.43, "duration": 3.94}, {"text": "by the folks over\nthere at BU who", "start": 230.37, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "have a center for studying ASL.", "start": 233.76, "duration": 3.108}, {"text": "There's a lot of really\ninteresting data in here, which", "start": 236.868, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "is tagged, as you can see.", "start": 239.16, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "Anyway, I'll put a link\nto this on our website.", "start": 240.69, "duration": 3.01}, {"text": "So this is Carol Neidle,\nwho's done a lot of really", "start": 243.7, "duration": 2.53}, {"text": "interesting work on ASL.", "start": 246.23, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Back into full screen mode.", "start": 250.285, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "I'm sorry, I'm going\nto do a lot of this", "start": 251.41, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "because we're going to be going\nback and forth between videos", "start": 252.46, "duration": 2.542}, {"text": "and my slides.", "start": 255.002, "duration": 1.418}, {"text": "And I am low tech.", "start": 256.42, "duration": 1.151}, {"text": "If I were higher tech, I\nwould have figured out a way", "start": 257.571, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "to incorporate the\nvideos into the slides,", "start": 259.779, "duration": 1.771}, {"text": "but that's why this is the\nlinguistics department and not", "start": 261.55, "duration": 3.07}, {"text": "some other department.", "start": 264.62, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "OK, so ASL is not English.", "start": 266.81, "duration": 1.953}, {"text": "It's not English because it's\nnot all that closely related", "start": 268.763, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "to British sign language,\nand it's also not English", "start": 271.18, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "because, well, it has\nwh- [INAUDIBLE] too,", "start": 273.46, "duration": 1.845}, {"text": "like, English standard way\nto ask \"Who did John see?,\"", "start": 275.305, "duration": 2.505}, {"text": "the word order is,\n\"John saw who?\"", "start": 277.81, "duration": 1.58}, {"text": "That's not to say that\nsign languages aren't", "start": 282.01, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "in some kind of contact\nwith spoken languages.", "start": 283.87, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "So typically, if you're a deaf\nperson growing up in America,", "start": 285.787, "duration": 7.413}, {"text": "you have some kind of\nrelationship with ASL.", "start": 293.2, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "What kind of relationship\ndepends on the circumstances.", "start": 295.87, "duration": 3.19}, {"text": "So it's not at all\nuncommon for deaf children", "start": 299.06, "duration": 2.39}, {"text": "to be the deaf children\nof hearing parents,", "start": 301.45, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "and then their parents\nhave to do some hustling", "start": 303.4, "duration": 2.588}, {"text": "and be careful to make sure that\ntheir children have a chance", "start": 305.988, "duration": 2.542}, {"text": "to learn ASL.", "start": 308.53, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "Some children of hearing\nparents will try to learn ASL", "start": 310.93, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "themselves and raise\ntheir children in ASL.", "start": 313.69, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "But, of course that's quite\ndifficult, to learn quickly", "start": 316.63, "duration": 3.78}, {"text": "a language like ASL.", "start": 320.41, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "I say \"quickly\" because\nif you didn't know ASL", "start": 321.91, "duration": 2.893}, {"text": "before you realized that you\nhad a deaf child, well, then,", "start": 324.803, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "you need to hurry up and\nlearn it fairly fast.", "start": 327.22, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "And that's a difficult\nposition for parents to be in.", "start": 329.59, "duration": 3.1}, {"text": "So there are some barriers with\nrespect to how much resources", "start": 332.69, "duration": 4.22}, {"text": "these people have,\nwhether they can", "start": 336.91, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "do that in time for their kids\nto be exposed to ASL the way", "start": 339.55, "duration": 3.903}, {"text": "you need to be exposed\nto your first language.", "start": 343.453, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "They're the deaf kids\nwho-- and then, there", "start": 345.37, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "are deaf kids who are lucky\nenough to be around native ASL", "start": 347.17, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "signers from a very early age.", "start": 350.05, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "Now, the upshot of all\nthis is that if you're deaf", "start": 352.03, "duration": 3.338}, {"text": "and you're growing up\nin the United States,", "start": 355.368, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "you probably have some\nkind of relation to ASL.", "start": 357.16, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "Maybe you become\na fluent speaker.", "start": 359.17, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "That's one hope.", "start": 360.61, "duration": 4.165}, {"text": "But you also have some kind\nof relationship with English.", "start": 364.775, "duration": 2.375}, {"text": "You're surrounded by people\nwho are communicating", "start": 367.15, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "with each other in English.", "start": 369.85, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "And so there are what you\ncould think of as borrowings", "start": 371.02, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "between gestures of\nhearing people around you", "start": 373.72, "duration": 3.93}, {"text": "and the gestures that\nare used in the sign.", "start": 377.65, "duration": 5.22}, {"text": "Maybe one of the\nclearest examples", "start": 382.87, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "of this, the pronoun for \"I\" in\nAmerican Sign Language is this.", "start": 384.34, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "You point at your own chest.", "start": 387.64, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "The pronoun for \"I\" in\nJapanese Sign Language is this.", "start": 389.89, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "You point at your own nose.", "start": 392.92, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "That's borrowing\nfrom the standard way", "start": 394.78, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "to point to yourself\nin these places.", "start": 398.74, "duration": 2.2}, {"text": "So in Japan, and a\nlot of Asia, I think,", "start": 400.94, "duration": 2.39}, {"text": "the way to point to yourself\nis to point at your own nose,", "start": 403.33, "duration": 4.44}, {"text": "whereas in America, the standard\nway to point to yourself", "start": 407.77, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "is to point at your chest.", "start": 410.77, "duration": 1.083}, {"text": "So we could think of\nthis as borrowing,", "start": 411.853, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "if we wanted to,\nsome kind of contact", "start": 413.478, "duration": 1.582}, {"text": "between the spoken language\nand the sign language.", "start": 415.06, "duration": 3.495}, {"text": "From very early on--", "start": 422.61, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "one of the first\ndays, I think-- we", "start": 423.81, "duration": 1.548}, {"text": "talked about Saussure and\nthe idea of the arbitrariness", "start": 425.358, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "of the sign, the observation\nthat the fact that this", "start": 427.65, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "is called a \"table\"\nis an arbitrary fact.", "start": 430.77, "duration": 3.7}, {"text": "There's nothing\nabout it that demands", "start": 434.47, "duration": 2.51}, {"text": "that it be called a table.", "start": 436.98, "duration": 1.163}, {"text": "It could have been\ncalled \"chair\",", "start": 438.143, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "and the fact that it's called\na table is an accident.", "start": 439.56, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "The fact that we call it a table\nin English but that in another", "start": 442.23, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "language it could be called\na \"mesa,\" or a [NON-ENGLISH],,", "start": 445.02, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "or a bunch of other things.", "start": 447.57, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "Yeah, languages get to\narbitrarily decide what", "start": 450.6, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "they're going to call things.", "start": 453.72, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "Even in spoken languages--", "start": 455.43, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "I think we said this before--", "start": 456.72, "duration": 1.54}, {"text": "there are places where the\nway a word is pronounced", "start": 458.26, "duration": 7.43}, {"text": "has some kind of connection\nwith what it refers to.", "start": 465.69, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "The classic example\nof this is names", "start": 468.72, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "for birds, which are\nnot always, but often", "start": 470.46, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "imitations of the\ncall of the bird.", "start": 473.49, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "So a little chickadee\nis named after the thing", "start": 475.5, "duration": 3.058}, {"text": "that a chickadee says.", "start": 478.558, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "It sounds like it's\nsaying \"chickadee,\"", "start": 479.475, "duration": 1.725}, {"text": "if you listen to a chickadee.", "start": 481.2, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "Or Passamaquoddy, the word\nfor \"Great Horned Owl,\"", "start": 483.39, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "is [NON-ENGLISH],, which\nis a pretty good imitation", "start": 486.99, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "of an owl.", "start": 489.96, "duration": 1.2}, {"text": "So there are some\nthings like that", "start": 491.16, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "where people seem\nto be imitating", "start": 492.72, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "the sounds made by something.", "start": 494.46, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "In ASL, of course, your\nsounds are not relevant.", "start": 498.57, "duration": 5.16}, {"text": "In a sense, you have\na lot of chances", "start": 503.73, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "to have non-arbitrary signs.", "start": 505.65, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "So there are signs\nthat really do", "start": 507.87, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "look like you're\nimitating the thing,", "start": 510.09, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "trying to make an\nimage of the thing.", "start": 512.64, "duration": 1.99}, {"text": "So here's \"book.\"", "start": 514.63, "duration": 1.297}, {"text": "That's \"book.\"", "start": 515.927, "duration": 0.583}, {"text": "You can see why that's\nthe word for \"book.\"", "start": 516.51, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "Or this is \"tree,\"\nand you can see", "start": 518.82, "duration": 2.187}, {"text": "why that's the word for \"tree.\"", "start": 521.007, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "It's a picture of a tree.", "start": 522.299, "duration": 1.411}, {"text": "This is the kind of\nthing that gets people", "start": 523.71, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "to think that ASL is basically\na very sophisticated version", "start": 526.74, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "of charades, that people are\njust trying to imitate things,", "start": 530.46, "duration": 4.53}, {"text": "and then you're done.", "start": 534.99, "duration": 1.27}, {"text": "But of course, that's not it.", "start": 536.26, "duration": 1.7}, {"text": "Signs are just as\narbitrary in ASL", "start": 537.96, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "as they are in any\nspoken language.", "start": 540.15, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "That is to say they're\nmostly arbitrary,", "start": 541.71, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "with some other cases\nlike \"chickadee\"", "start": 543.78, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "for English or \"book\"\nfor ASL, cases where it's", "start": 546.12, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "possible to imitate something.", "start": 549.6, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "There's a fair amount\nof work on the phonology", "start": 553.83, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "of signed languages-- which,\nwhen I say it that way,", "start": 555.81, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "sounds like a bad joke.", "start": 558.48, "duration": 1.51}, {"text": "I mean, what does that mean,\nthe phonology of sign languages?", "start": 559.99, "duration": 3.2}, {"text": "But it's actually, there's this\nreally cool stuff that people", "start": 563.19, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "have observed about, if you\nthink of phonology as being", "start": 565.92, "duration": 3.93}, {"text": "the study of how basic units\ncan be combined to make slightly", "start": 569.85, "duration": 4.89}, {"text": "larger units-- so OK,\nfor spoken languages,", "start": 574.74, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "those units are sounds--", "start": 577.32, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "and we make all kinds of\nobservations about the rules", "start": 578.88, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "for how those things\nget to combine.", "start": 581.25, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "And cast your mind back to when\nI was showing you some Lardil", "start": 583.5, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "data, and I said, we\nconvinced ourselves", "start": 586.29, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "that it was useful to think\nthat the accusative forms were", "start": 589.38, "duration": 4.32}, {"text": "a more reliable guide\nto the underlying forms", "start": 593.7, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "than the nominative forms were.", "start": 597.93, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "That's what we ended\nup saying for Lardil.", "start": 599.61, "duration": 2.47}, {"text": "So we wanted to say, -in is\nbeing added to the underlying", "start": 602.08, "duration": 4.4}, {"text": "form of the noun, which\nfor \"woman\" is \"bidngen\"", "start": 606.48, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "and for \"fish\" is \"yak.\"", "start": 609.54, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "And if you ask a Lardil speaker,\nwhat's your word for fish,", "start": 612.18, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "they're not going to say \"yak.\"", "start": 614.85, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "They're going to say \"yaga.\"", "start": 616.62, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "But that's because, although\nthe Lardil word for fish is", "start": 617.88, "duration": 4.05}, {"text": "underlyingly \"yak,\" Lardil\nalso has a basic rule--", "start": 621.93, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "a bunch of rules--", "start": 625.53, "duration": 0.9}, {"text": "that lengthen\nmonosyllabic words.", "start": 626.43, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "And we talked about\nvarious rules of this kind.", "start": 628.59, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "They add different\nthings depending", "start": 631.35, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "on what the monosyllabic word\nends in, what sound it ends in,", "start": 633.21, "duration": 4.38}, {"text": "with the upshot that \"yak\"\nis not a possible Lardil", "start": 637.59, "duration": 4.14}, {"text": "word because it's too short.", "start": 641.73, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "And Lardil, therefore,\nlengthens it", "start": 643.56, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "if you haven't added\nanything to it.", "start": 646.2, "duration": 1.665}, {"text": "So if you've made it\naccusative, you're fine.", "start": 647.865, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "It's two syllables long,\n\"yaga,\" and you're all done.", "start": 649.74, "duration": 2.557}, {"text": "But if you wanted\nit to be nominative,", "start": 652.297, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "you weren't going to add any\nsuffixes to it, well, then,", "start": 653.88, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "you need to add another\nvowel because it's too short.", "start": 655.86, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "That was the picture of\nLardil that we ended up with.", "start": 657.81, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "Does that sound even\nfaintly familiar?", "start": 659.88, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "That's what we\nwere talking about.", "start": 661.463, "duration": 1.837}, {"text": "That's a story about\nLardil that says", "start": 663.3, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "Lardil is like many languages\nin having what's called", "start": 665.25, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "a minimal word requirement.", "start": 667.8, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "That is, in Lardil, it\nsays Lardil words can't", "start": 669.24, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "be just one syllable long.", "start": 672.36, "duration": 1.142}, {"text": "If you have a word\nthat's going to end up", "start": 673.502, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "being one syllable long,\nyou do something to it", "start": 675.21, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "to make it longer.", "start": 676.92, "duration": 0.75}, {"text": "ASL has also been argued to\nhave a minimal word requirement,", "start": 680.1, "duration": 3.78}, {"text": "and the argument goes like this.", "start": 683.88, "duration": 1.35}, {"text": "There are signs that, if\nthey're by themselves,", "start": 685.23, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "they involve a movement\nwhich is often short.", "start": 688.59, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "But then, that\nmovement goes away", "start": 690.9, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "if they're made part\nof a larger word.", "start": 692.64, "duration": 2.02}, {"text": "So here's the ASL for \"think.\"", "start": 694.66, "duration": 3.43}, {"text": "You take your finger, you\nmove it towards your temple,", "start": 698.09, "duration": 3.91}, {"text": "and touch yourself in\nthe temple briefly.", "start": 702.0, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "Yeah, that's \"think\" and\n[INAUDIBLE] \"I think.\"", "start": 703.74, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "And here is \"shocked.\"", "start": 707.19, "duration": 1.313}, {"text": "So \"shocked\" starts with\nyour finger at your temple,", "start": 708.503, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "where it would be\nfor \"think,\" and then", "start": 710.67, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "it has a second\ncomponent, \"shocked.\"", "start": 712.295, "duration": 2.455}, {"text": "\"I'm shocked.\"", "start": 714.75, "duration": 0.93}, {"text": "Yeah, so \"think,\" one way\nto think about \"think\"", "start": 715.68, "duration": 5.46}, {"text": "is just having your\nhand in a position.", "start": 721.14, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "That's too small.", "start": 723.51, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "That's like a\nmonosyllable in Lardil.", "start": 724.83, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "And so you add something.", "start": 726.84, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "You add emotion.", "start": 728.1, "duration": 0.84}, {"text": "Your hand moves\ntowards your temple.", "start": 728.94, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "But if you're adding,\nif you're making", "start": 731.52, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "\"shocked,\" which is \"think\"\nplus something else--", "start": 733.26, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "that's kind of like the\naccusative of \"fish\"--", "start": 736.11, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "then it's OK to just start\nwith your hand at your temple", "start": 738.24, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "and then do the second half.", "start": 740.79, "duration": 1.35}, {"text": "You don't have to add\nthat motion to your hand.", "start": 742.14, "duration": 3.84}, {"text": "And the suggestion that's been\nmade in the literature on ASL", "start": 745.98, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "phonology is this is like\na minimal word requirement.", "start": 749.16, "duration": 3.55}, {"text": "So Diane Brentari has suggested\nASL signs have a minimal word", "start": 752.71, "duration": 4.76}, {"text": "requirement.", "start": 757.47, "duration": 0.72}, {"text": "She doesn't say \"like Lardil.\"", "start": 758.19, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "I forget what minimal word\nlanguage she's talking about.", "start": 759.44, "duration": 2.81}, {"text": "So they have to contain at\nleast one move, is her idea.", "start": 762.25, "duration": 3.68}, {"text": "\"Think\" Is the ASL version of\nthe Lardil word for \"fish.\"", "start": 765.93, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "Remember Polish obstruents?", "start": 773.33, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "I like this class because\nI think I promised you", "start": 776.15, "duration": 2.197}, {"text": "that I was never, ever again\ngoing to talk about Polish,", "start": 778.347, "duration": 2.333}, {"text": "and so I apologize.", "start": 780.68, "duration": 2.15}, {"text": "It's the last day.", "start": 782.83, "duration": 0.88}, {"text": "You don't have to hear\nany more about Polish.", "start": 783.71, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "Sorry, go ahead.", "start": 785.585, "duration": 0.755}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I just\nhave a question.", "start": 786.34, "duration": 1.06}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah.", "start": 787.4, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Are there other words\nthat have \"think\" something?", "start": 788.317, "duration": 3.033}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS:\nOh, dear, now we", "start": 791.35, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "get beyond my very modest\nknowledge about ASL.", "start": 793.15, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "I don't know.", "start": 795.97, "duration": 0.66}, {"text": "Are you thinking that\nmight be the only one?", "start": 796.63, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Well, I think,\nagain, if you, I guess,", "start": 799.48, "duration": 3.71}, {"text": "look at compound words, there\nis definitely the ability", "start": 803.19, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "to pair them with other things.", "start": 806.37, "duration": 3.26}, {"text": "So I was just wondering\nif that's a common way", "start": 809.63, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "to just show surprise,\nmaybe confusion.", "start": 812.96, "duration": 4.17}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS:\nOh, you mean having", "start": 817.13, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "this as part of a larger sign?", "start": 818.63, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "Yeah, so Brentari's\ndiscussion certainly makes", "start": 820.58, "duration": 2.522}, {"text": "it sound like there\nare a bunch of these.", "start": 823.102, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "\"Shocked\" is the\nexamples she uses,", "start": 824.81, "duration": 1.503}, {"text": "and I'm afraid I don't\nknow any other examples", "start": 826.313, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "off the top of my head.", "start": 828.23, "duration": 0.81}, {"text": "I'll try to find the paper\nthat I got this from,", "start": 829.04, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "and I can put it on the\nwebsite so you can take a look.", "start": 831.05, "duration": 3.7}, {"text": "So here I am signing\nthings at you, yeah.", "start": 834.75, "duration": 4.48}, {"text": "Polish-- last time, I promise,\nwe will talk about Polish.", "start": 839.23, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "Polish obstruents, so\nstops and fricatives--", "start": 841.75, "duration": 4.2}, {"text": "we convinced\nourselves that Polish", "start": 845.95, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "has what's called final\nvoicing, cross-linguistically", "start": 847.54, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "extraordinarily common, a\nphenomenon in which, if you", "start": 849.85, "duration": 4.17}, {"text": "have a voiced obstruent\nat the end of a word,", "start": 854.02, "duration": 3.88}, {"text": "it becomes voiceless.", "start": 857.9, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "So if you look at the\nplurals of these nouns,", "start": 858.98, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "then you can see that before\nthe plural suffix \"i\",", "start": 861.92, "duration": 2.54}, {"text": "you can have both\nvoiced and voiceless", "start": 864.46, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "stops and fricatives-- in\nthe last example, \"nose\"", "start": 867.25, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "and \"rubble,\"\nplural of \"rubble,\"", "start": 870.1, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "which, hopefully, none of\nus will meet any time soon.", "start": 872.05, "duration": 3.7}, {"text": "But that if you don't have the\nplural, all of these obstruents", "start": 875.75, "duration": 2.75}, {"text": "are voiceless if they're\nat the end of a word", "start": 878.5, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "because Polish has\nfinal devoicing.", "start": 880.375, "duration": 2.295}, {"text": "This was part of the argument\nthat we need to posit", "start": 882.67, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "an underlying representation for\na word like \"lye,\" let's say--", "start": 885.76, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "the second line there--\nwhich ends in a voiced stop,", "start": 889.15, "duration": 4.59}, {"text": "because that gives us the best--", "start": 893.74, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "well, the best\nmatch on the data.", "start": 896.44, "duration": 1.848}, {"text": "So it allows us to account\nfor the fact that the plural", "start": 898.288, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "of \"bow\" and \"lye\" look\ndifferent from each other--", "start": 900.58, "duration": 2.89}, {"text": "they're \"wuki\" and \"wugi\"--", "start": 903.47, "duration": 1.58}, {"text": "even though the\nsingulars look the same.", "start": 905.05, "duration": 2.258}, {"text": "So this is what we were doing\nback when we were doing Polish,", "start": 907.308, "duration": 2.542}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 909.85, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "Have I triggered your\nPolish flashbacks?", "start": 910.81, "duration": 2.68}, {"text": "OK, so it has voiced\nobstruents, but they're", "start": 913.49, "duration": 2.272}, {"text": "limited in where they can go.", "start": 915.762, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "They can't go at\nthe ends of words.", "start": 916.97, "duration": 2.69}, {"text": "Here's an observation about\nthe distribution of finger", "start": 919.66, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "wiggling in the ASL sign.", "start": 921.91, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "So sometimes when\nyou make an ASL sign,", "start": 923.59, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "you wiggle your fingers.", "start": 925.45, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "There are ASL signs in which\nthere isn't much movement,", "start": 926.71, "duration": 3.242}, {"text": "or just one of Brentari's\nshortened ones,", "start": 929.952, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "like the word for\n\"color,\" which is this.", "start": 931.66, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "So you put your\nhand to your chin,", "start": 933.49, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "and you wiggle your fingers.", "start": 935.35, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "There are also signs where\nyour hands are moving", "start": 937.81, "duration": 3.81}, {"text": "and the wiggling is\nhappening during the move,", "start": 941.62, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "like go up in flames,\nwhere your hands are rising", "start": 943.72, "duration": 3.7}, {"text": "and your fingers are wiggling.", "start": 947.42, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "That's how you do\ngo up in flames.", "start": 948.67, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "So ASL signs can have\nfinger wiggling in them,", "start": 950.74, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "but there are imaginable\nsigns that you don't get.", "start": 953.35, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "So you could\nimagine a sign where", "start": 955.93, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "your fingers would wiggle,\nand then you would move.", "start": 958.45, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "It would be like\ngo up in flames,", "start": 961.15, "duration": 2.088}, {"text": "except you would wiggle first\nbefore you began moving--", "start": 963.238, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "or in which you moved\nand then, having reached", "start": 965.53, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "your destination,\nyou did a long move--", "start": 967.81, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "not one of your short\nmoves, but a long move--", "start": 970.09, "duration": 2.265}, {"text": "did your move, and then\nwiggled your fingers.", "start": 972.355, "duration": 1.875}, {"text": "But there aren't\nany signs like that.", "start": 974.23, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "So finger wiggling\nis either confined", "start": 976.69, "duration": 5.13}, {"text": "to the position\nat the end of one", "start": 981.82, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "of Brentari's short movements,\nor if your hands are moving", "start": 983.95, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "over a longer distance like in\n\"go up in flames,\" well, you", "start": 986.8, "duration": 3.28}, {"text": "have to wiggle the whole time.", "start": 990.08, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "Similar observation\nabout hand shape change.", "start": 995.66, "duration": 2.707}, {"text": "So there are signs where your\nhands just do a short move", "start": 998.367, "duration": 2.333}, {"text": "and then change their hand\nshape, like \"understand,\" where", "start": 1000.7, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "your hand moves into position\nand then, put up one finger,", "start": 1004.78, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "\"understand,\" or \"old\", where\nyour hand starts at your chin", "start": 1007.48, "duration": 5.48}, {"text": "and moves as it moves away\nfrom your chin-- \"old.\"", "start": 1012.96, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 1015.21, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: You're talking about\nother mental concepts being", "start": 1016.38, "duration": 5.58}, {"text": "expressed in sign\nlanguage and understand--", "start": 1021.96, "duration": 3.31}, {"text": "so it also starts at the temple?", "start": 1025.27, "duration": 2.007}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah,\nso I think, right, I", "start": 1027.277, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "think there are a number of--", "start": 1029.069, "duration": 1.591}, {"text": "not surprising, maybe\na number of mental.", "start": 1030.66, "duration": 1.885}, {"text": "So \"forget\" is another one.", "start": 1032.545, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "This is \"forget,\" where you wipe\nsomething off of your brain,", "start": 1033.67, "duration": 3.35}, {"text": "yeah, using your middle finger.", "start": 1037.02, "duration": 3.7}, {"text": "Your middle finger is\nalso used for being sick.", "start": 1040.72, "duration": 3.8}, {"text": "So yeah, there are\na bunch of signs,", "start": 1044.52, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "that use your head that\nhave to do with what's", "start": 1046.02, "duration": 2.053}, {"text": "going on in your head.", "start": 1048.073, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "Yeah, that's right.", "start": 1048.99, "duration": 1.11}, {"text": "That's right.", "start": 1050.1, "duration": 1.482}, {"text": "OK, so ASL has finger\nwiggling, but there", "start": 1051.582, "duration": 3.196}, {"text": "are limits on where\nfinger wiggling can go.", "start": 1054.778, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "It goes during the\nmotion, or it goes right", "start": 1056.57, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "after one of Brentari's\nshort movements.", "start": 1058.362, "duration": 2.198}, {"text": "Hand shape change is the same.", "start": 1060.56, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "It goes after one of\nBrentari's short movements,", "start": 1061.94, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "like in \"understand,\" or it\ngoes during the movement,", "start": 1063.56, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "like in \"old.\"", "start": 1065.39, "duration": 0.9}, {"text": "Yeah, but there aren't--", "start": 1066.29, "duration": 1.99}, {"text": "did I say this in\nthe next slide?", "start": 1068.28, "duration": 1.58}, {"text": "Yeah, again, you can\nimagine a sign where--", "start": 1069.86, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "which would be like \"old\" where\nyou would start with one hand", "start": 1073.22, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "shape, you change\nshapes, and then move,", "start": 1076.01, "duration": 3.54}, {"text": "or where you would move along\ndistance and then change", "start": 1079.55, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "shapes, but there aren't\nany signs like that.", "start": 1081.92, "duration": 3.7}, {"text": "And so people have\nsuggested, yeah,", "start": 1085.62, "duration": 1.76}, {"text": "just like a phonologist has\nto be able to say things like,", "start": 1087.38, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "this is a language that has\nvoiced obstruents but not", "start": 1090.14, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "at the ends of words-- there are\nlimits on where they can go--", "start": 1093.56, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "ASL has finger wiggling, and\nit has hand shape change,", "start": 1096.5, "duration": 3.27}, {"text": "but it has rules about where\nthey can go in the sign.", "start": 1099.77, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "And then, of course,\nyou want to know why--", "start": 1102.26, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "like why, what constrains\nthese to where they go.", "start": 1104.21, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "But when I say that there's\nwork on ASL phonology, ,", "start": 1107.39, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "this is what I mean--", "start": 1110.15, "duration": 0.972}, {"text": "there's people\ntrying to figure out", "start": 1111.122, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "what makes something a\npossible well-formed ASL sign.", "start": 1112.58, "duration": 3.81}, {"text": "It turns out there\nare limits on this.", "start": 1116.39, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "One observation,\nactually, that people", "start": 1119.63, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "have made as they\ndo this work, there", "start": 1122.45, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "are compounds or\npolymorphemic signs,", "start": 1125.24, "duration": 4.062}, {"text": "which you can tell they're\npolymorphemic because they", "start": 1129.302, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "appear to violate these rules.", "start": 1131.51, "duration": 1.21}, {"text": "So I just said, there aren't\nany signs where you first", "start": 1132.72, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "finger wiggle and then move.", "start": 1134.97, "duration": 2.98}, {"text": "Here's an apparent\ncounterexample to that.", "start": 1137.95, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "There's a word \"hypnotist,\"\nwhich goes like this.", "start": 1139.7, "duration": 3.105}, {"text": "But that's a two-morpheme sign.", "start": 1145.43, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "So it's \"hypnotize\"-- which is\na Brentari short movement plus", "start": 1147.95, "duration": 5.04}, {"text": "finger wiggling-- and\nthen there's a suffix,", "start": 1152.99, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "which is the agentive suffix.", "start": 1155.6, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "You use it to make--", "start": 1157.46, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "you attach it to nouns to\nmake people who do that now.", "start": 1158.84, "duration": 2.47}, {"text": "So it's a hypnotist.", "start": 1161.31, "duration": 1.97}, {"text": "So \"hypnotist\" by itself looks\nlike you're finger wiggling", "start": 1163.28, "duration": 4.11}, {"text": "and then moving.", "start": 1167.39, "duration": 0.93}, {"text": "But that's because there's\na morpheme boundary", "start": 1168.32, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "between those two things.", "start": 1169.88, "duration": 0.95}, {"text": "So within a morpheme,\nyou can think of it", "start": 1170.83, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "as a bisyllabic\nword if you want.", "start": 1172.538, "duration": 1.822}, {"text": "So in the first syllable,\nyou're doing finger wiggling", "start": 1174.36, "duration": 2.48}, {"text": "the same way you're doing\nfinger wiggling in color.", "start": 1176.84, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "And then there's a\nsecond move, which", "start": 1180.59, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "involves moving your hands.", "start": 1182.39, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "ASL has one-handed\nsigns, like \"understand,\"", "start": 1189.39, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "and it also has two-handed\nsigns, like \"go up in flames.\"", "start": 1192.87, "duration": 5.29}, {"text": "There's an interesting\nrestriction in two-handed signs", "start": 1198.16, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "on the second hand.", "start": 1200.41, "duration": 1.05}, {"text": "So the second hand\neither has to stay still,", "start": 1201.46, "duration": 2.73}, {"text": "like in tree, where one hand\nmoves and the other hand", "start": 1204.19, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "just stays there in the\nbackground for the first sign,", "start": 1207.43, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "or it does the same\nthing as the other hand.", "start": 1211.18, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "So \"teach,\" both your hands\nare doing the same thing.", "start": 1214.42, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "I love the sign for \"teach.\"", "start": 1218.29, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "I want to do this\nwhen I teach now.", "start": 1220.09, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "Or bicycle, where your hands\nare doing the same thing,", "start": 1223.42, "duration": 2.652}, {"text": "but they're out of\nphase with each other.", "start": 1226.072, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "So they're both\ngoing in circles.", "start": 1227.78, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "Which is kind of\ninteresting because--", "start": 1230.57, "duration": 1.88}, {"text": "so and that's it, right?", "start": 1232.45, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "So there aren't\nASL signs in which", "start": 1234.07, "duration": 2.882}, {"text": "one hand is doing one\nthing and the other hand,", "start": 1236.952, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "is doing a completely\ndifferent thing.", "start": 1238.91, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "And it's not because--", "start": 1241.31, "duration": 1.97}, {"text": "does that make sense?", "start": 1243.28, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "So your hands can't\nboth be moving and doing", "start": 1244.6, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "different things.", "start": 1248.17, "duration": 2.05}, {"text": "Which is interesting, because it\nis actually physically possible", "start": 1250.22, "duration": 2.75}, {"text": "to violate this, to have your\ntwo hands both moving and doing", "start": 1252.97, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "different things, in poetry.", "start": 1256.45, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "So there's a video which\nI'll try to show you now", "start": 1258.04, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "of an ASL poet, guy\nnamed Clayton Valli, who", "start": 1261.22, "duration": 4.26}, {"text": "wrote many poems in ASL.", "start": 1265.48, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "There are a lot\nof YouTube videos", "start": 1266.74, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "of him performing his poems.", "start": 1268.36, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "And this one is\ncalled \"Snowflake.\"", "start": 1270.76, "duration": 2.97}, {"text": "And what he does in it--", "start": 1273.73, "duration": 3.14}, {"text": "the reason I'm going\nto show you the video", "start": 1276.87, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "is that I can't physically\ndo it very well.", "start": 1278.62, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "I'll show you what he does.", "start": 1280.54, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "But I'll tell you\nwhat he's about to do,", "start": 1282.37, "duration": 2.02}, {"text": "just so you can see it.", "start": 1284.39, "duration": 1.67}, {"text": "With one hand, he's doing\nthe sign for \"snowflake\"--", "start": 1286.06, "duration": 3.53}, {"text": "which is a snowflake falling.", "start": 1289.59, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "And, then with the other\nhand, he's signing one-handed", "start": 1291.54, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "versions of--", "start": 1293.85, "duration": 1.243}, {"text": "I may not get the order right--", "start": 1295.093, "duration": 1.292}, {"text": "white, cold, beautiful.", "start": 1298.98, "duration": 6.32}, {"text": "And he's doing this as\nthis hand is moving.", "start": 1305.3, "duration": 1.94}, {"text": "So this hand is moving, and\nwith the other hand, he's going,", "start": 1307.24, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "white, cold, beautiful.", "start": 1309.74, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "And as you can see, I can't\nphysically do this, but he can.", "start": 1311.3, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "Let me show you him doing it.", "start": 1314.54, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "Let me get it.", "start": 1318.47, "duration": 2.732}, {"text": "Where is he?", "start": 1321.202, "duration": 0.608}, {"text": "Yeah, so here's Clayton Valli.", "start": 1321.81, "duration": 1.297}, {"text": "And I think I paused it in\nmore or less the right place,", "start": 1323.107, "duration": 2.333}, {"text": "and we have to watch\nthis for a little bit.", "start": 1325.44, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "So he's about to sign\nabout looking out", "start": 1327.232, "duration": 2.438}, {"text": "the window at a snowy day.", "start": 1329.67, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "The snow is coming down.", "start": 1331.38, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "And now I think\nit's about to come.", "start": 1333.81, "duration": 2.47}, {"text": "Here's the snow piled up.", "start": 1336.28, "duration": 1.07}, {"text": "Come on, Clayton.", "start": 1341.014, "duration": 1.066}, {"text": "Yeah, here it is.", "start": 1346.732, "duration": 0.708}, {"text": "There's the snowflake\nfalling, and", "start": 1347.44, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "white, beautiful, cold,\nyeah, with his other hand.", "start": 1349.36, "duration": 4.56}, {"text": "So it's physically\npossible to do that,", "start": 1353.92, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "at least if you're Clayton\nValli, if you're a fluent ASL", "start": 1357.55, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "signer.", "start": 1360.37, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "But there aren't any\nASL signs that do it.", "start": 1361.99, "duration": 2.17}, {"text": "It's one of those rules\nthat you break in order", "start": 1364.16, "duration": 4.13}, {"text": "to perform poetry.", "start": 1368.29, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "So I'll put a link to that.", "start": 1370.36, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "I'll put link to that poem on\nthe website so you can see.", "start": 1373.54, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 1376.3, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I feel\nlike that might just", "start": 1376.8, "duration": 0.91}, {"text": "be because most people\naren't capable of doing", "start": 1377.71, "duration": 2.49}, {"text": "that, like do a\ncircle with one hand", "start": 1380.2, "duration": 2.523}, {"text": "and a square with the other.", "start": 1382.723, "duration": 1.167}, {"text": "Most people can't do that.", "start": 1383.89, "duration": 1.3}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS:\nSo I think it's one", "start": 1385.19, "duration": 1.58}, {"text": "of those things that probably\nrequires practice, right?", "start": 1386.77, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "And question, is this something\nthat any ASL signer could just", "start": 1389.32, "duration": 4.23}, {"text": "do cold without any trouble?", "start": 1393.55, "duration": 2.43}, {"text": "If they saw the\nClayton Valli video,", "start": 1395.98, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "they'd be like, oh, yeah,\nand then they would do it,", "start": 1397.75, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "and I can't do it because\nI'm not a fluent ASL signer?", "start": 1400.9, "duration": 2.46}, {"text": "Or whether it's because Clayton\nValli practiced in his room", "start": 1403.36, "duration": 3.263}, {"text": "hour after hour\nand eventually got", "start": 1406.623, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "to where he could get\nhis hands to do that?", "start": 1408.04, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "Yeah, right.", "start": 1410.38, "duration": 0.84}, {"text": "So I think you're right.", "start": 1411.22, "duration": 1.35}, {"text": "It's not exactly that.", "start": 1412.57, "duration": 1.03}, {"text": "It's not surprising\nthat ASL isn't", "start": 1413.6, "duration": 1.64}, {"text": "full of signs that are like\nthis, with your two hands doing", "start": 1415.24, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "two different things.", "start": 1418.06, "duration": 1.72}, {"text": "But it's interesting that\nit is physically possible", "start": 1419.78, "duration": 2.84}, {"text": "to learn to do it.", "start": 1422.62, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 1424.24, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I think that it's in\ncontrast to the signing rule.", "start": 1425.32, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "It's one of the first things\nyou learn in an ASL class.", "start": 1429.4, "duration": 2.714}, {"text": "And I believe that\nis where you should", "start": 1432.114, "duration": 2.629}, {"text": "focus all your attention,\non the dominant hand.", "start": 1434.743, "duration": 3.16}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS:\nYeah, yeah, yeah.", "start": 1437.903, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "So I mean, you're\nabsolutely right.", "start": 1439.32, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "What happens is that\nthe non-dominant hand", "start": 1442.65, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "either copies the\ndominant hand or just", "start": 1444.9, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "sits still, like in \"tree.\"", "start": 1446.91, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "And so you think this is\nsomething somebody deliberately", "start": 1450.06, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "did?", "start": 1453.57, "duration": 0.51}, {"text": "They decided that ASL\nshould work this way?", "start": 1454.08, "duration": 2.455}, {"text": "It'd be interesting to see.", "start": 1456.535, "duration": 1.125}, {"text": "I have no idea.", "start": 1457.66, "duration": 0.65}, {"text": "I'm doing all this\ntalk about ASL.", "start": 1458.31, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "I started by saying, there\nare many sign languages.", "start": 1460.32, "duration": 2.88}, {"text": "I don't know whether this is\ntrue in every sign language.", "start": 1463.2, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "I haven't heard\nof a sign language", "start": 1465.99, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "in which your hands are\nallowed to move independently", "start": 1467.49, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "of each other.", "start": 1469.698, "duration": 1.012}, {"text": "So it'd be interesting to\nsee how universal this is.", "start": 1470.71, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 1473.08, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Is there a left-handed versus\nright-handed version of ASL?", "start": 1473.58, "duration": 5.22}, {"text": "No, I mean if, so\nI'm right-handed,", "start": 1478.8, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "and so this is my\nversion of \"tree.\"", "start": 1482.13, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "If I were left-handed this\nwould be my version of \"tree.\"", "start": 1483.63, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "And they mean the same\nthing, as far as I can tell.", "start": 1486.48, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "Similarly, for the signs\nthat use both hands--", "start": 1489.15, "duration": 3.81}, {"text": "I mean, this is a consequence\nof these facts about the signs", "start": 1492.96, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "that we've been talking about--\nfor the signs that use both", "start": 1495.87, "duration": 2.458}, {"text": "hands, like \"teach,\" if I'm--", "start": 1498.328, "duration": 3.354}, {"text": "somebody described this\nto me as the equivalent", "start": 1501.682, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "of talking with your\nmouth full-- if I'm", "start": 1503.64, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "busy with my right hand,\nif I'm holding something", "start": 1505.307, "duration": 2.713}, {"text": "or whatever, then I\ncan sign \"teach\" just", "start": 1508.02, "duration": 1.98}, {"text": "with my other hand, and\nyou don't lose anything,", "start": 1510.0, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "in a sense.", "start": 1513.3, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "You might if there's also a\nsign that's just like this.", "start": 1515.46, "duration": 3.93}, {"text": "And Valli, actually,\nin this video,", "start": 1519.39, "duration": 2.632}, {"text": "is doing something like that.", "start": 1522.022, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "The sign for \"cold\"\nuses both hands.", "start": 1523.23, "duration": 4.62}, {"text": "They're both moving.", "start": 1527.85, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "But because his right hand\nis busy doing \"snowflake,\"", "start": 1529.44, "duration": 3.01}, {"text": "he does a one-handed\nversion of \"cold,\" yeah.", "start": 1532.45, "duration": 3.16}, {"text": "Yeah, OK, and I alluded\nto this a second ago.", "start": 1541.18, "duration": 4.55}, {"text": "There's a lot of work\non the use of parts", "start": 1545.73, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "of the body other\nthan your hands, so", "start": 1547.5, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "your non-manual component.", "start": 1548.94, "duration": 1.083}, {"text": "There's facial expressions\nthat are involved in doing", "start": 1550.023, "duration": 2.787}, {"text": "certain kinds of things.", "start": 1552.81, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So as I said, in\nwh-questions in ASL,", "start": 1553.81, "duration": 3.5}, {"text": "wh-questions require\nyou to furrow your brow", "start": 1557.31, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "and look puzzled.", "start": 1560.37, "duration": 1.41}, {"text": "And there's all this interesting\nwork on where, exactly, you're", "start": 1561.78, "duration": 2.647}, {"text": "required to do that.", "start": 1564.427, "duration": 0.833}, {"text": "As I said, ASL is a\nwh-in-situ language,", "start": 1565.26, "duration": 4.455}, {"text": "or it has the option\nof wh in situ.", "start": 1569.715, "duration": 2.235}, {"text": "And I do have chalk\ntoday, which is nice.", "start": 1571.95, "duration": 3.16}, {"text": "So apparently,\nwhat that means is", "start": 1575.11, "duration": 3.5}, {"text": "that if you're doing the ASL for\n\"You gave what to the teacher?\"", "start": 1578.61, "duration": 14.07}, {"text": "where just pretend that\nall of this is ASL,", "start": 1592.68, "duration": 3.03}, {"text": "you're required to\nlook puzzled here--", "start": 1595.71, "duration": 3.66}, {"text": "that is, from the\nbeginning of the question", "start": 1599.37, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "until you get to the wh word.", "start": 1601.5, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "And then you're allowed\nto relax your face.", "start": 1603.18, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "And if this is an embedded\nquestion like, I don't know--", "start": 1606.63, "duration": 3.195}, {"text": "so if I'm saying the\nASL for, \"I don't know", "start": 1613.96, "duration": 2.06}, {"text": "what you gave to the teacher\"--", "start": 1616.02, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "well, then, this is still true.", "start": 1618.12, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "You sign \"I don't know\" without\ndoing a wh- facial expression,", "start": 1619.65, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "but you do one for this part.", "start": 1623.22, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "So from the beginning of the\nquestion to the wh- word,", "start": 1625.11, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "you're required to look puzzled.", "start": 1628.32, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "Just kind of cool there's\nthis work on this.", "start": 1630.6, "duration": 4.08}, {"text": "Or similarly, there's a negation\nin facial expression in ASL.", "start": 1634.68, "duration": 4.035}, {"text": "And so negation--", "start": 1638.715, "duration": 1.665}, {"text": "ASL has a word for \"not.\"", "start": 1640.38, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "It's this.", "start": 1642.48, "duration": 1.87}, {"text": "And so if I want to sign--", "start": 1644.35, "duration": 2.93}, {"text": "oh, sorry.", "start": 1647.28, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: So does that mean that\nthe facial expressions we make", "start": 1648.27, "duration": 2.78}, {"text": "when [INAUDIBLE] are\nrelated to [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 1651.05, "duration": 5.582}, {"text": "face and interaction\nwith others?", "start": 1656.632, "duration": 3.278}, {"text": "Because I would think it's\nsomething that's unique,", "start": 1659.91, "duration": 2.84}, {"text": "like when you're\nconfused, to make", "start": 1662.75, "duration": 2.32}, {"text": "an expression with your face.", "start": 1665.07, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "Is it just related to\nthe fact that you're", "start": 1667.08, "duration": 2.154}, {"text": "talking with someone you want\nto understand you're confused.", "start": 1669.234, "duration": 2.5}, {"text": "Or is it [INAUDIBLE]?", "start": 1671.734, "duration": 1.886}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: These are all\nreally interesting questions", "start": 1673.62, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "to which I don't\nknow the answers.", "start": 1675.0, "duration": 1.417}, {"text": "One possibility is that the\npuzzled facial expression,", "start": 1676.417, "duration": 4.163}, {"text": "the wh- facial\nexpression in ASL,", "start": 1680.58, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "it's a little bit the\ntwo pronouns for \"I\"", "start": 1682.53, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "that I was talking\nabout earlier--", "start": 1685.65, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "that this is \"I\" in ASL, and\nthis is \"I\" in Japanese Sign", "start": 1687.12, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "Language, and that maybe\nthat's connected to gestures", "start": 1689.94, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "that hearing people make that\nspeakers of sign languages", "start": 1692.49, "duration": 4.59}, {"text": "are using in a different way.", "start": 1697.08, "duration": 1.45}, {"text": "So you're right, I might, if I\nwere asking you a wh- question,", "start": 1698.53, "duration": 3.41}, {"text": "look puzzled.", "start": 1701.94, "duration": 1.96}, {"text": "I don't have to look puzzled\nto ask you a wh-question,", "start": 1703.9, "duration": 2.72}, {"text": "and there are no particular\nrestrictions on when I should", "start": 1706.62, "duration": 3.69}, {"text": "look puzzled--", "start": 1710.31, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "where during my question\nI should look puzzled.", "start": 1711.3, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "But in ASL, there are.", "start": 1713.97, "duration": 1.68}, {"text": "You actually have\nto do this, and you", "start": 1715.65, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "have to do it at\nthe right points,", "start": 1717.45, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "in the right points\nof the wh- question.", "start": 1719.52, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "So their use of\nfacial expressions", "start": 1723.0, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "is a little more sophisticated,\nI guess, or rule-governed,", "start": 1725.76, "duration": 3.81}, {"text": "than they have been shown to\nbe, anyway, for speaking people.", "start": 1729.57, "duration": 4.17}, {"text": "Now, maybe all this\nshows is that there", "start": 1733.74, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "hasn't been enough work\non facial expressions", "start": 1736.05, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "for spoken languages.", "start": 1738.84, "duration": 1.08}, {"text": "We're all obsessed\nwith the sounds,", "start": 1739.92, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "but for ASL, there's all\nthis clever work on what you", "start": 1742.14, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "do with the rest of your body.", "start": 1745.32, "duration": 1.32}, {"text": "Yeah, good question.", "start": 1746.64, "duration": 3.22}, {"text": "Similarly, there's a\nnegation facial expression.", "start": 1749.86, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "So if I want to say, \"I'm\nnot deaf,\" I can sign,", "start": 1752.47, "duration": 3.99}, {"text": "\"I,\" \"not,\" and \"deaf.\"", "start": 1756.46, "duration": 4.2}, {"text": "or I can point at myself and\nshake my head as I sign \"deaf.\"", "start": 1760.66, "duration": 7.74}, {"text": "So I don't have to use\nthe sign for \"not\" at all.", "start": 1768.4, "duration": 3.36}, {"text": "By shaking my head,\nI convey negation", "start": 1771.76, "duration": 3.81}, {"text": "without using the negation sign.", "start": 1775.57, "duration": 2.435}, {"text": "So there are facial expressions\nfor both of these things.", "start": 1778.005, "duration": 2.375}, {"text": "I don't know what\nhappens when they", "start": 1780.38, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "combine because, presumably,\nyou can ask negative questions.", "start": 1781.838, "duration": 3.164}, {"text": "I guess you can do all of these\nthings with your head at once.", "start": 1785.002, "duration": 2.583}, {"text": "One of the other properties\nof signed languages", "start": 1790.84, "duration": 4.57}, {"text": "which is cool and there's\na lot of work on it", "start": 1795.41, "duration": 3.59}, {"text": "is the use of loci\nin space to refer.", "start": 1799.0, "duration": 3.4}, {"text": "So an English\nsentence like \"Trump", "start": 1802.4, "duration": 2.3}, {"text": "told Biden that he\nwould win\" is ambiguous.", "start": 1804.7, "duration": 4.32}, {"text": "So \"he\" could refer to Trump,\nor to Biden, or to anybody else,", "start": 1809.02, "duration": 5.34}, {"text": "in principle.", "start": 1814.36, "duration": 1.01}, {"text": "It has to refer to\nsome male person.", "start": 1815.37, "duration": 1.93}, {"text": "It could refer to\neither of these people.", "start": 1817.3, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "If you were going to\nsign this in ASL--", "start": 1820.09, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "and I'm not going to.", "start": 1822.79, "duration": 1.148}, {"text": "I don't know enough\nASL, but I can tell you", "start": 1823.938, "duration": 1.792}, {"text": "the basic ideas about how this\nwould work-- first of all,", "start": 1825.73, "duration": 2.89}, {"text": "you would need what are\ncalled \"name signs.\"", "start": 1828.62, "duration": 2.48}, {"text": "So you would need to sign the\nnames \"Trump\" and \"Biden\".", "start": 1831.1, "duration": 3.75}, {"text": "The simple way to do that\nis by finger spelling.", "start": 1834.85, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "So there are correspondents\nto all of the letters.", "start": 1837.52, "duration": 5.377}, {"text": "You can sign all of the letters\nof the English alphabet.", "start": 1842.897, "duration": 2.333}, {"text": "So you could sign T-R-U-M-P,\nonly you'd do it faster if you", "start": 1845.23, "duration": 4.2}, {"text": "knew ASL.", "start": 1849.43, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "But there are also what are\ncalled \"name signs,\" which", "start": 1852.07, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "are signs that are just\nsigns for particular people--", "start": 1854.32, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "typically famous people,\nor people who are deaf,", "start": 1857.17, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "I think, generally end\nup with name signs.", "start": 1861.04, "duration": 3.96}, {"text": "Name signs are often based--", "start": 1865.0, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "they often contain the first\nletter of the person's name.", "start": 1866.77, "duration": 3.21}, {"text": "I had a classmate in\ngrad school who was deaf.", "start": 1869.98, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "He's now a professor at\nGallaudet University.", "start": 1872.08, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "His name was Gaurav in\nEnglish, and his ASL sign", "start": 1875.5, "duration": 3.638}, {"text": "involved the letter G, which is\nthe first letter of his name,", "start": 1879.138, "duration": 2.542}, {"text": "put on the chest.", "start": 1881.68, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "Sorry, so that's Gaurav in ASL.", "start": 1882.67, "duration": 3.66}, {"text": "The name sign for\n\"Noam Chomsky,\"", "start": 1886.33, "duration": 1.47}, {"text": "which is one of the few\nother signs I know, is this.", "start": 1887.8, "duration": 3.24}, {"text": "So it's a C. When I\nfirst saw it, I was like,", "start": 1891.04, "duration": 2.442}, {"text": "what, they think\nhe's an alcoholic?", "start": 1893.482, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "What is the deal?", "start": 1894.94, "duration": 1.87}, {"text": "It turns out to be based\non the sign for \"God.\"", "start": 1896.81, "duration": 2.54}, {"text": "So it's \"God\" with a C.", "start": 1899.35, "duration": 1.54}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 1900.89, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "It's Noam Chomsky.", "start": 1901.39, "duration": 0.96}, {"text": "It was invented by someone\nwith the proper level", "start": 1902.35, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "of respect for Noam Chomsky.", "start": 1904.66, "duration": 2.77}, {"text": "The name of sign for\nTrump, there are apparently", "start": 1907.43, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "various name signs for Trump.", "start": 1909.43, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "One of them is this--", "start": 1910.638, "duration": 0.877}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 1911.515, "duration": 2.965}, {"text": "Or this, that's another one.", "start": 1914.98, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "For Biden, I was looking,\nand apparently, there", "start": 1918.43, "duration": 2.928}, {"text": "isn't general agreement on\nwhat the name sign for Biden", "start": 1921.358, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "ought to be.", "start": 1923.65, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "One of them is this,\nwhich is apparently", "start": 1924.15, "duration": 2.08}, {"text": "supposed to be a gesture\nthat indicates that he likes", "start": 1926.23, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "to wear sunglasses, I guess.", "start": 1929.29, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "It's connected to the fact\nthat he has sunglasses a lot.", "start": 1931.51, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "By now, there must be\na name sign for Biden", "start": 1934.06, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "because, of course, he's\nsurrounded by interpreters", "start": 1936.07, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "when he's talking, you hope.", "start": 1939.13, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "But anyway, if you wanted\nto say-- bless you-- in ASL,", "start": 1941.35, "duration": 2.598}, {"text": "\"Trump told Biden that he\nwould win,\" you'd sign Trump,", "start": 1943.948, "duration": 2.292}, {"text": "and you'd sign Biden, and\nyou would put them in places.", "start": 1946.24, "duration": 2.85}, {"text": "So you'd say \"Trump,\" and you'd\nput Trump here, and Biden,", "start": 1949.09, "duration": 3.09}, {"text": "put Biden here.", "start": 1952.18, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "And then you would say,\nhe told him that he--", "start": 1953.41, "duration": 4.532}, {"text": "and then you would\neither point at Trump,", "start": 1957.942, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "or you would point at Biden--", "start": 1959.65, "duration": 1.26}, {"text": "would win.", "start": 1960.91, "duration": 1.33}, {"text": "So the ASL versions of the\nsentence are not ambiguous.", "start": 1962.24, "duration": 2.66}, {"text": "So you make it clear.", "start": 1964.9, "duration": 2.55}, {"text": "You've either pointed at Trump,\nor you've pointed at Biden.", "start": 1967.45, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "So he always refers to\nsomeone in particular.", "start": 1970.12, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "Or, if what I want\nto convey to you", "start": 1972.34, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "is \"Trump told Biden that\nObama would win,\" well,", "start": 1974.38, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "then, I need to sign\n\"Biden,\" \"Obama,\"", "start": 1976.54, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "and put \"Obama\" somewhere else.", "start": 1978.19, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "You can have many, many people\nin front of you in space.", "start": 1979.69, "duration": 3.075}, {"text": "I believe people who have\nstudied this have not", "start": 1985.63, "duration": 2.37}, {"text": "found limits on how much space,\nhow much subdividing of space", "start": 1988.0, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "you can do in front of you.", "start": 1991.51, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "I don't know how\nhard they've tried,", "start": 1993.07, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "but yeah, it's\ncertainly not just two.", "start": 1994.57, "duration": 2.925}, {"text": "You can have lots of\npronouns in front of you.", "start": 1997.495, "duration": 3.735}, {"text": "There are even fancier\nthings you can do.", "start": 2001.23, "duration": 1.912}, {"text": "I was just reading\na paper about this.", "start": 2003.142, "duration": 1.583}, {"text": "This is kind of astonishing.", "start": 2004.725, "duration": 1.695}, {"text": "So if I want to say something\nin ASL like \"Most of my students", "start": 2006.42, "duration": 3.78}, {"text": "came to class,\" what I do is I\nstart by signing \"my students,\"", "start": 2010.2, "duration": 5.41}, {"text": "and then I put my\nstudents in a circle.", "start": 2015.61, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "So I have my students, and\nthen I establish a circle", "start": 2017.86, "duration": 2.69}, {"text": "that all of my students are in.", "start": 2020.55, "duration": 1.392}, {"text": "And then I'm going to make\nthe sign for \"most,\" which", "start": 2021.942, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "I think is something like this.", "start": 2024.15, "duration": 1.39}, {"text": "And then I describe\na smaller circle", "start": 2025.54, "duration": 2.3}, {"text": "that's part of the circle that\nI've just described for you.", "start": 2027.84, "duration": 2.94}, {"text": "And then I would\nsign, \"went to class.\"", "start": 2030.78, "duration": 2.44}, {"text": "So I make my circle that\nhas all the students,", "start": 2033.22, "duration": 3.87}, {"text": "And then I have a\nsubset of that that's--", "start": 2037.09, "duration": 1.91}, {"text": "I draw the kinds of\nVenn diagram-y things", "start": 2039.0, "duration": 2.07}, {"text": "we were talking about before.", "start": 2041.07, "duration": 1.933}, {"text": "Here are the students.", "start": 2043.003, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "And the cool thing\nabout this is now,", "start": 2043.92, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "what I've got in front of me is\na space that's got my students,", "start": 2045.69, "duration": 3.029}, {"text": "and it's subdivided into\na larger space that's", "start": 2048.719, "duration": 3.174}, {"text": "got most of my students,\nthe ones who came to class,", "start": 2051.893, "duration": 2.167}, {"text": "and a smaller space that's\ngot the students who", "start": 2054.06, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "didn't come to class.", "start": 2056.1, "duration": 1.15}, {"text": "So the next\nsentence, apparently,", "start": 2057.25, "duration": 1.909}, {"text": "can be \"They stayed home,\"\npointing at the ones who", "start": 2059.159, "duration": 4.471}, {"text": "didn't come to class.", "start": 2063.63, "duration": 1.529}, {"text": "In English, if I say \"Most\nof my students came to class,", "start": 2065.159, "duration": 3.601}, {"text": "they stayed home,\" I'm\ncontradicting myself.", "start": 2068.76, "duration": 5.72}, {"text": "And there's something\ninteresting going on here.", "start": 2074.48, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "When we were talking\nabout pronouns,", "start": 2076.48, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "we just breezed by them, right?", "start": 2077.98, "duration": 1.73}, {"text": "Pronouns, well,\nthey refer to people", "start": 2079.71, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "who are salient or whatever.", "start": 2081.57, "duration": 2.76}, {"text": "Certainly, if I pass a bunch\nof students on the Infinite", "start": 2084.33, "duration": 5.24}, {"text": "Corridor, I could remark to\nyou, \"They're on their way", "start": 2089.57, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "to class.\"", "start": 2091.82, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "We don't have to have been\ntalking about them before.", "start": 2092.32, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "They're just there in the world.", "start": 2094.528, "duration": 1.381}, {"text": "I get to assume that\nyou're thinking about them.", "start": 2095.909, "duration": 2.311}, {"text": "But if I say \"Most\nof my students", "start": 2098.22, "duration": 2.33}, {"text": "came to class,\" well, that--", "start": 2100.55, "duration": 2.67}, {"text": "I mean, I'm telling you\nthat they're my students,", "start": 2103.22, "duration": 2.4}, {"text": "and that most of\nthem came to class,", "start": 2105.62, "duration": 1.71}, {"text": "and then there were the\nones who didn't, right?", "start": 2107.33, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "I mean, that's what that means.", "start": 2109.43, "duration": 1.482}, {"text": "But I still don't get to\nrefer to the ones who didn't", "start": 2110.912, "duration": 2.208}, {"text": "come to class with \"they.\"", "start": 2113.12, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "\"They\" has to refer to the\nones who did come to class.", "start": 2114.41, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "But in ASL, I get\nto point at them.", "start": 2116.66, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "And so I get to refer\nto them right away.", "start": 2119.78, "duration": 2.08}, {"text": "Joseph?", "start": 2121.86, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: So the \"Most of\nmy students came to class.\"", "start": 2123.24, "duration": 3.14}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah.", "start": 2126.38, "duration": 1.66}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Because [INAUDIBLE]\nthe quantifier \"most,\"", "start": 2128.04, "duration": 3.585}, {"text": "you're describing a subset.", "start": 2131.625, "duration": 1.785}, {"text": "But doesn't it\nconservatively mean you", "start": 2133.41, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "get to ignore the [INAUDIBLE]?", "start": 2135.36, "duration": 2.77}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: So if\nwe didn't know about ASL,", "start": 2138.13, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "I might have said, why don't I\nget to refer to that other set?", "start": 2140.13, "duration": 4.685}, {"text": "And you might have\nsaid, ah, it's", "start": 2144.815, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "because of the\nconservativity of \"most.\"", "start": 2146.19, "duration": 1.862}, {"text": "Yeah, that would have been a\npretty plausible thing to say,", "start": 2148.052, "duration": 2.458}, {"text": "and it's maybe even right.", "start": 2150.51, "duration": 2.22}, {"text": "But the fact that in ASL you\ncan refer to them with a pronoun", "start": 2152.73, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "suggests that\nmaybe it's actually", "start": 2155.73, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "something else going on.", "start": 2157.59, "duration": 1.135}, {"text": "There's all kinds of stuff\nlike this in spoken languages,", "start": 2158.725, "duration": 2.375}, {"text": "by the way.", "start": 2161.1, "duration": 0.37}, {"text": "It's not just about modifiers.", "start": 2161.47, "duration": 1.25}, {"text": "And so like-- old observation--", "start": 2162.72, "duration": 2.91}, {"text": "if I say, John has a\nchild; she's five--", "start": 2165.63, "duration": 5.94}, {"text": "that's fine.", "start": 2171.57, "duration": 1.02}, {"text": "And \"she,\" you\nprobably figure it's", "start": 2172.59, "duration": 1.56}, {"text": "the child I'm talking about.", "start": 2174.15, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "If I say, \"John\nis a parent; she's", "start": 2175.77, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "five,\" that's a weird\nthing for me to say,", "start": 2178.92, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "even though by saying,\n\"John is a parent,\"", "start": 2182.92, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "I'm telling you that\nJohn has a child, right?", "start": 2184.87, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "That's what that means,\nbut it doesn't help.", "start": 2186.88, "duration": 2.31}, {"text": "[LAUGHS] So we're limited\nin how we can use pronouns.", "start": 2189.19, "duration": 4.15}, {"text": "I'm sorry.", "start": 2193.34, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "You had a point\nyou wanted to make.", "start": 2193.84, "duration": 1.552}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Is there\nany finer distinction,", "start": 2195.392, "duration": 1.708}, {"text": "like with [INAUDIBLE] say, I\nget most of my students who", "start": 2197.1, "duration": 3.6}, {"text": "don't come to class because--", "start": 2200.7, "duration": 1.82}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: I\nbelieve you can, then,", "start": 2202.52, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "draw subparts of these.", "start": 2204.26, "duration": 1.96}, {"text": "I'll put that paper\non the website, too.", "start": 2206.22, "duration": 1.97}, {"text": "You can--", "start": 2208.19, "duration": 0.54}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 2208.73, "duration": 0.48}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah,\nthere's all kinds of stuff", "start": 2209.21, "duration": 1.29}, {"text": "that you can do with space.", "start": 2210.5, "duration": 1.143}, {"text": "Again, I don't know what\nthe limits of it are,", "start": 2211.643, "duration": 1.917}, {"text": "but it would be really\ninteresting to find out.", "start": 2213.56, "duration": 1.958}, {"text": "Yeah, they can do more\nreferring to sets and subsets", "start": 2215.518, "duration": 2.424}, {"text": "than we can do because they\nhave the advantage that they've", "start": 2217.942, "duration": 2.458}, {"text": "got a blackboard.", "start": 2220.4, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "They get to point out\nwhere everything is.", "start": 2222.41, "duration": 2.63}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2225.04, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: OK, so\nthat seems pretty", "start": 2225.54, "duration": 2.06}, {"text": "different from spoken English.", "start": 2227.6, "duration": 1.603}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Yeah.", "start": 2229.203, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] shapes\nthat individual's perception", "start": 2230.12, "duration": 3.298}, {"text": "of the world into\ncertain [INAUDIBLE]..", "start": 2233.418, "duration": 2.172}, {"text": "But is their written form of\ncommunication very different", "start": 2235.59, "duration": 4.21}, {"text": "from a non-deaf individual's?", "start": 2239.8, "duration": 1.44}, {"text": "Or are they similar?", "start": 2241.24, "duration": 0.98}, {"text": "NORVIN RICHARDS: Oh, OK.", "start": 2242.22, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So there have been\nvarious attempts", "start": 2243.22, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "to come up with writing systems\nthat are indigenous to ASL,", "start": 2244.72, "duration": 3.57}, {"text": "and I don't think\nany of them have", "start": 2248.29, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "gained a lot of popularity.", "start": 2249.79, "duration": 3.79}, {"text": "So when linguists are\nwriting papers about ASL,", "start": 2253.58, "duration": 5.51}, {"text": "what they typically do is--", "start": 2259.09, "duration": 1.303}, {"text": "I mean, I did a parody\nof it over here--", "start": 2260.393, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "that if you want to write an\nexample sentence that's like,", "start": 2262.06, "duration": 3.33}, {"text": "\"I saw a tree,\" for \"tree,\"\nyou're going to write--", "start": 2265.39, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "for this sign, you're going\nto write the English word", "start": 2268.51, "duration": 3.45}, {"text": "\"tree\" in all capital letters.", "start": 2271.96, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "So you use all capital letters\nto indicate that you're", "start": 2273.34, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "talking about signs.", "start": 2275.59, "duration": 2.16}, {"text": "And then, they'll\nannotate these,", "start": 2277.75, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "if you're interested\nin indicating things", "start": 2279.34, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "about facial position,\nand facial expression,", "start": 2281.95, "duration": 2.26}, {"text": "and things like\nthat, there are ways", "start": 2284.21, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "of annotating that\nto show you're", "start": 2285.71, "duration": 1.4}, {"text": "doing the wh- facial\nexpression or whatever.", "start": 2287.11, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "As far as actual\nASL speakers go,", "start": 2290.5, "duration": 2.92}, {"text": "my understanding is that they\ntypically don't write in ASL.", "start": 2293.42, "duration": 3.8}, {"text": "So dictionaries, you can find\ndictionaries of ASL online.", "start": 2297.22, "duration": 3.39}, {"text": "They have lots of\nvideos, or they'll", "start": 2300.61, "duration": 2.34}, {"text": "have pictures of one\nframe after another of--", "start": 2302.95, "duration": 4.37}, {"text": "so there isn't-- literacy among\nthe deaf is apparently a really", "start": 2307.32, "duration": 4.69}, {"text": "serious problem, as you\nmight imagine, right?", "start": 2312.01, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "So somebody who's\nprofoundly deaf,", "start": 2314.14, "duration": 1.89}, {"text": "who hasn't heard a sound--", "start": 2316.03, "duration": 4.13}, {"text": "learning to spell if you\ncan hear is hard enough.", "start": 2320.16, "duration": 4.21}, {"text": "Learning to spell if all of the\nsymbols that you're being asked", "start": 2324.37, "duration": 4.86}, {"text": "to write just don't represent\nanything for you at all,", "start": 2329.23, "duration": 4.29}, {"text": "it's going to be a nightmare.", "start": 2333.52, "duration": 1.3}, {"text": "And so although ASL\nnative signers typically", "start": 2334.82, "duration": 4.58}, {"text": "write in English, it's\napparently very hard,", "start": 2339.4, "duration": 2.665}, {"text": "as you might imagine.", "start": 2342.065, "duration": 0.875}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 2342.94, "duration": 1.77}, {"text": "Yeah?", "start": 2344.71, "duration": 1.48}, {"text": "Points about this?", "start": 2346.19, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 2348.05, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Oh, OK, so yeah,\nthis has all been", "start": 2353.05, "duration": 2.04}, {"text": "about space and other\nthings to do with your body.", "start": 2355.09, "duration": 2.23}, {"text": "I wanted to show\nyou one other video.", "start": 2357.32, "duration": 3.63}, {"text": "So there's another phenomenon\nthat people use when they are", "start": 2360.95, "duration": 3.05}, {"text": "telling stories or talking\nabout multiple people,", "start": 2364.0, "duration": 3.123}, {"text": "which is what's\ncalled \"role shift\"--", "start": 2367.123, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "that's what people who\nwork on it call it--", "start": 2368.665, "duration": 2.145}, {"text": "where you'll shift your body.", "start": 2370.81, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "People do this in\nspoken language,", "start": 2372.67, "duration": 1.737}, {"text": "too, but again, in ASL,\nit's apparently more", "start": 2374.407, "duration": 1.833}, {"text": "or less obligatory.", "start": 2376.24, "duration": 0.99}, {"text": "You'll shift your\nbody to represent", "start": 2377.23, "duration": 1.92}, {"text": "the different characters\nthat you're talking about.", "start": 2379.15, "duration": 3.78}, {"text": "And I'll show you a story\nwhere somebody does this.", "start": 2382.93, "duration": 4.68}, {"text": "It is a story about\nthrowing a stick for a dog,", "start": 2387.61, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "and one of the nice\nthings about it", "start": 2389.86, "duration": 2.28}, {"text": "is that there's no\nneed at all to explain", "start": 2392.14, "duration": 1.74}, {"text": "what the guy is talking about.", "start": 2393.88, "duration": 2.3}, {"text": "Maybe at the beginning\na little bit.", "start": 2396.18, "duration": 1.5}, {"text": "He's going for a\nwalk with his dog.", "start": 2397.68, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "No, stop that!", "start": 2403.22, "duration": 1.1}, {"text": "OK, so there's his dog, right?", "start": 2411.93, "duration": 2.1}, {"text": "[LAUGHS] And there's him.", "start": 2414.03, "duration": 1.95}, {"text": "[LAUGHS] Yeah, so\nhe's doing role shift.", "start": 2415.98, "duration": 2.25}, {"text": "He's going to get a stick.", "start": 2418.23, "duration": 1.82}, {"text": "Yeah, and there's the dog again.", "start": 2420.05, "duration": 3.043}, {"text": "The dog's all excited.", "start": 2423.093, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "There's the guy.", "start": 2424.01, "duration": 0.667}, {"text": "He throws the stick.", "start": 2424.677, "duration": 2.363}, {"text": "Phew, clunk.", "start": 2427.04, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "And here comes the dog.", "start": 2430.46, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "And so--", "start": 2432.05, "duration": 0.72}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 2432.77, "duration": 3.114}, {"text": "I'm showing this to you partly\nbecause it's a cute story--", "start": 2438.853, "duration": 2.417}, {"text": "\"Thank you,\" he says.", "start": 2441.27, "duration": 2.305}, {"text": "I'm showing that to you partly\nbecause it's a cute story,", "start": 2443.575, "duration": 2.375}, {"text": "but also because it's a\ngood example of role shift.", "start": 2445.95, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "So he's-- oh, there's\nClayton Valli again--", "start": 2448.075, "duration": 2.175}, {"text": "a good example of role shift.", "start": 2450.25, "duration": 1.34}, {"text": "So he's using his body to go\nback and forth between being", "start": 2451.59, "duration": 2.82}, {"text": "the dog and being the person.", "start": 2454.41, "duration": 1.23}, {"text": "And apparently, this\nis a standard thing", "start": 2455.64, "duration": 1.667}, {"text": "that you do if you do ASL, if\nyou're a native speaker of ASL.", "start": 2457.307, "duration": 4.183}, {"text": "It's part of being a fluent\nsigner as opposed to being", "start": 2461.49, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "someone who knows a bit of ASL.", "start": 2464.13, "duration": 1.62}, {"text": "Full screen mode,\nthat's what I want.", "start": 2469.068, "duration": 1.542}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 2473.322, "duration": 0.908}, {"text": "So this was what I wanted to\ntry to show you about ASL.", "start": 2474.23, "duration": 5.17}, {"text": "So just to review, ASL, American\nSign Language, it's a language.", "start": 2479.4, "duration": 5.1}, {"text": "It's a language spoken here in\nAmerica by many deaf people.", "start": 2484.5, "duration": 4.42}, {"text": "It is not English.", "start": 2488.92, "duration": 1.91}, {"text": "It's not any form of English.", "start": 2490.83, "duration": 1.59}, {"text": "It's not charades, and\nit's not English with all", "start": 2492.42, "duration": 2.64}, {"text": "of the words replaced\nby signs, which is what", "start": 2495.06, "duration": 2.19}, {"text": "I believed when I was a kid.", "start": 2497.25, "duration": 2.555}, {"text": "It's a language that's\nquite different from English", "start": 2499.805, "duration": 2.125}, {"text": "in various ways, as\nI've tried to show you.", "start": 2501.93, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "There's a lot of\ninteresting work on ASL.", "start": 2505.65, "duration": 3.06}, {"text": "A lot of it is on ASL phonology,\nwhere by \"phonology,\" we", "start": 2508.71, "duration": 3.51}, {"text": "mean what we always meant\nby phonology, I guess,", "start": 2512.22, "duration": 2.79}, {"text": "which is the rules for how\nthe articulations work.", "start": 2515.01, "duration": 3.12}, {"text": "So phonology up\nuntil now has all", "start": 2518.13, "duration": 3.3}, {"text": "been about what you're\ndoing with your vocal tract", "start": 2521.43, "duration": 2.44}, {"text": "and what the rules are for what\nyour vocal tract is allowed", "start": 2523.87, "duration": 2.458}, {"text": "to do here or there in a word.", "start": 2526.328, "duration": 3.052}, {"text": "There is an ASL\nversion of this where", "start": 2529.38, "duration": 2.13}, {"text": "people try to understand what\nare the various articulations", "start": 2531.51, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "your fingers, your hands, your\nwrists, the rest of your body,", "start": 2534.51, "duration": 4.53}, {"text": "what are those\nparts of you allowed", "start": 2539.04, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "to do at different\npoints in the sign?", "start": 2540.87, "duration": 3.48}, {"text": "And then, as I\nsaid, there's a lot", "start": 2544.35, "duration": 1.53}, {"text": "of interest in the use\nof parts of your body", "start": 2545.88, "duration": 1.65}, {"text": "other than your hands.", "start": 2547.53, "duration": 0.917}, {"text": "Lots of work on facial\nexpression and on role shift,", "start": 2548.447, "duration": 2.233}, {"text": "shifting your shifting\nyour body back and forth.", "start": 2550.68, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "And that's what I wanted\nto tell you about ASL.", "start": 2553.2, "duration": 3.02}, {"text": "Any questions about any of that?", "start": 2556.22, "duration": 3.58}, {"text": "Then we are done.", "start": 2559.8, "duration": 1.11}, {"text": "You officially know\neverything about 24.900.", "start": 2560.91, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "So 24.900, you know\neverything about linguistics.", "start": 2563.61, "duration": 2.17}, {"text": "[LAUGHTER]", "start": 2565.78, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "No, actually, that's false.", "start": 2566.28, "duration": 2.17}, {"text": "But one of the main\ngoals of this class--", "start": 2568.45, "duration": 2.485}, {"text": "this class has\nhad several goals,", "start": 2570.935, "duration": 1.375}, {"text": "but one of the main\ngoals of this class", "start": 2572.31, "duration": 1.625}, {"text": "has been to convince\nyou that there", "start": 2573.935, "duration": 1.705}, {"text": "are some interesting mysteries\nhaving to do with how language", "start": 2575.64, "duration": 3.42}, {"text": "works and that, if you take\nmore linguistics classes,", "start": 2579.06, "duration": 3.182}, {"text": "you might get to learn more\nabout how those mysteries work.", "start": 2582.242, "duration": 2.458}, {"text": "If you take even more\nlinguistics classes,", "start": 2584.7, "duration": 1.83}, {"text": "then you could be the person\nwho solves these mysteries", "start": 2586.53, "duration": 2.61}, {"text": "for the rest of us,\nwhich would be great.", "start": 2589.14, "duration": 2.24}, {"text": "One of the nice things\nabout linguistics--", "start": 2591.38, "duration": 1.75}, {"text": "I think I've said this before--", "start": 2593.13, "duration": 1.38}, {"text": "it's a field that's\nbeen around for a while.", "start": 2594.51, "duration": 2.52}, {"text": "We have some results.", "start": 2597.03, "duration": 1.27}, {"text": "But it's not all that hard,\neven in an intro class,", "start": 2598.3, "duration": 2.57}, {"text": "to bring you right up to the\nedge of what we understand", "start": 2600.87, "duration": 3.18}, {"text": "and invite you to look down into\nthe abyss and ask yourself how", "start": 2604.05, "duration": 3.72}, {"text": "you could build a bridge-- this\nmetaphor is getting away from", "start": 2607.77, "duration": 2.58}, {"text": "me--", "start": 2610.35, "duration": 1.35}, {"text": "how you could move\nfurther, how you", "start": 2611.7, "duration": 1.86}, {"text": "could get further\nfrom where we are.", "start": 2613.56, "duration": 1.902}, {"text": "So I hope that at\nleast some of you", "start": 2615.462, "duration": 1.458}, {"text": "will be inspired to want to\ndo that because we need people", "start": 2616.92, "duration": 2.7}, {"text": "to go out there and\nsolve the mysteries that", "start": 2619.62, "duration": 2.01}, {"text": "haven't been solved.", "start": 2621.63, "duration": 1.8}, {"text": "Questions about any of that?", "start": 2623.43, "duration": 3.162}, {"text": "All right, then, we are done.", "start": 2626.592, "duration": 1.208}, {"text": "Go forth.", "start": 2627.8, "duration": 1.17}, {"text": "Do your class evaluations.", "start": 2628.97, "duration": 1.558}, {"text": "So we're ending early, so\nyou'll have a good half", "start": 2630.528, "duration": 2.042}, {"text": "hour to think hard about what\nyou want to write in your class", "start": 2632.57, "duration": 3.15}, {"text": "evaluations.", "start": 2635.72, "duration": 0.81}, {"text": "And thanks very much.", "start": 2636.53, "duration": 3.132}, {"text": "[APPLAUSE]", "start": 2639.662, "duration": 1.678}, {"text": "Thank you.", "start": 2641.34, "duration": 0.5}, {"text": "Thank you, thank you.", "start": 2645.645, "duration": 0.875}, {"text": "Go out and enjoy the day.", "start": 2646.52, "duration": 2.39}]