transcripts/0zijwkFuwbo.json

[{"text": "The following content is\nprovided by MIT OpenCourseWare", "start": 1.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "under a Creative", "start": 3.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Commons license.", "start": 4.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Additional information\nabout our license and MIT", "start": 5.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "OpenCourseWare in general, is\navailable at ocw.mit.edu.", "start": 9.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR:", "start": 14.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Good afternoon.", "start": 15.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Now that all you turkeys are\nback from Thanksgiving.", "start": 26.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "I shouldn't have said that.", "start": 30.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "How was Thanksgiving?", "start": 31.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Good.", "start": 34.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "As I'm wrapping up the sleep\nand dreams thing, I should look", "start": 37.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "around and see whether people\nlook like they're awake.", "start": 41.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "How many people discharged a\nsubstantial amount of their", "start": 45.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "sleep debt over the\nlast few days?", "start": 48.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Good.\nThe rest of you are\nstill rolling around.", "start": 53.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "I am going -- I'm going,\nbut I'm coming back.", "start": 58.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "I think I'm going to depart a\nlittle from the organization of", "start": 67.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "the lecture that's on the\nlecture notes, and I will trust", "start": 73.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "on your talents to figure out\nwhere -- I might even point out", "start": 78.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "where I've gone to -- but I'm\ngoing to re-organize things a", "start": 83.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "bit, because it occurred to me\nthat I can organize at least", "start": 87.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "the first part of the lecture\nin the form of a sort of a", "start": 92.0, "duration": 10.0}, {"text": "summary statement about Freud,\nwho I'm going to abandon", "start": 102.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "fairly shortly here.", "start": 106.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "And I can work two examples --\none of them about dreams and", "start": 108.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "one of them about abnormal\npsych, where Freud or Freud's", "start": 113.0, "duration": 9.0}, {"text": "followers are wrong\nin both cases.", "start": 122.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But in one case, we can do this\nbusiness that I've been doing", "start": 124.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "for the last few lectures of\nsaying look, we can salvage", "start": 129.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "something important out of\nFreud's ideas, and in the other", "start": 131.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "case, which will turn out to be\nthe abnormal psych case, we'll", "start": 136.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "say that, in this case, Freud's\nfollowers are simply wrong.", "start": 139.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "And have been superceded\nby later work.", "start": 143.0, "duration": 8.0}, {"text": "So let me start by picking\nup in sleep and dreamland", "start": 151.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "talking about dreams.", "start": 156.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "Well, I won't ask if anybody\nhad any good dreams over the", "start": 162.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "course of their catching up\non sleep over Thanksgiving.", "start": 165.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "I know what I'll ask.", "start": 172.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "I will ask how many people\ndid sleep and dream", "start": 173.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "stuff in recitation?", "start": 176.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Not many.", "start": 178.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "OK.\nHow many people can remember?", "start": 179.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "Not many.", "start": 182.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Oh, good, good,\nthat's encouraging.", "start": 183.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "All right, that allows me to\nask one of the things that", "start": 188.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "tends to surprise people\nsometimes is that there's a", "start": 194.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "fair degree of commonality\nin at least some of the", "start": 197.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "dreams that people have.", "start": 201.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "They seem like such\nidiosyncratic personalized", "start": 203.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "stories, that it's surprising\nto discover that some of the", "start": 208.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "plot lines go across\nindividuals.", "start": 211.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "It's a weird state, right.", "start": 217.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "I mean it's clear there\nare weird aspects of", "start": 218.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the sleeping state.", "start": 221.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "The normal laws of physics seem\nto be suspendable -- you can", "start": 223.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "fly sometimes, do\nthings like that.", "start": 230.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "You can fall for hours and\nhours and never hit the ground.", "start": 234.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "The normal laws of reality\ntesting or the awake state of", "start": 240.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "reality testing seems to be up,\nbecause you can fly and it", "start": 244.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "doesn't strike you as weird.", "start": 247.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "When you wake up you say that\nwas weird, but if you think", "start": 249.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "about it, while you were flying\naround or doing whatever other", "start": 251.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "video game kind of thing you\nwere doing in your dreams,", "start": 255.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "yeah, that was just\nthe way things were.", "start": 257.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "If you have the same problem\nwith reality testing, when", "start": 260.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "you're awake you end up in the\npart of the course on abnormal", "start": 264.0, "duration": 8.0}, {"text": "psych that we'll get\nto in a minute.", "start": 272.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "It's diagnostic of having a\nvariety of forms of mental", "start": 273.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "illness if you cannot tell\nthe difference between dream", "start": 278.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "state and awake state,\nthat's not healthy.", "start": 283.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "When you're dreaming you\ncan't tell, but you're", "start": 286.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "not clinically insane.", "start": 288.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "There was one other sense in\nwhich it was different from the", "start": 295.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "awake state that I wanted to\nmake sure that I mentioned, but", "start": 299.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "now I don't remember\nwhat it is.", "start": 302.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Oh, yes, just to point out that\nthe transfer from experience to", "start": 304.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "episodic memory does not\nwork well for dreaming.", "start": 310.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "This is why you forget your\ndreams so readily is that you", "start": 314.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "know when you wake up that\ndream is just sort of there", "start": 317.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "sitting around in some sort of\nshort-term buffer, and if you", "start": 320.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "don't do something like write\nit down or repeat it yourself", "start": 322.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "you discover that those normal\nmechanisms that take your", "start": 325.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "experiences and transfer them\ninto some sort of", "start": 331.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "long-term memory, they're\njust not working.", "start": 334.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "So, that said, let's see if\nwe can conjure up--yup?", "start": 339.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Especially when\npeople say they know", "start": 344.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "they're dreaming.", "start": 347.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR: All the stuff about\ndifferent states of sleep and", "start": 349.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "awakeness should be seen as\nnot absolutely categorical.", "start": 355.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "So there are these borderline\nstates -- the sort of jargony", "start": 360.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "term is liminal states where\nyou're in between being", "start": 363.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "asleep and awake.", "start": 368.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "In the course of a normal\nnight's sleep, you'd probably", "start": 372.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "wake up out of REM sleep and\ndifferent bits of you are", "start": 374.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "coming online at different\ntimes, and you may be aware,", "start": 377.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "still asleep, but I'm\nnot quite asleep.", "start": 381.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "How many people have had the\nexperience of saying I'm waking", "start": 383.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "up here and I want to know\nhow the story comes out?", "start": 386.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "Yeah, yeah.", "start": 392.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "It's always cause you're\nwaking up at the good parts.", "start": 394.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Or how many of you have the\nother experience, which I think", "start": 396.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "maybe what you're getting to\nwhich is I'm asleep here and", "start": 399.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "this dream is not a good dream\nand it's time to wake", "start": 403.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "up out of this dream.", "start": 406.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "I'm going to wake myself up.", "start": 407.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Fewer.", "start": 409.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Now, are there people here\nwho are experts at what's", "start": 410.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "known as lucid dreaming?", "start": 414.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Lucid dreaming is a sort of a\nhalfway state where people", "start": 416.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "claim to be able to control the\nplot line of their dreams.", "start": 420.0, "duration": 9.0}, {"text": "There are books in the\nbookstore that will both claim", "start": 429.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "that they can train you to do\nthis, and maybe you", "start": 432.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "can, I don't know.", "start": 434.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "It sounds good.", "start": 435.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "I mean all those people who\nsaid, oh man, I woke up and", "start": 436.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "I wanted to hear out\nthe thing came out.", "start": 440.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "If you'd go and train yourself\nto be a lucid dreamer maybe", "start": 442.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "you can go and keep it going.", "start": 445.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "I have these extremely\nfrustrating dreams that I'm", "start": 450.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "sure a good analyst would have\na field day with, but I choose", "start": 454.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "to think that they are\nbasically nice, simple,", "start": 459.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "transparent dreams.", "start": 462.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "I like to ski, I dream about\nskiing, but in my dreams I", "start": 465.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "spend a great deal of time\ngetting up the mountain", "start": 469.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "and I never get to ski.", "start": 473.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "I get to the top and the snow\nmelts or something like that.", "start": 477.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "No, I don't want to hear your\ninterpretation of what this is", "start": 481.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "all really about or anything --\nI can do that, too, and make", "start": 484.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "up all those good stories.", "start": 488.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "But in any case, I sometimes\nthink I'm going to get one of", "start": 489.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "these lucid dreaming books\nbecause dammit, before I die", "start": 493.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "I'm going to get to ski\ndown that mountain.", "start": 497.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "The conditions are always a\ngreat, look a lot better than", "start": 500.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "they do in the northeast when\nyou actually go skiing.", "start": 502.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So, let us consider a\ncouple of plot lines.", "start": 509.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "Some of the things, there's\na sort of element that show", "start": 515.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "up in people's dreams.", "start": 517.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "How many people have\nhad falling dreams?", "start": 518.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "How how many people have\never hit the ground?", "start": 522.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Usually you don't hit the\nground, right -- you wake up", "start": 525.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "just before you hit the ground.", "start": 528.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Oh, there's a whole raft of\nsort of pseudo-scientific", "start": 530.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "nonsense about--.", "start": 535.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "How many people have ever\nbeen killed in their dreams?", "start": 537.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "A fair number.", "start": 540.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Well, that's presumably a\ncounter examples to the theory", "start": 541.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "that if you die you in your\ndreams you die for real.", "start": 544.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "It's one of those\ngreat assertions.", "start": 548.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "How would you know\nthat was true?", "start": 549.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Right.", "start": 552.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "What were your dreaming about?", "start": 553.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "I don't know, I'm dead.", "start": 555.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "But typically, typically people\nreport that you wake up just", "start": 558.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "before you get killed by the\nwhatever it is that's", "start": 564.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "going to kill you.", "start": 569.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "But the plot lines get\nmore elaborate than that.", "start": 570.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "How many people have had dreams\n-- this is typically a dream of", "start": 573.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "grade school, the grade school\nera where you show up in school", "start": 578.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "inappropriately dressed\nin some fashion.", "start": 583.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "All right, anybody care to\ndescribe one of those?", "start": 587.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "Sorry, I heard a--.", "start": 593.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Somebody wave a hand if you\nwant to actually tell us the", "start": 596.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "-- you don't have to\ntell us your dream.", "start": 598.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "It's fine.", "start": 600.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Nobody wants to-- How\ninappropriate was it?", "start": 602.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "I mean it doesn't get much more\ninappropriate than I was buck", "start": 606.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "naked, I suppose, which is the\nstand-- My version of it", "start": 609.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "happened to be that -- I still\nvividly remember what must have", "start": 612.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "been a kindergarten dream\nbecause I ended up in my", "start": 615.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "kindergarten classroom of\ndriving down the street from my", "start": 618.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "house to my school in my crib,\nwhich presumably, by the time I", "start": 622.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "was in kindergarten I was long\nout, and I ended up in school", "start": 628.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "in my crib in my pj's.", "start": 632.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "All right, so you don't\nhave to tell us what", "start": 636.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "you weren't wearing.", "start": 638.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "There is a characteristic of\nthis dream which is that once", "start": 641.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "you get there, once you end\nup in class, what happens?", "start": 647.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "Anybody got any intuition about\nthe common plot line here?", "start": 653.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: People\npoint and laugh.", "start": 663.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR: Oh, people\npoint and laugh.", "start": 664.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Do you believe it?", "start": 667.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "Where's the inappropriately\ndressed crowd?", "start": 672.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Raise your hand if you were\nin the inappropriately", "start": 674.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "dressed class.", "start": 675.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "It's dropped, the\nnumbers are dropping.", "start": 676.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "OK, not inappropriately\ndressed right now, this", "start": 679.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "is in your dreams.", "start": 681.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Inappropriately dressed.", "start": 682.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "How many people agreed that\nwhat happened was they", "start": 683.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "pointed and laughed?", "start": 686.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "No, it's only in Russia.", "start": 688.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "The characteristic form of this\ndream is that nobody notices.", "start": 691.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "I mean that's not to say that\nyou're weird for having the", "start": 697.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "variant -- either that\nor you're making it", "start": 700.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "up, I don't know.", "start": 701.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "But that you would think, I\nwould think if I showed up,", "start": 702.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "if I drove my crib in here,\neverybody's going to point", "start": 707.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "and they're going to laugh.", "start": 710.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But they don't.", "start": 712.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "This is assumed to be some sort\nof a school anxiety dream.", "start": 713.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "School anxiety dreams of\nsome sort are quite common.", "start": 717.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "They also morph as\nyou get older.", "start": 720.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So, how many people have had\na dream of the form where", "start": 722.0, "duration": 8.0}, {"text": "-- well, all right,\nlet's rephrase this.", "start": 730.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "We'll get the form out of you.", "start": 733.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Has anybody had what they\nwould consider to be", "start": 735.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "an exam anxiety dream?", "start": 737.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Anybody willing to\ndescribe that?", "start": 742.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "I don't think they mostly\ninvolve being grossly", "start": 743.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "inappropriately dressed.", "start": 746.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Yeah, OK.", "start": 748.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: Before the psych\nmid-term I started [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 749.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "psychological theories that\ndon't actually exist.", "start": 753.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR: Psychological\n-- that's a novel", "start": 757.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "form of the dream.", "start": 759.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Any good ones?", "start": 762.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Well, I won't ask you that.", "start": 763.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 765.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: OK, so one version\nis the I overslept and", "start": 767.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "you missed the exam.", "start": 771.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Variance thereon?", "start": 773.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Yeah.\nAUDIENCE: I slept until about\nan hour before the exam.", "start": 775.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "Woke up and didn't\nstudy [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 778.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR: OK, I haven't\nstudied enough for the exam,", "start": 781.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "and perhaps because --\nsomething is going", "start": 783.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "to make it uh-oh.", "start": 786.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Yeah.", "start": 787.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "They all pointed at you and\nlaughed at you, right.", "start": 788.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: The exam was\nin some other language.", "start": 790.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR: Yeah,\nwell that happens.", "start": 793.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Yeah, the exam was in\nanother language.", "start": 796.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "How many people have had the\nversion where you realize in", "start": 798.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "your dream that you have an\nexam in this course and you've", "start": 803.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "never been to the course?", "start": 807.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Medieval French -- I've got the\nMedieval French exam, I've", "start": 810.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "never taken Medieval French.", "start": 815.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Or there are also versions of\nthis where you get to the exam", "start": 817.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "and you realize that there's\nsomething about the exam -- the", "start": 824.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "different language thing is a\ngood example of this where you", "start": 826.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "look at the exam and you\nrealize there's no way", "start": 829.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "I'm passing this exam.", "start": 830.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Not because you didn't make up\nthe right psych theory, but", "start": 832.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "because I can't see the page in\nsome weird way, or sometimes --", "start": 835.0, "duration": 9.0}, {"text": "oh, somebody was telling me\nthis morning of a great version", "start": 844.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "where I realize I'm going to be\nlate to the exam and it's down", "start": 846.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "the other end of the infinite\ncorridor, and the infinite", "start": 850.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "corridor really is infinite.", "start": 853.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "You're just going\ndown it forever.", "start": 857.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Anyway, if you haven't had that\ndream don't worry, you will.", "start": 859.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "When I was an undergrad\nat Princeton, somebody", "start": 865.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "did a study of this.", "start": 868.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "25% of the freshman class, 50%\nof the sophomore class, 75% of", "start": 869.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "the junior class, and you\ncan see where this goes.", "start": 876.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "It's an extremely common\ncollege era type dream.", "start": 879.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "And it doesn't get\nbetter after that.", "start": 884.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "All that happens is that,\nif you stay in academia,", "start": 885.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "is that the form moves.", "start": 889.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Any number of my colleagues\nhave reported dreams where the", "start": 891.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "-- this is the grad school\nversion coming up here -- the", "start": 897.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "dream where your thesis\ncommittee comes to you and says", "start": 903.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "it was a big mistake, we're\ntaking the PhD back, or that", "start": 907.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "you have to take your oral\nexams over again -- the thing", "start": 911.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "you crammed for months and then\nforgot all of it the next week,", "start": 914.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "or something like that.", "start": 918.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "And then if you end up in my\nposition actually teaching, it", "start": 919.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "just flips around the exam\nanxiety dream where you have", "start": 923.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "dreams where you get up in\nfront of the class and you", "start": 930.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "realize Medieval French, I\ndon't know anything about", "start": 933.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Medieval French, what do you\nmean I'm supposed to talk", "start": 936.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "about Medieval French\nfor the next hour?", "start": 938.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Now you may think that having\nanxiety dreams about not", "start": 941.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "knowing what you're talking\nabout is not that far from", "start": 945.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "reality in the case of some\nof us who -- I won't say", "start": 948.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "more about that anymore.", "start": 952.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "But there are these sort\nof common themes that", "start": 955.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "run through dreams.", "start": 959.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "People have known this forever,\nand people have attempted to", "start": 960.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "interpret dreams forever.", "start": 963.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So there's dream\ninterpretation in the Bible.", "start": 965.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "I'm sure in whatever culture\nyou or your ancestors came", "start": 969.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "from there's a canon of\ndream interpretation.", "start": 972.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Have I mentioned Lucretius's\ngreat book De Rerum Natura,", "start": 977.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "On the Nature of Things?", "start": 983.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Yeah.\nMaybe.", "start": 986.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "Some people think so, some\npeople don't think so.", "start": 987.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Oh well, what you gonna do?", "start": 989.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Roman author, and it really is\nabout the nature of things.", "start": 992.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "It's everything, you know, it's\n1801 and 801 and 900, and it's", "start": 996.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "all rolled in one\ngreat big book.", "start": 1000.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "But he's got a nice dream\ntheory in there in which he", "start": 1003.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "says that lawyers dream of\ncourt cases and sailors are", "start": 1006.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "wrestling with the winds and\nthings of that sort suggesting,", "start": 1011.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "as Freud would later suggest\nthat every dream reflects", "start": 1014.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "something about the\npreceding day.", "start": 1017.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Oh, let me say\nsomething about that.", "start": 1021.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "I think I'm jumping ahead\nin my handout again.", "start": 1024.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Oh well.", "start": 1026.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "This was always assumed\nanecdotally to be true.", "start": 1028.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "You may have had\nthis experience.", "start": 1035.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "You do something all day and\nyou dream about it all night.", "start": 1036.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "There wasn't much data on this.", "start": 1044.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Bob Stickgold at Harvard Med\nhas now gone off and collected", "start": 1046.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "some beautiful data on this.", "start": 1051.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "What he did was he got people\nto play Tetris, a lot Tetris.", "start": 1052.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "Then he sent them to bed with\nlittle wires on their head and", "start": 1058.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "when they went into REM sleep\nhe kicked them -- pow -- what", "start": 1063.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "are you dreaming about?", "start": 1065.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Oh man, bricks,\nthey're falling, man.", "start": 1066.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Nice clear evidence --\nof course, there's a", "start": 1072.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "non-Tetris control group.", "start": 1075.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "You kick them, oh I'm flying\ndown the infinite corridor.", "start": 1077.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "You know, something else.", "start": 1079.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "The Tetris group\ndreamed about Tetris.", "start": 1080.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "The coolest thing about\nStickgold's experiment is that", "start": 1083.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "he tested a population of\namnesics -- patients with the", "start": 1088.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "same basic problem as HM.", "start": 1092.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Remember HM, no new\nlong-term memories.", "start": 1095.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Learn how to play Tetris?", "start": 1098.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Grr.", "start": 1099.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "What are you doing?\nI'm playing Tetris.", "start": 1100.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "Five minutes later.", "start": 1101.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "What were you doing?", "start": 1102.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "I don't know.", "start": 1103.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Right, doesn't\nremember any of this.", "start": 1104.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So he takes these amnesics,\nthey play Tetris for a while,", "start": 1105.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "they're having a great time.", "start": 1109.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "You send them to bed,\nyou kick them in the", "start": 1110.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "middle of the night.", "start": 1112.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "What are you dreaming about?", "start": 1113.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Oh, bricks, bricks, the\nbricks are falling.", "start": 1114.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "They were dreaming about Tetris\neven though they didn't", "start": 1116.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "remember ever having\nplayed Tetris.", "start": 1119.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "That was pretty cool.", "start": 1122.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Anyway, there's now\nexperimental evidence for this", "start": 1123.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "notion that your dreams\nincorporate material from", "start": 1125.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "the preceding days.", "start": 1130.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Freud asserted that all dreams\nincorporated something", "start": 1131.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "from the preceding day.", "start": 1134.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Is that absolutely true?", "start": 1135.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Well, that's one of those\nassertions like all snowflakes", "start": 1136.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "are different, that's\nkind of hard to prove.", "start": 1142.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "But certainly material\nfrom the preceding day", "start": 1145.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "gets incorporated.", "start": 1148.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Is that a hand?", "start": 1149.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "That is a hand.\nAUDIENCE: I was just wondering,\nso there an experiment done", "start": 1150.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "where they had these\nanimals running through", "start": 1154.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 1157.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR: Oh, yes, thank\nyou for reminding me.", "start": 1158.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I was just\nwondering that [INAUDIBLE],", "start": 1161.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "when they were in,", "start": 1164.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "when the [UNINTELLIGIBLE],\ntheir brains, I mean is a fMRI", "start": 1166.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "where it's showing activity--", "start": 1172.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR: Answer's pretty\ngood, she's going to give", "start": 1175.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "the rest of the story here.", "start": 1177.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "None of you guys are\nfrom that lab, right?", "start": 1179.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "It's done here.", "start": 1182.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So, if you look in the brain\nof, in the hippocampus of a", "start": 1184.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "rat, what you discover is the\nhippocampus not only is there", "start": 1191.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "encoding the rat's episodic\nmemories in some sense maybe", "start": 1195.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "but, it's also serving\nas a spatial map.", "start": 1198.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So when a rat learns a maze, it\ndevelops a map of that maze, in", "start": 1201.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "effect, in its hippocampus, and\nit develops cells that are", "start": 1208.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "so-called place -- it's got\nplace cells and the place cells", "start": 1211.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "develop responses that are\nspecific to a specific place.", "start": 1214.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So, the rat's running around in\na maze, and this cell goes off", "start": 1217.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "right here -- nananana -- go\nover here, different cell goes", "start": 1221.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "off -- nananana -- go over\nhere, different cell goes off.", "start": 1224.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "And as the rat learns the maze,\nyou, the experimenter, can", "start": 1227.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "watch the rat learning this\nbecause you can watch cells in", "start": 1230.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "the hippocampus lighting\nup in order, in effect.", "start": 1234.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "So now the rat does this\nall day -- nananana.", "start": 1238.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "OK, the rat goes to sleep,\nthe rat goes into REM sleep.", "start": 1240.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "All mammalian species, except\nfor the spiny anteater -- don't", "start": 1243.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "ask me why I know that -- all\nmammalian species", "start": 1247.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "have REM sleep.", "start": 1250.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So you kick the rat, you\nask the rat what he", "start": 1251.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "was dreaming about.", "start": 1253.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Rat doesn't say nothing.", "start": 1255.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "But, if you're recording from\nhis hippocampus while he's", "start": 1258.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "asleep, what you see is the\nsame cells lighting", "start": 1261.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "up in order again.", "start": 1264.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Who knows what the rat's\nactually experiencing, but", "start": 1266.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "what the rat's hippocampus is\ndoing is running the maze.", "start": 1269.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "This is, first of all, part of\nthe argument for sleep having", "start": 1273.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "something to do with\nconsolidation of memory and", "start": 1278.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "learning, and it's also an\nargument for the possibility at", "start": 1280.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "least that the rats are\ndreaming away there, too.", "start": 1286.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "Well now, arguably Freud's\ngreatest work is Interpretation", "start": 1293.0, "duration": 8.0}, {"text": "of Dreams -- that's the name of\nthe book -- big, fat book.", "start": 1301.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Still kind of fun to read but\nit's kind of long -- from 1900.", "start": 1303.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Remember that Freud was writing\nbefore we knew any of this", "start": 1308.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "stuff about REM sleep or\nanything of that sort.", "start": 1311.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "And what Freud thought was\nhappening was that pressure", "start": 1315.0, "duration": 8.0}, {"text": "was building up in\nyour unconscious.", "start": 1323.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So let's switch from sort of\nit dungeon model to sort", "start": 1326.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "of a plumbing model.", "start": 1329.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Well, we've got the boiler\ndown in the dungeon and it's", "start": 1330.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "building up pressure -- this\nrepressed material that", "start": 1333.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "we've been talking about.", "start": 1336.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "It's building up pressure and\nit's going to blow the roof off", "start": 1337.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the whole building unless we\nvent some of the pressure.", "start": 1340.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "And so you've got to be able\nto -- whoosh -- get some", "start": 1343.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "of that out of there.", "start": 1346.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "One of the ways to do it is\ndreams -- to release this", "start": 1347.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "while you're asleep.", "start": 1354.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Now what Freud said was that\ndreams start when some hunk of", "start": 1356.0, "duration": 8.0}, {"text": "the preceding day, that he\ncalled the day residue, some", "start": 1364.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "idea, some activity, some\nsomething made an association", "start": 1370.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "with something down in\nyour repressed -- in", "start": 1375.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "your unconscious.", "start": 1380.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "And that allowed this\nunconscious prisoner to try", "start": 1382.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "and make a break for freedom.", "start": 1384.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "The form of that break would be\nan effort to fulfill this", "start": 1389.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "repressed wish, if you like --\nthat's why it was called wish", "start": 1395.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "fulfillment -- meant that you\nwere going to try to fulfill", "start": 1398.0, "duration": 13.0}, {"text": "one of these repressed wishes\nwhile you were asleep.", "start": 1411.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "There's a problem with that,\nsaid Freud, which is if you", "start": 1416.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "take the materials out -- the\nrepressed material to be this", "start": 1422.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "stuff that's repressed because\nit's unacceptable to you, to", "start": 1426.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "the conscious you, to the ego,\nwhat's going to happen if you", "start": 1430.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "start dreaming about it?", "start": 1433.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Well, we've already gotten\npart of the answer here.", "start": 1434.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Many people here have had\ndreams so awful that", "start": 1436.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "they've deliberately woken\nthemselves up out of them.", "start": 1440.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Now most of those dreams, I\nwould imagine, were dreams", "start": 1444.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "where the monster's about to\nput the bite on you or", "start": 1449.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "something like that.", "start": 1451.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "What Freud said is that look,\nif you were going to start", "start": 1453.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "dreaming about, oh, let's\ndismember my little brother", "start": 1456.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "-- oh, look at his little guts.", "start": 1459.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Stuff like that, that would\nbe really gross and really", "start": 1462.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "disturbing and you would say\nto yourself, I don't want", "start": 1465.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "to be having this dream.", "start": 1468.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "And you would wake up.", "start": 1469.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So what you need to do\nis to disguise the", "start": 1470.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "material in the dream.", "start": 1474.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So you've got, said Freud, the\nlatent content of the dream", "start": 1476.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "that you don't know about.", "start": 1481.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "The latent content is the\nrepressed material that's", "start": 1484.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "trying to be vented out.", "start": 1491.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "What you see is the manifest\ncontent, which is the", "start": 1493.0, "duration": 10.0}, {"text": "storyline of the dream.", "start": 1503.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "It's hidden material -- it is\nhiding the latent content from", "start": 1506.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "you so that you can sleep.", "start": 1511.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Freud argued that the primary\nrole of the sort of sleep", "start": 1513.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "mechanism was to protect the\nsleeper, to keep you asleep and", "start": 1517.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "allow you to sleep, and allow\nthis sort of venting of", "start": 1521.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "repressed steam to take place.", "start": 1525.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "Were you to show up in analysis\nthe reason your dreams would", "start": 1532.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "be, what Freud called the royal\nroad to the unconscious, was if", "start": 1536.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "you could work back from the\nmanifest content to the latent", "start": 1539.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "content, which was a job of\nanalysis, not a job of picking", "start": 1542.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "up some supermarket guide to\nyour dreams, but a job of", "start": 1546.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "working with you\nand an analyst.", "start": 1549.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But if you could go back from\nthe manifest content to the", "start": 1551.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "latent content, you'd know\nsomething about what it", "start": 1553.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "was that was bugging you.", "start": 1556.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Now the fact that, like\nrepression as a whole, the fact", "start": 1558.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "that you have these disguised\ndreams all the time doesn't", "start": 1561.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "mean that you're somehow\nsick and diseased.", "start": 1565.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "It means that's part,\nagain, of what it means", "start": 1568.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "to be human for Freud.", "start": 1570.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "You're going to need\nrepression, you're going to", "start": 1572.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "need to be able to bubble off\nsome of this repressed energy,", "start": 1573.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "and dreams are a nice\nsafe way to do it.", "start": 1577.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "That's an interesting theory,\nbut it runs into some major", "start": 1582.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "problems, which, of course,\nFreud didn't know about because", "start": 1586.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "he died in 1939 and REM\nwasn't discovered for another", "start": 1588.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "couple of decades or so.", "start": 1592.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "When REM is discovered it\nbecomes a lot harder to believe", "start": 1593.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "that you are boiling up this\nlittle poof of repressed energy", "start": 1598.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "every ninety minutes\nlike clockwork.", "start": 1604.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "That's a bit surprising.", "start": 1609.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Well, that's a bit surprising.", "start": 1611.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "More surprising is if you look\nat babies, a one month old is", "start": 1613.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "REMing a great deal more\nthan you're REMing.", "start": 1618.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "How much repressed stuff\ndoes a one month old", "start": 1621.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "baby have to deal with?", "start": 1623.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Not much.\nHow about a lion?", "start": 1625.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "Lions, they REM all the time.", "start": 1627.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Apparently predators show more\nREM than prey, as I recall.", "start": 1629.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So yeah, all the mammals are\nsitting there doing this REM", "start": 1632.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "thing, right, you know lions,\nexcept for like Scar in the", "start": 1636.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Lion King and stuff like that.", "start": 1641.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "There's not a lot of repressed\nwork that a lion presumably", "start": 1643.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "has to deal with.", "start": 1647.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Or a cow -- cows don't REM that\nmuch, but you know, ah, I", "start": 1648.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "really wanted to\nhurt the grass.", "start": 1653.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "I feel bad about the\n-- I don't know.", "start": 1655.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "So presumably, now what's going\non when you dream and when you", "start": 1659.0, "duration": 13.0}, {"text": "go into REM is that there are\ncenters down in your brain stem", "start": 1672.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "that spray of vast amount of\nactivity up into cortex and", "start": 1675.0, "duration": 8.0}, {"text": "light it up as though you were\nawake -- that's what you", "start": 1683.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "end up seeing in REM.", "start": 1686.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "One of the senses in which\nFreud was right is the sense", "start": 1691.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "in which dreaming does\nprotect the sleeper.", "start": 1695.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "If you light up -- you're\ntrying to go to sleep, right,", "start": 1701.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "and I light up cortex by coming\ninto your room, turning on all", "start": 1705.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the lights and turning the\nstereo way up, you have", "start": 1708.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "trouble sleeping.", "start": 1711.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Well your brain's doing the\nsame kind of thing when you go", "start": 1713.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "into REM sleep, but you've got\nto do something with all that", "start": 1715.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "cortical activity or you're\njust going to wake up.", "start": 1719.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So you turn it into this\nstoryline for who knows who", "start": 1722.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "to watch on the big wide\nscreen TV in your brain.", "start": 1725.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "In that sense you do\nend up protecting your", "start": 1730.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "sleep by dreaming.", "start": 1737.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "In fact, many -- Freud wasn't\nthinking about alarm clocks,", "start": 1739.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "but an example of this would\nbe how many of you have", "start": 1744.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "incorporated your alarm clock\ninto a dream and managed to", "start": 1746.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "successfully stay asleep?", "start": 1751.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Well that's sort of a\nnon-Freudian sense in", "start": 1755.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "which the dream engine is\nprotecting your sleep.", "start": 1758.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "I want to stay asleep here,\nthere's a loud noise, well I", "start": 1763.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "don't know where this loud\nnoise is coming from, my brain", "start": 1765.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "stem's making these loud noises\nall the time, so let's just", "start": 1767.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "pretend it's from the inside\nand not the outside and we can", "start": 1771.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "dream that we're getting up.", "start": 1775.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Right, dream that\nwe're getting up.", "start": 1777.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "We'll dream that we're going to\nclass and taking the exam and", "start": 1778.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "then we wake up and it really\nis halfway through -- don't do", "start": 1781.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "this at the final, please.", "start": 1784.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "It's so lame.", "start": 1786.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Particularly since the\nexam's at -- the 900", "start": 1788.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "final's 1:30, right?", "start": 1791.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Got plenty of time\nto wake up by 1:30.", "start": 1792.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But every year somebody wanders\nin at like 2:30, 3:00 o'clock", "start": 1794.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "with the big bags under\nthe eyes, right.", "start": 1800.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So you do sort of believe\nthem -- I just woke up.", "start": 1802.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Well, good, sit down, see\nif you can see the exam.", "start": 1806.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Anyway, so there's that sense\nin which Freud had a point that", "start": 1811.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "sleep was protecting the\ndreamer. but is there", "start": 1817.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "any meaning to it?", "start": 1819.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Is there any sense in which\nthere there's meaning", "start": 1821.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "in your dreams.", "start": 1824.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "I mean after all you are\ndreaming because your brain", "start": 1826.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "stem decided to throw all the\nswitches in your visual cortex", "start": 1829.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "or something and you're\nbusy trying to stay asleep.", "start": 1834.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "I think there is a sense in\nwhich you might be able to", "start": 1837.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "argue that you could get\nsomething meaningful at a dream", "start": 1840.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "-- you're not just looking\nat static on the brain.", "start": 1843.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Actually, I thought of a way to\ndemo this, but I didn't bring", "start": 1846.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "any of the props because I only\nsaw it when I saw this thing.", "start": 1849.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So, a piece of paper -- I've\nprobably got a piece of paper.", "start": 1852.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Who's got a coin on them?", "start": 1856.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Somebody have a coin?", "start": 1858.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Let's see if I can\nmake this work.", "start": 1860.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "That looks pretty so far.", "start": 1865.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "And I also need a pencil.", "start": 1868.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Somebody have a pencil --\nit works better with a", "start": 1869.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "pencil than with a pen.", "start": 1871.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Oh my goodness, it's coming all\nthe way from the cheap seats.", "start": 1872.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Visual search.", "start": 1878.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Oh, you wanted to do\nthis because -- he's", "start": 1881.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "got a fancy coin.", "start": 1883.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "This is very cool here.", "start": 1884.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "All right, pencil,\ngot a pencil?", "start": 1889.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Here we go.", "start": 1891.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "OK, this is my brain.", "start": 1892.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Thank you.", "start": 1900.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Didn't you have something\nelse you needed to do today?", "start": 1903.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Well actually, it's just\nmy cortex -- it can", "start": 1907.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "just be my cortex.", "start": 1909.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "Well that's my\ncortex under there.", "start": 1915.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "This is my brain stem.", "start": 1916.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So now I will spray activity\nacross my cortex here, and", "start": 1918.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "let's see if this\nsort of works.", "start": 1922.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "It looks like\nsquat, doesn't it?", "start": 1931.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Well you know what?", "start": 1934.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "That's a really\nboring dorkey demo.", "start": 1936.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "It's a fidelity issue.", "start": 1941.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "I can see what-- Use\na different pencil?", "start": 1942.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "A wooden pencil.", "start": 1947.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "No, no, no, no.", "start": 1948.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "It looks just fine from here.", "start": 1949.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Here, we'll try the other side\nup, see if that works any", "start": 1951.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "better but I don't\nthink it will.", "start": 1954.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Do it at more of an angle?", "start": 1957.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Hold the pencil up\nmore of an angle.", "start": 1959.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "All right, we'll try\nthis one more time.", "start": 1961.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Oh look, maybe we're\ngetting -- I don't know,", "start": 1963.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "what are we getting?", "start": 1966.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "We're getting nothing.", "start": 1967.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "We're getting nothing that\nyou're going to see.", "start": 1971.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Oh yeah, no, you can sort\nof see something but", "start": 1972.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "it's really boring.", "start": 1974.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Well that was lovely.", "start": 1975.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Here we go.", "start": 1976.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "Here's what I was doing that\ndidn't work but makes a", "start": 1990.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "brilliant model anyway.", "start": 1994.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "You can try this for yourself.", "start": 1997.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "If you stick a coin under a\npiece of paper and rub a pencil", "start": 1999.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "over it, you can actually\nsee the shape of the", "start": 2003.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "pattern on the coin.", "start": 2006.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Anybody here ever done brass\nrubbing or greystone rubbing", "start": 2008.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "or any of that sort of--?", "start": 2011.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "No.", "start": 2013.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "A few people.\nAll right.", "start": 2014.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "Look, the point is that by\nspraying random noise across a", "start": 2015.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "structured object, in effect, I\ncan see something", "start": 2020.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "of the structure.", "start": 2023.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Boy, this took more minutes\nthan it should have.", "start": 2025.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "By spraying random noise from\nyour brain stem, across your", "start": 2029.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "particular brain, the\nparticular dreams that you get", "start": 2033.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "are going to say something\nabout that underlying", "start": 2037.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "structure.", "start": 2039.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So, Attila the Hun, when he was\ndreaming was not dreaming about", "start": 2040.0, "duration": 12.0}, {"text": "trains going into tunnels or\nstuff like that, because", "start": 2052.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Attila the Hun didn't know\nanything about trains.", "start": 2056.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "You dream about trains, they\nmay or may not -- trains going", "start": 2059.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "into tunnels, you know it's\nsort of a classic supermarket", "start": 2062.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "dream analysis image\nof a sexual dream or", "start": 2065.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "something like that.", "start": 2068.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "It may or may not be a sexual\ndream, but the content of that", "start": 2069.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "dream, that set of imagery, is\na function of your", "start": 2072.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "particular brain.", "start": 2077.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "If your dream about Tetris\nafter playing Tetris all day,", "start": 2078.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "it's because you were playing\nthe Tetris, not because", "start": 2081.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "somebody else was\nplaying Tetris.", "start": 2083.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So it could well be if you\nthought you had a process for", "start": 2084.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "going back from the storyline\nthat's there to protect you", "start": 2089.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "from waking up with all that\nnoise in your head to the", "start": 2094.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "underlying structure of your\nmind, if you had a process that", "start": 2098.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "you thought worked, then it\nfollows that you might actually", "start": 2102.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "get some sort of interesting\nmeaning out of your dreams.", "start": 2105.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Now it's quite a leap to\ndecide that you actually", "start": 2108.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "know how to do this.", "start": 2110.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Analysts think they do.", "start": 2111.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "People who write guides\nto dream interpretation", "start": 2113.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "think they do.", "start": 2116.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "I think I'll just leave it at\nthat as an exercise for the", "start": 2119.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "reader to go and decide whether\nor not they've got deep", "start": 2123.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "meaning in their dreams.", "start": 2126.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "So that's an example where\nFreud didn't know the", "start": 2130.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "subsequent hundred years of\nsleep research, so if you", "start": 2136.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "actually read Interpretation of\nDreams, a lot of it would sound", "start": 2141.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "kind of odd at this point.", "start": 2144.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "But the core ideas that sleep\nneeds to protect you, keep you", "start": 2145.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "asleep and that it's sort of a\nre-packaging of this activity", "start": 2151.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "of your mind, those seem to be\ncore ideas that can still do a", "start": 2158.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "certain amount of work for us.", "start": 2164.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Now a place where the effort to\napply Freudian ideas did not", "start": 2166.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "pan out is in the treatment\nof schizophrenia.", "start": 2171.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "So I'm going to jump to talking\nabout that, and I may or may", "start": 2177.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "not manage to jump back to the\nother things that I claimed I", "start": 2180.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "was going to jump back to.", "start": 2182.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But I might.", "start": 2184.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So, in the middle part of 20th\ncentury, mental hospitals in", "start": 2190.0, "duration": 12.0}, {"text": "the U.S. were filled with\nchronic schizophrenics.", "start": 2202.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "Schizophrenia is an extremely\ndisabling disease when", "start": 2208.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "it's in its florid state.", "start": 2213.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So, schizophrenia, the word\ncomes from split mind.", "start": 2216.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "As it says on the handout, for\nfive points free on the final", "start": 2221.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "exam probably, not the\nsame thing as a multiple", "start": 2226.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "personality disorder.", "start": 2231.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "The split in the mind is a\nsplit that 19th century", "start": 2233.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "psychiatry saw between\nemotional life and", "start": 2238.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "cognitive life.", "start": 2242.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "It is, in fact, sort of an\nunfortunate term because it", "start": 2243.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "does make people think that\nit's the same thing as multiple", "start": 2246.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "personality disorder.", "start": 2250.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "It's not.", "start": 2251.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Multiple personality patients\ncan actually function at least", "start": 2254.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "somewhat in the world\nreasonably well.", "start": 2259.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Floridly schizophrenic patients\ndo not work well out there in", "start": 2263.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "the world, that's why they\nend up hospitalized.", "start": 2268.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "The sorts of symptoms that you\nget are hallucinations, hearing", "start": 2271.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "voices, paranoid delusions\noften of vast conspiracies", "start": 2278.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "to control your mind.", "start": 2284.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "You can see this as sort of\nan adaptive response, right.", "start": 2286.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "If your mind, if some chunk of\nyou, in a sense, knows that", "start": 2288.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "your mind is out of control,\nit's not an unreasonable", "start": 2293.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "irrational thought to believe\nthat somebody else is", "start": 2298.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "doing this to you.", "start": 2301.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So it may, in some sense, be\nreasonable to think, to imagine", "start": 2304.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "how people could come to\nbelieve that their mind", "start": 2308.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "is being controlled\nby somebody else.", "start": 2310.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "The sorts of things that led to\nthe notion of a dissocation --", "start": 2313.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "I shouldn't say dissociation --\nof a split between cognition", "start": 2318.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "and emotion, another\ncharacteristic of", "start": 2321.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "schizophrenia is so-called\ninappropriate affect.", "start": 2324.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "That's just jargon for\nshowing the wrong emotions", "start": 2327.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "at the wrong time.", "start": 2331.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "The sort of classic symptom\nis laughing at the funeral.", "start": 2332.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "You know, if you're just\nyucking it up at graveside or", "start": 2337.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "something like that, people\nwill think that that is not", "start": 2341.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "normal, and it is, in fact,\none of the characteristics", "start": 2346.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "of schizophrenia.", "start": 2351.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "And that schizophrenia's sort\nof a messy diagnosis -- not", "start": 2353.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "every schizophrenic has every\none of these symptoms.", "start": 2356.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "But you can imagine that by\nthe time you're gripped by", "start": 2361.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "fantastical thoughts and\nconspiracy theories and you're", "start": 2368.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "hearing voices and seeing\nthings that aren't there, that", "start": 2372.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "this is pretty disabling stuff.", "start": 2375.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "It's not so disabling that\nyou can't be out there in", "start": 2388.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "the world, by the way.", "start": 2390.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "When I was a graduate student,\nthe MIT Department was", "start": 2391.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "called psychology.", "start": 2395.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "One of the reasons, though\nperhaps not one of the more", "start": 2396.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "serious reasons, for changing\nthe name was that my doctoral", "start": 2400.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "advisor who was chair of the\ndepartment got tired of getting", "start": 2405.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "phone calls from people who\nwanted to know about stuff like", "start": 2407.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "abnormal psychology, which\nnobody at the MIT Department", "start": 2412.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "ever did anything with.", "start": 2415.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So he would always get the\nphone call or his secretary", "start": 2416.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "would get the phone call and\nshe was instructed to say,", "start": 2419.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "don't call us, they do\nthat stuff at Harvard.", "start": 2422.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "I remember one time when I was\na grad student that rather than", "start": 2427.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "phoning up, one of these people\ncame to the lab and he wandered", "start": 2432.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "into the lab and said that he\nknew that we were controlling", "start": 2435.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "his mind with microwaves beamed\nfrom this location and he", "start": 2440.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "wanted us to stop right now.", "start": 2445.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "I'm there sort of uh-oh.", "start": 2449.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "But my advisor with great\npresence of mind I thought,", "start": 2452.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "walked over to the biggest rack\nof equipment in the lab, threw", "start": 2459.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the biggest switch he could\nfind, said there, does", "start": 2462.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "that feel better?", "start": 2466.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "The guy said yes and left.", "start": 2467.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "I'm not sure I recommend this\nas a treatment for delusional", "start": 2472.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "patients, but it worked in this\n-- and then we changed the", "start": 2476.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "name of the department.", "start": 2479.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "In any case, it can be very\ndisabling and it often can", "start": 2483.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "lead to hospitalization.", "start": 2490.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "What would Freud\nhave said about it?", "start": 2493.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "What Freud said about it was\nthese are not patients that I", "start": 2494.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "want to deal with, basically.", "start": 2498.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "He doesn't write extensively\nabout schizophrenia and says in", "start": 2499.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "various places that look,\nif you're going to do", "start": 2505.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "psychoanalysis, the first thing\nyou need is a patient that", "start": 2507.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "you can at least talk to.", "start": 2510.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Anna O.", "start": 2511.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "With her collection of\nhysterical symptoms may have", "start": 2513.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "been in psychiatric trouble\nsome variety, but you could", "start": 2515.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "talk to her about it.", "start": 2522.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "You could engage\nin this dialogue.", "start": 2523.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "If you've got a patient who is\ndelusional and hallucinating", "start": 2526.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "there's not much Freud thought\nyou could do with them.", "start": 2533.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "However, his followers thought\nyou could and developed a", "start": 2536.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "theory growing out of Freudian\npsychodynamic ideas of where", "start": 2543.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "schizophrenia came from.", "start": 2550.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So in the mid-20th century,\npsychiatric hospitals were", "start": 2552.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "filled with schizophrenics and\nfilled with good Freudianly", "start": 2557.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "trained analysts\nattempting to treat them.", "start": 2561.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "What they thought the cause was\nthe so-called schizophrenogenic", "start": 2565.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "parent, typically Mother.", "start": 2570.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Schizophrenogenic\nis a great word.", "start": 2573.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "It's somebody who\ngenerates schizophrenia.", "start": 2578.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Anyway, a schizophrenogenic\nmother, what was the problem", "start": 2582.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "here, the problem was what the\ntherapists perceived as a", "start": 2586.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "double-bind situation that\nthe mother was somehow", "start": 2592.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "putting the child in.", "start": 2596.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "The mother was saying come\nhere, come here, come here, go", "start": 2597.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "away, go away, go away, I love\nyou, I love you, I love you,", "start": 2600.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "get away, get away, get away.", "start": 2601.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Somehow both saying come near\nme and get away from me at one", "start": 2603.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "and the same time, and\nthat this was literally", "start": 2607.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "driving the child mad.", "start": 2610.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Now why would they have come\nup with such a theory?", "start": 2612.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "One of the reasons was that\nonset of schizophrenia is quite", "start": 2614.0, "duration": 8.0}, {"text": "typically late adolescence,\nearly adulthood.", "start": 2622.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Oh, that reminds me to\nreiterate or iterate for the", "start": 2625.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "first time, if I haven't\nmentioned it yet -- no, I", "start": 2629.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "think I did mention it.", "start": 2631.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Remember what I was saying\nabout psychiatric hypochondria", "start": 2633.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "-- the notion that if I sit\naround and lecture about", "start": 2637.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "psychiatric disorders, you\nshouldn't go and be feeling", "start": 2643.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "your brain for the rest of the\nterm saying oh man, I'm going", "start": 2648.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "to wake up with a dissociative\ndisorder tomorrow and that's", "start": 2652.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "going to progress to\nschizophrenia and dimentia and", "start": 2654.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "I'm going to be dead.", "start": 2656.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "The fact that schizophrenia has\na typical onset in a population", "start": 2659.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "of about your age doesn't mean\nthat tomorrow we're going", "start": 2666.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "to have 300 schizophrenic\nstudents in this class.", "start": 2669.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "It does happen.", "start": 2673.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "What convinced me\n-- a small aside.", "start": 2677.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "When you're discussing abnormal\nbehavior, which we are now,", "start": 2684.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "there are two senses of that.", "start": 2688.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "One sense of that is all\nbehaviors that you care", "start": 2692.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "to measure have some\nvariability in them.", "start": 2695.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "You can simply assert\nthat everybody above two", "start": 2698.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "standard deviations or\nsomething is abnormal.", "start": 2703.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "We'll see as we go along that\nthere are times when that is", "start": 2713.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "not an unreasonable\nthing to do.", "start": 2715.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "There are other times when\nit's a whacky thing to do.", "start": 2719.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "All right, for a wacky example,\nvirtually everybody here is", "start": 2723.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "abnormal in that sense,\nbut then the axis is", "start": 2727.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "SAT score, right.", "start": 2729.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Most of you are up here in the\nupper tail of the distribution.", "start": 2731.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Sure it's abnormal but\nwe don't consider it as", "start": 2734.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "pathological, right?", "start": 2736.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "At least not in this community.", "start": 2738.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So the other possibility is\nthat sure, the normal", "start": 2743.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "population is distributed like\nthis, but there is a disease", "start": 2747.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "state of some sort that looks\nlike this that's essentially", "start": 2752.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "discontinuous with\nthe normal state.", "start": 2755.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Arguments have been made,\nnotably by a psychiatrist in", "start": 2759.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "the '60s whose name is probably\npronounced something like", "start": 2765.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Shosh -- a Hungarian name.", "start": 2769.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Anybody happen to know\nthe right answer?", "start": 2771.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Anyway, Thomas Szasz will\ndo or Shosh or something.", "start": 2774.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "In any case, he made the\nargument that in a book", "start": 2779.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "entitled Being Sane in an\nInsane World, that", "start": 2783.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "schizophrenia was simply a way\nto adapt to the fact that the", "start": 2786.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Russians had lots of bombs and\nwe had lots of bombs and we", "start": 2789.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "were all going to blow each\nother up, and that it was", "start": 2792.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "just one position on\nthis normal curve.", "start": 2794.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "It's an interesting argument.", "start": 2799.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But if you actually see\nsomebody in the midst of a", "start": 2801.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "florid schizophrenic break from\nreality, it's hard to believe.", "start": 2806.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "I had, when I was an\nundergraduate, the roommate", "start": 2813.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "of a close friend of\nmine had such a break.", "start": 2816.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "It's unmistakable -- it's\nat once fascinating and", "start": 2820.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "deeply frightening.", "start": 2824.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "This was a friend of ours who\nbecame delusional -- she was", "start": 2826.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "hallucinating, she absolutely\ncouldn't function, and was", "start": 2830.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "scaring the heck out of her\nroommate and she eventually", "start": 2836.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "-- actually, she\neventually did fine.", "start": 2839.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "We caught up with her like\ntwenty years later, and people", "start": 2844.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "do recover from schizophrenia\nand she was doing quite", "start": 2848.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "well, thank you.\nBut in any case, she was the\ndata point, that at least", "start": 2851.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "for me, argued strongly for\nthe notion that this is a", "start": 2855.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "different state, not just\na position on a continuum.", "start": 2859.0, "duration": 9.0}, {"text": "In any case, the psychiatrists\nwere busy trying to treat", "start": 2868.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "this with sor of Freudian\npsychotherapeutic techniques.", "start": 2872.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "It wasn't working.", "start": 2878.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "This wasn't because they were\nbad people -- these were", "start": 2880.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "well-intentioned people doing\nthe best by their lights that", "start": 2882.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "they could, it just\nwasn't working.", "start": 2887.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "It was a case where the\ntheory was just wrong.", "start": 2888.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Oh, one of the engines that\nmoved theory away from this,", "start": 2891.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "by the way, were parent\nadvocacy groups.", "start": 2895.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "You've got to imagine that\nhaving a seriously ill child,", "start": 2900.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "whether that's a physical\nillness or a mental", "start": 2907.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "illness, is very traumatic\nfor parents, period.", "start": 2909.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "But imagine how you would feel\nif the leading theory was that", "start": 2914.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "this was your fault, that you\nhad done this to your child.", "start": 2920.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Not intentionally, of course,\nbut it was you who had done it.", "start": 2925.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Parents simply\ndidn't believe it.", "start": 2929.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "And as science started to\nemerge suggesting that in", "start": 2931.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "schizophrenia's case it was\nmuch more like a brain disease", "start": 2934.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "than like the product of bad\nmothering, that groups, funding", "start": 2937.0, "duration": 8.0}, {"text": "groups -- you know, the guys\nwho send you lots of mail at", "start": 2945.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "this time of year saying send\nus your check and we'll support", "start": 2948.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "good research on this disease\nthat disease or whatever, a", "start": 2951.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "number of these groups powered\nby parents of schizophrenics", "start": 2956.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "were helping to move the\nresearch away from the notion", "start": 2960.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "of a schizophrenogenic mother.", "start": 2963.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But what really did it\nwas it just didn't work.", "start": 2965.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Nobody could make\nthis story work.", "start": 2967.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "The psychiatric hospitals are\nno longer filled with", "start": 2971.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "schizophrenic patients, and\nthat's not because of a great", "start": 2978.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "breakthrough in Freudian\npsychotherapy, it's", "start": 2982.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "because of drugs.", "start": 2985.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "In the '50s drugs like\nThorazine, Chlorpromazine", "start": 2987.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "is the technical name,\ncame on the market.", "start": 2991.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "In this particular case these\nare drugs that block dopamine", "start": 2996.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "receptors -- dopamine's a neuro\ntransmitter, the receptor on", "start": 3002.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the other side of the synapse.", "start": 3005.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Thorazine decreased the uptake\nof dopamine, and that served to", "start": 3007.0, "duration": 10.0}, {"text": "ameliorate the florid symptoms\nof schizophrenia,", "start": 3017.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "in particular.", "start": 3021.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "You put somebody on Thorazine\nand they didn't hallucinate", "start": 3022.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "anymore, and their paranoid\ndilusions slipped away.", "start": 3025.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Oh, let me tell you another\nanecdote about schizophrenics.", "start": 3030.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Schizophrenics I have known.", "start": 3035.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "We had a very interesting woman\nwho was the librarian in the", "start": 3037.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "department here some years ago\n-- PhD Classicist and also, she", "start": 3042.0, "duration": 10.0}, {"text": "was schizophrenic and\nsuccessfully medicated and", "start": 3052.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "functioned well as the psych\ndepartment librarian", "start": 3058.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "when on medication.", "start": 3063.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Anytime I tell you the root of\nsomething like schizophrenia,", "start": 3066.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the Latin and Greek roots of\nthese words, it's because I'm", "start": 3069.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "remembering what she taught me.", "start": 3072.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "But she would slip off\nof her medication.", "start": 3075.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "You could tell when she was\nslipping off her medication", "start": 3079.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "because her handwriting, her\nhandwritten notes would start", "start": 3082.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "getting smaller and smaller\nand longer and longer.", "start": 3085.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "She developed this\nmicro-writing and very", "start": 3087.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "extensive writing, and\nthen the content would", "start": 3091.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "start to slip, too.", "start": 3093.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "And she would also start -- if\nit got dim in the library you", "start": 3095.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "knew you were in for trouble\nbecause she became photophobic.", "start": 3099.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "One of the interesting problems\nhere and one of the problems in", "start": 3103.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "treatment was that as she fell\noff her medicine she", "start": 3106.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "became paranoid.", "start": 3109.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "What was the nature\nof her paranoia?", "start": 3110.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "The nature of her paranoia was\nthat people wanted to control", "start": 3112.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "her brain using chemicals.", "start": 3115.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Well that was exactly true.", "start": 3116.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But if we would tell her, you\ngotta start taking your", "start": 3118.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "medicine, that was just\nevidence for her that we", "start": 3121.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "were trying to control her\nbrain, which was true.", "start": 3124.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So it wasn't even really --\nit's very tricky stuff.", "start": 3127.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "I mean it's funny and\nsad at the same time.", "start": 3131.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Eventually, she was no longer\nable to control this and", "start": 3134.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "was no longer able to hold\nthe job, which was sad.", "start": 3138.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "But it's also a real issue, a\nreal medical ethics issue.", "start": 3144.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "When the hospitals were emptied\nby these drugs, the promise was", "start": 3149.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "that supports would be placed\nin the community that would it", "start": 3155.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "make it possible for medicated\nschizophrenics to function.", "start": 3158.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "It's not a cure because the\nmedicines are imperfect.", "start": 3165.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "For instance, it's not the case\nthat dopamine -- the problem in", "start": 3167.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "schizophrenia isn't that\ndopamine is bad stuff and if", "start": 3171.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "you have lots of it\nyou're in trouble.", "start": 3174.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "It is clear that in\nschizophrenia, bits of the", "start": 3176.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "brain are awash in too much\ndopamine, but if you wipe out", "start": 3179.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "-- if you just blanket, push\ndown dopamine, other bits of", "start": 3183.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the brain which really like\ndopamine are starved for it.", "start": 3186.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "The sorts of symptoms that you\nget when dopamine is removed", "start": 3190.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "from these chunks of the brain\nare the symptoms of Parkinson's", "start": 3194.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "disease -- muscle tremors, an\ninability to initiate", "start": 3196.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "voluntary activity.", "start": 3200.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So a patient overmedicated on\nThorazine isn't hallucinating", "start": 3202.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "anymore, but is also\nsort of inert.", "start": 3207.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So it's not trivial to\njust say take this pill,", "start": 3210.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "great you're cured.", "start": 3213.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "It was clear that management\nwas going to be needed.", "start": 3214.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "It was clear in many cases that\npeople were going to need", "start": 3217.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "housing that was like sort of\nhalfway housing, not complete", "start": 3219.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "independence, but you could be\nout in the world and you", "start": 3223.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "wouldn't need to be\nhospitalized anymore but you'd", "start": 3228.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "need some sort of\ncontinuing care.", "start": 3230.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "The problem is that we've\nsystematically not given", "start": 3232.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "enough, basically money\nand resources to that.", "start": 3237.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "The result is there are numbers\nof imperfectly -- perfect", "start": 3241.0, "duration": 8.0}, {"text": "medication isn't out there yet\n-- but inadequately medicated,", "start": 3249.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "unsuccessfully medicated\npatients who ought to be cared", "start": 3256.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "for, but who are not being\ncared for for by the system.", "start": 3259.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Schizophrenics are\nover-represented in the", "start": 3268.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "homeless population because if\nyou are not successfully", "start": 3270.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "medicated it's hard to hold a\njob, it's hard to keep an", "start": 3275.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "apartment or something\nlike that and you end", "start": 3280.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "up on the street.", "start": 3283.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "That loops back to this issue\nabout your paranoid delusion", "start": 3284.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "about somebody trying\nto control your mind.", "start": 3287.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "When is it OK then, now that\nyou're on the street, now that", "start": 3290.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "you're floridly schizophrenic\nagain, when is it OK for us as", "start": 3294.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "a society to come in and say\nguess what, we don't care that", "start": 3298.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "you think we're trying to\ncontrol your mind, we're going", "start": 3301.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "to medicate you whether you\nwant to or not because", "start": 3303.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "it's for your own good.", "start": 3306.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "You can argue yeah, it's for\nyour own good, but there's lots", "start": 3308.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "of things that -- you know, I\nmight decide it's for your own", "start": 3311.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "good that you should sleep\neight hours a night.", "start": 3314.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Do I get to enforce that?", "start": 3316.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "No, I don't.", "start": 3318.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "If I decide that it's good for\nyou to take a drug that is", "start": 3320.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "going to, in fact, control your\nmind, when do I get to do that,", "start": 3324.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "and this ends up in court\nregularly, and it ends up on", "start": 3328.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "talk radio all the time, right,\nbecause it's a sort of thing", "start": 3331.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "that yakking head talk radio\nloves to get excited about.", "start": 3334.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "You know some judge declares\nthat some clearly schizophrenic", "start": 3337.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "individual has a constitutional\nright to live under a bridge", "start": 3343.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "yelling obscenities at you,\nand talk radio goes nuts.", "start": 3348.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "It's an interesting question.", "start": 3355.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "It's not a question\nwith an easy answer.", "start": 3357.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "When do you get to decide that\nyou're allowed to take control", "start": 3360.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "over somebody else's\nmental life?", "start": 3364.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "At the present, the view of\nschizophrenia is, as I say,", "start": 3370.0, "duration": 9.0}, {"text": "much more that it's a\ndistinct state of brain", "start": 3379.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "disease of some sort.", "start": 3381.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "What might cause it?", "start": 3382.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Well, the fact that a pill that\nreduces the effects of dopamine", "start": 3383.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "does something tends to suggest\nto people that there's a", "start": 3390.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "biological cause there.", "start": 3392.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "In the case of schizophrenia\nthat well maybe true, but it's", "start": 3395.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "important to note that that\ndoesn't need to be true.", "start": 3397.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Things that are cured or\nsymptoms that are cured by", "start": 3400.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "pills aren't necessarily\nsymptoms that are caused by bad", "start": 3404.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "genes or bacteria or some\nbiological story like that.", "start": 3408.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "A perfectly nice example\nis motion sickness.", "start": 3413.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "You go on an airplane, you get\nbounced around, you throw up.", "start": 3416.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "What are you going\nto do about this?", "start": 3419.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Well, you can take scopolamine\nor meclizine that's Bonine --", "start": 3421.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Bonine is meclizine and\ndramamine is scopolamine -- two", "start": 3425.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "perfectly nice drugs that\naffect your vestibular system,", "start": 3429.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "and they will keep you\nfrom getting motion sick.", "start": 3433.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "That's not because you've got\nbad motion sickness genes or", "start": 3436.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "you got the motion\nsickness bacteria.", "start": 3439.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "It's a biological treatment,\nif you like, for", "start": 3442.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "an environmentally\ncaused disorder.", "start": 3445.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "I point that out only to make\nthe point that what cures or", "start": 3449.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "treats a disorder doesn't\nnecessarily tell you", "start": 3455.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "what the cause is.", "start": 3458.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "There's not one-to-one mapping\nthere -- that's important", "start": 3460.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "to keep in mind.", "start": 3464.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But the drugs certainly do\nhelp with the symptoms.", "start": 3466.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "What psychopharmacologists\nwork on a lot now is getting", "start": 3468.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "drugs that work better.", "start": 3474.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "All right, we want to reduce\ndopamine here but not here.", "start": 3476.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Well it turns out that there's\na bunch of different dopamine", "start": 3479.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "receptors -- let's make a drug\nthat only acts at this location", "start": 3482.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "and not at this location.", "start": 3485.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "That's a sort of project that\npsychopharmacology works", "start": 3487.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "on at the present time.", "start": 3492.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But I want to go back and talk\nabout the possible causes of", "start": 3494.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "mental illness, but I'll do\nthat after we take a", "start": 3500.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "brief break here.", "start": 3504.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 3609.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "What I want to do with the\nremaining portion, probably all", "start": 3610.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "of the remaining portion, of\ntoday's lecture is to make two", "start": 3616.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "points, which I have\nalready alluded to.", "start": 3621.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "One of them is that there are\nmultiple roots into mental", "start": 3625.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "illness, not just any sort of\nsingle root, and you're going", "start": 3629.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "to need to work this out\non a case-by-case basis.", "start": 3633.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "The other related point is that\nthe border between normal and", "start": 3636.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "abnormal is not necessarily\na sharp clearly marked one.", "start": 3642.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Oh, by the way, if you're\ninterested in this latter", "start": 3646.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "point, there's an article in\ntoday's New York Times science", "start": 3650.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "section about really exactly\nthis point in the context of", "start": 3654.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "eating disorders -- a topic\nthat I hope to get to before", "start": 3658.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the end of the course -- where\nit's very important to be", "start": 3661.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "able to give a label to\npsychiatric conditions.", "start": 3667.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "Why is that important?", "start": 3673.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "In part it's important because\nthird party payers will pay if", "start": 3675.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "you have a disorder, but they\nwon't pay if you're", "start": 3680.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "just feeling a little\nscrewed up, right.", "start": 3683.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So you gotta have a\nlabeled disorder.", "start": 3686.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So, there's been a big movement\nwithin the American Psychiatric", "start": 3688.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "establishment to come up with\nclear diagnostic criteria.", "start": 3693.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "The nice thing about, you know\nyou go into your pediatrician", "start": 3697.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "and getting a throat culture\nfor strep is that I can grow it", "start": 3700.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "in the lab, and if you got\nstrep you got strep, and I'd", "start": 3705.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "give you something for strep.", "start": 3709.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Mental illness is almost\nnever like that.", "start": 3711.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "You got some collection of\nsymptoms, are they adequate", "start": 3715.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "to get you the definition\nof this disease?", "start": 3718.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "The Times article is pointing\nout that therapists are having", "start": 3723.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "a real problems with people who\nany idiot can see has, let's", "start": 3729.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "say, an eating disorder, but\nthe official criteria for", "start": 3734.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "anorexia nervosa, the eating\ndisorder of self-starvation,", "start": 3738.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "are you have to have boom,\nboom, boom, boom and boom.", "start": 3744.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Well, if you're missing\nthat boom, you can't", "start": 3747.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "make the diagnosis.", "start": 3750.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "What do you call them now?", "start": 3752.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Anyway, so today's New York\nTimes science section,", "start": 3754.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "go check it out.", "start": 3756.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "In the meantime, let us return\nto 1900 to talk a bit about", "start": 3758.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "possible causes of\nmental illness.", "start": 3763.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "In 1900 half the patients in\nAmerican mental hospitals", "start": 3767.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "had a disorder known as\ndementia paralytica.", "start": 3774.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "This is the bad stuff.", "start": 3777.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "It's a disorder that starts\nwith mania and grandiosity", "start": 3779.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "as its symptoms.", "start": 3784.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "If you think that you are Jesus\nand that you can turn water", "start": 3789.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "into wine and stuff like that,\nexcept in the rare case where", "start": 3795.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "that turns out to be true or\nsomething, it's a psychiatric", "start": 3799.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "symptom and it would be a\nmanic symptom of some sort.", "start": 3805.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "If you think you're the\nreincarnation of Napoleon and", "start": 3812.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "this time you're going to get\nthe invasion of Russia right or", "start": 3815.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "something like that, you know,\nthat's the sort of thing that", "start": 3819.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "gets you into psychiatric care.", "start": 3821.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "In the case of dimentia\nparalytica, it then", "start": 3824.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "proceeded to the other\ntwo bits of the name.", "start": 3829.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Dementia, people became\ndemented, they then became", "start": 3831.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "paralyzed, lost control their\nmuscles and then they died.", "start": 3835.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "This is not a good disorder.", "start": 3838.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "It has disappeared essentially.", "start": 3842.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Why?", "start": 3844.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Does anybody happen\nto know the answer?", "start": 3847.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Yes.", "start": 3851.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Which person?", "start": 3852.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "What are you looking\nbehind you for?", "start": 3854.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "How many people are\nwearing witchy hats?", "start": 3856.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "How long have you thought\nyou were a witch?", "start": 3862.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Anyway, you were saying.", "start": 3867.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: This is caused by\nbacteria I think, or something", "start": 3869.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "that they like [INAUDIBLE].", "start": 3875.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR: Well, all right.", "start": 3877.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "The problem is people know\ntoo much around here.", "start": 3879.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "You can fish around for all\nsorts of interesting answers,", "start": 3882.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "like one of the possible\nreasons for a diagnosis to", "start": 3885.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "disappear is you fractionate\nthe disorder into a bunch of", "start": 3887.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "other stuff and we've now\nrenamed it and this is now", "start": 3890.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "called Alzheimers and\na few other things.", "start": 3893.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But no, in fact, this is\nan outside pathogen.", "start": 3895.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "In this case, dementia\nparalytica was the result of", "start": 3897.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "tertiary third stage syphilis.", "start": 3903.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "The reason you don't see it\nanymore is that nobody gets to", "start": 3906.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "third stage syphilis anymore.", "start": 3909.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "If you show up with symptoms of\nsyphilis somebody treats you.", "start": 3911.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "This was the result, by\nthe time the organism had", "start": 3915.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "gotten to your brain and\nchewed up your brain.", "start": 3918.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So it disappeared\nwith treatment.", "start": 3923.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "But it points out is that one\nof the roots to mental illness", "start": 3926.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "is an assault, a biological\nassault from the outside.", "start": 3931.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "So there are theories, unproven\ntheories that a rise in autism,", "start": 3941.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "that's been seen in this\ncountry over the last couple of", "start": 3948.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "generations, is due to some\nsort of external insult to the", "start": 3951.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "nervous system, not clear what\nit is, but there are proposals", "start": 3955.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "out there that something\nthat we're doing to the", "start": 3960.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "environment is causing\nmore autism, for example.", "start": 3961.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "But this is an example of\na clearly biologically", "start": 3968.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "rooted mental illness.", "start": 3971.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Perhaps the extreme other end\nof the scale would be -- well,", "start": 3978.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "it's more like a triangle.", "start": 3985.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "We could have biology, we could\nhave an environmental disorder,", "start": 3986.0, "duration": 11.0}, {"text": "and we could have what you\nmight consider to be a", "start": 3997.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "societally defined disorder.", "start": 4000.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "The distinction here is this is\na case where the environment", "start": 4003.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "somehow really does make you\ninsane, and this is a case", "start": 4008.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "where we take the normal\ndistribution and declare the", "start": 4012.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "upper tail of the distribution\nto be a psychopathology", "start": 4016.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "of some sort.", "start": 4020.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So let's look for examples\nof both of these.", "start": 4022.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "A perfectly nice example -- not\nnice -- an example of an", "start": 4025.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "environmental disorder would be\nwhat was called shell-shock in", "start": 4028.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "World War I and would now\nprobably be more generally", "start": 4035.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "lumped under the category of\ntraumatic stress disorder.", "start": 4039.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Exposure to extreme stress and\nbeing shot at can produce", "start": 4043.0, "duration": 12.0}, {"text": "a range of disabling\npsychiatric symptoms.", "start": 4055.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "So, in World War I when people\nwere fighting this insane", "start": 4059.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "warfare of having vast numbers\nof people in entrenched", "start": 4065.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "positions shelling each other\nand just charging at each", "start": 4070.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "other, some fraction\nof the population of", "start": 4075.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "soldiers cracked up.", "start": 4080.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "They just couldn't function.", "start": 4082.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "They would cry hysterically,\nthey would just lie there", "start": 4084.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "and not do anything.", "start": 4087.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "The first reaction of the\nmilitary to such things is", "start": 4090.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "to decide that this is\ninsubordination and to shoot", "start": 4095.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "you or something of that sort\nfor failing to obey orders.", "start": 4098.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "But it became clear to medical\nfolks during World War I that", "start": 4102.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "this was not a voluntary act,\nthis was a psychiatric problem.", "start": 4108.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "They went and pulled people\nback behind the lines, worked", "start": 4118.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "very hard to treat them so that\nthey could return them to the", "start": 4122.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "war in a sort of a sick irony.", "start": 4125.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "But this is a disorder that\nis clearly environmental.", "start": 4129.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "Now there's probably some --\nnot everybody who's placed", "start": 4136.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "under stress produces a post\ntraumatic stress disorder, so", "start": 4140.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "it's clear that there's some\nunderlying variation of unknown", "start": 4145.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "nature that makes some people\nvulnerable to it and", "start": 4149.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "some people not.", "start": 4152.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "But the precipitating cause\nhere is environmental.", "start": 4153.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Now this is something that's\na topic of a lot of current", "start": 4157.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "interest in psychiatry and\nin clinical psychology.", "start": 4161.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "Because as it's been\nappreciated that this sort of", "start": 4167.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "trauma does produce psychiatric\nsymptoms, efforts are made to", "start": 4171.0, "duration": 8.0}, {"text": "prevent this when it's clear\nit's going to happen.", "start": 4179.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So, first responders, the\npolice and firemen who are", "start": 4182.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "going to be the first guys that\ncrash scenes or into burning", "start": 4188.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "buildings, are going to see\nreally terrible stuff, and it's", "start": 4191.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "known that that's going to\nproduce a collection of", "start": 4196.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "psychiatric symptoms.", "start": 4201.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So, an interesting question is\nwell if you know that, what", "start": 4202.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "could you do perhaps to\nameliorate the situation?", "start": 4207.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "One very popular idea has been\nthat after a crisis -- I mean", "start": 4211.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "you hear this all the time when\nsomething really bad happens", "start": 4216.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "like a school shooting or\nsomething, one of the things", "start": 4223.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "you do is you immediately pour\nin a bunch of therapists, and", "start": 4226.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "the idea is is you get people\ntogether to talk about it.", "start": 4228.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "One particular modality of\ntherapy is you basically get", "start": 4232.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "all your firefighters who were\nat this scene into a room", "start": 4235.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "together to talk it through,\nand that this has been proposed", "start": 4240.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "as a mechanism for preventing\nthese stress disorders.", "start": 4245.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Unfortunately, a big study\ncame out last year suggesting", "start": 4249.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "sounds lovely, doesn't work.", "start": 4253.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Not that it does anything\nparticularly bad or anything,", "start": 4256.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "it just doesn't work.", "start": 4259.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "What it points out is that the\nstate of the art is a little", "start": 4265.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "like the problem I was talking\nabout with Freudian attempts", "start": 4270.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "to explain schizophrenia.", "start": 4272.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "These are difficult problems\nwhere good well-meaning", "start": 4276.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "clinicians try stuff out that\ndoesn't necessarily work.", "start": 4281.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Very hard to get a clear\nfeeling from this, from reading", "start": 4285.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the popular press where you get\none miracle cure after the", "start": 4288.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "other and then the miracle cure\nfades away, but it fades away", "start": 4292.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "in the literature somewhere --\nyou don't get to see this very", "start": 4296.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "clearly if you just sit there\nreading the science section", "start": 4298.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "of Time magazine or\nsomething of that sort.", "start": 4303.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Anyway, so third stage syphilis\nmunches up your mind, trench", "start": 4308.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "warfare munches up your mind.", "start": 4315.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Are there diseases that are\ndefined purely by society", "start": 4318.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "and what does that mean?", "start": 4325.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Are those legitimate?", "start": 4328.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Well, let's talk about one\nthat's not terribly legitimate.", "start": 4329.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "I don't think anybody here is\ndeeply familiar with the", "start": 4332.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "disorder called drapetomania.", "start": 4336.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Any drapetomania experts?", "start": 4339.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "No.", "start": 4342.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 4343.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Any Greek scholars?", "start": 4345.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "No.\nSo we're not going to\nget anybody to tell", "start": 4348.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "us what the root is.", "start": 4350.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So, it's not a manic\ndesire to put up drapes.", "start": 4351.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "It's drapeto comes from a\nGreek root having to do", "start": 4355.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "with wandering off, and the\nmania's the mania part.", "start": 4360.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "So it's an insane\ndesire to wander away.", "start": 4365.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "All right, that sounds\nlike it could be insane.", "start": 4368.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "This is a disorder discovered\nby a doctor named Cartwright", "start": 4371.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "in Louisiana in the 1840s.", "start": 4377.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "He writes about it in a\nbook endearingly titled,", "start": 4382.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Peculiarities of\nthe Negro Race.", "start": 4386.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So you need to think --\nall right, time to review", "start": 4389.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "your AP American history.", "start": 4393.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Right, 1840s, Louisiana.", "start": 4395.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "If you are a member of the\nnegro race you are what?", "start": 4398.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "A slave.", "start": 4403.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "If you are a slave\nyou might do what?", "start": 4404.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Well you might wander\noff or run away.", "start": 4410.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "It wasn't that Cartwright\ndiscovered this.", "start": 4416.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "People knew that\nslaves ran away.", "start": 4418.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But rather like earlier\nattitudes towards people", "start": 4420.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "cracking up on the battlefield,\nthe standard attitude towards", "start": 4424.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the slave that ran away\nwas that's a bad slave.", "start": 4427.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Right, he's just bad, and what\nwe should do is catch him", "start": 4432.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "and beat him and put\nhim back to work.", "start": 4437.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Cartwright was an odd sort of\nliberal from the sound of it in", "start": 4440.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "the sense that he said, no,\nno, no, no, no -- they're", "start": 4445.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "not bad, they're sick.", "start": 4449.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Because after all, as he\nunderstood it, the proper place", "start": 4451.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "for a slave for an African\nAmerican was to be", "start": 4456.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "a slave, right?", "start": 4461.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "So if you wandered off,\nyou weren't being a", "start": 4462.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "healthy, normal slave.", "start": 4468.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "You'd gone up here somewhere\nand you were being abnormal.", "start": 4469.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "He also, by the way, had a\nlovely biological theory about", "start": 4473.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "the cause of this, which\nwas decarbonized blood.", "start": 4476.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "I don't know, it sounds like it\nwould do something bad to me.", "start": 4481.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "And he had a treatment regimen.", "start": 4488.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Remember that the standard\ntreatment for a slave who ran", "start": 4490.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "away was catch him, beat him\nand put him back to work.", "start": 4493.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "Cartwright said, when you catch\nhim, what you need to do is", "start": 4499.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "slap some oil in with a broad\nleather strap and", "start": 4505.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "put him to work.", "start": 4509.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "All right, so the treatment\ndidn't sound all", "start": 4510.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "that different.", "start": 4512.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "In any case, it's a pretty\nclear case of a disorder", "start": 4513.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "defined entirely by society.", "start": 4520.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "There's not a -- I don't\nknow, decarbonized", "start": 4524.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "blood not withstanding.", "start": 4526.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "There's not an organism there.", "start": 4527.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "There's not -- well, you can\nthink of the environment as", "start": 4531.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "causing the slave to run\naway, but not in the sense", "start": 4534.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "of causing a disorder.", "start": 4537.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "We would consider this to be\nessentially a normal -- we'd be", "start": 4539.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "with Thomas Szasz on that,\nthat's a sane reaction to an", "start": 4543.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "insane world, perhaps, to be\na slave and to run away.", "start": 4545.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "Now, you might argue that we\ndon't do that anymore, but", "start": 4552.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "if you were to, say, OK,\nwhat this is, is weight.", "start": 4557.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Let's make this normal\ndistribution weight.", "start": 4562.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "The Surgeon General is\nperfectly happy and all sorts", "start": 4566.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "of outfits are perfectly happy\nto declare that if you're above", "start": 4571.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "this level whatever it\nis, you're abnormal,", "start": 4574.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "you're overweight.", "start": 4577.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "And there are plenty of\ntheories, folks psychological", "start": 4580.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "and otherwise, that basically\ngive a psychiatric spin to", "start": 4584.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "what's going on there, right.", "start": 4588.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "If you've heard theories of\nobesity being -- there are pop", "start": 4590.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "theories that oh, they're\novercompensating -- that", "start": 4596.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "they're eating to substitute\nfor the lack of love in their", "start": 4599.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "life, or it's a lack of\nself-control, or it's because", "start": 4601.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "they have gene for fatness.", "start": 4606.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "All of this might be\ntrue at some level.", "start": 4610.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "I'm not casting any doubt\non the particular theory,", "start": 4612.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "that's a separate topic.", "start": 4618.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "But you gotta realize that what\nyou're doing is taking an", "start": 4620.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "essentially normal distribution\nwith the exception of some very", "start": 4623.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "few -- there are a small\nnumber of clear pathologies", "start": 4627.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "of weight regulation.", "start": 4631.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Mostly what you're doing is\ntaking one tail of the", "start": 4632.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "distribution, declaring it\nto be abnormal, and putting", "start": 4635.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "an explanation on it.", "start": 4638.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "How you understand that\nis culturally dependent.", "start": 4641.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "How we talk about obesity\nis in part defined by how", "start": 4648.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "we talk about beauty.", "start": 4651.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "In cultures where obesity is\nconsidered beautiful, you don't", "start": 4653.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "get theories that say it's\nan abnormality, right?", "start": 4658.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "So in some fashion we\ndo this all the time.", "start": 4662.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "In the remaining time, what I\nwant to do, and then I'll loop", "start": 4671.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "back to this point, is look on\nyour handout on page three.", "start": 4675.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "Let's do a little bit of\narmchair diagnosis here.", "start": 4682.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "We don't have much time.", "start": 4687.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Quickly read these three\nvignettes and quickly decide", "start": 4688.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "where they lie on the scale\nfrom fine to very weird.", "start": 4693.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "I'm deliberately using very\ncasual language there in order", "start": 4698.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "to suggest that you not think\ndeeply about whether or not", "start": 4702.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "you're giving them a\npsychiatric diagnosis", "start": 4706.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "here, I just want to know\nwhether they're nuts.", "start": 4708.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "We'll collect a little data.", "start": 4716.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "How are we going to\ncollect this data?", "start": 4717.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Don't cheat off your neighbors,\nplease, and [? wavel ?]", "start": 4744.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "in when you're done.", "start": 4747.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "How many people are done?", "start": 4748.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Most people are done.\nOK, good enough.", "start": 4751.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "In the interest of getting some\ndata relatively quickly, let's", "start": 4754.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "group between -- let's do\naluminum hat boy, Jim.", "start": 4757.0, "duration": 13.0}, {"text": "How many people gave him a\nsort of 1-3, he's fine?", "start": 4770.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "4-7 he's a little weird.", "start": 4775.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "I take it we got a lot of\npopulation-- All right.", "start": 4778.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So Jim's here.", "start": 4785.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "How about Jack there at\nthe bottom -- we'll", "start": 4789.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "come back to Sam.", "start": 4792.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "How many people thought\nJack was in the 1-3", "start": 4793.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "he's fine category?", "start": 4795.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "A bunch of people.\nHow many people thought\nhe's in the 4-7 category?", "start": 4800.0, "duration": 0.0}, {"text": "A bunch more people.", "start": 4804.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Let's give him some hash\nmarks here so we can", "start": 4806.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "tell the difference.", "start": 4808.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "So this is -- what is his name?", "start": 4811.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Jack.", "start": 4812.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "How many people thought\nhe was very weird?", "start": 4817.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So only a very few.", "start": 4819.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "So, you can, in fact -- so Jim\nis sort of the guy who came to", "start": 4821.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "my lab all those years ago, and\nJack can be found in Harvard", "start": 4825.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Square any time selling some\nfar left newspaper and yelling", "start": 4828.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "at you about the fact that\nwe're all controlled by", "start": 4832.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "something, and we just consider\nthem to be sort of weird but", "start": 4835.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "kind of -- this is in the\nrealm of free speech.", "start": 4838.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "All right, let's\ntake a look at Sam.", "start": 4841.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "How many people thought\nSam's just fine?", "start": 4844.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 4849.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "How many thought Sam was\njust in the middle?", "start": 4850.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "OK.", "start": 4853.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "How many thought that\nSam was pretty weird?", "start": 4854.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "All right, so that looks--\nI need some space here.", "start": 4857.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "Well actually, lots of fines,\na few less in the middles,", "start": 4870.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "and almost as many weird.", "start": 4873.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Pretty wide\ndistribution, right.", "start": 4877.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "The other two are\nvery heavily skewed.", "start": 4879.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Could somebody in\nthe fine department", "start": 4882.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "explain why he's fine?", "start": 4886.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Yes, find person.", "start": 4889.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: I think he's weird, I\njust don't think he's disabled.", "start": 4890.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR: I need somebody\nwho thinks he's fine, fine.", "start": 4893.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Yes.", "start": 4896.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Yes, you pink person.", "start": 4898.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: He's just a stamp\ncollector -- he sounds fine.", "start": 4902.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR: A stamp collector.", "start": 4905.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "All right.", "start": 4907.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "The trick here is there is a\ntwo-word variation between what", "start": 4909.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "half of you have and what\nthe other half of you have.", "start": 4915.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "Let's see if that\nmakes a difference.", "start": 4918.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "The people who don't have the\nstamp collector one know the", "start": 4923.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "difference, which is that one\nhalf of you have his major", "start": 4926.0, "duration": 7.0}, {"text": "passion is collecting stamps,\nand the other have his major", "start": 4933.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "passion is collecting\nwomen's undergarments.", "start": 4937.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "Right.", "start": 4942.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "That is the only\ndifference here.", "start": 4944.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Yes?", "start": 4946.0, "duration": 1.0}, {"text": "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]", "start": 4947.0, "duration": 10.0}, {"text": "PROFESSOR: You know, actually\nthat's lovely because I", "start": 4957.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "could probably expand\nthe description.", "start": 4959.0, "duration": 6.0}, {"text": "If I said he used to write all\nof his relatives and asked them", "start": 4965.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "to send him used stamps, nobody\nwould think that was weird.", "start": 4969.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "If I said he used to write to\nall his relatives and asked", "start": 4974.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "them to send used underwear,\nthat's really weird, right?", "start": 4977.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "If I changed it a little more\nto say -- what is his name?", "start": 4985.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "Sam was a shy, withdrawn man,\nthe president of the Haines", "start": 4989.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "underwear company and at the\ncorporate headquarters he had", "start": 4994.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "the big underwear exhibit\nor something, then he", "start": 4999.0, "duration": 3.0}, {"text": "becomes less weird.", "start": 5002.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "Given the time, let me just\nreiterate the point that what", "start": 5004.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "this is intended to illustrate\nis that the border between what", "start": 5009.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "makes you weird and what\nmakes you just a little", "start": 5013.0, "duration": 5.0}, {"text": "different is not clear.", "start": 5018.0, "duration": 4.0}, {"text": "It's not something that we\ncan define nice and sharply.", "start": 5022.0, "duration": 2.0}, {"text": "See you Thursday.", "start": 5024.0, "duration": 3.0}]