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On March 15, 2009, space shuttle Discovery and its crew of seven took off on a cool, crisp evening from Cape Canaveral, Fla., and launched into the depths of outer space for 13 days. The mission: among other things, to supply a replacement part for the International Space Station’s (ISS) water recycling system, which t...
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http://www.wwdmag.com/print/18982
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50b55b1a-b7ff-4d9d-b04b-883723a8aee5
Water reclamation systems represent an indispensable engineering milestone for extended space missions, where every drop of water must be meticulously recovered and purified to sustain human life in the harsh vacuum of space. Advanced filtration technologies, such as multi-stage reverse osmosis and catalytic oxidation ...
0.8054
There are several thousand trackable objects in near-Earth space. These objects are baseball size or larger and can be tracked by ground-based radars. Of these thousands of items, only a few hundred are operational spacecraft. The rest is space junk! This space junk or orbital debris includes things such as hatches blo...
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http://www.windows2universe.org/space_missions/space_junk.html&edu=high
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43b1307d-c9b2-417a-bbbf-a957099357aa
Space debris is a significant problem in space engineering as it poses a threat to the safety of operational spacecraft and satellites. It can cause damage or destruction of spacecraft and satellites through collisions.
0.7846
Unlocking the Mysteries of Our Solar System How have scientists at NASA explored our solar system and beyond? What is the next step for robotic space missions? Unlocking the Mysteries: Science on the Edge of Our Solar System asks students in grades 5-8 to consider these questions. Students begin by learning about the D...
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http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/unlocking-mysteries-solar-system.html
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23616c52-70e9-43a1-8e78-dfff965e8eb3
As we continue to push the boundaries of space exploration, sample return missions have become an essential component of our quest for knowledge, allowing us to bring back valuable materials from other planets, moons, and even asteroids, providing us with a unique opportunity to study the composition, geology, and pote...
0.7716
Spacecraft could one day be propelled by ion beams shooting up from the Moon, according to a recent concept study. Other spacecraft, such as Deep Space 1 and SMART-1, have flown with ion engines, which work by stripping electrons off gas atoms and accelerating the ions with an electric field. The ions create thrust as ...
11
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11004
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1c58551d-ca52-4711-8fb1-c49cf9c19d14
As the lead engineer on NASA's Deep Space 1 mission, Dr. Elena Marquez revolutionized the field of electric propulsion by championing the use of the NSTAR ion thruster, a groundbreaking technology that transformed how spacecraft maneuver through the vacuum of deep space. Unlike traditional chemical rockets, which relie...
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Several years ago, NASA started making plans to send robots to explore the deep, dark craters on the Moon. As part of these plans, NASA needed modeling tools to help engineer unique electronics to withstand extremely cold temperatures. According to Jonathan Pellish, a flight systems test engineer at Goddard Space Fligh...
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http://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2012/it_3.html
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50c8ce30-089f-4f49-b2e4-df570dd8d375
Throughout his career, Dr. Eleanor Voss dedicated herself to developing innovative radiation shielding technologies for deep-space missions, recognizing that beyond Earth’s magnetosphere, astronauts were exposed to galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events that could compromise both mission integrity and human hea...
0.7561
The James Webb Space Telescope, launched in 2013, lived up to its promise of peering deeper into the cosmos with its infrared capability. At fourteen billion light years, astronomers thought they had reached the edge of the observable universe. But the first objects from fifteen billion light years away didn’t come int...
10
http://www.earlstv.net/UltraShortStory_BeyondHubble.html
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1ebd2d29-9298-419e-9eda-4f139e2444fa
For generations, humanity has gazed at the stars, wondering what lies beyond. But it wasn't until we lifted our eyes *above* the blurring effects of Earth's atmosphere – with space telescopes like Hubble and now, James Webb – that those distant worlds truly came into focus. These aren't just instruments; they are time ...
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Putting Satellites in Their Place It takes quite a bit of rocket science to get a man-made satellite into orbit above the earth. Aside from the fact that the rocket must be built and then successfully launched, there’s plenty of science involved in placing the satellite in the most favorable orbit. Orbit and altitude d...
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http://www.spirasdestiny.net/putting-satellites-in-their-place/
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d9fbe286-7829-475f-825e-ad1d9626b37a
**Satellite Operations in Space Engineering** Satellite operations constitute a critical discipline within space engineering, encompassing the complete suite of technical activities required to manage, control, and sustain a spacecraft's functionality from the moment it separates from its launch vehicle to the end of ...
0.7497
You've misread, or the author misstated. Newton's law of gravitation, after accounting for the non-spherical nature of the planets, is incredibly accurate. NASA and other space agencies still use Newtonian gravity to plan, monitor, and control their space missions. What the lunar laser ranging experiments did do was to...
18
http://www.physicsforums.com/showpost.php?p=3772333&postcount=5
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efede206-2345-4d65-99ce-1a405f69eff9
# Orbital Mechanics as an Engineering Discipline Orbital mechanics is often introduced through a deceptively simple image: a spacecraft is launched upward, gains sufficient speed, and then continues to circle a planet because its forward motion balances the downward pull of gravity. This picture is useful, but it conc...
0.7485
Uniform Circular Motion Consider an object moving along a circular path with constant or uniform speed. This might be a guest on a carousel at an amusement park, a child on a merry-go-round at a playground, a car with a lost driver navigating a round-about or "rotary", a yo-yo on the end of a string, a satellite in a c...
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http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfadd/1150/03Vct2D/UCM.html
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21f0d892-0409-4ca8-9f7d-a73705693880
Notes — Astrodynamics (personal) Today I dug back into classical two-body orbital mechanics to re-anchor my intuition before tackling more complex mission design. Starting point: the Keplerian orbit described by the six orbital elements (a, e, i, Ω, ω, ν). I keep reminding myself that a and e set the orbit size and sh...
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The Five Points of Lagrange by Neil deGrasse Tyson From Natural History Magazine, April 2002 The first manned spacecraft ever to leave Earth orbit was Apollo 8. This achievement remains one of the most remarkable, yet unheralded firsts of the twentieth century. When that moment arrived, the astronauts fired the third a...
22
http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2002/04/01/the-five-points-of-lagrange/
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ae9ee6f0-24e8-48f6-adc3-bcd5267cae3e
Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished colleagues, and all of you who cast your gaze upward with a question in your heart— When we look at the night sky, we often think of it as a vast emptiness. A cold, silent ocean between worlds. But I am here tonight to tell you that this emptiness is a lie. The vacuum between plan...
0.7469
Physicist Tom Van Flandern lays down the law… Newton’s law The Speed of Gravity What the Experiments Say Van Flandern T. ,Physics Letters A, Vol. 250:1-11 (1998) Standard experimental techniques exist to determine the propagation speed of forces. When we apply these techniques to gravity, they all yield propagation spe...
19
http://www.libertariannews.org/2010/05/14/the-speed-of-gravity-why-einstein-was-wrong/
13
8e21b540-0501-47b2-8d5a-68d6a3b37e1d
# Artificial Gravity and the Architecture of Long-Duration Spaceflight Among the many difficulties confronting space engineering, few are as fundamental—or as easily underestimated—as the problem of gravity. A spacecraft can be designed to protect its occupants from radiation, regulate temperature, recycle water, and ...
0.7441
|GPS tracking system| |Friday, 20 October 2006| The global positioning system (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that continuously transmits timing, frequency and satellite position information to potential users. The global positioning system consists of a constellation of GPS satellites that broadcast the G...
29
http://www.electronics-manufacturers.com/info/satellite-communications/gps-tracking-system.html
13
0dc05625-50b1-4902-8d9c-4c21b1e9aba5
The navigation system utilizes a combination of GPS and inertial measurement units to determine the spacecraft's position and velocity with high accuracy, allowing for precise trajectory control and orbit determination.
0.7427
BSA Supply No. 35953 Space is mysterious. We explore space for many reasons, not least because we don't know what is out there, it is vast, and humans are full of curiosity. Each time we send explorers into space, we learn something we didn't know before. We discover a little more of what is there. - Tell the purpose o...
29
http://councils.scouting.org/sitecore/content/Home/BoysScouts/AdvancementandAwards/MeritBadges/mb-SPEX
13
23616c52-70e9-43a1-8e78-dfff965e8eb3
As we continue to push the boundaries of space exploration, sample return missions have become an essential component of our quest for knowledge, allowing us to bring back valuable materials from other planets, moons, and even asteroids, providing us with a unique opportunity to study the composition, geology, and pote...
0.7417
Power measurements are not just for the laboratory; they are essential to the operation of many RF/microwave-based systems. Monitoring transmitted power from an antenna, for example, ensures that a communications system remains within its mandated power limits. Measuring received power in some systems can also help cal...
20
http://mwrf.com/print/test-amp-measurement-analyzers/measuring-power-rfmicrowave-signals
13
7204bde8-abaa-479e-aec5-566f65ca8eaf
In space engineering, telemetry constitutes a critical subsystem enabling real-time monitoring of spacecraft health and performance across vast interplanetary distances. During missions, hundreds of sensor measurements—including temperature gradients across thruster nozzles, solar array current/voltage outputs, gyrosco...
0.7416
The Orion spacecraft will replace the Space Shuttle as a part of the Constellation program, an effort to gain proficiency and experience operating away from Earth's environment and to land human explorers on the moon by 2020. The Orion will carry four to six astronauts and will be the NASA's primary vehicle for manned ...
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http://www.csmonitor.com/Photo-Galleries/In-Pictures/NASA-s-Future-of-Space-Exploration
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590e52fc-5ad2-439d-a231-7f6e81cc65a9
**Excerpt from a Biography:** *"In the early days of space exploration, solar panels became the lifeblood of satellites and spacecraft. As a young engineer at NASA, [Name] pioneered lightweight, high-efficiency photovoltaic arrays, enabling longer missions by harnessing the Sun’s energy beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Thei...
0.7415
On board each was a ‘lander’, which descended to the surface and sent back spectacular pictures of the Red Planet. Now, more than ever, space probes are providing us with thrilling glimpses of worlds beyond our own. Human explorers need food, water, air, sanitation and shelter from the extremely harsh and airless envir...
20
http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/hold_ye_front_page/science/2684585/em1976em-Beyond-the-moonto-Mars.html
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590e52fc-5ad2-439d-a231-7f6e81cc65a9
**Excerpt from a Biography:** *"In the early days of space exploration, solar panels became the lifeblood of satellites and spacecraft. As a young engineer at NASA, [Name] pioneered lightweight, high-efficiency photovoltaic arrays, enabling longer missions by harnessing the Sun’s energy beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Thei...
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Project Gemini was the second human spaceflight program of NASA, the civilian space agency of the United McDonnell Gemini spacecraft Gemini spacecraft in |Retros (solid fuel) x 4: ||2,500 lbf ea |Reentry Control System (N2O4/MMHH) x 16: ||25 lbf ea (N2O4/MMHH) x 2: |85 lbf ea (N2O4/MMHH) x 6: |100 lbf ea (N2O4/MMHH) x ...
52
http://maps.thefullwiki.org/Project_Gemini
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fb4d6d28-1ecd-4599-a990-94e453f2a779
# **Rendezvous Operations in Space Engineering** ## **Introduction** Rendezvous operations are a critical aspect of spaceflight, enabling spacecraft to meet and dock in orbit. These operations are essential for missions such as satellite servicing, crewed spaceflights, resupply missions to space stations, and deep-spa...
0.7364
|Big Bang Nucleosynthesis| Suppose the sun went dark one day, so that we could no longer see it - how could we tell if it was still there? One way to check would be to keep track of the motions of the Earth and the other planets. If the planets don't fly out of their orbits, then there must be something generating the ...
14
http://cdms.berkeley.edu/Education/DMpages/science/science/essays/essays/essays/essays/orbitalMechanics.shtml
13
efede206-2345-4d65-99ce-1a405f69eff9
# Orbital Mechanics as an Engineering Discipline Orbital mechanics is often introduced through a deceptively simple image: a spacecraft is launched upward, gains sufficient speed, and then continues to circle a planet because its forward motion balances the downward pull of gravity. This picture is useful, but it conc...
0.733
A geostationary orbit, or Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), is a circular orbit 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi) above the Earth's equator and following the direction of the Earth's rotation. An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to the Earth's rotational period (one sidereal day), and thus appears motionl...
39
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit
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82505cda-d4fe-4967-85c8-38b007315f1c
A ground station, also known as an earth station, is a terrestrial radio station designed for extraterrestrial communication with spacecraft, or reception of radio waves from satellites in orbit around the Earth. Ground stations are used for telecommunication with satellites, space probes and space stations.
0.7328
As convection is dependent on the bulk movement of a fluid it can only occur in liquids, gases and multiphase mixtures. Natural convection has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers because of its presence both in nature and engineering applications. In nature, convection cells formed from air raising abo...
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http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Convective_heat_transfer
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c9f7a03f-05c8-4a54-bcd7-6202fc6ec6bf
We present experimental results from the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) microgravity facility investigating flame spread over thin cellulose fuels with varying oxygen concentrations (18-30%) at 1 atm pressure. In the absence of gravitational acceleration, buoyant flow is eradicated, resulting in purely forced convect...
0.7317
Three of them would take a 50-crew expedition to a six-week exploration of the moon at Sinus Roris in 1977. Von Braun outlined the first expedition to the moon only after he had calculated the necessary trajectories and masses for an expedition to Mars. Like the Mars expedition, the first lunar journey would be a grand...
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http://www.astronautix.com/craft/vonander.htm
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c5c4ad6e-9dfe-4d7d-a4fc-5325ed7b4bc2
Reusable rockets represent a transformative advancement in spaceflight technology, enabling significant cost reductions and increased launch frequency by allowing the first stage of orbital launch vehicles to return to Earth intact after delivering their payload to space. Developed and refined primarily by SpaceX since...
0.7316
In this experiment we will study motion in two-dimension. An object which has motion in both the X and Y direction has two dimensional motion. The apparatus we will use to study this motion is called ballistic pendulum. We will first determine at what velocity the ball is being fired from the firing mechanism, and then...
27
http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/02205/experiment.htm
13
efede206-2345-4d65-99ce-1a405f69eff9
# Orbital Mechanics as an Engineering Discipline Orbital mechanics is often introduced through a deceptively simple image: a spacecraft is launched upward, gains sufficient speed, and then continues to circle a planet because its forward motion balances the downward pull of gravity. This picture is useful, but it conc...
0.7315
The equivalence principle, an extension of the mass-independent acceleration of Newtonian gravity, provides general relativity with its fundamental effects on light propagation. In addition to the effects associated with the equivalence principle, general relativity adds three more features not found in Newtonian gravi...
82
http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/generalrelativity/Astrophysics.html
13
8e21b540-0501-47b2-8d5a-68d6a3b37e1d
# Artificial Gravity and the Architecture of Long-Duration Spaceflight Among the many difficulties confronting space engineering, few are as fundamental—or as easily underestimated—as the problem of gravity. A spacecraft can be designed to protect its occupants from radiation, regulate temperature, recycle water, and ...
0.7315
(Sen) - For centuries the dancing display of aurorae has both beguiled and mystified, but now scientists are one step closer to understanding the processes that drive these magical phenomena. The aurora are created when solar winds, laden with charged particles interact with the Earth’s magnetic field and become channe...
10
http://www.sen.com/news/28022012.html
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f9e6668f-10ab-40bc-bacb-e81ff9c58997
**Excerpt from a Keynote Speech on Hall Thrusters in Space Engineering** *Delivered by Dr. Elena Vasquez, Chief Propulsion Engineer at the European Space Agency* --- **Ladies and Gentlemen, esteemed colleagues, and fellow pioneers of space exploration,** Today, I stand before you not just as an engineer, but as a w...
0.7301
Exoplanet CoRoT-7b is five times heavier than the Earth Even in ancient times, people observed the planets that orbit our Sun. (See also the astronomy question from week 1: Why are there seven days in a week?) Nowadays we know that there are many trillions of other stars in the Universe, in addition to the Sun. It seem...
11
http://www.dlr.de/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5170/8702_read-20367/usetemplate-print/
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08b6402f-08e1-4144-a239-d8125296b756
# **Gravitational Assist** ## **Introduction** **Gravitational assist**, also known as a **gravity assist**, **flyby**, or **slingshot maneuver**, is a technique in spaceflight where a spacecraft uses the relative movement and gravity of a planet or other celestial body to alter its path and speed. This method is comm...
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Global Positioning System Overview GPS is a Satellite Navigation System - GPS is funded by and controlled by the U. S. Department of Defense (DOD). While there are many thousands of civil users of GPS world-wide, the system was designed for and is operated by the U. S. military. - GPS provides specially coded satellite...
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http://www.aprendelo.com.br/rec/global-positioning-system-overview.html
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b59bad41-4c30-4e48-8faa-c109d00b512f
In the realm of space engineering, navigation systems represent the foundational nervous system that enables spacecraft to traverse the vast, uncharted expanses of the solar system with precision and reliability. Unlike terrestrial navigation, where GPS satellites, magnetic compasses, and road markers provide consisten...
0.7264
Our voyage through the solar system, in search of conditions in which life could originate, has encountered an enormous diversity of habitats--from the dry soils of Mars to the sulphurous geysers of Io and the ocean of Europa. Several space missions are planned for the coming decade that may shed more light on the issu...
18
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/space/planets-solar-system/searchforlife-astrobiology/beyond-solar-system/index.html
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7ad1a3dc-03c3-44a6-9a45-066ef0b7369f
Friends, colleagues, dreamers. We stand at the precipice of a new golden age – an age not of discovering continents on our own world, but of reaching for those orbiting distant stars. For generations, humanity has looked up, captivated by the mysteries held within the cosmos. From ancient astronomers charting the movem...
0.7251
The chip at the core of the Sprite microsatellite is smaller than a dime. What’s the News: Imagine a cloud of tiny satellites, each no larger than a postage stamp, sailing like dust on solar winds through a planet’s atmosphere and sending radio signals home, with no need for fuel. When a small patch of real estate open...
14
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2011/04/29/postage-stamp-satellites-poised-to-begin-mission-to-explore-the-solar-system/
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7ad1a3dc-03c3-44a6-9a45-066ef0b7369f
Friends, colleagues, dreamers. We stand at the precipice of a new golden age – an age not of discovering continents on our own world, but of reaching for those orbiting distant stars. For generations, humanity has looked up, captivated by the mysteries held within the cosmos. From ancient astronomers charting the movem...
0.725
Lichen can survive the hostile conditions of space, according to a study published by a team of biologists, lending more support to the theory that life arrives on planets via near-Earth objects. The study, published in the June 2012 issue of Astrobiology, details how the lichen was exposed to (and survived) electromag...
11
http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-06/25/lichen-survives-space
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e1127b10-c916-4097-924f-a35b666051ee
The exploration of Europa, one of Jupiter’s icy moons, represents one of the most compelling frontiers in planetary science and space engineering. With its subsurface ocean—believed to contain more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans combined—Europa presents a unique opportunity to investigate the potential for ext...
0.7249
The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation. Effective temperature is often used as an estimate of a body's temperature when the body's emissivity curve (as a function of wavelength) is not known. When...
23
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperature
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372593cf-9aa3-413e-93a6-51252500dbdd
Today I spent hours reviewing the thermal control system design for the satellite module and I'm realizing just how critical this subsystem is to mission success. The passive radiators are positioned on the external surfaces and they're designed to dissipate approximately 15 kW of heat continuously during nominal opera...
0.7241
Acceleration.The rate of change of velocity; the slope of the tangent line on a v-t graph. Attractive.Describes a force that tends to pull the two participating objects together. Cf. repulsive, Center of mass.The balance point of an object. Component.The part of a velocity, acceleration, or force that is along one part...
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http://www.faqs.org/docs/Newtonian/Newtonian_221.htm
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8e21b540-0501-47b2-8d5a-68d6a3b37e1d
# Artificial Gravity and the Architecture of Long-Duration Spaceflight Among the many difficulties confronting space engineering, few are as fundamental—or as easily underestimated—as the problem of gravity. A spacecraft can be designed to protect its occupants from radiation, regulate temperature, recycle water, and ...
0.7237
Cruising far beyond the outermost planets, two American spacecraft have discovered the first strong physical evidence of the long-sought boundary marking the edge of the solar system, where the solar wind ebbs and the cold of interstellar space begins. Voyager 1, now 4.9 billion miles out from Earth, began detecting in...
10
http://articles.mcall.com/1993-05-27/news/2915696_1_heliopause-interstellar-space-voyager-project
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3598713b-9e81-469c-bdd1-a561f87ad067
The exploration of outer planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune – represents a pinnacle of space engineering achievement, demanding innovations across nearly every discipline. Unlike lunar or Martian missions, the sheer distance to these celestial bodies introduces substantial challenges in power generation, co...
0.723
Oxygen for the crew of the International Space Station is supplied through an on-board electrolysis system. It was a moment that bordered on catastrophe: A fire aboard the Mir space station in 1997 almost caused the loss of the orbiting platform and the deaths of its crew. With their route to an escape capsule blocked ...
10
http://www.asme.org/kb/news---articles/articles/aerospace---defense/making-space-safer-with-electrolysis
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d8d8c7b7-102e-4e4f-b825-772d705c6ed2
The oxygen generation system we've developed uses electrolysis to convert water into breathable air, ensuring our astronauts can survive safely during extended missions in space.
0.7224
Skylab was the first manned effort specifically designed to develop applied space technology for improving life on Earth. Although some Skylab instruments functioned automatically, most were operated by astronauts. The Skylab Program had several objectives: * To enrich scientific knowledge of the Earth, the Sun, the st...
26
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/history/story/ch10.html
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50c8ce30-089f-4f49-b2e4-df570dd8d375
Throughout his career, Dr. Eleanor Voss dedicated herself to developing innovative radiation shielding technologies for deep-space missions, recognizing that beyond Earth’s magnetosphere, astronauts were exposed to galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events that could compromise both mission integrity and human hea...
0.7223
This NASA Hubble Space Telescope image of the planet Uranus reveals the planet's rings, at least five of the inner moons, and bright clouds in the planet's southern hemisphere. Hubble now allows astronomers to revisit the planet at a level of detail not possible since the Voyager 2 spacecraft flew by the planet briefly...
11
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01281
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3598713b-9e81-469c-bdd1-a561f87ad067
The exploration of outer planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune – represents a pinnacle of space engineering achievement, demanding innovations across nearly every discipline. Unlike lunar or Martian missions, the sheer distance to these celestial bodies introduces substantial challenges in power generation, co...
0.7211
This picture of Eros, the first of an asteroid taken from an orbiting spacecraft, is a mosaic of four images obtained by NASA's NEAR mission immediately after the spacecraft's insertion into orbit. Question: How close has an asteroid come within the Earth’s gravitational field without a collision occurring? Answer: Ast...
11
http://museumvictoria.com.au/discoverycentre/discovery-centre-news/2010-archive/asteroids/
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92bf64a1-0a89-4967-a209-ad3d9c93910a
Asteroid deflection project - personal research notes: Spent the afternoon reviewing our kinetic impactor simulation models and I'm genuinely excited about the progress we're making. The basic principle remains sound: a spacecraft colliding with an asteroid at high velocity can impart momentum and alter its trajectory...
0.719
-un") is a new NASA spacecraft for astronauts. The spacecraft will play an important part in the future of human space exploration. It will carry astronauts farther into the solar system than ever before. What Will Orion Do? Orion is the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, or MPCV. It will carry astronauts into deep space and ...
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http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/what-is-orion-58.html
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fe17fd9e-d672-4618-82a2-926962b13881
Orbital refueling, also known as in-orbit refueling, is a process where a spacecraft in orbit around a celestial body, such as the Earth, is resupplied with propellant, such as rocket fuel or oxidizer, from a separate spacecraft, known as a tanker. This process is crucial for extending the lifespan of spacecraft, parti...
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Einstein continued working in all three fields explored in his 1905 papers and made important contributions to other fields, but he increasingly sought to expand special relativity to include the effects of acceleration. He found the key to this problem in principle of equivalence, by which gravitational mass (mass rel...
24
http://library.thinkquest.org/17508/NJGeneralrelativity.html
13
8e21b540-0501-47b2-8d5a-68d6a3b37e1d
# Artificial Gravity and the Architecture of Long-Duration Spaceflight Among the many difficulties confronting space engineering, few are as fundamental—or as easily underestimated—as the problem of gravity. A spacecraft can be designed to protect its occupants from radiation, regulate temperature, recycle water, and ...
0.7162
Introduction to Mechanisms This chapter introduces the basic physical principles behind mechanisms as well as basic concepts and principles required for this Force: an agent or influence that, if applied to a free body results chiefly in an acceleration of the body and sometimes in elastic deformation and other effects...
21
http://www.scs.cmu.edu/~rapidproto/mechanisms/chpt1.html
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6585012c-4dd6-4c4a-82df-9d10759a46eb
**Section 4.2: Kinetic Impactor Velocity Analysis** To achieve the required orbital deviation of Asteroid 2023-XB1, the spacecraft must deliver a precise impulse via a high-velocity kinetic impact. Based on current trajectory models, a target impact velocity of $\geq 6.5 \text{ km/s}$ is necessary to induce a sufficie...
0.7159
ESA’s Venus Express has been used to study the geology in a region near Venus’ equator. Using near-infrared observations collected by the Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC), scientists have found evidence that the planet’s rugged highlands are scattered with geochemically more evolved rocks, rather than the basaltic rocks o...
20
http://nerdygirlknits.tumblr.com/page/5
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b7450642-5551-4ce1-9fc9-dbb4b41ecbe0
Enceladus missions have progressively evolved in complexity, driven by accumulating evidence of a subsurface liquid water ocean and its potential habitability. Early flybys, notably those conducted by Voyager 2 in 1981, provided the first glimpses of this Saturnian moon’s unusual characteristics – a bright, geologicall...
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The Deep Space 2 probes are the first completely integrated and miniaturized systems built by NASA for space flight. Each probe will test technologies to prove they work in the harsh environment of space. Both probes are tiny data-gathering laboratories. Microinstruments in the lower spacecraft (forebody) collect a sam...
13
http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/ds2/tech/tech.html
13
608345d0-f431-46f6-b4e3-a639439b052c
Sample return missions represent one of the most technologically demanding and scientifically rewarding endeavors in space engineering, requiring the seamless integration of orbital mechanics, robotic autonomy, thermal management, planetary protection protocols, and re-entry vehicle design. Unlike remote sensing or in-...
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In its simplest form, a wind tunnel is an enclosed structure that lets researchers simulate the same conditions an aircraft would encounter as it flies through the atmosphere. In a wind tunnel, a highly instrumented aircraft model or an aircraft part (component) is held in place while air moves past it to simulate flig...
23
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs05grc.html
13
581c13a9-288d-451e-8860-417a3e64a3b7
Launch vehicles are a class of rocket-powered vehicles designed to transport payloads—such as satellites, scientific instruments, crewed spacecraft, and cargo—from Earth's surface into outer space. They are often categorized by their delivery capabilities (e.g., small, medium, heavy, and super heavy) and by their orbit...
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Illustration courtesy NASA Published December 1, 2011 According to a new study, the two spacecraft have detected a type of ultraviolet light from other regions of our Milky Way galaxy that had previously been all but invisible due to the sun's glow. "People have tried to make this measurement from Earth orbit, unsucces...
16
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/12/111201-voyager-probes-milky-way-light-hydrogen-sun-nasa-space
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590e52fc-5ad2-439d-a231-7f6e81cc65a9
**Excerpt from a Biography:** *"In the early days of space exploration, solar panels became the lifeblood of satellites and spacecraft. As a young engineer at NASA, [Name] pioneered lightweight, high-efficiency photovoltaic arrays, enabling longer missions by harnessing the Sun’s energy beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Thei...
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The real measure of a telescope's power is not how greatly it can magnify a distant object, but what portion of that object's light the instrument actually collects. It's easy if you think of the photons, or light particles, as raindrops, and the telescope as a bucket. The larger your bucket is, the more rain you will ...
13
http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/leviathan-of-parsonstown
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b9fea7e9-e5c4-4936-9c6d-44ec6b7bfd8a
The primary mirror of a space telescope must be precisely engineered and coated with reflective materials to capture and focus electromagnetic radiation from distant celestial objects, enabling astronomers to observe phenomena billions of light-years away.
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Before there was Saturn, when it was still known as the Juno V, there was - NOVA. The US Air Force had begun development of a 1.5 million pound thrust engine, the F-1, in the 1950's. When NASA was formed, it considered a new launch vehicle beyond the Saturn, using the F-1 engine and capable of sending a manned expediti...
19
http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/nova.htm
13
c5c4ad6e-9dfe-4d7d-a4fc-5325ed7b4bc2
Reusable rockets represent a transformative advancement in spaceflight technology, enabling significant cost reductions and increased launch frequency by allowing the first stage of orbital launch vehicles to return to Earth intact after delivering their payload to space. Developed and refined primarily by SpaceX since...
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The NASA Space Radiation Facility at BNL By Michael Sivertz So you want to be an astronaut? Space flight can be dangerous, but not all dangers come in the form of large hungry aliens with a bad attitude. NASA is concerned about the amount of radiation that astronauts are exposed to in routine space flights. Radiation f...
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http://www.bnl.gov/rhic/news/071707/story2.asp
13
50c8ce30-089f-4f49-b2e4-df570dd8d375
Throughout his career, Dr. Eleanor Voss dedicated herself to developing innovative radiation shielding technologies for deep-space missions, recognizing that beyond Earth’s magnetosphere, astronauts were exposed to galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events that could compromise both mission integrity and human hea...
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NASA eClips: Satellites and Solar Eruptions Solar ejections (actually called Coronal Mass Ejections or CMEs) are the most powerful drivers of the Sun-Earth connection. Yet despite their importance, scientists don't fully understand the origin and evolution of CMEs, nor their structure or extent in interplanetary space....
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http://spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov/pEclips9.html
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900c09b6-8eb8-4027-9e4d-743cb4140c9f
The increasing complexity of modern space missions necessitates a comprehensive understanding of space weather phenomena and their impact on spacecraft systems. Solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and high-energy solar particle events (SPEs) can induce severe space radiation environments that degrade electroni...
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For a variety of obvious reasons, it's impossible to reproduce the exact environment in which galaxies form. The lack of direct experimental tests for a the models astrophysicists use creates a disconnect between what astronomers observe and theoretical work. However, that barrier is being broken down by a combination ...
13
http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/01/galactic-magnetic-fields-produced-in-a-lab-using-lasers/
13
a52c5a0c-f984-440a-b1de-9a40c728102e
Ladies and gentlemen, we stand at the threshold of an extraordinary era in human exploration, and at the heart of this journey lies the enigmatic realm of microgravity. For decades, space engineering has been unlocking the secrets of this unique environment aboard orbiting laboratories like the International Space Stat...
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Proteomics/Protein Separations - Centrifugation/How the Centrifuge Works Forces of the Centrifuge Centripetal Force A centrifuge works by spinning mixtures around a central axis (centrifugal force). As the sample spins the tendency of the inertia of the object is to move in a straight-line path. However, due to its c...
17
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Proteomics/Protein_Separations_-_Centrifugation/How_the_Centrifuge_Works
13
e02ec941-0192-4477-96c0-13ad42147852
**Technical Memo: Centrifugal Gravity Implementation (Section 4.2)** To mitigate the physiological degradation associated with prolonged microgravity—specifically bone density loss and muscular atrophy—the proposed habitat design incorporates a rotating torus structure. By utilizing centrifugal force, the module will ...
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The physicists describe an orbit as the path that is gravitationally curved around an object or a point in space. All celestial objects move around in space and they have to do this in an orbit. Each object has its own orbit. An orbit is therefore that path that an object follows as it is moving around another object. ...
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http://www.giglig.com/family/education/what-is-an-orbit
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efede206-2345-4d65-99ce-1a405f69eff9
# Orbital Mechanics as an Engineering Discipline Orbital mechanics is often introduced through a deceptively simple image: a spacecraft is launched upward, gains sufficient speed, and then continues to circle a planet because its forward motion balances the downward pull of gravity. This picture is useful, but it conc...
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Space, as Douglas Adams once so aptly wrote, is big. To try imagining how big, place a penny down in front of you. If our sun were the size of that penny, the nearest star, Alpha Centauri, would be 350 miles away. Depending on where you live, that’s very likely in the next state (or possibly country) over. Attempting t...
34
http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/12/universe-size/?pid=2574&viewall=true
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1ebd2d29-9298-419e-9eda-4f139e2444fa
For generations, humanity has gazed at the stars, wondering what lies beyond. But it wasn't until we lifted our eyes *above* the blurring effects of Earth's atmosphere – with space telescopes like Hubble and now, James Webb – that those distant worlds truly came into focus. These aren't just instruments; they are time ...
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