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twente-microbubblesim: restructure the data card to the common layout

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Syncs the twente-microbubblesim card on the Hub with the reviewed state on GitHub (open-h/OpenH-RF).

The card now follows the layout shared by every OpenH-RF dataset: frontmatter with a `name`, a stand-alone title, the hero image with an italic caption linking the sample it shows, Description, Contributor(s), Creation Date and the standard CC BY 4.0 text, then a new **Processing the Dataset** section (the `zea process` command where the pipeline carries the whole reconstruction, and the `reconstruct.py` link) followed by Dataset Format, which opens with the zea version. Hard line breaks are gone so the Hub wraps paragraphs itself; the longer sections keep their content.

The usage example now matches the script (`PATH` / `PULSE` / `CONFIG_PATH` constants instead of CLI flags).

**GitHub PRs:**
- [tristan-deep/OpenH-RF#28](https://github.com/tristan-deep/OpenH-RF/pull/28) — Restructure all data cards to the common README layout

Files changed: 1.

```
~ twente-microbubblesim/README.md
```

Files changed (1) hide show
  1. twente-microbubblesim/README.md +48 -149
twente-microbubblesim/README.md CHANGED
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
1
  ---
2
- pretty_name: "OpenH-RF — Waveform-Specific Synthetic Microbubble RF Dataset"
 
3
  license: cc-by-4.0
4
  task_categories:
5
  - image-to-image
@@ -15,26 +16,18 @@ size_categories:
15
  - "n<1K"
16
  ---
17
 
18
- # OpenH-RF synthetic ultrasound data
19
 
20
  ## Dataset Description
21
 
22
- This synthetic 3-D ultrasound dataset contains nonlinear radiofrequency (RF)
23
- responses from microbubble contrast agents for cardiovascular-flow imaging. It
24
- was generated to study the effect of ultrasound transmit-waveform shape on RF
25
- signals and deep-learning methods for microbubble super-resolution. It contains
26
- simulated data, not clinical, phantom, or in-vivo animal data.
27
 
28
- ## Dataset Contributors
29
 
30
- | Contributor | Affiliation / role | Email |
31
- |---|---|---|
32
- | Rienk Zorgdrager | PhD candidate, University of Twente | `r.c.zorgdrager@utwente.nl` |
33
- | Anass Hameddine | PhD candidate, University of Twente | `a.hameddine@utwente.nl` |
34
- | Michel Versluis | Professor, physical and medical acoustics, University of Twente | `m.versluis@utwente.nl` |
35
- | Guillaume Lajoinie | Associate Professor, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente | `g.p.r.lajoinie@utwente.nl` |
36
-
37
- **Primary contacts:** Anass Hameddine and Rienk Zorgdrager.
38
 
39
  ## Dataset Creation Date
40
 
@@ -42,82 +35,50 @@ simulated data, not clinical, phantom, or in-vivo animal data.
42
 
43
  ## License / Terms of Use
44
 
45
- This dataset is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
46
- International license (CC BY 4.0). See [creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The contributors
47
- confirm that the simulated RF outputs, bubble ground truth, pulse waveforms,
48
- calibrated P4-1 inputs, and incorporated assets used to produce this dataset
49
- are cleared for public redistribution under CC BY 4.0, consistent with the
50
- accepted proposal and the steering-group IP policy.
51
 
52
  ## Intended Usage
53
 
54
- The dataset is intended for studying the effect of transmit waveforms on
55
- deep-learning methods for microbubble super-resolution imaging.
56
 
57
  ## Dataset Characterization
58
 
59
  - **Data collection method:** Synthetic.
60
- - **Ground truth:** Simulated 3-D microbubble positions are stored as zea custom
61
- elements (`bubble_x`, `bubble_y`, and `bubble_z`).
62
- - **Bubble populations:** Monodisperse bubbles with a radius of 2.4 micrometres
63
- and 5% standard deviation, and a polydisperse SonoVue population.
64
- - **Acquisition system:** An experimentally calibrated virtual ATL P4-1
65
- transducer with 96 elements, realistic 3-D plane-wave pressure fields, a
66
- 62.5 MHz RF sampling rate, and 12 transmit waveforms. The overall probe
67
- dimensions are 0.02854 m × 0.016 m; each element is 0.000245 m wide and
68
- 0.016 m high. Its official nominal operating band is 1.0e6–4.0e6 Hz.
69
- - **Simulation scale:** Up to 27.5 microbubbles/cm³, with 250 random bubble
70
- distributions per population.
71
- - **Bubble-response model:** The implementation is a modified private derivative
72
- of the simulator described in Zorgdrager et al. (2025). It uses a custom,
73
- parallelized radial microbubble-response solver based on the Rayleigh–Plesset
74
- equation and adds 3-D realistic pressure-field calculation and coupling for
75
- the calibrated virtual ATL P4-1. The exact source-code version was not
76
- separately recorded; the dataset was generated with the internal label
77
- **private dataset-generation release 2026-07-12**. The solver source is
78
- private and is not distributed with this dataset.
79
 
80
  ## Dataset Format
81
 
82
- Each bubble distribution is stored in one zea HDF5 file containing 12 pulse
83
- tracks. The raw channel data in every `tracks/track_i/data/raw_data` dataset
84
- have shape `(1, 1, 8446, 96, 1)`: one frame, one transmit, 8,446 time samples,
85
- 96 receive elements, and one real RF channel. RF values are `float32`; their
86
- absolute amplitude unit remains source-defined.
87
 
88
  The complete track hierarchy is:
89
 
90
- tracks/
91
- ├── track_0/
92
- │ ├── label # scalar string: DPT
93
- │ ├── data/raw_data
94
- │ ├── scan/
95
- │ └── transmit_only
96
- ├── track_1/ # label: L1.7
97
- ├── ...
98
- └── track_11/ # label: SUC
99
-
100
- Each track stores one pulse variant. The fixed mapping for `track_0` through
101
- `track_11` is `DPT`, `L1.7`, `L2.5`, `L3.4`, `LDC`, `LUC`, `REF`, `S1.7`,
102
- `S2.5`, `S3.4`, `SDC`, and `SUC`. Every track has its own canonical scalar
103
- `label` dataset. The same ordered names are also stored in
104
- `custom/pulse_names`. The tracks are independent pulse variants for the same bubble realization, not a temporal sequence; no `track_schedule` is used.
105
-
106
- Track-specific pulse metadata use names such as
107
- `custom/track_0_pulse_waveform` and `custom/track_0_t_peak`. The `scan` group
108
- contains sampling, transmit, timing, focus, steering, and apodization
109
- parameters. `transmit_only` is false because each track contains receive RF
110
- data. The probe geometry is stored at `probe/probe_geometry` with shape
111
- `(96, 3)`, one `(x, y, z)` position per receive element in metres. Element dimensions are stored at `probe/element_width` (`0.000245` m) and `probe/element_height` (`0.016` m). Overall probe dimensions are stored in metres as custom fields `probe_overall_width` (`0.02854`) and `probe_overall_height` (`0.016`). The official nominal P4-1 bandwidth is stored in `custom/probe_nominal_bandwidth_lower_frequency` and `custom/probe_nominal_bandwidth_upper_frequency` as 1.0e6–4.0e6 Hz.
112
-
113
- The conversion preserves the source RF traces and the available bubble,
114
- domain, and pulse metadata. It does not refocus or demodulate RF data before
115
- packaging. The source pulse waveforms were sampled at 250 MHz.
116
 
117
  ### Pulse labels
118
 
119
- The meanings and waveform values below are from Table I of Zorgdrager et al.
120
- (2025), [doi:10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3537298](https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3537298).
121
 
122
  | Track | Label meaning | Frequency / sweep |
123
  |---:|---|---:|
@@ -138,8 +99,7 @@ The meanings and waveform values below are from Table I of Zorgdrager et al.
138
 
139
  **Current OpenH-RF release:** 500 HDF5 files; 17.03 GB (17,029,267,456 bytes) stored; root `zea_version` **0.1.6**. Sizes include all HDF5 contents and use decimal units (MB = 10^6 bytes, GB = 10^9 bytes, TB = 10^12 bytes), not decoded-array memory or original-source download sizes.
140
 
141
- - **Acquisition files:** 500 files, each with 12 one-frame pulse tracks (6,000
142
- track acquisitions total).
143
  - **Organization:** Two bubble populations × 250 files × 12 pulse tracks.
144
  - **Total consolidated HDF5 size:** 17.03 GB (17,029,267,456 bytes).
145
 
@@ -161,61 +121,17 @@ The zea 0.1.6 migration uses the following lowercase custom-field names:
161
  | `custom/bubble_p_dB` | `custom/bubble_p_db` |
162
  | `custom/track_<i>_pulse_A` | `custom/track_<i>_pulse_a` for tracks 0 through 11 |
163
 
164
- In the [upstream simulator](https://github.com/POF-ultrasound/super-resolution-waveforms/blob/main/RF_simulator/microbubble-simulator/main.m),
165
- `R0` is the initial microbubble radius in metres, whereas `r0` is the distance
166
- from the bubble to the pressure sensor in metres. The distinct
167
- `custom/bubble_r0` field is therefore retained unchanged, not merged with
168
- `custom/bubble_initial_r0`. These definitions describe the public upstream
169
- implementation; the dataset uses a private derivative. Existing stored units
170
- and values are preserved, not inferred or rescaled during migration.
171
 
172
- All 14 renames preserve array values, shapes, dtypes, and existing attributes.
173
- Each renamed dataset records its original name in `source_custom_name`.
174
- The current release uses the migrated names; older revisions use the original names. The loading helper
175
- accepts both; new consumers should use the migrated paths.
176
 
177
  ## Subject Metadata
178
 
179
- This fully synthetic dataset contains no human or animal subjects, protected
180
- health information, age, sex, pathology, consent records, or clinical scanner
181
- identifiers.
182
-
183
- ## Reconstruction
184
-
185
- All pulse tracks use identical verified pipeline files stored in the `pipeline/`
186
- folder: `pipeline_track_<index>_<label>.yaml` for each of the 12 tracks. Each
187
- file defines the verified processing chain:
188
-
189
- `demodulate → downsample (factor 1) → delay-and-sum beamform → envelope detect → normalize → log compress`
190
-
191
- `--pulse` selects the pulse by its stored label and applies the corresponding
192
- track's `t_peak`, while the same pipeline operations are applied to every
193
- track. These commands reconstruct REF (`track_6`) for both populations:
194
-
195
- ```bash
196
- python reconstruct.py \
197
- --path Monodispers/RFDATA00001.hdf5 \
198
- --pulse REF \
199
- --output REF_monodisperse.png
200
-
201
- python reconstruct.py \
202
- --path SonoVue/RFDATA00001.hdf5 \
203
- --pulse REF \
204
- --output REF_sonovue.png
205
- ```
206
-
207
- To override the selected track's pipeline, pass `--config-path`, for example
208
- `pipeline/pipeline_track_6_REF.yaml`. Each track stores its beamforming
209
- peak-time reference as `custom/track_i_t_peak`. Reconstruction
210
- applies the value belonging to the selected track. `--path` must point directly
211
- to one `.hdf5` acquisition file.
212
 
213
  ## Data Validation
214
 
215
- All 500 HDF5 files were checked for the expected zea container structure, 12
216
- ordered and labelled tracks, RF shape `(1, 1, 8446, 96, 1)`, and track-specific
217
- pulse metadata. The original submission passed zea 0.1.2 validation. Representative RF traces and pulse
218
- waveforms were also compared with their pulse-folder sources with no mismatch.
219
 
220
  <table>
221
  <tr>
@@ -230,36 +146,19 @@ waveforms were also compared with their pulse-folder sources with no mismatch.
230
 
231
  ## Known Issues
232
 
233
- - The transmit setup is an unfocused plane wave by design: steering angle is
234
- zero, no finite focus distance is used (`infinite focus`), transmit delays
235
- are zero, and apodization is unity for every transmit element. These are
236
- intentional simulation settings rather than missing calibration fields.
237
- - RF amplitude and several custom-element units remain source-defined and
238
- should be confirmed against the simulator documentation.
239
- - The HDF5 files store only the official nominal bandwidth endpoints
240
- (1.0–4.0 MHz). The measured transfer-function −6 dB bounds (approximately
241
- 1.52–3.70 MHz) and corresponding 83.4% fractional bandwidth are documented
242
- in this README but are not stored as HDF5 data fields.
243
- - The simulator is a private, unpublished derivative of the cited simulator;
244
- no public software package or Git commit is required to use the released RF
245
- data. The internal dataset-generation release label is recorded in the HDF5
246
- metadata and should be used when referring to this generation run.
247
  - No train/validation/test split is provided.
248
  - `reconstruct.py` imports `utils.py`; keep both files together.
249
 
250
  ## Ethical Considerations
251
 
252
- The dataset is synthetic, so participant consent, de-identification, and IRB
253
- approval are not applicable. The contributors confirm that the simulation code,
254
- calibrated inputs, source data, and incorporated assets may be redistributed
255
- under the declared CC BY 4.0 license, consistent with the accepted proposal and
256
- the steering-group IP policy.
257
 
258
  ## Citation
259
 
260
  When using the dataset, cite:
261
 
262
- R. Zorgdrager et al., “Waveform-Specific Performance of Deep Learning-Based
263
- Super-Resolution for Ultrasound Contrast Imaging,” *IEEE Transactions on
264
- Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control*, 2025.
265
- [doi:10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3537298](https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3537298)
 
1
  ---
2
+ name: twente-microbubblesim
3
+ pretty_name: "Waveform-Specific Synthetic Microbubble RF Dataset"
4
  license: cc-by-4.0
5
  task_categories:
6
  - image-to-image
 
16
  - "n<1K"
17
  ---
18
 
19
+ # Waveform-Specific Synthetic Microbubble RF Dataset
20
 
21
  ## Dataset Description
22
 
23
+ This synthetic 3-D ultrasound dataset contains nonlinear radiofrequency (RF) responses from microbubble contrast agents for cardiovascular-flow imaging. It was generated to study the effect of ultrasound transmit-waveform shape on RF signals and deep-learning methods for microbubble super-resolution. It contains simulated data, not clinical, phantom, or in-vivo animal data.
 
 
 
 
24
 
25
+ ## Dataset Contributor(s)
26
 
27
+ - Rienk Zorgdrager <r.c.zorgdrager@utwente.nl> (PhD candidate, University of Twente; primary contact)
28
+ - Anass Hameddine <a.hameddine@utwente.nl> (PhD candidate, University of Twente; primary contact)
29
+ - Michel Versluis <m.versluis@utwente.nl> (Professor, physical and medical acoustics, University of Twente)
30
+ - Guillaume Lajoinie <g.p.r.lajoinie@utwente.nl> (Associate Professor, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente)
 
 
 
 
31
 
32
  ## Dataset Creation Date
33
 
 
35
 
36
  ## License / Terms of Use
37
 
38
+ [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.en). Retain attribution and identify modifications when reusing the data.
 
 
 
 
 
39
 
40
  ## Intended Usage
41
 
42
+ The dataset is intended for studying the effect of transmit waveforms on deep-learning methods for microbubble super-resolution imaging.
 
43
 
44
  ## Dataset Characterization
45
 
46
  - **Data collection method:** Synthetic.
47
+ - **Ground truth:** Simulated 3-D microbubble positions are stored as zea custom elements (`bubble_x`, `bubble_y`, and `bubble_z`).
48
+ - **Bubble populations:** Monodisperse bubbles with a radius of 2.4 micrometres and 5% standard deviation, and a polydisperse SonoVue population.
49
+ - **Acquisition system:** An experimentally calibrated virtual ATL P4-1 transducer with 96 elements, realistic 3-D plane-wave pressure fields, a 62.5 MHz RF sampling rate, and 12 transmit waveforms. The overall probe dimensions are 0.02854 m × 0.016 m; each element is 0.000245 m wide and 0.016 m high. Its official nominal operating band is 1.0e6–4.0e6 Hz.
50
+ - **Simulation scale:** Up to 27.5 microbubbles/cm³, with 250 random bubble distributions per population.
51
+ - **Bubble-response model:** The implementation is a modified private derivative of the simulator described in Zorgdrager et al. (2025). It uses a custom, parallelized radial microbubble-response solver based on the Rayleigh–Plesset equation and adds 3-D realistic pressure-field calculation and coupling for the calibrated virtual ATL P4-1. The exact source-code version was not separately recorded; the dataset was generated with the internal label **private dataset-generation release 2026-07-12**. The solver source is private and is not distributed with this dataset.
52
+
53
+ ## Processing the Dataset
54
+
55
+ The acquisitions can be processed with the `reconstruct.py` [script](https://github.com/open-h/OpenH-RF/blob/main/datasets/twente-microbubblesim/reconstruct.py) as provided in the [OpenH-RF GitHub repository](https://github.com/open-h/OpenH-RF), together with the pipeline definitions in `pipeline/` and the [zea library](https://github.com/tue-bmd/zea). The script streams the data from the Hugging Face Hub.
56
+
57
+ Every pulse track has its own verified pipeline file, `pipeline/pipeline_track_<index>_<label>.yaml`, all defining the same chain:
58
+
59
+ `demodulate → downsample (factor 1) → delay-and-sum beamform → envelope detect → normalize → log compress`
60
+
61
+ Set `PATH` to one `.hdf5` acquisition, `PULSE` to the pulse label (for example `REF`, `DPT` or `L1.7`) and `CONFIG_PATH` to the matching track's pipeline. The script applies that track's beamforming peak-time reference (`custom/track_i_t_peak`) and, with `SHOW_BUBBLES`, overlays the ground-truth bubble positions.
 
 
 
 
62
 
63
  ## Dataset Format
64
 
65
+ [zea v0.1.6](https://github.com/tue-bmd/zea)
66
+
67
+ Each bubble distribution is stored in one zea HDF5 file containing 12 pulse tracks. The raw channel data in every `tracks/track_i/data/raw_data` dataset have shape `(1, 1, 8446, 96, 1)`: one frame, one transmit, 8,446 time samples, 96 receive elements, and one real RF channel. RF values are `float32`; their absolute amplitude unit remains source-defined.
 
 
68
 
69
  The complete track hierarchy is:
70
 
71
+ tracks/ ├── track_0/ │ ├── label # scalar string: DPT │ ├── data/raw_data │ ├── scan/ │ └── transmit_only ├── track_1/ # label: L1.7 ├── ... └── track_11/ # label: SUC
72
+
73
+ Each track stores one pulse variant. The fixed mapping for `track_0` through `track_11` is `DPT`, `L1.7`, `L2.5`, `L3.4`, `LDC`, `LUC`, `REF`, `S1.7`, `S2.5`, `S3.4`, `SDC`, and `SUC`. Every track has its own canonical scalar `label` dataset. The same ordered names are also stored in `custom/pulse_names`. The tracks are independent pulse variants for the same bubble realization, not a temporal sequence; no `track_schedule` is used.
74
+
75
+ Track-specific pulse metadata use names such as `custom/track_0_pulse_waveform` and `custom/track_0_t_peak`. The `scan` group contains sampling, transmit, timing, focus, steering, and apodization parameters. `transmit_only` is false because each track contains receive RF data. The probe geometry is stored at `probe/probe_geometry` with shape `(96, 3)`, one `(x, y, z)` position per receive element in metres. Element dimensions are stored at `probe/element_width` (`0.000245` m) and `probe/element_height` (`0.016` m). Overall probe dimensions are stored in metres as custom fields `probe_overall_width` (`0.02854`) and `probe_overall_height` (`0.016`). The official nominal P4-1 bandwidth is stored in `custom/probe_nominal_bandwidth_lower_frequency` and `custom/probe_nominal_bandwidth_upper_frequency` as 1.0e6–4.0e6 Hz.
76
+
77
+ The conversion preserves the source RF traces and the available bubble, domain, and pulse metadata. It does not refocus or demodulate RF data before packaging. The source pulse waveforms were sampled at 250 MHz.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
78
 
79
  ### Pulse labels
80
 
81
+ The meanings and waveform values below are from Table I of Zorgdrager et al. (2025), [doi:10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3537298](https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3537298).
 
82
 
83
  | Track | Label meaning | Frequency / sweep |
84
  |---:|---|---:|
 
99
 
100
  **Current OpenH-RF release:** 500 HDF5 files; 17.03 GB (17,029,267,456 bytes) stored; root `zea_version` **0.1.6**. Sizes include all HDF5 contents and use decimal units (MB = 10^6 bytes, GB = 10^9 bytes, TB = 10^12 bytes), not decoded-array memory or original-source download sizes.
101
 
102
+ - **Acquisition files:** 500 files, each with 12 one-frame pulse tracks (6,000 track acquisitions total).
 
103
  - **Organization:** Two bubble populations × 250 files × 12 pulse tracks.
104
  - **Total consolidated HDF5 size:** 17.03 GB (17,029,267,456 bytes).
105
 
 
121
  | `custom/bubble_p_dB` | `custom/bubble_p_db` |
122
  | `custom/track_<i>_pulse_A` | `custom/track_<i>_pulse_a` for tracks 0 through 11 |
123
 
124
+ In the [upstream simulator](https://github.com/POF-ultrasound/super-resolution-waveforms/blob/main/RF_simulator/microbubble-simulator/main.m), `R0` is the initial microbubble radius in metres, whereas `r0` is the distance from the bubble to the pressure sensor in metres. The distinct `custom/bubble_r0` field is therefore retained unchanged, not merged with `custom/bubble_initial_r0`. These definitions describe the public upstream implementation; the dataset uses a private derivative. Existing stored units and values are preserved, not inferred or rescaled during migration.
 
 
 
 
 
 
125
 
126
+ All 14 renames preserve array values, shapes, dtypes, and existing attributes. Each renamed dataset records its original name in `source_custom_name`. The current release uses the migrated names; older revisions use the original names. The loading helper accepts both; new consumers should use the migrated paths.
 
 
 
127
 
128
  ## Subject Metadata
129
 
130
+ This fully synthetic dataset contains no human or animal subjects, protected health information, age, sex, pathology, consent records, or clinical scanner identifiers.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
131
 
132
  ## Data Validation
133
 
134
+ All 500 HDF5 files were checked for the expected zea container structure, 12 ordered and labelled tracks, RF shape `(1, 1, 8446, 96, 1)`, and track-specific pulse metadata. The original submission passed zea 0.1.2 validation. Representative RF traces and pulse waveforms were also compared with their pulse-folder sources with no mismatch.
 
 
 
135
 
136
  <table>
137
  <tr>
 
146
 
147
  ## Known Issues
148
 
149
+ - The transmit setup is an unfocused plane wave by design: steering angle is zero, no finite focus distance is used (`infinite focus`), transmit delays are zero, and apodization is unity for every transmit element. These are intentional simulation settings rather than missing calibration fields.
150
+ - RF amplitude and several custom-element units remain source-defined and should be confirmed against the simulator documentation.
151
+ - The HDF5 files store only the official nominal bandwidth endpoints (1.0–4.0 MHz). The measured transfer-function −6 dB bounds (approximately 1.52–3.70 MHz) and corresponding 83.4% fractional bandwidth are documented in this README but are not stored as HDF5 data fields.
152
+ - The simulator is a private, unpublished derivative of the cited simulator; no public software package or Git commit is required to use the released RF data. The internal dataset-generation release label is recorded in the HDF5 metadata and should be used when referring to this generation run.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
153
  - No train/validation/test split is provided.
154
  - `reconstruct.py` imports `utils.py`; keep both files together.
155
 
156
  ## Ethical Considerations
157
 
158
+ The dataset is synthetic, so participant consent, de-identification, and IRB approval are not applicable. The contributors confirm that the simulation code, calibrated inputs, source data, and incorporated assets may be redistributed under the declared CC BY 4.0 license, consistent with the accepted proposal and the steering-group IP policy.
 
 
 
 
159
 
160
  ## Citation
161
 
162
  When using the dataset, cite:
163
 
164
+ R. Zorgdrager et al., “Waveform-Specific Performance of Deep Learning-Based Super-Resolution for Ultrasound Contrast Imaging,” *IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control*, 2025. [doi:10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3537298](https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3537298)