testbed/matplotlib__matplotlib/galleries/tutorials/lifecycle.py

"""
.. redirect-from:: /tutorials/introductory/lifecycle

=======================
The Lifecycle of a Plot
=======================

This tutorial aims to show the beginning, middle, and end of a single
visualization using Matplotlib. We'll begin with some raw data and
end by saving a figure of a customized visualization. Along the way we try
to highlight some neat features and best-practices using Matplotlib.

.. currentmodule:: matplotlib

.. note::

    This tutorial is based on
    `this excellent blog post
    <https://pbpython.com/effective-matplotlib.html>`_
    by Chris Moffitt. It was transformed into this tutorial by Chris Holdgraf.

A note on the explicit vs. implicit interfaces
==============================================

Matplotlib has two interfaces. For an explanation of the trade-offs between the
explicit and implicit interfaces see :ref:`api_interfaces`.

In the explicit object-oriented (OO) interface we directly utilize instances of
:class:`axes.Axes` to build up the visualization in an instance of
:class:`figure.Figure`.  In the implicit interface, inspired by and modeled on
MATLAB, we use a global state-based interface which is encapsulated in the
:mod:`.pyplot` module to plot to the "current Axes".  See the :ref:`pyplot
tutorials <pyplot_tutorial>` for a more in-depth look at the
pyplot interface.

Most of the terms are straightforward but the main thing to remember
is that:

* The `.Figure` is the final image, and may contain one or more `~.axes.Axes`.
* The `~.axes.Axes` represents an individual plot (not to be confused with
   `~.axis.Axis`, which refers to the x-, y-, or z-axis of a plot).

We call methods that do the plotting directly from the Axes, which gives
us much more flexibility and power in customizing our plot.

.. note::

   In general, use the explicit interface over the implicit pyplot interface
   for plotting.

Our data
========

We'll use the data from the post from which this tutorial was derived.
It contains sales information for a number of companies.

"""

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 10
import numpy as np

data = {'Barton LLC': 109438.50,
        'Frami, Hills and Schmidt': 103569.59,
        'Fritsch, Russel and Anderson': 112214.71,
        'Jerde-Hilpert': 112591.43,
        'Keeling LLC': 100934.30,
        'Koepp Ltd': 103660.54,
        'Kulas Inc': 137351.96,
        'Trantow-Barrows': 123381.38,
        'White-Trantow': 135841.99,
        'Will LLC': 104437.60}
group_data = list(data.values())
group_names = list(data.keys())
group_mean = np.mean(group_data)

# %%
# Getting started
# ===============
#
# This data is naturally visualized as a barplot, with one bar per
# group. To do this with the object-oriented approach, we first generate
# an instance of :class:`figure.Figure` and
# :class:`axes.Axes`. The Figure is like a canvas, and the Axes
# is a part of that canvas on which we will make a particular visualization.
#
# .. note::
#
#    Figures can have multiple axes on them. For information on how to do this,
#    see the :ref:`Tight Layout tutorial
#    <tight_layout_guide>`.

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

# %%
# Now that we have an Axes instance, we can plot on top of it.

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.barh(group_names, group_data)

# %%
# Controlling the style
# =====================
#
# There are many styles available in Matplotlib in order to let you tailor
# your visualization to your needs. To see a list of styles, we can use
# :mod:`.style`.

print(plt.style.available)

# %%
# You can activate a style with the following:

plt.style.use('fivethirtyeight')

# %%
# Now let's remake the above plot to see how it looks:

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.barh(group_names, group_data)

# %%
# The style controls many things, such as color, linewidths, backgrounds,
# etc.
#
# Customizing the plot
# ====================
#
# Now we've got a plot with the general look that we want, so let's fine-tune
# it so that it's ready for print. First let's rotate the labels on the x-axis
# so that they show up more clearly. We can gain access to these labels
# with the :meth:`axes.Axes.get_xticklabels` method:

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.barh(group_names, group_data)
labels = ax.get_xticklabels()

# %%
# If we'd like to set the property of many items at once, it's useful to use
# the :func:`pyplot.setp` function. This will take a list (or many lists) of
# Matplotlib objects, and attempt to set some style element of each one.

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.barh(group_names, group_data)
labels = ax.get_xticklabels()
plt.setp(labels, rotation=45, horizontalalignment='right')

# %%
# It looks like this cut off some of the labels on the bottom. We can
# tell Matplotlib to automatically make room for elements in the figures
# that we create. To do this we set the ``autolayout`` value of our
# rcParams. For more information on controlling the style, layout, and
# other features of plots with rcParams, see
# :ref:`customizing`.

plt.rcParams.update({'figure.autolayout': True})

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.barh(group_names, group_data)
labels = ax.get_xticklabels()
plt.setp(labels, rotation=45, horizontalalignment='right')

# %%
# Next, we add labels to the plot. To do this with the OO interface,
# we can use the :meth:`.Artist.set` method to set properties of this
# Axes object.

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.barh(group_names, group_data)
labels = ax.get_xticklabels()
plt.setp(labels, rotation=45, horizontalalignment='right')
ax.set(xlim=[-10000, 140000], xlabel='Total Revenue', ylabel='Company',
       title='Company Revenue')

# %%
# We can also adjust the size of this plot using the :func:`pyplot.subplots`
# function. We can do this with the *figsize* keyword argument.
#
# .. note::
#
#    While indexing in NumPy follows the form (row, column), the *figsize*
#    keyword argument follows the form (width, height). This follows
#    conventions in visualization, which unfortunately are different from those
#    of linear algebra.

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 4))
ax.barh(group_names, group_data)
labels = ax.get_xticklabels()
plt.setp(labels, rotation=45, horizontalalignment='right')
ax.set(xlim=[-10000, 140000], xlabel='Total Revenue', ylabel='Company',
       title='Company Revenue')

# %%
# For labels, we can specify custom formatting guidelines in the form of
# functions. Below we define a function that takes an integer as input, and
# returns a string as an output. When used with `.Axis.set_major_formatter` or
# `.Axis.set_minor_formatter`, they will automatically create and use a
# :class:`ticker.FuncFormatter` class.
#
# For this function, the ``x`` argument is the original tick label and ``pos``
# is the tick position.  We will only use ``x`` here but both arguments are
# needed.


def currency(x, pos):
    """The two arguments are the value and tick position"""
    if x >= 1e6:
        s = f'${x*1e-6:1.1f}M'
    else:
        s = f'${x*1e-3:1.0f}K'
    return s

# %%
# We can then apply this function to the labels on our plot. To do this,
# we use the ``xaxis`` attribute of our axes. This lets you perform
# actions on a specific axis on our plot.

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 8))
ax.barh(group_names, group_data)
labels = ax.get_xticklabels()
plt.setp(labels, rotation=45, horizontalalignment='right')

ax.set(xlim=[-10000, 140000], xlabel='Total Revenue', ylabel='Company',
       title='Company Revenue')
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(currency)

# %%
# Combining multiple visualizations
# =================================
#
# It is possible to draw multiple plot elements on the same instance of
# :class:`axes.Axes`. To do this we simply need to call another one of
# the plot methods on that axes object.

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 8))
ax.barh(group_names, group_data)
labels = ax.get_xticklabels()
plt.setp(labels, rotation=45, horizontalalignment='right')

# Add a vertical line, here we set the style in the function call
ax.axvline(group_mean, ls='--', color='r')

# Annotate new companies
for group in [3, 5, 8]:
    ax.text(145000, group, "New Company", fontsize=10,
            verticalalignment="center")

# Now we move our title up since it's getting a little cramped
ax.title.set(y=1.05)

ax.set(xlim=[-10000, 140000], xlabel='Total Revenue', ylabel='Company',
       title='Company Revenue')
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(currency)
ax.set_xticks([0, 25e3, 50e3, 75e3, 100e3, 125e3])
fig.subplots_adjust(right=.1)

plt.show()

# %%
# Saving our plot
# ===============
#
# Now that we're happy with the outcome of our plot, we want to save it to
# disk. There are many file formats we can save to in Matplotlib. To see
# a list of available options, use:

print(fig.canvas.get_supported_filetypes())

# %%
# We can then use the :meth:`figure.Figure.savefig` in order to save the figure
# to disk. Note that there are several useful flags we show below:
#
# * ``transparent=True`` makes the background of the saved figure transparent
#   if the format supports it.
# * ``dpi=80`` controls the resolution (dots per square inch) of the output.
# * ``bbox_inches="tight"`` fits the bounds of the figure to our plot.

# Uncomment this line to save the figure.
# fig.savefig('sales.png', transparent=False, dpi=80, bbox_inches="tight")