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That's a lot of reproducing. | Isso é um monte de reprodução. | en-pt-br |
And for the past billion years, your ancestors reproduced sexually. | E ao longo dos últimos bilhões de anos, nossos ancestrais se reproduziram sexualmente. | en-pt-br |
So sex is a pretty big deal. | אז מין הוא דבר חשוב. | en-he |
But you probably knew that. | אבל בטח כבר ידעתם את זה. | en-he |
But let's talk about human mating. | בואו נדבר על הזדווגות וזוגיות אנושיים. | en-he |
Why does human mating take the forms that it does? | Por que ele acontece do modo que acontece? | en-pt-br |
Why are we attracted to certain people? | 我們為什麼受到某些人的吸引？ | en-zh-tw |
Why do we sometimes form long-term romantic relationships? | 我們為什麼發展長期的親密關係？ | en-zh-tw |
Why do we sometimes cheat? | Por que, às vezes, nós traímos? | en-pt-br |
Now I don't mean why consciously do we do these things. | עכשיו, אני לא מתכוון ללמה אנחנו עושים זאת באופן מודע. | en-he |
I don't mean what happens in the brain to cause it. | אני גם לא מתכוון ללמה קורה במוח שגורם לכך. | en-he |
I mean, why did we evolve these feelings and these behaviors? | 而是我們為什麼演化出這些感受和行為？ | en-zh-tw |
In other words, how did the underlying brain structures and brain chemistry contribute to our ancestors' reproductive success so that those traits got passed on into the present generation while others didn't. | במילים אחרות, איך תרמו הכימיה והמבנים המוחיים העומדים בבסיס תכונות אלה, להצלחת הרבייה של אבותינו, כך שהן עברו מדור לדור והגיעו עד דורנו, בניגוד לתכונות אחרות. | en-he |
Answering evolutionary questions like this is like being a crime scene investigator, we're left with the evidence, and we have to try to establish what happened. | כדי לענות על שאלות אבולוציוניות כאלה צריך לנהוג כמו חוקר זיהוי פלילי, כי נשארו לנו עדויות, ואנחנו צריכים לנסות ולהבין מה קרה. | en-he |
So let's go back six or seven million years ago to our early ancestors. | אז בואו נחזור לאחור 6-7 מיליון שנה, לאבותינו המוקדמים. | en-he |
This is right after the split between our lineage and the lineage that would eventually give rise to chimpanzees. | 當時人類的祖先 剛與黑猩猩的祖先分道揚鑣不久 | en-zh-tw |
Now these were small brained apes, they walked on two legs, and males probably fought each other for mating opportunities. | עכשיו, אלה היו קופי אדם עם מוח קטן שהלכו על שתיים, והזכרים כנראה נלחמו זה בזה על הזדמנויות להזדווגות. | en-he |
We know this because males fight for mates in all of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas. | 我們知道這點 因為在人類現存的近親中 如黑猩猩、長毛猩猩和大猩猩 等雄性都會為了爭奪異性而打架 | en-zh-tw |
And because males are larger than females when they fight for mates. | E porque machos são maiores que fêmeas quando eles brigam por parceiras. | en-pt-br |
And the fossil record indicates that our male ancestors were larger than females. | 化石紀錄也顯示 公人猿的體型的確大於母人猿 | en-zh-tw |
So males tend to be larger, more muscular, stronger, more physically aggressive, when they fight for mates. | Então, machos tendem a ser maiores, mais musculosos, mais fortes, fisicamente mais agressivos, quando brigam por parceiras. | en-pt-br |
Our species has all the hallmarks of a species that's experienced an evolutionary history of male fighting for mates. | A nossa espécie tem todos os aspectos de uma espécie que passou por uma história evolutiva de machos brigando por parceiras. | en-pt-br |
For example, men have, on average, 60 percent more muscle mass, and 75 percent more upper body muscle mass, and those differences in musculature translate into large sex differences in strength. | Por exemplo, homens têm, em média, 60% mais massa muscular, e 75% mais massa muscular no torso e braços e essas diferenças na musculatura significam grandes diferenças sexuais em força. | en-pt-br |
The average man is stronger than 99.9% of women. | 普通男性比99.9%的女性更強壯 | en-zh-tw |
These are data on hand strength, which is a good predictor of overall upper body strength, on over 600 men and women. | הנה נתונים על חוזק יד -- שמהווה מנבא טוב לכוח בפלג הגוף העליון -- ממעל 600 גברים ונשים. | en-he |
And as you can see, there's a large sex difference. | Há uma grande diferença entre os sexos. | en-pt-br |
And in fact, not one of almost 400 women had as strong of a hand strength as the average man. | למעשה, אף לא לאחת מבין 400 הנשים היה חוזק יד גדול מזה של הגבר הממוצע. | en-he |
So, men can open jars. | Portanto, homens conseguem abrir potes. | en-pt-br |
(Laughter) And move furniture or at least two things that we're good for. | (צחוק) ולהזיז רהיטים. לפחות שני דברים שטובים בנו. | en-he |
Who cares, right? | 誰在乎呢，對吧？ | en-zh-tw |
The answer is that men care. | התשובה היא שלגברים אכפת. | en-he |
Men, especially young men, seem really concerned about figuring out who's the toughest or strongest, or the most physically formidable, and sometimes they devise elaborate ways for determining this. | נראה שגברים, ובמיוחד גברים צעירים, עסוקים מאוד בשאלה מי הכי חזק או קשוח, או הכי מאיים פיזית, ולפעמים הם מפתחים דרכים מורכבות כדי לענות על השאלה הזו. | en-he |
From early development, boys and men are more physically aggressive than girls and women all over the world, and this aggression sometimes results in violence. | Desde pequenos, meninos e homens são fisicamente mais agressivos que meninas e mulheres no mundo todo, e esta agressão, às vezes, resulta em violência. | en-pt-br |
Men have a virtual monopoly on same-sex homicides. | Homens têm um monopólio virtual em homicídios do mesmo sexo. | en-pt-br |
In other words, men are vastly more likely to kill each other than women are to kill each other. | Ou seja, homens são bem mais propensos a matar uns aos outros do que as mulheres. | en-pt-br |
These are data from every society from every time period in history for which data were available when the authors compiled them, on proportion of same-sex homicides that are male killing male. | Esses são dados de todas as sociedades de todos os períodos da história e que estavam disponíveis quando foram compilados, em proporção de homicídios do mesmo sexo que são homem matando homem. | en-pt-br |
And as you can see, the percentage is always close to 100%. | Como podem ver, a porcentagem é quase sempre perto de 100%. | en-pt-br |
On average, 95% of same-sex homicides are committed by males, and importantly, these don't include war killings, which would bring the percentages even closer to 100%. | בממוצע, 95% מהרציחות של אותו המין בוצעו על-ידי זכרים, וחשוב לציין, זה לא כולל הרוגים במלחמות, שהיו מקרבים את האחוזים קרוב יותר ל- 100%. | en-he |
And from what evidence that we have, a dominance among men translates into mating and reproductive opportunities. | E pela evidência que temos, a dominância masculina significa chance de reprodução e acasalamento. | en-pt-br |
So we're a species that's experienced an evolutionary history in which our male ancestors won mating opportunities through the use or threat of force. | Então, somos uma espécie que passou por uma história evolutiva na qual nossos ancestrais machos ganhavam chances de reprodução pela ameaça ou uso da força. | en-pt-br |
In that regard, our apple has not fallen far from the evolutionary tree. | Em relação a isso, a nossa maçã não caiu tão longe da árvore evolutiva. | en-pt-br |
But in other ways, human mating and reproduction are profoundly different from what we see in our close relatives, and they've changed a lot since our early ancestors. | Porém, o acasalamento e a reprodução humana são bem diferentes do que vemos nos nossos parentes próximos, e eles mudaram bastante desde os nossos ancestrais primitivos. | en-pt-br |
For example, males in chimpanzees, orangutans and gorillas, spend time and effort competing for mates, but don't spend much time with individual females and don't provide resources. | למשל, בקרב שימפנזים, אורנגוטנים וגורילות, הזכרים משקיעים זמן ומאמץ בתחרות על נקבות, אבל לא משקיעים זמן רב בנקבות מסויימות, ולא מספקים משאבים. | en-he |
They don't provide food for their offspring. | הם לא מספקים מזון לצאצאיהם. | en-he |
So that's a big change. | Isso é uma grande mudança. | en-pt-br |
Although most human societies allow polygamous marriage, that is one man married to more than one woman, even within polygamous societies, most marriages are monogamous. | Apesar de a maioria das sociedades humanas permitirem casamento polígamo, que é um homem casado com mais de uma mulher, mesmo em sociedades poligâmicas, a maioria dos casamentos é monogâmico. | en-pt-br |
And in the average hunter-gatherer society, almost 80% of married women are monogamous, so that's different. | 而在一般漁獵社會中 幾乎有80%的已婚女性採取一夫一妻 所以這一點是不同的 | en-zh-tw |
And, importantly, men provide resources for their mates and offspring. | והכי חשוב, גברים מספקים משאבים לבנות זוגן ולצאצאיהם. | en-he |
So how did we get there? | 我們為什麼演化出這種行為？ | en-zh-tw |
Well, in species where males fight each other for mates, dominant males indicated by the larger, darker male symbols here, tend to have more mating opportunities, and hence more offspring. | Bem, em espécies nas quais machos brigam entre si, machos dominantes, indicados pelos símbolos masculinos maiores e mais escuros aqui, tendem a ter mais chances de acasalar e ter mais prole. | en-pt-br |
And subordinate males tend to have fewer mating opportunities and are more likely to fail to reproduce. | 而弱勢雄性的交配機會則較少 也較難成功繁衍後代 | en-zh-tw |
So this sets up an interesting situation, because for subordinate males, it would be advantageous to attempt monogamy rather than winning lots of mating opportunities. | Isso resulta em uma situação interessante, porque para os machos inferiores, seria vantajoso tentar a monogamia ao invés de várias oportunidades de reprodução. | en-pt-br |
One mate is better than none. | Uma parceira é melhor do que nenhuma. | en-pt-br |
The problem is that in general, subordinate males cannot defend females from dominant males, and besides, females tend to prefer mating with dominant males for the genetic benefits, producing stronger, healthier offspring. | 問題在於一般而言 弱勢雄性無法保護伴侶 免於強勢雄性的染指 此外，雌性也傾向於偏好與強勢雄性交配 以便取得優秀基因 生育更強壯和健康的後代 | en-zh-tw |
So what changed all of this was probably several transitions happening together around the same time. | אז הסיבה לשינוי נבעה כנראה מכמה תמורות שהתרחשו יחד בערך באותה התקופה. | en-he |
By about two and a half million years ago, we had started to incorporate more meat into our diet. | Por volta de 2 milhões e meio de anos, começamos a incorporar mais carne a nossa dieta. | en-pt-br |
We know this from various lines of evidence, including - this is cool - stone tool cut marks on animal bones dated to 2.5 million years ago. | 我們從不同證據得知這點 包括動物骨頭上的石器痕跡 這些痕跡可以回溯至二百五十萬年前 | en-zh-tw |
That's cool. I love this stuff! | זה יפה. אני מת על הדברים האלה! | en-he |
And then by about 2 million years ago, brain size really started to increase, and with that came a lengthening of the juvenile period, so now kids became both really costly and costly for a long period of time. | ואז, בערך לפני 2 מיליון שנה, המוח ממש החל לגדול, ועם זה הגיעה התארכות של תקופת הילדות, אז עכשיו ילדים נהיו יקרים מאוד, ולאורך זמן רב מאוד. אתם יודעים. | en-he |
And this made male provisioning both possible and necessary. | (Risos) Isso tornou a provisão dos machos possível e necessária. | en-pt-br |
Possible because it's much easier to bring back calories, protein, fats, in the form of meat than trying to do that by transporting plant foods, and necessary because kids became so energetically costly that individual females would have had trouble providing resources for themselves and their offspring. | Possível porque é muito mais fácil trazer calorias, proteínas, e gorduras na forma de carne do que transportando alimentos vegetais, e necessária porque crianças se tornaram tão custosas energeticamente que as fêmeas sozinhas teriam tido dificuldades em prover recursos para elas mesmas e seus filhos. | en-pt-br |
And when we look at modern hunter-gatherer societies, that's what we see. | 這也正是我們在現代漁獵社會 所見到的情形 | en-zh-tw |
These are aggregate data across several hunter-gatherer societies on net daily calories. | Isso é um conjunto de dados de diversas sociedades caçadoras-coletoras em valor líquido de calorias diárias. | en-pt-br |
Are you bringing in more calories than you consume, through foraging, or are you consuming more than you bring in? | Estamos trazendo mais calorias do que consumimos, através da busca de alimentos, ou estamos consumindo mais do que trazemos? | en-pt-br |
And the green bars are net daily caloric surplus, in other words, bringing in more than you consume. | As barras verdes são um excedente em calorias diárias absolutas, ou seja, trazendo mais do que consumimos. | en-pt-br |
And the red bars are a deficit, so you're consuming more than you bring in. | 紅柱代表不足 亦即每天生產的熱量 少於消耗掉的熱量 | en-zh-tw |
And you'll notice that men from about 20 years of age to 60 years of age are operating at a daily caloric surplus. | 各位可以看到 二十歲至六十歲的男性 每日的熱量生產狀況呈現剩餘 | en-zh-tw |
They bring in, generally through hunting, more calories than they can consume, and these calories are distributed. | Eles trazem, geralmente pela caça, mais calorias do que podem consumir, e essas calorias são distribuídas. | en-pt-br |
If it's large game, it's generally distributed equally to everybody in the village or camp. | 如果捕獲大型獵物 通常會均分給部落或營地中的所有人 | en-zh-tw |
Smaller items can be brought back to individual family, but this contrasts with what's going on with women, in their reproductive years, they're operating at a daily caloric deficit. | Itens menores podem ser trazidos para famílias individuais, mas isso contrasta com o que ocorre com as mulheres, nos seus anos reprodutivos, pois elas estão operando com deficit em calorias diárias. | en-pt-br |
Gestation, lactation, carrying babies, are extremely costly energetically and limit one's ability to forage efficiently. | 懷孕、泌乳、照顧嬰孩 是極度耗費能量的事 限制了女性採集食物的效率 | en-zh-tw |
So male provisioning, both possible through hunting, and necessary. | 男性從狩獵中取得食物的行為 於是變得可能且必要 | en-zh-tw |
And this change had profound impacts on human mating and reproduction. | E essa mudança teve um grande impacto em acasalamento e reprodução humana. | en-pt-br |
In a sense, it tipped the balance for females. | במובן מסוים, זה הטה את הכף עבור נקבות. | en-he |
So now it was sometimes worth mating with a subordinate male, even if he may not possess the best genes, if he provided resources. | Então, às vezes era vantajoso acasalar com um macho subordinado, mesmo que ele não tivesse os melhores genes, se ele fornecesse recursos. | en-pt-br |
And this is baboon pornography. (Laughter) I probably should have warned you there'd be monkey porn. | 這是狒狒的色情雜誌 （笑聲） 抱歉，我或許該早點提醒各位會看到 猴子色情圖片 | en-zh-tw |
This is from PlayBaboon Magazine. | Essa é da revista Playbabuína. | en-pt-br |
Alright, I'm going to stop with the jokes. | טוב, אני אפסיק עם הבדיחות. | en-he |
This is a female baboon in estrus, so her genitals are swollen, and this happens in a lot of primate species. | 這隻母狒狒正處於發情期 牠的外生殖器變得腫大 很多靈長類都會這樣 | en-zh-tw |
Females' appearance changes over the cycle, and becomes more attractive and this incites male competition for females during the fertile part of the cycle, with dominant males tending to monopolize copulations, closer to ovulation. | A aparência das fêmeas muda ao longo do ciclo, e se torna mais atraente; isso estimula a competição masculina por fêmeas durante o período fértil do ciclo, com machos dominantes tendendo a monopolizar as cópulas, perto da ovulação. | en-pt-br |
Well. We don't look like this. | Bem, não nos parecemos com isso. | en-pt-br |
And you knew that. | ידעתם את זה. | en-he |
But what you might not know is that women's attractiveness does change over the cycle. | Mas talvez não saibam que a atratividade das mulheres muda conforme o ciclo. | en-pt-br |
My lab, and others, have shown that women's faces, voices, even odors, are more attractive to men during the fertile part of the cycle. | במעבדה שלי ובאחרות הראו שהפנים, הקול, אפילו הריח של האשה, מושכים גברים יותר, כשהן בחלק הפורה של המחזור. | en-he |
But these changes are extremely subtle. | 但這些變化非常難以察覺 | en-zh-tw |
And compared to other primates, the evidence indicates that we've evolved to suppress cues to ovulation. | E em comparação com outros primatas, as evidências indicam que nós evoluímos para suprimir pistas para a ovulação. | en-pt-br |
That in a sense, ovulation is concealed in humans. | De certo modo, a ovulação é oculta em humanos. | en-pt-br |
But think about what impact this would have. | Mas pensem no impacto que isso teria. | en-pt-br |
This would mean that dominant males would not be able to monopolize copulations near ovulation. | זה היה אומר שזכרים דומינטיים לא יכלו להשתלט על ההזדווגויות בזמן הייחום. | en-he |
It would protect the pair bond from invasion by a dominant male. | Isso protegeria a união do casal da invasão de um macho dominante. | en-pt-br |
So that a male in a pair would have more confidence that he was the father of the offspring. | 而弱勢男性也更能確定 自己的確是小孩的親生父親 | en-zh-tw |
The couple is having sex throughout the cycle. | 人類伴侶在整個生理變化週期 都能做愛 | en-zh-tw |
And this is unique to human mating, we don't see it in many other primates. | 這是人類的特殊行為 在許多靈長類身上都見不到 | en-zh-tw |
We have sex throughout the cycle. | Nós fazemos sexo por todo o ciclo. | en-pt-br |
And so this would essentially increase a male's confidence in paternity, because a dominant or some other male wouldn't be able to target the female and bully their way in at the fertile point in the cycle. | 這可以增加男性 對其後代親緣關係的信心 因為其他男性 無法在他的伴侶 進入排卵期時強行介入 | en-zh-tw |
And this would have important implications for parental investment, in particular, males providing resources for their offspring. | E isso teria implicações importantes em investimento parental, especialmente, machos provendo recursos à prole. | en-pt-br |
Because across species, when males provide resources for offspring, they target those resources toward their own biological offspring, and they avoid investing in the offspring of unrelated males. | Porque entre espécies, quando machos fornecem recursos à prole, eles direcionam esses recursos pra sua própria prole biológica, evitando investir na prole de machos não aparentados. | en-pt-br |
And so the evolution of male care for offspring and investing in resources and offspring, pair bonding, and concealed ovulation, went very much hand-in-hand over our evolution. | וכך האבולוציה של טיפול גברי בצאצאים, של השקעת משאבים בצאצאים, של זוגיות וייחום חבוי, התפתחו יחד במהלך האבולוציה שלנו. | en-he |
We have also evolved a specialized psychology for forming long-term romantic relationships with the possibility of investing in offspring together. | 我們也演化出特別的心理機制 用來發展長期親密關係 以便合力養兒育女 | en-zh-tw |
We fall in love. | 我們墜入愛河 | en-zh-tw |
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