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But that person is gone now, and I can't live the life of that 'self' of mine I love any longer." | あの人の前だけだった その人がいなくなってしまって 自分はもう その好きだった自分を 生きることができない | en-ja |
I wonder if that is what we really grieve over. | Je me demande si ce n'est pas ça la douleur de la séparation. | en-fr |
And, of course, vice versa. | 逆も もちろん真なりです | en-ja |
If somebody says to me, "I love you," I will be euphoric, yelling, "Yes!" | 僕は誰かから 「あなたのことを愛してます」と言われれば 有頂天になりますね 「やったあ」と | en-ja |
But if I were told, "Thanks to you, I come to love myself," or "I love myself when I'm with you more than when I am with anybody else," that would be something which strikes my heart more. | しかし 誰かから 「あなたといる時の自分― あなたのおかげで自分のことが 好きになれた」と告白されたなら あるいは「ほかの誰といる時よりも あなたといる時の自分が好き」 というふうに告白されたなら それは何かもっとこう 胸に迫ってくるものがある気がします | en-ja |
That my existence validates one person's existence that way moves me with a deep joy, something poignant. | Je ressens une joie plus vibrante de savoir que ma présence permet à une autre personne de s'épanouir et de vivre positivement. | en-fr |
Each time when we find one "self" we love, we may be finding our foothold we need to go on living. | Cada vez que encontramos un "yo" que amamos, encontramos un punto de apoyo para seguir viviendo. | en-es |
In our life, we feel like we need to be loved by many people, a certain percentage of people in our groups, in our class, our workplace. | たくさんの人に囲まれて生きていると その中の何十パーセント たくさんの人に自分が愛されないと なんだか生きていけないような 気持ちになります 教室の中 会社の中 | en-ja |
But not that many of those "selves" we love may be necessary. | しかし 好きな自分の数を数えていけば そんなに何十個もいらないのかもしれません | en-ja |
If we find two or three of our "selves" we love in ourselves, we can go on with those as our foothold. | Si encontramos 2 o 3 "yoes" que amemos dentro nuestro, podemos seguir con esos como punto de apoyo. | en-es |
Five or six may be more than enough. | Il ne faut sans doute pas plus de cinq ou six moi qu'on aime. | en-fr |
You may think you only have 3 friends in your class at school or you may think three that many friends who help you like yourself. | 教室の中に 友達が３人しかいないと思うのか ３人も自分を好きにさせてくれる人が いると思うのか | en-ja |
All depends on how you take it. | para ayudarte a sentir amor propio. | en-es |
To love ourselves doesn't mean saying: "I am crazy about myself," looking into a mirror, but, instead, it means, with the help of or via somebody else, for us to come to love ourselves. | 自分を愛すると言うのは なにも鏡を見て 「俺が大好きだ」ということではなくて 誰かのおかげで自分を愛せると 他者を経由して 自分のことを好きになれると いうことなのではないでしょうか | en-ja |
It's probably where we start really loving ourselves. | L'autre est finalement la porte d'entrée pour s'aimer soi-même. | en-fr |
And that is why, as we feel the need, we love others as indispensable individuals. | Y por eso sentimos la necesidad de amar a otros como individuos indispensables. | en-es |
That's all I want to say. Thank you. | 以上です | en-ja |
But that, too, became too complicated. | но и это стало для него слишком сложно. | en-ru |
Consider cancer. | سرطان را در نظر بگیرید. | en-fa |
So, I'm going to talk today about migration and movement, and particularly people moving into the British Isles in the past. | Hoje vou falar de migração e movimentação e, em especial, das pessoas que migraram para as ilhas britânicas, no passado. | en-pt |
And if we think about past migrations into Britain, we probably first off might have some ideas about the 20th century, people coming from the Caribbean, from east Africa, or from India, or Pakistan, or places like that. | Se pensarmos nas migrações do passado, para a Bretanha, provavelmente é melhor ter algumas ideias sobre o século XX, de pessoas que chegam das Caraíbas, da África Oriental, da Índia ou do Paquistão ou de locais desse género. | en-pt |
And if we have to go back a bit further in time, of course we've got people like the Normans, Romans or the Vikings. | Se recuarmos mais ainda no tempo, temos pessoas como os normandos, os romanos ou os "vikings". | en-pt |
But despite the fact that we've noticed quite a lot of people who have moved into Britain at different times, I don't think we really think of ourselves as a migrant nation. | Pero, a pesar de que se observa que mucha gente se trasladó a Gran Bretaña en diferentes momentos, no creo que nos consideramos un país de inmigrantes. | en-es |
We think of ourselves more outside as an island nation. | Consideramo-nos, sobretudo, como uma nação insular. | en-pt |
But what about if we go back really a long way, we really go back far in time beyond the time when there is any notion of a Britain or an England, beyond any kind of english language, in fact beyond written history at all. | Pero, ¿y si nos remontamos al pasado distante, si realmente retrocedemos mucho más allá en el tiempo antes de que hubiera alguna noción de Gran Bretaña o Inglaterra, más allá de todo tipo de lengua inglesa, de hecho, más allá de la historia escrita. | en-es |
In fact, we can go so far back in time that Britain is actually not even an island at all. | De hecho, podemos retroceder tanto en el tiempo a cuando Gran Bretaña aún no era una isla. | en-es |
It's still joined to the continent, still part of the Eurasian landmass. | Todavía unida al continente formando parte de la masa terrestre eurasiática. | en-es |
So that's what I want to talk to you about today, about Britain in prehistory, and the prehistory of migration here. | De eso quiero hablarles hoy, sobre Gran Bretaña en la prehistoria y la prehistoria de la migración. | en-es |
So we're going to take a big jump back in time, but I can't do that with you all in one go. | Demos un gran salto hacia atrás en el tiempo, pero no podemos hacerlo todo de una vez. | en-es |
So we are going to take little jumps first. | Empecemos con pequeños saltos. | en-es |
We are going to jump back to the late Victorian period, and we're going to start off here. | Vamos saltar para o final do período vitoriano e vamos começar por aqui. | en-pt |
Here, we start in Somerset at Cheddar Gorge. | Começamos aqui em Somerset, em Cheddar Gorge. | en-pt |
It is here during the last decades of the 19th century, that this guy, Richard Cox Gough, discovered and excavated and blasted out a series of caves that he made into a major tourist attraction or a showcase. | Foi aqui, durante as últimas décadas do século XIX, que este sujeito, Richard Cox Gough, descobriu, escavou e fez explodir uma série de grutas que transformou numa importante atração turística, ou montra. | en-pt |
But it's actually a year after Richard died that the really big discovery was made, the one we're actually interested in. | Pero en realidad, fue a un año de la muerte de Richard, que se hizo el gran descubrimiento que nos interesa. | en-es |
So that discovery was made in December, 1903, and it was made by Richard's son, Arthur, who was digging a drainage ditch to try to combat the seasonal flooding that they had in the caves. | Essa descoberta foi feita em dezembro de 1903. Foi feita por Arthur, filho de Richard, que estava a escavar uma vala de drenagem para combater as cheias sazonais que ocorriam nas grutas. | en-pt |
They tended to make all their big discoveries in the winter because that's when there weren't any tourists around. | Costumavam fazer todas as grandes descobertas no inverno porque era quando não havia turistas por perto. | en-pt |
So workmen who were working on the cave actually blasted out and uncovered the skeleton of an adult male. | Os trabalhadores que estavam a trabalhar na gruta, depois de uma explosão, descobriram o esqueleto de um homem adulto. | en-pt |
And rather quickly, this skeleton made big news. | Este esqueleto se convirtió rápidamente en una gran noticia. | en-es |
Experts of the day said that perhaps it was the body of the first Englishman, and that he was of extreme importance, that he was at least 40,000 years old and perhaps as much as 80,000 years old. | Os especialistas da época disseram que devia ser o corpo do primeiro inglês e isso era de extrema importância. Devia ter pelo menos 40 000 anos e talvez até 80 000 anos. | en-pt |
Well, that's not entirely true. | Eso no es totalmente cierto. | en-es |
What we actually know today is that "Cheddar Man," as he became known, Is actually about 10,000 years old, but he is still certainly very important. | Hoy sabemos que el "hombre de Cheddar", como es conocido, en realidad tiene cerca de 10 000 años pero aún así sigue siendo muy importante. | en-es |
He's extremely important for a number of reasons. | E é extremamente importante por uma série de razões. | en-pt |
Firstly because he is the only near-complete skeleton that we have from that kind of time period. | Primeiro, porque é o único esqueleto quase completo que temos dessa época. | en-pt |
He is also important because he's the only one where we have a complete skull or near-complete skull. | Además, es importante porque es el único que tiene el cráneo completo o casi completo. | en-es |
And here is the skull, in this rather post-setting with the two brothers, William and Arthur, staring at it. | Este é o crânio, com os dois irmãos, William e Arthur, a olhar para ele. | en-pt |
They seem to be enjoying themselves which is what I really like about this picture. | Parece que se están divirtiendo y eso me gusta de esta foto. | en-es |
(Laughter) So what else do we know about Cheddar Man? | (Risas) ¿Qué más sabemos sobre el hombre de Cheddar? | en-es |
Well, he's definitely a man. | Bom, é um homem, sem dúvida alguma. | en-pt |
And that has been the subject of a little bit debate over the years because he has a rather gracile and slender skeleton. | Y eso ha sido un tema de debate a lo largo de los años ya que es un esqueleto grácil y delgado. | en-es |
He was probably in his early twenties when he died; he was buried deliberately, it seems, and he was buried on his own. | Andava provavelmente nos 20 anos, quando morreu; parece ter sido sepultado deliberadamente e foi sepultado sozinho. | en-pt |
Today, he looks something like this. | Actualmente se lo ve así. | en-es |
This guy has been better assembled, and you can see him at the Natural History Museum. | Lo han ensamblado mejor, y se lo puede ver en el Museo de Historia Natural de Londres. | en-es |
He is on display a couple of galleries away from where my office is. | Está em exibição à distância de algumas galerias do meu gabinete. | en-pt |
So, we've worked on Cheddar Man and a number of other individuals over the years and built together quite a large complex project exploring the history of the British Isles. | Trabalhámos no Homem de Cheddar e numa série de outros indivíduos ao longo dos anos e criámos um projeto bastante complexo explorando a história das ilhas britânicas. | en-pt |
And one of the things that came up as the result of that project was the opportunity to take part in a channel 4 documentary where we were going to explore Cheddar Man and his history to build up more of a story about him. | Uma das coisas que surgiram em resultado desse projeto foi a oportunidade de participar num documentário do Canal 4 em que íamos explorar o Homem de Cheddar e a sua história para completar um pouco a história dele. | en-pt |
So that was good because we already had quite a lengthy project working on the history of the British Isles, but what the people who put the documentary together wanted to know about was something a little bit more complicated, more detailed, and that was about his appearance, about his skin color, hair color and eye color. | Foi muito bom, porque já tínhamos um extenso projeto a trabalhar na história das ilhas britânicas. O que as pessoas que organizaram o documentário queriam saber era um pouco mais complicado, mais pormenorizado. Queriam saber qual o seu aspeto, qual a cor da pele, a cor do cabelo, a cor dos olhos. | en-pt |
And what we were able to do for them was to supply that information. | Éramos nós que lhes podíamos dar essas informações. | en-pt |
We passed it on to the people who made the reconstruction. | Transmitimo-las às pessoas que fizeram a reconstrução | en-pt |
Well, they came back with this, an individual with a rather small face compared to the overall size of his head, with blue eyes, dark curly hair, and obviously with dark skin. | e elas revelaram-nos isto: um indivíduo com um rosto pequeno, em comparação com o tamanho da cabeça, de olhos azuis, cabelo escuro encaracolado e, obviamente, de pele escura. | en-pt |
And that was a surprise for some people, for most of the people I talked to actually. | Foi uma surpresa para algumas pessoas, na verdade, para a maioria das pessoas com quem falei. | en-pt |
And most of them actually seem to think that this was rather cool. | Y la mayoría piensa que esto fue bastante bueno. | en-es |
People who saw the show generally quite enjoyed it. | As pessoas que viram o documentário gostaram muito. | en-pt |
We weren't particularly surprised by this because similar information had already been generated by a group, a couple of year previously, looking at different skeletons around Europe of a similar kind of age. | A nosotros esto no nos sorprendió porque un grupo ya había proporcionado información similar, un par de años atrás, al observar diferentes esqueletos de edad similar en toda Europa. | en-es |
They had already identified that dark skin was practically normal for people about 10,000 years ago. | Já tinham identificado que a pele escura era praticamente normal nas pessoas de há 10 000 anos. | en-pt |
But what we've been able to do was better quantify exactly how dark that was. | Pero nosotros pudimos cuantificar mejor que tan oscuro era. | en-es |
And we've done that using a tool borrowed from forensic sciences. | Fizemos isso com um instrumento emprestado pela ciência forense. | en-pt |
Some people didn't think that this was very cool. | Algunas personas no pensaron que eso estaba bien. | en-es |
Some people I think were expecting to see something a little bit more like this, which is the results of the previous reconstruction. | Penso que algumas pessoas estavam à espera de ver uma coisa deste género, que é o resultado da reconstrução prévia. | en-pt |
Both reconstructions are obviously quite different, but they do share one feature at least which is this rather wispy facial hair. | As duas reconstruções são evidentemente diferentes, mas, pelo menos, têm uma característica comum que é esta pilosidade facial bastante rala. | en-pt |
And I'm surprised about that because there's really no evidences either way, from the archeological genetic data, that would tend to actually suggest that. | Eso me sorprende porque no hay evidencias en ningún caso, a partir de los datos genéticos arqueológicos, que tiendan a sugerir eso. | en-es |
But that is perhaps their only shared feature actually. | Mas é talvez a única característica comum. | en-pt |
So those people, who didn't think it was very cool, were a bit surprised, and they made their surprise known on social media, as you might expect. | As pessoas, que não gostaram muito disto ficaram um pouco surpreendidas, e transmitiram essa surpresa nas redes sociais. Como era de esperar, | en-pt |
And actually things got rather heated there, and you can look at that. | Las cosas se pusieron bastante acaloradas y lo pueden ver. | en-es |
Right now I don't really want to go into too much detail about it. | No quiero entrar en detalles al respecto. | en-es |
But here's one of the sort of slightly odd events that happened there, one of my childhood heroes indirectly ... | Mas este é um dos acontecimentos um pouco estranhos que ocorreram, indiretamente, um dos meus heróis de infância... | en-pt |
(Laughter) ... indirectly congratulating me on having upset some people. | (Risos) que me felicitaram indiretamente por ter desagradado a certas pessoas. | en-pt |
So that was a little bit weird actually. | Eso fue un poco raro en realidad. | en-es |
And that went on for a while. | Isso continuou por uns tempos. | en-pt |
So, what became clear to us was something rather disappointing. | Lo que nos ha quedado claro fue algo un poco decepcionante. | en-es |
As I've already said to you, we had spent quite a bit of time getting a pretty good understanding of what the population history of British Isles actually looks like. | Como já vos disse, gastámos bastante tempo até chegarmos a compreender qual seria a história da população das ilhas britânicas. | en-pt |
So how do you get from someone like this to people in the audience today? | Como é que chegamos, a partir de alguém assim, até às pessoas que aqui estão hoje? | en-pt |
I mean Cheddar Man obviously not Billy Bragg! | Ou seja, o Homem de Cheddar obviamente não é Billy Bragg! | en-pt |
So that's what I'm going to go through now, what we're going to have a look at. | Eso es de lo que voy a hablar ahora y vamos a echarle un vistazo. | en-es |
Okay, but before we can do that we have to work out how exactly we're going to look at that information. | Mas antes de fazermos isso temos de perceber como vamos olhar para essas informações. | en-pt |
We really have a lot of data here. | Temos aqui imensos dados. | en-pt |
The human genome has 3.2 billion base pairs and I can't just keep flashing that up because we'd run out of time quite quickly. | O genoma humano tem 3200 milhões de pares de bases e não posso observá-los a todos porque ficaríamos sem tempo rapidamente. | en-pt |
So what we need to do is find a way of crunching those data down and just pulling out the most important and interesting parts of it. | Necesitamos encontrar la manera de analizar esos datos y solo extraer las partes más importantes e interesantes. | en-es |
And the method that we often use just to get a handle on the data initially is called the "principal components analysis," and that's what I'm going to show you here. | Y el método que solemos usar solo para controlar los datos se llama "análisis de componentes principales", y eso es lo que les voy a mostrar. | en-es |
So these are genome data that has been squashed down onto something that looks a bit like a graph or a plot. | Estes são dados do genoma que foram comprimidos até parecerem um gráfico. | en-pt |
And so individuals who are close together are genetically similar to each other, regardless of where they might happen to come from. | Os indivíduos que estão agrupados são geneticamente semelhantes, independentemente de qual possa ter sido a sua origem. | en-pt |
So let's start here with Cheddar Man. | Comecemos pelo Homem de Cheddar. | en-pt |
But all alone, like he was in Gough's cave, he's not actually doing much for us, he's not telling us very much. | Só por si, tal como estava na gruta de Cheddar, não nos ajuda muito, não nos revela muito. | en-pt |
So let's put on the other five individuals from Britain, from which we have very small amounts of genome sequenced data, and see what happens. | Así que, pongamos a los otros cinco individuos de Gran Bretaña, de los que tenemos pocos datos de secuenciación del genoma y veamos que sucede. | en-es |
What happens then is that they all plot together quite neatly. | Acontece que todos eles condizem bastante bem. | en-pt |
Despite the fact that we have individuals here from Scotland, Wales and southwest England, they actually all look quite similar to each other. | Apesar do facto de termos indivíduos aqui da Escócia, de Gales e do sudoeste da Inglaterra, todos eles são bastante parecidos uns com os outros. | en-pt |
Let's expand the search a bit more across the rest of Europe. | Expandamos la búsqueda un poco más hacia el resto de Europa. | en-es |
What we have here are some more individuals. | Temos aqui mais uns indivíduos. | en-pt |
The ones in blue are older individuals, slightly older ones from slightly earlier time periods. | Los de azul son individuos más antiguos, un poco más antiguos de épocas anteriores. | en-es |
The ones in that kind of dark red color are of a similar age. | Os que têm a cor vermelho escuro são de uma época semelhante. | en-pt |
And these are samples that have been taken from Spain, Hungary, Germany, Sweden, Luxembourg, all sorts of places including Britain. | Estos son muestras que se tomaron de España, Hungría, Alemania, Suecia, Luxemburgo, varios sitios más hasta Gran Bretaña. | en-es |
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