Input: by the recipient (such as limited/restricted competitive bidding, request for quotations/shopping, direct contracting), will be consistent with the requirements set out in paragraphs 5.3 and 5.4 d. as appropriate. 13. **Publication (advertising).** The recipient is required to prepare and submit to the World Bank a General Procurement Notice. The World Bank will arrange for its publication in the United Nations Development Business online (UNDB online) and on the World Bank’s external website. Specific Procurement Notices for all procurement under international competitive procedures and requests for expressions of interest for all consulting services, estimated equivalent to US$300,000 and above, will be published in UNDB online and on the World Bank’s external website and at least one newspaper of national circulation in the recipient’s country or in the official gazette or on a widely used website or electronic portal with free national and international access. 14. **Procurement implementation arrangements.** The project does not foresee complex procurement activities. The hands-on experience gained under Government funded project will pave the way for improvements in organizing and performing the procurement functions more professionally to achieve the PDO. MoHAIS will delegate financial and Page 41

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Input: wetlands and GLWD Coastal Wetlands of SA amount to 900 and 840 square kilometers respectively. GLWD coastal wetlands Brackish / saline wetlands Square kilometers Square kilometers 10000 1969 SubSaharan Africa 938 Latin America & the Caribbean 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1278 SubSaharan Africa Square kilometers 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 0 East Asia & the Pacific 691 Latin America & the Caribbean East Asia & the Pacific Freshwater marsh 10085 2217 4 7159 Middle East & North Africa 862 SubSaharan Africa 847 South Asia 12402 East Asia & the Pacific 2619 Middle East & North Africa 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 903 South Asia South Asia Middle East & North Africa 2908 Latin America & the Caribbean 2000 0 **Figure 1. Lost wetlands by types of wetlands and regions, for a 1m SLR** Freshwater marsh GLWD coastal wetlands Brackish / saline wetlands East Asia & the Pacific South Asia Middle East & North Africa Latin America & the Caribbean South Asia Middle East & North Africa Latin America & the Caribbean East Asia & the Pacific South Asia Middle East & North Africa Latin America & the Caribbean **Figure 2. Distribution of lost wetlands by types of wetlands across

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Input: in Africa. The probability of adoption of irrigation increases in regions with lower temperatures (for example Egypt and South Africa), while it decreases in warmer regions. Irrigation in cooler regions is more profitable because it requires less water and the crops are more productive. Similarly, in regions of higher precipitation or available flow, the probability of adopting irrigation decreases. Irrigation is less profitable in wetter locations because the fixed cost of irrigation remains the same but the net increment to production declines. In the probit model, we controlled for water flow by including the log transformation of a long run average (30 years) of estimated mean flow. The coefficient on this variable is positive and significant. In the selection model, we also controlled for soils. The soil variables reflect the proportion of a district with a particular soil type. The inclusion of certain soils specific to a particular region or district results in the model not being full rank (thereby making the interpretation of the statistical significance of the coefficients unreliable). As a result, we included only those soils that are jointly significant for both irrigated and dryland farms. We then turned to estimating the second stage model of net

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Input: agricultural extension officers from MoA. (b) **Co-investments in subprojects.** While all eligible farmers and cooperatives will receive TA, only a subset will receive investment from the project for assets or working capital. Eligible farmers will be incentivized to apply for financing through well-organized cooperatives, common interest groups or producer groups. Eligibility criteria might include (i) businesses already operating with well-maintained financial records, (ii) climate-smart business plan, (iii) potential demand for products or services, (iv) financial viability and technical feasibility of business plan, (v) willingness to take up climate adaptation and mitigation measures, and (vi) preference for women and youth. Precise selection criteria will be developed by the service provider in consultation with local officials from the MoA, with proposals screened by a committee of local sector experts. Up to 70 percent of business proposals will be funded through the project. The co-investee farmers or cooperatives will receive additional technical support on the operation and maintenance of purchased assets. A grants’ manual will be developed. 36 World Bank. 2023. _Zambia Gender Assessment_ . 37 Finscope Survey 2020 and in-person consultations at Meheba settlement 2022/23. Page 19

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Input: spent migrating. Finally, reforms contributed to higher agricultural yields and profits through three channels, namely (i) greater rental market activity that transferred land to more productive producers; (ii) substitution of purchased inputs for labor; and (iii) a shift out of grains towards vegetables, corn, and oilseeds, all of which offer higher levels of profitability. All of these findings are consistent with the notion that, without reforms, tenure insecurity and transaction cost in factor markets undermined investment and functioning of land and labor markets, preventing high value peri-urban land from being used most effectively and reducing job creation, especially for the less affluent and educated. As China considers how to build on what has been achieved, pilot results point to important substantive lessons in terms of key elements of reform implementation and elements of what has been done in Chengdu reform are thus likely to form an integral part of any future reform package. While we can only estimate impacts of the entire reform package rather than individual components, careful design of future reforms, with an emphasis on evaluation right from the start, could help to further enhance lessons 18 Reform-induced increases in supply of (young) own labor noted above are

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Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) according to the National Household Survey data for age cohorts from the National Institute for Statistics and the Census, while a little over 40 percent of individuals aged 55-59 in 2023 had completed at least lower secondary education (9 years of education), this number more than doubles to 85 percent of 20-24 year olds. The 2020 Human Capital Index shows that a child born in Costa Rica can expect to be 63 percent as productive with the current education and health services as he or she could be if he or she enjoyed complete education and full health, which is slightly higher than the LAC average of 60 percent. [9] Costa Rica aspires to go beyond being among the best in the LAC region, to be on the global vanguard of the digital age, with education outcomes on par with the OECD, a highly skilled workforce, and a transformative digitalization and management agenda. **Foundational Learning** 5. **National assessments show weakness in foundational learning, and learning outcomes are strongly correlated** **to socioeconomic conditions, which points to the need for foundational learning with deeper attention to the education** **outcomes of students from

National Household Survey data for age cohorts

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Input: and often complex. [5] The rapid loss of the global coastal wetland stock in the 20 [th] century was primarily caused by direct land reclamation. While significant losses due to human actions are likely to continue in the future, it is projected that stresses on wetland areas may be further aggravated in the 21 [st] century due to climate change. Wetlands face a number of hazards including rise in sea-level, increased atmospheric 4 A precise and widely agreed upon definition of wetland is not available. RAMSAR convention, a UNESCO-based intergovernmental treaty on wetlands adopted in 1971, defines wetlands as (Article 1.1): areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water with the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters, and highlights (in Article 2.1) that wetlands may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six meters at low tide lying within the islands. 5 These causes include sea-level rise, waves, erosion, subsidence, storms and biotic effects. Human actions include drainage for agriculture & forestry,

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Input: #### **Impact of Property Rights Reform to Support China’s Rural-Urban** **Integration:** **Household-Level Evidence from the Chengdu National Experiment [¶]** Klaus Deininger [†], Songqing Jin [‡], Shouying Liu [♯], Fang Xia [♦] †World Bank, Washington DC ‡Michigan State University, East Lansing MI ♯Development Research Center of the State Council, Beijing ♦Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing **JEL Codes O1, O43, R14, R3** **Keywords: Urban development, land use change, China, financial development** - Email: kdeininger@worldbank.org; jins@anr.msu.edu; liusy@drc.gov.cn; xia.fang.fx@gmail.com. We thank NBS, in particular Pingping Wang, Wei Wu, Yilin Feng, and Jianliang Di, as well as the Chengdu Statistical office, especially Taixiang Zhao, Xiaoying Gu, Yuan Lin, Yufang Chen, Qiuyan Chen, and Shiming Ren for access to data and support, Ting Shao for communication with NBS and the Chengdu Statistical office, and Yihao Li for research assistance. Funding support from the Knowledge for Change Program is gratefully acknowledged.

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Input: (1.614) Effect of payout at average payout 3.46 1.68 1.75 4.17 3.55 0.63 Observations 1534 1534 1534 459 459 459 R-squared 0.061 0.118 0.047 0.084 0.285 0.069 _Notes_ : Observations are aggregated at the village level. The dependent variable is the number of insurance purchasers in a village. Panel A includes the sample of villages in 2005 and 2006 in which insurance coverage was offered in the village the following year. Panel B is restricted to villages in which at least on person purchased insurance the following year. The effect at average payout is the overall increase in purchasers estimated at the average payout level. In Panel A, the average ratio of payout to premium is 2.68; in Panel B it is 3.25. All regressions contain state fixed effects. Errors are clustered at the weather station level. ***p _<_ 0.01, **p _<_ 0.05, *p _<_ 0.1. _Source_ : Authors’ analysis based on data from BASIX. In panel B, I restrict the analysis to villages that had at least one buyer the year after insurance outcomes, creating a sample analogous to the “Marketing Restricted Sample” in table 3. The logic behind this is, if a village had zero buyers, it is

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Input: **The World Bank** Socio-economic Inclusion of Refugees & Host Communities in Rwanda Project Phase II (P509677) health facilities and market-linked skills training. [7] The 2024 Rwanda FinScope survey also showed relatively low takeup of finance for investments or credit for productive purposes by Rwandese and refugees, limiting business and income-generating opportunities. [8] 7. **High poverty rates and minimal economic activity in the hosting districts constrain self-reliance prospects** **for refugees and host communities alike.** The national non-monetary poverty rate in Rwanda of 30 percent is exceeded in all five districts that host refugee camps. Gisagara, where the Mugombwa camp is located, ranked as the poorest district in the country in the 2022 Census at 45 percent. [9] By comparison, the City of Kigali has the lowest percentage of poor people (9.5 percent). Core elements of the non-monetary poverty index include health, education and living standards, highlighting the dual need to: (a) invest in economic opportunity and access to services in the hosting districts; and (b) at the same time, facilitate refugee mobility out of the camps and rural areas into urban centers, where more opportunities are available and self-reliance is more achievable. 8. **Building on the ongoing Phase I of Jya

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Input: for expecting mothers and newborns. Component 2.1 will enhance women’s access to healthcare through improved infrastructure, including all-weather roads, clean energy, and water, as well as investments in maternity wards. These improvements will support reproductive health, prenatal care, and the treatment of issues related to FGM/C. Additionally, the project will foster women’s economic empowerment by supporting livelihoods for women-only Affinity Support Groups (GEAs) and female-led businesses. 16. **Climate change exacerbates the vulnerabilities of already underserved and rural communities in Djibouti** . The country’s harsh climate is characterized by high temperatures and extreme water scarcity. Djibouti has no perennial rivers, 12 [USAID (2024), Djibouti Assistance Overview](https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2024-08/USAID-BHA_Djibouti_Assistance_Overview-August_2024.pdf) 13 WFP (2024), [WFP Djibouti Country Brief November 2024](https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000163674/download/?_ga=2.195641900.1223889895.1738425185-377343974.1738425185) 14 Malaeb, B., Duplantier, A., Maarraoui, G., Fluet, E. (2023). Towards a More Equitable Development: Constraints and Opportunities of Women in Djibouti. The World Bank, Washington 15 Country Profiles for Early Childhood Development, 2023. 16 According to Malaeb B. et al. (2023), women-owned businesses have higher rates of using informal methods of financing (53 percent compared to 33 percent); women-owned enterprises are usually micro-sized (80 percent of women businesses are sole-proprietorships), informal (42 percent of women businesses are informal), and young (42 percent of women businesses

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Input: countries: Number of people exposed to significant flood risk (and as share of total_ _regional population)_ Considering the absolute population exposure figures above biases attention towards large and populous regions. Notably, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Bihar are the three most populous sub-national regions in the world. Instead, considering relative population exposure, i.e. the share of the overall population that is exposed to flood risks, can help identify regions in which flood risks are prevalent across large parts of the population. Figures 10 and 11 present relative flood exposure estimates, which demonstrate that in various regions the vast majority of the population is facing significant flood risks. The sub-national region with the highest relative exposure to flood inundation risk is the Pool region in the Republic of Congo. The region, home to Pool Malebo, has a population of approximately 360,000 people, 91% of whom are exposed to significant flood risk. In all of the top 10 subnational regions in terms of relative population exposure, over two-thirds of the population are estimated to face significant flood risks. Strikingly, regions with high flood exposure can be found in all regions, and in low- and high-income 15

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Input: the lowest quintile of the PISA index were below level 2. Foundational learning (literacy and numeracy) in early grades paves the way for future learning, and differences in educational attainment become magnified through youth and adult life in the acquisition of human capital. Without any claims regarding causation, it is useful to look at labor earnings, which are more closely related to human capital than earnings from other assets. OECD figures show that 32 percent of 25–64-year-olds in Costa Rica with low levels of educational attainment (below upper-secondary education) earned less than half of the median earnings for the country and were thus at risk of poverty, if not already poor. [10] **Employability** 6. **In addition to foundational learning, Costa Rica’s education system requires a renewed emphasis on** **competencies for employability, including cognitive, technical and digital skills, socioemotional competencies, and** **English language skills.** Costa Rica’s economy diversified from agricultural commodity exports in the 2000s to an economy centered on high-tech manufacturing and services. Costa Rica contributes to at least 5 major high-tech global value chains: electronics, medical devices, automotive, aeronautic/aerospace, and film/broadcasting devices. However, the education system has not been highly effective in keeping up to the changes by providing

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Input: construction land (18.7% and 22.6% of villages with a mean of some 6 disputes). Even where disputes emerged, most cases were resolved by local institutions: in villages with conflict, a total of 1.2 cases required intervention by institutions above the village. After certification, contracts with a length exceeding 30 years were issued for all construction land and more than 95% of all other land use types. Permanent land use contracts were given in close to 72% of cases overall, from 85% of residential and construction land to 80% of collective land, and some 50% and 48% of arable and forest land. Survey data point toward a total cash cost for the program of about Y 8.6 per mu of which close to half (38%) was contributed by the village and the remainder from outside. Villagers contributed close to 2,000 man-days of labor (about 3 days per household) and, with somewhat more than 10 person-months of labor by outsiders, contributions from above the village remained limited. **4. Econometric results** The reform is estimated to have led to a significant increase of 7.7 percent in per capita consumption that was most pronounced for less educated and less wealthy households, and an increment

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Input: between Africa and Asia through Israel‘s southern border with Egypt. The asylum seekers originate mainly from Sudan and Eritrea, as well as other Sub-Saharan countries. At the time of writing, it is estimated that around 26,000 asylum seekers have entered Israel and a few hundred more continue to cross the border every month (Nathan 2010). _Sources: UNHCR Statistical Yearbooks. No data available for 2003. UNHCR has not yet published_ _data for 2010._ The Sinai desert serves as a geographical barrier between the countries and only short, 'sensitive' strips of the 260 kilometres are fenced. The asylum seekers often pay large sums to Bedouin smugglers (operating from both sides) who traffic them through the desert. In a border characterised by an active trade of drugs, tobacco, weapons and 2 As I demonstrate below the ̳refugee terminology‘ is contentious. In the interest of coherence I predominantly use the term ―asylum seekers‖, a term which does not tells us much about motivation but refers to the claim, which ought to stand evaluation. Thus, in this work, a person is considered an asylum seeker, until proven otherwise. 2

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Input: non-exposed areas are those grid cells where the flood level is zero. This is a measure of extent rather than depth, and has been used in previous studies to examine exposure to floods (Jongman et al. 2014; Winsemius et al. 2015; Ceola et al. 2014). Furthermore, while we lose information by using extent rather than depth (we have depths in our flood data), we decided to use extent since our flood data assumes no protection. Protection is more likely to impact the depth, rather than the extent, of the flood results. [4] 4 There is also a good reason for examining extent over depth, in terms of the hazard modeling; flood depths within a large scale flood model are very uncertain, and there is much more certainty about extents.

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Input: the east of Israel, Jordan hosts nearly 500,000 refugees, and to the South, Egypt (from which the majority of asylum seekers cross to Israel) hosts a population of more than 100,000 (UNHCR 2009; USCRI 2009). It is also known that Egypt has a vast population of unregistered foreign nationals who are not accounted for in refugee statistics. Estimates of their number vary considerably (Harrell-Bond and Zohry 2003; Nassar 2008). While such numerical and comparative analysis suggests that Israel‘s asylum seeker population is relatively small, this approach does not illuminate the social and political issues which give Israel‘s asylum seekers particular political and cultural weight. Surrounded by Arab and Muslim countries with weaker economies, Israel‘s prosperity and democratic structure act as significant pull factors for migrants. The country‘s decision to follow UNHCR guidelines and not to deport Eritreans and Sudanese while tolerating their unauthorised work must also function as an incentive. It is also important to consider the circumstances that prompt Sudanese and Eritreans, the two dominant groups of asylum seekers, to make Israel their first or second country of asylum (Afeef 2009, 9). While their circumstances significantly differ, Eritreans and Sudanese share a desire to seek better protection and to

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Input: and coincidence of flood risk and population, this approach does not allow a robust estimation of exposure headcounts. Jongman et al. (2012) provide the first global flood exposure analysis that utilizes spatial hazard and population data, albeit at relatively coarse resolution by current standards (10 x 10 kilometers for population data, and 1 x 1 kilometers for flood data). The authors estimate that in 2010, 805 million people worldwide were exposed to fluvial flooding with a 1-in-100 year return period; 271 million people to coastal flooding with the same return period. By accounting for overlap between coastal and fluvial flood risk zones, they further estimate that the global flood exposed population was 992 million in 2010, and project this number to reach 1.3 billion by 2050. In this study, we show that this projection has already been exceeded in 2020, with 1.47 billion living in high-risk flood zones. Several factors can explain this increase in estimated exposure headcount: On the 1 Disclaimer: The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on the maps in this study do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance

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Input: host in Africa, and among the five largest worldwide.** There are over 1.8 million refugees and asylum seekers in the country at present, most of whom originate from South Sudan (54 percent) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (32 percent). Uganda continues to experience significant inflows, with over 170,000 refugees having arrived during 2024. The refugees are formally settled in 12 of Uganda’s 146 districts, plus Kampala. 4. **Uganda is globally recognized for its refugee policy framework, which is closely aligned with the priorities of** **the GCR.** Uganda’s refugee policies deliver the shared international vision under the 2018 GCR, that allows refugees to 1 As of April 30, 2025, the exact number of refugees and asylum seekers in Uganda is 1,890,334. Source: Office of the Prime Minister and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2 Zhou, Yang-Yang, Grossman, Guy, and Ge, Shuning, 2023. "Inclusive refugee-hosting can improve local development and prevent public backlash," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 166(C). 3 Phase I of DRDIP in Uganda was rated Satisfactory throughout implementation and exceeded all Project Development Objective indicator targets. Page 1

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Input: rural-urban integration reforms undertaken in Chengdu prefecture followed a more integrated approach that could hold broader lessons. We describe the nature of the reforms and our analytical approach to evaluating their impact. **2.1 The challenges of rural-urban land conversion in China** In the 2000-2010 period, the size of urban areas in China expanded enormously: use of satellite imagery to define ‘urban’ consistently across countries reveals that, with an average annual area expansion of 9.8% for Hangzhou, 8.1% for Shanghai, 6.1% for Chongqing, 5.9% for Chengdu, 4.5% for the Pearl River Delta and 4.0%, for Beijing, most Chinese cities expanded at a rate well in excess of the East Asian average of 2.8% (World Bank 2014). [1] At the same time, and despite numerous measures to the contrary, rural-urban income inequality widened. While clear causality is difficult to establish, most experts agree that high rates of land conversion make a key contribution to this and, in addition, give rise to factor market distortions and often inefficient and unsustainable land use. This can largely be attributed to structural factors, most importantly the fact that, as rural land is owned by village collectives and not tradable, conversion of land from agricultural to non-agricultural

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Input: 696 Stein Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources. [5] This data set has daily readings of rainfall for the period 1961–2004, at a precision of .25. [6] The data are extrapolated based on historical rainfall readings from weather stations primarily provided by the Indian Meterological Department. For each block, the data contain the amount of rainfall in millimeters and the number of stations within the grid that contributed to the data. These data are used to evaluate how the insurance policies would have paid out historically, which can be used as a proxy for past rainfall shocks. [7] The three individual years of BASIX customer data were converted into a panel by manually matching individual customers using available identifying data. Errors in matching customers from year to year create the possibility of introducing nonclassical measurement error into the analysis. In section I discuss the possible consequences of such errors and how they affect interpretation of the estimates. **II.** **Results: The Effect of Payouts on Take-Up** In this section I address the central question: is receiving an insurance payout correlated with repurchasing insurance the following year? To do this, I examine BASIX’s customers in 2005 and 2006, and

historical rainfall readings from weather stations

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Input: squared. In this specification, the dummy on receiving 5 [APHRODITE’s water resources project; http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/precip.](http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/precip) 6 25° latitude equals about 27.5 kilometers. .25° longitude varies by latitude; over the range of latitudes in this survey it equals roughly 26 kilometers. 7 It is not clear if ICICI-LOMBARD used APHRODITE or another source of historical rainfall data in order to price their policies because this information is proprietary. The APHRODITE data set is based on historical data provided primarily by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), but similar gridded data sets provided by IMD contain vast amounts of missing data over both time and space. It is very likely that the ICICI-LOMBARD products were priced using IMD data, but it is likely the ICICI-LOMBARD used different techniques to account for missing data. 8 It makes sense to assume that the error _εt,i_ is correlated for the same person across time as well as across people in a given year. Ideally, one would like to include individual fixed effects to account for individual heterogeneity. However, in order to exploit this variation one would need to look at customers who purchased insurance in both 2005 and 2006, and received payouts in only one of those

historical data
historical rainfall data

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Input: facilitate the full participation, retention, and educational advancement of students with disabilities, as well as facilitation for their transition to the labor market. 13. **Indigenous students face additional educational challenges related to the low availability of educational** **materials in indigenous languages.** There are an estimated 16,000 indigenous students from eight communities (NgäbeBugle, Cabécar, Bribri, Malecu, Chorotega, Huetar, Térraba, and Boruca) located in 24 indigenous territories recognized by the State. Education matters are managed by local indigenous education councils ( _Consejos Locales de Educación_ _Indígena_ ) under the aegis of MEP’s national system of indigenous education. Despite the existence of a decree from 2013 that aims to preserve indigenous languages and promote early grade learning in mother tongues, additional efforts are needed to train teachers and develop learning materials in indigenous languages. [21] Education and administrative boards continue to face a lack of training and supervision, hindering their ability to effectively fulfill their responsibilities. 19 UNHCR, Strategy 2024, Situation Analysis. 20 Data from MEP’s Saber, as of September 26, 2023. 21 Sistema Costarricence de Información Jurídica, Decreto Ejecutivo 37801, Reforma del Subsistema de Educación Indígena, [https://www.pgrweb.go.cr/Scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRM&nValor1=1&nValor2=75249&strTipM=FN](https://www.pgrweb.go.cr/Scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRM&nValor1=1&nValor2=75249&strTipM=FN) Page 5

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Input: CRITICAL FUNDING NEEDS IN MENA / 10 OCTOBER 2024 **Basic Needs** UNHCR’s cash-based assistance targets only the most vulnerable; those who live hand to mouth in truly precarious and desperate situations. Multi-purpose cash assistance assists families to put food on the table, pay for medicines, and keep children in school. Emergency cash assistance is disbursed rapidly for urgent cases, such as for those at risk of eviction from their homes or in need of immediate and life-saving medical care. Cash for Protection works with refugees within a case management framework to address specific and often more complicated protection issues holistically. Around 46,000 IDPs and 3,100 refugee households are affected by the current funding shortfall. **Protection** Holding an identity document is one of life’s basics. Without an ID card, one cannot access basic services, freedom of movement is reduced, and risk of detention and arrest increased. Finding work is also made more difficult. According to UNHCR’s protection monitoring, over 54% of families have at least one child without a birth certificate, and 71% have family members without national identity cards. Displaced populations are often unable to access or have lost civil documentation and face challenges getting replacements for reasons connected to

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Input: 2.8 Value of crop output during the second season of 2004 347.5 366.9 164.0 419.3 Area covered under crops during the first season of 2005 2.7 3.0 1.6 2.9 Value of crop output during the first season of 2005 190.2 194.2 140.9 212.2 Value of crop output per acre [a] 101.5 96.7 95.3 110.8 Number of observations (households) 5530 2726 1076 1728 _Source:_ Own computation from 2005/06 UNHS III _Notes:_ [a ] Plot area weighted average of the value of crop output per acre of the two agriculture seasons. 17

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Input: PIU. If the authorization is obtained, there may be an additional risk that the MEP fails to obtain access to SIGAF. To mitigate these risks, efforts will be made to include in the same draft law seeking loan approval by the Legislative Assembly the creation of a PIU with access to SIGAF. In addition, once the PIU is created, the MEP will recruit staff with adequate qualifications and experience on terms of reference acceptable to the Bank as reflected in the POM. Training in FM and disbursement procedures will be provided to FM staff before starting implementation, and a Project operational manual satisfactory to the Bank will be prepared and will include a FM section detailing FM processes and procedures to ensure adequate internal controls, contract management and monitoring mechanisms over project funds, timely payments and issuance of financial report: Lastly, the Bank will undertake regular missions to support the implementation of the project. For Procurement. The procurement residual risk of delays in implementation is Substantial as MEP has limited experience implementing World Bank-financed projects, and no experience under the current Procurement Framework. These risks will be mitigated by training staff on Procurement Regulations, as well as through the inclusion

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Input: This dataset, created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association’s Climate Prediction Center, is based on ground station measurements of precipitation over the period 1948–2001. The average temperatures and precipitation for each country in the sample are shown in Appendices A and B. Note that there is a wide range of climates across the 11 countries in the sample. It is not possible to use every month of climate in a Ricardian regression because of the high correlation between one month and the next. Consequently we must cluster the monthly data into seasons. However, it is not self-evident how to cluster monthly temperatures into a limited set of seasonal measurements. We explored several ways of defining three-month average seasons, starting with November, December, and January for winter. Comparing the results, we found that defining winter in the northern hemisphere as the average of November, December, and January provided the most robust results for Africa. This assumption in turn implies that the next three months would be spring, the three months after that would be summer, and August, September and October would be fall (in the north). These seasonal definitions were chosen because they provided the best fit with the data

ground station measurements of precipitation

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Input: experiences of their friends and neighbors. Evidence in the developed world shows that purchases of flood and earthquake insurance in the United States are greatly influenced by recent experiences with disasters and insurance payouts, that peoples’ insurance decisions are influenced by their friends and neighbors’ experiences with insurance (Kunreuther, Sanderson, and Vetschera 1985; Gallagher 2014). Reacting to Daniel Stein is a senior economist at IDinsight; his email address is [Daniel.stein@idinsight.org.](mailto:Daniel.stein@idinsight.org) This work would not have been possible without the assistance of the insurance staff at BASIX, especially Sridhar Reddy, for help in obtaining and understanding their customer database. Thanks to Tim Besley, Greg Fischer, Gani Aldashev, and Xavier Giné for giving helpful advice and commenting on earlier drafts. Thanks to participants at the Munich Re 6th Annual Microinsurance Conference, the Midwestern International Economic Development Conference, seminars at the London School of Economics, University of Namur, and KU Leuven for helpful comments. All remaining errors are my own. A supplemental appendix to this article [is available at https://academic.oup.com/wber.](https://academic.oup.com/wber) 1 CIA World Factbook: India; Indiastat.com. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK. All [rights reserved. For

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Input: and sharing of technical and institutional analyses to help the project designs be closely aligned and synergistic; (ii) the administrative and legislative processes for project approval by the Government are expected to take place at the same time as the IDB-financed project; and (iii) project implementation will be carried out in close coordination with the IDBfinanced project. An example of complementarity is on the pedagogical reform, with the proposed Project focused on foundational learning, while the IDB financed project would deepen the impact with support to a wider curricular reform. The efforts of both projects in supporting MEP’s digitalization agenda are included as an operational core of an ongoing regional effort between the two Banks under the Memorandum of Understanding on strategic areas including reducing the digital access gap. 16. **Costa Rica recently received a positive IMF review of the overall Government program, which bodes well for** **MEP, especially as MEP reforms are geared towards sustainability** . [22] An important consideration of the reform program is that the planned interventions do not require a level of investment that would put inordinate fiscal pressure regarding the MEP budget. Expenditures such as the investments planned for the digitalization agenda of the MEP

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Input: School](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/01/11/djibouti-giving-refugee-children-a-chance-to-go-to-school) 9 The Ministry of Health and UNHCR signed a cooperation agreement in 2018 for the inclusion of refugees in the national health system 10 Government of Djibouti (2024), Stratégie Livelihoods et Inclusion Economique Djibouti 2024 – 2028 11 UNHCR, African Development Bank Group, IGAD, EAC (2024), Regional Report Draft: Regional Program on Enhancing the Investment Climate for the Economic Empowerment of Refugee, Returnee and Host/Return Community Women in the East and Horn of Africa and Great Lakes Region. Page 4

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Input: Some coastal zones in our study area invest significant resources in damage prevention via polder construction and other measures, while others offer compensation once cyclone-related damage has occurred. Incorporation of controls from our cyclone panel database may permit more accurate estimation of the timing and magnitude of responses to these differences. To conclude, we believe that the coastal cyclone experiences of Bangladesh, West Bengal and Odisha also offer potentially-valuable lessons for the global community. Our overall findings for the Indian Ocean are consistent with the view that ocean warming from climate change has increased the frequency and average power of regional cyclone storms. Since 1960, a composite index of cyclone frequency and power has increased by about 50%. Since our focal study area is one of the world’s most cyclone-prone, its experience can provide important clues for understanding the potential future of other cyclone-affected areas. In this context, studies that 22

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Input: of natural shocks, and historical data only offer limited guidance on the future. So, when taking long-term investment and planning decisions, selecting options that offer robust performance under a variety of scenarios is crucial (Hallegatte et al. 2019). This study considers a 1-in-100 year return flood intensity to reflect a relatively rare and intense disaster. However, the concept of return periods is easily misunderstood and the probability underestimated. A 1in-100 year flood has, on average, a 1% probability of occurrence in any given year. But this translates to or 10% probability in a decade, or 50% in a lifetime (68 years). These are significant probabilities that lie well within reasonable planning horizons of governments. For comparison, the Dutch flood protection system protects against events up to 1-in-10,000 years. In addition, it should be noted that these probabilities apply independently to a given river basin or microclimate. For the purpose of this study, we consider hundreds of thousands of such locations. This means that, globally, hundreds of 1-in-100 year flood events happen every year. **3.2.** **Population density** This study estimates the location of people using the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL), produced by the EC JRC. It offers global coverage and

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Input: components. Progress on all project components will be through biannual progress reports submitted by the PMU to the World Bank and disclosed publicly. 53. **Progress on the implementation of Components 2 and 3 will be overseen by the district-level PMU.** Progress will be assessed on infrastructure and agribusiness activities and provide quarterly reports to the MoHAIS. 54. **Citizen engagement and social accountability will be promoted throughout the project cycle.** The project has prepared a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) which was disclosed in country and on the World Bank website on August 1, 2024, which provides guidance on ensuring effective project communication and consultation at different stages of implementation. It further sets out indicators that will be monitored in accessing the level of beneficiary engagement, feedback, and grievances. The policy stakeholder group will facilitate the exchange of information between policy makers and the public. Citizen engagement will be measured through beneficiary assessments, which will include (a) participatory focus groups and (b) semi-structured interviews with refugees and former refugees, host community members, farmers, cooperatives, and agribusinesses. Citizen engagement outcomes will be assessed through the indicator “Stakeholder consultations convened, and priority measures identified”. These beneficiary assessments will help assess the relevance and impact

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Input: Loayza, N., A. Mier y Teran, and J. Rigolini. 2013. “Poverty, inequality, and the local natural resource curse.” Discussion Paper Series, Forschungsinstitut zur Zujunft der Arbeit, 7226, Bonn. Maldonado, S. (2017). The non-monotonic political effects of resource booms. Mamo, N., Bhattacharyya, S., & Moradi, A. (2019). Intensive and extensive margins of mining and development: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. _Journal of Development_ _Economics_, _139_, 28-49. Michaels, G. 2011. “The Long Term Consequences of Resource-Based Specialisation.” _The_ _Economic Journal_ 121: 31–57. MineAtlas. 2013. https://mining-atlas.com/ Rhee, S., Nyanza, E. C., Condon, M., Fisher, J., Maduka, T., & Benshaul-Tolonen, A. (2018). Understanding environmental, health and economic activity interactions following transition of ownership in gold mining areas in Tanzania: A case of private to public. _Land use policy_, _79_, 650-658. Standing, A., and G. Hilson. 2013. “Distributing mining wealth to communities in Ghana: Addressing problems of elite capture and political corruption.” _U4_ issue 2013 (5). van der Ploeg, F. 2011. “Natural Resources: Curse or Blessing?” _Journal of Economic_ _Literature_ 49 (2): 366–420. von der Goltz, J., & Barnwal, P. (2019). Mines: The local wealth and health effects of mineral mining in developing countries. _Journal of Development Economics_, _139_, 1-16. Wilson, N. 2012. “Economic Booms and

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Input: This reliance on international trade – especially for essential imports such as water and food - leaves Djibouti vulnerable to climate-related shocks affecting both its own territory and its neighboring trading partners. 6. **As of January 15, 2025, Djibouti hosts 32,643 registered refugees** **[2]** **and asylum-seekers, constituting** **approximately three percent of the population, primarily from Somalia, Ethiopia, and Yemen** [3] **.** Eighty-five percent of refugees live in settlements (2,529 in Obock; 8,019 in Holl Holl; and 16,980 in Ali Addeh), while 15 percent reside in urban areas (5,115 in Djibouti-Ville). A majority of refugees are between the ages of 18-59, and the gender composition is 52 percent male and 48 percent female. The government’s proactive approach, aligned with the Global Compact on Refugees, includes efforts to integrate refugees into national systems while promoting social and economic inclusion, reinforced by the adoption of a National Refugee Law (NRL) in 2017 to strengthen institutional and legislative frameworks and ensure refugee access to services. Djibouti’s relative peace and economic growth in the region have made it a key destination for refugees and migrants, who seek sanctuary from conflict and climate-induced disasters. Additionally, Djibouti serves as a key transit corridor for migrants from the

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Input: **World** 0 2 4 6 8 Billions **Figure 2** _**. Global population headcounts exposed to different levels of flood risk**_ By regionally disaggregating global exposure headcounts, it becomes apparent that flood risks are particularly prevalent in certain regions. At 595.3 million people, the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region has the highest number of people exposed to significant flood risk – corresponding to about 25% of EAP’s total population. In all other regions, flood exposed people account for a smaller share of the overall population. In the South Asia region (SAR), 370 million people are exposed to significant flood risk – i.e. about 19.5 percent of the SAR population. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Europe and Central Asia (ECA), Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and the United States and Canada (USA & CAN), between 16.3 to 8 percent of the respective regional populations are exposed to high flood risk. Figure 4 provides a full breakdown of regional exposure estimates in absolute and relative terms. In several cases, regional exposure numbers are driven by single countries – like is the case for China in EAP, India in SAR, or Egypt in MENA. Section 5.2. presents

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Input: wheat and other grains increased and those of oil crops decreased in Chengdu while the opposite was true for households in neighboring counties. Also, key interventions in place during the period of concern are a new rural pension scheme (Lei _et al._ 2013), cooperative medical scheme (Wagstaff _et al._ 2009), and agricultural subsidies (Huang _et al._ 2011; Meng 2012). While these are funded centrally, disbursements may vary by prefecture and we include information on the amounts received in such schemes, in addition for a wide range of household-level observables, in our regressions. **3.2 Nature and cost of the certification process** To quantify costs of the reform, we use the overlap between the counties in our sample and a village survey administered in May 2014 on either side of comparable stretches of the administrative border of Chengdu prefecture(Deininger _et al._ 2015). Characteristics of the certification process for different types of land are described in table 2. The average village has an area of about 7,500 mu (5 km [2] ) of which some 51% were 13 To test for presence of pre-reform trends for variable _Yit_ in household _i_ in year _t_, we use the pre-reform sample to estimate ��� �������

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Input: **Poverty and flood exposure.** By combining flood exposure estimates with survey-based sub-national data on poverty, we further estimate flood exposure among the world’s poor. Our estimates show that 132 million people living in extreme poverty (living on less than $1.90 per day) are directly exposed to flood risk; of these, 72.5 million (or 55 percent) are in Sub-Saharan Africa (figure 16). Approximately two out of ten people exposed to flood risk globally are living in extreme poverty. When poverty is defined using less extreme (i.e. higher) thresholds, the number of flood-exposed poor people increases significantly. Around 343 million are estimated to live in high-risk flood zones while living on less than $3.20 a day. The number increases to 587 million when considering incomes below $5.50 a day. Increasing the poverty threshold from $1.90 to $5.50 doubles the number of poor people exposed to floods in Sub-Saharan Africa from 73 million to 147 million. However, in South Asia the number of the poor and flood-exposed increases seven-fold from 41 million to 289 million; in East Asia the increase is nine-fold from 9 million to 80 million. but increases the poor people exposed in SAR by a factor of 6.55 to 286.8

survey-based sub-national data on poverty

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Input: by the World Bank, in collaboration with WHO (Pandey, et al., 2004; Wang, et al., 2003). For natural resource degradation, we base our indicator on recent research that identifies the vulnerability of people on fragile lands (i.e., land that is steeply-sloped, arid, or covered by natural forest) as a major determinant of rural poverty and natural resource degradation in developing countries (World Bank, 2003). Our indicator, the total rural population living on fragile lands, has been constructed from a GIS (Geographic Information System) - based spatial overlay of demographic, topographical, climatic and natural resource information. We have developed our biodiversity threat indicator from a variety of sources. For terrestrial biodiversity, we use a GIS-based spatial overlay of human population with critical areas identified by Conservation International (CI), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and Birdlife International (BI). We also include freshwater lake areas, to capture the role of inland aquatic ecosystems. The World Bank’s Environment Strategy focuses on both the threat to biodiversity from human encroachment, and the value of biodiversity resources for human populations. Our indicator for this two-way relationship in each country is its total human population in critical biodiversity areas. For marine biodiversity, we draw on estimates of

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Input: up potential differential effects across urban compared to rural localities. None of the treatment effects are statistically significantly different between rural and urban areas. [16] In panel C, we have constructed a new treatment variable _#active*mines_ that counts the number of actively producing mines within 20 km. Women are sampled within 20 km of one mine (593 women), within 20 km of two mines (137 women), and within 20 km of three mines (64 women). The 16 Few of the other interaction coefficients are also statistically significant. The interaction between _urban*mine_ is significant, and women in urban localities with a future mine are 12 percentage points less likely to be working in agriculture. 28

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Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) 15. As per paragraph 5.9 of the Procurement Regulations, the World Bank’s Systematic Tracking and Exchanges in Procurement (STEP) system will be used to prepare, clear, and update Procurement Plans and conduct all procurement transactions for the Project. Page 35

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Input: see Office of the Prime Minister and UNHCR (2024) _Uganda Urban Response Strategy 2024-2029_ . 7 The definition used is canopy height >5m. Global Forest Watch 8 Compounded by the fact that refugee settlement population density is typically ten times the national average: World Agroforestry Center, 2024. 9 Gianvenuti, A., Bedijo, N. G., Jalal, R., Hitimana, L., Walter, S., Linhares-Juvenal, T., and Xia, Z. (2022). Woodfuel Consumption in Refugee Hosting Areas and Its Impact on the Surrounding Forests—The Case of Uganda. _Forests_, _13_ (10), 1676. Page 2

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Input: **Access to housing:** Protection monitoring findings and focus group discussions have highlighted that accommodation was the most urgently reported need (39% of respondents in first quarter of 2024 compared to 27% in the last quarter of 2023), followed by employment. Protection monitoring shows a positive trend in the percentage of respondents residing in rented accommodation with an increase from 46% in the last quarter of 2023 to 59% in the first quarter of 2024. In parallel to this, the percentage of residents in collective accommodation facilities decreased from 12% to 6% during the same period. It is likely that many refugees residing in collective accommodation facilities have already begun to relocate to rented housing as a result of the changes in the provision of cost-free accommodation. This applies also to vulnerable persons, who previously continued to benefit from cost-free accommodation beyond the 150 days. Findings from Protection Monitoring for this quarter confirm that 38% of those having to leave their accommodation was on account of the accommodation closing, compared to only 22% in the last quarter of 2023. ## 39% Consider accommodation an urgent need facilities across seven regions [1] highlighted the challenges in accessing sustainable and affordable housing, including

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Input: to their home country while application fees for passports are unaffordable for many. The GRZ has offered to integrate former Angolan refugees who arrived between 1966 and 1986. However, most of those who arrived after 1986 do not have any form of identification. The risk of statelessness extends to children born to refugees, because Zambian laws do not automatically grant citizenship to children born to foreign parents on Zambian territory. 9. **Most refugees and former refugees in Zambia live in designated refugee settlements** . Approximately 75 percent of refugees are in one of the three remote refugee settlements of Mantapala (8720 individuals), Meheba (41,762 individuals), and Mayukwayukwa (26,049 individuals), with 25 percent in Lusaka, Ndola, and other urban centers. Mayukwayukwa and Meheba are four to five decades old, with dilapidated and inadequate infrastructure. Around 16,000 8 National Adaptation Plan for Zambia, 2023. 9 The plan is the fourth of its series of five-year National Development Plans intended to achieve the National Vision 2030, which is aimed at transforming Zambia into ‘a prosperous middle-income nation by 2030’. 10 Zambia National Statistical Report, Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security, May 2024. Page 9

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Input: and so on), and nearby households. A key social infrastructure priority is schools, which are massively overcrowded and lack classroom capacity; teacher accommodation; and appropriate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Energy for school infrastructure will allow uninterrupted learning, while new classroom designs will allow greater cooling and ventilation and the adoption of simple water harvesting will permit more handwashing. Through this component, the GRZ—specifically Kalumbila Town Council—will be provided with TA to improve capacity in climate-resilient design and construction standards for infrastructure. The project aims to pilot new climate-resilient classrooms designs that are cost-effective and sustainable. The project will also invest in sensitizing local communities on how better to adapt to climate risks, including appropriate water usage, farming techniques etc. 32. **Meheba falls within the Kalumbila District, one of the eleven districts of the North-Western Province in Zambia.** The district has become a new destination for domestic and foreign investment in Zambia, driven largely by the rapid growth in mining activities, which has seen the population of the district more than double in 10 years—from around 85,000 at the time of the 2010 census to 180,000 in the 2022 census. [23] The population of Meheba, which is predominantly youthful (75.9

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Input: varied but a total of 9597 surveys were administered. After data cleaning, including removal of farms that did not grow crops, and surveys with field errors and missing information, the final number of useable surveys was 8463. We conducted the analysis at the plot level of each farm as the dataset was sufficiently detailed to extract and utilize information about whether or not a particular plot (from a set of three) was irrigated or not. Each farm provided plot specific data on whether or not irrigation was used, crop production (including crop type, amount harvested, quantity sold, quantity consumed and amount of sales receipt) and crop costs (fertilizer, pesticide and seed data). Using this data, prices per crop and yields per hectare of farmland and cropland were estimated, as well as plot specific crop revenues and farm level gross and net revenues. Net revenue estimates are at the farm level because the input data, including labor (both hired and household) and machinery, were available only at that unit of measurement. It was not possible to allocate most inputs to specific plots as much of it was applied to several plots at a time. The dataset we used contains 1750 irrigated

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Input: in table 1. **Table 1.** Insurance Policy Summary Statistics **Year** **2005** **2006** **2007** Number of weather stations 34 42 28 Average premium for three phases (Rs) 290 295 287 Expected payout (Rs, using rainfall 1961–2004) 119 73 80 Ratio of premium to expected payout 2.67 2.47 2.12 Mean percentage of years policy would have 22.9 15.6 13.9 paid out 1961–2004 _Notes_ : This table lists basic features of the insurance policies studied in this paper. Each policy offers three phases of coverage with different premiums, but customers are not required to purchase all three. However, as purchasing all three phases was the most common behavior, the average premium for purchasing all phases of coverage is listed. The expected payout is estimated using the APHRODITE dataset, for the period 1961–2004. As pricing strategies for ICICI-LOMBARD are proprietary, these estimates may not correspond to their internal estimates of expected payouts. However, the APHRODITE data set likely draws from the same historical data used to price the insurance policies. The ration of premium to expected payout is the average premium (averaged across all weather stations) divided by the average expected payout. _Source_ : Authors’ analysis based on data from BASIX and APHRODITE.

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Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) can contribute meaningfully to environmental conservation and sustainable development while meeting the challenges posed by climate change. **MEP Management Structure and Efficiency** 10. **Reforming the organizational structure and management processes of MEP offers an opportunity to increase** **its efficiency, decision-making, and accountability to improve student learning and education trajectories in Costa Rica.** With 2,763 officials at the central level and 1,451 at the regional level, distributed in 4,810 schools, the educational system has the necessary infrastructure to implement significant changes. [16] A reform of MEP to increase effectiveness and alignment with educational objectives would include: (i) review and rationalization of the central organizational structure to eliminate redundancies and clarify roles and responsibilities, especially in units focused on educational quality; (ii) restructuring of MEP regional units to better respond to local needs and organizations, ensuring that these offices focus on providing direct and effective support to frontline schools; and (iii) Improving decision-making with a data-driven approach, improving information systems and planning, which requires more accurate cost estimation and resultsoriented strategic planning. These measures would allow the MEP to optimize its management and fulfil its mandate to ensure that resources are used

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Input: vulnerable freshwater marshes and China represents 79.1% of all vulnerable GLWD Coastal Wetlands within EAP. Within MENA, 92.7% of all regional vulnerable saline wetlands are in Libya and Egypt. On the whole, our results suggest a significant asymmetry in the burden of SLR on wetlands: a small number of developing countries is expected to bear the additional burnt of sea level rise, while many other coastal countries will experience little change. It should be noted that numerous studies on impacts of climate change have indicated that small island nations are particularly susceptible to the impacts of SLR (for example, see Anthoff et al 2010; Nicholls et al 2010; Anthoff et al 2006; Church et al 2006; Nicholls et al 1999). However, limitations of the resolution of the global spatial datasets make quantification of the vulnerability of wetlands of small island nations particularly difficult. [20] Even though the SRTM elevation data are at approximately 90m spatial resolution, the global wetlands data are compiled from a range of sources resulting in generalized areas. Also, the correspondence 20 Tol 2007 drew on the Global Vulnerability Analysis and other country studies for quantification of wetland loss from 1 m SLR for a global analysis

SRTM elevation data
Global Vulnerability Analysis

global spatial datasets
global wetlands data

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Input: The World Bank Economic Review 701 villages that did not experience a rainfall shock. A shock is defined using each location’s insurance policies in 2005: If insurance would have paid out in 2004 based on the structure of the 2005 weather policy, this is deemed a rainfall shock. As the quality of the rainfall data is related to the amount of nearby weather stations, I weight the observations based on the number of nearby rainfall stations. [11] Also, I create a hypothetical payout ratio, similar to the “Ratio of Payout to Premium” variable presented in table 3. This is the ratio of the amount that the 2005 policy would have paid out in 2004 divided by the premium of the policy. The results of this regression are presented in table 5. [12] **Table 5.** Direct Effects of Rainfall on Purchasing **Dependent variable is number of buyers in 2005** **(1)** **(2)** **(3)** **(4)** Would have been payout in 2004 −3.843*** −4.592*** −5.045** −3.788* (0.987) (1.039) (2.173) (1.898) Ratio of hypothetical 2004 payout to 2005 Premium 4.365 −0.755 (4.610) (5.543) Payout ratio squared −1.991 −0.279 (1.814) (2.064) Constant 8.001*** 0.651 7.985*** 1.015 (0.714) (6.341) (0.713) (6.494) Weather station constants NO YES NO

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Input: more progressive approach to refugee inclusion.** There is a general recognition in Government that a shift to self-reliance and a move away from humanitarian support is required. Zambia’s Eighth National Development Plan (8NDP) has a vision for a more decentralized approach to economic and social development, which will support the greater inclusion of approximately 101,837 [15] refugees, asylum seekers, and former refugees that currently reside in the country. 14. **In August 2023, the GRZ endorsed a new National Refugee Policy, approved by the Cabinet in November 2023.** The Office of the Commissioner for Refugees, in close cooperation with the MoHAIS and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), developed the new policy to address existing legal gaps and enhance coordination within government. Its implementation is expected to ease reservations to the 1951 Convention and harmonize the 2017 Refugee Act with other national legislation (for example, the Immigration and Deportation Act of 2010) that will enhance opportunities for protection and solutions for self-reliance. [16] To assist policy delivery, the Government has established an interagency National Steering Committee chaired by the Office of the Vice President. In March 2023, the MoHAIS launched a plan for the Modernization of Refugee and Host

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Input: climate variables but found the linear model to be more reliable. (Log pseudolikelihood = -2340.59 and r-squared 0.51 versus -2187.4434 and 0.54, respectively, for the quadratic probit model.) The Chow test for determining the null hypothesis that the estimated parameters are jointly the same is rejected (chi [2] (30) = 3967.66; Prob > chi [2] =0.0000). The coefficients (which are highly significant) suggest that the probability of adoption of irrigation increases with higher temperatures and precipitation in each season except in spring. The reported standard errors in the paper are based on the Huber-White estimator of variance which are robust against many types of misspecification of the model (Heltberg & Tarp 2002). The annual marginal effects, which are more informative of the decision to irrigate or not, reflected in the probability response functions of choosing irrigation given delta temperature increments (holding all other variables constant), reflect the current irrigation landscape in Africa. The probability of adoption of irrigation increases in regions with lower temperatures (for example Egypt and South Africa), while it decreases in warmer regions. Irrigation in cooler regions is more profitable because it requires less water and the crops are more productive. Similarly, in regions of higher precipitation

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Input: information within the infrastructure module on repairs and upgrades and the integration of energyefficient and climate-smart features, such as improved drainage, natural ventilation, and use of climate-resilient materials in educational establishments; and (ii) strengthen the digitalization of MEP and the development of digital platforms and content delivery to enable remote instruction when extreme weather events make it unsafe for students to go to school for in-person learning. [28] The integration of digital platforms will be accompanied by the development of business continuity plans to ensure network connectivity and minimize downtime during extreme weather events. With these considerations, the Project is considered to have reduced risks to acceptable levels and to be aligned on adaptation. 27 These will consider the best available technology or match or surpass country benchmarks in energy efficiency performance. [28 In the past, extreme weather events have disrupted school continuity. For instance, in 2017, Hurricane Nate damaged 72 schools that remained](https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/educacion/tormenta-nate-dana-72-escuelas-y-colegios-en-todo-el-pais/42ZNMUM3BFA5BIWXJI3INJOBHA/story/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_content=2017-10-06&utm_campaign=rss-nacional) [closed for several days. More recently, in 2022, 234 schools lost access to electricity and water following storm Julia. The MSP contract will include](https://mep.go.cr/noticias/mep-reporta-234-centros-educativos-afectados-paso-huracan-julia) contingency measures so that remote instruction can continue in the event of outages. Page 17

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Input: panel B shows the effects of increased production in the survey year. There is no evidence of spillovers in the sense that there is a similar effect in neighboring districts. In fact, most coefficients point in the opposite direction for mining and neighboring districts indicating, if anything, a shift in employment from neighboring districts to the producing ones. **8 Conclusions** Ghana has a long history of gold production and has recently been experiencing its third gold rush, during which annual gold production skyrocketed. It was the first gold rush the country has experienced as an independent nation, and it brings hope of improving the lives of its citizens. Natural resource extraction is often argued to have detrimental effects on countries, however, and the so-called natural resource curse may imply that resource wealth is harmful to social development and inclusive growth. We use rich geocoded data with information on households and mining production over time to evaluate the gold boom at the local and district levels in difference-in-differences analyses. Men benefit from direct job creation within the mining sector, and women seem to benefit from indirectly generated jobs in the service sector (statistically significant within 10 km from a mine). Women

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Input: candles, flashlights, and generators for lighting and cell phone charging. Enhanced transport and energy will also stimulate retail business and production. The upgrading and expansion of school infrastructure will improve learning outcomes, enhance teacher retention and new recruitment, and afford greater dignity to boarding pupils, especially girls, as many are currently sharing beds due to the lack of capacity. The provision of modern WASH facilities will support greater school attendance—especially for girls whose attendance is often curtailed due to lack of access to hygiene services [26] —and improve the health of students who are at increased risk of waterborne diseases such as cholera in the rainy season given the current overreliance on pit latrines. (a) **Transport infrastructure: Meheba settlement main access road and Mwafwe bridge (US$3 million).** The overall state of rural roads within the Meheba settlement remains one of the main bottlenecks to the development of that settlement into an economically viable area. Results from various studies such as the 23 Zambia 2022 Census of Population and Housing, Central Statistical Office Zambia, 2023. 24 One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023. 25 One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023.

23 Zambia 2022 Census of Population and Housing

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Input: expand essential services, job creation and entrepreneurship to stimulate local economies, and the development of key sectors like agriculture, renewable energy, and small-scale industries. Addressing climate change, the vision emphasizes efficient water management and renewable energy to enhance resilience. Aligned with this vision, **the National Strategy for Non-** **Contributory Social Protection (NSPS, 2023-2027) integrates adaptive social protection systems, basic services,** 2 The WBG Scorecard FY24-FY30 Methodology Note defines a ‘ **refugee’** is a person who, ‘owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his or her nationality, and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country’, referencing the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. For the purposes of this PAD, the term ‘refugee’ will include both refugees and asylum-seekers. 3 UNHCR (2025), Djibouti: Refuge and Asylum-Seekers Locations, as of 15 Jan 2025; UNHCR (2024), Djibouti: Refuge and Asylum-Seekers Locations, as of 31 Dec 2025 Page 2

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Input: relationships between household wealth (excluding the value of owned land) and their willingness to pay in order to obtain full ownership rights on occupied parcels. The marginal elasticity of the reported amount that occupants’ are willing to pay with respect to wealth, though inelastic with 0.36, is positive and statistically different from zero. But wealth elasticity on the probability of willingness to pay is very negligible (0.03), implying that poorer tenants will possibly be over-bid even if they are equally willing to buy full ownership rights on occupied parcels. **5. Conclusion and policy implications** Although a large literature explores the effectiveness of titling interventions, and the impacts of tenure security on investment and productivity of land use, the African literature has not led to a consensus on whether insecurity should be of concern to policy makers or on how to most effectively address it. Our findings contribute to the methodological and the policy debate. Methodologically, the ability to use within household fixed effect estimates allows us to demonstrate that tenure insecurity has statistically very significant effects on investment and thus the productivity of land use. The fact that both our sample and the point estimates obtained are several times larger

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Input: after the 2005 floods, it was slow to arrive and the amount delivered was inadequate to support losses suffered (Patankar 2015). Given that poor people have consumption closer to subsistence, a substantial loss from floods in the absence of support can have high non-monetary costs in the form of irreversible impacts on children and distress sales of assets (de Janvry et al. 2006; World Bank and Australian AID 2014). In summary, livelihood shocks triggered by floods could keep people from escaping poverty and even push them into deeper poverty (Karim and Noy 2014). Despite this poverty-vulnerability relationship, previous quantitative studies on flood exposure in Vietnam have focused on the generation of losses rather than exposure across socioeconomic levels (Chinh et al. 2017; Apel et al. 2016; MONRE 2009). Nevertheless, insights from qualitative focus groups across the country (in An Giang, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Hoa Binh, and Bac Nih) find that many poor households feel more vulnerable to floods due to their increased exposure (a result of living in flood prone areas, like along river banks or outside of protective dikes, and often having substandard quality of housing) are less likely to have sufficient assets to buffer the effects of

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Input: executing agency, which describes how procurement in this Project will support the PDOs and deliver value for money under a risk-based approach. The PPSD will provide adequate supporting market analysis for the selection methods detailed in the Procurement Plan. Mandatory 29 MEP implemented the Equity and Efficiency of Education Project (P057857, 7284-CR). However, the project closed in 2013. 30 The PEFA 2022 concluded that overall Costa Rica PFM system is well aligned with good international practices, being budget reliability and transparency of public finances the foremost strengths. Page 18

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Input: because the input data, including labor (both hired and household) and machinery, were available only at that unit of measurement. It was not possible to allocate most inputs to specific plots as much of it was applied to several plots at a time. The dataset we used contains 1750 irrigated plots and 9183 dryland plots. The distribution of surveys – irrigated and dryland plots by country – is shown in Table 1. In this study, we relied on monthly temperature data collected from US Department of Defense satellites (Basist et al. 2001). This set of polar orbiting satellites obtain measurements at a given location on earth at 6am and 6pm every day. The satellites are equipped with sensors that measure surface temperature by detecting microwaves that pass through clouds (Weng & Grody 1998). The monthly precipitation data comes from the Africa Rainfall and Temperature Evaluation System (ARTES) (World Bank 2003). This dataset, created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association’s Climate Prediction Center, is based on ground station measurements of precipitation over the period 1948–2001. The average temperatures and precipitation for each country in the sample are shown in Appendices A and B. Note that there is a wide range

Africa Rainfall and Temperature Evaluation System

ground station measurements of precipitation

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Input: Nam Assessment Report on Climate Change IPCC (2007) Summary for Policymakers.^ In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New [York, USA. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf](http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf) IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press de Janvry, A., F. Finan, E. Sadoulet, and R. Vakis. 2006. BCan conditional cash transfer programs serve as safety nets in keeping children at school and from working when exposed to shocks?^ J Dev Econ 79: 349–373 Jongman B, Hochrainer-Stigler S, Feyen L, Aerts JCJH, Mechler R, Botzen WJW, Bouwer LM, Pflug G, Rojas R, Ward PJ (2014) Increasing stress on disaster-risk finance due to large floods. Nat Clim Chang 4(4):264–

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Input: shock of the same intensity occurs again. Using historical data and based on the statistical frequency of a shock of a certain intensity, it describes the probability of such an event. Figure 1 illustrates the extent of floods with two return periods: one with a 25-year return period (or a 1in-25-year flood) and one with a 100-year return period (or a 1-in-100-year flood). The 1-in-25-year flood has a 1/25 or 0.04 annual probability of occurring. In other words, each year there is a 4 percent chance of such an event occurring, regardless of when the last such event took place. The probabilistic nature of return periods means that there is a 63.9 percent probability that a flood of at least this intensity will occur once within a 25-year period. But this also leaves the possibility for this event to not occur at all, or to occur several times. In comparison, a 1-in-100-year flood is a more extreme event with a lower probability but higher intensity — that is, it affects a wider area and has a greater depth. As time passes, more climatic data become available, which will update the empirical probabilities associated with certain natural shocks. As the impacts

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Input: optimal allocation model, with a brief review of the methodology developed in Buys, et al. (2003). Assuming continuity with the past scale and thematic composition of lending, Section 8 uses the model to estimate lending and AAA opportunities by country and environmental theme for the period 2004-2009. [2] Section 9 interprets our findings using two country cases, and Section 10 provides a summary and conclusions. **2. Environmental Indicators** Building on prior work by Buys, et al. (2003), we construct country indicators for six environmental problems: greenhouse gas emissions; health damage from air and water pollution; the threat of natural resource degradation on fragile lands; threats to biodiversity; problems related to water resources; and problems with environmental policies and institutions. All of our indices reflect recent research on the cross-country incidence of environmental problems. For global greenhouse gas emissions, our indicator is total metric tons of carbon equivalent in 2000 from fuel combustion (CO2), land-use change (CO2) and other sources (methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC’s), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)). We draw our emissions estimates from the World Resources Institute’s Climate Analysis and Indicators database. [3] Our estimate of pollution damage is total DALY (disability-adjusted life year) losses

World Resources Institute’s Climate Analysis and Indicators database

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Input: NUSAF IV will focus on the poorest individuals, while DRDIP II will target ‘active individuals’ identified through national wealth ranking data; (b) DRDIP II will concentrate on regions with a high refugee population, freeing up NUSAF IV to operate in other areas; (c) data sharing will be facilitated through interoperability between the DRDIP II management information system (MIS) and related projects; (d) the Geo-Enabling initiative for Monitoring and Supervision (GEMS) at the portfolio level will provide mapping of different projects, offering timely information on subproject locations; and (e) bi-annual joint reviews and joint missions of the PIUs and World Bank will be explored for strategic stocktaking and alignment. DRDIP II will also coordinate with activities of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), ensuring at the very least not to crowd out private investment. 45. **As part of the portfolio level coordination, a common taxonomy across operations will be developed through** **project implementation manuals, building a shared understanding of graduation pathways at individual and group** **levels** . Livelihoods grants from NUSAF IV and economic opportunity grants from DRDIP II will form the foundational support to refugees and host communities, priming households to become economically active and participate in value chains. The DRDIP

DRDIP II management information system (MIS)

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Input: the planned procurement, the absence of a comprehensive project expenditure framework, and weak technical and procurement capacity at both the ministry and PMU levels. 16. The mitigation measures are as follows: a) A comprehensive expenditure framework including a Procurement Plan for the overall project for the first 18 months of implementation has been developed and will be updated periodically as necessary; b) Qualified staff will be assigned as focal persons to monitor, support, and report on procurement activities; c) Evaluation committee members will consist of a maximum of five members with three members from the concerned PMU/department and two members from the concerned ministry; d) Financial and administrative authority at the PMU/Department of Procurement level will be efficiently delegated to conduct procurement and manage contracts in compliance with the World Bank’s Procurement Regulations; e) Implementing agencies will start advance procurement to award a few critical contracts following Board approval; f) The Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP) system will be used for all procurement activities; and g) The World Bank will carry out regular reviews of project-related procurement activities. 17. **Procurement oversight and monitoring arrangements.** The World Bank exercises its procurement oversight through a risk-based approach comprising prior and

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