Input:
**it on a higher growth path.** According
to the Deloitte D.Climate model, economic impact of Ukrainian refugees amounted to a higher real GDP by 1.5% in 2022, as they initially entered the labour market.
With more refugees finding employment, their impact grew to 2.3% GDP in 2023, and further to 2.7% GDP in 2024. This corresponds to GDP being higher by PLN 98.7 billion in 2024. In the long term, as the refugees acquire more country-specific skills and firms invest to restore their capital-to-labour ratio, the impact will grow to 3.2% GDP by 2030. Refugees contribute to the economy by increasing the labour supply as both workers and entrepreneurs, and by boosting demand as consumers.
The increase in GDP is not directly proportional to the increase in population or employment. [20] On the one hand, increase in productivity further boosts the economy, on the other net benefits are lowered both due to a decrease in the capital-to-labour ratio, as well as an increase in competition in the labour market. Moreover, the increase in demand in tight labour market conditions work in the direction of higher inflation and lower price competitiveness of Polish products which decrease its overall positive impact.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
physical health of the members of the

community was improved thanks to the

work of PUI, which translates in the need

of the PC to keep supporting partners

implementing such relevant projects in

communities of difficult access.

[Full access to the story through this link.](https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/publications/1658/reports/report/historias-de-impacto-cluster-de-proteccion-venezuela-septiembre)

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
The Polish government introduced a Special Act [26] that facilitated refugees’ inclusion. The work on the Act started when the activation of TPD was not certain, but later it was used for transposition of TPD. As a result, the Polish framework is very similar to the TPD, though the scope of the Act is wider than the TPD.
However, it only covers those that arrived in Poland after 24th February 2022.
This legal framework gave access to the job market, health care and education.
The authorities allowed those fleeing Ukraine to access basic administrative systems like PESEL and “Trusted Profile”, and legalised residency for 18 months.
The government's solutions allow refugees to get a job, run a business or register as unemployed or seeking work.
On top of that, due to constitutional guarantee of access to education for everyone, refugee children were allowed to access schools and kindergartens.

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 12.** Structure by occupational group of all employed persons and refugees from Ukraine

All employed persons Ukrainian refugees 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

**Source:** Deloitte own elaboration based on Statistics Poland and ZUS data.

---
[26] Act of March 12, 2022 on assistance to citizens of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of the country

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
As of 30 June 2023, only 1.6 per cent of Chad’s population is covered by the social protection framework,
and the country spends 0.1 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product on social protection (excluding health
and education expenses). After a lengthy process, the document for the new National Social Protection
Strategy (SNPS) 2022-2026 has been finalized and is awaiting validation and signature by the transitional
government. The new SNPS spanning four years aims to gradually establish a comprehensive, effective
and efficient social protection system that addresses financial needs, livelihood security, risk management,
vulnerability reduction and access to basic social services for all individuals residing in Chad, including
refugees.

**1.2** **Social cohesion**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Labor force participation [14] is almost on par with the host country weighted average for the region, with just 2 percentage points difference between the two. This is surprising, considering that the distribution of refugee household members is heavily skewed towards women and dependents.
(73% of working age [15] individuals are female and the age dependency ratio stands at 63%, which is 10 percentage points above the regional weighted average). The most common activities reported by respondents who are out of the labor force are retirement (30%) and engagement in household responsibilities (31%). Across countries labor force participation looks uneven – it stands at a staggering 66% in Hungary (6 percentage points above the national indicator), and at just 36% in

**REFUGEE HOUSEHOLD INCOME SOURCES ABOVE AND BELOW THE POVERTY LINE, %** **[1,2]**

Regular employment Above the poverty line Below the poverty line Temporary work Self employment 35% Host country social protection payments 74% 12% Ukraine social protection pensions 34% Ukraine social protection other 9% 4% 6% 10% Other sources 3% 4% 7% Almost half of income of households below the poverty line depends on social protection

---
[15] In this context defined as individuals that are 15 or more years old

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
This contrasts with the government’s promotion of free land access which apply to all people involved
in agriculture. The current arrangements have led to a seasonal migration of refugees from the camps
to fields located in cantons up to 50 or 70 km away, where they establish temporary settlements. These
sharecropping agreements offer the advantage of fostering close relationships between refugees,
landowners and entire villages, because refugees set up tents with their families throughout the growing
season. Furthermore, refugees often do not receive documents confirming their right to sustained access
to the land used. Between 2020 and 2023, approximately 15,000 hectares of agricultural land have been
made available to refugees in Chad for exploitation purposes, under written or verbal agreements lasting
from one to three years.

In the current Ministry of Social Affairs, there is still no housing assistance program for vulnerable Chadian
nationals. Furthermore, the temporary support system for relocating populations affected by floods in the
capital, primarily backed by the humanitarian actors, does not extend its coverage to refugees.

**3.4** **Financial and administrative services**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
main shareowner in the mine. Most of these 17 mines have foreign ownership, such as

Australian, Canadian, or South African, sometimes in partnership with Ghanaian firms or the

Ghanaian state. Most are open-pit mines, although a few consist of a combination of open-pit

and underground operations.

**Table 1 Gold Mines in Ghana**

**Name** **Opening** **Closing year** **Company** **Country**

**year**

Ahafo 2006 active Newmont Mining Corp. USA
Bibiani 1998 active Noble Mineral Resources Australia
Bogoso Prestea 1990 active Golden Star Resources USA
Chirano 2005 active Kinross Gold Canada
Damang 1997 active Gold Fields Ghana Ltd. South Africa
Edikan (Ayanfuri) 1994 active Perseus Mining Australia
Iduapriem 1992 active AngloGold Ashanti South Africa
Jeni (Bonte) 1998 2003 Akrokeri-Ashanti Canada
Konongo 1990 active LionGold Corp. Singapore
Kwabeng 1990 1993 Akrokeri-Ashanti Canada
Nzema 2011 active Endeavour Canada
Obotan 1997 2001 PMI Gold Canada
Obuasi 1990 active AngloGold Ashanti South Africa
Prestea Sankofa 1990 2001 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa
Tarkwa 1990 active Gold Fields Ghana Ltd. South Africa
Teberebie 1990 2005 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa
Wassa 1999 active Golden Star Resources USA
_Source:_ InterraRMG 2013.

_Note:_ Active is production status as of December 2012, the last available data point.

6

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
**The overall decline in total employment from 74 percent in 2019 to 70 percent in 2024 is indicative of the sum of**

**these shocks.** Although men have re-entered the labor force at a faster rate, the community as a whole is still in

the process of economic recovery. The proportion of unemployed individuals has remained relatively low,

suggesting that many are still re-entering the labor market or seeking labor market opportunities. Only 13 percent

of the Shona working wage-earners have some form of employment contract, demonstrating a high prevalence of

informal work arrangements.

**The increase in the number of individuals out of the labor force, especially among women, underscores the**

**difficulties of returning to the labor market and securing timely employment.** The pandemic's effects have pushed

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 6

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Data Sources: proGres v4 (PRIMES) hosts the data of refugees and asylum-seekers in 11 countries. In South Africa, the data are managed by the
government. In Angola, DRC, Zambia and Zimbabwe, some portions of the data are external. For IDP data, the source of DRC’s IDP figure is the OCHA;
the sources in Mozambique and Zimbabwe are the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) of the IOM; and the source in the Republic of Congo is the
government, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Humanitarian Action (MASAH).

proGres v4 (PRIMES)
Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM)

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Chronic illness and** **MHPSS**

Among individuals with chronic illnesses, 41% reported experiencing mental health and psychosocial problems in 2024 (44% of women, 36% of men), up from 33% in 2023 (36% of women, 28% of men). In contrast, only 16% of individuals without chronic illnesses reported such problems in 2024 (20% of women and 11% of men), compared to 13% in 2023 (15% of women and 9% of men). These findings reinforce the strong interplay between chronic health conditions and mental health challenges, emphasizing the need for integrated care models that holistically address both physical and mental health to provide effective and comprehensive support for those managing chronic illnesses.

**26**

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO REPORTED EXPERIENCING**

**A MENTAL HEALTH OR PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEM BY**

**CHRONIC ILLNESS STATUS AND COUNTRY**

With chronic illness Without chronic illness Regional Romania Hungary Lithuania Poland Bulgaria Latvia Slovakia Estonia Czechia Moldova (N=17,867)

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Migrants dispersed to weaker labour markets experience poorer inclusion outcomes in subsequent years, and vice versa. These outcomes can pertain to employment, earnings, or human capital accumulation, and have been shown in Denmark (Foged, Hasager, and Peri, 2022; Azlor, Damm, and Schiltz-Nielsen, 2020), Germany (Aksoy, Giray, Poutvaara, and Schikora, 2020), Norway (Godøy, 2017), Sweden (Åslund, Östh, and Zenou, 2010; Åslund and Rooth, 2007), and Switzerland (Müller, Pannatier, and Viarengo, 2022), as well as the previously described crosscountry study. This could in principle stem from scarring on an individual level from weak initial opportunities, or persistently weak local labour market combined with imperfect geographic mobility. The effects are hard to disentangle, while Åslund and Rooth (2007) find some indication that both phenomena are at play, Godøy (2017) finds evidence only for persistently weak local labour markets.

##### Migrants and refugees dispersed away from ethnic enclaves experience weaker labour market inclusion outcomes, and vice versa.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Given that the refugee population is up to three or four times larger than the local population in certain
areas hosting refugees, mainly in Eastern Chad, there is an increased risk of tensions due to already limited
resources. Nevertheless, on a broader scale and across the entire territory, refugees continue to peacefully
coexist with the local population, facilitated by strong ethnic and cultural bonds, along with shared common
traditions. Mixed committees, comprising both refugees and members of the host community, remain active
in all refugee camps and sites. Their objective is to promote peaceful coexistence and proactively address
conflicts. Women continue to play a crucial role in conveying messages of peace and social cohesion,
contributing significantly to dispute resolution efforts.

**1.3** **Environmental management**

There has been no significant change in national environmental protection and resource management
policies. The existing policies continue to lack clarity concerning their application to refugees and/or host
communities.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
prominent in refugee households in terms of poverty and employment. The same holds true for households that contain members with disabilities. It is somewhat encouraging that the share of refugee youth (age 15 to 24) not engaged in employment, education or training stands at just 14% (18% if distance learning is excluded), which is in line with host country national indicators.

**Based on the above findings it is recommended**

**that:**

- Any transitions from subsidized accommodations
are handled with extreme care. Almost 20% of all refugee households depend on this aid to stay out of poverty

- Labor market inclusion efforts continue and
interventions target the removal of the most commonly reported barriers (local language proficiency, lack of decent work opportunities, a mismatch in skills).

- A special focus is put on addressing the needs of
female only led households or members with disabilities. Both groups are more likely to find themselves below the poverty line.

# 50% 74% 14%

of refugees from Ukraine find themselves of all refugee households income above

**below the poverty line** [4] based on the poverty line **comes from regular work**
reported income - this figure stands at 35% for households

---
[4] Defined as 50% of the median equivalized income in the host country

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
towards higher-paid occupational groups.
The share of Poles in the two lowest salary brackets (earning less than gross PLN 4,000 and PLN 4,000-6,000 in 2022) decreased by 0.4 and 1.8 percentage points, respectively, while the subsequent higher salary brackets increased by
1.4 pp. (PLN 6,000-8,000), 0.6 pp.
(PLN 8,000-10,000), and 0.3 pp. (above PLN 10,000) (see Chart 30).

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland © UNHCR / Anna Liminowicz Dispersing refugees to weaker labour markets can also have negative social outcomes. Albarosa and Elsner (2022) report more anti-immigrant incidents during the European refugee crisis (2015/2016) in areas of Germany with high unemployment rates and shares of right-wing voters. Damm and Dustmann (2014) show that immigrant men dispersed to areas of Denmark with more convicted criminals, experience higher future crime conviction probabilities, but not overall neighbourhood crime rate.

The estimated employment rate of refugees from Ukraine in Poland is above 60% and was among the highest in the OECD [27] .
Although there is uncertainty around employment rate in different countries due to uncertainty regarding refugee numbers while MSNA Poland 2023 gives a slightly lower figure of 61%. In comparison, the employment rate equalled 61% in the United

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
REGIONAL BUREAU FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA

**DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO REFUGEES SITUATION**

As of 3 0 September 2022

**Author: UNHCR DIMA - RSA** Contact : rsarbdima@unhcr.org **Source:** UNHCR Primes, Government, UNHCR

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: Poland 2023 assess that around 56% [23] of refugee arrivals had completed higher education. This means that Ukrainians with higher education were more likely to relocate to Poland or leave Ukraine in general, having the necessary means to achieve this. On average refugees with a bachelor’s degree or higher had an over 30% higher employment rate than peers without a degree, according to MSNA Poland 2023 survey.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Table 12 shows that log annual wages are higher close to mines (column 1), and that most of

the increase is driven by the increase in wage rates for women (column 2). Women, however,

have lower wages before the mine, and a smaller share of women earn wages. Globally, it is

considered that the historic expansion in service sector employment (which in this context

increased significantly within 10 km) has played a pivotal role in reducing the gender wage and

hour gap (Ngai and Petrongolo, 2017).

31

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
UNHCR
 first
 established
 an
 operational
 presence
 in
 South-‐Eastern
 Myanmar
 in
 2004
with
 the
 objective
 of
 assisting
 communities
 affected
 by
 armed
 conflict
 in
 Kayin
 and
 Mon
States
 and
 in
 Tanintaryi
 Region.
 Between
 2004
 and
 2012,
 UNHCR,
 in
 partnership
 with
local
 and
 international
 organizations,
 has
 delivered
 over
 3,000
 humanitarian
 projects
 to
ensure
 that
 displaced
 and
 host
 families
 in
 affected
 areas
 have
 access
 to
 proper
sanitation,
 primary
 health
 care
 facilities,
 safe
 and
 clean
 water,
 livelihood
 activities
 and
other
 training
 including
 technical
 support
 to
 community
 management
 capacities,
particularly
 in
 relation
 to
 small
 infrastructure
 management.

UNHCR
 also
 undertakes
 protection
 assessment,
 legal
 awareness
 training,
 and
 provides
assistance
 to
 extremely
 vulnerable
 individuals
 (including
 land
 mine
 victims
 and
survivors
 of
 sexual
 and
 gender-‐based
 violence).
 The
 extent
 and
 capacity
 of
 protection
monitoring
 and
 referral
 networks
 in
 the
 South-‐East
 nonetheless
 remain
 extremely
limited.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
politicians that have been linked to mining activities in other countries such as Peru

(Maldonado, 2017) and India (Asher and Novosad, 2018), such as clientelism, corruption and

reelection of local politicians were not analyzed within the context of Ghana. We encourage

future analysis along similar lines.

A few caveats should be noted. As the gold mining industry in Ghana matures further, it will

be important to determine the long sustainability of these economic effects. This paper does not

tease out the effect of mine closure on local socio-economic conditions, an aspect that warrants

future focus. Moreover, lack of clearly estimated effects both in the individual level and district

level analysis could stem from limited sample sizes. We encourage future analysis to use more

rounds of data to ensure consistent results. Lastly, for the health and employment effects that

we observe, we cannot determine if they stem from changes in the market-based economy, from

corporate social responsibility policies or public spending. Future studies should try to carefully

disentangle the mechanisms at play.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

# **2.** Situation of refugees from Ukraine on the labour market in Poland

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 7.** Unemployment rate

12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%

**Source:** Harmonized data, Eurostat, [Statistics | Eurostat (europa.eu)](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/une_rt_m/default/table?lang=en)

##### Refugees from Ukraine fit well into the needs of the Polish labour market.

Ukrainians arrived on a labour market that structurally needs more workers, as the domestic population is ageing rapidly, while the economy is growing. High levels of education, cultural proximity and previous connections to Poland helped refugees adapt to the labour market. Furthermore, Poland made an important and strategic policy decision by promptly opening the labour market and supporting their inclusion.

16 17

**Chart 6.** Working age population with Polish citizenship (20-64 years old)

25 24 23 22 21 20

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
UNHCR and partners provide case management assistance to support children who are
unaccompanied or separated from traditional caregivers or who are suffering from violence,
exploitation, and neglect. UNHCR works with partners, including government partners, to assist
children with heightened protection needs by providing legal assistance, safety and security, and
psychological and health interventions as needed. UNHCR works with YCWS, our implementing
partner, to provide assistance to unaccompanied children (UAC) in a Semi-Independent Living Care
Arrangement (SILCA) through which UAC are accommodated in a rented room and their basic needs
are covered. In response to the emergency situation in Aceh, UNHCR is undertaking Best Interest
Assessments (BIA) for the large number of UAC, child spouses, and other children at risk to better
understand their needs and determine a protection approach that best addresses those needs.

### **Gender-Based Violence (GBV)**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
## **NAVIGATING HEALTH** **AND WELL-BEING** **CHALLENGES FOR** **REFUGEES FROM** **UKRAINE**

#### An Inter-Agency Exploration of Data 2nd edition January 2025

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
**Average monthly gross earnings in enterprise sector in poviat of employment in 2022**

Natives and other immigrants 36 Note that these percentages are only indicative, as Ukrainian refugee educational attainment is assumed on the basis of November 2022 NBP (2023) survey for 18+ age group and July-August 2023 UNHCR (2023) survey for 15+ age group, while the general population is taken from the 2022 Labour Force Survey for 15-74 (broadest available) age group, and earnings by educational attainment are taken from the GUS (2022) “Structure of wages and salaries by occupations in October 2020”.
37 Note that the numbers of Ukrainian refugees and all workers numbers by poviats are taken from ZUS Statistical Portal on 30th September 2023 from the universe of workers registered for social security (this does not cover the informal sector and some jobs that do not require social security). Ukrainian refugees are identified by PESEL UKR. Salaries and wages are taken from Statistics Poland BDL GUS database for 2022, but cover only the enterprise sector (firms with 10 or more employees).
38 Note that there is no publicly available administrative data on the sectoral distribution of Ukrainian refugees. We proxied their sectors by taking the difference in workers with Ukrainian citizenship registered for social security between H1 2023 and end of 2021 in A-Q 1-letter NACE sections. For the general population we used employment in the 15+ age group in Q2 2023 from the Eurostat Labour Force Survey. Earnings by NACE section have been taken from Statistics Poland Statistical Bulletin wages and salaries for the enterprise sector and public sector in Q2 2023.
39 Note that Ukrainian refugees have been allocated to firm sizes based on the July-August 2023 UNHCR (2023) survey, while general workers from the GUS (2023) “Employment in the national economy in 2022”. Productivity of firms by size is based on gross value added per person employed in industry, construction, and market services sectors (broadest available) in 2021 from Eurostat Structural Business Statistics.

Statistics Poland BDL GUS database for 2022

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Population Data Analysis – September 2022

Overview

As of the end of September 2022, Southern Africa hosts around **8.6 million persons of concern (PoCs) to UNHCR** .
This includes 1.1 million refugees and asylum-seekers and 6.9 million internally displaced persons (IDPs), as well as
others of concern, refugee returnees and IDP returnees. **The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) represents 77**

**per cent of the regional data.**

Refugees, Asylum-Seekers and Others of concern

The region hosts **785,000 refugees, 278,000**

**asylum-seekers** **and** **36,000** **others** **of**

**concern** . Among those 1.1 million PoCs, 74 per
cent of them are from the countries outside of
the Southern Africa region. [1] The top five
countries of origin are Central African Republic
(243,000), Rwanda (242,000), DRC (228,000),
Burundi (84,000) and Ethiopia (61,000).

Internally Displaced Persons
(IDPs)

In Southern Africa, there are **6.9 million**

**internally displaced persons (IDPs)** . Most of
them are conflict-induced, 6.4 million, but there
are also natural disaster-induced IDPs, 0.5
million. The data on IDPs are reported in DRC,
Congo, Mozambique and Zimbabwe (see
Figure 1).

Durable Solutions

Figure 1. Number of IDPs in RBSA by Cause as of 30 September 2022

---
[1] The Southern Africa region refers to the 16 countries covered by the Regional Bureau for Southern Africa of UNHCR including Angola,

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
active*mine -0.086*** -0.055** 3.705 -0.058 -0.032 0.125**
(0.025) (0.025) (2.898) (0.086) (0.032) (0.051)

Mean dep var 0.715 0.705 45.71 0.491 0.259 0.028

_Note:_ The table uses GLSS data for Ghana for the survey years 1998, 2005, 2012. The sample is restricted to
women and men aged 15–49. Robust standard errors clustered at the village or neighborhood level in parentheses
(except if otherwise stated). All regressions control for year and district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years
of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year. The treatment distance is defined to 20 km. Rows
2 drop sample between 20 to 40 km of a mine, and rows 3 drop sample that was surveyed two years before mine
opening. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. FE = fixed effects.

30

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE requirements and differences in location-specific regulations. On the other hand, individuals with experience in construction found it easier to secure employment in the same sector, with an unemployment rate at just 5%. Lower language requirements and fewer issues with skill recognition are likely to be the main reasons. This possibly explains why 53% of former construction sector employees from Ukraine were able to find work in the same sector.

**REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT TRANSITION MAP FOR SELECTED SECTORS**

Past sector of employment in Ukraine Current sector of employment in Host country Education and support service activities Construction

**Accounting for those engaged in Ukrainian**

**distance learning, the share of youth not in**

**employment, education or training for refugees**

**from Ukraine is comparable to that of host**

**countries**
If distance learning, which follows the Ukrainian curriculum, is taken into account, the share of young Ukrainians (aged 15 to 24) who are not engaged in employment, education, or training (NEET) stands at 14% [16] across the region, which is fully in line with the Other No longer employed Construction Education Administrative and support service activities

---
[16] Likely to be a bit overstated, as the survey did not inquire about activities of 15-year-olds outside of school enrollment. Also,

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
statistics for the women’s surveys across four different groups, close and far away, and before

and during the mine’s production phase. Columns 1 and 3 show mean values of the population

that live far away from mines, before and during mining respectively. Columns 2 and 4, in

14

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
**ing grounds for the next months**

**have been set.** Further, meetings have

been held with the 6 subnational Pro
tection Clusters in Zulia, Táchira, Apure,

Amazonas, Barinas, and Bolivar. Coor
dination with these coordinators will be

strengthened to assure decision taking

is guaranteed also from the field, and

their support in the implementation of

the extended OCHA Local Coordination

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE stigma limiting help-seeking behaviors among adult men. Conversely, for children aged 5–11, caregivers sought support for 76% of boys and 64% of girls.
These findings highlight the complex interplay of gender and societal norms in influencing helpseeking behaviours, warranting further investigation.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO TRIED TO ACCESS MENTAL**

**HEALTH SUPPORT BY AGE AND GENDER**

Female Male work arrangements). These informal mechanisms, while less structured, complement formal services by fostering emotional connection and practical assistance through personal relationships and community networks.

**TYPE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT**

**RECEIVED BY GENDER**

Female Male Psychotherapy/counseling Support from family or friends Creative psychosocial activities Structured wellbeing intervention Spiritual support Psychiatry/medication management School-based services Workplace support Other Messaging materials Caregiver training (N=1,715) 5-11 12-17 18-34 35-59 60+ years old (N=4,052)

### **Types of Support**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
##### 4. Ukrainian refugees’ skill-job mismatch 26 4.1 Over-qualification 27 4.2 Access to regulated professions 29 4.3 Language wage premium 31 4.4 Persons not previously in employment 34 4.5 Recommendations 35 Appendix: Modelling strategy 36 Glossary                                                      44 List of charts and tables 45 Literature 46

02 Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

**Protection Cluster September/ October 2023 activity report**

This report has been prepared by the Protection Cluster in Venezuela

_Cover photo: © UNHCR / Kimberly Sarkis (2023)_

The Protection Cluster is a broad-based participatory forum of protection partners which brings
together United Nations agencies, human rights and development organisations and actors, as well
as local and international non-governmental organisations. The Protection Cluster is led by UNHCR.

All our information products, including reports, maps and factsheets are available on the Venezuela

Protection Cluster website:
[https://ven.protectioncluster.org](https://ven.protectioncluster.org)

Contacts:

Protection Cluster Coordinator, **Alice Contini**, continia@unhcr.org

Protection Associate, **Patricia Bosco**, boscoleo@unhcr.org
Counter-Trafficking in Crisis Specialist, **Norma Ferrer**, noferrer@iom.int

Protection Assistant, **Kimberly Sarkis**, sarkisne@unhcr.org
Protection Specialist, **Giuliana Inturrisi**, giuliana.inturrisi@drc.ngo

**2**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
boosts the economic impact of Ukrainian refugees. To arrive at results that would be comparable to the previous report, economic impact has been additionally simulated in a scenario without the productivity shock. This brought the results down to 1.3% GDP in 2024, which is in line with the Deloitte (2024) most optimistic of the four outlined scenarios of 1.1% GDP in 2023 and 1.4% GDP in the long term. [21] The Ukrainian refugees and the economy turned out to have adapted better than expected last year. Moreover, the fact that the previously modelled mild adverse effects on the labour market have not materialized reflects a stronger increase in labour productivity than was assumed. As a result, the positive impact of Ukrainian refugees on the economy is greater than previously expected.

**As Ukrainian refugees entered the**

**labour market, the economy adapted,**

**resulting in more specialization and**

---
[21] Full results of a modelling scenario with no shock to productivity are available in the Online Technical Appendix.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: The recommendations drawn from this analysis focus on addressing the health and mental health and psychosocial needs and barriers identified in the SEIS, tailoring them to the specific data and context of each country. To enhance policy development, it will be crucial to improve monitoring of refugees’ health, including sexual and reproductive health and mental health, through inclusion of disaggregated refugee data into national data systems. This will require effective collaboration among health organizations, statistical offices, and partners. Addressing capacity issues in national health systems, such as workforce shortages and long wait times, can be supported through telemedicine and temporarily integrating Ukrainian healthcare workers. Refugees with chronic illnesses and disabilities require targeted interventions to meet their health and MHPSS needs, including through health financing mechanisms. Continued efforts are also required to address persistent access barriers through contextspecific strategies, including providing refugees with information on navigating health systems and preventive health services such as vaccination.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: Among the 5% who reported access constraints, the primary barrier to accessing SRH services was long waiting times, affecting 33%. Financial barriers also posed challenges, with 23% of women reporting difficulties covering transportation costs, 19% struggling with clinic fees, and 12% with hospital fees. Additionally, 21% lacked knowledge of where to access SRH care and 19% were unable to make appointments, reflecting both informational and administrative barriers to SRH services.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Activities
 –
 whether
 delivered
 by
 UNHCR
 or
 partners-‐
 should
 be
 conflict-‐sensitive
 and
address
 key
 issues
 of
 concern
 of
 both
 returning
 refugees
 and
 IDPs
 and
 their
communities.
 A
 community-‐based
 programme
 that
 builds
 on
 existing
 systems
 and
structures
 and
 supports
 local
 development
 plans
 should
 be
 planned
 and
 implemented
based
 upon
 comprehensive
 needs
 assessments
 and
 consultations
 with
 the
 populations
concerned
 as
 well
 as
 government
 and
 non-‐government
 actors.

Activities
 and
 project
 delivery
 should
 be
 flexible
 and
 context-‐specific
 so
 as
 to
accommodate
 complexities
 and
 respond
 to
 any
 changes
 that
 may
 occur
 throughout
 the
process.
 Activities
 range
 from
 food
 assistance
 to
 essential
 health
 care
 facilities
 and
services,
 primary
 and
 secondary
 education
 support,
 and
 community-‐level
 infrastructure
rehabilitation
 or
 construction
 and
 livelihoods.
 Livelihood
 opportunities
 will
 be
 a
 key
component
 in
 ensuring
 the
 sustainability
 of
 the
 reintegration
 process
 and
 cash
 and
voucher
 modalities
 to
 boost
 the
 local
 economy
 should
 be
 actively
 considered
 where
these
 are
 appropriate
 and
 effective
 ways
 of
 meeting
 identified
 needs.

UNHCR
 will
 seek
 innovative
 solutions,
 in
 particular
 for
 self-‐reliance,
 education,
 shelter,
and
 domestic
 energy
 solutions.
 Poverty
 graduation
 models
 will
 be
 explored,
 combining
relief
 assistance
 with
 capacity
 building
 measures,
 to
 enable
 the
 poorest
 individuals
 and
households
 to
 move
 out
 of
 poverty.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
### **Improved Protection Environment**

While it is not a signatory to the Refugee Convention, Indonesia generally respects international and
domestic refugee law, particularly the principle of non-refoulement, and has demonstrated critical
humanitarian leadership in the region by consistently stepping forward to disembark boats carrying
Rohingya refugees. 2024 and 2025 present important opportunities to further advance the protection
environment in the country, including the planned revision of a key domestic refugee law and the new
policies and priorities of recently elected national leaders.

The National Refugee Taskforce has initiated inter-ministry discussions on the revision of Presidential
Regulation 125 of 2016. This Regulation provides the foundation for ensuring access to asylum and
assigns UNHCR a key role in the management of asylum claims and solutions. UNHCR’s
recommendations for consideration in the revision have focused on the need for clarifying and
expanding the decree’s scope to ensure a strong refugee protection framework in Indonesia, including
protection safeguards that ensure entry to safe territory through channels other than the sea;
increasing joint activities with the Government, particularly in registration and documentation; and
advancing inclusion efforts in the country.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Kingdom, 56% in Sweden, 53% in Lithuania and 51% in the Czech Republic. The estimate for Poland was based on November 2022 National Bank of Poland survey data.
This relatively high value is supported by a UNHCR Assessment from 2nd November, in which survey results show that 72% of refugees are in the labour force, with 61% employed and 11% unemployed.
The most refugees are employed in manufacturing – 14%, accommodation and food service – 12%, and trade and repair – 6%. 89% of the survey respondents were women [29] .

27 Deloitte elaboration based on the aggregation in OECD International Migration Outlook 2023 28 After the closing date for our report, NBP (2024) published new data, showing a slight drop in Ukrainian refugees employment rate to 62% that does not change our general conclusions.

---
[29] UNHCR Multi Sectorial Needs Assessment October 2023

November 2022 National Bank of Poland survey data

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE Bulgaria (20 percentage points below the domestic figure). While differences in the typical household composition do explain some of the variation Bulgaria, for instance, has the largest share of retirees - the local context probably plays a more substantial role.

**LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION BY COUNTRY (AGE 15+), %** **[1]**

Host country Ukraine refugees

**UNEMPLOYMENT: REFUGEE POPLUATION VERSUS HOST**

**COUNTRY, %** **[1]**

Host country Ukraine refugees Bulgaria Czechia Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia Region

1. Host country data based on indicators reported by the [ILO for 2022](https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/)

**TOP EMPLOYMENT BARRIERS REPORTED BY UNEMPLOYED**

**REFUGEES, % OF RESPONDENTS** **[1]**

Moldova Bulgaria Romania Slovakia Poland Czechia Hungary Region

1. Host country data based on indicators reported by the World Bank
[(modeled ILO estimates for 2023)](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.ZS)

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
percent reported an increase, and 12 percent experienced a decrease since December 2020. This distribution

suggests that while citizenship has had a stabilizing effect for many households, it has not yet resulted in broad
based economic gains. However, the increase in income for nearly 4 out of every 10 households is a positive sign

of economic progress and potential for further growth as the community continues to integrate more fully into the

Kenyan economy.

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 7

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
The newly enacted asylum legislation does not include a specific legal provision governing access to financial
services nor access to administrative documents and certifications, including recognition of educational
attainments received outside of the national system. However, within the context of local integration and
self-reliance, Article 61 of the [2023 Decree](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) outlines that the Government of Chad prioritizes actions for
refugees, among others, to access credits, microcredits and subsidies, as well as to obtain the recognition
of documents issued by competent authorities.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
**benefits.** Although the employment rate
of Ukrainian refugees in Poland is already high when compared to other countries, there is still room for improvement.
Increasing the employment of refugees by 15 thousand people, which would close half of the gap between the employment rate of refugees and Poles, would yield at least PLN 1 billion of value added in the economy. This calculation is made under an assumption that those newly hired would be paid minimum wage and should be considered a lower-bound estimate, as it understates potential benefits. In part, the higher productivity of workers might boost the profits for employers, further enhanced by increased investment.

#### **4.4 Persons not previously in employment**

**Employment rates among Ukrainian**

**refugees are exceptionally high, with**

**only a minority requiring targeted**

**assistance to enter the labour market,**

**in particular those who were not**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
3% 2% 1% 0% 4000 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 4000 Ukrainian refugee educational attainment implies from 18% (assuming refugees’ educational attainment from November 2022 survey) to 19% (July-August 2023) higher earnings than the general population. [36] Poviat-level geographical distribution of Ukrainian refugees is more concentrated in high productivity agglomerations, implying 7% higher earnings than for other workers registered for social security. [37] There is no publicly available hard data on the sectoral distribution of Ukrainian refugees, which we proxy by the growth in employees with Ukrainian citizenship registered for social security since the outbreak of the full-scale war in Ukraine (unfortunately this to some extent will be Ukrainian workers previously present in Poland who changed jobs) – this imperfect proxy implies 7% lower earnings than general workers. [38] Smaller firm sizes of employers of Ukrainian refugees imply their 8% lower productivity (and thus earnings) from the general population. [39] Most of all, occupational distribution of Ukrainian refugee workers from ZUS implies 21% lower earnings from the general population when measured by nine large occupational groups and 23% lower by detailed occupations. [40] 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000

---
[40] Note that data on occupations of Ukrainian refugees is for persons with PESEL UKR registered for social security on 30th September 2023. It

data on occupations of Ukrainian refugees

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
**The unemployment rate, however, is very high**
In contrast to labor force participation, the estimated unemployment rate of refugees from Ukraine is notably high when compared to that of host country nationals. At the regional level, the former stands at 14%, which starkly contrasts with the 3% weighted average for locals. In certain countries, such as Romania, the unemployment level exceeds 30%.
According to unemployed respondents, challenges for securing employment include (1) local language proficiency (cited by over 50% of those surveyed), (2) lack of decent employment opportunities, (3) lack of opportunities matching the candidate’s skillset, (4) lack of age-appropriate opportunities, and (5) lack of childcare services. When queried about services that could enhance economic prospects of their families, the top two requests were for language training (33% of respondents) and job matching assistance (27% of respondents).

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
constraints in accessing health services. Vaccine coverage increased notably in Moldova, Czechia and Bulgaria compared to 2023. In comparison, measles vaccination coverage within Ukraine reached 92% for the 1st dose of measles vaccine and 87% for second dose [8] (WHO, 2023).

Regionally, only 54% of all children received the recommended second measles vaccine.
Vaccination coverage is below the 95% target required to interrupt community transmission of measles.

**% OF CHILDREN RECEIVED AT LEAST ONE MEASLES**

**VACCINE**

2023 2024 Data need to be interpreted with caution as they rely on recall and were not verified against individual vaccination records.

Bulgaria Czechia Hungary Moldova Slovakia Poland Romania (2023 N=1,539, 2024 N=1,320) 8. [https://immunizationdata.who.int/dashboard/regions/european-region/UKR accessed on 06.11.2024](https://immunizationdata.who.int/dashboard/regions/european-region/UKR)

**18**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

# **Contents**

Acknowledgements 2 Summary of findings and recommendations 3 Background 4 Key findings 4 Methodology 13 Limitations 14

# **Acknowledgements**

We extend our sincere appreciation to the numerous individuals and organizations whose contributions have been instrumental in the development of this report. The data analysis and writing was conducted by the interagency SEIS Livelihoods and Socio-Economic Inclusion Sector Analysis Group (SAG), led by Konstantin Fastovets (UNHCR). The team also consisted of David Mosler (ILO), Erin Neale (IOM), Arianna Pearlstein (UN Women), Yaroslav Smirnov (IOM), Elif Sucu (IOM), and Idil Yildiz (ILO).

We also express our gratitude to Jad Ghosn and the Regional Bureau for Europe (UNHCR) for their invaluable guidance and support in coordination, data preparation, and analysis.

**Cover photograph:**

Antonina (center) is at a CV support point, receiving assistance with preparing her resume.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 7. Income of Ukrainian refugee households by source**

**2%**

**0.1%**

**In 2024, Ukrainian refugee households**

**increasingly sourced their income from**

**Poland, rather than from Ukraine.** This
can be seen when comparing the MSNA survey conducted in July-August 2023 and SEIS in May-June 2024 (UNHCR, 2024, 2023).

While some methodological differences apply, we can see that incomes earned in Poland grew from 81% in 2023 to 90% in 2024. Conversely, incomes from Ukraine declined from 18% to just 9%. This change demonstrates that Ukrainian refugees Work (regular, part-time, self-employment, remote, other, remote in Ukraine) Remittances from Ukraine Polish social benefits Ukrainian social benefits Other (capital, loans, other) Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on SEIS (May-June 2024) UNHCR (2024) survey.

Note: Deloitte worked with disaggregated household-level data, ensuring comparability (converting all Ukrainian hryvnia incomes into Polish zloty based on daily exchange rates in the time of the interview, and 3-month into 1-month remittance incomes).

continue to integrate economically.
It comes as no surprise, given that employment rates and wages of Ukrainian refugees in Poland increased during that time, which is the focus of the next chapter.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

## **2.** Ukrainian refugees in the Polish labour market

##### In the past year, as far as labour market integration is concerned, refugees from Ukraine improved in terms of employment and wages, yet they continue to be disproportionately skewed towards elementary occupations. They are also the group to see the fastest improvements, with the gap towards Polish citizens visibly closing across the entire wage distribution (2.1). The current refugee employment rates are only slightly lower than those for Polish citizens, and median net wages are at about four-fifths of the economy as a whole, which may nevertheless be overly optimistic when compared to gross or average wages (2.2).

#### **2.1 Improving economic situation**

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 9. Ukrainian refugee labour status** **[9]** **Chart 10. Ukrainian refugee median net wage** **[10]**

Working age (women 15-59, men 15-64) PLN, 18-64 age group 4,000 69%

**Ukrainian refugees are more likely**

**to be employed in elementary**

**occupations than pre-war Ukrainian**

**migrants, non-Ukrainian foreigners,**

**and Polish citizens, but they are**

**also the group to have improved**

---
[10] See the note on median wage estimation method in the Online Technical Appendix.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
from abroad (e.g. savings of refugees in Ukrainian banks) further strengthens that effect. In total, general government revenue increased by 2.0% in 2022, 2.75% in 2023, and 2.94% in 2024. In monetary terms this amounts to PLN 25.0 billion in 2022, PLN 39.1 billion in 2023, and PLN 47.0 billion in 2024 [22] . In the long term, refugees should increase annual general government revenue by around 2.7%.

**Ultimately, Ukrainian refugees**

**generate additional output and**

**demand.** This results in an increase in real
GDP, and is especially beneficial for public finance. Although the influx of refugees was costly at the start, the additional general government revenue they provided was more than enough to compensate for the expense [23] . Tight labour market helped absorb the increase in labour force, mitigating negative impacts of increased competition on the native workforce. Over time, increased productivity should benefit native workers, as it is the primary driver of long-term wage growth. [24]

---
[24] For a discussion on the stable long-term relationship between wages and labour productivity, see for example Meager & Speckesser (2011).

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
**refugees.** Although language skills
improve over time, still only 18% of refugees speak Polish fluently, usually those who arrived in Poland 29 months ago. On average, those at the beginner level have been in the country for only 18 months.

**•** **Lack of work experience negatively**

**affects the labour outcomes of older**

**refugees.** Refugees who back in Ukraine
managed the household or were not employed remain underemployed in Poland. The employment rate among the most enterprising refugees, who were self-employed back in Ukraine, is 91%. In contrast, those who did not work, study or train in Ukraine, have an employment rate in Poland of approximately 35%.

labour market, native workers increasingly shift to complementary, higher value and better paid tasks. This can be seen in the data, as Polish citizens are moving to better paid occupations. It constitutes a positive shock to productivity, which is what counterbalances labour market pressures.

##### Macroeconomic impact

**In 2024, Ukrainian refugees’ net**

**impact amounted to 2.7% of the Polish**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
The government of Chad has committed to providing refugees with access to quality education by integrating
them into the national education system. This integration allows all refugees and asylum-seekers to enrol in
primary, secondary, and higher education institutions, follow the Chadian curriculum, and obtain recognized
diplomas. The process of integrating refugees into the national education system has seen significant
progress since 27 November 2020, including the adoption of the ten-year refugee education strategy by
the government. In line with this, since 2018, the government has recognized and integrated 94 schools
in camps and reception sites into the national system and opened seven examination centres in camps to
ensure that all students can take national exams under proper conditions.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
difference between close and far, and before and after mine opening, we have created a

difference-in-differences estimator.

Panel B of figure 2 shows this strategy in a map, where the small blue circles show the treatment

areas, and the 100-km-radius green circles show the geographic areas that constitute the control

group. As is common in difference-in-differences analysis, the estimation relies on treatment

11

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
In these vulnerable conditions, any shock to the household economy -such as job loss, illness, or
climate related events- significantly impacts on refugees’ ability to cover the rent and utility costs
(water, electricity), leaving them at heightened risk of eviction. [20] Climate related incidents are
becoming recurrent in the Brazilian context, such as floods and landslides in the south, as well as
droughts and wildfires in the center and the north of the country. [21] For instance, southern Brazil
has seen an increase of up to 30% in average rainfall over the last three decades [22] and, as of
September 2024, 59% of the Brazilian territory was affected by the most severe drought since
nationwide measurements. [23]

---
[22] Presidência da Republica, « Southern Brazil has seen an increas of up to 30% in average annual rainfall over the last three decades »,

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
**occupational downgrading.** The SEIS
survey indicates that 34% of Ukrainian refugees currently employed in Poland work in the same sector as back in Ukraine, while 48% – in a different one. There is no data for 18% of workers – mostly made up of the youngest refugees who might not have worked back in Ukraine. Employment in one’s pre-displacement sector appears to boost the median net wage by about 6%, when compared to those who switch fields – a back-of-the-envelope calculation puts their median net earnings at 89% of the overall median. However, this likely overstates the true effect of staying in the same sector, since the higher-paid groups (for example, the majority of IT specialists) were more likely to remain in their original industry.

**Highly skilled Ukrainian refugees**

**are likely to suffer from significant**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
While refugees and asylum-seekers have the right to reside in Chad, as enshrined in Article 21 of the law, and
there are no legislative restrictions on their choice of residence, multisectoral assistance is only provided
by UNHCR and its partners in camps. Consequently, this assistance remains a decisive factor in refugees’
decision to stay in the camps. Refugees with the financial means to support themselves or engaged in
economic activities outside the camps are free to choose their place of residence in Chad.

**3.2** **Right to work and rights at work**

Article 28 of the [Asylum law](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) in the Republic of Chad grants refugees the most favourable treatment afforded
under similar circumstances to foreign nationals regarding the pursuit of gainful employment, whether
salaried, non-salaried and/or self-employed. The same provision pursues that refugees shall be exempted
from certain restrictive measures imposed by the prevailing regulations on the employment of foreigners.
Additionally, Article 70 of the 2023 Decree stipulates that a refugee legally residing in Chad enjoys the same
rights and standards of treatment as foreign nationals. Article 61 of the [2023 Decree specifically addressing](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
local integration also guarantees the refugee right to access salaried or non-salaried employment to reach
self-reliance.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
social insurance. Second, the statistical definition of an employed person is wider than just being registered with the Social Insurance Institution (Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych, ZUS) on a certain day [3] . Third, some Ukrainians work in the shadow economy. The number of workers with Ukrainian citizenship and social insurance increased from only 33 thousand at the end of 2013 to 627 thousand at the end of 2021 – just before the refugee influx. Some of this increase reflects the transitioning of Ukrainians to more regular work arrangements and securing work permits. Following February 2022, the numbers further increased with the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. The data for mid-2024 shows 771 thousand workers with Ukrainian citizenship registered for social insurance, including 247 thousand refugees. Ukrainian refugees in Poland have been given PESEL UKR numbers

- a version of an ID number assigned to
every Polish national – which made high quality data on their demographics easily available, though they may still be missing from most of the statistics compiled by the Polish statistical office.

20% 19% Men Women 1% 1% 2% 3% 4% 7% 8% 4% 4% 9% 12% 7%

#### **1.2 Households characteristics**

**The structure of the Ukrainian**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

# Recommendations

Host countries and communities have made commendable and continuous efforts to support refugees in accessing essential health and MHPSS services. While most respondents reported adequate access, barriers to services changed and increased for some refugees. These changes do not take the same form for all refugees, and intersectional factors related to gender, age, disability, and chronic illness continue to impact the experiences and needs of refugees from Ukraine in this regard. The recommendations below highlight key priorities and actions for governments and RRP partners to address these challenges and enhance refugees’ access to care in host countries.

These actions aim to support governments and local communities in strengthening health and MHPSS systems in areas impacted by refugee arrivals and advancing the integration of refugees into national systems. Achieving these goals will require long-term planning and sustained funding commitments.

9. [Integraton of migrant and refugee data in health informaton systems in Europe: advancing evidence, policy and practce](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100744)

**28**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
treatment distance of 50 km, we no longer see a significant effect. In panel Ab, the results are

replicated using a spatial lag model, meaning that we allow for nonlinear effects with distance.

In reality, it seems like the electricity rate is much higher before a mine (dashed line) than with

an active mine (the blue line). However, when the results are decomposed by migrant status in

panel Ac of figure A1 (Annex) we find that migrants are driving the lower electricity rate. In

fact, among nonmigrants, the electricity rate is higher 0–10 km from an active mine, although

it is slightly lower 10–20 km away. [14]

**6.3 Distributional effects on wealth and inequality**

Table 9 presents the effects of mining on asset wealth and on asset wealth inequality. Wealth

data are available in the form of a wealth index, but only for the two last DHS surveys.

Following Fenske (2015) and Flatø and Kotsadam (2014), we calculate inequality by means of

a Gini coefficient (recoding the wealth variable to be positive only, and using the command

13 It is also possible that mining companies compete with households for electricity if supply cannot be increased
in the short run.

---
[14] In panels Ba, Bb, and Bc of Appendix figure A1, we analyze access to radio. We learn that access to

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
## Introduction

##### Nearly two years after the beginning of the full-scale war in Ukraine, the positive impact of the refugees on the Polish economy becomes clearly visible.

On their arrival, the impact of refugees on the economy primarily manifested through higher consumption, that was financed mainly by increased governmental spending, civil society, international organisations, and savings brought from Ukraine. While these added to a significant initial increase in consumption, multiple sources of financing and a lack of aggregated data (particularly on general government expenses) make its magnitude uncertain. Although in the short term it stimulated the economy, drawing just on savings was not sustainable. Over time, however, refugees started to work as employees and entrepreneurs, adding not only to the demand, but also to the supply of the economy, contributing to its long-term growth. The focus of this report is this structural impact of refugees on the economy as consumers, employers, entrepreneurs, and taxpayers.

The beginning of the full-scale war in Ukraine resulted in a large inflow of refugees into Poland outlined in Chapter 1.
This cohort differs from the pre-2022 Ukrainian economic migrants, most notably in its demographic makeup which primarily comprises children and working age women.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

**SHARE OF POPULATION PAYING FOR RENTED HOUSING: HOSTS VS REFUGEES**

Share of hosts living in rented housing (2023) Share of refugees fully paying for rent (2024) Share of refugees partially paying for rent (2024) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Bulgaria Czechia Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia Region Source: Eurostat, survey data, SAG estimates

**HOUSING COST AS A SHARE OF HOUSEHOLD DISPOSABLE INCOME**

Refugees (2024) Hosts (2022) Bulgaria Czechia Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia Region Source: Eurostat, survey data, SAG estimates

**REFUGEE POVERTY RATES WITH AND WITHOUT CORRECTION FOR EXCESSIVE HOUSING COSTS**

Refugees (2024) Refugees with housing expense correction (2024) Hosts (2023) 65% 40% 52% 31% 46% 43% 37% Bulgaria Czechia Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia Estonia Latvia Lithuania Region Source: Eurostat, survey data, SAG estimates

**6**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Skills-job mismatching also becomes evident when analyzing the current employment of refugees compared to their pre-war employment in Ukraine, as nearly 60% have transitioned to entirely different economic sectors.
This phenomenon is more pronounced among women, with 63% having shifted to roles outside their previous employment background, compared to 50% of men. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is the higher proportion of men employed in sectors like construction and IT prior to displacement. These fields often demand fewer country-specific qualifications, such as proficiency in the local language, thereby facilitating easier integration into similar roles in the host country.

**DISTRIBUTION OF WORKING AGE POPULATION BY**

**HIGHEST EDUCATION LEVEL ATTAINED**

Technical or Vocational Bachelor Master's Doctoral

**WAGE PREMIUMS FOR EDUCATION LEVEL GAINS: HOSTS**

**VERSUS REFUGEES, %**

Refugee eduction wage premium (mean, 2024) Bachelor's or above Hosts (2023) Refugees (2024) Source: Survey data, ILO 1% Host education wage premium (median, 2022) Technical or vocational Note: Wage premiums computed with lower secondary education as the baseline Source: Survey data, Eurostat, SAG estimates

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Employment continues to be closely associated with lower poverty rates, though ultimately, it’s the size of income that is generated by working household members that makes the biggest difference. Considering that the share of working-age refugees that are employed is nearing host population levels after rising further in 2024, attention should now turn to wages. Data on the latter, which was derived from household level indicators, demonstrates that refugees on average make two-thirds of what the local population does per hour of work. Low wage premiums for higher education levels and the fact that some 60% of current refugee employees have a background in an entirely different sector of the economy, suggest the presence of underemployment and skills mismatching. This assertion is corroborated by nearly 35% of employed refugees in the region reporting few available jobs with adequate pay, lack of positions that match their skills, or issues with getting their qualifications recognized. Moreover, almost the same percentage indicate lack of local language knowledge to be a problem, a well-acknowledged barrier to skilled employment.

**Based on the above findings it is recommended that:**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

**trafficking networks.** After bilateral

meeting between the Protection Cluster,

the WGTiP and the FSL Cluster, a focal

group was organized on October 10th.

A total of 7 participants from UN Agen
cies, AoRs, and local NGOs participated.

WG members actively participated by

sharing field experiences and proposing

recommendations to address challenges

raised during the discussion.

**VIII. Monthly Meetings of the**

**WGTiP**

**The WGTiP convenes monthly to**

**review its working plan and provide**

**a platform for members to discuss**

**trends and activities related to TiP. In**

**the last meeting, the WG collectively**

**decided to establish a Task Force to**

**draft a guide on security for orga-**

**nizations working with Victims of**

**Trafficking (VoT).** Additionally, members

have developed standardized training

and sensitization activities/workshops to

implement in communities on the topic of

TiP. These trainings will be beneficial to

other organizations addressing human

trafficking issues. In October’s monthly

meeting, the WG hosted the office of UN

Special Rapporteur for Trafficking in Per
sons. The meeting involved discussions

on potential collaboration with WG mem
bers and how the UN Rapporteur's office

can support advocacy efforts.

Member organizations also shared infor
mation on available services for victims

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
_Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and
district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year.

*** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. Results for women’s partners also available upon request. OLS = ordinary least
squares. The women and men samples have different sampling frames and therefore we are not analyzing these
results jointly.

Two further caveats should be noted: (i) with many variables tested, such evidence should not

be given too much weight, (ii) number of sampled men in the treatment category is quite small.

Out of 7,157 sampled med, only 484 men live close to active mines. A bigger treated sample

would provide more reliable results. [10]

**5.2 Child health**

We explore effects on child health, such as size at birth, infant mortality, anthropometrics, and

incidence of cough, diarrhea, and fever. Panel A and Panel B use different variable definitions

---
[10] Results for sampled women’s partners are similar.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
those people fell outside the definitions of population used by Statistics Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny, GUS, Poland’s statistical office). The National Bank of Poland estimated that between 2014 and 2018, there were approximately one to two million Ukrainian workers in Poland at a time (Strzelecki, Growiec and Wyszyński, 2022). According to the 2021 Polish National Census, one year before the outbreak of the full-scale war in Ukraine there were about one million Ukrainian citizens residing in Poland, almost all of them on a temporary basis.

After the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, Poland experienced a massive influx of refugees – with more than 27 million border crossings from Ukraine and more than 1.9 million applications for protection submitted by April 7, 2025 [1] . Not all of those people stayed in Poland. Many of them later returned to Ukraine or moved to other countries. By February 14, 2025, PESEL UKR [2] holders who remained in Poland stood at less than 1 million, while the border movement balance between Poland and Ukraine was slightly below 2 million.

---
[1] UNHCR data, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine
[2] PESEL UKR is a version of Polish national ID number for Ukrainian citizens in connection with the armed conflict in the territory of that country.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
The escalatation of war 2022 in Ukraine caused a large inflow of refugees into Poland. While some refugees from Ukraine have since returned to Ukraine or gone further to Germany or other countries, in October 2023 close to 957 thousand remained in Poland (identified by active PESEL UKR numbers). They consist primarily of children and working aged women. Despite the forced nature of displacement, war trauma, and caregiving responsibilities, refugees from Ukraine very quickly entered the labour market as employees and entrepreneurs. The precise number of refugees from Ukraine working in Poland remains uncertain, with our estimates ranging from 225 to 350 thousand. The lower bound is the number of social security registrations and understates the actual figure, as some jobs may not require social contributions or remain in the informal sector. The higher bound is the product of employment rates from surveys of refugees from Ukraine, and their working age population from the active PESEL UKR database. By JulyAugust 2023 Ukrainian refugee households supported themselves, with 80% of their incomes coming from work. [49]

---
[49] Deloitte calculations based on Multi-Sector Needs Assessment Poland 2023 survey data provided by UNHCR.

active PESEL UKR database
PESEL UKR numbers

Multi-Sector Needs Assessment Poland 2023 survey data

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
**Figure 1 Ghana’s annual gold production and world price of gold**

Ghana is the second-largest gold producer in Africa after South Africa, with gold production

averaging 77 tons per year (Gajigo, Mutambatsere, and Mdiaya 2012). In 2011, Ghana’s

mineral sector accounted for about 14 percent of total tax revenues and 5.5 percent of the gross

domestic product (GDP) (Bermúdez-Lugo 2011), as well as 44 percent of Ghanian exports

(Gajigo, Mutambatsere, and Mdiaya 2012). This makes the gold mining industry one of the

country’s most important industries, and an essential industry to study.

Similar to gold mining in other African countries (see Gajigo, Mutambatsere, and Mdiaya

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
In conclusion, the protection incidents evidenced in the analysis partially overview the situation in both countries
where the data were collected. The number of protection incidents and victims is higher than what is represented
in this report for September 2022. In DRC, the new protection monitoring platform still needs to be fully deployed
countrywide, and efforts are underway to have data that will reflect the real situation. In Mozambique, the data
reported in this report concerns only one province, Cabo Delgado, where the protection monitoring is implemented.
Efforts are also underway to have functioning protection monitoring in the rest of the affected provinces.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
REGIONAL BUREAU FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA

###### **POPULATION OF CONCERN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA REGION**

30 September 2022

**PoCs IN SOUTHERN** **AFRICA REGION***

**521,512** **REF**

**41,283** **REF**

**13,762** **ASY**

**1,291** **ASY**

**5,526,022** **IDP**

**REF**

**ASY**

**OOC**

**RET**

**KEY FIGURES**

## **8,572,919**

Total Population of concern

###### **1,099,585**

Refugees, asylum-seekers, other
of concern & returnees**

**785,119**

**278,090**

**36,165**

**211**

###### **7,473,334**

Conflict induced and Natural Disaster IDPs

Natural Disaster IDPs

**528,466**

**7%**

**6,419,356**

**86%**

IDPs RET

**525,512**

**7.0%**

do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

**Author: UNHCR DIMA - RSA** Contact : rsarbdima@unhcr.org **Source:** UNHCR Primes, Government, IOM, OCHA, UNHCR

**Author: UNHCR DIMA - RSA** Contact : rsarbdima@unhcr.org **Source: REF, ASY, OOC, RET** (UNHCR PRIMES, Government); **IDP DRC** (OCHA); IDP Zimbabwe & Mozambique (IOM); **IDP ROC** (Government, Ministry of Social Affairs and Humanitarian Action (MASAH).

*PoCs = Persons of Concern   ** REF = Refugee; ASY = Asylum-seeker; OOC = Other person of concern; RET = Returnee. DRC = Democratic Republic of the Congo  ROC = Republic of the Congo Date of creation : 30 September
2022

For more information visit: UNHCR Data Portal

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
### **OPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHT**

##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

**Some key achievements**

- Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO)

Process

- Coordination with other platforms,

subnational Clusters, ICCG, and Partners

- Accountability for Affected Populations

(AAP) WG

- GPC Townhall

- La Carnada Play

- Annual TiP Bulletin 2022-2023

- Food Security and Livelihoods (FSL) and

Trafficking in Persons (TiP)

- Monthly Meetings of the WGTiP

- Protection Mainstreaming Training

- Training on Mixed Migration and Durable

Solutions

- Reporting Transition to 345W

- Focal Group Discussions with LGBTIQ+

Organizations for Thematic Protection

Analysis Update (PAU)

- Mental Health and Psychosocial Support

(MHPSS) Coaching and Training of Trainers

(ToT)

- Participation in the Gender ToT for

Government Officials

**4**

**I. Humanitarian Program Cycle**

**2024: Humanitarian Needs**

**Overview (HNO) Process**

**September was dedicated to identi-**

**fying and define indicators and the**

**local adjustment of severity scales**

**for People in Need (PIN) and Needs**

**Severity Calculation as part of the**

**Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO)**

**process.** The indicators defined for the

Protection Cluster (PC) Severity and PIN

calculation are Protection Risks, Protec
tion Risks linked to trafficking in person,

Access to Documentation, Access to

the Justice System, Negative Coping

Mechanisms in Protection, Violent

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
**than native workers.** There may be different reasons for this
as perhaps immigrants have character traits that make them more inclined towards entrepreneurial activity (unclear in the case of refugees), or maybe it is a way to avoid occupational downgrading as immigrants find it difficult to prove their educational and professional credentials from home countries.
Notwithstanding the reason, such effects are observed across the OECD countries (OECD, 2011). In a recent paper, Anelli, Basso, Ippedico, and Peri (2023) look at Italian data, finding that one standard deviation increase in emigration rate generates 4.8% decline of business formation in the municipality of origin.
The authors use existing migration networks to ensure causality of the results. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether immigrantcreated businesses are more successful from the native ones, but one could speculate that a higher rate of trying new business ideas spurs more successes.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Outcomes were relatively consistent across types of support. Those who accessed only formal support (e.g., psychotherapy or structured group interventions) reported improvement in 88% of cases (with 34% stating “yes” and 54% reporting “slight” improvement). Individuals relying on only informal support (e.g., help from friends, family, or employers) reported improvement in 91% of cases, with slightly fewer reporting “yes” (29%) and a higher percentage indicating “slight” improvement (62%). Meanwhile, those who accessed both formal and informal support were slightly more likely to state “yes” regarding improvement (40%), with 51% indicating “slight” improvement (for a total of 91% of cases reporting some improvement). Although differences are small, results imply that a combination of support types may be associated with enhanced perceived effectiveness. Further research is needed to explore this potential relationship.

These findings demonstrate that, overall, those who accessed support perceived this support to be beneficial. Results reinforce the importance of integrating both formal and informal support mechanisms to maximize positive outcomes, as well as tailoring interventions to demographic and country-specific needs to enhance the well-being of individuals receiving MHPSS services. The data also

**23**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (DTTL), its global network of member firms, and their related entities (collectively, the “Deloitte organization”). DTTL (also referred to as “Deloitte Global”) and each of its member firms and related entities are legally separate and independent entities, which cannot obligate or bind each other in respect of third parties. DTTL and each DTTL member firm and related entity is liable only for its own acts and omissions, and not those of each other. DTTL does not provide services to clients. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more.

Deloitte provides industry-leading audit and assurance, tax and legal, consulting, financial advisory, and risk advisory services to nearly 90% of the Fortune Global 500® and thousands of private companies. Our people deliver measurable and lasting results that help reinforce public trust in capital markets, enable clients to transform and thrive, and lead the way toward a stronger economy, a more equitable society, and a sustainable world. Building on its 175-plus year history, Deloitte spans more than 150 countries and territories. Learn how Deloitte’s approximately 457,000 people worldwide make an impact that matters at www.deloitte.com.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

**Republic of Moldova: the case for housing costs corrections in income-based poverty metrics**

Data from the Republic of Moldova highlights the limitations of poverty metrics that rely solely on disposable income, as they fail to account for vulnerability related to asset ownership. Based on income alone, the 2024 poverty rate suggests that Ukrainian refugees are able to attain a higher standard of living than their hosts, with only 10% living in poverty compared to 32% of Moldovans. This apparent disparity is largely driven by the sizeable financial support that Ukrainians received from humanitarian organizations in 2024, which amounted to 44% of their total household income. While the above comparison could suggest that the provided aid is excessive, such an interpretation overlooks an important factor – namely that only 5% of Moldovans incur rental expenses compare to 41% of refugees. In fact, including utilities, housing costs were estimated to consume 46% of refugees’ disposable income (inclusive of humanitarian aid), whereas they account for just 14% for Moldovan households. In essence, these findings indicate that refugees are using the entirety of their aid to cover accommodation needs. Adjusting disposable income at the household level to reflect these additional housing expenses raises the poverty rate for refugees to 43%, surpassing that of Moldovans.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

#### **2.2 Current occupational situation**

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland Administrative ZUS data can be used as a proxy for both average and _gross_ earnings percentages. On June 30, 2024, average bases for social contributions of Ukrainian refugees accounted for just 64% of those of Polish citizens. However, this is only relative to Polish citizens not all workers in the economy as a whole, and comes with other caveats of administrative instead of survey data sources – data given on a particular day instead of period average, the shadow economy unaccounted for, different contributions based on the type of contract, no data for farmers who belong to a separate social insurance scheme.
Also, the ZUS data, that is available, is much more limited that the SEIS survey data primarily used in this report.

**Ukrainian refugees in Poland have**

**clearly improved their economic**

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
**age.** The best population data available
is the regularly updated active PESEL database. [4] According to the registry, 61.5% of the registered are women and 38.5% are men. The database also includes the age of PESEL UKR holders, which indicates that over half (57.4%), i.e. more than 560 thousand people, are of working age (18-65). While the male and female shares of people below 18 years of age (20% and 19%, respectively) and 66+ (1% and 3%) are similar, there is a large difference among productive-age individuals, with women 18-65 making up 40% and men only 18% of Ukrainian refugee population. This is largely due to the conscription of military aged men in Ukraine.

66+ 56-65 46-55 36-45 26-35 18-25 <18

---
[4] Available in the repository maintained by the government https://dane.gov.pl/pl/dataset/2715 as well as UNHCR data portal https://app.powerbi.com/

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.