Input: -0.094** -0.062 3.893 -0.064 -0.031 0.126*** (0.042) (0.040) (3.842) (0.066) (0.038) (0.042) _3. drop 2 years before_ active*mine -0.094** -0.062 3.708 -0.071 -0.026 0.125*** (0.041) (0.039) (3.459) (0.067) (0.036) (0.043) _4. mine FE_ active*mine -0.123** -0.094* 8.233 -0.068 -0.049 0.113** (0.057) (0.051) (5.425) (0.075) (0.044) (0.045) _5. mine clustering_ active*mine -0.086*** -0.055** 3.705 -0.058 -0.032 0.125** (0.025) (0.025) (2.898) (0.086) (0.032) (0.051) Mean dep var 0.715 0.705 45.71 0.491 0.259 0.028 _Note:_ The table uses GLSS data for Ghana for the survey years 1998, 2005, 2012. The sample is restricted to women and men aged 15–49. Robust standard errors clustered at the village or neighborhood level in parentheses (except if otherwise stated). All regressions control for year and district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year. The treatment distance is defined to 20 km. Rows 2 drop sample between 20 to 40 km of a mine, and rows 3 drop sample that was surveyed two years before mine opening. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. FE = fixed effects. 30

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Input: poor households’ productivity and resilience to lift their consumption permanently above the official poverty line. 4. **The government has embraced the long-term development approach to refugee management, aligning with** **international good practice.** [6] Important gains over the last five years include: (a) almost all refugee children now attend national schools rather than camp-based schools; (b) most urban refugees have access to the government’s national health insurance scheme; (c) plans are in place to transition camp-based health clinics to government management to lower costs and support integration of refugees into national service delivery systems; and (d) the government is implementing an economic inclusion strategy for refugees and host communities. Investments made over the last five years have addressed many of the impacts of the refugee presence that had created tensions with host community members. Survey data from the mid-term review (MTR) of Jya Mbere Phase I showed that this has strengthened social cohesion between refugees and host communities, creating a strong foundation for future economic progress. 5. **Building on the gains made, the government’s strategic aim for refugee management is now to promote** **self-reliance.** As one of the four objectives of the GCR, self-reliance is also central to both the National

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Input: **The World Bank** Uganda Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase II (P510476) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT of sub-project sites. Monitoring will be enhanced in Phase II, including regular beneficiary phone surveys and quarterly technical supervision missions, targeting infrastructure subprojects that are more complex and challenging. 52. **Importance of collaboration and partnerships across the humanitarian-development nexus.** The scale of the refugee presence and the scope of interventions required to bring about inclusion and self-reliance necessitates collaboration between various stakeholders, including government, non-governmental organizations, and international partners. Specific activities under DRDIP II to strengthen government-led coordination efforts are intended to build strong partnerships to create a holistic and integrated response framework. 53. **Refugee situations tend to last for years and managing them exclusively through emergency and humanitarian** **programs is ineffective** . The main conclusion of the World Development Report 2023 on _Migrants, Refugees, and_ _Societies_ is that policies should be geared toward financial and social sustainability by means of internal mobility, selfreliance, and inclusion in national services. The design of DRDIP II fully aligns with these lessons through its focus on selfreliance and integration of refugees into national service delivery systems. 54. **Multi-sectoral development investments directed to forcibly displaced populations and host

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Input: u1 ~ N(0,1) u2 ~ N(0, σ2) u3 ~ N(0, σ3) corr(u1, u2) = ρ2 corr(u1, u3) = ρ3 Irrigation is observed only if it is more profitable than dryland farming. Thus, the observed dependent variable Y is: Y=1 if ΠI > ΠD Y=0 if ΠD > ΠI When ρ = 0, OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) regression provides unbiased estimates, but when ρ ≅ 0 the OLS estimates are biased. We consequently employ the estimated Mills ratio from the selection model in both the irrigated and dryland conditional regressions in order to control for selection (Dubin & McFadden 1984). We expect the signs on the coefficient of the estimated Mills ratio to be opposite in each regression. With the estimated Mills ratios, the selection model allows us to use information on whether farms irrigate or not to improve the estimates of the parameters in the regression model. That is, the selection model provides consistent, asymptotically efficient estimates for all parameters in the model (Dubin & McFadden 1984). **3. Empirical results** The empirical analysis is based on a household survey conducted of 11 countries across Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Ghana, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe (for

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Input: early numeracy, to respond to the learning diagnostic (iii) Deployment of these didactic resources to classrooms at the Preschool, Primary, and Secondary levels (within each level and articulation between levels), and through MEP’s digital platform; (iv) Digital platform of a professional development plan for teachers, school principals, and pedagogical advisors for the deployment of foundational learning; (v) Development and implementation of a national foundational learning campaign emphasizing the joy of reading, writing, and numerical competency to involve parents and the larger education community; and (vi) Public provision of six monthly reports regarding the school and grade level accomplishment of literacy and numeracy. Educational resources and professional development plans for teachers will include considerations of gender equity and promote supportive and inclusive learning environments where all students feel encouraged to read, with specific measures outlined in the foundational learning strategy to close the gender gap in reading and in mathematics. This subcomponent will finance consultancy firms and individuals and procurement of the digital tools and the development, production, and dissemination of curricular and didactic materials for teachers and students. 29. _Subcomponent 2.2. Support of Digital Competencies and Hybrid Learning_ (US$95 million). This subcomponent will support the digitalization of learning through two

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Input: social cohesion between refugees and host communities, creating a strong foundation for future economic progress. 5. **Building on the gains made, the government’s strategic aim for refugee management is now to promote** **self-reliance.** As one of the four objectives of the GCR, self-reliance is also central to both the National Strategy for Sustainable Graduation and the draft Refugee Sustainable Graduation Strategy. Through successful implementation of the two strategies, the government expects to: (a) reduce expenditure on social safety net programs for Rwandese and humanitarian aid for refugees; and (b) unlock the potential of refugees to support economic development. This will also contribute to key results in Rwanda’s _National Strategy for Transformation 2 (2024-2029)_ on creating jobs, improving education and the quality-of service-delivery. Shifting to a development approach to achieve self-reliance is increasingly urgent in light of dwindling humanitarian assistance. For instance, funding for UNHCR in Rwanda fell from US$49 million in 2020 (only 49 percent of needs) to US$37 million in 2023 (41 percent of needs), despite almost no change in refugee numbers. 6. **Progress towards achieving refugee self-reliance is hampered by a lack of employment and income-** **generating opportunities.** A tailored Refugee Self-Reliance Index (RSRI) prepared by the GoR,

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Input: we split the sample according to the wealth score provided by DHS. Given the data structure, which is repeated cross-section, we cannot follow a particular household that was identified as belonging to the bottom 40 percent in the initial time period. Instead, we identify the bottom 40 percent in four groups: far away, before mine or during mine, and close to mine, before mine or during mine. The summary statistics for selected main outcomes are presented in table 10. As the table shows, the bottom 40 percent in mining communities are more likely engaging in agriculture than the bottom 40 percent elsewhere. This could illustrate that agricultural workers are overrepresented among the less well-off in mining communities. However, women in this group still more often work in services than women did before in the same communities. 15 Fastgini is a user-written command in STATA that helps calculate the gini coefficient. 27

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Input: 2015; Mallick et al. 2011; Mallick and Vogt 2013; Shameem and Momtaz 2014; Siddiqui et al. 2013; Sultana and Mallick 2015). With the notable exception of Dasgupta et al. (2016), these studies have seldom used household-level data to assess the impacts of past cyclones on communities and households, as well as their role in the formation of expectations about future impacts. Such research requires construction of a georeferenced panel database that specifies the dates of cyclonic storms, their coastal landfall points, subsequent interior paths, and measures of relative power. Construction of an appropriate spatial panel has therefore been a primary objective of this exercise. To support ongoing research, we focus on the coastal regions of Bangladesh and two contiguous Indian states -- West Bengal and Odisha. However, our approach could easily be extended to cover an arbitrarily-large set of coastal regions. 2

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Input: **1 Introduction** The mining sector in Africa is growing rapidly and is the main recipient of foreign direct investment (World Bank 2011). The welfare effects of this sector are not well understood, although a literature has recently developed around this question. The main contribution of this paper is to shed light on the welfare effects of gold mining in a detailed, in-depth country study of Ghana, a country with a long tradition of gold mining and a recent, large expansion in capital intensive and industrial-scale production. A second contribution of this paper is to show the importance of decomposing the effects with respect to distance from the mines. Given the spatial heterogeneity of the results, we explore the effects in an individual-level, difference-in-differences analysis by using spatial lag models to allow for nonlinear effects with distance from mine. We also allow for spillovers across districts, in a district-level analysis. We use two complementary geocoded household data sets to analyze outcomes in Ghana: the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS), which provide information on a wide range of welfare outcomes. The paper contributes to the growing literature on the local effects of mining. Much of

Demographic and Health Survey
Ghana Living Standard Survey

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Input: **The World Bank** Zambia Refugee and Host Communities Project (P503941) 9. **External audit.** The project audit will be carried out by the Office of the Auditor General who is mandated by law to do so. The implementing agencies will prepare annual financial statements for their operations, including for the project at the end of each financial year. The audit TOR will be prepared by the implementing agencies and cleared by the World Bank before each year’s audit. The auditors will produce an audit report and management letter highlighting areas/issues which will require addressing. The MoHAIS will be required to submit the audit report together with the management letter to the World Bank not later than six months after the end of the financial year. 10. **FM supervision and implementation support.** FM supervision support will be conducted on a semiannual basis and will include interviews and desk reviews such as the review of the IFRs, statements of expenditure, and audit reports **.** **PROCUREMENT** 11. Standard Procurement Documents (SPD). The World Bank’s SPDs will be used for procurement of goods, works, and non-consulting services under the open international competitive procurement approach. Similarly, selection of consultant firms will use the World Bank’s SPDs,

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Input: Migration, pp. 1-23.](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40176-018-0138-2) 3 The self-reliance survey is part of the “Enhancing Self-Reliance and Preparedness for Forced Displacement in the Great Lakes Region” activity [(P500793) and draws on the global Refugee Self-Reliance Initiative index (www.refugeeselfreliance.org).](http://www.refugeeselfreliance.org/) 4 Phase I of Jya Mbere was approved on April 30, 2019, and will close on October 30, 2026. Of the total Phase I budget of US$84.41 million, US$68 million is from the IDA 18 Sub-window for Refugees & Host Communities and the IDA 19 Window for Host Communities & Refugees (WHR) and US$4.41 million was provided in co-financing by the Danish International Development Agency (Danida). 5 To meet WHR eligibility requirements, the Government submitted a Strategy Note on supporting refugees, which was discussed and agreed with the World Bank. Page 1

global Refugee Self-Reliance Initiative index

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Input: over time difficult. Valuation of a future loss is also complicated due to ambiguity in the rate of time preference. In light of these uncertainties, we estimated the economic value of the wetlands at risk for a single scenario of 1 m SLR using the current literature on valuation of wetlands. The economic value of the wetlands at risk from 1 m SLR in the 76 developing countries considered in this analysis is around USD 630 million per year (in USD 2000). It is hoped that the estimates of wetlands at risk from SLR reported in this paper would offer insights into the extent to which countries may be willing to invest to protect coastal wetlands or facilitate their migration as sea level rises. At the outset, we acknowledge several important limitations of our analysis. First, we have not assessed the time profile of 1 m SLR. We take this scenario as given, and assess the _exposure_ of the present wetland stock for each of the 76 developing countries and five regions. Second, the digital elevation (90m DEM V2) data we use in our analysis gives altitude in 1-meter increments, preventing us from sub-meter SLR modeling. [13] Third, the lack

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Input: 22,200 people per month in refugee-hosting areas of Djibouti [13] . 14. **Women are disproportionately affected by socio-economic disadvantages in Djibouti, facing significant gaps** **across different dimensions, including access to basic services, education and employment opportunities** . Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is reported to be higher among women than men (27 percent vs. 18 percent in the 15-24 age group and 27 percent vs. 23 percent in the 25-39 age group), as well as food insecurity is reported to be higher among female-headed households [FHHs] (51 percent vs. 45.5 percent) [14] . Women, who are generally the primary caregivers of infants and children, tend to lack information on beneficial practices related to child nutrition, parenting practices, and child stimulation (the proportion of women with children less than six months of age practicing exclusive breastfeeding stands at 12 percent [15] ). Women also experience higher unemployment rates (36 percent vs. 22 percent for men) and are more likely to hold vulnerable, informal, or part-time jobs (44.5 percent vs. 18.5 percent for men). In rural areas, the employment gaps widen further. Overall, men have better access to credit and financial services, productive inputs, and business opportunities with consequences on female entrepreneurship [16]

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Input: the CRRF, which is served by a small secretariat under the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM). While the coordination structures are fully functional, more support is needed for operational coordination on the ground considering the growing refugee population and the increasing number of development projects supporting host-community-refugee inclusion. For instance, in 2016, DRDIP was the only World Bank-financed project on forced displacement in Uganda. By 2025, however, there are 11 projects funded by the IDA Window for Host Communities and Refugees (WHR), with a total budget of US$666 million. Continued strong government leadership from OPM will be required to facilitate effective coordination across these and related projects. 10. **The project is aligned with the World Bank Maximizing Finance for Development approach.** Private investment generated through Component 3 on Economic Opportunity counts as Private Capital Mobilization (PCM). Sub-component 3.1 on Resilient Value Chains and Enterprise Investments (US$77.5 million) will provide group-based revolving funds and start-up grants to approximately 234,500 beneficiaries to enhance their economic investments and value chain engagement. PCM of US$10 million has been added to the financing table based on beneficiaries' monthly collective 10 Climate Risk Profile: Uganda (2021): The World Bank Group. 11 “Uganda’s Intended Nationally Determined

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Input: **The World Bank** Integrated Community Resilience Project (P506969) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT cash transfers, financial and productive inclusion as well as social services delivery to maximize the resilience of communities and households. 57. **Additionally, the project will draw on insight from the Yemen Emergency Crisis (ECRP) (2016-2022)** . **which** **sought to provide short-term employment and access to selected basic services to the most vulnerable and preserve** **existing implementation capacity of service delivery.** The project will strengthen private sector linkages, drawing from good practices identified in the ECRP, which demonstrated how participatory planning processes enabled the identification and prioritization of local economic needs. Djibouti’s project will similarly be community-driven, ensuring that refugees, host communities, and local entrepreneurs/microenterprises are actively engaged in identifying their needs and priorities. Drawing from Yemen’s example, the project will align productive facilities and local markets with SME operations to strengthen supply chain linkages and create sustainable economic ecosystems in targeted regions. [24] **III.** **PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION** **A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements** 58. **The Ministry of Social Affairs and Solidarity (MASS)** **will serve as the primary implementing agency for the** **project, leading the implementation** **of Component 1: Social Safety Nets Systems**, **while the** **Djiboutian Social** **Development Agency (ADDS)** **will take

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Input: **The World Bank** Integrated Community Resilience Project (P506969) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT support nutritional consumption needs - accompanied with SBCC to promote human development behavior change good practices; (ii) financial inclusion services (FIS) to strengthen the economic resilience of poor and vulnerable households; and (iii) support for strengthening the Social Registry (SR) so that it becomes a stronger underpinning for effective coordination of social programs, ensures better targeting of safety nets, and provides credible information for measurement of results and impacts for all vulnerable populations, including refugees and hosts. 30. **Sustainability of the social safety nets** . Sustainable financing is critical to building an effective and efficient safety net system in Djibouti that can mitigate the adverse impacts of the perennial crises on the poor and vulnerable. The government committed to making efforts to increasing government financing for social safety nets as project financing declines. This commitment is being renewed and related technical simulations will be mainstreamed into the technical assistance that is being provided by the World Bank under the Strengthening Adaptive Social Protection Systems (P166220). Recommendations from the Technical Assistance will be discussed with the MASS and the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEFI) and be mainstreamed into the

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Input: the European Union (EU). The World Food Programme (WFP) has provided food assistance to refugees in Mantapala refugee settlement since 2017. The project’s three components will contribute to the building of a future policy framework and an operational model for the use of WHR resources that could be extended to assist refugees and host communities in other areas across the country. 44. **The project is timely.** National ownership and political will are prerequisites both for successful implementation and sustainability. The GRZ has demonstrated a commitment to both, and it is important that momentum is maintained to prevent any possible backsliding on the reform agenda. The World Bank in Zambia is active in all the sectors proposed as interventions under this project, which is aligned with sector approaches and designed to leverage cooperation with larger sector investments. **F. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design** 45. **Several key lessons pertinent to the objectives of the Window for Host Communities and Refugees (WHR) in** **Zambia have emerged from implementation of the CPF 2019–2024.** They include the importance of a multisectoral approach, the importance of stakeholder engagement, the challenges faced by the Government in addressing institutional constraints, and the need for simpler

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Input: this, most often by not being able to move freely or to access basic services. #### Protection Risk II **Access to adequate housing:** As for Q3 findings from Protection Monitoring interviews highlighted accommodation as the highest priority need for respondents (147 respondents, 34%). ## 34% reported accommodation as their highest priority need UNHCR / September 2024 2

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Input: to be implemented, activity implementers will submit the payment details of the payee for payment from an appropriate bank account. Transfers to the Zambian Kwacha operational account will be made only when there are local currency payments to be made to avoid exchange losses being incurred by holding Zambian Kwacha balances. Other disbursement methods such as reimbursement, direct payment, and special commitment will be available on this project. The operation of all disbursement methods will be described in the Disbursement and Financial Information Letter (DFIL) (Figure 1.2). Page 39

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Input: the scale of environmental problems faced by a country's institutions. If Brazil and Bhutan receive the same CPIA rating, for example, ignoring their scale difference will lead to assignment of identical lending in the optimization model. 6 We recognize that an equal-weighted index is only one of numerous plausible indicators for general environmental problems. In Appendix 2, we develop alternative indices and analyze their association with 6

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Input: and maintaining ongoing dialogue with technical actors at national, regional, and global levels to bolster cash coordination. Additionally, they are responsible for developing and following a dynamic work plan that reflects the evolving priorities and discussions within the platform and across relevant sectors. This includes ensuring that the focus and deliverables of the platform remain relevant and contextually appropriate to the NIATF and the 3RP sectors. **Members:** The CBI TWG members are responsible to commit to fostering a transparent and cooperative environment by meaningful participation and sharing relevant operational delivery data (such as cash assistance delivered, beneficiaries assisted etc.). The members need to provide at least one focal point 4

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Input: collaborative and communication abilities; Science Technology, Art and Mathematics (STEAM) skills; and awareness of the environmental issues, energy efficiency, and eco-friendly innovation for their immediate community and the nation. By aligning education with the requirements of a low-carbon economy, Costa Rica 13 OECD (2021), Education at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, [https://doi.org/10.1787/b35a14e5-en.](https://doi.org/10.1787/b35a14e5-en) 14 MEP Data 15 Annex 1 reproduces a graphic showing the 67 modules across Pre-School to 12 grades of education that comprises the PNFT curriculum. Page 3

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Input: ## Regional Advisory Group refugees, statelessness, and citizenship. report. Lakes region. ## Regional Study Process Expected Outcomes and Impact The study will contribute to greater awareness of the causes, specific risk profiles and scale of statelessness arising from protracted refugee situations in countries of asylum in Great Lakes. The findings of the study will contribute to improve the overall situation of refugees in prolonged exile as part of finding durable solutions, by developing concrete recommendations for local integration with sustainable alternative legal status in host countries to mitigate risk of statelessness, realize the right to a [nationality and ensure access to proof of legal identity in line with S DG Target 16.9.](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-16-09-01.pdf) The analysis and recommendations will further inform the development of a comprehensive strategy on durable solutions for forcibly displaced persons including refugees in the Great Lakes,supporting the effortsof the ICGRL Member States to address protracted refugee situations and risks of statelessness, which arise from prolonged exile

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Input: **APPENDICES** **Appendix A: Temperature normals (Sample means)** **`country`** **winter** **spring** **summer** **fall** `burkinafaso` 23.55 28.34 28.87 24.48 `cameroon` 19.38 21.38 19.97 18.87 `egypt` 11.67 13.17 24.11 23.38 `ethiopia` 18.64 21.53 19.71 18.07 `ghana` 21.79 24.81 22.63 21.16 `kenya` 18.75 19.72 18.36 19.12 `niger` 26.28 30.83 33.91 29.18 `senegal` 24.54 29.13 31.53 26.67 `south africa` 11.53 15.47 20.73 19.37 `zambia` 16.69 21.72 21.09 19.58 `zimbabwe` 16.58 21.29 22.49 20.63 **`total`** **19.82** **23.35** **24.52** **22.23** **Appendix B: Precipitation normals (Sample means)** **`country`** **winter** **spring** **summer** **fall** burkinafaso 2.6 15.83 113.78 133.12 cameroon 60.25 101.94 185.08 228.55 egypt 12.81 7.02 2.3 3.51 ethiopia 19.42 49.21 123.71 117.51 ghana 30.87 59.66 112.4 111.74 kenya 88.38 103.02 84.31 59.95 niger 0.75 3.15 64.05 70.55 senegal 2.23 1.05 47.93 112.72 south africa 31.79 54.96 86.38 68.79 zambia 48.26 57.7 108.58 100.67 zimbabwe 7.54 15.4 138.75 89.98 **total** **25.85** **39.83** **96.05** **102.4** 13

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Input: refugee populations are better documented and ascertained so that they can benefit from a wider range of integrated services. Interoperability with other databases will also enhance responsiveness in the event of a natural disaster. 39. **In addition to reinforcing the social registry, the sub-component will support enhancing the operational capacity** **of existing social counters (** _**guichets sociaux**_ **) in urban areas and regions.** These social counters will be upgraded to reach a greater number of individuals, enabling the registration of additional households, as well as the regular updating of data. The enhanced social counters will be equipped to handle grievances, ensuring timely and effective responses. These centers will also serve as key points for connecting refugees with essential services, facilitating their inclusion in national programs for social protection and economic empowerment. The centers will evolve into fully integrated one-stop service hubs, serving as entry points for basic services, beneficiary monitoring and grievances management. By implementing these measures, the project aims to create a robust and dynamic social registry that will not only address current needs but also adapt to future challenges. **Component 2: Access to Socio-Economic Infrastructure and Development of Economic Opportunities (** _**total IDA**_ _**US$14 Million equivalent, including WHR

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Input: (1.805) (0.039) (0.054) (0.029) (0.021) (0.029) (0.021) Active 0.007 0.001 0.050** 0.034** -0.032 0.054** -0.023 (1.012) (0.026) (0.024) (0.017) (0.021) (0.026) (0.022) Observations 9,790 9,790 12,226 12,216 12,227 12,227 12,227 R-squared 0.128 0.180 0.453 0.148 0.208 0.171 0.095 mean of dep var 0.407 14.84 0.565 0.652 0.151 0.732 11.6 _Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. OLS = ordinary least squares. Overall, we estimated in table 8 that a household’s access to electricity decreased when a mine became active. This finding is surprising if we assume that electricity infrastructure is seldom destroyed, so that with time, access has generally been increasing. [13] Figure A1 (Annex) further decomposes the effect, and panel Aa of the figure confirms that the coefficient for electricity access is negative using the treatment distance 20 km. However, with a treatment distance of 10 km, the effect is marginally positive and insignificant. If we use a treatment distance of 50 km, we no longer see a significant effect. In panel Ab, the

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Input: exposure and awareness of flood risk in England and Wales. Disasters. Vol. 36(3), pp.477-494 Freire, Sergio; MacManus, Kytt; Pesaresi, Martino; Doxsey-Whitfield, Erin; Mills, Jane (2016): Development of new open and free multi-temporal global population grids at 250 m resolution. Geospatial Data in a Changing World; Association of Geographic Information Laboratories in Europe (AGILE). AGILE 2016. Daniel, V. E., R. J. G. M. Florax, and P. Rietveld. 2009. “Flooding Risk and Housing Values: An Economic Assessment of Environmental Hazard.” Ecological Economics 69 (2): 355–65. Durand-Lasserve, A., H. Selod, and M. Durand-Lasserve. 2013. “A Systemic Analysis of Land Markets and Land Institutions in West African Cities: Rules and Practices—The Case of Bamako, Mali.” Policy Research Working Paper 6687, World Bank, Washington, DC. [Hallegatte, S., A. Vogt-Schilb, J. Rozenberg, M. Bangalore, C. Beaudet (2020). "From Poverty to Disaster](https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/ediscc/v4y2020i1d10.1007_s41885-020-00060-5.html) [and Back: a Review of the Literature," Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, Springer, vol.](https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/ediscc/v4y2020i1d10.1007_s41885-020-00060-5.html) 4(1), pages 223-247 Hallegatte, S., C. Green, R. Nicholls, J. Corfee-Morlot (2013). Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nature Climate Change. Vol. 3, 802–806 25

open and free multi-temporal global population grids

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Input: The modeling of all coastal wetlands by McFadden et al. (2007) suggests that global wetland losses are 32% and 44% by the 2080s for a 50 cm and 1 m rise in sea level between 1990 and 2100 accounting for human impacts, such as dike construction or wetland nourishment. The estimates presented by McFadden at al. (2007) are not delineated by types of wetlands or by regions of the world. As for McFadden et al. (2007), the estimates of Nicholls (2004) and Nicholls et al. (1999) are also not disaggregated by types of wetlands. Furthermore, while Nicholls (2004) asserts the largest loss of coastal wetlands to be expected around the Atlantic coast of Central and North America, the small Caribbean islands, and most particularly the Mediterranean and the Baltic, the paper does not present estimates of lost wetlands by regions of the world. It should also be noted that neither of these analyses present estimates of the economic values, which may be associated to these lost wetland areas around the world. The valuation studies by Tol (2007) and Anthoff et al. (2010) are also based on wetland losses derived from the Global Vulnerability Analysis (Hoozemans et al. 1993). Wetland value

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Input: needed.** The project will provide targeted support to strengthen M&E capacity within MASS and ADDS. Where feasible, the project will finance consultants to assist MASS and ADDS in developing a detailed M&E and reporting system plan. In addition, consultants will provide on-the-job training for M&E specialists across MASS, ADDS, and other implementing agencies, as well as any other support required to establish and maintain an effective M&E system. 64. **The MASS and ADDS have demonstrated capacity to undertake beneficiary assessments (BA) and technical** **audits (TA) to inform implementation and obtain stakeholder and beneficiary feedback as good practice** . Two BAs and TAs are anticipated to determine feedback and inform the pre and post MTR implementation. The BAs will provide feedback on satisfaction levels among key beneficiaries, identify challenges in implementation and make recommendations for improvements. The TAs which have been undertaken to ascertain delivery of cash transfers, will now cover a broader range of interventions including the financial services and SBCCs. **C. Disbursement Arrangements** 65. **Given the high-risk environment, the report-based disbursement will not be applicable.** Therefore, upon project effectiveness, transaction-based disbursements will be used. An initial advance up to the ceiling of the Designated Account (DA) will be made

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Input: (Eds.) _Climate Change 2007: The Physical_ _Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the_ _Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change_ [Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Krabill, W, Hanna E., Huybrechts, P., Abdalati, W., Cappelen, J., Csatho, B., Frederick, E., Manizade, S., Martin, C., Sonntag, J., Swift, R., Thomas, R., and J. Yunge. 2004. Greenland ice sheet: increased coastal thinning. _Geophysical Research Letters_, 31: L24402 Larson, J.S., Adamus, P.R. and E.J. Clairain Jr. 1989. _Functional Assessment of Freshwater_ _Wetlands: A Manual and Training Outline_ . Glaud, Switzerland: WWF Publication 89-6: 62pp. Lehner, B. and P. Döll. 2004. Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. _Journal of Hydrology_, 296(1-4), 1-22 Maslanik, J. A., C. Fowler, J. Stroeve, S. Drobot, J. Zwally, D. Yi, and W. Emery, 2007: A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: Increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss _Geophysical_ _Research Letters_ **34** : L24501 McFadden, L., Spencer,T. and R.J. Nicholls, 2007. Broad-scale modelling of coastal wetlands: What is required? _Hydrobiologia_, 577, 5-15. McLeod. K.L., Lubchenco, J., Palumbi, S.R. and A.A. Rosenberg. 2005. _Scientific Consensus_ _Statement on Marine Ecosystem-Based Management. The Communication Partnership for_ _Science

global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands

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Input: Strzepek K & McCluskey A, 2006. District level hydroclimatic time series and scenario analysis to assess the impacts of climate change on regional water resources and agriculture in Africa. CEEPA Discussion Paper No 13, Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, University of Pretoria. USGS (US Geological Survey), 2004. Global 30 Arc Second Elevation Data, USGS National Mapping Division, EROS Data Centre. (These data files are downloadable from http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/gtopo30.asp) Weng F & Grody N, 1998. Physical retrieval of land surface temperature using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager. _Journal of Geophysical Research_ 103: 8839–8848. World Bank, 2003. Africa rainfall and temperature evaluation system (ARTES). World Bank, Washington DC. 12

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Input: its zone of maximum wind speed. We employ a standard IMD storm classification based on maximum wind speed intervals in kt: (Cyclonic Storm (CS) [34-47 kt]; Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS) [48-63]; Very Severe Cyclonic Storm (VSCS) [64-119] and Super Cyclonic Storm (SuCS) [120+]. We have excluded all storms rated as tropical depressions because their maximum wind speeds are below 34 kt. The third distinctive feature of our exercise is use of the constructed database to explore temporal and spatial patterns in cyclone impacts that can provide the context for future household level research on adaptation by coastal communities. Our analysis is aggregative in this paper, but the source database can provide high-spatial-resolution cyclone incidence and impact measures for households and communities in both coastal and interior locations. We should introduce a cautionary note at the outset. During the past 140 years, technical support for cyclone tracking has evolved from land-based telegraphy in the 19th century, through 3

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Input: and age of the 2023 data for victims is not yet available. However, according to the Child Protection Sub-cluster, the Child Protection Working Group of the Diffa region recorded 18 child victims of ED in 2022, the majority of whom (74%) are girls who went to look for firewood. 5 Departments of: Torodi, Say,Téra, Tillabéry, Gotheye, Bankilaré et, Ouallam (région de Tillabéry) et Diffa, Bosso, Mainé et N'Guingmi (region de Diffa) 6 According to protection monitoring data (P21) 1st semester 2023. 7 [Food security situation, june 2023](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FVzLNdVSeHdrZ0iNx0YUf2LNiWuO5gBS/view?usp=sharing)

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Input: replace deteriorating reservoirs, extend the water distribution network, or enhance water storage and management. This would lead to increased risks of water shortages and contamination, endangering the health of the refugees. Substandard waste and sanitary management would also pose significant health hazards to the camp residents. Access to quality obstetric care and services as well as essential medicines will also be compromised. 1 _UN agencies use different points of reference for the population living in the Tindouf refugee camps. For example, UNHCR uses the number 90,000 to refer to the_ _‘most vulnerable refugees’ although recognizing that assistance needs are much higher. The Sahrawi Response Plan launched in November by the UN resident_ _coordinator in Algeria uses the higher 173,600 figure to ensure humanitarian assistance is comprehensive._ ### **EGYPT** **Health** As medical needs continue to rise among new arrivals from Sudan, public health services are overwhelmed, and many individuals face high out-of-pocket costs. Underfunding means UNHCR will not be able to support some 16,100 refugee patients, including those chronic diseases who depend on monthly medications. Without this support, many lives are at risk. **Education** Currently, around 54 per cent of all school-aged arriving from Sudan are out of school. Education grants

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Input: These flood risk categories are defined in line with an approximation of the risk to the lives of affected people. Up to 0.15 meter inundation depth, no significant risk to life is expected. Up to 0.5 meter, some risk to life must be expected, especially for vulnerable groups such as children and the disabled. Up to 1.5 meters, a significant share of the affected population could face risk to life, especially if flood waters have a current. Above 1.5 meters, most affected people could face substantial risk to life without rescue measures. Through this process, each 90 by 90 meter cell of a country will be assigned one of the five risk categories (e.g. a pixel that has an estimated inundation depth of 5 cm is classified as low risk, while a pixel with depth 4.3 meters is classified as very high risk). This is repeated for the world’s landmass of 510 million square kilometers, which implies the processing of 63 billion pixels. **3.** **Assign flood risk categories to population headcounts at the pixel level and aggregate to the** **administrative unit:** As the flood hazard and population density maps are converted into the same spatial resolution, each population map cell

flood hazard and population density maps

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Input: discount rates have also been provided as a measure of the sensitivity of the analysis. 46 This corresponds to the average village population in similar areas according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM). This information can be accessed at Village Assessment Survey County Profiles. [https://iomsouthsudan.org/tracking/sites/default/publicfiles/documents/Lakes.pdf](https://iomsouthsudan.org/tracking/sites/default/publicfiles/documents/Lakes.pdf) _._ 47 Burden of Road Injuries in Sub-Saharan African _,_ [htp://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/356861434469785833/Road-Safety-Burden-of-Injuries-in-Africa.pdf](http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/356861434469785833/Road-Safety-Burden-of-Injuries-in-Africa.pdf) _._ Page 26

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Input: _Figure 14. Economic value at risk, computed as exposure headcount multiplied by subnational income_ _per capita. Note: no subnational income data are available for several countries, including China._ **Exposure headcounts by income groups.** To address the bias that high-income areas have higher flood exposure in monetary terms, we consider flood exposure headcount disaggregated by national income classifications. The results, presented in Figure 15, show that 710 million people (or 48 percent) of the world’s flood exposed population live in lower- or lower middle-income countries. About 159 million (11 percent) of flood exposed people live in high-income countries. Considering that the flood exposed population in high-income countries is more likely to benefit from flood protection systems, social post-disaster assistance, and other risk management support, these figures highlight that monetary exposure estimates (including GDP) offer a distorted account of the distribution of global flood risks. 0 500 1,000 1,500 Millions _Figure 15. Number of people exposed to significant flood risk, disaggregated by national income level_ _classification_ 18

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Input: of the GoR’s strategy – together with support from humanitarian and development partners – research shows that the impact of refugees in Rwanda on basic services, the environment and livelihood can be mitigated. Indeed, the refugee presence is generally associated with improved local economic conditions and access to services, without creating major social tensions. [2] 2. **The government’s strategic goal for refugee management is to promote self-reliance, however, major gaps** **remain in achieving this aim.** Data from the 2022 national census (which included a refugee module for the first time) and from the first round of a World Bank-led survey on refugee self-reliance showed that refugees generally enjoy good access to basic services such as education, health and water, but remain well short of self-reliance with respect to employment and income. [3] High poverty rates, lack of economic opportunity and limited access to finance in the refugee-hosting districts (RHDs) constrain employment and income-generating prospects for refugees and host communities alike. Building on the success of the ongoing Phase I of the World Bank-financed Socio-economic Inclusion of Refugees and Host Communities in Rwanda Project (P164130) (known in Kinyarwanda as “Jya Mbere” or “move forward”), Phase II will support self-reliance for refugees

first round of a World Bank-led survey on refugee self-reliance

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Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) **D. Results Chain** **Assumptions** **Figure 3: Results Chain** i. Political and Governmental Support: The government of Costa Rica will continue to prioritize education. ii. Stability of the Project Implementation Unit: The Project Implementation Unit will remain stable, with consistent leadership and staffing levels, and will be able to effectively coordinate with the IDB, internal and external stakeholders. iii. Community and Stakeholder Engagement: There will be buy-in from key stakeholders, including educators, students, parents, and the community at large, for the education technology reforms. **E. Rationale for Bank Involvement and Role of Partners** 39. **The Bank has a long-standing partnership with the Government of Costa Rica on education and can leverage** **global experience in the implementation of education sector reforms.** This Project builds on and complements prior Bank support to Costa Rica on education, including the Costa Rica Higher Education Improvement Project (P123146, Loan 8194CR) and on governance under the Costa Rica Fiscal Management Improvement Project (P172352, Loan 9075-CR). 40. **Collaboration with development partners will be key for the preparation and implementation of this Project.** The Project is designed in parallel to an IDB financed project. Both projects are self-standing and

Costa Rica Higher Education Improvement Project

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Input: an economically viable area. Results from various studies such as the 23 Zambia 2022 Census of Population and Housing, Central Statistical Office Zambia, 2023. 24 One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023. 25 One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023. 26 “Many girls choose not to attend classes at certain times due to the lack of appropriate washing and hygiene facilities,” School headmaster, Kalumbila District, February 2024. Page 16

23 Zambia 2022 Census of Population and Housing

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Input: strong spillover effects. The lack of visible spillover effects casts doubt on the theory that repurchases are being driven by increased trust in the insurance company or learning about insurance payouts. Notably, this result stands in contrast to recent results that do document spillover effects of insurance payouts (Cole, Stein, and Tobacman 2014; Karlan et al. 2014). Direct Effects of Payouts on Wealth and Liquidity The previous two sections discount the possibility that trust, learning, or weather effects are driving the result that receiving an insurance payout is correlated with purchasing insurance the following year. This points to the actual reception of money from the insurance company as being the driving force behind greater take-up. The most natural explanation for this phenomenon would be that receiving an insurance payout could directly affect choices the next year due to its effects on wealth and liquidity. For instance, if insurance is a normal good, then increased wealth would result in greater insurance demand. [18] Although the BASIX data set does not offer the opportunity to test the direct effects of a cash payment separately from an insurance payout, there are a number of reasons why it is unlikely that wealth or liquidity

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Input: data on slum location to examine the distribution of exposure across poor and non-poor locations. While prior studies have examined flood risk in Vietnam, this paper provides two main contributions. First, we develop new high-resolution flood hazard datasets, which incorporate both riverine and coastal flooding and consider climate change. [1] When examining flood exposure, it is important to get as local as possible as impacts can vary widely across space - for instance, impacts can be different from one city block to the next (Patankar 2015). This 1 Prior use hazard data at a 1 km resolution and are restricted to a single district or city within Vietnam (Chinh et al. 2017; Apel et al. 2016). We develop new high-resolution flood hazard datasets on a 90 m × 90 m grid.

data on slum location
flood hazard datasets

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Input: not owned, significant and quantitatively large investment disincentives persist and cause productivity losses of considerable magnitude. This makes it important to explore other ways of bringing investment levels on such land closer to the social optimum. To explore this, our survey asked households who occupied land under usufruct about their willingness to pay to acquire full ownership rights. Results, as reported in table 7, suggest that 40% of 2,804 owners were willing to pay for about 37% of the 4,478 occupied parcels overall or 43% of the 1,519 parcels under freehold or _mailo_ . The median willingness to pay, US$ 215/acre for customary and US$ 269 per acre for _mailo_ or freehold land is surprisingly large, both if compared to owners’ median self-assessed value of US$ 403/acre. It is also high in view of the fact that, at least in the case of _mailo_ or freehold, the economic value of landlords’ residual claims to a perpetual ground rent of about US$ 0.6 annually is minuscule. Although part of the stated willingness to pay could have its origin in non-economic values of land ownership, the fact that a large number of households are willing to spend large amounts of 19 As

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Input: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Needs Assessment, [27] UNHCR Socioeconomic Survey, [28] the UNHCR Gap Analysis, [29] and the outcome of a stakeholder consultation process revealed that rehabilitation of settlement roads is the priority development need across all communities. The project will improve the 38 km of rural road from the Meheba junction on the T5 Solwezi-Mwinilunga Road to the Mwafwe River located at the southern border of the settlement. Construction will be done to a climate-resilient standard, to withstand damage from flash flooding, including, for example, adopting a robust drainage and camber design and ensuring their periodic maintenance. The approach is in line with Zambia’s Climate Adaptation Plan which seeks to promote the application of climate-smart codes for roads development nationally. It will also provide a bridge over the Mwafwe River to facilitate access to communities in the Matebo Ward to the immediate south of the settlement [30] and improve their resilience to climate change impacts such as flash floods. An assessment will ensure that the bridge is engineered to withstand flooding and erosion risk. Rural road improvement will also contribute significantly to creating links—increasing the opportunity to access goods and services located in nearby Solwezi and other markets,

UNHCR Socioeconomic Survey
UNHCR Gap Analysis

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Input: Economics of Disasters and Climate Change paper contributes to the growing literature in economics on the assessment of local and disaggregated disaster impacts (e.g. Del Valle et al. 2018 using wind speed), and is the first to our knowledge examining flood risk at this scale in a developing country. Second, we analyze how flood exposure differs based on socioeconomic dimensions, in this case poverty, at the country and city-level. In both cases, we examine how flood exposure and poverty differs spatially across the country (at the district level) but also within HCMC (by identifying slums). The combination of these two datasets on hazard and poverty - typically kept separate in the literature – is another main contribution of this paper. The consideration of socioeconomic characteristics and the focus on the poor is an important one as not all segments of the population are equally exposed and vulnerable to floods. In some cases, people living in risky places may be richer than the average population: for instance, urban residents are on average wealthier than those living in rural areas (World Bank 2009). At a more local scale and especially within cities, land and housing markets often push poorer people to settle

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Input: IDA Credits and Grants”, dated October 15, 2006, and revised in January 2011 and as of July 1, 2016 (Anti-Corruption Guidelines), and beneficiary ownership disclosure requirements. The project will use the Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP) system to provide data on planned procurement activities, establish benchmarks, monitor delays, and measure procurement performance. 77. **A Project Procurement Strategy for Development (PPSD) has been prepared by the Recipient.** The PPSD highlights the market, procurement risks, procurement options, and selection methods to be followed by the IAs during implementation of the Procurement Plan. The Procurement Plan for the first 18 months is annexed in the PPSD and will be updated at least annually or as required to reflect changes in the AWPB. 23 The Auditor General’s report for DRDIP I for the year ending June 30, 2024, identified network challenges and unstable electricity in Madi-Okollo, Obongi, Terego, and Kibuuke districts. 24 The audit reports for 2022/2023 that had an unqualified (clean) audit opinion were for Isingiro, Kamwenge, and Obongi districts. 2023/2024 audit reports were not available on the Auditor General’s website. The audit reports for 2023/2024 that had an unqualified (clean) audit opinion were for Adjumani, Kikuube, Kiryandongo, Koboko, Kyegegwa, Lamwo,

Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement

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Input: Economics of Disasters and Climate Change vulnerability even as the climate change hazard increases (Hallegatte et al. 2016). Along these lines, while we examine which regions within Vietnam have the highest flood exposure, we do not examine the determinants of vulnerability (other than poverty). Recent analyses suggest that the Northwest, Central Highlands, and Mekong River Delta have the greatest socioeconomic vulnerability (World Bank 2010). In the flood hazard maps developed for this paper, we assume no protection due to a lack of data and as a result the hazard maps present an upper bound of flood exposure. Work is currently ongoing to develop a global database of flood protection, and this information can be mobilized for future work (Scussolini et al. 2016). For the national-level analysis, flooded areas are defined as any area with inundation higher than 0. We have not yet explored the depth dimension, although the flood hazard maps developed for this study allow for this potential in future work. For the HCMC analysis, the location of the slum areas in the PUMA data set are mainly restricted to the old town. Furthermore, slum areas are often difficult to define (with PUMA only identifying potential slums) and the

global database of flood protection
flood hazard maps

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Input: zones by constructing a buffer around each storm polyline whose width is the storm’s radial distance from center to the zone of maximum wind speed. For high-resolution location of landfalls, we construct a coastal boundary polyline for Bangladesh, West Bengal and Odisha. Then we convert the coastal polyline into points spaced evenly at intervals of .001 decimal degrees (approximately 100 meters). The resulting set of ordered points along the coastline is numbered successively from 0 (southern tip of the Odisha coastline) to 11,327 (southern tip of the Bangladesh coastline). For each storm track, we identify the landfall as the closest ordered point where the track first intersects the coastline. [3] To guard against exclusion bias from regional bounding, we include intersecting storm tracks within 20 km of the southernmost coastal points in Odisha and Bangladesh. We identify a storm’s coastal impact zone as the set of ordered coastal points within the radius-buffered storm track polygon at its first coastal intersection. **3. Aggregate Results** **3.1 Trend in Cyclonic Storm Incidence, 1877-2016** Although we focus on the northern coast of the Bay of Bengal, our database includes all recorded tracks for the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. This provides a very

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Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) **I.** **STRATEGIC CONTEXT** **A. Country Context** 1. **Costa Rica has been one of the most politically stable, progressive, and prosperous nations in the Latin America** **and the Caribbean (LAC) region.** Successive administrations have prioritized the social welfare and development of the Costa Rican people. Political stability, the social compact, and steady growth have resulted in one of the lowest poverty rates in LAC (2023 poverty headcount rate at upper middle-income poverty line was 12.7 percent). [1] The country of 5.33 million inhabitants became a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2021. The economy is diverse, and based mainly on services, tourism, and exports of products such as electronics and medical devices. Trade (Exports+Imports) formed 80 percent of Costa Rica’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2022 (compared to 57 percent for LAC) [2] and the country has also built a world renowned “Green Trademark” centered on conservation, reforestation, and protected areas. 2. **The country has recovered quickly from the COVID-19 shock on key macroeconomic indicators, but it faces new** **challenges such as heightened migrant and refugee flows** . The unemployment rate reached a high of 20

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Input: ### **ALGERIA** **Protection** CRITICAL FUNDING NEEDS IN MENA / 10 OCTOBER 2024 Critical funding need: **$5.5 million** Refugee access to crucial legal and identity documents will be diminished, severely restricting their access to essential services and increasing their vulnerability. For instance, UNHCR has registered 2,455 individuals so far in 2024, but the average waiting time for the asylum-seeking process is currently 126 days, while registration takes around 156 days. Without additional funding, these delays could be prolonged, leaving people in legal limbo and unable to work or access rights. GBV survivors and others at risk will not have access to safe shelters, psychosocial support, medical care, or access to economic opportunities to facilitate their effective reintegration into the community. **WASH** UNHCR supports the entire refugee population in the five camps near Tindouf – more than 90,000 refugees [1] - with lifesaving health and WASH activities. UNHCR will be unable to replace deteriorating reservoirs, extend the water distribution network, or enhance water storage and management. This would lead to increased risks of water shortages and contamination, endangering the health of the refugees. Substandard waste and sanitary management would also pose significant health hazards to the camp residents. Access to quality obstetric

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Input: EA were randomly sampled. As table 1 illustrates, 5,530 of the sample households were involved in agricultural activities. Of these, about 31%, or 1,728 with 5,448 parcels, are mixed owner/occupants who operated at least one parcel under full ownership and one under usufruct. This sub-sample forms the basis for our analysis. Descriptive statistics point towards a number of interesting features. First, cultivation of land that is only occupied rather than owned is widespread; only some 49% of cultivators are pure owners, 20% cultivate only occupied land, and about 31% are owner-cum-occupants who cultivate owned and occupied land simultaneously. Second, although per capita expenditure by those in agriculture is, with about 19 12 To check whether this introduces any non-randomness, we compare total asset endowments and their composition, monthly consumption expenditure, and basic demographic characteristics between households who are included and those who have at least some parcels dropped. And find no significant differences in either of them. 13 Information on crop output was collected at the crop level, separately for the two main agricultural seasons (July - December 2004 and January - June 2005). A diary was used for continuously harvested crops and prices, in addition to standard socio-economic information,

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Input: The Regional Bureau for East and Horn of Africa, together with the Child Protection Unit at HQ, organised a series of regional webinars for UNHCR staff on increasing the quality of alternative care and responding to the needs of newly separated children in the region, in addition to engaging community volunteers in the development of Best Interests Procedures. The Refugee Child Protection Online Community of Practice has been updated by the Child Protection Unit at HQ to provide COVID-19 related news, guidance, tools and other information. The Community of Practice encourages child protection workers and managers to contribute questions, recommendations, field practices, and guidance so that, collaboratively, continually improving child protection responses during the COVID-19 pandemic can be shaped and better outcomes achieved. With global partners, and support from the Swiss Government, UNHCR’s Child Protection Unit developed a Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) on adapting child protection case management during the pandemic. Targeting frontline workers, the six-week course provides practical guidance and peer exchange on key approaches to responding to the protection needs of individual children at risk. As of mid-July, over 7,000 individuals were registered to participate in the course. UNHCR also provided input into the Alliance for Child

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Input: the importance of: (i) investing in often underserved host communities to strengthen social cohesion; (ii) communicating project benefits and managing misinformation; and (iii) mitigating the risks of traditional livelihood activities, due to their long production cycles and exposure to externalities, such as climate change. The project will also build on lessons from **the Integrated Cash Transfer and Human Capital Project (PITCH)** (P166220), implemented in Djibouti from 2018 to 2023, which: (i) established the foundations of a social registry (SR), addressing challenges like data accuracy and inclusion errors; (ii) demonstrated the effectiveness of integrating cash transfers with social behavior change communication (SBCC) and community-based measures to enhance outcomes in nutrition, child health, and education; and (iii) highlighted the success of training advising mothers in improving behaviors such as exclusive breastfeeding and health service utilization. The PITCH further demonstrated Djibouti’s capacity to implement small community-driven infrastructures while revealing communities' need for larger and more sustainable infrastructure. The project will also learn from other operations currently under implementation, which are implementing in underserved and refugee-hosting areas, including: (i) Skills for Development (P175483), which seeks to improve the employability and employment outcomes of technical and vocational education and training graduates, as well as (ii)

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Input: systems, covering at least 11,200 hectares of land. 21 The AI Model was produced under the Enhancing Self-Reliance and Preparedness for Forced Displacement in the Great Lakes Region Advisory Services and Analytics (P500793). Data and analysis from the model, if rendered live, could also be used to support monitoring, evaluation, and analysis of change in public service pressure, forestry cover, poverty, and other social, economic and environmental issues. Page 9

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Input: Regional and Global Vulnerability of Coastal Zones to Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise (DINAS-Coast) project. In particular: _Country boundaries and regions and coastlines_ . Country coastlines were extracted from the World Vector Shoreline, a standard National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (formerly Defense Mapping Agency) product at a nominal scale of 1:250,000. World Bank (2010) information is used in the regional classifications and boundaries. In addition, Exclusive Economic Zone data from VLIZ (2011) identifies the maritime boundaries. _Elevation._ For elevation, all coastal tiles of 90m Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, which are 5 geographic degrees latitude and longitude (approximately 500 kilometers by 500 kilometers), were downloaded from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/. _Wetlands._ Data on wetlands were extracted from all wetlands Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (GLWD-3) produced by the Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), 6

90m Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)

Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (GLWD-3)

Exclusive Economic Zone data from VLIZ (2011)

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Input: **The World Bank** Uganda Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase II (P510476) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT savings and timely repayments, contributing to the growth of the revolving fund. Savings of up to US$1.20 per month per beneficiary are expected to be mobilized throughout the project's six-year lifespan, bringing the PCM to US$10 million. The same sub-component is also verified as Private Capital Enabling. It will strengthen Producer Organizations (POs) and establish Cluster Value Chain Facilities. It is expected to increase access to formal finance for project-supported institutions, including POs, Common Interest Groups (CIGs), and Village Revolving Funds (VRFs). This is captured under a non-monetary results indicator (Project-supported institutions that access formal finance (number)), which measures the capacity of group-based enterprises to engage with formal financial institutions. 11. **Uganda remains eligible to access financing from the IDA WHR** . The World Bank, following consultations with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), has determined that Uganda’s refugee protection framework remains adequate for the purposes of the WHR. The Refugees Act Cap 312 and the 2010 Refugee Regulations provide a strong legal and regulatory framework for refugee rights. However, UNHCR protection assessments have raised concerns that will need to be addressed

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Input: exposure of wetlands to a 1 m SLR. Low elevation wetlands are within the Low Elevation Coastal Zone [17] . For the area calculation, grids representing cell areas in square kilometers at different resolutions were created, using the length of a degree of latitude and longitude at the cell center. [18] According to the GLWD-3 and the DTM, 76 countries and territories in five World Bank regions have coastal wetlands which are currently at 1 m from sea level. In the DIVA database, wetlands are not located within the most extreme responses: WMP1 or WMP5. If wetlands can migrate (WMP category 2), then they may survive in their current location to the extent that natural migration or wetland accretion keeps pace with sea-level rise (Titus, 1988). Wetlands in WMP category 3 cannot migrate, and the human resources 17 Coastal zone with elevation derived from SRTM which is 10 or less meters above sea level. 18 Latitude and longitude were specified in decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 1984). 9

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Input: (2024). _Rwanda Finscope 2024_ . 38 https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/home 39 Republic of Rwanda (2024) _Labour Force Survey Q3 2024_ : file:///C:/Users/wb236615/Downloads/LFS%202024~Q3.pdf 40 In Rwanda, men on average carry out 12.8 hours of productive work and 11.6 hours of household work, for a total of 24.4 hours a week. Women, in contrast, carry out an average of 14.9 hours of productive work and 29.6 hours of household work per week, for a total of 44.5 hours a week. USAID/VOICE. Gender Analysis, 2015. Page 19

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Input: former refugees in Zambia.** **[10]** The majority of refugees and asylum seekers originate from the Democratic Republic of Congo; other significant refugee populations are from Burundi, Somalia, Angola, and Rwanda. Zambia continues to receive new arrivals of refugees and asylum seekers—approximately 600–800 refugees arrive each month from the South Kivu, Haut-Katanga, and Tanganyika provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Women and children make up 58 percent of refugees, while 3 percent are elderly and persons living with disabilities. 8. **Former refugees are people who escaped civil war in Angola and Rwanda in the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi** **who have lived in Zambia for several decades** . Their refugee status has ceased, making them effectively stateless and facing multiple barriers to accessing livelihood opportunities and services. The requirement to have national identification or residence documents has been an impediment for many former refugees. Many former Rwandan refugees fear returning to their home country while application fees for passports are unaffordable for many. The GRZ has offered to integrate former Angolan refugees who arrived between 1966 and 1986. However, most of those who arrived after 1986 do not have any form of identification. The risk of statelessness extends to children

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Input: **The World Bank** Integrated Community Resilience Project (P506969) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT **I.** **STRATEGIC CONTEXT** **A. Project Strategic Context** 1. **Djibouti, a small country of 23,200 square kilometers with a population of approximately 1 million,** **faces** **significant poverty challenges, particularly in rural areas, where 27.2 percent of the population resides** . Strategically located at the southern entrance to the Red Sea, it acts as a bridge between Africa and the Middle East and hosts multiple foreign military bases supporting global anti-piracy. However, recent geopolitical tensions have reduced commercial ship traffic, leading to increased food prices and reduced availability of essential goods, disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable. These challenges are compounded by limited economic diversification, scarce arable land and low annual rainfall, which result in heavy reliance on imports for basic needs like water and food [1] . As a result, the economy remains highly vulnerable to external shocks, including market downturns. Additionally, climate change exacerbates existing pressures, with rising temperatures and erratic rainfall further straining local resources and food security. 2. **These economic and climate constraints contribute to persistently high levels of inequality and social** **vulnerability** . Using the World Bank poverty line for Low Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) of US$3.65 a

World Bank poverty line for Low Middle-Income Countries

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Input: not reached. In addition, 77% of the funding requirement MA interventions is not met. - There is also a **lack of human resources dedicated to coordination at national and regional** **level, prevention, and assistance to victims** . The MA Sub-Cluster has not been functional since the withdrawal of UNMAS in early November 2022, despite joint coordination efforts between CNCCAI and MA actors including Mines Advisory Group (MAG) and Humanity and Inclusion (HI) 8 Dashboard des réalisations de protection, cluster Protection, Avril 2023

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Input: risk will primarily involve moderate-to-** **intermediate scale for the construction and/or rehabilitation of socio-economic infrastructure, a limited number of** **consultants for technical assistance, and some goods.** MASS and ADDS have prepared a dedicated Project Procurement Strategy for Development (PPSD) and a procurement plan detailing procurement-related activities. Both agencies have prior experience with World Bank financing handling procurement, though at varying scale. However, there have been recurrent delays in procurement processing and reporting for both agencies, leading to the assessment of procurement risk at this stage as substantial. To mitigate this risk, the procurement officers of each agency will receive close follow-up and support from the World Bank to ensure appropriate procurement planning and implementation. Page 24

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Input: of Infrastructure, etc.). The PSC will sign off on the Annual Work Plan and Budget (AWPB) and ensure consistency with national standards and policies across the different sectors, including the upcoming GoR Refugee Graduation Strategy. Complementing the PSC will be a Project Technical Committee, which comprises the same agencies as the PSC, but with technical level staff. The PTC will meet prior to PSC meetings to review progress reports and AWPBs in detail. **Figure 1: Implementation Arrangements** Page 14

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Input: Economics of Disasters and Climate Change Exposure to flooding was again evaluated using flood extent (we also evaluate flood depth, for full results, see online supplementary materials). We examine the flood extent both for all urban areas (the whole HCMC province) and for those areas defined as potential slums (from the PUMA data set) to examine how exposure to floods is different in slum areas. Again we use a number of events, from the case of regular flooding (10-year event) to more extreme flooding events (1000-year event). Moreover, we examine how this exposure changes due to climate change (proxied by sea level rise changes), by running the analysis with flood hazard maps taking into account a 30 cm sea level rise. In each district and across the whole city, we examine the percentage of area within each of the two categories (all urban areas, and potential slum areas) that is exposed to floods and the percentage which is not exposed to floods. We then compare these values across the two categories. Results National-Level Analysis for Poverty and Exposure to Floods Flood Exposure (with and without Climate Change) For the entire country of Vietnam, at the district level, we estimate the

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Input: Refugees (UNHCR), has determined that Uganda’s refugee protection framework remains adequate for the purposes of the WHR. The Refugees Act Cap 312 and the 2010 Refugee Regulations provide a strong legal and regulatory framework for refugee rights. However, UNHCR protection assessments have raised concerns that will need to be addressed through humanitarian and development financing, including poor water and sanitation conditions, social service deficits, cuts to food rations, and a reduction in activities promoting self-reliance. **II.** **PROJECT DESCRIPTION** **A. Project Development Objective** 12. To improve access to basic social and economic services, expand economic opportunities and enhance environmental management for host communities and refugees in the target areas. **B. Theory of Change and PDO Indicators** 13. The Project Development Objective (PDO) indicators are: - Displaced people and people in host communities provided with improved access to services (number, of which refugees, host community members, and women (percentage)) (corporate scorecard indicator); - Households benefiting from activities and actions that expand and enable economic activity (number, of which refugees, host community members, and women (percentage)); and - People benefitting from enhanced resilience of terrestrial and aquatic systems (number, of which refugees, host community members, women, and youth (number)) (corporate scorecard indicator). **Theory

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Input: of these analyses present estimates of the economic values, which may be associated to these lost wetland areas around the world. The valuation studies by Tol (2007) and Anthoff et al. (2010) are also based on wetland losses derived from the Global Vulnerability Analysis (Hoozemans et al. 1993). Wetland value is assumed to be logistic in per capita income, with a correction for wetland scarcity, and a cap in these studies and the rate of pure time preference is assumed to be 1%. For a 1m SLR by 2100, Tol (2007) estimated annual costs of wetland loss as a percentage of GDP, per country and Anthoff et al (2010) assessed the net present value of global coastal wetland damage costs for the period 2005-2100 with dikes to protect against SLR can be as high as USD 160 billion. [ 25] Due to uneven coverage of the wetland stock and different assumptions of coastal protection, comparison of the prior research with our estimates proved to be difficult. ##### **Conclusion** Coastal wetlands will decline with rising sea level. In this paper, we have quantified the vulnerable freshwater marsh, swamp forest, GLWD Coastal Wetlands, and brackish/saline wetlands taking into account the exposure of

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Input: Full results are presented in Table 3. But these national results on exposure are not evenly be distributed across the country. The spatial analysis also allows us to examine which districts have the highest absolute and the highest relative exposure. We present results for the 25-year flood, for a historical and a high 6 Results presented are similar to a previous study analyzing the exposure to a 100-year return period flood without climate change impacts, which finds 40 million people to be exposed to that event (Jongman et al. 2014). While we had planned to compare our simulated results with national statistics, these statistics were unavailable at the time of analysis. However, we consulted our findings with individuals familiar with the Vietnam context who ended to agree that the numbers were in the range of plausible estimates.

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Input: In order to improve the situation, ideally information on (i) high spatial resolution of the coastal zone elevation, (ii) high spatial resolution of wetlands, (iii) clear delineation of current wetlands and (iv) location specific information on the wetland migratory potential are necessary. High spatial resolution of the coastal zone elevation will refine the estimates of exposed area to SLR. High spatial resolution wetlands information would allow a more accurate correspondence between the exposed area of SLR and wetland area. Precise delineation of wetlands is generally difficult from remotely sensed data and land cover data. Remotely sensed data measure the vegetation, but may not account for the soil type and the wetland plants may not be easily distinguished by remote sensing. Land cover products are often produced from composite imagery over a time period, so the frequency of the data or the smoothing of multiple observations may make the wetland delineation difficult. In addition, location specific information on the Wetland Migratory Potential would add accuracy to the areas where wetlands can migrate (e.g. excluding human altered landscapes such as urban areas). ###### **III.3 Economic losses** As indicated earlier, wetlands provide a flow of goods and services, which contribute to the welfare

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Input: (5) Total annual regionally adjusted household expenditure (local currency, regionally deflated). (6) Total food expenditure (nondeflated). (7) Total housing expenditure (nondeflated). (8) Total health and education expenditure (nondeflated). (9) Total household energy expenditure (gas and electricity) (nondeflated). *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. All regressions control for year and district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. **7. Robustness for district-level estimations** **7.2 Using production levels** We continue by exploring the effects of mining intensity as proxied by district-level production volumes. The estimation will be similar to equation (2), but we replace the indicator variable for being an active mining district with annual gold production in the district: Y��� - β�gold_production�� - ∝�� g� �λX�� �ε��� �4� The measure of gold production is in 10 tons of gold produced, and gold_production�� is either _gold_year_district_, which equals the total production of all mines in a district in the different survey years, or _gold_period_district_, which equals total production for the years before the survey. For the 1993 survey, the period is 1990–93, for 1998 it is 1994–98, and so on. Using production levels instead of an indicator of having any production in the district has the advantage of capturing the intensity of

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