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+1
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+Assalamualaikum again nice to have you here
+
+2
+00:00:24,860 --> 00:00:29,600
+despite the rain and the thunderstorm outside We
+
+3
+00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:33,820
+continue our journey into Shakespeare and
+
+4
+00:00:33,820 --> 00:00:38,320
+Shakespeare's world. Last time we had a discussion
+
+5
+00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:43,620
+about some Shakespearean ideas. We mentioned how
+
+6
+00:00:43,620 --> 00:00:46,640
+Shakespeare, for example, wants to be careful when
+
+7
+00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:50,520
+he depicts the English kings. He doesn't want to
+
+8
+00:00:50,520 --> 00:00:54,340
+offend them. He doesn't want to be punished in a
+
+9
+00:00:54,340 --> 00:00:57,200
+way or another like many people were punished at
+
+10
+00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:59,420
+that time. However, that's not the whole story
+
+11
+00:00:59,420 --> 00:01:01,780
+because sometimes Shakespeare implicitly,
+
+12
+00:01:02,540 --> 00:01:05,700
+indirectly, he criticizes kings. He presents them
+
+13
+00:01:05,700 --> 00:01:09,740
+as weak, as sometimes as strong, sometimes as
+
+14
+00:01:09,740 --> 00:01:12,020
+weak, sometimes as clever, sometimes as not so
+
+15
+00:01:12,020 --> 00:01:15,160
+clever, sometimes as villains, sometimes as evil.
+
+16
+00:01:15,870 --> 00:01:19,130
+In a way, he presents the king to us as human
+
+17
+00:01:19,130 --> 00:01:22,650
+beings with flaws, with weaknesses, and also with
+
+18
+00:01:22,650 --> 00:01:29,510
+strengths. The king is no longer the figure, the
+
+19
+00:01:29,510 --> 00:01:32,350
+godlike figure to be feared. Shakespeare changed
+
+20
+00:01:32,350 --> 00:01:37,530
+this image and introduced us to someone who, a
+
+21
+00:01:37,530 --> 00:01:40,910
+person, a king who is a person like us, who has,
+
+22
+00:01:41,090 --> 00:01:45,190
+again, flaws, hopes, wishes, and fears. Let's see,
+
+23
+00:01:45,790 --> 00:01:48,470
+before we begin today, talking about Shakespeare
+
+24
+00:01:48,470 --> 00:01:53,310
+tragedies and some of his comedies, let's see two
+
+25
+00:01:53,310 --> 00:01:57,110
+students here performing something from
+
+26
+00:01:57,110 --> 00:01:58,090
+Shakespeare.
+
+27
+00:02:00,230 --> 00:02:01,810
+Yeah, yeah, please.
+
+28
+00:02:05,550 --> 00:02:09,250
+All the walls are staged, and all the men and
+
+29
+00:02:09,250 --> 00:02:13,410
+women merely players. They have their exits and
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+30
+00:02:13,410 --> 00:02:16,880
+their entrances. And one man his time plays many
+
+31
+00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:22,100
+parts, his acts being seven ages. At first, the
+
+32
+00:02:22,100 --> 00:02:25,760
+infant, mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
+
+33
+00:02:26,460 --> 00:02:30,720
+And then, the whiny schoolboy, with his statues
+
+34
+00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:34,560
+and shiny morning face, creeping like a snail,
+
+35
+00:02:35,420 --> 00:02:39,220
+unwillingly to school. And then, the lover,
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+36
+00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:43,200
+signing like fairness, with a wolf of paddock made
+
+37
+00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:47,720
+to his Mistress's eyeglass. And then the soldier,
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+38
+00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:52,420
+full of strange oaths and bearded like the bard,
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+39
+00:02:53,120 --> 00:02:55,460
+jealous and honored, sudden and quick and curled,
+
+40
+00:02:55,940 --> 00:02:59,720
+seeking the bubble, reputation, even in the cone
+
+41
+00:02:59,720 --> 00:03:05,180
+of his mouth. And then the justice. In fair and
+
+42
+00:03:05,180 --> 00:03:08,580
+billy with good cable lines, with eyes severe and
+
+43
+00:03:08,580 --> 00:03:11,600
+beard of formal cut, full of wise souls and modern
+
+44
+00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:16,390
+instances. And so he plays his part. The sixth age
+
+45
+00:03:16,390 --> 00:03:19,790
+shifts into the lean and slippery pantaloon with
+
+46
+00:03:19,790 --> 00:03:23,390
+spectacles on nose and pouch on side. His youthful
+
+47
+00:03:23,390 --> 00:03:25,890
+holes will save the world too wild for his
+
+48
+00:03:25,890 --> 00:03:31,090
+charming child. And his big manly voice turning
+
+49
+00:03:31,090 --> 00:03:34,650
+again towards childish children pipes and whistles
+
+50
+00:03:34,650 --> 00:03:40,870
+in his sound. Last scene of all, the end that ends
+
+51
+00:03:40,870 --> 00:03:46,500
+this Strange, eventfully history, in sound
+
+52
+00:03:46,500 --> 00:03:52,440
+childishness and mere oblivion. Sense teeth, sense
+
+53
+00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:56,460
+eyes, sense taste, sense everything.
+
+54
+00:03:59,810 --> 00:04:03,850
+Very good. I love this dissertation of all the
+
+55
+00:04:03,850 --> 00:04:06,150
+world's stage. We mentioned this probably briefly
+
+56
+00:04:06,150 --> 00:04:08,070
+before but Shakespeare was one of the most
+
+57
+00:04:08,070 --> 00:04:14,310
+important poets and playwrights to present life as
+
+58
+00:04:14,310 --> 00:04:18,120
+a stage. So this is all the world's stage. The
+
+59
+00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:21,500
+whole world is a stage. And in Macbeth, we'll see
+
+60
+00:04:21,500 --> 00:04:25,680
+how he talks about life being a tale told by an
+
+61
+00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:29,860
+idiot. So very good. Probably you can do something
+
+62
+00:04:29,860 --> 00:04:33,420
+like this, the rest of you. We have one more
+
+63
+00:04:33,420 --> 00:04:40,820
+reading of For God's Sake. Go on. Do you want to
+
+64
+00:04:40,820 --> 00:04:46,380
+stand on the chair? OK. For God's sake. Can you
+
+65
+00:04:46,380 --> 00:04:49,420
+speak up? For God's sake, let us sit upon the
+
+66
+00:04:49,420 --> 00:04:52,460
+ground until sad stories of the different kings,
+
+67
+00:04:53,140 --> 00:04:55,960
+how some have been deposed, some slain in war,
+
+68
+00:04:56,540 --> 00:04:59,880
+some hunted by the ghosts they have deposed, some
+
+69
+00:04:59,880 --> 00:05:04,040
+poisoned by their wives, some sleeping killed or
+
+70
+00:05:04,040 --> 00:05:09,320
+murdered. That's for within the hollow crown that
+
+71
+00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:13,140
+rounds the mortal temples of a king, keeps dead
+
+72
+00:05:13,140 --> 00:05:17,880
+his court. And their auntie said, scuffing his
+
+73
+00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:21,920
+state and greening at his palm, allowing him to
+
+74
+00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:26,560
+breathe, a little seen, to moralize, to be free,
+
+75
+00:05:26,920 --> 00:05:32,020
+brave, and kill with lux, infusing him with self
+
+76
+00:05:32,020 --> 00:05:37,720
+and vain conceit. As if this flesh, which walls
+
+77
+00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:42,200
+about our life, we embrace impregnable and humored
+
+78
+00:05:42,200 --> 00:05:46,440
+thus. Comes at the last and with a little pain.
+
+79
+00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:51,660
+Bros throw his castle, castle wall, and for will
+
+80
+00:05:51,660 --> 00:05:56,280
+kings and very well king. Cover your heads and
+
+81
+00:05:56,280 --> 00:06:00,620
+mock not flesh and blood with solemn reverence.
+
+82
+00:06:01,540 --> 00:06:05,140
+Throw away respect, tradition, firm and
+
+83
+00:06:05,140 --> 00:06:10,210
+ceremonies, duty. For you have ought to stop me
+
+84
+00:06:10,210 --> 00:06:14,350
+all this while. I love good friend like you. Feel
+
+85
+00:06:14,350 --> 00:06:18,750
+want, taste free, need friends, subjective
+
+86
+00:06:18,750 --> 00:06:24,660
+thoughts. How can you say to Very good. Very
+
+87
+00:06:24,660 --> 00:06:26,780
+beautiful. Thank you. No, I'll keep it. Thank you.
+
+88
+00:06:26,940 --> 00:06:31,000
+So again, we have this king portrayed by
+
+89
+00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:35,080
+Shakespeare as weak, someone begging people to sit
+
+90
+00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:37,020
+up on the ground and tell sad stories of the death
+
+91
+00:06:37,020 --> 00:06:39,840
+of kings. We said that this is one of the kings
+
+92
+00:06:39,840 --> 00:06:42,900
+that Shakespeare presents as maybe humble, maybe
+
+93
+00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:46,720
+honest, maybe modest in a way. But remember when
+
+94
+00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:50,320
+we discussed the text, the portrait itself, We
+
+95
+00:06:50,320 --> 00:06:54,420
+said there could be something hiding behind where
+
+96
+00:06:54,420 --> 00:06:57,940
+the king is not genuine, is not truthful in his
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+97
+00:06:57,940 --> 00:07:01,160
+begging because the language reveals someone who
+
+98
+00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:04,800
+is still arrogant, someone who is still a king,
+
+99
+00:07:05,020 --> 00:07:07,100
+someone who's distancing himself from the people,
+
+100
+00:07:07,220 --> 00:07:11,440
+someone pointing the finger of accusation at the
+
+101
+00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:13,900
+people themselves rather than at his own
+
+102
+00:07:13,900 --> 00:07:16,820
+shortcomings. We have one more recitation. Come
+
+103
+00:07:16,820 --> 00:07:23,380
+here please. For God's sake, go on. On your
+
+104
+00:07:23,380 --> 00:07:30,920
+mobile, okay. Can you speak up? For God's sake,
+
+105
+00:07:31,620 --> 00:07:36,500
+let us sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of
+
+106
+00:07:36,500 --> 00:07:40,460
+the death of kings, how some have been exposed,
+
+107
+00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:45,060
+some slain more. Some hunted by the ghosts they
+
+108
+00:07:45,060 --> 00:07:50,000
+have deposed. Some poisoned by their wives. Some
+
+109
+00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,780
+sleeping count. All murders for within the whole
+
+110
+00:07:53,780 --> 00:07:59,960
+crown that round the mortal temples of a king.
+
+111
+00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:06,420
+Keep this his court and the antique sites.
+
+112
+00:08:07,540 --> 00:08:12,900
+Scoffing his state and grinning and running at his
+
+113
+00:08:12,900 --> 00:08:17,220
+palm, allowing him a breath, a little sense, to
+
+114
+00:08:17,220 --> 00:08:21,600
+marchize, be afraid, and kill with locks, infusing
+
+115
+00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:27,320
+hell with self and vain consent, as if this flesh
+
+116
+00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:30,880
+which walls about our life were breath,
+
+117
+00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:37,800
+impregnable, and hammered thus, comes at the last
+
+118
+00:08:37,800 --> 00:08:42,050
+of with a little pen, Portray through his castle,
+
+119
+00:08:42,550 --> 00:08:46,830
+wall, and frail-willed king. Cover your head and
+
+120
+00:08:46,830 --> 00:08:50,810
+muck nutty flesh and blood with salmon reverence.
+
+121
+00:08:51,210 --> 00:08:54,770
+Throw away respect, tradition, throne, and
+
+122
+00:08:54,770 --> 00:08:59,270
+salmon's beauty. For you have but mistook me all
+
+123
+00:08:59,270 --> 00:09:03,010
+this while. I live with a pride like you. Feel
+
+124
+00:09:03,010 --> 00:09:06,970
+want. Taste grief. Need a friend subjected thus.
+
+125
+00:09:07,210 --> 00:09:11,900
+How can you say to me I am a king? Thank you,
+
+126
+00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:15,620
+really thank you. So we go back to Shakespeare
+
+127
+00:09:15,620 --> 00:09:19,700
+today in class three. Remember we spoke about
+
+128
+00:09:19,700 --> 00:09:23,280
+Shakespeare and his tragedies and comedies and
+
+129
+00:09:23,280 --> 00:09:28,400
+hysteries. Generally again, a tragedy is a play in
+
+130
+00:09:28,400 --> 00:09:31,220
+which the main character or major characters die
+
+131
+00:09:31,220 --> 00:09:34,220
+at the end. The themes are serious themes of
+
+132
+00:09:34,220 --> 00:09:39,170
+death, of destruction, of hope, of ambition. And
+
+133
+00:09:39,170 --> 00:09:42,790
+the comedies, on the other hand, are plays where
+
+134
+00:09:42,790 --> 00:09:47,510
+nobody dies. And then they live happily ever
+
+135
+00:09:47,510 --> 00:09:51,810
+after. However, it doesn't mean the comedies are
+
+136
+00:09:51,810 --> 00:09:54,730
+less important than the tragedies. Because the
+
+137
+00:09:54,730 --> 00:09:58,350
+themes entered in comedies too can also be about
+
+138
+00:09:58,350 --> 00:10:02,510
+love, about death, about power, about jealousy,
+
+139
+00:10:02,710 --> 00:10:05,450
+about important themes, about identity, especially
+
+140
+00:10:05,450 --> 00:10:10,840
+mistaken. identity. So sometimes Shakespeare would
+
+141
+00:10:10,840 --> 00:10:14,100
+use a comedy because comedy generally makes people
+
+142
+00:10:14,100 --> 00:10:17,760
+laugh at their own shortcomings with no one
+
+143
+00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:23,860
+bleeding or getting hurt during the like really
+
+144
+00:10:23,860 --> 00:10:25,580
+seriously getting hurt because sometimes there
+
+145
+00:10:25,580 --> 00:10:29,460
+could be some chaos in the play but then things go
+
+146
+00:10:29,460 --> 00:10:34,780
+back to normal. Shakespeare's four great tragedies
+
+147
+00:10:34,780 --> 00:10:38,700
+are Hamlet, we already mentioned Hamlet, King
+
+148
+00:10:38,700 --> 00:10:43,200
+Lear, Othello, and Macbeth. They're called the
+
+149
+00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:45,600
+four great tragedies because they're the most
+
+150
+00:10:45,600 --> 00:10:50,380
+famous of all tragedies. Now, the themes again are
+
+151
+00:10:50,380 --> 00:10:54,380
+about identity, asking what it means to be a man,
+
+152
+00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:56,640
+what it means to be a king, what it means to be a
+
+153
+00:10:56,640 --> 00:11:01,600
+human being, questions about jealousy, family,
+
+154
+00:11:01,800 --> 00:11:06,900
+ambition, and revenge. I can't basically say, for
+
+155
+00:11:06,900 --> 00:11:09,020
+example, Hamlet is about revenge, because Hamlet
+
+156
+00:11:09,020 --> 00:11:13,000
+is about many things, but revenge is there. The
+
+157
+00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:14,940
+same with Othello. There is jealousy, but there's
+
+158
+00:11:14,940 --> 00:11:17,860
+also revenge, and there's also racism, and there's
+
+159
+00:11:17,860 --> 00:11:21,680
+also a family here. King Lear is family and
+
+160
+00:11:21,680 --> 00:11:25,680
+revenge and many things about identity. So these
+
+161
+00:11:25,680 --> 00:11:29,600
+issues that the tragedies discuss in Shakespeare
+
+162
+00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:34,250
+are serious themes. are very important themes,
+
+163
+00:11:34,330 --> 00:11:37,010
+usually including the king and the queen and the
+
+164
+00:11:37,010 --> 00:11:38,770
+royal family.
+
+165
+00:11:41,190 --> 00:11:44,590
+When we speak about the tragedies, we also speak
+
+166
+00:11:44,590 --> 00:11:49,490
+about how in the play, man, the character, the
+
+167
+00:11:49,490 --> 00:11:52,090
+king or the prince usually tries to go beyond the
+
+168
+00:11:52,090 --> 00:11:53,750
+limits of what it means to be a human being.
+
+169
+00:11:54,150 --> 00:11:56,490
+Remember when we spoke about Renaissance, we said
+
+170
+00:11:56,490 --> 00:11:57,350
+in the Renaissance,
+
+171
+00:12:00,610 --> 00:12:03,030
+The issue of what it means to be a man, humanism,
+
+172
+00:12:03,690 --> 00:12:07,390
+was something important. And this is what it means
+
+173
+00:12:07,390 --> 00:12:10,430
+to be a man. Nobody can, by the way, answer this,
+
+174
+00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:12,750
+give a satisfactory answer to this question.
+
+175
+00:12:13,070 --> 00:12:16,050
+Shakespeare asks this question so many times. Now
+
+176
+00:12:16,050 --> 00:12:21,110
+in these plays, man tries to go beyond, not to be
+
+177
+00:12:21,110 --> 00:12:27,430
+a human being, but to be a superman. And because
+
+178
+00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:30,430
+man is not perfect, is anybody perfect here? Is
+
+179
+00:12:30,430 --> 00:12:34,450
+anybody perfect there? No. For example, Macbeth
+
+180
+00:12:34,450 --> 00:12:37,710
+kills the king so he can be the good king, right?
+
+181
+00:12:38,210 --> 00:12:42,610
+Or Hamlet's uncle. But everybody fails because no
+
+182
+00:12:42,610 --> 00:12:46,190
+one is perfect. Nobody succeeds in going beyond
+
+183
+00:12:46,190 --> 00:12:50,690
+the limits of a human being. So mankind itself is
+
+184
+00:12:50,690 --> 00:12:57,510
+not perfect. So what happens? Failure. Failure. In
+
+185
+00:12:57,510 --> 00:12:59,950
+Macbeth, for example, in brief, I don't want to go
+
+186
+00:12:59,950 --> 00:13:04,770
+in much detail here. Shakespeare's Macbeth is a
+
+187
+00:13:04,770 --> 00:13:10,650
+play in which three witches, three witches like
+
+188
+00:13:10,650 --> 00:13:14,310
+magicians or wizards come face to face with
+
+189
+00:13:14,310 --> 00:13:19,150
+Macbeth and tell him three prophecies. They tell
+
+190
+00:13:19,150 --> 00:13:25,070
+him the future. From these prophecies, Macbeth is
+
+191
+00:13:25,070 --> 00:13:28,490
+told that he is going to be a king. He's not a
+
+192
+00:13:28,490 --> 00:13:32,690
+king now. He's not a king. He will be a king. What
+
+193
+00:13:32,690 --> 00:13:34,770
+does he do? He tells his wife, Lady Macbeth, he
+
+194
+00:13:34,770 --> 00:13:37,330
+goes back and then, maybe I should kill the king.
+
+195
+00:13:37,690 --> 00:13:40,650
+His wife was like, yeah, kill the king. And he
+
+196
+00:13:40,650 --> 00:13:45,750
+kills the king. Now, does it end there? Again,
+
+197
+00:13:45,850 --> 00:13:48,590
+remember how serious it is to hurt the king, to
+
+198
+00:13:48,590 --> 00:13:50,830
+question the king, to kill the king at that time.
+
+199
+00:13:51,530 --> 00:13:53,850
+He kills the king and everything goes upside down.
+
+200
+00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:57,320
+And the king, he kills more people and more
+
+201
+00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:02,300
+people, even his friends, even his kids and women
+
+202
+00:14:02,300 --> 00:14:06,240
+are slaughtered because of Macbeth. Now, Macbeth,
+
+203
+00:14:06,740 --> 00:14:09,780
+at some time, is told that his wife, Lady Macbeth,
+
+204
+00:14:09,820 --> 00:14:13,300
+who supported him, dies. But he is at a moment
+
+205
+00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:17,920
+when he has given up on life. He is just hopeless.
+
+206
+00:14:19,180 --> 00:14:23,880
+Yes, he wants power. He's ambitious. But when his
+
+207
+00:14:23,880 --> 00:14:27,380
+wife dies, he doesn't care that much. Maybe
+
+208
+00:14:27,380 --> 00:14:29,780
+because, again, he has given up on hope. Or maybe
+
+209
+00:14:29,780 --> 00:14:34,380
+because she pushed him to do this murder. And we
+
+210
+00:14:34,380 --> 00:14:39,780
+come to this amazing part from Macbeth, when he
+
+211
+00:14:39,780 --> 00:14:42,800
+again realizes that all his murders, all his
+
+212
+00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,980
+crimes were useless. They're not going to make him
+
+213
+00:14:45,980 --> 00:14:51,490
+a superman. And that's tomorrow and tomorrow and
+
+214
+00:14:51,490 --> 00:14:55,110
+tomorrow. Very famous quote from Akbar. Creeps in
+
+215
+00:14:55,110 --> 00:14:57,370
+this petty pace from day to day to the last
+
+216
+00:14:57,370 --> 00:15:00,930
+syllable of recorded time out, out brief candle.
+
+217
+00:15:01,790 --> 00:15:04,210
+Even light, even a candle, even the light of a
+
+218
+00:15:04,210 --> 00:15:06,990
+candle is now something negative for him because
+
+219
+00:15:06,990 --> 00:15:09,730
+he wants to live in darkness. Because he brought
+
+220
+00:15:09,730 --> 00:15:12,630
+darkness upon himself. Because he killed the king
+
+221
+00:15:12,630 --> 00:15:17,050
+and he destroyed the harmony. in the world. Out,
+
+222
+00:15:17,150 --> 00:15:20,390
+out, brief candle. Life's but a walking shadow.
+
+223
+00:15:20,530 --> 00:15:23,390
+Remember just now we said Shakespeare uses the
+
+224
+00:15:23,390 --> 00:15:26,770
+metaphor of life as a stage? All the world's a
+
+225
+00:15:26,770 --> 00:15:29,670
+stage. And here, life is a shadow. What's life?
+
+226
+00:15:29,930 --> 00:15:33,790
+What's man? What do we want? It's a shadow. You
+
+227
+00:15:33,790 --> 00:15:37,170
+kill and kill and kill and you lose people. But
+
+228
+00:15:37,170 --> 00:15:42,230
+what do you achieve? Nothing. Except the cold
+
+229
+00:15:42,230 --> 00:15:46,680
+grave. Lives but a walking shadow, a poor player.
+
+230
+00:15:46,740 --> 00:15:50,080
+We go back to the metaphor of the stage. Poor
+
+231
+00:15:50,080 --> 00:15:53,840
+player means... What does player mean here in this
+
+232
+00:15:53,840 --> 00:15:59,680
+context? Exactly, an actor. Not a football player.
+
+233
+00:16:00,140 --> 00:16:04,720
+It means an actor here. A poor player that struts
+
+234
+00:16:04,720 --> 00:16:07,360
+and frets his hour up on the stage, going back to
+
+235
+00:16:07,360 --> 00:16:09,700
+the stage. So how long do we live? It's only one
+
+236
+00:16:09,700 --> 00:16:12,840
+hour. No matter what you do, how powerful, how
+
+237
+00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:17,580
+strong, no matter how many crimes you commit, it's
+
+238
+00:16:17,580 --> 00:16:22,960
+all one hour. That's life. That's life upon the
+
+239
+00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:26,100
+stage. And then Nizhad, no more. It's a tale. It's
+
+240
+00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:29,700
+a story. Tale. Again, a tale. Who's the narrator
+
+241
+00:16:29,700 --> 00:16:35,370
+of the tale? An idiot. Imagine a story told to you
+
+242
+00:16:35,370 --> 00:16:38,410
+by a crazy person, an insane person. Is it going
+
+243
+00:16:38,410 --> 00:16:40,690
+to be? Probably you wouldn't believe it. Probably
+
+244
+00:16:40,690 --> 00:16:44,450
+you're going to just be shocked, confused because
+
+245
+00:16:44,450 --> 00:16:47,070
+things are not connected, are not related because
+
+246
+00:16:47,070 --> 00:16:50,570
+the storyteller is incoherent, doesn't understand.
+
+247
+00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:57,200
+told by an idiot full of sound and fury signifying
+
+248
+00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:00,560
+nothing. What does it mean? Nothing. You kill and
+
+249
+00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:03,380
+you kill and kill. And at the end of the day, you
+
+250
+00:17:03,380 --> 00:17:05,400
+don't achieve anything. And this is, again, a
+
+251
+00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:08,060
+concern by Shakespeare at that time. People were
+
+252
+00:17:08,060 --> 00:17:10,980
+asking these questions. What does it mean to be a
+
+253
+00:17:10,980 --> 00:17:14,080
+man? What does it mean to go beyond the limit of
+
+254
+00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:20,080
+man? It means nothing. Because it's a tale told by
+
+255
+00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:24,970
+an idiot. because we have a poor player that
+
+256
+00:17:24,970 --> 00:17:28,630
+spends one hour and then is heard no more. You've
+
+257
+00:17:28,630 --> 00:17:33,430
+gone forever. Okay, beautiful story, beautiful
+
+258
+00:17:33,430 --> 00:17:35,930
+play, Macbeth, one of the most beautifully written
+
+259
+00:17:35,930 --> 00:17:38,550
+plays by Shakespeare. Probably you can go to
+
+260
+00:17:38,550 --> 00:17:42,110
+YouTube and watch some productions of this. I'll
+
+261
+00:17:42,110 --> 00:17:45,370
+leave the story here. I'm not going to spoil it
+
+262
+00:17:45,370 --> 00:17:45,830
+for you.
+
+263
+00:17:48,660 --> 00:17:52,260
+Now, generally, what happens in tragedies at the
+
+264
+00:17:52,260 --> 00:17:57,640
+end is again death and destruction and chaos. So
+
+265
+00:17:57,640 --> 00:17:59,660
+what does it mean here? It means that there is
+
+266
+00:17:59,660 --> 00:18:05,900
+darkness, there's pessimism, there's hopelessness
+
+267
+00:18:05,900 --> 00:18:09,020
+and helplessness, there's despair, there's
+
+268
+00:18:09,020 --> 00:18:12,500
+sadness. Now, generally, even in tragedy,
+
+269
+00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:15,480
+Shakespeare gives us some hope for the future.
+
+270
+00:18:17,060 --> 00:18:19,860
+Remember Hamlet? How many people died in Hamlet?
+
+271
+00:18:20,780 --> 00:18:28,220
+Almost everyone. Except his friend, Horatio, to
+
+272
+00:18:28,220 --> 00:18:30,940
+tell the story. Remember? Shakespeare loves
+
+273
+00:18:30,940 --> 00:18:35,620
+stories and storytelling. Horatio wanted to drink
+
+274
+00:18:35,620 --> 00:18:38,780
+the poison. He said, no, don't tell my story. And
+
+275
+00:18:38,780 --> 00:18:41,720
+then there is a new king. So even in tragedies
+
+276
+00:18:41,720 --> 00:18:45,850
+where almost everybody dies, There is hope for the
+
+277
+00:18:45,850 --> 00:18:48,730
+future. Someone to tell the story. Or there is
+
+278
+00:18:48,730 --> 00:18:51,770
+usually a young person, a young king in
+
+279
+00:18:51,770 --> 00:18:55,170
+particular, or young people. We have this in
+
+280
+00:18:55,170 --> 00:18:57,890
+Macbeth, new king. We have this in Hamlet. We have
+
+281
+00:18:57,890 --> 00:19:00,630
+this like in many other plays. However, there's
+
+282
+00:19:00,630 --> 00:19:07,430
+one very dark, very bleak, very, very, very gloomy
+
+283
+00:19:07,430 --> 00:19:11,130
+play by Shakespeare. One described by some critics
+
+284
+00:19:11,130 --> 00:19:16,460
+as the most pessimistic, and the darkest. And this
+
+285
+00:19:16,460 --> 00:19:18,620
+play is King Lear.
+
+286
+00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:24,620
+There are many things to say here, but let's just
+
+287
+00:19:24,620 --> 00:19:28,500
+focus on what we have to say in the book. King
+
+288
+00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:31,880
+Lear, at the beginning of the play, he decides to
+
+289
+00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:34,200
+give up his kingdom and his power to his
+
+290
+00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:37,790
+daughters. But he says, OK, if you love me, Tell
+
+291
+00:19:37,790 --> 00:19:40,570
+me how much you love me and I'll give you that
+
+292
+00:19:40,570 --> 00:19:44,890
+much you share. And to the daughters, General and
+
+293
+00:19:44,890 --> 00:19:48,890
+Reagan, they say we love you the most, more than
+
+294
+00:19:48,890 --> 00:19:52,170
+the waves and the stars and bigger than the sea
+
+295
+00:19:52,170 --> 00:19:55,790
+and the oceans and we love you because you are the
+
+296
+00:19:55,790 --> 00:20:00,640
+best in the world. But Cordelia, the honest, He
+
+297
+00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:05,220
+says the truth. He says, I love you as much as any
+
+298
+00:20:05,220 --> 00:20:08,120
+ordinary daughter loves her father. You're good to
+
+299
+00:20:08,120 --> 00:20:13,400
+me and I love you. And he was like, go. He disowns
+
+300
+00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:17,960
+her. He kicks her out. Long story short, at the
+
+301
+00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:22,220
+end of the play, fast forward, we have King Lear
+
+302
+00:20:22,220 --> 00:20:26,750
+in one of the last scenes. with his misunderstood
+
+303
+00:20:26,750 --> 00:20:32,210
+daughter Cordelia dead, lifeless in his arms.
+
+304
+00:20:33,890 --> 00:20:39,610
+That's how it ends. When he realizes he has been a
+
+305
+00:20:39,610 --> 00:20:42,090
+fool all along. Remember in the play there is a
+
+306
+00:20:42,090 --> 00:20:45,150
+fool character, a gesture. He's wiser than the
+
+307
+00:20:45,150 --> 00:20:47,090
+king. That's again Shakespeare trying to say that
+
+308
+00:20:47,090 --> 00:20:50,870
+sometimes a fool can be better than, wiser,
+
+309
+00:20:51,390 --> 00:20:55,470
+smarter than the king. And this is one of the last
+
+310
+00:20:55,470 --> 00:21:00,470
+scenes, very heartbreaking, very sad in so many
+
+311
+00:21:00,470 --> 00:21:07,090
+ways. No, no, no, no life. Why should a dog, a
+
+312
+00:21:07,090 --> 00:21:11,950
+horse, a rat have life? And thou, no breath at
+
+313
+00:21:11,950 --> 00:21:17,570
+all, thou will come no more. Never, never, never,
+
+314
+00:21:18,250 --> 00:21:18,730
+never.
+
+315
+00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:27,190
+Can someone read? Try to depict the sadness here,
+
+316
+00:21:27,270 --> 00:21:32,230
+please. No, no, no life. Why should a dog, a
+
+317
+00:21:32,230 --> 00:21:35,810
+horse, a rat have life? And dog, no brain at all.
+
+318
+00:21:36,170 --> 00:21:39,410
+There's cow, no horn. Never, never, never, never,
+
+319
+00:21:39,550 --> 00:21:43,620
+never. You forgot one never, I guess. You
+
+320
+00:21:43,620 --> 00:21:46,800
+shouldn't be laughing. This is, this is sad. I
+
+321
+00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:49,480
+shouldn't be cracking jokes even. Speak up,
+
+322
+00:21:49,580 --> 00:21:52,920
+please. No, no, no. Like, why? Okay, no, no, no.
+
+323
+00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,480
+Can we get the sadness and the frustration and the
+
+324
+00:21:56,480 --> 00:22:01,780
+pessimism and the hopelessness? Like, no, no. No
+
+325
+00:22:01,780 --> 00:22:07,440
+life. Why should a rat, why should a dog, a horse,
+
+326
+00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:12,360
+a rat have life and thou no breath at all thou
+
+327
+00:22:12,360 --> 00:22:19,920
+will come no more? Never, never, never, never.
+
+328
+00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:26,780
+You shouldn't be laughing. I'm not gonna act it
+
+329
+00:22:26,780 --> 00:22:30,560
+that good, but okay. Try. No, no, no life. Why
+
+330
+00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:35,020
+should a dog, a horse, a rat have a life? And
+
+331
+00:22:35,020 --> 00:22:38,060
+thou, and thou, no breath at all. Thou come no
+
+332
+00:22:38,060 --> 00:22:42,360
+more. Never, never, never, never, never. Please.
+
+333
+00:22:44,120 --> 00:22:49,020
+No, no, no life. Why should a dog, a horse, a rat
+
+334
+00:22:49,020 --> 00:22:53,650
+have life? And thou, no breath at all. You forgot
+
+335
+00:22:53,650 --> 00:22:57,790
+one never.
+
+336
+00:22:59,290 --> 00:23:04,880
+You forgot two nevers? It's lesson. Now this is a
+
+337
+00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:07,460
+king who committed a foolish mistake. Why would
+
+338
+00:23:07,460 --> 00:23:09,820
+you give up your... Why wouldn't you understand if
+
+339
+00:23:09,820 --> 00:23:13,040
+a king doesn't understand his daughters? In a way
+
+340
+00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:15,740
+he deserves this but we feel sad, we feel sorry
+
+341
+00:23:15,740 --> 00:23:20,640
+for him because again of the lifeless body of
+
+342
+00:23:20,640 --> 00:23:24,620
+Cordelia. See the emphasis on no, no, no, never,
+
+343
+00:23:24,860 --> 00:23:30,180
+never, never. How dark. Regression. The ending is
+
+344
+00:23:30,180 --> 00:23:35,120
+very depressing, very sad. The pessimism is
+
+345
+00:23:35,120 --> 00:23:38,320
+overwhelming there. Why should it unfair? Life is
+
+346
+00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:41,880
+unfair because you, the king, you are unfair. You
+
+347
+00:23:41,880 --> 00:23:44,840
+were unfair. You didn't treat your daughter
+
+348
+00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:49,700
+justly. Again, what does thou mean? Thou? The.
+
+349
+00:23:50,140 --> 00:23:54,820
+Thou? That. Thou means? You. Thou. Thou. What does
+
+350
+00:23:54,820 --> 00:24:00,380
+it mean? You. That. Thou means you. Thou, here
+
+351
+00:24:00,380 --> 00:24:07,120
+thou well. You well. So far we had thou in Middle
+
+352
+00:24:07,120 --> 00:24:13,240
+English meaning you. And thee meaning also you but
+
+353
+00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:16,840
+for object. So shall I compare thee to a summer's
+
+354
+00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:21,120
+day? Shall I compare thee? And the second line
+
+355
+00:24:21,120 --> 00:24:26,030
+says thou art, you are. You are. You are. Yes
+
+356
+00:24:26,030 --> 00:24:32,070
+please. I can't understand. He said that I'll give
+
+357
+00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:36,110
+you how much you love me and I'll give you an
+
+358
+00:24:36,110 --> 00:24:38,650
+equal amount. She said that I love you like a
+
+359
+00:24:38,650 --> 00:24:41,430
+normal daughter that loves her father. He should
+
+360
+00:24:41,430 --> 00:24:46,370
+have gave her what he sees that is fair not to get
+
+361
+00:24:46,370 --> 00:24:50,600
+her out. And now he's being punished? But the
+
+362
+00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:54,460
+punishment is like when you take candy from
+
+363
+00:24:54,460 --> 00:24:56,800
+somebody when you just don't give them extra
+
+364
+00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:59,930
+marks. But this is the punishment he has, so
+
+365
+00:24:59,930 --> 00:25:03,810
+heartbreaking, because it includes death. Now,
+
+366
+00:25:04,290 --> 00:25:07,850
+when we move from King Lear to Othello, again,
+
+367
+00:25:07,970 --> 00:25:11,210
+remember, King Lear is said to be one of the
+
+368
+00:25:11,210 --> 00:25:13,070
+darkest, most pessimistic, because there's no
+
+369
+00:25:13,070 --> 00:25:17,290
+hope. Everybody dies. Heartbreaking. Now, Othello,
+
+370
+00:25:17,430 --> 00:25:21,490
+in brief, is one of the major black characters in
+
+371
+00:25:21,490 --> 00:25:23,750
+Shakespeare. In all English literature, by the
+
+372
+00:25:23,750 --> 00:25:28,020
+way. He isn't the first. Black. He's originally
+
+373
+00:25:28,020 --> 00:25:31,500
+from Africa. And when we say he is a black
+
+374
+00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:37,040
+character here, it brings issues of race. Listen,
+
+375
+00:25:37,140 --> 00:25:40,420
+we believe wholeheartedly that all people are
+
+376
+00:25:40,420 --> 00:25:43,240
+equal regardless of their color, of their origin,
+
+377
+00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:45,840
+of their race, of anything. We treat people as
+
+378
+00:25:45,840 --> 00:25:50,610
+human beings. The worst thing It's for anybody to
+
+379
+00:25:50,610 --> 00:25:52,950
+be racist, to hate somebody, to dislike somebody
+
+380
+00:25:52,950 --> 00:25:55,550
+because of their color, sometimes how they speak,
+
+381
+00:25:55,670 --> 00:26:00,510
+where they are from, or their religion. And this
+
+382
+00:26:00,510 --> 00:26:03,990
+is what literature teaches us. We learn about
+
+383
+00:26:03,990 --> 00:26:08,250
+these experiences from literature. Now, Othello is
+
+384
+00:26:08,250 --> 00:26:11,110
+a Christian. He becomes a Christian. And he's a
+
+385
+00:26:11,110 --> 00:26:15,350
+leader in the army in Venice. And he marries the
+
+386
+00:26:15,350 --> 00:26:19,810
+most beautiful white lady in Venice. He deserves
+
+387
+00:26:19,810 --> 00:26:22,570
+this because he works hard for it. He's a strong
+
+388
+00:26:22,570 --> 00:26:27,490
+fighter. But Iago, the villain, the antagonist,
+
+389
+00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:31,630
+hates him mainly because of his color. And again,
+
+390
+00:26:31,730 --> 00:26:34,470
+this is Shakespeare 400 years ago discussing
+
+391
+00:26:34,470 --> 00:26:35,530
+racism.
+
+392
+00:26:37,510 --> 00:26:41,330
+And because you treat somebody unfairly, unjustly,
+
+393
+00:26:41,490 --> 00:26:45,620
+because of his color, We have one of the, again,
+
+394
+00:26:46,120 --> 00:26:50,400
+really darkest tragedies of all. In Othello,
+
+395
+00:26:50,520 --> 00:26:53,320
+again, harmony is lost. And that's why harmony,
+
+396
+00:26:53,440 --> 00:26:56,120
+you know, because we should be treating each other
+
+397
+00:26:56,120 --> 00:27:00,940
+equally. But because someone is mistreated only
+
+398
+00:27:00,940 --> 00:27:04,780
+because of the color of his skin, and this causes
+
+399
+00:27:04,780 --> 00:27:09,540
+a lot of destruction and death. He kills his wife,
+
+400
+00:27:09,900 --> 00:27:14,430
+his Demona, Othello. Because he was jealous.
+
+401
+00:27:15,110 --> 00:27:18,950
+Because Iago made him think that she was cheating
+
+402
+00:27:18,950 --> 00:27:22,370
+on him. And then Iago kills his wife. And then
+
+403
+00:27:22,370 --> 00:27:25,490
+he's killed himself. And then Othello dies at the
+
+404
+00:27:25,490 --> 00:27:29,750
+end. So he says, chaos has come again. You know
+
+405
+00:27:29,750 --> 00:27:35,180
+chaos? Chaos, destruction. It is said that there's
+
+406
+00:27:35,180 --> 00:27:36,900
+the Big Bang theory. I'm not sure if you studied
+
+407
+00:27:36,900 --> 00:27:39,580
+this in school, Big Bang theory, how the world
+
+408
+00:27:39,580 --> 00:27:42,600
+created by a Big Bang. And before the Big Bang,
+
+409
+00:27:42,680 --> 00:27:46,260
+there was chaos. There was nothing. And the theory
+
+410
+00:27:46,260 --> 00:27:49,280
+says that the world is going to end in a Big Bang.
+
+411
+00:27:50,100 --> 00:27:54,920
+So chaos has come again. Life has no meaning when
+
+412
+00:27:54,920 --> 00:27:58,420
+someone is mistreated because of his religion or
+
+413
+00:27:58,420 --> 00:28:03,170
+something. So why does Iago hate Othello? Because
+
+414
+00:28:03,170 --> 00:28:07,210
+only because, yes, he took up the position, but he
+
+415
+00:28:07,210 --> 00:28:10,270
+deserves it because he is a black man who married
+
+416
+00:28:10,270 --> 00:28:14,030
+the white beautiful lady, Desdemona. And Iago is
+
+417
+00:28:14,030 --> 00:28:19,010
+said to be the scariest character in Shakespeare.
+
+418
+00:28:22,330 --> 00:28:25,670
+Now, we move from Othello to The Merchant of
+
+419
+00:28:25,670 --> 00:28:27,270
+Venice. Now, listen, The Merchant of Venice is not
+
+420
+00:28:27,270 --> 00:28:30,520
+a tragedy. I'll tell you in brief what it is
+
+421
+00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:33,680
+about. But when I speak about Othello and speak
+
+422
+00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:36,500
+about race, because Othello is an outsider, you
+
+423
+00:28:36,500 --> 00:28:40,120
+know outsider? We speak about Europe, all white,
+
+424
+00:28:40,340 --> 00:28:44,240
+all Christian, all European, right? Now Othello is
+
+425
+00:28:44,240 --> 00:28:47,460
+an intruder, is an outsider. Now in the merchant
+
+426
+00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:52,120
+of Venice, there is also an outsider and his name
+
+427
+00:28:52,120 --> 00:28:53,960
+is Shylock.
+
+428
+00:28:56,150 --> 00:28:59,070
+The Merchant of Venice. I'll briefly tell you what
+
+429
+00:28:59,070 --> 00:29:00,950
+what goes on in The Merchant of Venice and
+
+430
+00:29:00,950 --> 00:29:03,210
+probably read this and stop and comment next
+
+431
+00:29:03,210 --> 00:29:06,770
+class. Now The Merchant of Venice is a story about
+
+432
+00:29:06,770 --> 00:29:11,090
+Antonio and his friend Bassanio. Bassanio wants to
+
+433
+00:29:11,090 --> 00:29:15,020
+marry Portia. Bassanio doesn't have the money. He
+
+434
+00:29:15,020 --> 00:29:17,740
+goes to the merchant of Venice, Antonio, to give
+
+435
+00:29:17,740 --> 00:29:21,280
+him money. But he doesn't have much money now
+
+436
+00:29:21,280 --> 00:29:25,240
+because all his money is at sea doing, you know,
+
+437
+00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:29,780
+abroad business and trade. So where does he go?
+
+438
+00:29:31,660 --> 00:29:36,730
+Where does he go to lend, to borrow money? He goes
+
+439
+00:29:36,730 --> 00:29:41,730
+to Shylock. Who's Shylock? A Jewish money lender,
+
+440
+00:29:42,010 --> 00:29:46,510
+a Jewish guy, again an outsider. So there is also
+
+441
+00:29:46,510 --> 00:29:50,070
+another issue, theme of humanity and race here.
+
+442
+00:29:51,280 --> 00:29:54,780
+And then Shylock says okay okay Antonio you want
+
+443
+00:29:54,780 --> 00:29:58,500
+me to give you money Antonio you always insult me
+
+444
+00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:02,500
+you always spit on my face you always tell people
+
+445
+00:30:02,500 --> 00:30:06,120
+not to take money from me Antonio now you want the
+
+446
+00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:09,100
+money I will give you the money Antonio because I
+
+447
+00:30:09,100 --> 00:30:14,720
+am good now Shylock is a money lender he gives you
+
+448
+00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:18,890
+money and you return the money with extra this is
+
+449
+00:30:18,890 --> 00:30:22,670
+called interest you know extra money when you
+
+450
+00:30:22,670 --> 00:30:27,650
+borrow money from from like a bank now and he says
+
+451
+00:30:27,650 --> 00:30:31,130
+okay let's sign a contract in the contract he says
+
+452
+00:30:31,130 --> 00:30:34,190
+I want to give you the money if you don't pay it
+
+453
+00:30:34,190 --> 00:30:37,630
+back in some time I think two months I will take a
+
+454
+00:30:37,630 --> 00:30:43,280
+pound of flesh A pound of flesh, a piece of your
+
+455
+00:30:43,280 --> 00:30:47,180
+body, of your flesh. Pound is like half a kilo.
+
+456
+00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:50,900
+That's a lot, right? And then Anthony was like,
+
+457
+00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:53,840
+what? He said, don't worry. This is Mary's fault.
+
+458
+00:30:53,940 --> 00:30:58,120
+It's just for fun. It's just for fun. And then he
+
+459
+00:30:58,120 --> 00:31:04,200
+signs. And then when the time comes, give me my
+
+460
+00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:06,800
+money back. He says, my ships were destroyed. I
+
+461
+00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:11,930
+lost all my money. Okay, give you my money. Let's
+
+462
+00:31:11,930 --> 00:31:13,910
+go to court." And now everyone was like, Oh,
+
+463
+00:31:14,030 --> 00:31:17,070
+Shiloh, you shouldn't wait for him. Forgive him,
+
+464
+00:31:17,210 --> 00:31:19,290
+Shiloh. He said, why should I forgive him? He has
+
+465
+00:31:19,290 --> 00:31:22,930
+always treated me like crap. He's always
+
+466
+00:31:22,930 --> 00:31:26,970
+mistreated me. He insults me. He spits in me only
+
+467
+00:31:26,970 --> 00:31:30,850
+because I am a Jew. And now that I have the right,
+
+468
+00:31:30,950 --> 00:31:35,610
+the time to take revenge. Now he's saying no, and
+
+469
+00:31:35,610 --> 00:31:40,640
+they go to the court. At this time, Bassanio and
+
+470
+00:31:40,640 --> 00:31:44,280
+his wife Portia know about the story, and Portia
+
+471
+00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:47,760
+dresses up as a man, as a lawyer. Remember, in
+
+472
+00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:50,480
+Shakespeare, women were not allowed to be on
+
+473
+00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:56,460
+stage. Only men. Because they didn't have a big
+
+474
+00:31:56,460 --> 00:31:59,380
+role at that time. Women didn't have many rights.
+
+475
+00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:04,160
+So who plays women characters? A man, a beardless
+
+476
+00:32:04,160 --> 00:32:07,390
+man with a soft voice. So imagine this, how
+
+477
+00:32:07,390 --> 00:32:10,050
+Shakespeare is doing this. So who's playing
+
+478
+00:32:10,050 --> 00:32:14,030
+Portia? A man dressed up as Portia for the play.
+
+479
+00:32:15,030 --> 00:32:18,710
+And now Portia dresses up as a man, as a lawyer.
+
+480
+00:32:18,730 --> 00:32:21,270
+Not only a man, but a lawyer. Women were not
+
+481
+00:32:21,270 --> 00:32:23,910
+allowed to be lawyers at that time, because many
+
+482
+00:32:23,910 --> 00:32:26,570
+believed that women are less intelligent, less
+
+483
+00:32:26,570 --> 00:32:28,870
+intellectual than men. And Shakespeare is changing
+
+484
+00:32:28,870 --> 00:32:32,870
+this, is making fun of this concept. Because she
+
+485
+00:32:32,870 --> 00:32:36,450
+comes to the court and she says, OK, wait. Oh,
+
+486
+00:32:36,790 --> 00:32:39,890
+this contract is valid. It's correct. Is this your
+
+487
+00:32:39,890 --> 00:32:42,990
+signature? Yeah. So yeah, give him the money. I
+
+488
+00:32:42,990 --> 00:32:45,430
+don't have the money. And then she tries to beg
+
+489
+00:32:45,430 --> 00:32:48,910
+Shylock. Shylock, please forgive him. We'll give
+
+490
+00:32:48,910 --> 00:32:50,750
+you your money. He says, no, I'll give you double
+
+491
+00:32:50,750 --> 00:32:52,690
+the amount, triple the amount. And Shylock says,
+
+492
+00:32:52,750 --> 00:32:57,630
+no, I want a pound of flesh. She says, OK, go on,
+
+493
+00:32:57,930 --> 00:33:02,600
+go on. And he starts sharpening the knife. And in
+
+494
+00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:07,340
+a very ugly scene, he doesn't use probably a brick
+
+495
+00:33:07,340 --> 00:33:12,000
+or the wall. He uses his shoe to sharpen the
+
+496
+00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:16,960
+knife. Disgusting, ugly act of revenge. And when
+
+497
+00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:20,440
+he approaches Anthony just to take probably from
+
+498
+00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:27,370
+near his heart, Portia says, wait. Take the pound
+
+499
+00:33:27,370 --> 00:33:30,790
+of flesh, not less, not more. And when you do,
+
+500
+00:33:31,230 --> 00:33:37,210
+don't drop any blood, not even one tiny drop of
+
+501
+00:33:37,210 --> 00:33:41,850
+blood. Is it possible? No, no. So he feels that,
+
+502
+00:33:42,070 --> 00:33:45,650
+oh, I can't. And then he says, OK, OK, give me the
+
+503
+00:33:45,650 --> 00:33:48,270
+triple amount. You just said no. Give me the
+
+504
+00:33:48,270 --> 00:33:50,870
+double amount of money. He says no. OK, give me my
+
+505
+00:33:50,870 --> 00:33:55,400
+money. You just said no. He says OK. God forgive
+
+506
+00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:57,660
+you Anthony and peace be upon you. They say wait a
+
+507
+00:33:57,660 --> 00:34:02,600
+minute, wait a minute, come back. In Venice, if
+
+508
+00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:06,380
+someone, if an outsider tries to kill a Venetian,
+
+509
+00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:12,800
+his money has to be taken away and he has to
+
+510
+00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:17,880
+convert to Christianity. So at the end, Shylock,
+
+511
+00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:20,300
+like earlier, lost his daughter. She became a
+
+512
+00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:23,240
+Christian. Now he lost all his money. And of
+
+513
+00:34:23,240 --> 00:34:25,740
+course the good white Christian Antonio says,
+
+514
+00:34:25,860 --> 00:34:29,690
+okay, I don't want my half. take it back and he
+
+515
+00:34:29,690 --> 00:34:33,530
+loses most of his money he loses his right to take
+
+516
+00:34:33,530 --> 00:34:37,610
+revenge and he becomes a christian he is forced to
+
+517
+00:34:37,610 --> 00:34:40,490
+become a christian but for portia bassani and
+
+518
+00:34:40,490 --> 00:34:44,370
+antonio they live happily ever after now in the
+
+519
+00:34:44,370 --> 00:34:47,110
+past this was considered a comedy because the
+
+520
+00:34:47,110 --> 00:34:51,290
+european white people are victorious but is it a
+
+521
+00:34:51,290 --> 00:34:54,250
+comedy for shylock no Is it a comedy of a child?
+
+522
+00:34:54,310 --> 00:34:58,250
+It's not. He lost his daughter. He lost his
+
+523
+00:34:58,250 --> 00:35:00,790
+religion. He lost most of his money. That's why
+
+524
+00:35:00,790 --> 00:35:05,330
+now people consider this a dark comedy, tragic
+
+525
+00:35:05,330 --> 00:35:08,790
+comedy, serious comedy, trouble comedy, whatever,
+
+526
+00:35:09,350 --> 00:35:13,350
+because there are issues of race and anti-Semitism
+
+527
+00:35:13,350 --> 00:35:16,270
+here. Now, in the middle of the play, when they
+
+528
+00:35:16,270 --> 00:35:19,770
+were begging Shylock not to take the pound of
+
+529
+00:35:19,770 --> 00:35:23,380
+flesh, He says this, one of the most beautiful
+
+530
+00:35:23,380 --> 00:35:27,720
+things in Shakespeare. Maybe some of you can read
+
+531
+00:35:27,720 --> 00:35:30,680
+it next time. They tell him, what do you want to
+
+532
+00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:33,480
+do with a pound of flesh for God's sake? What do
+
+533
+00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:35,740
+you want to do with the flesh? You can't eat it.
+
+534
+00:35:36,460 --> 00:35:38,020
+And he says, I don't care. I want to feed it to
+
+535
+00:35:38,020 --> 00:35:41,890
+the fish. I don't care. When he insulted me, when
+
+536
+00:35:41,890 --> 00:35:44,750
+he spat on my face, when he told people not to
+
+537
+00:35:44,750 --> 00:35:47,010
+take money from me, nobody interfered, nobody told
+
+538
+00:35:47,010 --> 00:35:49,550
+him no. Don't do that, Antonio. Now that I have
+
+539
+00:35:49,550 --> 00:35:51,470
+the chance to take revenge, you're telling me
+
+540
+00:35:51,470 --> 00:35:55,990
+don't? So to bait fish with it, if it will feed
+
+541
+00:35:55,990 --> 00:36:01,080
+nothing, it will feed my revenge. He hath
+
+542
+00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:03,360
+disgraced me and hindered me half a million,
+
+543
+00:36:03,540 --> 00:36:06,580
+laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned
+
+544
+00:36:06,580 --> 00:36:09,620
+my nation, my nation because he's a Jew, thwarted
+
+545
+00:36:09,620 --> 00:36:12,300
+my bargains, cooled my friends, heated my enemies.
+
+546
+00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:16,840
+And what's his reason? I am a Jew. There's no
+
+547
+00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:19,240
+reason. It's not because I'm bad. It's because of
+
+548
+00:36:19,240 --> 00:36:22,260
+my religion. Like Othello, it's because of his I
+
+549
+00:36:22,260 --> 00:36:27,210
+am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes. What's had? Has.
+
+550
+00:36:28,110 --> 00:36:31,010
+Has not as you see how beautiful it is. Has not as
+
+551
+00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:35,150
+you eyes. Has not as you hands, organs,
+
+552
+00:36:35,390 --> 00:36:39,270
+dimensions, senses, affections, passions, fit with
+
+553
+00:36:39,270 --> 00:36:42,310
+the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject
+
+554
+00:36:42,310 --> 00:36:46,130
+to the same diseases, healed by the same means,
+
+555
+00:36:46,390 --> 00:36:49,650
+warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer.
+
+556
+00:36:49,910 --> 00:36:55,980
+As a Christian, the answer is yes. The second
+
+557
+00:36:55,980 --> 00:37:01,000
+part, if you prick us, if you injure us, do we not
+
+558
+00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:06,840
+bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? You tell
+
+559
+00:37:06,840 --> 00:37:10,320
+jokes, crack jokes, do we not laugh? If you poison
+
+560
+00:37:10,320 --> 00:37:16,300
+us, do we not die? We're humans. Again, shared
+
+561
+00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:20,160
+humanity as a theme, Shakespeare. And if you wrong
+
+562
+00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:24,050
+us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in
+
+563
+00:37:24,050 --> 00:37:27,650
+the rest, we will resemble you in that if a Jew
+
+564
+00:37:27,650 --> 00:37:29,910
+wronged a Christian, what is the humility?
+
+565
+00:37:31,010 --> 00:37:33,710
+Revenge. If a Christian wronged a Jew, what should
+
+566
+00:37:33,710 --> 00:37:36,810
+his sufferance be by a Christian example? Why
+
+567
+00:37:36,810 --> 00:37:42,390
+revenge? The villainy The villainy, you teach me,
+
+568
+00:37:42,570 --> 00:37:45,810
+I will execute and execute, and it shall go hard,
+
+569
+00:37:46,250 --> 00:37:49,170
+but I will better the instruction. I learned this
+
+570
+00:37:49,170 --> 00:37:53,030
+bad deed, this bad deed. I learned this villainy
+
+571
+00:37:53,030 --> 00:37:57,610
+from you, from Antonio. I will treat you the same.
+
+572
+00:37:58,150 --> 00:38:01,550
+You made me the man I am. But I will better the
+
+573
+00:38:01,550 --> 00:38:05,190
+instruction. I will better the instruction.
+
+574
+00:38:05,750 --> 00:38:09,050
+Wonderful. Yes. In a way, many people accuse
+
+575
+00:38:09,050 --> 00:38:14,710
+Shakespeare of being anti-Semitic. Did I write
+
+576
+00:38:14,710 --> 00:38:17,170
+anti-Semitism here? Can you see the term, this
+
+577
+00:38:17,170 --> 00:38:22,710
+term? Anti-Semitism. Semitic from Sam. The Jews
+
+578
+00:38:22,710 --> 00:38:26,790
+and many Muslims are originally the son of Sam,
+
+579
+00:38:26,930 --> 00:38:31,870
+son of Noah. So we are sematic, sematic, sematic,
+
+580
+00:38:31,930 --> 00:38:33,370
+sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic,
+
+581
+00:38:33,370 --> 00:38:34,570
+sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic,
+
+582
+00:38:34,710 --> 00:38:37,390
+sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic,
+
+583
+00:38:37,410 --> 00:38:40,050
+sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic,
+
+584
+00:38:40,050 --> 00:38:41,450
+sematic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+585
+00:38:41,450 --> 00:38:46,290
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+586
+00:38:46,430 --> 00:38:49,230
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+587
+00:38:49,230 --> 00:38:49,530
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+588
+00:38:49,530 --> 00:38:49,870
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+589
+00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:53,260
+semiatic I would say many Jews support Israeli
+
+590
+00:38:53,260 --> 00:38:56,500
+occupation and the disposition of Palestinians,
+
+591
+00:38:56,640 --> 00:39:01,340
+but not all Jews are supportive of Israel. That's
+
+592
+00:39:01,340 --> 00:39:04,820
+why we speak about the Zionist regime, the Zionist
+
+593
+00:39:04,820 --> 00:39:07,280
+project, the Zionists, the Israelis. As
+
+594
+00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:13,660
+Palestinians, we don't hate Jews because they are
+
+595
+00:39:13,660 --> 00:39:16,700
+Jews. We hate those people because they occupy us,
+
+596
+00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:19,480
+kill us, humiliate us, deprive us of our rights.
+
+597
+00:39:21,790 --> 00:39:24,650
+Even if the occupiers of Palestine are Muslims, we
+
+598
+00:39:24,650 --> 00:39:28,570
+will fight them and resist them the same. So it's
+
+599
+00:39:28,570 --> 00:39:30,450
+not a matter of Jews and Muslims. This is not a
+
+600
+00:39:30,450 --> 00:39:34,050
+war between Jews and Muslims. It's, again, a
+
+601
+00:39:34,050 --> 00:39:36,930
+legitimate fight. Palestinians occupied,
+
+602
+00:39:37,390 --> 00:39:39,930
+oppressed, colonized against the colonizers who
+
+603
+00:39:39,930 --> 00:39:44,730
+happen to be Jews. Okay? So in this play, is
+
+604
+00:39:44,730 --> 00:39:49,730
+Shakespeare depicting Shylock as evil? As ugly?
+
+605
+00:39:49,850 --> 00:39:51,710
+Probably yes. Some people say yes. Some people
+
+606
+00:39:51,710 --> 00:39:55,930
+hate Shakespeare because he is anti-semitic. Or he
+
+607
+00:39:55,930 --> 00:39:59,130
+is anti-feminist. Remember feminism? Feminism?
+
+608
+00:39:59,810 --> 00:40:03,190
+Anti-feminist. Or because he's a racist. But some
+
+609
+00:40:03,190 --> 00:40:06,170
+critics say no, no, no, no. Shakespeare wasn't
+
+610
+00:40:06,170 --> 00:40:10,330
+being racist or anti-semitic. Or anti-feminist. He
+
+611
+00:40:10,330 --> 00:40:14,270
+was reflecting a society that was racist, anti
+
+612
+00:40:14,270 --> 00:40:18,450
+-feminist, and probably anti-semitic. So we can
+
+613
+00:40:18,450 --> 00:40:21,650
+find solutions. We can find answers for this. We
+
+614
+00:40:21,650 --> 00:40:26,270
+can look for answers. The Merchant of Venice is a
+
+615
+00:40:26,270 --> 00:40:29,410
+play about shared humanity. about what it means to
+
+616
+00:40:29,410 --> 00:40:33,170
+be a human being, about racism, about anti
+
+617
+00:40:33,170 --> 00:40:35,470
+-Semitism. And Shakespeare, now these are
+
+618
+00:40:35,470 --> 00:40:38,070
+important questions now here in the 20th, 21st
+
+619
+00:40:38,070 --> 00:40:42,430
+centuries. But Shakespeare discussed this over 40,
+
+620
+00:40:42,590 --> 00:40:45,050
+100 years ago. And this is how beautiful, how
+
+621
+00:40:45,050 --> 00:40:48,330
+amazing Shakespeare is. If you have any question,
+
+622
+00:40:48,470 --> 00:40:50,690
+please ask and we can continue the discussion next
+
+623
+00:40:50,690 --> 00:40:53,810
+class. You want to say something? You want to add
+
+624
+00:40:53,810 --> 00:40:59,040
+something? Do you want to read some of this? for
+
+625
+00:40:59,040 --> 00:41:01,900
+next time can you prepare two or three of you can
+
+626
+00:41:01,900 --> 00:41:06,520
+you prepare doing this reading this here okay so
+
+627
+00:41:06,520 --> 00:41:09,700
+we'll start next class from again Shylock and his
+
+628
+00:41:09,700 --> 00:41:12,520
+speech but before we do this do you notice
+
+629
+00:41:12,520 --> 00:41:18,280
+anything about the text okay
+
+630
+00:41:18,280 --> 00:41:21,600
+look at this this is tomorrow and tomorrow and
+
+631
+00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:28,450
+tomorrow okay and then there is No, no, no life.
+
+632
+00:41:29,510 --> 00:41:32,090
+And then there is this. Do you notice something
+
+633
+00:41:32,090 --> 00:41:35,370
+different between the anything?
+
+634
+00:41:38,150 --> 00:41:42,530
+Oh, thank you very much. This is poetry. In
+
+635
+00:41:42,530 --> 00:41:47,210
+poetry, we capitalize every line, the beginning of
+
+636
+00:41:47,210 --> 00:41:49,070
+every line, the first letter from every line,
+
+637
+00:41:49,230 --> 00:41:51,590
+capital, capital, capital. This is a rule in
+
+638
+00:41:51,590 --> 00:41:57,570
+poetry. But here, this is what? It's a paragraph,
+
+639
+00:41:57,770 --> 00:41:59,970
+it's prose, thank you. Remember Shakespeare's
+
+640
+00:41:59,970 --> 00:42:03,750
+plays were mostly written in verse. But sometimes
+
+641
+00:42:03,750 --> 00:42:06,770
+there are prose characters, characters who only
+
+642
+00:42:06,770 --> 00:42:10,890
+speak prose. Shylock is one of them. Unimportant
+
+643
+00:42:10,890 --> 00:42:13,690
+characters, messengers, you know, bad people
+
+644
+00:42:13,690 --> 00:42:17,830
+usually speak prose. Not verse. We can talk
+
+645
+00:42:17,830 --> 00:42:20,810
+probably more about this. Thank you very much. If
+
+646
+00:42:20,810 --> 00:42:22,030
+you have a question, please do ask.
+

SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ZEo67Nspu98_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2556 @@
+1
+00:00:21,130 --> 00:00:25,430
+Hello, everyone, and welcome back to our English
+
+2
+00:00:25,430 --> 00:00:28,770
+literature course. We are approaching the end of
+
+3
+00:00:28,770 --> 00:00:32,070
+the semester, so probably three, four more classes
+
+4
+00:00:32,070 --> 00:00:37,290
+to go. We're speaking about the Victorian Age, and
+
+5
+00:00:37,290 --> 00:00:41,030
+last time we finished with two important names in
+
+6
+00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:44,390
+the literature of the Victorian Age, Charles
+
+7
+00:00:44,390 --> 00:00:49,030
+Dickens and Thomas Hardy. Now, when we speak about
+
+8
+00:00:49,030 --> 00:00:51,950
+the Victorian novelists, we always also speak
+
+9
+00:00:51,950 --> 00:00:55,070
+about female novelists, women who were also
+
+10
+00:00:55,070 --> 00:00:59,030
+writing novels at that time. And it's again very
+
+11
+00:00:59,030 --> 00:01:01,170
+interesting if you follow the development of
+
+12
+00:01:01,170 --> 00:01:03,530
+English literature, how in Old English we had
+
+13
+00:01:03,530 --> 00:01:06,550
+basically no women, not even generally as
+
+14
+00:01:06,550 --> 00:01:10,670
+characters in in the texts, in the poems, they
+
+15
+00:01:10,670 --> 00:01:13,730
+were playing minimal roles. And then in the Middle
+
+16
+00:01:13,730 --> 00:01:17,170
+English, we had more and more women, but generally
+
+17
+00:01:17,170 --> 00:01:21,850
+as objects of desire, remember? And then women
+
+18
+00:01:21,850 --> 00:01:24,790
+started to appear more, despite the fact that in
+
+19
+00:01:24,790 --> 00:01:28,090
+real life, women, in a way, it's wrong to say they
+
+20
+00:01:28,090 --> 00:01:30,690
+didn't write or they couldn't write. They were not
+
+21
+00:01:30,690 --> 00:01:33,780
+allowed to write. They were in a society that was
+
+22
+00:01:33,780 --> 00:01:36,400
+training them to be at home, to stay at home, to
+
+23
+00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:38,780
+take care of the kitchen, to make sandwiches, to
+
+24
+00:01:38,780 --> 00:01:41,980
+be barefoot, pregnant, and all the time at home.
+
+25
+00:01:42,020 --> 00:01:45,360
+They were not allowed to go out more or less. For
+
+26
+00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:47,640
+example, during the time of Shakespeare, women
+
+27
+00:01:47,640 --> 00:01:51,440
+were not allowed to perform on stage. And men
+
+28
+00:01:51,440 --> 00:01:55,980
+would be stealing the jobs. OK? So basically,
+
+29
+00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:01,480
+Aphra Behn is the first major real female writer.
+
+30
+00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:05,680
+And that's why Virginia Woolf praises her a lot
+
+31
+00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:08,180
+and says all the women around the world should put
+
+32
+00:02:08,180 --> 00:02:10,660
+roses around her grave, because what she did is
+
+33
+00:02:10,660 --> 00:02:13,740
+significant for women in England and around the
+
+34
+00:02:13,740 --> 00:02:16,160
+world. So she was speaking for women. She was
+
+35
+00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:19,260
+empowering women. She was showing women, in a way,
+
+36
+00:02:19,300 --> 00:02:21,560
+how to do that. They can do it. They can write,
+
+37
+00:02:21,640 --> 00:02:24,240
+and they can write better than than men. And then
+
+38
+00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:28,540
+we moved to see Mary Vance, Mary Manley, and those
+
+39
+00:02:28,540 --> 00:02:32,780
+fantastic female women. And now we have women who
+
+40
+00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:37,800
+can be published, and people were looking forward
+
+41
+00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:41,350
+to reading their stuff. But as a matter of fact, I
+
+42
+00:02:41,350 --> 00:02:45,530
+always like to show the role of women in fiction.
+
+43
+00:02:45,750 --> 00:02:48,250
+So these are real women, real human beings with
+
+44
+00:02:48,250 --> 00:02:51,010
+feelings and emotions and everything in life. But
+
+45
+00:02:51,010 --> 00:02:55,530
+in fact, fiction played a major role in the
+
+46
+00:02:55,530 --> 00:02:59,110
+development and empowerment of women. And it still
+
+47
+00:02:59,110 --> 00:03:01,590
+plays this significant role. And here, for us, for
+
+48
+00:03:01,590 --> 00:03:05,490
+example, like the Palestinians as occupied, as
+
+49
+00:03:05,490 --> 00:03:08,570
+colonized, as oppressed society, we can always use
+
+50
+00:03:08,570 --> 00:03:11,530
+fiction as a tool of resistance, as a tool of
+
+51
+00:03:11,530 --> 00:03:14,410
+empowerment, to speak out, to reach out to others,
+
+52
+00:03:14,510 --> 00:03:19,490
+to speak. truth to power, as they say. So fiction
+
+53
+00:03:19,490 --> 00:03:21,850
+played an amazing role, fiction which is
+
+54
+00:03:21,850 --> 00:03:25,270
+imaginative writing, in empowering, changing the
+
+55
+00:03:25,270 --> 00:03:30,150
+reality of men. And I can go as far as The Nun and
+
+56
+00:03:30,150 --> 00:03:33,890
+The Wife of Bath in Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer, the
+
+57
+00:03:33,890 --> 00:03:36,570
+woman in Chaucer was powerful, was different. She
+
+58
+00:03:36,570 --> 00:03:39,050
+was untraditional. She wasn't, you know, the woman
+
+59
+00:03:39,050 --> 00:03:41,350
+who was following the rules of the community. She
+
+60
+00:03:41,350 --> 00:03:45,030
+wanted to challenge these rules. And even Portia,
+
+61
+00:03:46,070 --> 00:03:49,190
+like centuries later in Shakespeare, can be a
+
+62
+00:03:49,190 --> 00:03:52,910
+fantastic example for women. But what Portia did
+
+63
+00:03:52,910 --> 00:03:58,530
+is is in so many ways like what women do now in
+
+64
+00:03:58,530 --> 00:04:00,470
+the 20th century. Because at that time, women were
+
+65
+00:04:00,470 --> 00:04:04,030
+not allowed to be on stage, let alone to go to
+
+66
+00:04:04,030 --> 00:04:07,730
+university and be lawyers. So what Portia did is
+
+67
+00:04:07,730 --> 00:04:10,610
+just she disguised as a man, changed her outfit,
+
+68
+00:04:11,230 --> 00:04:14,570
+put a fake mustache, a fake beard, probably a fake
+
+69
+00:04:14,570 --> 00:04:17,850
+wig. And now, whoops, all of a sudden, she's a
+
+70
+00:04:17,850 --> 00:04:20,210
+lawyer. And she's defeating the most cunning
+
+71
+00:04:20,210 --> 00:04:24,410
+character, Shylock. She's defeating him, tricking
+
+72
+00:04:24,410 --> 00:04:28,090
+everyone in the court, showing us that all these
+
+73
+00:04:28,090 --> 00:04:31,830
+man-made rules of the society that say women can't
+
+74
+00:04:31,830 --> 00:04:33,490
+do this and can't do that and should be doing
+
+75
+00:04:33,490 --> 00:04:36,090
+that, they're fake. They're fabricated. They can
+
+76
+00:04:36,090 --> 00:04:39,310
+be challenged, and they can be broken. So we move
+
+77
+00:04:39,310 --> 00:04:41,690
+to the Victorian Age here, and we see how women
+
+78
+00:04:41,690 --> 00:04:46,950
+were pushing the barriers, like, even further and
+
+79
+00:04:46,950 --> 00:04:49,290
+further. It doesn't mean women don't have
+
+80
+00:04:49,290 --> 00:04:53,320
+challenges. And people were not, in a way or
+
+81
+00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:55,640
+another, hindering women's progress in writing.
+
+82
+00:04:55,740 --> 00:04:58,380
+Even today, and I mentioned this before, when we
+
+83
+00:04:58,380 --> 00:05:01,920
+spoke about J.K. Rowling, we said she used her
+
+84
+00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:05,960
+first initials, J.K. Rowling. Her name is Jwan.
+
+85
+00:05:06,300 --> 00:05:09,960
+And I usually say Jwan Khamis Rowling, you know,
+
+86
+00:05:10,200 --> 00:05:13,060
+my joke. Thank you for laughing. One mark for you.
+
+87
+00:05:13,740 --> 00:05:19,840
+So J.K. Rowling wanted to be published. wanted to
+
+88
+00:05:19,840 --> 00:05:23,100
+be published. She was looking for a publisher and
+
+89
+00:05:23,100 --> 00:05:27,120
+then they came up to the agreement that, wait a
+
+90
+00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:30,760
+minute, Maybe, maybe if we publish under your real
+
+91
+00:05:30,760 --> 00:05:34,280
+name, Juan, many people will not be willing to buy
+
+92
+00:05:34,280 --> 00:05:36,540
+a book for a woman to read. Although some of the
+
+93
+00:05:36,540 --> 00:05:39,120
+most famous poets and novelists in the 20th
+
+94
+00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,900
+century, 21st century are women. But again, the
+
+95
+00:05:41,900 --> 00:05:44,560
+times are changing. So they agreed to go for JK
+
+96
+00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:47,620
+Rowling. And we'll see this happening here. Women
+
+97
+00:05:47,620 --> 00:05:51,100
+who couldn't
+
+98
+00:05:51,100 --> 00:05:53,780
+find the chance to be published would change their
+
+99
+00:05:53,780 --> 00:05:56,080
+name. And women who wanted to reach to greater
+
+100
+00:05:56,080 --> 00:05:59,220
+audiences to break the prejudice We're also using
+
+101
+00:05:59,220 --> 00:06:03,420
+pen names and fake names, as we are going to see.
+
+102
+00:06:03,700 --> 00:06:08,100
+So we speak about the three Bronte sisters, the
+
+103
+00:06:08,100 --> 00:06:11,720
+Brontes, the three sisters. And we speak about
+
+104
+00:06:11,720 --> 00:06:16,760
+George Eliot. Again, I say women writers, George
+
+105
+00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:24,780
+Eliot. Because George Eliot is a woman. She used a
+
+106
+00:06:24,780 --> 00:06:29,340
+pen name of a man, George Eliot. for several
+
+107
+00:06:29,340 --> 00:06:33,080
+reasons related to how women were treated. So the
+
+108
+00:06:33,080 --> 00:06:35,920
+three Bronte sisters will take one text from each.
+
+109
+00:06:36,900 --> 00:06:41,300
+Number one, Charlotte. Her most successful book is
+
+110
+00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:43,820
+Jane Eyre. Don't confuse Jane Eyre with the real
+
+111
+00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:47,540
+Jane Austen. Austen is a romantic Victorian
+
+112
+00:06:47,540 --> 00:06:51,450
+figure. Pride and Prejudice, Incensibility, and
+
+113
+00:06:51,450 --> 00:06:57,270
+Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte's most famous novel.
+
+114
+00:06:57,870 --> 00:07:01,870
+In this novel, again, we'll see how These women
+
+115
+00:07:01,870 --> 00:07:04,810
+generally write about women to empower women. And
+
+116
+00:07:04,810 --> 00:07:08,870
+they are different. In the past, I think in Henry
+
+117
+00:07:08,870 --> 00:07:10,810
+Fielding and Richardson, they were writing how
+
+118
+00:07:10,810 --> 00:07:15,670
+women are always the victims of female violence.
+
+119
+00:07:15,830 --> 00:07:18,670
+Women always die. Women always get raped. Women
+
+120
+00:07:18,670 --> 00:07:22,290
+always, you know. But here, women have their own
+
+121
+00:07:22,290 --> 00:07:24,670
+voice. They can speak up. They can challenge
+
+122
+00:07:24,670 --> 00:07:27,890
+authority. And they can end up victorious and
+
+123
+00:07:27,890 --> 00:07:32,610
+triumphant and happy. So this is one of the most
+
+124
+00:07:32,610 --> 00:07:35,690
+famous novels about a woman, Jane Eyre. Again, try
+
+125
+00:07:35,690 --> 00:07:38,190
+to read some of these in the summer break. If you
+
+126
+00:07:38,190 --> 00:07:42,130
+can't, please watch the movie. Now Jane starts as
+
+127
+00:07:42,130 --> 00:07:48,000
+parentless. She's a poor child like Oliver. But
+
+128
+00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,860
+she doesn't end up in a way like Oliver, because
+
+129
+00:07:52,860 --> 00:07:57,060
+Bronte treats her as a woman, as independent, as
+
+130
+00:07:57,060 --> 00:08:00,480
+strong. Because in the book, Oliver is always a
+
+131
+00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:03,160
+tool of fate. He's like a feather being blown here
+
+132
+00:08:03,160 --> 00:08:06,440
+and there by the wind. But this woman, she creates
+
+133
+00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:09,360
+her own destiny, her own life, and her own future,
+
+134
+00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:13,320
+bringing about a happy ending. So despite all the
+
+135
+00:08:13,320 --> 00:08:18,610
+sufferings, She ends up triumphant, independent,
+
+136
+00:08:18,930 --> 00:08:21,870
+and a strong woman. So when she meets Mr.
+
+137
+00:08:21,950 --> 00:08:26,350
+Rochester, who has locked up his wife in the
+
+138
+00:08:26,350 --> 00:08:29,950
+attic. And it's interesting, when a man doesn't
+
+139
+00:08:29,950 --> 00:08:34,190
+like his wife, he just says she's crazy. So this
+
+140
+00:08:34,190 --> 00:08:38,430
+is something here. This man locks his wife in the
+
+141
+00:08:38,430 --> 00:08:43,400
+attic somewhere. up in the house and claims that
+
+142
+00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:46,160
+she is mad. Maybe she's mad, but that's not my
+
+143
+00:08:46,160 --> 00:08:51,980
+issue here. Maybe you read that and see how is the
+
+144
+00:08:51,980 --> 00:08:58,720
+truth being told about her. Is he mad? If she's
+
+145
+00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:01,140
+mad, why is she mad? What is madness, right? What
+
+146
+00:09:01,140 --> 00:09:05,460
+is madness? Is madness what you don't like? If I
+
+147
+00:09:05,460 --> 00:09:08,440
+do something that you don't like about me, you're
+
+148
+00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:11,240
+going to say, that's insane, that's mad. So the
+
+149
+00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:14,780
+novel examines the many circumstances, many issues
+
+150
+00:09:14,780 --> 00:09:18,240
+surrounding the life of women at that time. At the
+
+151
+00:09:18,240 --> 00:09:21,560
+end of the novel, like I said, Jane herself, the
+
+152
+00:09:21,560 --> 00:09:25,580
+woman, is in control, is in command. Remember when
+
+153
+00:09:25,580 --> 00:09:27,880
+I said women writers usually use techniques to
+
+154
+00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:30,540
+engage the readers, to make them part of this?
+
+155
+00:09:30,980 --> 00:09:33,600
+Here, she sticks her head out of the text, the
+
+156
+00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,100
+book, and she talks to us, the readers, directly.
+
+157
+00:09:36,420 --> 00:09:40,400
+She says, reader, I married him. It's not the,
+
+158
+00:09:40,640 --> 00:09:44,500
+like, generally, men would be chasing women,
+
+159
+00:09:45,080 --> 00:09:47,780
+right? Coming after, running after them, et
+
+160
+00:09:47,780 --> 00:09:50,840
+cetera. But here, the woman is in command. So, and
+
+161
+00:09:50,840 --> 00:09:54,180
+this shows, again, a new move towards freedom and
+
+162
+00:09:54,180 --> 00:09:57,420
+equality, that women are equal to men and they can
+
+163
+00:09:57,420 --> 00:10:01,040
+be in a position to chase and be independent and
+
+164
+00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:04,240
+control their own destinies and lives. General,
+
+165
+00:10:04,540 --> 00:10:08,440
+really interesting read. More about Jane Anne. So,
+
+166
+00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:12,060
+like I said, Jane controls her own life despite
+
+167
+00:10:12,060 --> 00:10:15,360
+the difficulties, despite the suffering, despite
+
+168
+00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:18,790
+the problems. At the end of the text, we see her
+
+169
+00:10:18,790 --> 00:10:20,850
+as a strong, independent woman. Strong,
+
+170
+00:10:20,990 --> 00:10:24,470
+independent woman. Strong, independent woman. And
+
+171
+00:10:24,470 --> 00:10:27,990
+always compare this with how women are generally
+
+172
+00:10:27,990 --> 00:10:32,790
+depicted by men, especially by 17th, 18th century
+
+173
+00:10:32,790 --> 00:10:36,110
+authors like Richardson. Remember Pamela? Remember
+
+174
+00:10:36,110 --> 00:10:39,470
+Clarissa? Raped and dead. Raped and dead. Always
+
+175
+00:10:39,470 --> 00:10:44,210
+victims. But this is totally different. The woman
+
+176
+00:10:44,210 --> 00:10:49,520
+is simply independent of man. Not dependent on or
+
+177
+00:10:49,520 --> 00:10:54,200
+upon man, independent of man. That's basically
+
+178
+00:10:54,200 --> 00:11:01,180
+JNR. Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. I'm not
+
+179
+00:11:01,180 --> 00:11:03,380
+sure if you're familiar with Wuthering Heights. I
+
+180
+00:11:03,380 --> 00:11:05,700
+think it was turned into a cartoon, but you will
+
+181
+00:11:05,700 --> 00:11:10,650
+always find these on YouTube as movies. So Emily
+
+182
+00:11:10,650 --> 00:11:12,770
+is a little bit different because she's more into
+
+183
+00:11:12,770 --> 00:11:15,490
+the psychology, psychological novel. In a way, she
+
+184
+00:11:15,490 --> 00:11:17,470
+was one of the leaders of the psychological novel,
+
+185
+00:11:17,770 --> 00:11:20,610
+where she gets inside the mind. That's very
+
+186
+00:11:20,610 --> 00:11:23,970
+beautiful and profound, because if people believe
+
+187
+00:11:23,970 --> 00:11:26,910
+that women can't write social novels, no, they
+
+188
+00:11:26,910 --> 00:11:29,790
+can, and they can even write more advanced, more
+
+189
+00:11:29,790 --> 00:11:32,950
+profound, more complex novels, novels that get
+
+190
+00:11:32,950 --> 00:11:36,520
+inside the mind and the brain of of the character.
+
+191
+00:11:36,900 --> 00:11:40,380
+It's a novel of passion considered to be an early
+
+192
+00:11:40,380 --> 00:11:45,700
+psychological example of the novel here. The
+
+193
+00:11:45,700 --> 00:11:48,560
+central character, Kathy, or characters Kathy and
+
+194
+00:11:48,560 --> 00:11:51,360
+Heathcliff, they live out there, they are in love.
+
+195
+00:11:54,140 --> 00:11:56,860
+The withering heights here are used in a way
+
+196
+00:11:56,860 --> 00:12:00,920
+symbolically. Some people think that this is in a
+
+197
+00:12:00,920 --> 00:12:03,560
+way partly a Gothic novel because it takes place
+
+198
+00:12:03,560 --> 00:12:07,360
+among the heights, the withering heights and the
+
+199
+00:12:07,360 --> 00:12:10,720
+mountains and the hills and the valleys there. But
+
+200
+00:12:10,720 --> 00:12:14,120
+the wild atmosphere, the geography reflects the
+
+201
+00:12:14,530 --> 00:12:16,790
+passionate relationship between these two people.
+
+202
+00:12:17,110 --> 00:12:20,630
+So in a way, it is mirrored. The landscape is as
+
+203
+00:12:20,630 --> 00:12:23,930
+wild as the relationship. Of course, the novel is
+
+204
+00:12:23,930 --> 00:12:26,210
+very original. It's very different in the way it's
+
+205
+00:12:26,210 --> 00:12:29,330
+written, the fact that it is a psychological novel
+
+206
+00:12:29,330 --> 00:12:33,110
+about more what's going on here than anything
+
+207
+00:12:33,110 --> 00:12:36,050
+else. For example, in the narrative, it moves
+
+208
+00:12:36,050 --> 00:12:40,970
+backward. and forward like flashback flash forward
+
+209
+00:12:40,970 --> 00:12:44,030
+keeps going on like this we mentioned a little bit
+
+210
+00:12:44,030 --> 00:12:48,010
+about this in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein women
+
+211
+00:12:48,010 --> 00:12:51,830
+always wanted to create new techniques because
+
+212
+00:12:51,830 --> 00:12:54,770
+sometimes like men monopolize something you know
+
+213
+00:12:54,770 --> 00:12:58,840
+monopolize Like, they think this is my way. This
+
+214
+00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:02,900
+is what men do. This is how men write. And the
+
+215
+00:13:02,900 --> 00:13:05,460
+women were like, OK, thank you. We can find a
+
+216
+00:13:05,460 --> 00:13:08,420
+different technique to mix and vary, to create, to
+
+217
+00:13:08,420 --> 00:13:11,080
+experiment on the narrative technique. So the
+
+218
+00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:14,080
+novel, in events, moves backward and forward in
+
+219
+00:13:14,080 --> 00:13:17,600
+time, and in and out of the minds of the
+
+220
+00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:21,480
+characters as a psychological novel. Let's see
+
+221
+00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:26,740
+this extract here. So, again, a new world, a new
+
+222
+00:13:26,740 --> 00:13:28,600
+view of women and their emotions. They are
+
+223
+00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:30,760
+independent, and they can express themselves
+
+224
+00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:34,820
+clearly and passionately as they like. Let's see
+
+225
+00:13:34,820 --> 00:13:39,100
+Cathy talking to Nelly, her housemaid, about two
+
+226
+00:13:39,100 --> 00:13:43,040
+people. Now, we know she's married to Linton. And
+
+227
+00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:45,280
+she loves him. But she loves someone else. In the
+
+228
+00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:47,760
+past, it was a taboo. Like, hold on. Don't talk
+
+229
+00:13:47,760 --> 00:13:50,180
+about this. You shouldn't. If you get married to
+
+230
+00:13:50,180 --> 00:13:54,060
+someone, you just... Just shut your heart and
+
+231
+00:13:54,060 --> 00:13:58,040
+stick to this person. Look at this beautiful quote
+
+232
+00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:01,260
+extract that changes everything about women in the
+
+233
+00:14:01,260 --> 00:14:04,200
+English novel here. See, she says, someone read
+
+234
+00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:09,900
+please. Okay, Reem. My love for Linton is like the
+
+235
+00:14:09,900 --> 00:14:12,700
+foliage. Foliage. It's like paper. Foliage is
+
+236
+00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:17,310
+paper. Time will change it. I'm well aware, as
+
+237
+00:14:17,310 --> 00:14:21,050
+winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff's
+
+238
+00:14:21,050 --> 00:14:24,710
+resembles the eternal rocks beneath, a course of
+
+239
+00:14:24,710 --> 00:14:27,790
+vivid delight, but necessarily Nelly. I'm
+
+240
+00:14:27,790 --> 00:14:31,610
+Heathcliff. I'm Heathcliff. This should be. So
+
+241
+00:14:31,610 --> 00:14:36,350
+Nelly, I am Heathcliff. Yeah? He's always, always
+
+242
+00:14:36,350 --> 00:14:39,970
+in my mind as my own being. OK. So here, we
+
+243
+00:14:39,970 --> 00:14:44,880
+compare between the paper, the foliage, and? And
+
+244
+00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:47,960
+the rocks, the binary opposites. Like she's
+
+245
+00:14:47,960 --> 00:14:50,180
+comparing these two people to these two things.
+
+246
+00:14:50,260 --> 00:14:52,500
+These are similes, remember? As and resembles,
+
+247
+00:14:53,360 --> 00:14:57,640
+simile. This love is fake or doesn't last. It can
+
+248
+00:14:57,640 --> 00:15:00,360
+easily be destroyed by some wind and rain. But
+
+249
+00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:03,580
+this is strong, as strong as the rocks themselves.
+
+250
+00:15:04,460 --> 00:15:06,480
+If I ask you this question, what is the most
+
+251
+00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:08,760
+important word in this extract? What's the key
+
+252
+00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:10,160
+word? My love?
+
+253
+00:15:13,100 --> 00:15:22,620
+Where's mine? There's my, and my, my love, my, and
+
+254
+00:15:22,620 --> 00:15:29,200
+my. What are these? They are first person and
+
+255
+00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:36,020
+these are feelings, self. The self? Generally
+
+256
+00:15:36,020 --> 00:15:39,500
+owning something. Possession here. They indicate
+
+257
+00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:43,040
+possession. My, my, my, my. So women in the past
+
+258
+00:15:43,040 --> 00:15:45,760
+were properties. They were owned by men.
+
+259
+00:15:46,620 --> 00:15:49,000
+Controlled by men. Their destiny, their
+
+260
+00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:51,660
+everything. But this is a woman in command. In my
+
+261
+00:15:51,660 --> 00:15:53,900
+opinion, the most important word is the word own.
+
+262
+00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:58,960
+My own being. I own him. He's mine. I can claim
+
+263
+00:15:58,960 --> 00:16:04,710
+him like people claim their, you know, property or
+
+264
+00:16:04,710 --> 00:16:08,190
+something. So there is emphasis on my, my, my, my,
+
+265
+00:16:08,230 --> 00:16:11,990
+my. This is a strong independent woman who can be
+
+266
+00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:17,250
+in command, who can own men, unlike a century or
+
+267
+00:16:17,250 --> 00:16:20,730
+two centuries ago when women were owned. So this
+
+268
+00:16:20,730 --> 00:16:22,790
+is, again, interesting how women are writing, how
+
+269
+00:16:22,790 --> 00:16:25,550
+these branches were writing about this. The
+
+270
+00:16:25,550 --> 00:16:30,460
+sister, Anne, Anne Bronte, their youngest sister.
+
+271
+00:16:31,100 --> 00:16:35,800
+She also wrote about women issues. So for the
+
+272
+00:16:35,800 --> 00:16:40,620
+exam, just with taking Emily and Bronte, but it's
+
+273
+00:16:40,620 --> 00:16:44,140
+good to know that Anne was also writing stuff
+
+274
+00:16:44,140 --> 00:16:46,520
+about the complex relationships between men and
+
+275
+00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:52,440
+women. So to summarize, everyone, to summarize
+
+276
+00:16:52,440 --> 00:16:57,510
+here, The three sisters faced these problems. Some
+
+277
+00:16:57,510 --> 00:16:59,710
+people say they were reflecting their own lives
+
+278
+00:16:59,710 --> 00:17:02,630
+because they had this difficulty, the difficult
+
+279
+00:17:02,630 --> 00:17:07,890
+life, and they wanted to write about them, to
+
+280
+00:17:07,890 --> 00:17:10,850
+expose them, to empower women. But some might say
+
+281
+00:17:10,850 --> 00:17:13,070
+that women always write fiction, prefer fiction,
+
+282
+00:17:13,090 --> 00:17:15,890
+because they create their own world where you can
+
+283
+00:17:15,890 --> 00:17:17,890
+live as a strong. So if the society is not
+
+284
+00:17:17,890 --> 00:17:20,670
+treating you well, you can create your own world.
+
+285
+00:17:20,690 --> 00:17:23,310
+And this own world will become the reality if not
+
+286
+00:17:23,340 --> 00:17:25,640
+your reality, it will become the reality of other
+
+287
+00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:28,540
+women. And this is how empowering works sometimes.
+
+288
+00:17:28,660 --> 00:17:31,460
+They face these difficulties with courage and
+
+289
+00:17:31,460 --> 00:17:34,740
+directness. Together they changed the way the
+
+290
+00:17:34,740 --> 00:17:37,520
+novel could present women characters. That's the
+
+291
+00:17:37,520 --> 00:17:40,470
+most significant thing here. From now on, people
+
+292
+00:17:40,470 --> 00:17:43,650
+in a way, of course, we will find novels that
+
+293
+00:17:43,650 --> 00:17:49,390
+treat women as the case in the past, but generally
+
+294
+00:17:49,390 --> 00:17:52,090
+people were pushing forward, especially women.
+
+295
+00:17:52,210 --> 00:17:54,450
+After the Brontes, female characters were more
+
+296
+00:17:54,450 --> 00:17:58,570
+realistic. and less idealized. So the woman is no
+
+297
+00:17:58,570 --> 00:18:01,950
+longer an object of desire, although we'll find
+
+298
+00:18:01,950 --> 00:18:04,270
+this all the time. But generally, we will
+
+299
+00:18:04,270 --> 00:18:07,170
+frequently find a strong, powerful, independent
+
+300
+00:18:07,170 --> 00:18:11,050
+woman. Realistic woman, like not a superwoman, a
+
+301
+00:18:11,050 --> 00:18:15,330
+superhero, and not an object in the kitchen. If we
+
+302
+00:18:15,330 --> 00:18:17,630
+have this, it's usually criticized in a way,
+
+303
+00:18:17,930 --> 00:18:21,530
+exposed in a way or another. This is significant.
+
+304
+00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:24,880
+It's no longer treated like, oh, come live with me
+
+305
+00:18:24,880 --> 00:18:26,520
+and be my love, and we will all the pleasures
+
+306
+00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:28,440
+prove. Well, the woman is absent and silent, and
+
+307
+00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:32,240
+she's tricked by things. So less idealized. She's
+
+308
+00:18:32,240 --> 00:18:35,980
+a woman. She has her own faults. But she can be
+
+309
+00:18:35,980 --> 00:18:39,540
+independent. She can survive all these
+
+310
+00:18:39,540 --> 00:18:42,020
+difficulties and suffering. And their struggles
+
+311
+00:18:42,020 --> 00:18:45,640
+became the subject of a great many novels. So the
+
+312
+00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:48,740
+women are no longer minor characters or marginal
+
+313
+00:18:48,740 --> 00:18:53,790
+characters. The book is about the woman. It
+
+314
+00:18:53,790 --> 00:18:56,030
+doesn't mean because these are women, they didn't
+
+315
+00:18:56,030 --> 00:18:59,570
+write about other themes. They did. Okay, but
+
+316
+00:18:59,570 --> 00:19:03,190
+mainly they were aiming to empower. And let's see
+
+317
+00:19:03,190 --> 00:19:10,210
+George Eliot or Mary again. I think we have 20
+
+318
+00:19:10,210 --> 00:19:15,050
+Jones and like 10 Marys, right? Mary and Evans.
+
+319
+00:19:16,350 --> 00:19:22,040
+Mary Evans or George Eliot. George Eliot. She's
+
+320
+00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:27,100
+generally known as George Eliot. AKA Mary Anne
+
+321
+00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:31,540
+Evans. Sorry? Her real name. Yeah, not as much as
+
+322
+00:19:31,540 --> 00:19:35,420
+George Eliot. And again, this is a woman, I think,
+
+323
+00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:39,480
+listen, the Brontes sometime in their life, the
+
+324
+00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:42,820
+Brontes also used fake names sometime in their
+
+325
+00:19:42,820 --> 00:19:46,400
+life. So it's not only George Eliot. The Brontes
+
+326
+00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,500
+also used fake names or pen names or initials, so
+
+327
+00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:51,700
+they didn't want to reveal that they are. Now,
+
+328
+00:19:51,760 --> 00:19:54,540
+with George Eliot, one of the most significant,
+
+329
+00:19:54,700 --> 00:19:56,580
+some people consider her the most significant
+
+330
+00:19:56,580 --> 00:19:59,400
+female writer of all time. Even her book, her
+
+331
+00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:03,140
+novel, we'll see in a bit, Middlemarch, is
+
+332
+00:20:03,140 --> 00:20:05,720
+considered by many to be the greatest novel in the
+
+333
+00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:09,900
+English language. Now, imagine this. You read a
+
+334
+00:20:09,900 --> 00:20:13,210
+book. You look at the cover and it says it's
+
+335
+00:20:13,210 --> 00:20:18,730
+written by George Eliot, and you love it, thinking
+
+336
+00:20:18,730 --> 00:20:26,650
+that the author is a man. If the cover says, Mary
+
+337
+00:20:26,650 --> 00:20:29,490
+Anne Evans, you're going to go, I don't like
+
+338
+00:20:29,490 --> 00:20:34,270
+reading for women. I think women can't capture the
+
+339
+00:20:34,270 --> 00:20:35,950
+essence of feelings and emotions and their
+
+340
+00:20:35,950 --> 00:20:39,530
+experiences. Many people say this. Women are not
+
+341
+00:20:39,530 --> 00:20:41,890
+deep compared to men. Women can't reflect the
+
+342
+00:20:41,890 --> 00:20:44,270
+psychology, you know, the relationship, the depth,
+
+343
+00:20:44,410 --> 00:20:47,230
+the passion, the fears, the concerns. Many people
+
+344
+00:20:47,230 --> 00:20:50,310
+say this, which is wrong, of course. Imagine
+
+345
+00:20:50,310 --> 00:20:54,290
+yourself believing in this. and promoting this and
+
+346
+00:20:54,290 --> 00:20:56,990
+saying, women shouldn't be allowed to publish. All
+
+347
+00:20:56,990 --> 00:21:04,370
+poetry and fiction by women are mediocre, you
+
+348
+00:21:04,370 --> 00:21:07,790
+know, mediocre, like average. And imagine yourself
+
+349
+00:21:07,790 --> 00:21:09,890
+believing in this and holding a book that says
+
+350
+00:21:09,890 --> 00:21:12,750
+George Orwell, reading the text, reading the
+
+351
+00:21:12,750 --> 00:21:16,430
+novel, enjoying it, loving it very much, thinking
+
+352
+00:21:16,430 --> 00:21:19,930
+that the author is a man. And then someone tells
+
+353
+00:21:19,930 --> 00:21:23,440
+you, Excuse me. Hey, George Eliot is a woman.
+
+354
+00:21:24,280 --> 00:21:31,940
+What? Really? I don't believe it. I can't. I can't
+
+355
+00:21:31,940 --> 00:21:35,660
+believe it. Like really? Because I don't know. I
+
+356
+00:21:35,660 --> 00:21:39,040
+loved it. You might say this and reconsider your
+
+357
+00:21:39,040 --> 00:21:42,020
+position. Like I've been fooled all this time by
+
+358
+00:21:42,020 --> 00:21:44,180
+the rules, by the critics who are generally men.
+
+359
+00:21:45,260 --> 00:21:48,240
+Or you might say, nah, I didn't really, really,
+
+360
+00:21:48,300 --> 00:21:51,300
+really love it. I always felt somewhere in my
+
+361
+00:21:51,300 --> 00:21:55,840
+stomach or head or belly that this is not really
+
+362
+00:21:55,840 --> 00:21:59,680
+excellent fine writing. But in a way, this is
+
+363
+00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:02,260
+like, I usually like to say this, this is a slap
+
+364
+00:22:02,260 --> 00:22:06,620
+on the face of those anti-feminists who look down
+
+365
+00:22:06,620 --> 00:22:10,380
+upon women and women's achievements and women's
+
+366
+00:22:10,380 --> 00:22:17,300
+writings and fiction. The thing, I love her works,
+
+367
+00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:20,040
+really, but I love this very much about her, the
+
+368
+00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:22,300
+fact that she used a pen name, a pseudonym of a
+
+369
+00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:25,520
+man, and then everyone is like, see, now this is
+
+370
+00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:27,440
+the writing we should be reading. This is the
+
+371
+00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:29,900
+writing that all the people should be imitating
+
+372
+00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:33,060
+this man. And then all of a sudden, surprise,
+
+373
+00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:38,020
+surprise, I am a woman. Breaking news. Breaking
+
+374
+00:22:38,020 --> 00:22:41,660
+news, yeah. It turns the whole world upside down
+
+375
+00:22:41,660 --> 00:22:46,340
+and inside out. It shakes the foundations of what?
+
+376
+00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:49,880
+Of the English canon. It tells us that there's
+
+377
+00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:51,400
+something wrong with the English canon. The
+
+378
+00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:53,800
+English canon is biased, is prejudiced against
+
+379
+00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,700
+people of color, non-white, non-Europeans,
+
+380
+00:22:58,100 --> 00:23:00,900
+outsiders in general, and women in particular.
+
+381
+00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:04,790
+Women were kicked out not because they were not
+
+382
+00:23:04,790 --> 00:23:08,210
+writing good stuff, but because they were women.
+
+383
+00:23:08,550 --> 00:23:11,670
+So she's perhaps the greatest woman novelist, and
+
+384
+00:23:11,670 --> 00:23:15,570
+she used the name George Eliot to help her with
+
+385
+00:23:15,570 --> 00:23:20,710
+the publications and stuff. Okay? She worked as a
+
+386
+00:23:20,710 --> 00:23:22,610
+translator, then as a fictionist. Now, in the
+
+387
+00:23:22,610 --> 00:23:25,490
+book, remember I told you this about Mary
+
+388
+00:23:25,490 --> 00:23:29,410
+Wolfstone something? What's her name? Mary
+
+389
+00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:34,050
+Shelley? Mary what? No, Mary Shelley. Mary Wolf
+
+390
+00:23:34,050 --> 00:23:39,310
+Stone something. Wolf Stone Craft. Her middle
+
+391
+00:23:39,310 --> 00:23:44,870
+name? No, her real name. Now anyway, generally, if
+
+392
+00:23:44,870 --> 00:23:51,870
+a woman is successful, in Arabic we say, but here
+
+393
+00:23:51,870 --> 00:23:58,930
+the book is telling us There is a great man behind
+
+394
+00:23:58,930 --> 00:23:59,930
+every great woman.
+
+395
+00:24:02,990 --> 00:24:08,390
+Yeah, herself. A picture of herself. So what I'm
+
+396
+00:24:08,390 --> 00:24:13,950
+saying is that the book here sometimes attributes
+
+397
+00:24:13,950 --> 00:24:19,370
+the success of so many women to men. I don't like
+
+398
+00:24:19,370 --> 00:24:21,950
+this. It could play some particular role. For
+
+399
+00:24:21,950 --> 00:24:24,710
+example, with Mary Shelley, her father, her
+
+400
+00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:27,370
+mother, they are taken out. They play a greater
+
+401
+00:24:27,370 --> 00:24:31,930
+role in her thinking and intellectuality than her
+
+402
+00:24:31,930 --> 00:24:35,240
+husband. but she's attributed to her husband. The
+
+403
+00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:37,260
+same here. The book says, and I took it out, but I
+
+404
+00:24:37,260 --> 00:24:39,960
+have to show you how this book is also prejudiced
+
+405
+00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:41,700
+in a way. I love this book. It's one of the best.
+
+406
+00:24:42,560 --> 00:24:47,000
+But we need to be careful when we read it. So it
+
+407
+00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:51,340
+says there was a man who encouraged her to write,
+
+408
+00:24:51,420 --> 00:24:53,980
+as if if he didn't do so, she wouldn't be writing
+
+409
+00:24:53,980 --> 00:24:58,470
+stuff. So she was, I took it out. I censored it. I
+
+410
+00:24:58,470 --> 00:25:01,310
+censored the censorship. So she worked as a
+
+411
+00:25:01,310 --> 00:25:05,290
+translator and then as a fiction writer. And
+
+412
+00:25:05,290 --> 00:25:07,970
+though you're studying English, it's fun that you
+
+413
+00:25:07,970 --> 00:25:10,330
+can be these things. And if you think of yourself
+
+414
+00:25:10,330 --> 00:25:14,570
+as a translator, a writer, fiction. Her first
+
+415
+00:25:14,570 --> 00:25:19,050
+novel is Adam Beat. But she wrote more important
+
+416
+00:25:19,050 --> 00:25:22,890
+works here. And her themes are generally, of
+
+417
+00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:25,790
+course, she's a woman, so would usually be
+
+418
+00:25:25,790 --> 00:25:28,870
+considered controversial. Women themes such as
+
+419
+00:25:28,870 --> 00:25:31,370
+having a drunk husband. What's wrong with having a
+
+420
+00:25:31,370 --> 00:25:35,170
+drunk husband? In The Mail of Castlebridge.
+
+421
+00:25:35,190 --> 00:25:37,070
+Remember The Mail of Castlebridge? What did the
+
+422
+00:25:37,070 --> 00:25:40,590
+man do? He sold his wife and daughter. He was
+
+423
+00:25:40,590 --> 00:25:43,450
+drunk. And the book didn't say that this is a
+
+424
+00:25:43,450 --> 00:25:45,590
+controversial book.
+
+425
+00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:49,480
+Because the writers and the critics here are men.
+
+426
+00:25:50,020 --> 00:25:52,060
+But when a woman does this, it's controversial,
+
+427
+00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:55,620
+it's objectionable, scandalous. Come on, for God's
+
+428
+00:25:55,620 --> 00:26:01,980
+sake. So I should add some sort of inverted commas
+
+429
+00:26:01,980 --> 00:26:05,360
+here, like controversial. Who considers them
+
+430
+00:26:05,360 --> 00:26:10,950
+controversial? Okay, so having drunk husband and
+
+431
+00:26:10,950 --> 00:26:14,310
+being an unmarried mother, a single mother, okay?
+
+432
+00:26:14,890 --> 00:26:17,050
+In her later novels, she writes about, of course,
+
+433
+00:26:17,110 --> 00:26:20,110
+the society as a whole, for example, Middlemarch.
+
+434
+00:26:22,110 --> 00:26:25,190
+Middlemarch. And Middlemarch is a fictional city.
+
+435
+00:26:25,530 --> 00:26:28,490
+In literature, people generally, for example, you
+
+436
+00:26:28,490 --> 00:26:32,700
+could write a story about Gaza and you just The
+
+437
+00:26:32,700 --> 00:26:36,800
+events take place in Gaza or Jerusalem, the
+
+438
+00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:42,160
+eternal capital of Palestine, right? Or Cairo or
+
+439
+00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:46,580
+London or New York. But some people make up names
+
+440
+00:26:46,580 --> 00:26:50,340
+of cities for one reason or another. So they just
+
+441
+00:26:50,340 --> 00:26:56,510
+say, these events were taking place in... I don't
+
+442
+00:26:56,510 --> 00:26:59,610
+know, I can't make up a name of a country. Pizza,
+
+443
+00:26:59,950 --> 00:27:02,710
+for example. This place is called Pizza, where
+
+444
+00:27:02,710 --> 00:27:05,070
+there are two million people living there.
+
+445
+00:27:05,950 --> 00:27:08,350
+Ironically, no one loves pizza, and you just keep
+
+446
+00:27:08,350 --> 00:27:11,270
+going on and on and on. Because Gaza looks like a
+
+447
+00:27:11,270 --> 00:27:16,170
+slice of pizza in a way. So Middlemarch is a
+
+448
+00:27:16,170 --> 00:27:20,390
+fictional character, okay? Sorry, a fictional
+
+449
+00:27:20,390 --> 00:27:24,560
+place. The events take place in the center
+
+450
+00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:27,200
+somewhere in the middle of Great Britain in
+
+451
+00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:31,860
+England. Considered by some to be the greatest
+
+452
+00:27:31,860 --> 00:27:34,880
+novel in English language. I'm sure some of these
+
+453
+00:27:34,880 --> 00:27:37,380
+some or many of these some are women.
+
+454
+00:27:40,770 --> 00:27:47,150
+The novel is set somewhere in 1832 in a fictional
+
+455
+00:27:47,150 --> 00:27:49,250
+town in England. The themes, of course, are
+
+456
+00:27:49,250 --> 00:27:52,050
+immense, like they go from the changes in the
+
+457
+00:27:52,050 --> 00:27:57,210
+voting system. Women could not write until 1928
+
+458
+00:27:57,210 --> 00:28:00,380
+-something in England. But this woman was writing
+
+459
+00:28:00,380 --> 00:28:03,620
+about this 100 years before, well ahead of her
+
+460
+00:28:03,620 --> 00:28:07,420
+time, talking about medicine, about the rail
+
+461
+00:28:07,420 --> 00:28:10,540
+transport, and the roles of women in the society.
+
+462
+00:28:11,300 --> 00:28:14,420
+I generally give you an idea because this is the
+
+463
+00:28:14,420 --> 00:28:16,740
+nature of the course. But sometimes I don't want
+
+464
+00:28:16,740 --> 00:28:19,400
+to spoil the novel, you know, to tell you what
+
+465
+00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:21,600
+happens at the end because I want you to go and
+
+466
+00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:25,520
+see how things happen for yourselves. So this
+
+467
+00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:29,260
+considers the importance of the dead hand of the
+
+468
+00:28:29,260 --> 00:28:32,040
+past because the past should not We should learn
+
+469
+00:28:32,040 --> 00:28:34,000
+from the past, but it shouldn't be imposing its
+
+470
+00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:36,520
+own rules and regulations because we are advancing
+
+471
+00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:41,360
+in time in a way or another. The heroine, of
+
+472
+00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:43,300
+course, heroine, you know, not cocaine, heroine.
+
+473
+00:28:43,620 --> 00:28:48,000
+The female hero is untraditional generally. Her
+
+474
+00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:53,720
+name is Dorothea, and she finds, of course, her
+
+475
+00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:59,520
+own happiness and independence. like most women by
+
+476
+00:28:59,520 --> 00:29:02,800
+women, women writers. Eliot's philosophy now
+
+477
+00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:08,040
+because basically Eliot believes in the, in in
+
+478
+00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:10,860
+something called like, or her practice, her
+
+479
+00:29:10,860 --> 00:29:13,000
+philosophy is called positivism. You know
+
+480
+00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,060
+positive? Like you're optimistic, like the good is
+
+481
+00:29:16,060 --> 00:29:18,640
+yet to come. Many people believe in this. Like the
+
+482
+00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:22,300
+good, they generally focus and look at the half
+
+483
+00:29:22,300 --> 00:29:27,120
+full of the cup rather than the half empty. Okay,
+
+484
+00:29:27,220 --> 00:29:29,640
+the bright side of things. And many people are
+
+485
+00:29:29,640 --> 00:29:35,380
+dark and negative, pessimistic. They say, if this
+
+486
+00:29:35,380 --> 00:29:40,210
+is bad, What's come is worse. There's this scene
+
+487
+00:29:40,210 --> 00:29:44,470
+with Homer Simpson and Bart, and Bart saying, this
+
+488
+00:29:44,470 --> 00:29:47,230
+is the worst day of my life. And Homer Simpson
+
+489
+00:29:47,230 --> 00:29:52,130
+telling him, yet. Or so far. Like, the worst is
+
+490
+00:29:52,130 --> 00:29:56,190
+yet to come. But she believes in this. I think she
+
+491
+00:29:56,190 --> 00:30:00,150
+being a woman plays a major role here. Because men
+
+492
+00:30:00,150 --> 00:30:02,450
+are always playing the role of the victim. Like,
+
+493
+00:30:02,490 --> 00:30:06,780
+it's dark. It's sad. We are suffering. And they
+
+494
+00:30:06,780 --> 00:30:09,140
+are, in a way or another, victimizing women. So
+
+495
+00:30:09,140 --> 00:30:11,100
+this woman says, no, don't believe these women.
+
+496
+00:30:11,260 --> 00:30:13,940
+Men, don't believe Hardy. It's going to be good,
+
+497
+00:30:14,420 --> 00:30:16,260
+especially the roles of women. And women are
+
+498
+00:30:16,260 --> 00:30:19,000
+advancing in an amazing way that they can claim
+
+499
+00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,340
+their role. So Eliot's philosophy is called
+
+500
+00:30:22,340 --> 00:30:25,640
+positivism, meaning basically that humanity
+
+501
+00:30:25,640 --> 00:30:28,480
+continues to move forward, to improve, to advance,
+
+502
+00:30:28,580 --> 00:30:31,920
+to progress. Sometimes the progress is hindered.
+
+503
+00:30:32,620 --> 00:30:35,980
+Sometimes the progress is slow. But eventually,
+
+504
+00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:39,540
+There's a progress. There's progress. And humanity
+
+505
+00:30:39,540 --> 00:30:44,080
+will progress. And the good is yet to come. And
+
+506
+00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:46,860
+bitter stuff, bitter things will come eventually.
+
+507
+00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:55,740
+OK, so these are four female novelists of the
+
+508
+00:30:55,740 --> 00:31:00,900
+Victorian age, the three Bronte sisters. George
+
+509
+00:31:00,900 --> 00:31:05,920
+Eliot. And George Eliot. Do you have any question?
+
+510
+00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:12,800
+Any comment? Please do ask or if you want to say
+
+511
+00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:19,880
+something. Have you ever read some poetry by
+
+512
+00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:24,340
+women? Novels or stuff in English or in Arabic?
+
+513
+00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:30,380
+And how did you feel that women write differently?
+
+514
+00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:35,760
+Do you like to know who the author is of a
+
+515
+00:31:35,760 --> 00:31:37,800
+particular text before reading it or what?
+
+516
+00:31:42,250 --> 00:31:46,430
+What do you care more about, the text or the
+
+517
+00:31:46,430 --> 00:31:49,390
+author? Which is more significant? The text. The
+
+518
+00:31:49,390 --> 00:31:53,210
+text. So if someone tells you, hey, this is an
+
+519
+00:31:53,210 --> 00:31:56,470
+amazing short story or poem, you should read it.
+
+520
+00:31:57,770 --> 00:31:59,810
+Do you say, okay, send it to me? Or do you ask
+
+521
+00:31:59,810 --> 00:32:01,410
+first and foremost about the author?
+
+522
+00:32:04,430 --> 00:32:06,550
+Because by knowing the author, we will know the
+
+523
+00:32:06,550 --> 00:32:10,850
+style. Okay, interesting. But also by knowing the
+
+524
+00:32:10,850 --> 00:32:12,810
+author, you're going to limit your imagination.
+
+525
+00:32:13,750 --> 00:32:16,070
+You limit your interpretation, because we've seen
+
+526
+00:32:16,070 --> 00:32:18,930
+with The Sick Rose, the poem could be about so
+
+527
+00:32:18,930 --> 00:32:22,110
+many things. One of you on the other group said,
+
+528
+00:32:23,250 --> 00:32:26,530
+The Sick Rose could be about guys on Facebook
+
+529
+00:32:26,530 --> 00:32:29,530
+tricking women, girls like you, telling them, I
+
+530
+00:32:29,530 --> 00:32:32,010
+love you, I like you, or something, and then...
+
+531
+00:32:32,990 --> 00:32:35,070
+They cheat them, like they destroy their lives.
+
+532
+00:32:35,230 --> 00:32:38,010
+Because this is the worm, the invisible worm
+
+533
+00:32:38,010 --> 00:32:42,710
+destroys thy life, right? And this, of course,
+
+534
+00:32:43,350 --> 00:32:47,770
+William Blake did not mean this. He didn't predict
+
+535
+00:32:47,770 --> 00:32:53,010
+Facebook. But we can relate. But if you just only
+
+536
+00:32:53,010 --> 00:32:57,710
+focus on the name of the author, his life, How he
+
+537
+00:32:57,710 --> 00:33:00,290
+lived? Was he happily married? Did he have kids?
+
+538
+00:33:01,030 --> 00:33:03,790
+Whether his mother-in-law was horrible, whether
+
+539
+00:33:03,790 --> 00:33:06,690
+his father-in-law was horrible, whether he had a
+
+540
+00:33:06,690 --> 00:33:09,870
+job, unemployed, whether he was... Generally, what
+
+541
+00:33:09,870 --> 00:33:15,160
+I like to do here in my classes is that while... I
+
+542
+00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:19,240
+don't do this. I rarely say, he lived, he was
+
+543
+00:33:19,240 --> 00:33:21,300
+married, he had kids, because I don't care about
+
+544
+00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:23,860
+this. The life of the author could be interesting.
+
+545
+00:33:24,160 --> 00:33:26,820
+There are theories that focus mainly on the life
+
+546
+00:33:26,820 --> 00:33:29,000
+and the circumstances and the social, political
+
+547
+00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:32,540
+circumstances and the philosophical ideas and
+
+548
+00:33:32,540 --> 00:33:35,040
+beliefs and ideology of the author in order to
+
+549
+00:33:35,040 --> 00:33:38,440
+understand the text. But many other theories say
+
+550
+00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:41,020
+no. This could be interesting. It could be fun to
+
+551
+00:33:41,020 --> 00:33:42,960
+know something about Shakespeare and his wife and
+
+552
+00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:45,920
+his kids and everything. But the most significant
+
+553
+00:33:45,920 --> 00:33:48,880
+thing is the text itself. There's a theory called
+
+554
+00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:52,760
+the death of the author. Like not, let's kill all
+
+555
+00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:56,100
+the authors. It's like when the author publishes a
+
+556
+00:33:56,100 --> 00:33:59,440
+book, once the book is published, he or she dies.
+
+557
+00:33:59,920 --> 00:34:02,880
+They become, they're no longer authors and
+
+558
+00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:06,780
+writers. They become readers. Because now the text
+
+559
+00:34:06,780 --> 00:34:09,740
+belongs to us. And because this is not only
+
+560
+00:34:09,740 --> 00:34:13,240
+theirs. These ideas come from so many books and
+
+561
+00:34:13,240 --> 00:34:16,780
+stories they read and heard from here, from
+
+562
+00:34:16,780 --> 00:34:21,920
+experiences. And this is interesting because
+
+563
+00:34:21,920 --> 00:34:24,200
+sometimes people for a long time would think that
+
+564
+00:34:24,200 --> 00:34:27,780
+this play was written by Shakespeare. And it turns
+
+565
+00:34:27,780 --> 00:34:29,940
+out that, no, it wasn't written by Shakespeare. It
+
+566
+00:34:29,940 --> 00:34:32,490
+was written by someone else. And also, what about
+
+567
+00:34:32,490 --> 00:34:34,930
+texts that are anonymous? Many people think we
+
+568
+00:34:34,930 --> 00:34:37,010
+can't understand a text unless we know the author.
+
+569
+00:34:37,110 --> 00:34:40,050
+What about anonymous texts? What about anonymous
+
+570
+00:34:40,050 --> 00:34:43,490
+texts? Can we understand them? Can we appreciate
+
+571
+00:34:43,490 --> 00:34:48,170
+them? Of course, yes. And I usually do this in my
+
+572
+00:34:48,170 --> 00:34:50,530
+classes. In one of my classes, this was one of the
+
+573
+00:34:50,530 --> 00:34:53,250
+best experiments I did. I was teaching a pottery
+
+574
+00:34:53,250 --> 00:34:58,150
+class. And I brought an Israeli poem by an Israeli
+
+575
+00:34:58,150 --> 00:35:03,910
+Jewish poet, Yehuda Mikhai, on Jerusalem. So I
+
+576
+00:35:03,910 --> 00:35:07,590
+had, like, 40 students, and I got them 40 copies.
+
+577
+00:35:07,810 --> 00:35:12,910
+Half of them, I told the first half that I wrote
+
+578
+00:35:12,910 --> 00:35:15,770
+down that this is by the Israeli poet, Yehuda
+
+579
+00:35:15,770 --> 00:35:17,630
+Mikhai. And it says, on our roof in Jerusalem, one
+
+580
+00:35:17,630 --> 00:35:19,410
+of the best poems you will ever read. Really
+
+581
+00:35:19,410 --> 00:35:23,190
+beautiful. And the other group, I didn't tell them
+
+582
+00:35:23,190 --> 00:35:25,330
+anything. Just, this is a poem. This is a text.
+
+583
+00:35:25,870 --> 00:35:28,710
+Read it. What do you think? So the first group,
+
+584
+00:35:28,830 --> 00:35:31,190
+because they already know this, and because Israel
+
+585
+00:35:31,190 --> 00:35:33,490
+is destroying our lives and occupying us and
+
+586
+00:35:33,490 --> 00:35:35,970
+turning our lives into hell, many people didn't
+
+587
+00:35:35,970 --> 00:35:38,530
+appreciate the text as a text, as a beautiful
+
+588
+00:35:38,530 --> 00:35:40,830
+artistic creation, artistic expression. And they
+
+589
+00:35:40,830 --> 00:35:43,390
+were like, ah, not well. He doesn't capture the
+
+590
+00:35:43,390 --> 00:35:45,670
+essence, the depth of Jerusalem. And it's not this
+
+591
+00:35:45,670 --> 00:35:49,170
+Palestinian poet because it's ours and everything.
+
+592
+00:35:50,780 --> 00:35:53,500
+Interesting stuff. Very, very interesting. But the
+
+593
+00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:56,340
+other group were more into the text itself and its
+
+594
+00:35:56,340 --> 00:36:00,140
+beauty and its artistic value as, again, a
+
+595
+00:36:00,140 --> 00:36:02,860
+literary creation, an artistic creation. And even,
+
+596
+00:36:03,360 --> 00:36:05,740
+funny, some of them thought that this is written
+
+597
+00:36:05,740 --> 00:36:08,520
+by Mahmoud Darwish, Samih Al-Qasim, or even Tamim
+
+598
+00:36:08,520 --> 00:36:11,860
+Al-Baraghouti because it's a beautiful text. It
+
+599
+00:36:11,860 --> 00:36:14,300
+describes Jerusalem in this beautiful way. So
+
+600
+00:36:14,300 --> 00:36:16,900
+sometimes we have this prejudice. So generally, I
+
+601
+00:36:16,900 --> 00:36:19,120
+don't like... It's good to know the author, who
+
+602
+00:36:19,120 --> 00:36:22,860
+the author is, of course, but if you only want to
+
+603
+00:36:22,860 --> 00:36:25,620
+understand the text by understanding the life of
+
+604
+00:36:25,620 --> 00:36:30,280
+the author, not good. I'll post this on the
+
+605
+00:36:30,280 --> 00:36:32,720
+Facebook group tonight. There was one author, I
+
+606
+00:36:32,720 --> 00:36:36,300
+can't remember who he is, who said that I read the
+
+607
+00:36:36,300 --> 00:36:38,660
+first paragraph, only the first paragraph of the
+
+608
+00:36:38,660 --> 00:36:41,540
+first of the novel, and then I can't tell whether
+
+609
+00:36:41,540 --> 00:36:42,880
+this is written by a man or a woman.
+
+610
+00:36:46,540 --> 00:36:50,300
+in a condescending way, saying that, implying that
+
+611
+00:36:50,300 --> 00:36:54,280
+it's very easy to tell the style of women. They
+
+612
+00:36:54,280 --> 00:36:55,940
+have a particular way. Yeah, there are
+
+613
+00:36:55,940 --> 00:36:57,800
+differences. Of course, there are differences. For
+
+614
+00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:02,040
+example, I know only four colors. I don't know
+
+615
+00:37:02,040 --> 00:37:05,280
+many colors. But women know more. They know fushi,
+
+616
+00:37:05,480 --> 00:37:07,900
+and mushi, and nili, and batikhi, and jamali, and
+
+617
+00:37:07,900 --> 00:37:12,220
+shammami, and fagusi. So many crazy colors. Okay?
+
+618
+00:37:13,140 --> 00:37:15,500
+And about many other things. It's not about
+
+619
+00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:18,640
+colors. Like, we're different. There's, you know,
+
+620
+00:37:18,720 --> 00:37:20,600
+there are differences, but not in a bad way. Not
+
+621
+00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:24,620
+that man is better or women are. Everyone is good
+
+622
+00:37:24,620 --> 00:37:29,500
+in his or her own way. I think The Guardian posted
+
+623
+00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:34,180
+tin openings from 10 random novels that I haven't
+
+624
+00:37:34,180 --> 00:37:37,160
+read before. And there was a quiz, can you tell if
+
+625
+00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:39,020
+this is a man or a woman? I did the quiz and I got
+
+626
+00:37:39,020 --> 00:37:42,360
+seven out of 10. So I'll post the quiz and you try
+
+627
+00:37:42,360 --> 00:37:45,800
+to see if you can tell whether the author is a man
+
+628
+00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:48,580
+and a woman. And I want you to just don't do it
+
+629
+00:37:48,580 --> 00:37:51,840
+hit or miss. Try to really read the extracts, the
+
+630
+00:37:51,840 --> 00:37:54,620
+first just very short paragraphs and see if you
+
+631
+00:37:54,620 --> 00:37:58,070
+can tell if the author is a man or a woman. There
+
+632
+00:37:58,070 --> 00:38:00,490
+are differences, but the differences are not in
+
+633
+00:38:00,490 --> 00:38:02,410
+the sense that this is better. Yeah, there are
+
+634
+00:38:02,410 --> 00:38:05,210
+writers who are better than others, but it doesn't
+
+635
+00:38:05,210 --> 00:38:08,690
+mean basically all men writers are better than all
+
+636
+00:38:08,690 --> 00:38:11,710
+women writers. Thank you very much. We stop here.
+
+637
+00:38:11,810 --> 00:38:15,030
+Next class we're going to do to finish the
+
+638
+00:38:15,030 --> 00:38:18,470
+Victorian Age with Victorian poetry. Thank you
+
+639
+00:38:18,470 --> 00:38:18,830
+very much.
+

SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_MZcRIdX5JA_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2220 @@
+1
+00:00:20,870 --> 00:00:22,430
+Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuh.
+
+2
+00:00:23,850 --> 00:00:27,710
+Welcome everyone and good day. This is our last
+
+3
+00:00:27,710 --> 00:00:31,030
+class in our introduction to English literature
+
+4
+00:00:31,030 --> 00:00:35,870
+course at the Islamic University of Gaza. Life in
+
+5
+00:00:35,870 --> 00:00:39,540
+Gaza has been tough, generally, you know. with the
+
+6
+00:00:39,540 --> 00:00:42,300
+siege, with the Israeli occupation. But we tried
+
+7
+00:00:42,300 --> 00:00:46,640
+to do something with literature so we can probably
+
+8
+00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:50,360
+make sense out of life, try to empower ourselves,
+
+9
+00:00:50,620 --> 00:00:54,160
+to raise our voices, to learn skills how to defend
+
+10
+00:00:54,160 --> 00:00:57,500
+ourselves using nonviolent creative means,
+
+11
+00:00:57,620 --> 00:01:03,490
+hopefully. like the women writers, like the
+
+12
+00:01:03,490 --> 00:01:07,530
+outsiders of the likes of Joan Dunn, Tristram
+
+13
+00:01:07,530 --> 00:01:10,910
+Shandy, and Swift, and those people who resisted
+
+14
+00:01:10,910 --> 00:01:13,390
+oppression, all sorts of oppression in their
+
+15
+00:01:13,390 --> 00:01:16,370
+society. Hopefully, you will be like them. You
+
+16
+00:01:16,370 --> 00:01:19,410
+will learn from their techniques because, as I
+
+17
+00:01:19,410 --> 00:01:23,410
+usually say, keep saying to you that literature is
+
+18
+00:01:23,410 --> 00:01:27,920
+a means of a tool of empowerment, a tool of... of
+
+19
+00:01:27,920 --> 00:01:32,580
+criticism. As Palestinians, as young people,
+
+20
+00:01:33,220 --> 00:01:36,900
+English is not only our major, but it's our
+
+21
+00:01:36,900 --> 00:01:42,120
+career, and it can change our lives as probably
+
+22
+00:01:42,120 --> 00:01:45,560
+young people struggling in this difficult
+
+23
+00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:50,540
+situation, and also as Palestinians having to
+
+24
+00:01:50,540 --> 00:01:53,300
+resist the oppression and injustices of the
+
+25
+00:01:53,300 --> 00:01:56,470
+Israeli occupation. Literature, yeah, this is
+
+26
+00:01:56,470 --> 00:01:58,310
+English literature. But remember, always
+
+27
+00:01:58,310 --> 00:02:01,050
+literature breaks all these barriers of time and
+
+28
+00:02:01,050 --> 00:02:05,230
+place and ideology and geography.
+
+29
+00:02:05,770 --> 00:02:09,270
+So whether you're reading a Japanese story,
+
+30
+00:02:09,750 --> 00:02:14,070
+Mexican novel, Malaysian short story, a Russian
+
+31
+00:02:14,070 --> 00:02:18,290
+play, whatever, you will learn, you will benefit.
+
+32
+00:02:18,390 --> 00:02:21,250
+It will empower you in a way. It will reach, touch
+
+33
+00:02:21,250 --> 00:02:25,010
+your heart and mind in a way. or another. So
+
+34
+00:02:25,010 --> 00:02:30,010
+hopefully, you will be able to adopt some of these
+
+35
+00:02:30,010 --> 00:02:32,970
+techniques, some of these, learn some of the
+
+36
+00:02:32,970 --> 00:02:36,290
+skills to enable you to write. And that is one
+
+37
+00:02:36,290 --> 00:02:40,570
+reason why I suggested some Palestinian readings,
+
+38
+00:02:40,950 --> 00:02:44,610
+like Ghassan Kanafan is Men in the Sun and Gaza
+
+39
+00:02:44,610 --> 00:02:47,010
+Writes Back, which is a collection of short
+
+40
+00:02:47,010 --> 00:02:49,920
+stories by our students here at the English
+
+41
+00:02:49,920 --> 00:02:53,080
+department. So students like you who attended
+
+42
+00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:55,840
+these courses, who took these courses, who
+
+43
+00:02:55,840 --> 00:03:00,000
+probably were sitting somewhere here. So probably
+
+44
+00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:05,390
+their ghosts are with us now. This course is not
+
+45
+00:03:05,390 --> 00:03:07,670
+only about studying and memorizing and getting
+
+46
+00:03:07,670 --> 00:03:11,290
+marks, although this is okay, good, but it's about
+
+47
+00:03:11,290 --> 00:03:14,590
+changing our lives to the better. Today I will do
+
+48
+00:03:14,590 --> 00:03:19,330
+some review to help you wrap up certain things and
+
+49
+00:03:19,330 --> 00:03:23,450
+at the same time get you ready for the final exam.
+
+50
+00:03:23,550 --> 00:03:25,490
+The final exam will contain three questions.
+
+51
+00:03:26,310 --> 00:03:28,650
+Number one, there will be a choose the right
+
+52
+00:03:28,650 --> 00:03:32,570
+answer question. And when you choose the right
+
+53
+00:03:32,570 --> 00:03:37,880
+answer, please, You follow a strategy of your own,
+
+54
+00:03:37,980 --> 00:03:41,600
+whatever strategy you like. But my advice is try
+
+55
+00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:44,640
+to cover the answers, the choices given to you. So
+
+56
+00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:54,390
+the question that says this blank sonnet has a
+
+57
+00:03:54,390 --> 00:03:58,390
+fixed rhyme scheme, A, B, B, A, A, B, B, A, C, D,
+
+58
+00:03:58,510 --> 00:04:02,490
+C, D, C, D. So is it Italian? Is it Shakespearean?
+
+59
+00:04:02,850 --> 00:04:08,710
+Is it Dunyan? Is it romantic? So before looking at
+
+60
+00:04:08,710 --> 00:04:12,110
+the choices, try to say, OK, how many sonnets did
+
+61
+00:04:12,110 --> 00:04:14,770
+I study? Like, two major sonnets, but then we
+
+62
+00:04:14,770 --> 00:04:19,810
+discussed probably John Donne. So three. Now, both
+
+63
+00:04:19,810 --> 00:04:23,250
+Shakespeare and Dunne have couplets. You know what
+
+64
+00:04:23,250 --> 00:04:27,110
+is the Kabbalet? It doesn't have to be GG, but
+
+65
+00:04:27,110 --> 00:04:34,250
+it's two rhyming lines of verse. Rhyming, same
+
+66
+00:04:34,250 --> 00:04:37,570
+rhyme scheme. Look at the ending here. It says C
+
+67
+00:04:37,570 --> 00:04:42,250
+-D, C-D, C-D. So it doesn't say C-C or D-D or E-E.
+
+68
+00:04:42,670 --> 00:04:44,450
+So this is definitely not Shakespeare and
+
+69
+00:04:44,450 --> 00:04:51,410
+definitely not John Donne. So if you don't know,
+
+70
+00:04:51,510 --> 00:04:54,350
+you just look at the choices given to you. If you
+
+71
+00:04:54,350 --> 00:04:56,970
+still don't know, you need to minimize, like to
+
+72
+00:04:56,970 --> 00:04:59,110
+eliminate one or two of them. I'll give you
+
+73
+00:04:59,110 --> 00:05:02,910
+examples. in a bit. Now the second question will
+
+74
+00:05:02,910 --> 00:05:05,650
+ask you to complete. And these questions are
+
+75
+00:05:05,650 --> 00:05:08,550
+objective questions. You have to write just
+
+76
+00:05:08,550 --> 00:05:11,610
+specific pieces of information or to take specific
+
+77
+00:05:11,610 --> 00:05:16,010
+pieces of information. Now the fact that this is
+
+78
+00:05:16,010 --> 00:05:19,790
+objective doesn't mean it's all dependent on how
+
+79
+00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:24,010
+much you memorize. You need to use this answering
+
+80
+00:05:24,010 --> 00:05:28,700
+the questions. For example, Yeah, there will be.
+
+81
+00:05:28,960 --> 00:05:32,360
+We will check your memorization of certain
+
+82
+00:05:32,360 --> 00:05:35,140
+information. It's important, right? Who wrote
+
+83
+00:05:35,140 --> 00:05:40,100
+what? The theme of a particular literary work? The
+
+84
+00:05:40,100 --> 00:05:44,880
+major literary work for a particular author? A
+
+85
+00:05:44,880 --> 00:05:48,880
+major feature of a particular movement or school?
+
+86
+00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:52,640
+But you need to depend on your understanding. And
+
+87
+00:05:52,640 --> 00:05:54,580
+that means, for example, you go for the Romantic
+
+88
+00:05:54,580 --> 00:05:54,900
+Age.
+
+89
+00:05:57,860 --> 00:06:01,920
+Write down the major features of the age, what it
+
+90
+00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:03,760
+means to be romantic poetry. Remember
+
+91
+00:06:03,760 --> 00:06:09,100
+individualism, nature, simplicity, imagination,
+
+92
+00:06:10,100 --> 00:06:14,120
+sometimes memory, and then start to outline the
+
+93
+00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:17,140
+major writers, like Blake and Wordsworth and
+
+94
+00:06:17,140 --> 00:06:20,000
+Coleridge and Keats and Byron and Shelley, and try
+
+95
+00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:23,980
+to, again, highlight the major features of every
+
+96
+00:06:23,980 --> 00:06:26,500
+one of them and see where they agree and where
+
+97
+00:06:26,500 --> 00:06:29,040
+they disagree. Okay? So, for example, we spoke
+
+98
+00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:31,740
+about Coleridge and Wordsworth. We said Coleridge
+
+99
+00:06:31,740 --> 00:06:35,660
+is more into nature, the natural element of life.
+
+100
+00:06:35,960 --> 00:06:38,980
+He's, you know... And even if you don't know, like
+
+101
+00:06:38,980 --> 00:06:42,080
+you don't memorize these tiny little things, it's
+
+102
+00:06:42,080 --> 00:06:45,480
+always... Good to think. I know some students who
+
+103
+00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:47,820
+just a question they're not familiar with, they
+
+104
+00:06:47,820 --> 00:06:50,440
+don't know, they just give up. Never leave a
+
+105
+00:06:50,440 --> 00:06:56,440
+question unanswered. Please don't do that. So try
+
+106
+00:06:56,440 --> 00:07:00,800
+to think to narrow down your answers. So if I tell
+
+107
+00:07:00,800 --> 00:07:08,940
+you this is a romantic poet who was mainly
+
+108
+00:07:08,940 --> 00:07:15,880
+focusing on the mythical, irrational, supernatural
+
+109
+00:07:15,880 --> 00:07:20,860
+element. OK? So there's irrational. Maybe I don't
+
+110
+00:07:20,860 --> 00:07:22,920
+know this word. Or mythical. Maybe I don't know
+
+111
+00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:26,980
+this word. Supernatural. We know the nature. And
+
+112
+00:07:26,980 --> 00:07:31,840
+then supernatural. OK? So what do you want to do
+
+113
+00:07:31,840 --> 00:07:36,980
+here? Just go back in time. Try to revise in your
+
+114
+00:07:36,980 --> 00:07:43,020
+mind. OK. When we discussed Blake, Blake was What
+
+115
+00:07:43,020 --> 00:07:49,080
+else? London, maybe. What else? Tiger, tiger, the
+
+116
+00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:51,640
+land. So this is nature in a way. William
+
+117
+00:07:51,640 --> 00:07:57,180
+Wordsworth, The Daffodils, Lucy Gray, Coleridge,
+
+118
+00:07:58,300 --> 00:08:00,860
+The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and the
+
+119
+00:08:00,860 --> 00:08:04,800
+Albatross, and how the Albatross was killed. And
+
+120
+00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:08,000
+then because the Albatross was killed, The sea
+
+121
+00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:11,880
+stops, the waves stop, the wind stops. Does this
+
+122
+00:08:11,880 --> 00:08:14,220
+happen in real life? Is this natural? Is this
+
+123
+00:08:14,220 --> 00:08:20,020
+normal? Or is this supernatural? So you can always
+
+124
+00:08:20,020 --> 00:08:22,800
+guess. Yeah, there are natural elements, but this
+
+125
+00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:26,000
+is mainly about the supernatural aspect. It's
+
+126
+00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:30,520
+about the power of imagination. The questions are
+
+127
+00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:34,940
+going to be direct. If there are questions like
+
+128
+00:08:34,940 --> 00:08:37,420
+maybe there would be one maximum two questions
+
+129
+00:08:37,420 --> 00:08:39,400
+where you need to really think hard, but generally
+
+130
+00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,400
+more than 95 percent of the questions are
+
+131
+00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:46,600
+straightforward. Finally, the contextualization
+
+132
+00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:49,280
+questions where you need to comment critically on
+
+133
+00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:52,320
+a given extract. I'll show you examples and then
+
+134
+00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:56,240
+give you the chance to ask questions. So remember
+
+135
+00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:57,720
+this extract?
+
+136
+00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:03,420
+I can't remember where the caesura is. Can you
+
+137
+00:09:03,420 --> 00:09:08,380
+check the book and tell me? The caesura, was it
+
+138
+00:09:08,380 --> 00:09:09,660
+after off and power?
+
+139
+00:09:13,100 --> 00:09:15,820
+After praise. Okay.
+
+140
+00:09:18,780 --> 00:09:25,930
+Control Z. What else? After power, okay. So in the
+
+141
+00:09:25,930 --> 00:09:29,490
+midterm exam, you have to comment critically or to
+
+142
+00:09:29,490 --> 00:09:33,070
+contextualize some given extract. In the final
+
+143
+00:09:33,070 --> 00:09:38,190
+exam, you will have four extracts, four extracts,
+
+144
+00:09:38,190 --> 00:09:40,750
+and you need to do three of them.
+
+145
+00:09:43,990 --> 00:09:47,270
+Three of them, okay? And I'll tell you three
+
+146
+00:09:47,270 --> 00:09:50,710
+contextualized, three of the following. If you do
+
+147
+00:09:50,710 --> 00:09:54,530
+four, I'll only grade the first three. Because I
+
+148
+00:09:54,530 --> 00:09:57,010
+have like 250 students, we don't have much time
+
+149
+00:09:57,010 --> 00:10:00,650
+to... So, what do you do with a text like this?
+
+150
+00:10:00,670 --> 00:10:07,010
+Look at this. Number one. It's poetry. How can you
+
+151
+00:10:07,010 --> 00:10:10,510
+tell? Generally, not always, poetry begins with a
+
+152
+00:10:10,510 --> 00:10:13,410
+capital letter. If we have a hundred lines, even
+
+153
+00:10:13,410 --> 00:10:15,750
+if it's not the beginning of a sentence, it begins
+
+154
+00:10:15,750 --> 00:10:19,150
+with a capital letter. That's the first thing I
+
+155
+00:10:19,150 --> 00:10:22,910
+can see. And then the second thing, There is space
+
+156
+00:10:22,910 --> 00:10:25,690
+in the middle. We see this all the time with
+
+157
+00:10:25,690 --> 00:10:29,050
+Arabic poetry, but not English. We've seen
+
+158
+00:10:29,050 --> 00:10:31,090
+Shakespeare. We've seen John Donne. We've seen all
+
+159
+00:10:31,090 --> 00:10:35,090
+those. We don't have this physical gap in the
+
+160
+00:10:35,090 --> 00:10:39,310
+middle of the lines of poetry. So when did this
+
+161
+00:10:39,310 --> 00:10:41,630
+happen? OK, you trigger your memory, like, oh,
+
+162
+00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:45,850
+that's old English. It happened in the past. Why
+
+163
+00:10:45,850 --> 00:10:49,750
+did it happen? OK. Now, a student should always
+
+164
+00:10:49,750 --> 00:10:53,980
+have these, mental maps where you map all the
+
+165
+00:10:53,980 --> 00:10:58,040
+course. If you do them physically at home studying
+
+166
+00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:00,640
+for this course, that would be great. But do it
+
+167
+00:11:00,640 --> 00:11:03,820
+also in your mind. Like, OK, Old English, you
+
+168
+00:11:03,820 --> 00:11:06,860
+create a circle, a spidergram, and then you start
+
+169
+00:11:06,860 --> 00:11:10,480
+taking out things and branching out of this
+
+170
+00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:13,420
+spidergram. So we spoke about the features of Old
+
+171
+00:11:13,420 --> 00:11:16,320
+English. We said it wasn't written. It was oral.
+
+172
+00:11:16,700 --> 00:11:20,740
+And because it was oral, there were several things
+
+173
+00:11:20,740 --> 00:11:26,060
+to make it Easy to remember. To make it musical.
+
+174
+00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:29,760
+Narrative. We spoke about the narrative aspect. We
+
+175
+00:11:29,760 --> 00:11:33,280
+spoke of the musical aspect. So to make it easy
+
+176
+00:11:33,280 --> 00:11:36,220
+because people couldn't read and write. And you
+
+177
+00:11:36,220 --> 00:11:39,600
+want it to be easy to remember. Like all Arabic
+
+178
+00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:43,490
+poetry in the past was almost the same. It
+
+179
+00:11:43,490 --> 00:11:47,730
+depended heavily on music, on certain themes, so
+
+180
+00:11:47,730 --> 00:11:49,950
+that people could memorize. There were people who
+
+181
+00:11:49,950 --> 00:11:54,190
+would memorize like 10,000 poems.
+
+182
+00:11:56,310 --> 00:12:00,650
+OK? So okay, that's the first thing I also, the
+
+183
+00:12:00,650 --> 00:12:04,290
+second thing I noticed. This is by only looking.
+
+184
+00:12:05,070 --> 00:12:08,530
+This gap is called a caesura. It's, it comes from
+
+185
+00:12:08,530 --> 00:12:12,030
+Caesar and Caesarian section. You know, when
+
+186
+00:12:12,030 --> 00:12:16,150
+someone has a birth, you know, gives birth to a
+
+187
+00:12:16,150 --> 00:12:18,790
+baby by a Caesarian going on undergoing a
+
+188
+00:12:18,790 --> 00:12:22,670
+Caesarian section, that's because they cut on the
+
+189
+00:12:22,670 --> 00:12:30,670
+belly. So a caesura is the gap in the middle of...
+
+190
+00:12:30,670 --> 00:12:33,390
+By the way, in Old English, we have a physical
+
+191
+00:12:33,390 --> 00:12:36,350
+gap. The caesura is still there. Sometimes we
+
+192
+00:12:36,350 --> 00:12:38,650
+don't see it because they depend on the
+
+193
+00:12:38,650 --> 00:12:46,290
+punctuation marks. Okay. What does it do here?
+
+194
+00:12:47,470 --> 00:12:51,330
+Next, what does the cesura do? Makes it musical.
+
+195
+00:12:51,850 --> 00:12:55,610
+Now we must praise. This is not the old English.
+
+196
+00:12:55,910 --> 00:12:59,250
+This is a modernized text. It makes it musical.
+
+197
+00:12:59,710 --> 00:13:03,990
+It's musical, so it's easy to memorize and
+
+198
+00:13:03,990 --> 00:13:08,610
+remember. Now read the line and see what happens
+
+199
+00:13:08,610 --> 00:13:14,470
+here. Now, not tomorrow, every word counts. We,
+
+200
+00:13:14,730 --> 00:13:18,710
+everyone, not me, not you, must, not should, not
+
+201
+00:13:18,710 --> 00:13:25,450
+may, praise of heaven's kingdom. Heaven. Heaven's
+
+202
+00:13:25,450 --> 00:13:30,150
+kingdom. The keeper. Ah, it's about God. And there
+
+203
+00:13:30,150 --> 00:13:34,750
+is heaven's kingdom, the keeper of the Lord, the
+
+204
+00:13:34,750 --> 00:13:40,160
+power and his wisdom. totally, purely religious
+
+205
+00:13:40,160 --> 00:13:44,020
+poem, a religious text. Now, the rhyme scheme,
+
+206
+00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:46,340
+look at this. The rhyme scheme, some of you in the
+
+207
+00:13:46,340 --> 00:13:53,880
+midterm went for A, B, C, D. No, no, no, no,
+
+208
+00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:55,700
+that's not the rhyme scheme. That's not how you do
+
+209
+00:13:55,700 --> 00:13:58,300
+the rhyme scheme. What is the rhyme scheme? How do
+
+210
+00:13:58,300 --> 00:14:02,300
+you define the rhyme scheme? It's the last sound.
+
+211
+00:14:04,090 --> 00:14:07,650
+The ending sound or sounds of a line of verse. The
+
+212
+00:14:07,650 --> 00:14:11,630
+last sound or sounds at the end of a line of
+
+213
+00:14:11,630 --> 00:14:14,990
+verse. Where's the end? Here. So keeper and
+
+214
+00:14:14,990 --> 00:14:19,050
+wisdom. Just tell me A, B. Now, can I judge that
+
+215
+00:14:19,050 --> 00:14:24,170
+this is regular or irregular? I can't. Why? We
+
+216
+00:14:24,170 --> 00:14:27,130
+don't have the whole poem. Like with Shakespeare,
+
+217
+00:14:27,290 --> 00:14:30,190
+shall I compare thee to a summer's day, A. Thou
+
+218
+00:14:30,190 --> 00:14:33,010
+art more lovely and more temperate, B. Can I say
+
+219
+00:14:33,010 --> 00:14:37,240
+it's irregular? It can't, unless you know the
+
+220
+00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:40,280
+whole poem and see. So if it says A, B, A, B,
+
+221
+00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:46,400
+regular. A, B, it could be A, B, C, C. Regular if
+
+222
+00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:52,040
+we have regular stanzas later on. So the other
+
+223
+00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:54,600
+thing we notice is the religious language of this
+
+224
+00:14:54,600 --> 00:15:00,240
+extract. The language is religious. It means it's
+
+225
+00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:03,790
+about God. It's about praising God. And we notice
+
+226
+00:15:03,790 --> 00:15:05,610
+something else in the original text, there is an
+
+227
+00:15:05,610 --> 00:15:07,750
+alliteration. The alliteration is the repetition
+
+228
+00:15:07,750 --> 00:15:12,930
+of a particular sound or the beginning of some
+
+229
+00:15:12,930 --> 00:15:15,190
+words in a line of verse. Could be in poetry and
+
+230
+00:15:15,190 --> 00:15:17,950
+could be in praise. Like here, for example,
+
+231
+00:15:18,150 --> 00:15:24,040
+kingdom and Kiba. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Could be a
+
+232
+00:15:24,040 --> 00:15:27,360
+keeper, power. Praise, keeper, power. Could be
+
+233
+00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:30,520
+something like this. Pah, pah, sound. So who's the
+
+234
+00:15:30,520 --> 00:15:36,000
+author here? Remember we said all English texts
+
+235
+00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:38,700
+were anonymous except one. So you have to have
+
+236
+00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:40,820
+these plans yourself. Many of you said this is
+
+237
+00:15:40,820 --> 00:15:46,580
+anonymous. It's not. It's Kedman's hymn. The
+
+238
+00:15:46,580 --> 00:15:50,750
+author is not Kedman's hymn. This is a hymn. You
+
+239
+00:15:50,750 --> 00:15:53,250
+know, a hymn is a religious song. The author is
+
+240
+00:15:53,250 --> 00:15:55,930
+Kaedeman. Who's Kaedeman? It is said that he was a
+
+241
+00:15:55,930 --> 00:16:00,410
+shepherd who claimed to have heard the voice of
+
+242
+00:16:00,410 --> 00:16:04,530
+God. And the church people, the monks, knew his
+
+243
+00:16:04,530 --> 00:16:07,790
+story, heard about him, and said, hey, come join
+
+244
+00:16:07,790 --> 00:16:11,870
+us. We can write the stories. Your poetry can be
+
+245
+00:16:11,870 --> 00:16:16,460
+written down. Now, when you contextualize, it
+
+246
+00:16:16,460 --> 00:16:19,900
+means you identify the author, the text, the
+
+247
+00:16:19,900 --> 00:16:22,940
+context, and you comment on the features. You
+
+248
+00:16:22,940 --> 00:16:25,160
+don't have to speak about things not in the text.
+
+249
+00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:28,160
+One student was writing with all due respect, of
+
+250
+00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:32,540
+course. He almost wrote everything in the all
+
+251
+00:16:32,540 --> 00:16:38,480
+features in Old English. Like heroism, mythology,
+
+252
+00:16:38,980 --> 00:16:44,070
+battles, narrative. Good, but not here. When I
+
+253
+00:16:44,070 --> 00:16:46,690
+bring you another text where you comment
+
+254
+00:16:46,690 --> 00:16:49,550
+critically on a particular thing, a particular
+
+255
+00:16:49,550 --> 00:16:51,950
+thing with narrative features or heroism, it's
+
+256
+00:16:51,950 --> 00:16:55,590
+okay. It's up to you. We see that in... What's his
+
+257
+00:16:55,590 --> 00:17:02,450
+name? Beowulf. So, in brief, this extract, stanza,
+
+258
+00:17:02,670 --> 00:17:06,710
+couplet, whatever you like, these lines are taken
+
+259
+00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:12,150
+from Cadiman's Hymn by Cadiman. This is an old
+
+260
+00:17:12,150 --> 00:17:17,520
+English text. It's about praising God. The theme
+
+261
+00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:20,300
+is religion. It's a religious text. The language
+
+262
+00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:24,140
+was always take something from the text and show
+
+263
+00:17:24,140 --> 00:17:27,600
+me that you understand, you analyze the text. The
+
+264
+00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:31,770
+repetition of several religious words like heaven,
+
+265
+00:17:31,930 --> 00:17:35,570
+kingdom keeper shows. And the fact that it says we
+
+266
+00:17:35,570 --> 00:17:41,310
+must now, we must also, now urgent, we collective
+
+267
+00:17:41,310 --> 00:17:43,630
+everyone, you don't have a choice, must, you have
+
+268
+00:17:43,630 --> 00:17:46,930
+no choice shows how religion was powerful and
+
+269
+00:17:46,930 --> 00:17:51,090
+strong at that time. The two main features we
+
+270
+00:17:51,090 --> 00:17:54,310
+have, caesura. When you say the caesura is the
+
+271
+00:17:54,310 --> 00:17:58,550
+gap, the physical gap between in the middle of the
+
+272
+00:17:58,550 --> 00:18:02,270
+line of verse to create music, to make it easy to
+
+273
+00:18:02,270 --> 00:18:04,610
+remember because people at that time could not
+
+274
+00:18:04,610 --> 00:18:07,810
+read or write. Same thing with the alliteration.
+
+275
+00:18:09,530 --> 00:18:13,810
+So this is another extract. By the look here, just
+
+276
+00:18:13,810 --> 00:18:19,430
+look at it. I want to take off this thing. Oh
+
+277
+00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:24,150
+yeah, it's not poetry. Look at it. Listen, now
+
+278
+00:18:24,150 --> 00:18:28,830
+modern poetry, free verse could have this. But in
+
+279
+00:18:28,830 --> 00:18:32,170
+the past, everything, I think everything we
+
+280
+00:18:32,170 --> 00:18:37,050
+studied in our course is either poetry or prose.
+
+281
+00:18:37,830 --> 00:18:40,290
+Okay, you can tell by looking at the page. So is
+
+282
+00:18:40,290 --> 00:18:43,410
+this poetry? Look at it. I don't want you to do
+
+283
+00:18:43,410 --> 00:18:48,810
+rhyme scheme organs A same B same B by D. No, this
+
+284
+00:18:48,810 --> 00:18:52,170
+is this is a paragraph. It doesn't begin with a
+
+285
+00:18:52,170 --> 00:18:58,170
+capital letter. Okay. I am a Jew. So I'm not
+
+286
+00:18:58,170 --> 00:19:00,930
+familiar with this. You don't have to memorize the
+
+287
+00:19:00,930 --> 00:19:03,710
+extracts I told you. But you should be able to
+
+288
+00:19:03,710 --> 00:19:08,490
+recognize one when you see it. I am a Jew. Has not
+
+289
+00:19:08,490 --> 00:19:13,550
+a Jew eyes. Aha, OK. We have had three texts with
+
+290
+00:19:13,550 --> 00:19:18,230
+Jewish characters in the whole course. Fagin in
+
+291
+00:19:18,230 --> 00:19:22,730
+Oliver Twist by Dickens. Barabas in The Jew of
+
+292
+00:19:22,730 --> 00:19:29,240
+Malta by Marlow and Shylock. in the mansion of
+
+293
+00:19:29,240 --> 00:19:35,490
+Venice. Shakespeare and Marlowe are dramatists,
+
+294
+00:19:35,970 --> 00:19:39,950
+plays, but remember plays were basically written
+
+295
+00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:43,930
+in poetry, in verse. But not all roles, not
+
+296
+00:19:43,930 --> 00:19:46,810
+everybody spoke poetry. Sometimes lowly
+
+297
+00:19:46,810 --> 00:19:49,710
+characters, messengers, unimportant people,
+
+298
+00:19:49,870 --> 00:19:52,810
+ignorant people, gravediggers, they would speak
+
+299
+00:19:52,810 --> 00:19:56,750
+prose. People who sometimes Shakespeare doesn't
+
+300
+00:19:56,750 --> 00:19:59,810
+want to like. So there's something. Some people
+
+301
+00:19:59,810 --> 00:20:02,570
+say Shakespeare is antisemitic. One reason they
+
+302
+00:20:02,570 --> 00:20:06,330
+would be giving, say, he gave Shylock a prose
+
+303
+00:20:06,330 --> 00:20:09,830
+role. Some people say, but listen, he was not a
+
+304
+00:20:09,830 --> 00:20:12,790
+native European. This is not his first language.
+
+305
+00:20:12,890 --> 00:20:16,590
+So Shakespeare was being realistic. Shakespeare is
+
+306
+00:20:16,590 --> 00:20:18,550
+interesting because he always gives you several
+
+307
+00:20:18,550 --> 00:20:21,270
+opinions. And that's the beauty of Shakespeare.
+
+308
+00:20:21,850 --> 00:20:25,430
+Unlike Marlow. Sometimes Marlow is very extreme in
+
+309
+00:20:25,430 --> 00:20:32,460
+The Barabas. So this is? This is Shylock from The
+
+310
+00:20:32,460 --> 00:20:35,740
+Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare. This is a
+
+311
+00:20:35,740 --> 00:20:40,520
+comedy or a tragedy or a tragic comedy or problem
+
+312
+00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,520
+play. I said in the book, it says this is
+
+313
+00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:46,400
+basically a comedy. But that was in the past. When
+
+314
+00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:48,440
+people started rereading the canon, they said,
+
+315
+00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:53,680
+wait a minute. It's true that nobody dies. But
+
+316
+00:20:53,680 --> 00:20:56,580
+look at Shylock, poor Shylock. He loses his money.
+
+317
+00:20:56,700 --> 00:21:00,700
+He loses his daughter. He loses his dignity, his
+
+318
+00:21:00,700 --> 00:21:05,020
+religion. He loses his chance to revenge, to prove
+
+319
+00:21:05,020 --> 00:21:07,260
+that he's a human being. He deserves to be heard,
+
+320
+00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:12,020
+to speak up, to resist. Poor Shylock. This is
+
+321
+00:21:12,020 --> 00:21:17,220
+tragic for him. So tragic comedy, serious comedy,
+
+322
+00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:21,100
+problem comedy, whatever you call it, for a
+
+323
+00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:24,180
+reason. So here you want the theme here for
+
+324
+00:21:24,180 --> 00:21:27,920
+Shakespeare is what? Shared humanity. He's saying,
+
+325
+00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:31,000
+basically, I am like you, as he says, as a
+
+326
+00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:35,830
+Christian is. I bleed like you. If you break us,
+
+327
+00:21:36,270 --> 00:21:38,730
+do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not
+
+328
+00:21:38,730 --> 00:21:42,950
+laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you
+
+329
+00:21:42,950 --> 00:21:46,450
+wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you
+
+330
+00:21:46,450 --> 00:21:51,190
+in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a
+
+331
+00:21:51,190 --> 00:21:53,930
+Jew wronged a Christian, it should be wrongs,
+
+332
+00:21:53,950 --> 00:21:58,110
+right? But he doesn't speak perfect English. What
+
+333
+00:21:58,110 --> 00:22:01,250
+is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wronged a
+
+334
+00:22:01,250 --> 00:22:04,090
+Jew, what should his sufferance be by a Christian
+
+335
+00:22:04,090 --> 00:22:09,110
+example? Why? Revenge. The villainy you teach me,
+
+336
+00:22:09,610 --> 00:22:13,670
+I will execute and it shall go hard, but I will
+
+337
+00:22:13,670 --> 00:22:18,370
+beta the instruction. Powerful, powerful message
+
+338
+00:22:18,370 --> 00:22:24,090
+here. So unlike you, I have the right to resist,
+
+339
+00:22:24,250 --> 00:22:27,710
+to fight back. That's why some of you agreed that
+
+340
+00:22:27,710 --> 00:22:33,250
+nowadays Shiloh is closer to the Palestinians than
+
+341
+00:22:33,250 --> 00:22:35,450
+to the Israelis because Shiloh is a victim.
+
+342
+00:22:36,310 --> 00:22:39,810
+Palestinians are being victimized by Israel. So
+
+343
+00:22:39,810 --> 00:22:42,450
+even though Israel claims to be a Jewish state,
+
+344
+00:22:43,030 --> 00:22:45,470
+they are the victimizers, they are the oppressors,
+
+345
+00:22:45,550 --> 00:22:50,180
+they are the colonizers, okay? So you speak about
+
+346
+00:22:50,180 --> 00:22:53,160
+this shadow humanity. And you need to pay
+
+347
+00:22:53,160 --> 00:22:56,260
+attention to certain things. Like there is a clear
+
+348
+00:22:56,260 --> 00:23:00,960
+glaring irony in this. And you can't tell because
+
+349
+00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:02,800
+you have to read the whole play, but I highlighted
+
+350
+00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:07,020
+it. Earlier in the play, Anthony was like, hey,
+
+351
+00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:11,370
+Shiloh. Let's grab something. Let's grab a bite.
+
+352
+00:23:11,550 --> 00:23:14,590
+Let's go have some pizza or cheesecake here or
+
+353
+00:23:14,590 --> 00:23:17,770
+there. I know a place. And Shirey was like, no,
+
+354
+00:23:17,950 --> 00:23:21,670
+sorry. You eat pork. I'm a Jew. I don't eat your
+
+355
+00:23:21,670 --> 00:23:25,390
+food. I don't drink your drinks. I don't. I'm not
+
+356
+00:23:25,390 --> 00:23:29,690
+like you. I'm a Jew. And then later on, he's
+
+357
+00:23:29,690 --> 00:23:33,700
+saying, fed. with the same, fed with the same
+
+358
+00:23:33,700 --> 00:23:36,900
+food? Oh, wait a minute, Chinook. You just said,
+
+359
+00:23:37,140 --> 00:23:40,220
+no, I don't eat your food. So that's ironic. Could
+
+360
+00:23:40,220 --> 00:23:45,320
+be described as dramatic irony because this is
+
+361
+00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:49,340
+drama in a way where the audience knows more than
+
+362
+00:23:49,340 --> 00:23:50,440
+some other characters.
+
+363
+00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:55,640
+Okay, so this is Shylock from The Merchant of
+
+364
+00:23:55,640 --> 00:23:59,380
+Venice. This is a play by Shakespeare, generally
+
+365
+00:23:59,380 --> 00:24:02,220
+described as a comedy, but as a matter of fact,
+
+366
+00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:06,440
+it's a serious comedy because it's true the white
+
+367
+00:24:06,440 --> 00:24:09,840
+Christian people live happily ever after, but the
+
+368
+00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:14,800
+outsider, the Jewish character here, the person of
+
+369
+00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:19,340
+color, suffers, pays a heavy price for being
+
+370
+00:24:19,340 --> 00:24:21,680
+different, for racism. You need to speak about
+
+371
+00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:27,340
+anti-Semitism and racism in this regard. Now
+
+372
+00:24:27,340 --> 00:24:32,860
+another example. I need to capitalize the I. And
+
+373
+00:24:32,860 --> 00:24:35,780
+there you go. So how would you comment on this?
+
+374
+00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:38,880
+Let's say this is in your final exam.
+
+375
+00:24:43,870 --> 00:24:47,690
+Thank you very much, Hanin. That is a first-person
+
+376
+00:24:47,690 --> 00:24:55,210
+narrator. How do you know? I. What text? Who's the
+
+377
+00:24:55,210 --> 00:25:01,250
+author? Who's the speaker? I married him. So there
+
+378
+00:25:01,250 --> 00:25:07,930
+is marriage. So probably, listen, it's bad if you
+
+379
+00:25:07,930 --> 00:25:09,950
+just say, because this is marriage, the author
+
+380
+00:25:09,950 --> 00:25:14,320
+must be a woman. This is anti-feminist. Okay, but
+
+381
+00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:18,380
+again, yeah, when we studied the female novelists,
+
+382
+00:25:18,460 --> 00:25:20,520
+we focused on particular themes, women being
+
+383
+00:25:20,520 --> 00:25:22,800
+independent and strong and powerful and resisting
+
+384
+00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:25,800
+and fighting and trying to be different, trying to
+
+385
+00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:29,900
+make their dreams come true. So probably the
+
+386
+00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,060
+author is a woman. How many women authors did we
+
+387
+00:25:33,060 --> 00:25:35,240
+study? Not many. Reader.
+
+388
+00:25:42,370 --> 00:25:49,070
+For Jane Austen. Jane Austen?
+
+389
+00:25:49,650 --> 00:25:54,710
+Nope. I used to think that this is from Jane
+
+390
+00:25:54,710 --> 00:25:56,790
+Austen, Sense and Sensibility, but it's not.
+
+391
+00:26:00,430 --> 00:26:05,330
+This is? You need to revise. Mary Mallie is a
+
+392
+00:26:05,330 --> 00:26:12,970
+poet? Not a poet, yeah? But did we? Did we take
+
+393
+00:26:12,970 --> 00:26:16,790
+extracts? Mary Manley is a poet. She wrote poetry.
+
+394
+00:26:16,870 --> 00:26:20,150
+We studied poetry from Mary Manley. Or not? No,
+
+395
+00:26:20,310 --> 00:26:25,110
+Mary Manley is a novelist. Novelist? A critic. She
+
+396
+00:26:25,110 --> 00:26:27,290
+was a scholar. Was she?
+
+397
+00:26:30,590 --> 00:26:34,590
+So who said this? What is the text? What is the...
+
+398
+00:26:34,590 --> 00:26:38,750
+Okay. So you need, again, go home. When you study
+
+399
+00:26:38,750 --> 00:26:41,210
+this course, you still have plenty of time. Try to
+
+400
+00:26:41,210 --> 00:26:43,990
+do drawings and shapes and graphs and spider
+
+401
+00:26:43,990 --> 00:26:47,150
+crams. So we spoke about the Bronte sisters,
+
+402
+00:26:48,290 --> 00:26:52,210
+Charlotte, Emily, and in passing, we mentioned
+
+403
+00:26:52,210 --> 00:26:59,370
+Anne. Now, Charlotte Bronte in her novel Jane Eyre
+
+404
+00:27:01,030 --> 00:27:03,550
+She speaks about this unique relationship between
+
+405
+00:27:03,550 --> 00:27:08,870
+a poor woman, Jane, and Rochester, the rich old
+
+406
+00:27:08,870 --> 00:27:15,250
+man who was already married. So this is from Jane
+
+407
+00:27:15,250 --> 00:27:18,910
+Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. Because we have three
+
+408
+00:27:18,910 --> 00:27:22,660
+Brontes, You need to say Charlotte Bronte. If
+
+409
+00:27:22,660 --> 00:27:24,720
+you're saying Bronte alone, it's not enough. Like
+
+410
+00:27:24,720 --> 00:27:28,280
+saying Chile. We have Mary Chile. We have the
+
+411
+00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:33,240
+husband Percy Chile. So again, what would you
+
+412
+00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:35,420
+comment on? Number one, that this is a first
+
+413
+00:27:35,420 --> 00:27:40,360
+person narrator. What else? Thank you. We don't
+
+414
+00:27:40,360 --> 00:27:43,440
+have this often. But nowadays, we usually don't
+
+415
+00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:46,080
+have this. But in that time, especially women
+
+416
+00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:50,700
+wanted to create new techniques and devices to
+
+417
+00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:53,800
+reach out to engage the readers, to make the
+
+418
+00:27:53,800 --> 00:27:56,000
+reader feel that, oh my God, she's making me
+
+419
+00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:58,740
+special, she's talking to me directly. So reader,
+
+420
+00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:02,960
+I married him. This is, the tone is what?
+
+421
+00:28:03,120 --> 00:28:08,360
+Victorious, right? Hopeful, like, yeah, finally, I
+
+422
+00:28:08,360 --> 00:28:16,770
+did it. So who married whom? The speaker is the
+
+423
+00:28:16,770 --> 00:28:21,800
+girl or the boy, the man or the woman. A woman. So
+
+424
+00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:25,960
+the woman being the speaker is also a feature of
+
+425
+00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:28,500
+female writing. And here, for the first, I
+
+426
+00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:31,400
+remember what we saw in Richardson and Fielding,
+
+427
+00:28:31,460 --> 00:28:34,000
+where women always get raped, get killed, they
+
+428
+00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:38,660
+die. They just fail miserably because of male
+
+429
+00:28:38,660 --> 00:28:41,920
+violence. But for female writers, they always
+
+430
+00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:44,680
+showed the positive aspect outcome of a struggle.
+
+431
+00:28:44,780 --> 00:28:48,280
+You struggle. You fight. You resist. You will win.
+
+432
+00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:52,040
+You will end up independent, victorious. Your
+
+433
+00:28:52,040 --> 00:28:57,140
+dreams will come true. So how are you going to
+
+434
+00:28:57,140 --> 00:29:01,280
+comment on this? You're going to say that this is
+
+435
+00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:07,440
+Jane Eyre, a novel by Charlotte Bronte. The novel
+
+436
+00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:11,200
+is about a relationship between a man and a woman,
+
+437
+00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:15,840
+a poor young woman and an old rich man who is
+
+438
+00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:18,700
+originally married to another woman. You don't
+
+439
+00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:21,060
+have to tell me the story in detail. Just focus on
+
+440
+00:29:21,060 --> 00:29:22,360
+this. In this extract,
+
+441
+00:29:24,740 --> 00:29:28,960
+Jane is directly talking to us as readers,
+
+442
+00:29:29,620 --> 00:29:32,560
+declaring her victory, declaring that she achieved
+
+443
+00:29:32,560 --> 00:29:37,700
+her objective. She is no longer, the woman is
+
+444
+00:29:37,700 --> 00:29:39,900
+independent and powerful. She is no longer at all
+
+445
+00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:44,400
+an object where the man is chasing her. Another
+
+446
+00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:45,040
+example.
+
+447
+00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:53,200
+Okay, just wait a minute a little bit. Facts teach
+
+448
+00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:55,640
+these boys and girls nothing but facts.
+
+449
+00:30:02,340 --> 00:30:07,580
+Teacher. Yeah, there is a teacher here. So
+
+450
+00:30:07,580 --> 00:30:12,700
+generally, this is an extract taken from, I don't
+
+451
+00:30:12,700 --> 00:30:15,740
+know, maybe. But let's narrow it down. This is
+
+452
+00:30:15,740 --> 00:30:19,000
+about school and learning and education. So the
+
+453
+00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,740
+theme is teaching, school, education system. And
+
+454
+00:30:22,740 --> 00:30:25,920
+the speaker is saying facts. Teach these boys and
+
+455
+00:30:25,920 --> 00:30:30,120
+girls nothing but facts. So he doesn't want.
+
+456
+00:30:31,190 --> 00:30:35,310
+Imagination, fancy, creativity. He just wants
+
+457
+00:30:35,310 --> 00:30:39,330
+facts. Facts and nothing else. So yeah, you can
+
+458
+00:30:39,330 --> 00:30:42,310
+narrow it to the Victorian age where the novel
+
+459
+00:30:42,310 --> 00:30:47,430
+became a social tool of criticism. When we spoke
+
+460
+00:30:47,430 --> 00:30:51,090
+about women writers, we said that they were mainly
+
+461
+00:30:51,090 --> 00:30:54,250
+focusing on female issues and themes and female
+
+462
+00:30:54,250 --> 00:30:57,730
+struggle. But the male writers were focusing on
+
+463
+00:30:57,730 --> 00:30:59,410
+these themes. This is how you think, how you
+
+464
+00:30:59,410 --> 00:31:03,520
+narrow down. So we have studied only two figures,
+
+465
+00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:09,360
+novelists in the Victorian age. Dickens and Thomas
+
+466
+00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:14,220
+Hardy. Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy. You know
+
+467
+00:31:14,220 --> 00:31:18,840
+Hardy was bleak and dark, pessimistic, with all
+
+468
+00:31:18,840 --> 00:31:22,060
+the horrible unhappy endings with people dying
+
+469
+00:31:22,060 --> 00:31:23,460
+like Shakespeare but in prose.
+
+470
+00:31:26,540 --> 00:31:29,360
+And Dickens was more of a social critic.
+
+471
+00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:33,080
+Philosophical, social, critical, political,
+
+472
+00:31:33,220 --> 00:31:39,540
+critical also. So this is, this is Dickens novel,
+
+473
+00:31:39,960 --> 00:31:46,640
+Hard Times. A speaker is Mr. Gradgrind. Even if
+
+474
+00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:49,700
+you forget the name, it's fine as long as you get
+
+475
+00:31:49,700 --> 00:31:53,340
+the context. So if you say the speaker here is
+
+476
+00:31:53,340 --> 00:31:56,060
+talking to a teacher where he is directing him how
+
+477
+00:31:56,060 --> 00:31:58,440
+to deal with the kids, with the students in the
+
+478
+00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:01,500
+class. He wants no imagination. He wants no
+
+479
+00:32:01,500 --> 00:32:04,940
+creativity, no fancy, nothing. He wants only
+
+480
+00:32:04,940 --> 00:32:09,080
+facts. Dickens here is clearly criticizing the
+
+481
+00:32:09,080 --> 00:32:13,820
+society and its failing education system, where
+
+482
+00:32:13,820 --> 00:32:18,940
+kids are not trained to be creative, imaginative
+
+483
+00:32:18,940 --> 00:32:22,960
+and fanciful, but are just exposed to facts and
+
+484
+00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:26,160
+the ending is not going to be good for them. In
+
+485
+00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:28,560
+Hard Times, we spoke about two themes, criticizing
+
+486
+00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:33,140
+the education system and criticizing the working
+
+487
+00:32:33,140 --> 00:32:38,040
+conditions of the laborers, the industrial
+
+488
+00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:39,620
+revolution and its impact.
+
+489
+00:32:42,860 --> 00:32:45,880
+Hard Times, Charles Dickens, Mr. Grady Grind,
+
+490
+00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:49,140
+Social Criticism, Criticizing the Education
+
+491
+00:32:49,140 --> 00:32:51,680
+System. Look, for example, if you want to say
+
+492
+00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:55,120
+something about the text, how he's very assertive,
+
+493
+00:32:55,240 --> 00:32:59,240
+very emphatic by repeating the word facts. And by
+
+494
+00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:02,080
+say using this negative structure, not but,
+
+495
+00:33:02,220 --> 00:33:07,700
+nothing but. I want nothing but pizza. Like you're
+
+496
+00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:12,150
+not, you're emphatic here. Okay, I'll give you
+
+497
+00:33:12,150 --> 00:33:14,830
+something from a previous exam.
+
+498
+00:33:24,150 --> 00:33:27,310
+Very quickly, we'll go through these and then we
+
+499
+00:33:27,310 --> 00:33:27,890
+stop there.
+
+500
+00:33:35,050 --> 00:33:40,680
+So when you study for the course, try to usually
+
+501
+00:33:40,680 --> 00:33:43,500
+highlight two important things about each writer
+
+502
+00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:44,800
+and about each text.
+
+503
+00:33:49,700 --> 00:33:53,760
+Now, the first sentence, for example, let's see
+
+504
+00:33:53,760 --> 00:33:57,720
+how you narrow it down. The first question says, a
+
+505
+00:33:57,720 --> 00:33:59,860
+tragedy by Shakespeare. So it's a tragedy, not a
+
+506
+00:33:59,860 --> 00:34:03,720
+comedy. So you, comedy, excuse me, come here. It's
+
+507
+00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:06,500
+history, come here, Roman, by Shakespeare that
+
+508
+00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:10,500
+deals with the father children. Okay, father
+
+509
+00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:14,480
+children. No father children in Macbeth. No father
+
+510
+00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:16,080
+children in Othello. This is how you narrow down.
+
+511
+00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:18,840
+Relationship theme, it is considered to be the
+
+512
+00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:23,500
+most pessimistic, where there's no hope, dark. Of
+
+513
+00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:28,380
+his tragedies? Ganglia. A group of poets who lived
+
+514
+00:34:28,380 --> 00:34:33,870
+in the 17th century They were named so by Dr.
+
+515
+00:34:33,990 --> 00:34:36,950
+Johnson, and they later were admired by T.S.
+
+516
+00:34:37,090 --> 00:34:40,870
+Eliot. Metaphysical poets, 17th century, so not
+
+517
+00:34:40,870 --> 00:34:45,190
+the romantics, not the Victorian. The Battle of
+
+518
+00:34:45,190 --> 00:34:49,090
+Malden is a long medieval poem about battles and
+
+519
+00:34:49,090 --> 00:34:51,990
+heroes, but it is much more factual than the main
+
+520
+00:34:51,990 --> 00:34:56,040
+heroic text of the time, which is And that's the
+
+521
+00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:58,060
+trick here. The question is not about Beowulf.
+
+522
+00:34:58,180 --> 00:35:00,600
+It's there to compare it with the other text,
+
+523
+00:35:01,020 --> 00:35:06,160
+Beowulf. Sweet thymes run swiftly till I end my
+
+524
+00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:10,880
+song is a line from Prothalamian that is written
+
+525
+00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:15,620
+by Edmund Spencer, the prince of poets. And
+
+526
+00:35:15,620 --> 00:35:19,220
+finally, I mean, notice here sometimes you are
+
+527
+00:35:19,220 --> 00:35:22,600
+asked about the text, the theme, the topic, the
+
+528
+00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:25,840
+poet, the writer, the theme. Look at this as
+
+529
+00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:31,300
+question number five focusing on the literary
+
+530
+00:35:31,300 --> 00:35:38,780
+device used. A medieval poet whose satire in Piers
+
+531
+00:35:38,780 --> 00:35:41,120
+Plowman is considered bitter.
+
+532
+00:35:43,580 --> 00:35:47,900
+Wait a minute here. The question says, a medieval
+
+533
+00:35:47,900 --> 00:35:52,680
+poet, and gives you the blank to complete.
+
+534
+00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:57,160
+The name of the text is given to you. You should
+
+535
+00:35:57,160 --> 00:35:59,520
+be able to identify that this is medieval text.
+
+536
+00:36:00,640 --> 00:36:03,640
+And the word satire is given to you also, where he
+
+537
+00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:08,120
+uses bitter satire and irony sometimes. So all you
+
+538
+00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:12,690
+need to do here is identify. The? The author. The
+
+539
+00:36:12,690 --> 00:36:16,070
+author is William Langland. The whole question
+
+540
+00:36:16,070 --> 00:36:19,110
+could be reworded in other words where you need
+
+541
+00:36:19,110 --> 00:36:23,190
+to. A medieval poet, or for example, William
+
+542
+00:36:23,190 --> 00:36:29,790
+Langland is a medieval poet whose, or he uses as a
+
+543
+00:36:29,790 --> 00:36:33,490
+literary device to bitterly criticize his life and
+
+544
+00:36:33,490 --> 00:36:35,910
+his society. Satire.
+
+545
+00:36:39,790 --> 00:36:42,910
+Satire, as a literary device. The dream vision is
+
+546
+00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:46,150
+not a literary device, basically, more or less. So
+
+547
+00:36:46,150 --> 00:36:49,010
+these are examples. You go through the text and
+
+548
+00:36:49,010 --> 00:36:51,410
+revise again. This is from the first half of the
+
+549
+00:36:51,410 --> 00:36:56,450
+course. And I'm sure you will be fine. Start
+
+550
+00:36:56,450 --> 00:37:00,250
+today, plan your revision, and I wish you all the
+
+551
+00:37:00,250 --> 00:37:04,310
+best. If you have questions, please ask. If we
+
+552
+00:37:04,310 --> 00:37:07,330
+don't have time now, we can ask questions online.
+
+553
+00:37:08,630 --> 00:37:12,090
+Okay, good luck. Thank you. It's been my pleasure
+
+554
+00:37:12,090 --> 00:37:15,130
+to teach you this course and I wish you all the
+
+555
+00:37:15,130 --> 00:37:15,910
+luck in the world.
+