# Armenian OCR Evaluation Kit (RLALT/ACoPPer, RLALT/ACoPDoc)

Everything needed to score your own OCR/VLM model's predictions against the
`RLALT/ACoPPer` (printed newspapers) or `RLALT/ACoPDoc` (diverse documents)
ground truth published on the Hugging Face Hub — no other files from the
source repo required.

For the exhaustive field-by-field meaning of every key in a generated report
JSON, see [REPORT_JSON_METRICS.md](REPORT_JSON_METRICS.md). This document
explains *how* the numbers are computed and *why*.

## Quick start

```bash
pip install -r requirements.txt
```

1. Run your own model on the dataset's page images (`row["image"]` per row,
   see §9) and save its output as one JSON file per page:
   `[{"box": [x1, y1, x2, y2], "text": "..."}]`.
2. Convert those to evaluation CSVs:

   ```bash
   python3 convert_predictions_to_evaluation_csv.py \
     --predictions-dir path/to/your/predictions \
     --output-dir path/to/your/evaluation_csvs \
     --unit-level word   # or line — see §3
   ```

3. Evaluate directly against the Hub dataset (ground truth is pulled from HF,
   no local annotation files needed):

   ```bash
   python3 evaluate_from_hf.py \
     --dataset RLALT/ACoPPer \
     --predictions-dir path/to/your/evaluation_csvs \
     --output-dir results/ \
     --unit-level word
   ```

   Prints per-variant CER and writes the four standard report JSONs to
   `results/`. See §9 for what `evaluate_from_hf.py` does internally and how
   to adapt it (e.g. to filter to one manifest split).

## 1. What's in this kit

```
model predictions (any shape)
        │
        ▼  convert_predictions_to_evaluation_csv.py
per-page evaluation CSV (x1,y1,x2,y2,group_row,text)
        │
        ▼  evaluate_from_hf.py
        │     (loads GT straight from the HF dataset, calls
        │      evaluation/measure_accuracy.evaluate_rows +
        │      evaluation/measure_overall_accuracy.aggregate_reports)
report JSON (summary + per-region CER + failure examples)
```

| Path | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `evaluate_from_hf.py` | **Main entry point.** Loads GT from a Hugging Face dataset and scores your predictions against it. |
| `convert_predictions_to_evaluation_csv.py` | Converts your model's raw per-page JSON into the CSV format the evaluator expects. |
| `evaluation/measure_accuracy.py` | Core scoring logic for one page (`evaluate_rows`) — imported by everything else. |
| `evaluation/measure_overall_accuracy.py` | Aggregates many page reports into one (`aggregate_reports`). |
| `evaluation/generate_accuracy_report_variants.py` | CLI for evaluating against **local** annotation JSONs (Label Studio export format) instead of the Hub — only useful if you have your own local GT files, and supplies the `REPORT_VARIANTS` list `evaluate_from_hf.py` reuses. |
| `evaluation/reports.py`, `evaluation/prediction.py`, `evaluation/text_metrics.py` | Region assembly, predicted-text reconstruction, and CER math — not run directly. |
| `box_grouping/` | Geometry, spatial reading-order logic, and CSV/annotation-JSON loading that `evaluation/` depends on. |

`box_grouping/` and `evaluation/` have a mutual dependency (not a clean
one-way layering) and must stay as sibling directories exactly as laid out
here — don't flatten or rename them.

This kit intentionally omits utilities that aren't needed to *run* an
evaluation: region-overlay visualization, cross-report comparison tools, an
alternate simplified CER tool, and the test suite. All full pipeline logic
they'd depend on is present here regardless.

## 2. Input formats

**Ground truth**: pulled directly from the HF dataset's `annotations` column
per row (see §9) — you don't need a local annotation file at all when using
`evaluate_from_hf.py`.

**Prediction CSV** (one file per page), columns:

```
x1,y1,x2,y2,group_row,text
```

Each row is one predicted word/line box, matched to the dataset by filename
stem = `page_id`. `group_row` says which rows belong to the same predicted
"row" — see §3, this is where word-level vs line-level evaluation actually
diverges. `convert_predictions_to_evaluation_csv.py` builds this CSV from a
model's raw per-page JSON (`[{"box":[x1,y1,x2,y2],"text":"..."}]`), giving
every item its own unique `group_row` — it does not do any spatial
line-grouping itself (that logic now lives in the evaluator, see §3).

## 3. Word-level vs line-level evaluation (`--unit-level`)

`--unit-level word|line` (default `word`) is accepted by every entry-point
script here, including `evaluate_from_hf.py`. It controls one thing only:
**how CSV rows are grouped into `PredictedRow` objects** in
`box_grouping/loading.py::load_predicted_rows`:

- `--unit-level line`: rows sharing the same `group_row` value are merged
  into one `PredictedRow` (its GT-box coverage is checked as one atomic
  unit — see §4).
- `--unit-level word` (default): `group_row` is **ignored entirely**; every
  CSV row becomes its own single-word `PredictedRow`, regardless of what
  `group_row` says.

Nothing else in the pipeline branches on `--unit-level`. Row-to-box matching
and `aggregate_reports` treat it purely as a label recorded in
`summary.unit_level` for the report. CER always comes from comparing
normalized text (§5), independent of row granularity.

### What actually changes when you flip the flag

Whether `--unit-level word` vs `line` produces *different numbers* depends
entirely on what's already in the CSV:

- **If every CSV row is already one independent word/line** (its own unique
  `group_row` — true for anything built with
  `convert_predictions_to_evaluation_csv.py` in this kit): flipping
  `--unit-level` is a no-op. There is nothing to group either way, since
  `group_row` never repeats.
- **If the CSV has genuine multi-row `group_row` groupings** — several
  individually-detected word boxes sharing one `group_row` because an
  upstream layout step assigned them to the same visual line — then the
  flag matters a great deal:
  - `line` assembles those words into one row and checks whether *the whole
    line* fits inside one GT box.
  - `word` scores each word independently against GT boxes.

### What happens if you pass `--unit-level word` for a line-level model

If the model itself only ever produced one box + one text string per line
(Surya, Chandra, DeepSeek, Qwen, most VLMs) there is no per-word geometry to
recover — `--unit-level word` is safe to pass (it will not error or produce
nonsense) but is a no-op: each CSV row already has exactly one "word" (the
whole line), so word mode and line mode score identically, only the
`summary.unit_level` label differs. You cannot get true word-level accuracy
out of a model that never emitted word-level boxes — normalization aside,
CER over the same underlying text will be the same regardless of the
flag. If your model *does* expose real per-word geometry, keep `group_row`
meaningful in the CSV (don't synthesize a unique one per word) and use
`--unit-level word` to get true independent-word scoring.

## 4. Row-to-box matching and classification

For each `PredictedRow`, coverage against every GT box is computed
location-first: a word "belongs" to a box when its center lies inside the
box (rotation-aware, via the box's polygon). Row coverage against a box is
the fraction of the row's words whose centers fall inside it.

Final row status (`box_grouping/group.py`):

- **`exactly_one_box`**: one box contains (≥ `--coverage-threshold`, default
  `1.0`) of the row's words, and no other box touches any word.
  Also applied when a row touches multiple boxes but one box's `coverage` or
  `overlap_coverage` is ≥ `0.8` (`MULTI_BOX_SINGLE_COLUMN_LOCATION_THRESHOLD`
  / `MULTI_BOX_SINGLE_COLUMN_OVERLAP_THRESHOLD`) — this is the "one stray
  word pulled across a column boundary by OCR" case, not treated as a real
  multi-box error.
- **`multiple_boxes`**: words significantly fall into more than one box and
  neither dominates per the threshold above.
- **`no_box`**: the row doesn't fit cleanly into any box.
- **`split_line`**: post-processing reclassifies rows that are fragments of
  the same GT line detected as separate predicted rows (e.g. OCR split one
  physical line into two boxes) — they get reassembled before scoring.
- **watermark rows**: rows matching a known scanner-watermark phrase
  ("National Library of Armenia OCR by PortMind" and near-variants, fuzzy
  matched up to edit distance 2) are dropped from evaluation entirely —
  they're an artifact of the scanning pipeline, not model output.

## 5. CER calculation

Implemented in `evaluation/text_metrics.py::compute_text_metrics`. Both GT
and predicted text go through the *same* normalization before comparison, in
this order:

1. **Unicode NFC normalization** (`unicodedata.normalize("NFC", ...)`).
2. **Whitespace normalization**: any run of whitespace collapses to a single
   space (`" ".join(text.split())`).
3. **Punctuation/character canonicalization** (`normalize_punctuation_chars`)
   — visually similar or OCR-confusable characters are mapped to one
   canonical form so encoding differences never count as errors:
   - Soft hyphen `֊`, em dash `—` → `-`; double hyphen `--` → `—` (applied
     first, before the single-char pass)
   - Combining acute accent → Armenian emphasis mark `՛`
   - Armenian comma `՝` → grave accent `` ` `` (canonical form)
   - One dot leader `․` → full stop `.`
   - Horizontal ellipsis `…` → `...`
   - `№` → `N`
   - Every colon-like character — `։` (Armenian full stop), `:`, `˸`, `︓`,
     `︰`, `：`, `∶`, `꞉` — all canonicalize to plain `:`
   - Old Armenian "yev" spelling `եւ` → the ligature `և`

### Character Error Rate

```
cer = char_edit_distance / gt_char_count
```

`char_edit_distance` is Levenshtein distance over the fully-normalized
strings (`edit_distance`, classic O(n·m) DP, single-row space-optimized).
Special case: if `gt_char_count == 0`, `cer` is `0.0` when the predicted
string is also empty, else `1.0` (not division by zero, not undefined).

There's a schwa-tolerant variant used for the *default* CER field
(`edit_distance_schwa_forgiving`): at hyphen-join points where a line was
reassembled by stripping a line-end hyphen (see below), inserting the
Armenian schwa **ը** at the join costs `0` instead of `1`. Armenian
line-wrapping hyphenation is ambiguous about whether the schwa at a
word-break belongs to the transcription or not, so this specific,
narrowly-scoped case is not counted as a model error. A `cer_lowercase` /
`char_edit_distance_lowercase` variant is also computed (same logic, both
strings lowercased first) for case-insensitive comparison.

### Line-break / hyphenation joining

When a GT box's transcription or a predicted region spans multiple visual
lines, `join_box_lines_with_hyphenation` reassembles them into one string
before CER: a line ending in a hyphen-like character (`- ֊ ‐ ‑ ‒ – —`)
has that character stripped and is glued directly onto the next line's
first word (no space inserted) — this is what produces the hyphen-join
positions that get schwa-tolerant treatment above. One special case:
`ե` + `-` + `վ...` (a hyphen splitting the letters that make up the և
ligature) is rejoined as `և`, not `եվ`.

## 6. Multi-column / multi-region CER

A "region" is a connected component of GT boxes, built by
`evaluation/reports.py::build_ocr_region_reports`:

1. Any predicted row that spatially touches **two or more** GT boxes creates
   an adjacency edge between those boxes (evidence they're part of the same
   flowing text — e.g. a headline continuing into a second column).
2. Connected components of this adjacency graph become one region. An
   isolated GT box with no such row is still its own one-box region.
3. Within a region, boxes are ordered into reading order via
   `group_items_left_to_right_top_to_bottom`: column-major — left-to-right
   for columns, then top-to-bottom within each column.
4. GT text for the region = each box's text (in that order), each box's own
   internal line breaks de-hyphenated/joined, boxes joined with `\n`.
5. Predicted text for the region = the predicted rows assigned to each box
   in the region, assembled the same way, in the same reading order.
6. CER for the region = `compute_text_metrics(region_gt_text, region_predicted_text)`
   over the fully assembled strings — one score per region, not per box.

`normal_single_box_region` is a boolean on each region marking the subset
that is a "clean" single-box match: exactly one GT box, at least one
assigned row, and every assigned row's status is `exactly_one_box`. This
excludes merged multi-box regions, split-line rows, and rows that ended up
`multiple_boxes`/`no_box`. It isolates layout/column-detection quality from
pure recognition quality — but a `normal_single_box_region` can still have
high CER if recognition itself failed inside a correctly-isolated box.

Aggregate corpus CER (`ocr_region_cer`) is computed as
`(sum of char edit distances) / (sum of gt char counts)` across all regions
— not a simple mean of per-region CERs (that's `ocr_region_mean_cer`, also
reported separately). See REPORT_JSON_METRICS.md for every field.

## 7. What gets excluded from evaluation

### Text-level normalization (always applied, not optional)

- All punctuation/character canonicalization from §5 (colon variants, dash
  variants, ellipsis, №, yev spelling) — differences here never count as
  errors for either model.
- Whitespace differences (any amount/kind of whitespace is equivalent).
- The specific schwa-at-hyphen-join case described in §5.

### Region-level filters (opt-in via `--filter`, or `--variant` in `evaluate_from_hf.py`)

Off by default — exclude GT boxes matching these criteria from the primary
`ocr_region_*` metrics (excluded boxes' text is removed from region GT text;
predicted words whose centers fall inside an excluded box are removed from
region predicted text):

| Filter | Excludes |
|---|---|
| `non-armenian` | GT boxes where **more than 90%** of Unicode-letter characters (category `L*`; digits/punctuation/spaces don't count toward the ratio at all) are Latin or Cyrillic script |
| `graphics` | boxes labeled `Graphics` |
| `photo` | boxes labeled `Photo` |
| `image` | `Photo`, `Graphics`, `SealFigure`, `FrontPicture` |
| `header` | `Headline`, `Kicker`, `Banner`, `Deck`, `Subhead`, `Nameplate`, `Masthead`, `FrontStory` |
| `image-header` | union of `image` and `header` |

`evaluate_from_hf.py` runs all 4 standard combinations
(`no_filter`, `non_armenian`, `graphics_headers_images_photos`, `all_filters`)
in one invocation by default; pass `--variant <name>` to run just one.

### Rows dropped before scoring, unconditionally

- **Watermark rows** — see §4.
- Boxes labeled `Rule` are never treated as GT at all (decorative separator
  lines, not text regions) — `evaluate_from_hf.py`'s adapter drops them the
  same way the raw-JSON loader does.

### Not excluded, but tracked separately

- **Empty predicted words inside a non-empty GT box**
  (`missing_text_boxes`/`missing_text_box_rate`) — a detection/recognition
  failure signal (OCR found *something* there but produced empty text), kept
  visible rather than silently dropped.

## 8. Full CLI reference

`evaluate_from_hf.py` (§9) is the main entry point. The lower-level scripts
below are only useful if you already have local ground-truth JSONs in raw
Label Studio export format (not the HF dataset's flattened `annotations`
column) — most users won't need these.

One page pair, one filter combination:

```bash
python3 evaluation/measure_accuracy.py \
  --annotations-json path/to/page.json \
  --predictions-csv path/to/page.csv \
  --unit-level word \
  --filter non-armenian,graphics \
  --output page_report.json
```

All matched CSV/JSON pairs in two local directories, all 4 filter variants:

```bash
python3 evaluation/generate_accuracy_report_variants.py \
  --predictions-dir path/to/evaluation_csvs \
  --annotations-dir path/to/annotation_jsons \
  --unit-level word \
  --output-dir results/
```

## 9. Evaluating against RLALT/ACoPPer / RLALT/ACoPDoc

- **`RLALT/ACoPPer`** — printed Armenian newspaper pages, the dataset this
  evaluation pipeline was built around.
- **`RLALT/ACoPDoc`** — diverse-document benchmark.

Both are currently published with a single Hub split named `test`.

### Loading

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("RLALT/ACoPPer")
row = ds["test"][0]                         # column names below
```

Each row also carries a `split` *column* (e.g. `"pilot"`) from the source
manifest — that's separate from, and not necessarily the same as, the Hub's
own split key above. If you need a specific subset of rows, filter by that
column, e.g. `ds["test"].filter(lambda r: r["split"] == "pilot")` — or use
`evaluate_from_hf.py --dataset-split-column pilot`. Always check `ds` after
loading to confirm the actual Hub split key in case that changes in a future
release.

Each row has:

| Column | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| `page_id` | string | matches the evaluation CSV filename stem, `<page_id>.csv` |
| `source` | string | issue/category the page comes from |
| `split` | string | see note above |
| `image` | `datasets.Image` | full-page scan, decodes to a PIL image |
| `image_width`, `image_height` | int | |
| `annotations` | list of dicts | flattened GT — `id`, `label`, `transcription`, `reading_order`, `parent_id`, `bbox` (`[x1,y1,x2,y2]`), `rotation` |

### Running your model on the images

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("RLALT/ACoPPer")["test"]
for row in ds:
    image = row["image"]                    # PIL.Image, already decoded
    image.save(f"pages/{row['page_id']}.png")
    # ... run your model on the saved (or in-memory) image, write
    # predictions/{row['page_id']}.json as [{"box":[x1,y1,x2,y2],"text":"..."}]
```

### Scoring your predictions

```bash
python3 convert_predictions_to_evaluation_csv.py \
  --predictions-dir predictions \
  --output-dir evaluation_csvs \
  --unit-level word

python3 evaluate_from_hf.py \
  --dataset RLALT/ACoPPer \
  --predictions-dir evaluation_csvs \
  --output-dir results \
  --unit-level word
```

This prints one line per filter variant (`cer=... (N pages) -> path`)
and writes the four standard report JSONs (§6, §7) to `results/`.

`evaluate_from_hf.py` builds `AnnotationBox` objects directly from each row's
`annotations` list — the HF schema is already flattened compared to what the
local-JSON loader (`load_annotation_boxes`, used by the scripts in §8)
parses, so no intermediate JSON file is written. One caveat baked into that
adapter: `has_transcription` is normally *"was there a transcription field at
all"*, which the flattened HF schema doesn't preserve (only the resulting
string) — the adapter approximates it as `bool(text)`, which disagrees only
in the rare case of a transcription field that's present but empty.

Either way, PDFs are never part of either published dataset — only page
images and their extracted GT.