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What part of the Brazilian federal consitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress? | <text>What part of the Brazilian federal consitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress?</text><reasoning>The Brazilian federal constitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such trea... |
In practice the Brazilian president must get the prior approval of what body in order to negotiate and sign a treaty? | <text>In practice the Brazilian president must get the prior approval of what body in order to negotiate and sign a treaty?</text><reasoning>The Brazilian federal constitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress (articles 84, clause... |
What Brazilian institution has ruled that a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree? | <text>What Brazilian institution has ruled that a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree?</text><reasoning>The Brazilian federal constitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress (articles 84,... |
In order for a treaty to be valid in Brazil, a presidential decree incorporating the treaty into domestic law must be published where in order to be valid? | <text>In order for a treaty to be valid in Brazil, a presidential decree incorporating the treaty into domestic law must be published where in order to be valid?</text><reasoning>The Brazilian federal constitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be app... |
In what office is the power to enter into treaties vested according to the Brazilian federal constitution? | <text>In what office is the power to enter into treaties vested according to the Brazilian federal constitution?</text><reasoning>The Brazilian federal constitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress (articles 84, clause VIII, and ... |
What type of conduct of a party to a treaty can invalidate the consent of another party? | <text>What type of conduct of a party to a treaty can invalidate the consent of another party?</text><reasoning>Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party, or by the direct or indirect "corruption" of its representative by another party to the treaty. Coercion of eithe... |
What type of action, either direct or indirect, of a state's representative by another type of party to a treaty can invalidate a state's consent? | <text>What type of action, either direct or indirect, of a state's representative by another type of party to a treaty can invalidate a state's consent?</text><reasoning>Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party, or by the direct or indirect "corruption" of its repres... |
Coercion of a representative or a state itself will result in what happening to its consent to a treaty? | <text>Coercion of a representative or a state itself will result in what happening to its consent to a treaty?</text><reasoning>Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party, or by the direct or indirect "corruption" of its representative by another party to the treaty. C... |
Coercion of a state or its what through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty, will invalidate that consent? | <text>Coercion of a state or its what through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty, will invalidate that consent?</text><reasoning>Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party, or by the direct or indirect "corruption" of it... |
What must be true of coercion through the threat or use of force of a party to treaty for it to invalidate the state's consent to a treaty? | <text>What must be true of coercion through the threat or use of force of a party to treaty for it to invalidate the state's consent to a treaty?</text><reasoning>Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party, or by the direct or indirect "corruption" of its representati... |
The United Nations has been compared to what government in function and effectiveness? | <text>The United Nations has been compared to what government in function and effectiveness?</text><reasoning>In function and effectiveness, the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some[citation needed], giving a comparison between modern treaty law and the historical Arti... |
In which aspects has the United Nations been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government? | <text>In which aspects has the United Nations been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government?</text><reasoning>In function and effectiveness, the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some[citation needed], giving a comparison between modern treaty ... |
The comparison of the United Nations to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government gives us a comparison between what modern and historical legal topics of interest? | <text>The comparison of the United Nations to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government gives us a comparison between what modern and historical legal topics of interest?</text><reasoning>In function and effectiveness, the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by ... |
Modern treaty law can be compared in function and effectiveness to the historical Articles of Confederation by comparing the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government with what modern institution? | <text>Modern treaty law can be compared in function and effectiveness to the historical Articles of Confederation by comparing the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government with what modern institution?</text><reasoning>In function and effectiveness, the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United S... |
What legal document formed the basis of the pre-Constitutional Federal government of the United States? | <text>What legal document formed the basis of the pre-Constitutional Federal government of the United States?</text><reasoning>In function and effectiveness, the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some[citation needed], giving a comparison between modern treaty law and th... |
The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624? | <text>The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624?</text><reasoning>The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly ... |
Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty? | <text>Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty?</text><reasoning>The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews ... |
Who's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them? | <text>Who's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them?</text><reasoning>The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for ... |
Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina? | <text>Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina?</text><reasoning>The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his follow... |
What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews? | <text>What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews?</text><reasoning>The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu... |
Treaties and their amendments must follow the official legal procedures of what body after their adoption? | <text>Treaties and their amendments must follow the official legal procedures of what body after their adoption?</text><reasoning>After their adoption, treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations, as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs, including signature,... |
Which office of the United Nations is in charge of applying its official legal procedures? | <text>Which office of the United Nations is in charge of applying its official legal procedures?</text><reasoning>After their adoption, treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations, as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs, including signature, ratification an... |
When must all treaties and their amendments follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations? | <text>When must all treaties and their amendments follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations?</text><reasoning>After their adoption, treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations, as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs, including signature, ra... |
In addition to signature and ratification, what legal procedure of the United Nations must all treaties follow after their adoption? | <text>In addition to signature and ratification, what legal procedure of the United Nations must all treaties follow after their adoption?</text><reasoning>After their adoption, treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations, as applied by the Office of Legal Aff... |
What are three official legal procedures of the United Nations that all treaties must follow after their adoption? | <text>What are three official legal procedures of the United Nations that all treaties must follow after their adoption?</text><reasoning>After their adoption, treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations, as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs, including si... |
What is the judiciary organ of the United Nations? | <text>What is the judiciary organ of the United Nations?</text><reasoning>The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the International Court of Justice. This was done to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties that occu... |
What document states that treaties must be registered with the United Nations to be invoked before it or enforced in the International Court of Justice? | <text>What document states that treaties must be registered with the United Nations to be invoked before it or enforced in the International Court of Justice?</text><reasoning>The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the I... |
Why does the United Nations Charter state that treaties must be registered with the United Nations? | <text>Why does the United Nations Charter state that treaties must be registered with the United Nations?</text><reasoning>The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the International Court of Justice. This was done to preve... |
In which centuries did a proliferation of secret treaties occur that led the United Nations Charter to include an obligation to register treaties to be invoked before it? | <text>In which centuries did a proliferation of secret treaties occur that led the United Nations Charter to include an obligation to register treaties to be invoked before it?</text><reasoning>The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judi... |
What section of the United Nations Charter states that its members' obligation under the charter outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties? | <text>What section of the United Nations Charter states that its members' obligation under the charter outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties?</text><reasoning>The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the ... |
What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination? | <text>What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination?</text><reasoning>A party may claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is s... |
A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what? | <text>A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what?</text><reasoning>A party may claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforesee... |
The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty? | <text>The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty?</text><reasoning>A party may claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundame... |
In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty? | <text>In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty?</text><reasoning>A party may claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change i... |
In what cases did the US Supreme Court rule that treaties do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress? | <text>In what cases did the US Supreme Court rule that treaties do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress?</text><reasoning>The Supreme Court ruled in the Head Money Cases that "treaties" do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress and can be repealed or modified (for the purposes of U.S. law)... |
The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified by what for the purposes of US law? | <text>The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified by what for the purposes of US law?</text><reasoning>The Supreme Court ruled in the Head Money Cases that "treaties" do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress and can be repealed or modified (for the purposes of U.S. law) by any su... |
What Supreme Court case ruled that a treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is null and void under US law? | <text>What Supreme Court case ruled that a treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is null and void under US law?</text><reasoning>The Supreme Court ruled in the Head Money Cases that "treaties" do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress and can be repealed or modified (for the purposes of... |
The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified for the purposes of US law just like what by any subsequent Act of Congress? | <text>The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified for the purposes of US law just like what by any subsequent Act of Congress?</text><reasoning>The Supreme Court ruled in the Head Money Cases that "treaties" do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress and can be repealed or modified... |
Any treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is considered what under US law? | <text>Any treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is considered what under US law?</text><reasoning>The Supreme Court ruled in the Head Money Cases that "treaties" do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress and can be repealed or modified (for the purposes of U.S. law) by any subsequent Ac... |
What on behalf of a state cannot invalidate that state's consent to a treaty? | <text>What on behalf of a state cannot invalidate that state's consent to a treaty?</text><reasoning>A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent. Consent will not be invalidated i... |
Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident? | <text>Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?</text><reasoning>A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent. Consent will not be invalidated i... |
What may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion of a treaty? | <text>What may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion of a treaty?</text><reasoning>A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the "essential basis" of the st... |
An erroneous understanding of a fact or situation may only invalidate a state's consent to a treaty if what is also true about the erroneous understanding? | <text>An erroneous understanding of a fact or situation may only invalidate a state's consent to a treaty if what is also true about the erroneous understanding?</text><reasoning>A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed t... |
What, if it formed the "essential basis" of a state's consent to a treaty, may invalidate that consent? | <text>What, if it formed the "essential basis" of a state's consent to a treaty, may invalidate that consent?</text><reasoning>A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent. Consent... |
In what two rare cases were local governments able to mitigate the impact of of European colonization through treaties? | <text>In what two rare cases were local governments able to mitigate the impact of of European colonization through treaties?</text><reasoning>In some rare cases, such as with Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China, the local governments were able to use the treaties to at least mitigate the impact of European colonization. T... |
What did Ethiopians learn in order to use treaties to prevent a European power from overstepping their agreement? | <text>What did Ethiopians learn in order to use treaties to prevent a European power from overstepping their agreement?</text><reasoning>In some rare cases, such as with Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China, the local governments were able to use the treaties to at least mitigate the impact of European colonization. This in... |
Both Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China learned the intricacies of European diplomatic customs to mitigate what through treaties? | <text>Both Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China learned the intricacies of European diplomatic customs to mitigate what through treaties?</text><reasoning>In some rare cases, such as with Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China, the local governments were able to use the treaties to at least mitigate the impact of European coloniza... |
In addition to preventing a power from overstepping their agreement, how was Ethiopia able to mitigate the impact of European colonization? | <text>In addition to preventing a power from overstepping their agreement, how was Ethiopia able to mitigate the impact of European colonization?</text><reasoning>In some rare cases, such as with Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China, the local governments were able to use the treaties to at least mitigate the impact of Euro... |
Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China were both able to prevent European powers from doing what to their agreements? | <text>Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China were both able to prevent European powers from doing what to their agreements?</text><reasoning>In some rare cases, such as with Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China, the local governments were able to use the treaties to at least mitigate the impact of European colonization. This invol... |
How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty? | <text>How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty?</text><reasoning>There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and ... |
What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty? | <text>What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty?</text><reasoning>There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions... |
What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text? | <text>What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text?</text><reasoning>There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treat... |
Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms? | <text>Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms?</text><reasoning>There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be l... |
In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process? | <text>In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process?</text><reasoning>There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over ag... |
The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court has ruled that treaties enjoy what position relative to ordinary legislation? | <text>The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court has ruled that treaties enjoy what position relative to ordinary legislation?</text><reasoning>The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinárias, or "ord... |
In what year did the Brazilian Supreme Court rule that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above ordinary legislation? | <text>In what year did the Brazilian Supreme Court rule that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above ordinary legislation?</text><reasoning>The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislati... |
What amendment to the Brazilian constitution states that human rights treaties approved by means of a special procedure by Congress enjoy the same position as a constitutional amendment? | <text>What amendment to the Brazilian constitution states that human rights treaties approved by means of a special procedure by Congress enjoy the same position as a constitutional amendment?</text><reasoning>The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the sam... |
The hierarchical position of treaties relative to domestic legislation in Brazil determines whether the latter can do what to the former and vice versa? | <text>The hierarchical position of treaties relative to domestic legislation in Brazil determines whether the latter can do what to the former and vice versa?</text><reasoning>The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinar... |
What is the Portuguese term for ordinary laws? | <text>What is the Portuguese term for ordinary laws?</text><reasoning>The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinárias, or "ordinary laws", in Portuguese). A more recent ruling by the Supreme Co... |
A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under what? | <text>A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under what?</text><reasoning>A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state's domestic law. States are reluctant to inquire into the i... |
For what does a strong presumption exist internationally that a head of state has acted within in entering into a treaty? | <text>For what does a strong presumption exist internationally that a head of state has acted within in entering into a treaty?</text><reasoning>A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state's domestic law. States are reluctant to inquire into ... |
What is required to invalidate a party's consent due to a reluctance to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states? | <text>What is required to invalidate a party's consent due to a reluctance to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states?</text><reasoning>A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state's domestic law. States are reluctant t... |
A manifest violation is required to invalidate a party's consent to a treaty due to a reluctance internationally to inquire into what aspects of other states? | <text>A manifest violation is required to invalidate a party's consent to a treaty due to a reluctance internationally to inquire into what aspects of other states?</text><reasoning>A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state's domestic law. ... |
What might a party's consent to a treaty be considered if it has been given by an agent without the power under the state's domestic law to do so? | <text>What might a party's consent to a treaty be considered if it has been given by an agent without the power under the state's domestic law to do so?</text><reasoning>A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state's domestic law. States are r... |
In the United States, what is the ratio of executive agreements to treaties? | <text>In the United States, what is the ratio of executive agreements to treaties?</text><reasoning>Currently, international agreements are executed by executive agreement rather than treaties at a rate of 10:1. Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President still often chooses to pursue the formal tr... |
What is it about the approval process of executive agreements might lead a US president to prefer them over treaties? | <text>What is it about the approval process of executive agreements might lead a US president to prefer them over treaties?</text><reasoning>Currently, international agreements are executed by executive agreement rather than treaties at a rate of 10:1. Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President st... |
The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process on matters that require Congress to do what? | <text>The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process on matters that require Congress to do what?</text><reasoning>Currently, international agreements are executed by executive agreement rather than treaties at a rate of 10:1. Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President s... |
The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process for agreements that impose what type of legal obligations on the US? | <text>The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process for agreements that impose what type of legal obligations on the US?</text><reasoning>Currently, international agreements are executed by executive agreement rather than treaties at a rate of 10:1. Despite the relative ease of executive agr... |
The international deal between the US, other countries, and what controversial nation is not a treaty? | <text>The international deal between the US, other countries, and what controversial nation is not a treaty?</text><reasoning>Currently, international agreements are executed by executive agreement rather than treaties at a rate of 10:1. Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President still often choos... |
What principle is often invoked by legal experts when interpreting the language of treaties? | <text>What principle is often invoked by legal experts when interpreting the language of treaties?</text><reasoning>The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a perhaps unforeseen circ... |
The principle of maximum effectiveness interprets the language of treaties as having what effect to establish obligations between parties? | <text>The principle of maximum effectiveness interprets the language of treaties as having what effect to establish obligations between parties?</text><reasoning>The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it ... |
What states that treaties are to be interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose?" | <text>What states that treaties are to be interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose?"</text><reasoning>The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not s... |
What property of treaties must often be interpreted when it's not clear? | <text>What property of treaties must often be interpreted when it's not clear?</text><reasoning>The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna... |
Besides unclear language what might also arise that necessitates the interpretation of the language of a treaty? | <text>Besides unclear language what might also arise that necessitates the interpretation of the language of a treaty?</text><reasoning>The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a per... |
Treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements are the same under international law but different with respect to what? | <text>Treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements are the same under international law but different with respect to what?</text><reasoning>In the United States, the term "treaty" has a different, more restricted legal sense than exists in international law. United ... |
Under US law, what primarily distinguishes treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements? | <text>Under US law, what primarily distinguishes treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements?</text><reasoning>In the United States, the term "treaty" has a different, more restricted legal sense than exists in international law. United States law distinguishes what... |
What percentage of United States Senators must give advice and consent in order for the US to enter a treaty? | <text>What percentage of United States Senators must give advice and consent in order for the US to enter a treaty?</text><reasoning>In the United States, the term "treaty" has a different, more restricted legal sense than exists in international law. United States law distinguishes what it calls treaties from executiv... |
What type of agreement may a US president enter by acting alone? | <text>What type of agreement may a US president enter by acting alone?</text><reasoning>In the United States, the term "treaty" has a different, more restricted legal sense than exists in international law. United States law distinguishes what it calls treaties from executive agreement, congressional-executive agreemen... |
What type of agreement requires majority approval by both the House and the Senate before or after a treaty is signed by the United States president? | <text>What type of agreement requires majority approval by both the House and the Senate before or after a treaty is signed by the United States president?</text><reasoning>In the United States, the term "treaty" has a different, more restricted legal sense than exists in international law. United States law distinguis... |
What type of legislative subjects can both the central legislative body and state legislatures make laws? | <text>What type of legislative subjects can both the central legislative body and state legislatures make laws?</text><reasoning>In India, the legislation subjects are divided into 3 lists -Union List, State List and Concurrent List . In the normal legislation process, the subjects in Union list can only be legislated ... |
What is the central legislative body in India? | <text>What is the central legislative body in India?</text><reasoning>In India, the legislation subjects are divided into 3 lists -Union List, State List and Concurrent List . In the normal legislation process, the subjects in Union list can only be legislated upon by central legislative body called Parliament of India... |
In order to implement international treaties, for what subjects can the Parliament of India legislate to override the general division of subject lists? | <text>In order to implement international treaties, for what subjects can the Parliament of India legislate to override the general division of subject lists?</text><reasoning>In India, the legislation subjects are divided into 3 lists -Union List, State List and Concurrent List . In the normal legislation process, the... |
What subjects can only be legislated by the central legislative body in India? | <text>What subjects can only be legislated by the central legislative body in India?</text><reasoning>In India, the legislation subjects are divided into 3 lists -Union List, State List and Concurrent List . In the normal legislation process, the subjects in Union list can only be legislated upon by central legislative... |
Who succeeded in liberating territory despite conflicts? | <text>Who succeeded in liberating territory despite conflicts?</text><reasoning>Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the "Republic of Užice". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović on 19 September and 2... |
Who did the Partisans have conflicts with? | <text>Who did the Partisans have conflicts with?</text><reasoning>Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the "Republic of Užice". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović on 19 September and 27 October 1941... |
Which Chetnik leader did Tito hold talks with? | <text>Which Chetnik leader did Tito hold talks with?</text><reasoning>Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the "Republic of Užice". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović on 19 September and 27 October ... |
Which group did Tito order his forces to assist? | <text>Which group did Tito order his forces to assist?</text><reasoning>Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the "Republic of Užice". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović on 19 September and 27 Octobe... |
2000 of what group fought directly for Tito? | <text>2000 of what group fought directly for Tito?</text><reasoning>Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the "Republic of Užice". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović on 19 September and 27 October 19... |
What will a treaty be if it is in violation of a peremptory norm? | <text>What will a treaty be if it is in violation of a peremptory norm?</text><reasoning>A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm. These norms, unlike other principles of customary law, are recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations. These are ... |
What type of norm is recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations? | <text>What type of norm is recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations?</text><reasoning>A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm. These norms, unlike other principles of customary law, are recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be... |
What is true of acts such as genocide and piracy in regard to treaty law? | <text>What is true of acts such as genocide and piracy in regard to treaty law?</text><reasoning>A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm. These norms, unlike other principles of customary law, are recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations. Th... |
What distinguishes peremptory norms from other principles of customary law? | <text>What distinguishes peremptory norms from other principles of customary law?</text><reasoning>A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm. These norms, unlike other principles of customary law, are recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations. ... |
What is an example of a type of universally prohibited action that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit through a treaty? | <text>What is an example of a type of universally prohibited action that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit through a treaty?</text><reasoning>A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm. These norms, unlike other principles of customary law, are recognized as permitt... |
What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty? | <text>What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty?</text><reasoning>A treaty breach does not automatically suspend or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will pro... |
Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach? | <text>Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach?</text><reasoning>A treaty breach does not automatically suspend or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the... |
Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations? | <text>Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations?</text><reasoning>A treaty breach does not automatically suspend or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provide for the ser... |
What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations? | <text>What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations?</text><reasoning>A treaty breach does not automatically suspend or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provi... |
A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor? | <text>A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor?</text><reasoning>A treaty breach does not automatically suspend or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they ... |
What formed an important part of European colonization? | <text>What formed an important part of European colonization?</text><reasoning>Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and, in many parts of the world, Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples. In most cases these treaties were in extremely disad... |
With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization? | <text>With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization?</text><reasoning>Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and, in many parts of the world, Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous people... |
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