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  license: cc-by-sa-4.0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ---
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- # PDDL2PRM
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- PDDL2PRM is a large-scale dataset for training Process Reward Models (PRMs) with fine-grained step-level supervision derived from PDDL planning problems.
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- The dataset contains ~1M reasoning steps across 11 domains, where each step is automatically labeled using rule-based rewards reflecting executability, optimality, and progress toward the goal. This enables scalable, precise, and reproducible supervision beyond the mathematical domain.
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- 🔗 **Project page & paper**: https://pisanoraffaele.github.io/prm_meets_planning/
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- ## Key Features
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- - ~1M reasoning steps
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- - 14,714 planning problems
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- - 5-level reward signal (from invalid to optimal)
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- - Rule-based annotation
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- - Multi-domain (planning, logic, navigation, puzzles)
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- ## Reward Levels
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- - 0.0 → Non-executable
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- - 0.25 → Dead-end
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- - 0.5 → Backtracking
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- - 0.75 → Suboptimal
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- - 1.0 → Optimal
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- ## Note
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- The data is structurally precise but generated via templates; it is most effective when combined with natural CoT datasets (e.g., PRM800k, Math-Shepherd).
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ## Citation
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- If you use this dataset, please cite:
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  ```bibtex
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  @inproceedings{prmsmeetplanning2026,
 
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  ---
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  license: cc-by-sa-4.0
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+ language:
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+ - en
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+ task_categories:
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+ - text-classification
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+ - reinforcement-learning
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+ - question-answering
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+ - text-generation
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+ tags:
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+ - process-reward-models
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+ - prm
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+ - reasoning
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+ - chain-of-thought
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+ - planning
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+ - pddl
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+ - step-level-supervision
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+ - synthetic-data
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+ - logical-reasoning
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+ - reward-modeling
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+ pretty_name: PDDL2PRM
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+ size_categories:
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+ - 100K<n<1M
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  ---
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+ # PDDL2PRM: Planning-Based Step-Level Supervision for Process Reward Models
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+ **PDDL2PRM** is a large-scale dataset for training and evaluating **Process Reward Models (PRMs)** with fine-grained, step-level supervision derived from symbolic planning problems.
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+ Unlike many PRM datasets that rely on human annotation, LLM judges, or final-answer correctness, PDDL2PRM uses **Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL)** problems to generate structured reasoning trajectories whose intermediate steps can be evaluated automatically. Each reasoning step is assigned a scalar reward according to rule-based criteria that reflect whether the corresponding action is executable, goal-preserving, efficient, and optimal.
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+ The dataset is introduced in:
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+ **Process Reward Models Meet Planning: Generating Precise and Scalable Datasets for Step-Level Rewards**
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+ Raffaele Pisano and Roberto Navigli, ACL 2026
 
 
 
 
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+ 🔗 **Project page & paper:** https://pisanoraffaele.github.io/prm_meets_planning/
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+ 📄 **arXiv:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.17957
 
 
 
 
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Why PDDL2PRM?
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+
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+ Process Reward Models aim to evaluate reasoning **step by step**, rather than judging only the final answer. This is crucial because language models can produce a correct final answer while still making invalid, inconsistent, or unsupported intermediate reasoning steps.
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+
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+ However, high-quality step-level supervision is difficult to obtain:
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+
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+ - manual annotation is expensive and hard to scale;
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+ - LLM-based annotation can be noisy and computationally costly;
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+ - many existing PRM datasets focus primarily on mathematics;
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+ - binary or coarse labels provide limited information about *how* a reasoning step fails.
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+
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+ PDDL2PRM addresses these limitations by using planning problems as a source of **precise, scalable, and reproducible supervision**. In PDDL, states, actions, preconditions, effects, and goals are explicitly defined, making it possible to assign rewards to reasoning steps using deterministic rules rather than subjective annotation.
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Dataset Overview
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+
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+ PDDL2PRM contains:
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+
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+ | Statistic | Value |
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+ |---|---:|
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+ | Reasoning steps | **984,974** |
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+ | Planning problems | **14,714** |
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+ | Domains | **11** |
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+ | Reward levels | **5** |
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+ | Mean optimal plan length | **7.94** |
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+ | Supervision type | Rule-based step-level rewards |
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+ | Data source | PDDL planning problems translated into natural language |
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+
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+ Each example consists of a planning problem expressed in natural language, a partial reasoning trajectory, and a reward assigned to an intermediate step.
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+
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+ The dataset covers a diverse set of planning domains, including object manipulation, transportation, navigation, puzzles, and constraint-satisfaction tasks.
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Domains
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+
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+ PDDL2PRM includes 11 planning domains:
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+
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+ | Domain | Problems | Total Steps |
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+ |---|---:|---:|
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+ | BlocksWorld-3 | 952 | 51,990 |
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+ | BlocksWorld-4 | 1,796 | 125,402 |
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+ | Ferry | 858 | 65,269 |
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+ | Hanoi | 1,660 | 65,745 |
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+ | Logistics | 669 | 70,238 |
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+ | Elevator | 2,089 | 207,549 |
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+ | N-Puzzle | 598 | 42,027 |
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+ | Rooms | 916 | 37,947 |
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+ | Sokoban | 437 | 58,475 |
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+ | Spanner | 3,563 | 198,942 |
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+ | VisitGrid | 1,176 | 61,390 |
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+ | **Total** | **14,714** | **984,974** |
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+
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+ The domains are grouped into broad reasoning families:
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+
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+ - **Manipulation and rearrangement:** BlocksWorld variants.
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+ - **Transportation:** Ferry, Logistics, Elevator.
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+ - **Puzzles and constraints:** Tower of Hanoi, N-Puzzle.
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+ - **Navigation and exploration:** VisitGrid, Sokoban, Rooms, Spanner.
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Reward Signal
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+
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+ Each reasoning step is assigned one of five scalar rewards:
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+ | Reward | Label | Meaning |
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+ |---:|---|---|
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+ | **0.0** | Non-executable | The action cannot be applied because its preconditions are not satisfied. |
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+ | **0.25** | Dead-end | The action leads to a state from which the goal is unreachable. |
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+ | **0.5** | Backtracking | The action leads to a state from which an optimal plan requires revisiting a previous state. |
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+ | **0.75** | Suboptimal | The action is valid but does not belong to any optimal plan. |
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+ | **1.0** | Optimal | The action belongs to at least one optimal plan from the current state. |
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+
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+ This reward structure provides more information than binary correct/incorrect supervision. It distinguishes between different types of flawed reasoning, including invalid actions, irreversible mistakes, inefficient detours, and merely suboptimal decisions.
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## How the Dataset Was Generated
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+
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+ PDDL2PRM is generated from symbolic planning problems through the following pipeline:
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+
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+ 1. **Parse PDDL domains and problems.**
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+ Planning instances define states, actions, preconditions, effects, initial states, and goals.
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+
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+ 2. **Sample candidate actions at each state.**
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+ For each state along a trajectory, multiple candidate actions are considered, including valid, invalid, suboptimal, and optimal actions.
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+
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+ 3. **Evaluate each action with planning-based rules.**
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+ Actions are labeled according to executability, reachability of the goal, backtracking behavior, and membership in an optimal plan.
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+
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+ 4. **Translate actions into natural language reasoning steps.**
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+ Each symbolic action is converted into a natural-language reasoning step and paired with its scalar reward.
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+ 5. **Continue until the goal is reached.**
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+ The procedure produces both correct and incorrect reasoning trajectories, enabling PRMs to learn fine-grained distinctions between different reasoning behaviors.
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Key Findings from the Paper
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+ Training with PDDL2PRM improves PRM robustness and generalization.
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+ In the paper, PRMs trained on datasets augmented with PDDL-derived supervision outperform comparable models trained without the PDDL component. Improvements are especially strong on non-mathematical and planning-based reasoning benchmarks.
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+ The results suggest that planning-derived supervision helps PRMs detect not only local execution errors, but also deeper modeling errors such as invalid assumptions, inappropriate reductions, and unjustified constraints.
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+ ---
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+ ## Dataset Card Note
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+ PDDL2PRM is released under the **CC BY-SA 4.0** license.
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+ Because the dataset is derived from symbolic planning problems and template-based natural-language translations, users should consider it a high-precision source of structured reasoning supervision rather than a replacement for naturally occurring Chain-of-Thought data.
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+ ---
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  ## Citation
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+ If you use PDDL2PRM, please cite:
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  ```bibtex
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  @inproceedings{prmsmeetplanning2026,