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license: cc-by-sa-4.0
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---
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# PDDL2PRM
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PDDL2PRM is a large-scale dataset for training Process Reward Models (PRMs) with fine-grained step-level supervision derived from
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- 14,714 planning problems
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- 5-level reward signal (from invalid to optimal)
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- Rule-based annotation
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- Multi-domain (planning, logic, navigation, puzzles)
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- 0.25 → Dead-end
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- 0.5 → Backtracking
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- 0.75 → Suboptimal
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- 1.0 → Optimal
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## Citation
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If you use
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{prmsmeetplanning2026,
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---
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license: cc-by-sa-4.0
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language:
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- en
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task_categories:
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- text-classification
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- reinforcement-learning
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- question-answering
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- text-generation
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tags:
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- process-reward-models
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- prm
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- reasoning
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- chain-of-thought
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- planning
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- pddl
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- step-level-supervision
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- synthetic-data
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- logical-reasoning
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- reward-modeling
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pretty_name: PDDL2PRM
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size_categories:
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- 100K<n<1M
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---
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# PDDL2PRM: Planning-Based Step-Level Supervision for Process Reward Models
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**PDDL2PRM** is a large-scale dataset for training and evaluating **Process Reward Models (PRMs)** with fine-grained, step-level supervision derived from symbolic planning problems.
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Unlike many PRM datasets that rely on human annotation, LLM judges, or final-answer correctness, PDDL2PRM uses **Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL)** problems to generate structured reasoning trajectories whose intermediate steps can be evaluated automatically. Each reasoning step is assigned a scalar reward according to rule-based criteria that reflect whether the corresponding action is executable, goal-preserving, efficient, and optimal.
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The dataset is introduced in:
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**Process Reward Models Meet Planning: Generating Precise and Scalable Datasets for Step-Level Rewards**
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Raffaele Pisano and Roberto Navigli, ACL 2026
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🔗 **Project page & paper:** https://pisanoraffaele.github.io/prm_meets_planning/
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📄 **arXiv:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.17957
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---
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## Why PDDL2PRM?
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Process Reward Models aim to evaluate reasoning **step by step**, rather than judging only the final answer. This is crucial because language models can produce a correct final answer while still making invalid, inconsistent, or unsupported intermediate reasoning steps.
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However, high-quality step-level supervision is difficult to obtain:
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- manual annotation is expensive and hard to scale;
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- LLM-based annotation can be noisy and computationally costly;
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- many existing PRM datasets focus primarily on mathematics;
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- binary or coarse labels provide limited information about *how* a reasoning step fails.
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PDDL2PRM addresses these limitations by using planning problems as a source of **precise, scalable, and reproducible supervision**. In PDDL, states, actions, preconditions, effects, and goals are explicitly defined, making it possible to assign rewards to reasoning steps using deterministic rules rather than subjective annotation.
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---
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## Dataset Overview
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PDDL2PRM contains:
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| Statistic | Value |
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|---|---:|
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| Reasoning steps | **984,974** |
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| Planning problems | **14,714** |
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| Domains | **11** |
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| Reward levels | **5** |
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| Mean optimal plan length | **7.94** |
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| Supervision type | Rule-based step-level rewards |
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| Data source | PDDL planning problems translated into natural language |
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Each example consists of a planning problem expressed in natural language, a partial reasoning trajectory, and a reward assigned to an intermediate step.
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The dataset covers a diverse set of planning domains, including object manipulation, transportation, navigation, puzzles, and constraint-satisfaction tasks.
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## Domains
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PDDL2PRM includes 11 planning domains:
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| Domain | Problems | Total Steps |
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|---|---:|---:|
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| BlocksWorld-3 | 952 | 51,990 |
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| BlocksWorld-4 | 1,796 | 125,402 |
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| Ferry | 858 | 65,269 |
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| Hanoi | 1,660 | 65,745 |
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| Logistics | 669 | 70,238 |
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| Elevator | 2,089 | 207,549 |
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| N-Puzzle | 598 | 42,027 |
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| Rooms | 916 | 37,947 |
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| Sokoban | 437 | 58,475 |
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| Spanner | 3,563 | 198,942 |
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| VisitGrid | 1,176 | 61,390 |
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| **Total** | **14,714** | **984,974** |
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The domains are grouped into broad reasoning families:
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- **Manipulation and rearrangement:** BlocksWorld variants.
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- **Transportation:** Ferry, Logistics, Elevator.
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- **Puzzles and constraints:** Tower of Hanoi, N-Puzzle.
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- **Navigation and exploration:** VisitGrid, Sokoban, Rooms, Spanner.
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## Reward Signal
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Each reasoning step is assigned one of five scalar rewards:
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| Reward | Label | Meaning |
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| **0.0** | Non-executable | The action cannot be applied because its preconditions are not satisfied. |
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| **0.25** | Dead-end | The action leads to a state from which the goal is unreachable. |
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| **0.5** | Backtracking | The action leads to a state from which an optimal plan requires revisiting a previous state. |
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| **0.75** | Suboptimal | The action is valid but does not belong to any optimal plan. |
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| **1.0** | Optimal | The action belongs to at least one optimal plan from the current state. |
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This reward structure provides more information than binary correct/incorrect supervision. It distinguishes between different types of flawed reasoning, including invalid actions, irreversible mistakes, inefficient detours, and merely suboptimal decisions.
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---
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## How the Dataset Was Generated
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PDDL2PRM is generated from symbolic planning problems through the following pipeline:
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1. **Parse PDDL domains and problems.**
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Planning instances define states, actions, preconditions, effects, initial states, and goals.
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2. **Sample candidate actions at each state.**
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For each state along a trajectory, multiple candidate actions are considered, including valid, invalid, suboptimal, and optimal actions.
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3. **Evaluate each action with planning-based rules.**
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Actions are labeled according to executability, reachability of the goal, backtracking behavior, and membership in an optimal plan.
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4. **Translate actions into natural language reasoning steps.**
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Each symbolic action is converted into a natural-language reasoning step and paired with its scalar reward.
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5. **Continue until the goal is reached.**
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The procedure produces both correct and incorrect reasoning trajectories, enabling PRMs to learn fine-grained distinctions between different reasoning behaviors.
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---
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## Key Findings from the Paper
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Training with PDDL2PRM improves PRM robustness and generalization.
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In the paper, PRMs trained on datasets augmented with PDDL-derived supervision outperform comparable models trained without the PDDL component. Improvements are especially strong on non-mathematical and planning-based reasoning benchmarks.
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The results suggest that planning-derived supervision helps PRMs detect not only local execution errors, but also deeper modeling errors such as invalid assumptions, inappropriate reductions, and unjustified constraints.
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---
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## Dataset Card Note
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PDDL2PRM is released under the **CC BY-SA 4.0** license.
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Because the dataset is derived from symbolic planning problems and template-based natural-language translations, users should consider it a high-precision source of structured reasoning supervision rather than a replacement for naturally occurring Chain-of-Thought data.
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---
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## Citation
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If you use PDDL2PRM, please cite:
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{prmsmeetplanning2026,
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