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	<meta charset="utf-8" /><meta name="hf:doc:metadata" content="{"title":"에러가 발생했을 때 대응 방법","local":"에러가-발생했을-때-대응-방법","sections":[{"title":"🤗 Transformers의 파이프라인 디버깅","local":"-transformers의-파이프라인-디버깅","sections":[],"depth":2},{"title":"모델의 foward pass 디버깅","local":"모델의-foward-pass-디버깅","sections":[],"depth":2}],"depth":1}">
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	<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1069/ko/_app/immutable/chunks/getInferenceSnippets.24b50994.js"><!-- HEAD_svelte-u9bgzb_START --><meta name="hf:doc:metadata" content="{"title":"에러가 발생했을 때 대응 방법","local":"에러가-발생했을-때-대응-방법","sections":[{"title":"🤗 Transformers의 파이프라인 디버깅","local":"-transformers의-파이프라인-디버깅","sections":[],"depth":2},{"title":"모델의 foward pass 디버깅","local":"모델의-foward-pass-디버깅","sections":[],"depth":2}],"depth":1}"><!-- HEAD_svelte-u9bgzb_END --> <p></p> <h1 class="relative group"><a id="에러가-발생했을-때-대응-방법" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#에러가-발생했을-때-대응-방법"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>에러가 발생했을 때 대응 방법</span></h1> <div class="flex space-x-1 absolute z-10 right-0 top-0"><a href="https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/chapter-8-questions" target="_blank"><img alt="Ask a Question" class="!m-0" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Ask%20a%20question-ffcb4c.svg?logo=data:image/svg+xml;base64,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"></a> <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/course/en/chapter8/section2.ipynb" target="_blank"><img alt="Open In Colab" class="!m-0" src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg"></a> <a href="https://studiolab.sagemaker.aws/import/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/course/en/chapter8/section2.ipynb" target="_blank"><img alt="Open In Studio Lab" class="!m-0" src="https://studiolab.sagemaker.aws/studiolab.svg"></a></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1gxlugf">이번 장에서는 Transformer 모델을 새롭게 튜닝 후 예측을 하려고 할 때 발생할 수 있는 몇가지 일반적인 에러를 살펴보겠습니다.</p> <iframe class="w-full xl:w-4/6 h-80" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/DQ-CpJn6Rc4" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1dvu7gc">이번 장에서 <a href="https://huggingface.co/lewtun/distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28" rel="nofollow">모델의 저장소 템플릿</a>이 준비되어 있습니다.
	만약 이번 단원에서 코드를 실행하려면 모델을 <a href="https://huggingface.co" rel="nofollow">Huggingface Hub</a>의 개인 계정에 모델을 복사해야 합니다.
	모델을 계정의 저장소에 복제하기 위해 주피터 노트북에서 아래의 코드를 실행하거나:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> huggingface_hub <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> notebook_login

	notebook_login()<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-13w3g2d">또는 아래의 스크립트를 원하는 터미널에서 실행합니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->huggingface-cli login<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-kgfrk2">터미널에서 아이디와 비밀번호를 입력하는 프롬프트가 나타나며, 식별 토큰은 <em>~/.cache/huggingface/</em>에 저장됩니다. 한번 로그인 하고 나면 모델의 저장소 템플릿을 아래의 함수를 사용해 복사할 수 있습니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> distutils.dir_util <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> copy_tree
	<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> huggingface_hub <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> Repository, snapshot_download, create_repo, get_full_repo_name


	<span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">copy_repository_template</span>():
	<span class="hljs-comment"># Clone the repo and extract the local path</span>
	template_repo_id = <span class="hljs-string">"lewtun/distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28"</span>
	commit_hash = <span class="hljs-string">"be3eaffc28669d7932492681cd5f3e8905e358b4"</span>
	template_repo_dir = snapshot_download(template_repo_id, revision=commit_hash)
	<span class="hljs-comment"># Create an empty repo on the Hub</span>
	model_name = template_repo_id.split(<span class="hljs-string">"/"</span>)[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]
	create_repo(model_name, exist_ok=<span class="hljs-literal">True</span>)
	<span class="hljs-comment"># Clone the empty repo</span>
	new_repo_id = get_full_repo_name(model_name)
	new_repo_dir = model_name
	repo = Repository(local_dir=new_repo_dir, clone_from=new_repo_id)
	<span class="hljs-comment"># Copy files</span>
	copy_tree(template_repo_dir, new_repo_dir)
	<span class="hljs-comment"># Push to Hub</span>
	repo.push_to_hub()<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-mro1oy">이제 <code>copy_repository_template()</code>를 호출하면 모델 저장소의 템플릿이 계정에 복사 됩니다.</p> <h2 class="relative group"><a id="-transformers의-파이프라인-디버깅" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#-transformers의-파이프라인-디버깅"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>🤗 Transformers의 파이프라인 디버깅</span></h2> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1x9b0w6">Transformer 모델들의 멋진 디버깅 세계로 여정을 떠나기 위해, 다음의 시나리오를 생각해보세요: 여러분은 E-commerce 사이트의 고객이 소비자 상품에 대한 답변을 찾기 위한 질문 및 답변 프로젝트에서 동료와 함께 일하고 있으며, 동료가 당신에게 다음과 같은 메세지를 보냈습니다:</p> <blockquote data-svelte-h="svelte-194cznz"><p>안녕하세요! Hugging Face 코스에 있는 <a href="/course/chapter7/7">7 단원</a>의 기술을 활용해서 실험을 해봤는데, SQuAD에서 좋은 결과를 얻었습니다. 저희 프로젝트를 이 모델로 시작할 수 있다고 생각이 됩니다. 허브에 있는 모델 아이디는 “lewtun/distillbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28” 입니다. 마음 껏 테스트 해보세요. :)</p></blockquote> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1bt4065">🤗 Transformers의 <code>pipeline</code>을 사용는 모델을 불러오기 위해 우선 고려해야 할 것이 있습니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> transformers <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> pipeline

	model_checkpoint = get_full_repo_name(<span class="hljs-string">"distillbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28"</span>)
	reader = pipeline(<span class="hljs-string">"question-answering"</span>, model=model_checkpoint)<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-string">"""
	OSError: Can't load config for 'lewtun/distillbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28'. make sure that:

	- 'lewtun/distillbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28'이라는 모델명이 'https://huggingface.co/models'에 존재하는지 확인하거나

	'lewtun/distillbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28'이라는 경로 또는 폴더가 config.json 파일 포함하고 있는지 확인하세요.
	"""</span><!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-esoryw">아 이런, 뭔가 잘못된 것 같네요! 만약 프로그래밍이 처음이라면, 이런 종류의 에러가 처음에는 다소 신비하게(<code>OSError</code>란 도대체..) 보일 수도 있습니다. 여기에서 보이는 에러는 파이썬의 traceback(stack trace로 알려져있음)으로 불리는 좀 더 큰 에러 리포트의 마지막 부분 입니다. 예를 들어 이 코드를 Google의 Colab에서 실행한다면 아래와 같은 스크린샷을 보게 될겁니다:</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-1196hzp"><img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter8/traceback.png" alt="A Python traceback." width="100%"></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1udmr7o">이 리포트에는 많은 정보를 담고 있으니, 같이 핵심 부분을 살펴보겠습니다. 우선 명심해야할 것은 tracebacks은 <em>아래부터 위로</em> 읽어야 합니다. 이러한 말은 영어 텍스트를 위에서 아래로 읽어오곤 했다면 이상하게 들릴 수 있겠지만 모델과 토크나이저를 다운로드 할 때 <code>pipeline</code>이 만드는 함수 호출 순서를 보여주는 traceback을 반영했기 때문입니다. 내부에서 <code>pipeline</code>이 작동하는 방식에 대한 자세한 내용은 <a href="/course/chapter2">단원 2</a>를 참고하세요.</p> <div class="course-tip bg-gradient-to-br dark:bg-gradient-to-r before:border-green-500 dark:before:border-green-800 from-green-50 dark:from-gray-900 to-white dark:to-gray-950 border border-green-50 text-green-700 dark:text-gray-400"><p data-svelte-h="svelte-xxn98g">Google Colab의 traceback에서 “6 frames” 주변의 파란 상자를 보셨나요? traceback을 “frames”로 압축하는 Colab의 특별한 기능입니다. 만약 오류의 원인을 찾을 수 없다면, 두개의 작은 화살표를 클릭해서 전체 traceback을 확장되어 있는지 여부를 확인하세요.</p></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-po72pj">즉 마지막 에러 메시지와 발생한 예외의 이름을 가리키는 traceback의 마지막 줄을 뜻합니다. 이 경우의 예외 유형은 시스템 관련 오류를 나타내는 OS Error 입니다. 첨부된 오류 메시지를 읽으면 모델의 <em>config.json</em> 파일에 문제가 있는 것으로 보이며 이를 수정하기 위해 두 가지 선택지가 있습니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-string">"""
	make sure that:

	- 'lewtun/distillbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28' is a correct model identifier listed on 'https://huggingface.co/models'

	- or 'lewtun/distillbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28' is the correct path to a directory containing a config.json file
	"""</span><!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <div class="course-tip bg-gradient-to-br dark:bg-gradient-to-r before:border-green-500 dark:before:border-green-800 from-green-50 dark:from-gray-900 to-white dark:to-gray-950 border border-green-50 text-green-700 dark:text-gray-400"><p data-svelte-h="svelte-95h5b6">💡 이해하기 어려운 에러 메시지를 접하게 된다면, 메세지를 복사해서 Google 또는 <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/" rel="nofollow">스택오버플로우</a> 검색창에 붙여 넣기만 하세요(네 진짭니다!). 이는 오류가 발생한 첫 사람이 아닐 가능성이 높을뿐더러, 커뮤니티의 다른 사람들이 게시한 솔루션을 찾는 좋은 방법입니다. 예를 들어, 스택오버플로우에서 ‘OSError: Can’t load config for’를 검색하면 여러 <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/search?q=OSError%3A+Can%27t+load+config+for+" rel="nofollow">해답</a>을 제공하며 문제 해결을 위한 출발점으로 사용할 수 있습니다.</p></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1mpwmwf">첫 번째 제안은 모델 ID가 실제로 정확한지 확인하도록 요청하는 것으로 비즈니스의 첫 순서는 식별자(모델 이름)를 복사하여 Hub의 검색 창에 붙여넣는 것입니다:</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-6ebc1j"><img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter8/wrong-model-id.png" alt="The wrong model name." width="100%"></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1l9my3g">음, 동료의 모델이 허브에 없는 것 같습니다… 아하, 모델의 이름에 오타가 있었습니다! DistilBERT는 이름에 “l”이 하나만 있으므로 이를 수정하고 대신 “lewtun/distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28”을 찾아보겠습니다:</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-1b95mxr"><img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter8/true-model-id.png" alt="The right model name." width="100%"></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1hmbpv0">좋습니다, 성공했군요. 이제 올바른 모델 ID로 모델을 다시 다운로드 해봅시다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->model_checkpoint = get_full_repo_name(<span class="hljs-string">"distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28"</span>)
	reader = pipeline(<span class="hljs-string">"question-answering"</span>, model=model_checkpoint)<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-string">"""
	OSError: Can't load config for 'lewtun/distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28'. Make sure that:

	- 'lewtun/distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28' is a correct model identifier listed on 'https://huggingface.co/models'

	- or 'lewtun/distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-squad-d5716d28' is the correct path to a directory containing a config.json file
	"""</span><!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1ndbnyc">아오 또 실패입니다. 머신러닝 엔지니어의 일상에 오신 것을 환영합니다! 모델 ID를 수정했으므로 문제는 저장소 자체에 있어야 합니다. 🤗 Hub의 저장소 컨텐츠에 빠르게 액세스하는 방법은 <code>huggingface_hub</code> 라이브러리의 <code>list_repo_files()</code> 함수를 사용하는 것입니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> huggingface_hub <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> list_repo_files

	list_repo_files(repo_id=model_checkpoint)<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->[<span class="hljs-string">'.gitattributes'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'README.md'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'pytorch_model.bin'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'special_tokens_map.json'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'tokenizer_config.json'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'training_args.bin'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'vocab.txt'</span>]<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-cl30o8">흥미롭네요 — 이 저장소에는 <em>config.json</em>가 보이지 않습니다! 우리의 <code>pipeline</code>이 모델을 불러올 수 없는 것이 당연했군요; 동료가 파인튜닝 후에 허브에 푸시하는 것을 잊어버린 모양입니다. 이 경우, 문제는 매우 간단하게 해결할 수 있습니다: 동료에게 파일을 추가하도록 요청하거나, 사전 훈련(pretrained)된 모델이 <a href="https://huggingface.co/distilbert-base-uncased" rel="nofollow"><code>distilbert-base-uncased</code></a>인 것을 확인 할 수 있으므로, 이 모델에 대한 config를 다운로드하고 저장소에 푸시하여 문제가 해결되는지 확인할 수 있습니다. 시도 해봅시다. <a href="/course/chapter2">단원 2</a>에서 배운 기술을 사용해 <code>AutoConfig</code> 클래스로 모델의 config 파일을 다운로드할 수 있습니다.</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> transformers <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> AutoConfig

	pretrained_checkpoint = <span class="hljs-string">"distilbert-base-uncased"</span>
	config = AutoConfig.from_pretrained(pretrained_checkpoint)<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <div class="course-tip course-tip-orange bg-gradient-to-br dark:bg-gradient-to-r before:border-orange-500 dark:before:border-orange-800 from-orange-50 dark:from-gray-900 to-white dark:to-gray-950 border border-orange-50 text-orange-700 dark:text-gray-400"><p data-svelte-h="svelte-10cuvr3">🚨 여기에서 하는 접근 방식은 동료가 ‘distilbert-base-uncased’의 config를 수정했을 수 있으므로 이 접근 방식은 완전하지 않습니다. 우리는 동료에게 먼저 확인하고 싶겠지만, 이번 장에서의 목적상, 동료가 디폴트 config를 사용했다고 가정하겠습니다.</p></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-169j1c0">그런 다음 config 클래스의 <code>push_to_hub()</code> 기능을 사용해서 config 파일을 모델 저장소로 푸시할 수 있습니다:
	We can then push this to our model repository with the configuration’s <code>push_to_hub()</code> function:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->config.push_to_hub(model_checkpoint, commit_message=<span class="hljs-string">"Add config.json"</span>)<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1e8rk6c">이제 <code>main</code> 브랜치의 최신 커밋에서 모델을 로드해서 작동 여부를 테스트할 수 있습니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->reader = pipeline(<span class="hljs-string">"question-answering"</span>, model=model_checkpoint, revision=<span class="hljs-string">"main"</span>)

	context = <span class="hljs-string">r"""
	Extractive Question Answering is the task of extracting an answer from a text
	given a question. An example of a question answering dataset is the SQuAD
	dataset, which is entirely based on that task. If you would like to fine-tune a
	model on a SQuAD task, you may leverage the
	examples/pytorch/question-answering/run_squad.py script.

	🤗 Transformers is interoperable with the PyTorch, TensorFlow, and JAX
	frameworks, so you can use your favourite tools for a wide variety of tasks!
	"""</span>

	question = <span class="hljs-string">"What is extractive question answering?"</span>
	reader(question=question, context=context)<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->{<span class="hljs-string">'score'</span>: <span class="hljs-number">0.38669535517692566</span>,
	<span class="hljs-string">'start'</span>: <span class="hljs-number">34</span>,
	<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>: <span class="hljs-number">95</span>,
	<span class="hljs-string">'answer'</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'the task of extracting an answer from a text given a question'</span>}<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-s9ixvh">유후, 동작하네요! 방금 배운 내용을 요약 해보겠습니다:</p> <ul data-svelte-h="svelte-wtn1pl"><li>Python의 오류 메시지는 <em>tracebacks</em>로 알려져 있으며 아래에서 위로 읽습니다. 오류 메시지의 마지막 줄에는 일반적으로 문제의 원인을 찾는 데 필요한 정보가 포함되어 있습니다.</li> <li>마지막 줄에 충분한 정보가 포함되어 있지 않으면 traceback을 위로 훑어보고 소스 코드에서 오류가 발생한 위치를 식별할 수 있는지 확인합니다.</li> <li>오류 메시지가 문제를 디버그하는 데 도움이 되지 않으면 온라인에서 유사한 문제에 대한 해결책을 검색해 보세요.</li> <li><code>huggingface_hub</code>
	// 🤗 Hub?
	이 라이브러리는 허브의 저장소와 상호 작용하고 디버그하는 데 사용할 수 있는 툴들을 제공합니다.</li></ul> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1n9qm6w">이제 파이프라인을 디버깅하는 방법을 알았으니 모델 자체의 forward pass에서 더 까다로운 예를 살펴보겠습니다.</p> <h2 class="relative group"><a id="모델의-foward-pass-디버깅" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#모델의-foward-pass-디버깅"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>모델의 foward pass 디버깅</span></h2> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-2o2oia">‘pipeline’은 빠르게 예측을 생성해야 하는 대부분의 애플리케이션에 적합하지만 때로는 모델의 logits값에 접근해야 할 수도 있습니다(예: 적용하려는 커스텀 후처리 과정이 있는 경우). 이 경우 무엇이 잘못될 수 있는지 알아보기 위해 먼저 <code>pipeline</code>에서 모델과 토크나이저를 가져와 보겠습니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->tokenizer = reader.tokenizer
	model = reader.model<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1ge5ru2">다음으로 질문이 필요합니다. 선호하는 프레임워크가 지원되는지 살펴보겠습니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->question = <span class="hljs-string">"Which frameworks can I use?"</span><!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1nriits"><a href="/course/chapter7">단원 7</a>에서 보았듯이 일반적인 단계는 입력을 토큰화하고 시작과 마지막 토큰의 logits를 추출한 다음 응답 부분을 디코딩하는 것입니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> torch

	inputs = tokenizer(question, context, add_special_tokens=<span class="hljs-literal">True</span>)
	input_ids = inputs[<span class="hljs-string">"input_ids"</span>][<span class="hljs-number">0</span>]
	outputs = model(**inputs)
	answer_start_scores = outputs.start_logits
	answer_end_scores = outputs.end_logits
	<span class="hljs-comment"># Get the most likely beginning of answer with the argmax of the score</span>
	answer_start = torch.argmax(answer_start_scores)
	<span class="hljs-comment"># Get the most likely end of answer with the argmax of the score</span>
	answer_end = torch.argmax(answer_end_scores) + <span class="hljs-number">1</span>
	answer = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_string(
	tokenizer.convert_ids_to_tokens(input_ids[answer_start:answer_end])
	)
	<span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(<span class="hljs-string">f"Question: <span class="hljs-subst">{question}</span>"</span>)
	<span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(<span class="hljs-string">f"Answer: <span class="hljs-subst">{answer}</span>"</span>)<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-string">"""
	---------------------------------------------------------------------------
	AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
	/var/folders/28/k4cy5q7s2hs92xq7_h89_vgm0000gn/T/ipykernel_75743/2725838073.py in <module>
	1 inputs = tokenizer(question, text, add_special_tokens=True)
	2 input_ids = inputs["input_ids"]
	----> 3 outputs = model(**inputs)
	4 answer_start_scores = outputs.start_logits
	5 answer_end_scores = outputs.end_logits

	~/miniconda3/envs/huggingface/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py in _call_impl(self, input, *kwargs)
	1049 if not (self._backward_hooks or self._forward_hooks or self._forward_pre_hooks or _global_backward_hooks
	1050 or _global_forward_hooks or _global_forward_pre_hooks):
	-> 1051 return forward_call(input, *kwargs)
	1052 # Do not call functions when jit is used
	1053 full_backward_hooks, non_full_backward_hooks = [], []

	~/miniconda3/envs/huggingface/lib/python3.8/site-packages/transformers/models/distilbert/modeling_distilbert.py in forward(self, input_ids, attention_mask, head_mask, inputs_embeds, start_positions, end_positions, output_attentions, output_hidden_states, return_dict)
	723 return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict
	724
	--> 725 distilbert_output = self.distilbert(
	726 input_ids=input_ids,
	727 attention_mask=attention_mask,

	~/miniconda3/envs/huggingface/lib/python3.8/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py in _call_impl(self, input, *kwargs)
	1049 if not (self._backward_hooks or self._forward_hooks or self._forward_pre_hooks or _global_backward_hooks
	1050 or _global_forward_hooks or _global_forward_pre_hooks):
	-> 1051 return forward_call(input, *kwargs)
	1052 # Do not call functions when jit is used
	1053 full_backward_hooks, non_full_backward_hooks = [], []

	~/miniconda3/envs/huggingface/lib/python3.8/site-packages/transformers/models/distilbert/modeling_distilbert.py in forward(self, input_ids, attention_mask, head_mask, inputs_embeds, output_attentions, output_hidden_states, return_dict)
	471 raise ValueError("You cannot specify both input_ids and inputs_embeds at the same time")
	472 elif input_ids is not None:
	--> 473 input_shape = input_ids.size()
	474 elif inputs_embeds is not None:
	475 input_shape = inputs_embeds.size()[:-1]

	AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'size'
	"""</span><!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-16x9dpc">이런, 코드에 버그가 있는 것 같네요! 하지만 약간의 디버깅은 두렵지 않습니다. 노트북에서 파이썬 디버거를 사용 할 수 있습니다:</p> <iframe class="w-full xl:w-4/6 h-80" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/rSPyvPw0p9k" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1vtu8ie">또는 터미널에서:</p> <iframe class="w-full xl:w-4/6 h-80" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/5PkZ4rbHL6c" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-nxzkfy">여기에서 오류 메시지를 읽으면 <code>'list' 객체에는 'size' 속성이 없으며 </code>model(**inputs)‘에서 문제가 발생한 라인을 가리키는 <code>--></code> 화살표를 볼 수 있습니다. <code>.Python 디버거를 사용하여 대화식으로 디버그할 수 있지만 지금은 단순히 </code>inputs` 부분을 슬라이스하여 어떤 값이 있는지 볼 것입니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->inputs[<span class="hljs-string">"input_ids"</span>][:<span class="hljs-number">5</span>]<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->[<span class="hljs-number">101</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2029</span>, <span class="hljs-number">7705</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2015</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2064</span>]<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-lm48ae">확실히 일반적인 Python <code>list</code>처럼 보이지만 타입을 다시 확인합시다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-built_in">type</span>(inputs[<span class="hljs-string">"input_ids"</span>])<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-built_in">list</span><!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-c3hbiw">네, 확실히 파이썬의 <code>list</code>입니다. 무엇이 잘못되었을까요? <a href="/course/chapter2">단원 2</a>에서 🤗 Transformers의 <code>AutoModelForXxx</code> 클래스는 <em>tensors</em>(PyTorch 또는 TensorFlow 포함)에서 작동하며 tensor의 dimensions를 추출하기 위해 일반적인 방법으로 PyTorch의 <code>Tensor.size()</code>를 활용합니다. 어떤 라인이 예외를 발생시켰는지 알아보기 위해 traceback을 다시 살펴보겠습니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->~<span class="hljs-regexp">/miniconda3/</span>envs<span class="hljs-regexp">/huggingface/</span>lib<span class="hljs-regexp">/python3.8/</span>site-packages<span class="hljs-regexp">/transformers/m</span>odels<span class="hljs-regexp">/distilbert/m</span>odeling_distilbert.py in forward(self, input_ids, attention_mask, head_mask, inputs_embeds, output_attentions, output_hidden_states, return_dict)
	<span class="hljs-number">471</span> raise ValueError(<span class="hljs-string">"You cannot specify both input_ids and inputs_embeds at the same time"</span>)
	<span class="hljs-number">472</span> elif input_ids is not None:
	--> <span class="hljs-number">473</span> input_shape = input_ids.<span class="hljs-keyword">size</span>()
	<span class="hljs-number">474</span> elif inputs_embeds is not None:
	<span class="hljs-number">475</span> input_shape = inputs_embeds.<span class="hljs-keyword">size</span>()[:-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]

	AttributeError: <span class="hljs-string">'list'</span> object has no attribute <span class="hljs-string">'size'</span><!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-nao1co">코드가 <code>input_ids.size()</code>를 호출하려고 하지만, Python <code>list</code>에서는 절대 동작하지 않습니다. 이 문제를 어떻게 해결할 수 있을까요? 스택오버플로우에서 오류 메시지를 검색하면 꽤 많은 관련 <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/search?q=AttributeError%3A+%27list%27+object+has+no+attribute+%27size%27&s=c15ec54c-63cb-481d-a749-408920073e8f" rel="nofollow">해결책</a>을 제공합니다. 첫 번째 질문을 클릭하면 아래 스크린샷에 표시된 답변과 함께 우리와 유사한 질문이 표시됩니다:</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-1i8wi5i"><img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter8/stack-overflow.png" alt="An answer from Stack Overflow." width="100%"></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-17xt6c0">대답은 토크나이저에 <code>return_tensors='pt'</code>를 추가할 것을 권장하는데, 이게 작동하는지 확인해 보겠습니다:</p> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START -->inputs = tokenizer(question, context, add_special_tokens=<span class="hljs-literal">True</span>, return_tensors=<span class="hljs-string">"pt"</span>)
	input_ids = inputs[<span class="hljs-string">"input_ids"</span>][<span class="hljs-number">0</span>]
	outputs = model(**inputs)
	answer_start_scores = outputs.start_logits
	answer_end_scores = outputs.end_logits
	<span class="hljs-comment"># Get the most likely beginning of answer with the argmax of the score</span>
	answer_start = torch.argmax(answer_start_scores)
	<span class="hljs-comment"># Get the most likely end of answer with the argmax of the score</span>
	answer_end = torch.argmax(answer_end_scores) + <span class="hljs-number">1</span>
	answer = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_string(
	tokenizer.convert_ids_to_tokens(input_ids[answer_start:answer_end])
	)
	<span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(<span class="hljs-string">f"Question: <span class="hljs-subst">{question}</span>"</span>)
	<span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(<span class="hljs-string">f"Answer: <span class="hljs-subst">{answer}</span>"</span>)<!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <div class="code-block relative "><div class="absolute top-2.5 right-4"><button class="inline-flex items-center relative text-sm focus:text-green-500 cursor-pointer focus:outline-none transition duration-200 ease-in-out opacity-0 mx-0.5 text-gray-600 " title="code excerpt" type="button"><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" focusable="false" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28,10V28H10V10H28m0-2H10a2,2,0,0,0-2,2V28a2,2,0,0,0,2,2H28a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V10a2,2,0,0,0-2-2Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><path d="M4,18H2V4A2,2,0,0,1,4,2H18V4H4Z" transform="translate(0)"></path><rect fill="none" width="32" height="32"></rect></svg> <div class="absolute pointer-events-none transition-opacity bg-black text-white py-1 px-2 leading-tight rounded font-normal shadow left-1/2 top-full transform -translate-x-1/2 translate-y-2 opacity-0"><div class="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 transform -translate-x-1/2 w-0 h-0 border-black border-4 border-t-0" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; "></div> Copied</div></button></div> <pre class=""><!-- HTML_TAG_START --><span class="hljs-string">"""
	Question: Which frameworks can I use?
	Answer: pytorch, tensorflow, and jax
	"""</span><!-- HTML_TAG_END --></pre></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1gwc3cq">잘 동작하네요! 이게 바로 스택오버플로우가 얼마나 유용한지 보여주는 좋은 예입니다. 유사한 문제를 식별하여 커뮤니티의 다른 사람들의 경험을 활용할 수 있었습니다. 그러나 이와 같은 검색이 항상 적절한 답변을 제공하는 것은 아닙니다. 이러한 경우에 무엇을 할 수 있을까요? 다행히도 <a href="https://discuss.huggingface.co/" rel="nofollow">Hugging Face forums</a>에 여러분을 반기고 도와줄 수 있는 개발자 커뮤니티가 있습니다! 다음 장에서는 답변을 얻을 수 있는 좋은 포럼 질문을 만드는 방법을 살펴보겠습니다.</p> <a class="!text-gray-400 !no-underline text-sm flex items-center not-prose mt-4" href="https://github.com/huggingface/course/blob/main/chapters/ko/chapter8/2.mdx" target="_blank"><span data-svelte-h="svelte-1kd6by1"><</span> <span data-svelte-h="svelte-x0xyl0">></span> <span data-svelte-h="svelte-1dajgef"><span class="underline ml-1.5">Update</span> on GitHub</span></a> <p></p>

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