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# DeepSleepNet
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DeepSleepNet from Supratak et al (2017) .
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> **Architecture-only repository.**
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> `braindecode.models.DeepSleepNet` class. **No pretrained weights are
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> distributed here**
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> data
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> separately.
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## Quick start
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```
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The signal-shape arguments above are
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## Documentation
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<https://braindecode.org/stable/generated/braindecode.models.DeepSleepNet.html>
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- Interactive browser with live instantiation:
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<https://huggingface.co/spaces/braindecode/model-explorer>
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- Source on GitHub: <https://github.com/braindecode/braindecode/blob/master/braindecode/models/deepsleepnet.py#L12>
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## Architecture description
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The block below is the rendered class docstring (parameters,
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references, architecture figure where available).
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<div class='bd-doc'><main>
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<p>DeepSleepNet from Supratak et al (2017) [Supratak2017]_.</p>
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<span style="display:inline-block;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:4px;background:#5cb85c;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;margin-right:4px;">Convolution</span><span style="display:inline-block;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:4px;background:#6c757d;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;margin-right:4px;">Recurrent</span>
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.. figure:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/akaraspt/deepsleepnet/master/img/deepsleepnet.png
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:align: center
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:alt: DeepSleepNet Architecture
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:width: 700px
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DeepSleepNet is a deep learning model for automatic sleep stage scoring
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based on raw single-channel EEG. It consists of two main parts:
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1. **Representation learning** — two CNNs with different filter sizes
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extract time-invariant features from each 30-s EEG epoch.
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2. **Sequence residual learning** — bidirectional LSTMs learn temporal
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information such as stage transition rules, combined with a residual
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shortcut from the CNN features.
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.. rubric:: Representation Learning
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Two parallel CNN paths process the raw input simultaneously:
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- **Small-filter path** — first conv uses filter length ≈ Fs/2 and
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stride ≈ Fs/16, capturing *when* characteristic transients occur
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(temporal precision).
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- **Large-filter path** — first conv uses filter length ≈ 4·Fs and
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stride ≈ Fs/2, capturing *which* frequency components dominate
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(frequency precision).
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Each path consists of four convolutional layers (1-D convolution →
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:class:`~torch.nn.BatchNorm2d` → activation, configurable via the
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per-path activation settings) and two :class:`~torch.nn.MaxPool2d`
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layers with :class:`~torch.nn.Dropout` after the first pooling.
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Outputs from both paths are **concatenated** to form the epoch
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embedding.
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.. rubric:: Sequence Residual Learning
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Two layers of bidirectional LSTMs encode temporal dependencies across
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epochs. A **residual shortcut** (fully connected →
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:class:`~torch.nn.BatchNorm1d` → :class:`~torch.nn.ReLU`) projects
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the CNN features to the BiLSTM output dimension and is **added** to
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the BiLSTM output, improving gradient flow and preserving salient
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CNN evidence.
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.. rubric:: Implementation Differences
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.. note::
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**Peephole connections.** The original implementation uses
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TensorFlow ``LSTMCell`` with ``use_peepholes=True``, which allows
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gates to inspect the cell state. :class:`torch.nn.LSTM` does not
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support peepholes; this implementation uses standard LSTM gates.
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**Sequence length.** The original model processes **sequences of
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epochs** through the BiLSTM to capture cross-epoch transition rules.
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This implementation processes **single epochs** (sequence length 1),
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so the BiLSTM acts as a nonlinear feature transform with a residual
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connection. To leverage multi-epoch context, batch consecutive
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epochs as a sequence externally.
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**Activation.** The original uses :class:`~torch.nn.ReLU` for both
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CNN paths. This implementation defaults to :class:`~torch.nn.ELU`
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for the large-filter path (``activation_large``), which can be
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overridden.
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.. rubric:: Training (from the paper)
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- **Two-step procedure.** (i) Pre-train the CNN part on a
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class-balanced training set using oversampling; (ii) fine-tune the
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whole network with sequential batches using a lower learning rate
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for the CNNs and a higher one for the sequence residual part.
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- **Dropout** with probability 0.5 is used throughout the model.
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- **L2 weight decay** (λ = 10⁻³) is applied only to the first
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convolutional layers of both CNN paths.
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- **Gradient clipping** rescales gradients when their global norm
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exceeds a threshold.
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- **State handling.** BiLSTM states are reinitialized per subject so
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that temporal context does not leak across recordings.
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Parameters
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----------
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activation_large : type[nn.Module], default=nn.ELU
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Activation class for the large-filter CNN path.
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activation_small : type[nn.Module], default=nn.ReLU
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Activation class for the small-filter CNN path.
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return_feats : bool, default=False
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If True, return features before the final linear layer.
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drop_prob : float, default=0.5
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Dropout probability applied throughout the network.
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bilstm_hidden_size : int, default=512
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Hidden size of the BiLSTM. The residual FC output dimension is
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``2 * bilstm_hidden_size`` to match the concatenated directions.
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bilstm_num_layers : int, default=2
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Number of stacked BiLSTM layers.
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small_n_filters_1 : int, default=64
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First-conv output channels for the small-filter path.
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small_n_filters_2 : int, default=128
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Deep-conv (conv2--conv4) output channels for the small-filter path.
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small_first_kernel_size : int, default=50
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First-conv kernel size for the small path (paper: Fs/2).
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small_first_stride : int, default=6
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First-conv stride for the small path (paper: Fs/16).
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small_first_padding : int, default=22
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First-conv padding for the small path.
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small_pool1_kernel_size : int, default=8
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First max-pool kernel for the small path.
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small_pool1_stride : int, default=8
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First max-pool stride for the small path.
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small_pool1_padding : int, default=2
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First max-pool padding for the small path.
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small_deep_kernel_size : int, default=8
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Deep-conv kernel size for the small path.
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small_pool2_kernel_size : int, default=4
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Second max-pool kernel for the small path.
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small_pool2_stride : int, default=4
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Second max-pool stride for the small path.
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small_pool2_padding : int, default=1
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Second max-pool padding for the small path.
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large_n_filters_1 : int, default=64
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First-conv output channels for the large-filter path.
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large_n_filters_2 : int, default=128
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Deep-conv (conv2--conv4) output channels for the large-filter path.
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large_first_kernel_size : int, default=400
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First-conv kernel size for the large path (paper: 4*Fs).
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large_first_stride : int, default=50
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First-conv stride for the large path (paper: Fs/2).
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large_first_padding : int, default=175
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First-conv padding for the large path.
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large_pool1_kernel_size : int, default=4
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First max-pool kernel for the large path.
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large_pool1_stride : int, default=4
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First max-pool stride for the large path.
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large_pool1_padding : int, default=0
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First max-pool padding for the large path.
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large_deep_kernel_size : int, default=6
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Deep-conv kernel size for the large path.
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large_pool2_kernel_size : int, default=2
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Second max-pool kernel for the large path.
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large_pool2_stride : int, default=2
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Second max-pool stride for the large path.
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large_pool2_padding : int, default=1
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Second max-pool padding for the large path.
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References
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----------
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.. [Supratak2017] Supratak, A., Dong, H., Wu, C., & Guo, Y. (2017).
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DeepSleepNet: A model for automatic sleep stage scoring based
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on raw single-channel EEG. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems
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and Rehabilitation Engineering, 25(11), 1998-2008.
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.. rubric:: Hugging Face Hub integration
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When the optional ``huggingface_hub`` package is installed, all models
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automatically gain the ability to be pushed to and loaded from the
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Hugging Face Hub. Install with::
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pip install braindecode[hub]
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**Pushing a model to the Hub:**
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.. code::
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from braindecode.models import DeepSleepNet
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# Train your model
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model = DeepSleepNet(n_chans=22, n_outputs=4, n_times=1000)
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# ... training code ...
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# Push to the Hub
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model.push_to_hub(
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repo_id="username/my-deepsleepnet-model",
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commit_message="Initial model upload",
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)
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**Loading a model from the Hub:**
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.. code::
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from braindecode.models import DeepSleepNet
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# Load pretrained model
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model = DeepSleepNet.from_pretrained("username/my-deepsleepnet-model")
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# Load with a different number of outputs (head is rebuilt automatically)
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model = DeepSleepNet.from_pretrained("username/my-deepsleepnet-model", n_outputs=4)
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**Extracting features and replacing the head:**
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.. code::
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import torch
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x = torch.randn(1, model.n_chans, model.n_times)
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# Extract encoder features (consistent dict across all models)
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out = model(x, return_features=True)
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features = out["features"]
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# Replace the classification head
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model.reset_head(n_outputs=10)
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**Saving and restoring full configuration:**
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.. code::
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import json
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config = model.get_config() # all __init__ params
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with open("config.json", "w") as f:
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json.dump(config, f)
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model2 = DeepSleepNet.from_config(config) # reconstruct (no weights)
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See :ref:`load-pretrained-models` for a complete tutorial.</main>
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</div>
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## Citation
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*References* section above) and braindecode:
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```bibtex
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@article{aristimunha2025braindecode,
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# DeepSleepNet
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+
DeepSleepNet from Supratak et al (2017) [Supratak2017].
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> **Architecture-only repository.** Documents the
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> `braindecode.models.DeepSleepNet` class. **No pretrained weights are
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> distributed here.** Instantiate the model and train it on your own
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> data.
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## Quick start
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)
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```
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The signal-shape arguments above are illustrative defaults — adjust to
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match your recording.
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## Documentation
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- Full API reference: <https://braindecode.org/stable/generated/braindecode.models.DeepSleepNet.html>
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- Interactive browser (live instantiation, parameter counts):
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<https://huggingface.co/spaces/braindecode/model-explorer>
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- Source on GitHub: <https://github.com/braindecode/braindecode/blob/master/braindecode/models/deepsleepnet.py#L12>
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| 50 |
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| 51 |
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## Architecture
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| 52 |
+
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| 53 |
+

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| 54 |
+
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| 55 |
+
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| 56 |
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## Parameters
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| 57 |
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| Parameter | Type | Description |
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| 59 |
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|---|---|---|
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| 60 |
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| `activation_large` | type[nn.Module], default=nn.ELU | Activation class for the large-filter CNN path. |
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| `activation_small` | type[nn.Module], default=nn.ReLU | Activation class for the small-filter CNN path. |
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| `return_feats` | bool, default=False | If True, return features before the final linear layer. |
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| 63 |
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| `drop_prob` | float, default=0.5 | Dropout probability applied throughout the network. |
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| `bilstm_hidden_size` | int, default=512 | Hidden size of the BiLSTM. The residual FC output dimension is `2 * bilstm_hidden_size` to match the concatenated directions. |
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| 65 |
+
| `bilstm_num_layers` | int, default=2 | Number of stacked BiLSTM layers. |
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| 66 |
+
| `small_n_filters_1` | int, default=64 | First-conv output channels for the small-filter path. |
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| 67 |
+
| `small_n_filters_2` | int, default=128 | Deep-conv (conv2--conv4) output channels for the small-filter path. |
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| 68 |
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| `small_first_kernel_size` | int, default=50 | First-conv kernel size for the small path (paper: Fs/2). |
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| 69 |
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| `small_first_stride` | int, default=6 | First-conv stride for the small path (paper: Fs/16). |
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| 70 |
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| `small_first_padding` | int, default=22 | First-conv padding for the small path. |
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| 71 |
+
| `small_pool1_kernel_size` | int, default=8 | First max-pool kernel for the small path. |
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| 72 |
+
| `small_pool1_stride` | int, default=8 | First max-pool stride for the small path. |
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| 73 |
+
| `small_pool1_padding` | int, default=2 | First max-pool padding for the small path. |
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| 74 |
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| `small_deep_kernel_size` | int, default=8 | Deep-conv kernel size for the small path. |
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| 75 |
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| `small_pool2_kernel_size` | int, default=4 | Second max-pool kernel for the small path. |
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| 76 |
+
| `small_pool2_stride` | int, default=4 | Second max-pool stride for the small path. |
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| 77 |
+
| `small_pool2_padding` | int, default=1 | Second max-pool padding for the small path. |
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| 78 |
+
| `large_n_filters_1` | int, default=64 | First-conv output channels for the large-filter path. |
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| 79 |
+
| `large_n_filters_2` | int, default=128 | Deep-conv (conv2--conv4) output channels for the large-filter path. |
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| 80 |
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| `large_first_kernel_size` | int, default=400 | First-conv kernel size for the large path (paper: 4*Fs). |
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| 81 |
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| `large_first_stride` | int, default=50 | First-conv stride for the large path (paper: Fs/2). |
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| 82 |
+
| `large_first_padding` | int, default=175 | First-conv padding for the large path. |
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| 83 |
+
| `large_pool1_kernel_size` | int, default=4 | First max-pool kernel for the large path. |
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| 84 |
+
| `large_pool1_stride` | int, default=4 | First max-pool stride for the large path. |
|
| 85 |
+
| `large_pool1_padding` | int, default=0 | First max-pool padding for the large path. |
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| 86 |
+
| `large_deep_kernel_size` | int, default=6 | Deep-conv kernel size for the large path. |
|
| 87 |
+
| `large_pool2_kernel_size` | int, default=2 | Second max-pool kernel for the large path. |
|
| 88 |
+
| `large_pool2_stride` | int, default=2 | Second max-pool stride for the large path. |
|
| 89 |
+
| `large_pool2_padding` | int, default=1 | Second max-pool padding for the large path. |
|
| 90 |
+
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| 91 |
+
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| 92 |
+
## References
|
| 93 |
+
|
| 94 |
+
1. Supratak, A., Dong, H., Wu, C., & Guo, Y. (2017). DeepSleepNet: A model for automatic sleep stage scoring based on raw single-channel EEG. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 25(11), 1998-2008.
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| 95 |
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|
| 96 |
|
| 97 |
## Citation
|
| 98 |
|
| 99 |
+
Cite the original architecture paper (see *References* above) and braindecode:
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|
| 100 |
|
| 101 |
```bibtex
|
| 102 |
@article{aristimunha2025braindecode,
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