---
license: mit
library_name: pytorch
pipeline_tag: audio-classification
tags:
  - audio
  - audio-classification
  - deepfake-detection
  - source-tracing
  - open-set-recognition
  - wavlm
  - encodec
datasets:
  - mueller91/MLAAD
metrics:
  - accuracy
---

# sourcetrace — the fitted head of CoRA (open-set audio deepfake attribution)

The fitted head of [`sourcetrace`](https://github.com/pujariaditya/CoRA),
which names **which synthesis model produced a synthetic speech clip** — or reports
that the model is not one it has seen. It is the artifact behind the paper *CoRA:
Robust Open-Set Audio Deepfake Attribution with Neural Codec Residuals*.

**This is not a standalone model.** `mlaad_v5.pt` is a `torch.save` dict with
`format: "sourcetrace-method-checkpoint"`, loaded by `sourcetrace.method.Method.load`.
It holds the small trained head plus the fitted scoring stack (class anchors,
relative-Mahalanobis density, z-norm constants, conformal calibration). The
front-ends — `microsoft/wavlm-large` and `facebook/encodec_24khz` — are frozen, are
**not** included here, and are fetched separately by `./setup.sh`.

## Model

| | |
|---|---|
| Input | 2133-d feature vector, **not** audio |
| SSL front end | `microsoft/wavlm-large`, **frozen**, layers 1–4, mean\|std pooled → 2048-d |
| Spectral signature | 24 group-delay bands + 16 modulation bins + 12 codec-grid dims → 52-d |
| Codec residual | `facebook/encodec_24khz` reconstruction residual at 1.5 / 6 / 12 kbps → 33-d |
| Head | factorized gated: SSL 192 + spectral 64 + codec 32, tanh FiLM gates |
| Embedding | **one** 288-d vector `z = L2([z_ssl ‖ 0.1 z_spec ‖ 0.5 z_codec])` |
| Open-set score | anchor margin + relative Mahalanobis on `z`; label = nearest anchor |
| Training | MLAAD v5 only: Adam, lr 3e-4, no weight decay, 300 epochs, batch 512 |

The same `z` serves every task: the open-set score, the known-model label, and the
STOPA cross-corpus protocol (cosine to enrolment fingerprints), where the model is
applied **without any STOPA training**.

The codec residual is the contribution: re-encode each clip through EnCodec-24 kHz
and keep what it got *wrong*. Those 33 numbers come off the waveform the speech
model never sees. Removing the channel moves FPR95 from 0.50 % to 1.28 %, OOD-EER
from 2.45 % to 3.45 % and known-model accuracy from 99.86 % to 99.68 % on MLAAD v5,
and the STOPA held-out model EER from 6.80 % to 8.08 %.

The head in the public code is a reconstruction from the published method
description, not a recovered original; its construction order is load-bearing for
RNG reproducibility.

## Input

Not audio. A **2133-d** feature vector per clip, laid out as
`[ SSL 0:2048 | signature 2048:2100 | codec residual 2100:2133 ]`, produced by
`python -m sourcetrace.extract`. There is no way to run these weights without the
repository and an extracted feature cache.

## Files

| file | what it is |
|---|---|
| `mlaad_v5.pt` | the fitted head, 65 known synthesis models, split seed 42 / fit seed 0 |

It is sha256-verified on download against the digest compiled into
`scripts/download_weights.py`, not served from here. Earlier files of this
repository (an 800-d two-channel `mlaad_v5.pt` and a STOPA refit `stopa.pt`) are
retired: the current code does not load them.

## Use

```bash
git clone https://github.com/pujariaditya/CoRA && cd CoRA
pip install -e . && ./setup.sh
python scripts/download_weights.py      # sha256-pinned
python -m sourcetrace.evaluate --task both --checkpoint checkpoints/mlaad_v5.pt
```

Downloading saves the fit and nothing else: evaluation still reads the feature
caches, so MLAAD v5 and STOPA must be downloaded and extracted first. See the
repository README for that step.

## Results

**MLAAD v5**, family-level open-set protocol: 65 known synthesis models, 9,620
evaluation utterances (4,375 known-model, 5,245 held-out-model), split seed 42, fit
seed 0.

| Metric | Value | Published |
|---|---|---|
| FPR95 ↓ | **0.50 %** | 3.36 % (Neamtu et al.) |
| OOD-EER ↓ | 2.45 % | — |
| Known-model accuracy ↑ | 99.86 % | — |

**STOPA**, released split and cosine-scoring protocol, the MLAAD-trained model
applied without retraining (33,200 enrolment and 629,800 probe utterances):

| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Held-out synthesis models, EER ↓ | **6.80 %** |
| Known synthesis models, EER ↓ | 9.24 % |
| Vocoder attribution, held-out / known, EER ↓ | 7.81 % / 3.86 % |

STOPA's own trained baselines report 35.34 % (ASVspoof-trained AASIST), 47.75 %
(STOPA-trained AASIST) and 49.55 % (ResNet-34) for held-out models; the 16.43 %
zero-shot EER of Chhibber et al. uses a different data split, so no margin is claimed
over it.

**Reproducible, not just reported.** Refitting from the public code at these seeds
reproduces `results/ablation/full.json` exactly, and this file is that fit.

**Single-seed.** One split seed, one fit seed. These are point estimates; the paper
reports the spread over five training seeds.

## Limitations

- Trained on MLAAD v5 only. Attribution across other corpora, languages, codecs or
  recording conditions is tested only on STOPA.
- For research on open-set attribution. **Not validated for forensic, legal or
  moderation use**, and the abstention rule is calibrated on this protocol — its
  coverage guarantee does not transfer off it.
- The harm from an attribution model is a confident wrong name, not a refusal. On an
  unseen synthesis model the calibrated answer is *unknown*, and that answer is the
  point of the system; do not deploy it anywhere the abstention is discarded, and do
  not present an attribution as evidence about a person.

## Licence

MIT, matching the code repository. MLAAD and STOPA carry their own terms; no audio is
redistributed here.

## Citation

See [`CITATION.cff`](https://github.com/pujariaditya/CoRA/blob/master/CITATION.cff)
in the code repository, which is the single source for how to cite this.

Please also cite the benchmarks (MLAAD, STOPA) and the baselines this is compared
against (Neamtu et al.; Chhibber et al., Odyssey 2026).