src/train_modal.py

"""

Modal training script for Retriever500M.



Runs pretraining and/or SFT on Modal cloud GPUs instead of the local laptop.

Supports resuming from the existing bf16 checkpoint.



Usage:

  # Step 1: Seed the volume with the initial checkpoint

  modal run src/train_modal.py --command seed



  # Step 2: Run pretraining (continues from latest checkpoint)

  modal run src/train_modal.py --command pretrain --steps 1000



  # Step 3: Run SFT (starts from pretrained checkpoint)

  modal run src/train_modal.py --command sft --steps 500



  # Step 4: Download checkpoints back to local

  modal run src/train_modal.py --command download



  # Or do everything in one shot:

  modal run src/train_modal.py --command pipeline --pretrain-steps 1000 --sft-steps 500

"""

import os
import sys
import json
import time
import argparse
from dataclasses import asdict

import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F
from tqdm import tqdm

import modal

# ─── Modal Setup ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

APP_NAME = "retriever500m"
VOLUME_NAME = "retriever500m-data"

PROJECT_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
SRC_DIR = os.path.join(PROJECT_DIR, "src")
DATA_DIR = os.path.join(PROJECT_DIR, "data")
TOKENIZER_DIR = os.path.join(PROJECT_DIR, "tokenizer")
CHECKPOINT_DIR = os.path.join(PROJECT_DIR, "checkpoints")

volume = modal.Volume.from_name(VOLUME_NAME, create_if_missing=True)

# Image: PyTorch with CUDA, plus bitsandbytes for 8-bit optimizer.
# Data, tokenizer, src, and initial checkpoint are baked into the image.
# The volume is used only for saving new checkpoints and logs.
image = (
    modal.Image.from_registry(
        "pytorch/pytorch:2.4.1-cuda12.1-cudnn9-runtime",
        add_python="3.11",
    )
    .pip_install("tokenizers>=0.15,<0.21", "tqdm", "numpy")
    .pip_install("bitsandbytes>=0.43,<0.45")
    .add_local_dir(SRC_DIR, "/root/src")
    .add_local_dir(TOKENIZER_DIR, "/root/tokenizer")
    .add_local_dir(DATA_DIR, "/root/data", ignore=["raw_large/", "raw/", "dedup/"])
    .add_local_dir(CHECKPOINT_DIR, "/root/seed_checkpoints")
)

app = modal.App(APP_NAME, image=image)

# Remote paths inside the container.
# Data/tokenizer/src are baked into the image.
# The volume is mounted at /root/vol for checkpoints and logs.
VOL_MOUNT = "/root/vol"
REMOTE_DATA = "/root/data"              # baked into image
REMOTE_CKPT = "/root/vol/checkpoints"   # on volume (for new checkpoints)
REMOTE_LOGS = "/root/vol/logs"          # on volume
REMOTE_TOKENIZER = "/root/tokenizer"    # baked into image
REMOTE_SRC = "/root/src"                # baked into image
REMOTE_SEED_CKPT = "/root/seed_checkpoints"  # baked into image (initial checkpoint)


# ─── Seed command ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

@app.function(volumes={VOL_MOUNT: volume})
def seed():
    """Copy the initial checkpoint from the image to the volume."""
    import shutil

    os.makedirs(REMOTE_CKPT, exist_ok=True)
    os.makedirs(REMOTE_LOGS, exist_ok=True)

    # Copy seed checkpoints from image to volume
    if os.path.exists(REMOTE_SEED_CKPT):
        for fname in os.listdir(REMOTE_SEED_CKPT):
            src = os.path.join(REMOTE_SEED_CKPT, fname)
            dst = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, fname)
            if os.path.isfile(src) and not os.path.exists(dst):
                shutil.copy2(src, dst)
                print(f"  Seeded {fname} ({os.path.getsize(src) / 1e6:.1f} MB)")
            elif os.path.exists(dst):
                print(f"  SKIP {fname} (already on volume)")

    volume.commit()
    print("Seed complete.")


# ─── Download command ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

@app.function(volumes={VOL_MOUNT: volume})
def download():
    """Download checkpoints and logs from the Modal volume to local."""
    import shutil

    os.makedirs(CHECKPOINT_DIR, exist_ok=True)
    os.makedirs(os.path.join(PROJECT_DIR, "logs"), exist_ok=True)

    # Download checkpoints
    for fname in os.listdir(REMOTE_CKPT):
        src = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, fname)
        if os.path.isfile(src):
            dst = os.path.join(CHECKPOINT_DIR, fname)
            shutil.copy2(src, dst)
            print(f"  Downloaded {fname} ({os.path.getsize(src) / 1e6:.1f} MB)")

    # Download logs
    for fname in os.listdir(REMOTE_LOGS):
        src = os.path.join(REMOTE_LOGS, fname)
        if os.path.isfile(src):
            dst = os.path.join(PROJECT_DIR, "logs", fname)
            shutil.copy2(src, dst)
            print(f"  Downloaded log {fname}")

    print("Download complete.")


# ─── Training logic (shared) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────

def get_lr(step, warmup, max_steps, max_lr, min_lr):
    """Cosine LR schedule with linear warmup."""
    if step < warmup:
        return max_lr * (step + 1) / warmup
    if step > max_steps:
        return min_lr
    decay_ratio = (step - warmup) / (max_steps - warmup)
    coeff = 0.5 * (1.0 + np.cos(np.pi * decay_ratio))
    return min_lr + coeff * (max_lr - min_lr)


def setup_optimizer(model, lr, use_8bit=True):
    decay_params, no_decay_params = [], []
    for name, param in model.named_parameters():
        if not param.requires_grad:
            continue
        if "embedding" in name or "norm" in name:
            no_decay_params.append(param)
        else:
            decay_params.append(param)

    param_groups = [
        {"params": decay_params, "weight_decay": 0.1},
        {"params": no_decay_params, "weight_decay": 0.0},
    ]

    if use_8bit:
        try:
            import bitsandbytes as bnb
            optimizer = bnb.optim.AdamW8bit(param_groups, lr=lr, betas=(0.9, 0.95), eps=1e-8)
            print("Using 8-bit AdamW (bitsandbytes)")
            return optimizer
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"8-bit optimizer unavailable ({e}), falling back to AdamW")

    optimizer = torch.optim.AdamW(param_groups, lr=lr, betas=(0.9, 0.95), eps=1e-8)
    print("Using standard AdamW")
    return optimizer


# ─── Pretraining ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

def load_and_tokenize(corpus_path, tokenizer):
    """Load corpus, tokenize, return flat numpy array of token IDs."""
    print(f"Loading corpus from {corpus_path}...")
    with open(corpus_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        text = f.read()
    print(f"Corpus size: {len(text) / 1e6:.1f} MB")

    chunk_size = 1_000_000
    all_tokens = []
    print("Tokenizing corpus...")
    for i in tqdm(range(0, len(text), chunk_size)):
        chunk = text[i : i + chunk_size]
        encoded = tokenizer.encode(chunk)
        all_tokens.extend(encoded.ids)

    tokens = np.array(all_tokens, dtype=np.int32)
    print(f"Total tokens: {len(tokens):,}")
    return tokens


def get_batch(tokens, batch_size, seq_len, device):
    max_start = len(tokens) - seq_len - 1
    indices = np.random.randint(0, max_start, size=batch_size)
    input_ids = np.stack([tokens[i : i + seq_len] for i in indices])
    targets = np.stack([tokens[i + 1 : i + seq_len + 1] for i in indices])
    input_ids = torch.from_numpy(input_ids).long().to(device)
    targets = torch.from_numpy(targets).long().to(device)
    return input_ids, targets


def run_pretrain(steps, batch_size, grad_accum, seq_len, lr, warmup,

                 save_every, log_every, corpus, resume, use_8bit_adam):
    sys.path.insert(0, REMOTE_SRC)
    from model import ModelConfig, Retriever500M
    from tokenizers import Tokenizer

    device = torch.device("cuda")
    print(f"Device: {device}")
    print(f"GPU: {torch.cuda.get_device_name(0)}")
    print(f"VRAM: {torch.cuda.get_device_properties(0).total_memory / 1e9:.2f} GB")

    os.makedirs(REMOTE_CKPT, exist_ok=True)
    os.makedirs(REMOTE_LOGS, exist_ok=True)

    # Tokenizer
    tokenizer_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_TOKENIZER, "tokenizer.json")
    tokenizer = Tokenizer.from_file(tokenizer_path)
    vocab_size = tokenizer.get_vocab_size()
    print(f"Vocab size: {vocab_size}")

    # Data
    if corpus == "curated":
        corpus_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_DATA, "corpus_curated.txt")
    elif corpus == "default":
        corpus_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_DATA, "corpus.txt")
    else:
        corpus_path = corpus
    tokens = load_and_tokenize(corpus_path, tokenizer)

    # Model
    config = ModelConfig(
        vocab_size=vocab_size,
        d_model=1_280,
        n_layers=23,
        n_heads=20,
        d_ff=3_456,
        max_seq_len=seq_len,
        dropout=0.0,
        tie_embeddings=True,
    )
    model = Retriever500M(config).to(device)
    total_params = model.count_parameters()
    print(f"Model parameters: {total_params:,} ({total_params / 1e6:.1f}M)")

    optimizer = setup_optimizer(model, lr, use_8bit=use_8bit_adam)

    # Resume
    start_step = 0
    best_loss = float("inf")
    accum_loss = 0.0
    prev_log_steps = []

    if resume:
        resume_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, "latest.pt")
        if not os.path.exists(resume_path):
            resume_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, "latest_bf16.pt")
        if not os.path.exists(resume_path):
            # Fall back to seed checkpoint in image
            resume_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_SEED_CKPT, "latest_bf16.pt")
        if os.path.exists(resume_path):
            print(f"Resuming from {resume_path}")
            ckpt = torch.load(resume_path, map_location=device, weights_only=False)
            model.load_state_dict(ckpt["model_state_dict"])
            start_step = int(ckpt.get("step", 0))
            best_loss = float(ckpt.get("loss", float("inf")))
            accum_loss = best_loss
            print(f"  Resuming at step {start_step} (best_loss={best_loss:.4f})")

            prev_log_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_LOGS, "training_log.json")
            if os.path.exists(prev_log_path):
                try:
                    with open(prev_log_path, "r") as f:
                        prev_log = json.load(f)
                    prev_log_steps = prev_log.get("steps", [])
                    print(f"  Loaded {len(prev_log_steps)} previous log entries")
                except Exception:
                    pass
        else:
            print("WARNING: No checkpoint found, starting from scratch!")

    # Training loop
    effective_batch = batch_size * grad_accum
    max_steps_total = start_step + steps
    print(f"\nTraining configuration:")
    print(f"  Micro batch size:  {batch_size}")
    print(f"  Gradient accum:    {grad_accum}")
    print(f"  Effective batch:   {effective_batch}")
    print(f"  Sequence length:   {seq_len}")
    print(f"  Learning rate:     {lr}")
    print(f"  Steps this run:    {steps}")
    print(f"  Start step:        {start_step}")
    print(f"  Target step:       {max_steps_total}")
    print()

    log = {
        "config": asdict(config),
        "train_args": {"steps": steps, "batch_size": batch_size, "grad_accum": grad_accum,
                       "seq_len": seq_len, "lr": lr, "warmup": warmup,
                       "save_every": save_every, "log_every": log_every,
                       "corpus": corpus, "resume": resume, "use_8bit_adam": use_8bit_adam},
        "total_params": total_params,
        "steps": list(prev_log_steps),
    }

    model.train()
    start_time = time.time()

    pbar = tqdm(range(start_step, max_steps_total), desc="Training",
                initial=start_step, total=max_steps_total)
    for step in pbar:
        lr_now = get_lr(step, warmup, max_steps_total, lr, lr * 0.1)
        for pg in optimizer.param_groups:
            pg["lr"] = lr_now

        optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)

        total_loss = 0.0
        for _ in range(grad_accum):
            input_ids, targets = get_batch(tokens, batch_size, seq_len, device)
            with torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16):
                out = model(input_ids, targets=targets, use_checkpoint=False)
                loss = out["loss"] / grad_accum
            loss.backward()
            total_loss += loss.item()

        torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), 1.0)
        optimizer.step()

        avg_loss = total_loss
        accum_loss = accum_loss * 0.95 + avg_loss * 0.05

        if step % log_every == 0 or step == max_steps_total - 1:
            elapsed = time.time() - start_time
            steps_this_run = step - start_step + 1
            steps_per_sec = steps_this_run / elapsed
            vram_used = torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated() / 1e9

            log_entry = {
                "step": step, "loss": avg_loss, "ema_loss": accum_loss,
                "lr": lr_now, "elapsed_s": elapsed,
                "steps_per_sec": steps_per_sec, "vram_gb": vram_used,
            }
            log["steps"].append(log_entry)
            pbar.set_postfix({
                "loss": f"{avg_loss:.4f}", "ema": f"{accum_loss:.4f}",
                "lr": f"{lr_now:.2e}", "vram": f"{vram_used:.1f}G",
            })

        if (step + 1) % save_every == 0 or step == max_steps_total - 1:
            ckpt_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, f"model_step_{step + 1}.pt")
            torch.save({
                "model_state_dict": model.state_dict(),
                "optimizer_state_dict": optimizer.state_dict(),
                "config": asdict(config),
                "step": step + 1, "loss": accum_loss,
            }, ckpt_path)
            print(f"\n  Saved checkpoint: {ckpt_path}")

            latest_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, "latest.pt")
            torch.save({
                "model_state_dict": model.state_dict(),
                "config": asdict(config),
                "step": step + 1, "loss": accum_loss,
            }, latest_path)

            if accum_loss < best_loss:
                best_loss = accum_loss
                best_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, "best.pt")
                torch.save({
                    "model_state_dict": model.state_dict(),
                    "config": asdict(config),
                    "step": step + 1, "loss": accum_loss,
                }, best_path)

            # Save log
            log_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_LOGS, "training_log.json")
            with open(log_path, "w") as f:
                json.dump(log, f, indent=2)

            # Commit volume so checkpoints persist
            volume.commit()

        if step % 50 == 0:
            torch.cuda.reset_peak_memory_stats()

    # Final log save
    log_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_LOGS, "training_log.json")
    with open(log_path, "w") as f:
        json.dump(log, f, indent=2)
    volume.commit()

    total_time = time.time() - start_time
    print(f"\nPretraining complete!")
    print(f"  Total time:     {total_time:.1f}s ({total_time/60:.1f} min)")
    print(f"  Final EMA loss: {accum_loss:.4f}")
    print(f"  Best loss:      {best_loss:.4f}")
    return accum_loss


# ─── SFT ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

# Special token IDs
SYSTEM_ID = 32000
USER_ID = 32001
ASSISTANT_ID = 32002
SEARCH_ID = 32003
RESULT_ID = 32004
EVIDENCE_ID = 32005
REASONING_ID = 32006
FINISH_ID = 32007
END_ID = 32008


def load_special_tokens():
    global SYSTEM_ID, USER_ID, ASSISTANT_ID, SEARCH_ID, RESULT_ID
    global EVIDENCE_ID, REASONING_ID, FINISH_ID, END_ID
    path = os.path.join(REMOTE_TOKENIZER, "special_tokens.json")
    if os.path.exists(path):
        with open(path, "r") as f:
            data = json.load(f)
        ids = data["token_ids"]
        SYSTEM_ID = ids.get("<tool_call>", 32000)
        USER_ID = ids.get("<tool_call>", 32001)
        ASSISTANT_ID = ids.get("<tool_call>", 32002)
        SEARCH_ID = ids.get("<|search|>", 32003)
        RESULT_ID = ids.get("<|result|>", 32004)
        EVIDENCE_ID = ids.get("<|evidence|>", 32005)
        REASONING_ID = ids.get("<|reasoning|>", 32006)
        FINISH_ID = ids.get("<|finish|>", 32007)
        END_ID = ids.get("<|end|>", 32008)


def format_trace_to_tokens(trace, tokenizer, max_seq_len=768):
    messages = trace["trace"]
    all_tokens = []
    loss_mask = []

    for msg in messages:
        role = msg["role"]
        content = msg["content"]

        if role == "system":
            tokens = [SYSTEM_ID] + tokenizer.encode(content).ids + [END_ID]
            all_tokens.extend(tokens)
            loss_mask.extend([0] * len(tokens))
        elif role == "user":
            tokens = [USER_ID] + tokenizer.encode(content).ids + [END_ID]
            all_tokens.extend(tokens)
            loss_mask.extend([0] * len(tokens))
        elif role == "assistant":
            tokens = [ASSISTANT_ID] + tokenizer.encode(content).ids + [END_ID]
            all_tokens.extend(tokens)
            loss_mask.extend([1] * len(tokens))
        elif role == "result":
            if content:
                tokens = [RESULT_ID] + tokenizer.encode(content).ids + [END_ID]
            else:
                tokens = [RESULT_ID, END_ID]
            all_tokens.extend(tokens)
            loss_mask.extend([0] * len(tokens))

    if len(all_tokens) > max_seq_len:
        all_tokens = all_tokens[:max_seq_len]
        loss_mask = loss_mask[:max_seq_len]

    return np.array(all_tokens, dtype=np.int32), np.array(loss_mask, dtype=np.int32)


def load_sft_dataset(traces_path, tokenizer, max_seq_len=768):
    print(f"Loading SFT traces from {traces_path}...")
    dataset = []
    with open(traces_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        for line in f:
            trace = json.loads(line)
            ids, mask = format_trace_to_tokens(trace, tokenizer, max_seq_len)
            if len(ids) > 10:
                dataset.append((ids, mask))
    print(f"  Loaded {len(dataset):,} traces")
    return dataset


def get_sft_batch(dataset, batch_size, seq_len, device):
    indices = np.random.randint(0, len(dataset), size=batch_size)
    input_ids_list = []
    loss_mask_list = []

    for idx in indices:
        ids, mask = dataset[idx]
        if len(ids) < seq_len:
            pad_len = seq_len - len(ids)
            ids = np.concatenate([ids, np.zeros(pad_len, dtype=np.int32)])
            mask = np.concatenate([mask, np.zeros(pad_len, dtype=np.int32)])
        else:
            ids = ids[:seq_len]
            mask = mask[:seq_len]
        input_ids_list.append(ids)
        loss_mask_list.append(mask)

    input_ids = torch.from_numpy(np.stack(input_ids_list)).long().to(device)
    loss_mask = torch.from_numpy(np.stack(loss_mask_list)).long().to(device)
    targets = torch.cat([input_ids[:, 1:], torch.zeros_like(input_ids[:, :1])], dim=1)
    return input_ids, targets, loss_mask


def run_sft(steps, batch_size, grad_accum, seq_len, lr, warmup,

            save_every, log_every, use_8bit_adam):
    from torch import nn
    sys.path.insert(0, REMOTE_SRC)
    from model import ModelConfig, Retriever500M
    from tokenizers import Tokenizer

    load_special_tokens()
    device = torch.device("cuda")
    print(f"Device: {device}")
    print(f"GPU: {torch.cuda.get_device_name(0)}")
    print(f"VRAM: {torch.cuda.get_device_properties(0).total_memory / 1e9:.2f} GB")

    os.makedirs(REMOTE_CKPT, exist_ok=True)
    os.makedirs(REMOTE_LOGS, exist_ok=True)

    # Tokenizer (agent tokenizer with special tokens)
    tokenizer_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_TOKENIZER, "tokenizer_agent.json")
    tokenizer = Tokenizer.from_file(tokenizer_path)
    vocab_size = tokenizer.get_vocab_size()
    print(f"Vocab size: {vocab_size}")

    # Data
    traces_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_DATA, "sft_traces.jsonl")
    gold_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_DATA, "gold_traces.jsonl")
    dataset = load_sft_dataset(traces_path, tokenizer, seq_len)
    gold_dataset = load_sft_dataset(gold_path, tokenizer, seq_len)
    dataset.extend(gold_dataset)
    print(f"  Total (with gold): {len(dataset):,}")

    # Model
    config = ModelConfig(
        vocab_size=vocab_size,
        d_model=1_280, n_layers=23, n_heads=20, d_ff=3_456,
        max_seq_len=seq_len, dropout=0.0, tie_embeddings=True,
    )
    model = Retriever500M(config).to(device)

    # Load pretrained checkpoint
    ckpt_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, "latest.pt")
    if not os.path.exists(ckpt_path):
        ckpt_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, "latest_bf16.pt")
    if not os.path.exists(ckpt_path):
        ckpt_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_SEED_CKPT, "latest_bf16.pt")
    if os.path.exists(ckpt_path):
        print(f"Loading pretrained weights from {ckpt_path}...")
        ckpt = torch.load(ckpt_path, map_location=device, weights_only=False)
        old_config = ModelConfig(**ckpt["config"])
        state_dict = ckpt["model_state_dict"]
        old_vocab = old_config.vocab_size

        if old_vocab != vocab_size:
            print(f"  Vocab size mismatch: {old_vocab} -> {vocab_size}")
            old_weight = state_dict["token_embedding.weight"]
            d_model = old_weight.shape[1]
            new_weight = torch.zeros(vocab_size, d_model)
            new_weight[:old_vocab] = old_weight
            nn.init.normal_(new_weight[old_vocab:], mean=0.0, std=0.02)
            state_dict["token_embedding.weight"] = new_weight

        model.load_state_dict(state_dict)
        print(f"  Loaded (step {ckpt.get('step', '?')}, loss {ckpt.get('loss', '?')})")
    else:
        print("WARNING: No checkpoint found, starting from scratch!")

    total_params = model.count_parameters()
    print(f"Model parameters: {total_params:,} ({total_params / 1e6:.1f}M)")

    optimizer = setup_optimizer(model, lr, use_8bit=use_8bit_adam)

    effective_batch = batch_size * grad_accum
    print(f"\nSFT configuration:")
    print(f"  Batch size:       {batch_size}")
    print(f"  Grad accum:       {grad_accum}")
    print(f"  Effective batch:  {effective_batch}")
    print(f"  Sequence length:  {seq_len}")
    print(f"  Learning rate:    {lr}")
    print(f"  Steps:            {steps}")
    print(f"  Warmup:           {warmup}")
    print()

    log = {
        "config": asdict(config),
        "train_args": {"steps": steps, "batch_size": batch_size, "grad_accum": grad_accum,
                       "seq_len": seq_len, "lr": lr, "warmup": warmup,
                       "save_every": save_every, "log_every": log_every,
                       "use_8bit_adam": use_8bit_adam},
        "total_params": total_params,
        "steps": [],
    }

    model.train()
    start_time = time.time()
    accum_loss = 0.0
    best_loss = float("inf")

    pbar = tqdm(range(steps), desc="SFT")
    for step in pbar:
        lr_now = get_lr(step, warmup, steps, lr, lr * 0.1)
        for pg in optimizer.param_groups:
            pg["lr"] = lr_now

        optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)

        total_loss = 0.0
        for _ in range(grad_accum):
            input_ids, targets, loss_mask = get_sft_batch(
                dataset, batch_size, seq_len, device
            )
            with torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16):
                out = model(input_ids, targets=targets, use_checkpoint=True)
                logits = out["logits"]

                if loss_mask.sum() > 0:
                    shifted_mask = loss_mask[:, 1:].contiguous()
                    masked_logits = logits[:, :-1, :].contiguous()
                    masked_targets = targets[:, :-1].contiguous()

                    flat_logits = masked_logits.view(-1, masked_logits.size(-1))
                    flat_targets = masked_targets.view(-1)
                    flat_mask = shifted_mask.view(-1).float()

                    per_token_loss = F.cross_entropy(
                        flat_logits, flat_targets,
                        ignore_index=-100, reduction="none"
                    )
                    masked_loss = (per_token_loss * flat_mask).sum() / flat_mask.sum().clamp(min=1)
                    loss = masked_loss / grad_accum
                else:
                    loss = out["loss"] / grad_accum

            loss.backward()
            total_loss += loss.item()

        torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), 1.0)
        optimizer.step()

        avg_loss = total_loss
        accum_loss = accum_loss * 0.95 + avg_loss * 0.05

        if step % log_every == 0 or step == steps - 1:
            elapsed = time.time() - start_time
            steps_per_sec = (step + 1) / elapsed
            vram_used = torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated() / 1e9

            log_entry = {
                "step": step, "loss": avg_loss, "ema_loss": accum_loss,
                "lr": lr_now, "elapsed_s": elapsed,
                "steps_per_sec": steps_per_sec, "vram_gb": vram_used,
            }
            log["steps"].append(log_entry)
            pbar.set_postfix({
                "loss": f"{avg_loss:.4f}", "ema": f"{accum_loss:.4f}",
                "lr": f"{lr_now:.2e}", "vram": f"{vram_used:.1f}G",
            })

        if (step + 1) % save_every == 0 or step == steps - 1:
            ckpt_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, f"sft_step_{step + 1}.pt")
            torch.save({
                "model_state_dict": model.state_dict(),
                "optimizer_state_dict": optimizer.state_dict(),
                "config": asdict(config),
                "step": step + 1, "loss": accum_loss,
            }, ckpt_path)
            print(f"\n  Saved checkpoint: {ckpt_path}")

            latest_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, "sft_latest.pt")
            torch.save({
                "model_state_dict": model.state_dict(),
                "config": asdict(config),
                "step": step + 1, "loss": accum_loss,
            }, latest_path)

            if accum_loss < best_loss:
                best_loss = accum_loss
                best_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_CKPT, "sft_best.pt")
                torch.save({
                    "model_state_dict": model.state_dict(),
                    "config": asdict(config),
                    "step": step + 1, "loss": accum_loss,
                }, best_path)

            log_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_LOGS, "sft_log.json")
            with open(log_path, "w") as f:
                json.dump(log, f, indent=2)

            volume.commit()

        if step % 50 == 0:
            torch.cuda.reset_peak_memory_stats()

    log_path = os.path.join(REMOTE_LOGS, "sft_log.json")
    with open(log_path, "w") as f:
        json.dump(log, f, indent=2)
    volume.commit()

    total_time = time.time() - start_time
    print(f"\nSFT complete!")
    print(f"  Total time:     {total_time:.1f}s ({total_time/60:.1f} min)")
    print(f"  Final EMA loss: {accum_loss:.4f}")
    print(f"  Best loss:      {best_loss:.4f}")
    return accum_loss


# ─── Modal entry points ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────

GPU_CHOICES = {"a10g": "A10G", "a100": "A100", "h100": "H100"}


@app.function(

    volumes={VOL_MOUNT: volume},

    gpu="A10G",

    timeout=3600,

)
def pretrain(

    steps=1000,

    batch_size=8,

    grad_accum=4,

    seq_len=512,

    lr=3e-4,

    warmup=100,

    save_every=200,

    log_every=10,

    corpus="curated",

    resume=True,

    use_8bit_adam=True,

    gpu="a10g",

):
    """Run pretraining on Modal GPU."""
    return run_pretrain(steps, batch_size, grad_accum, seq_len, lr, warmup,
                        save_every, log_every, corpus, resume, use_8bit_adam)


@app.function(

    volumes={VOL_MOUNT: volume},

    gpu="A10G",

    timeout=3600,

    env={"PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF": "expandable_segments:True"},

)
def sft(

    steps=500,

    batch_size=4,

    grad_accum=8,

    seq_len=768,

    lr=5e-5,

    warmup=20,

    save_every=100,

    log_every=10,

    use_8bit_adam=True,

    gpu="a10g",

):
    """Run SFT on Modal GPU."""
    return run_sft(steps, batch_size, grad_accum, seq_len, lr, warmup,
                   save_every, log_every, use_8bit_adam)


@app.function(

    volumes={VOL_MOUNT: volume},

    gpu="A10G",

    timeout=7200,

)
def pipeline(pretrain_steps=1000, sft_steps=500, gpu="a10g"):
    """Run pretraining then SFT in one go."""
    print("=" * 60)
    print("PHASE 1: PRETRAINING")
    print("=" * 60)
    run_pretrain(
        steps=pretrain_steps, batch_size=8, grad_accum=4, seq_len=512,
        lr=3e-4, warmup=100, save_every=200, log_every=10,
        corpus="curated", resume=True, use_8bit_adam=True,
    )

    print("\n" + "=" * 60)
    print("PHASE 2: SFT")
    print("=" * 60)
    run_sft(
        steps=sft_steps, batch_size=8, grad_accum=4, seq_len=768,
        lr=5e-5, warmup=20, save_every=100, log_every=10,
        use_8bit_adam=True,
    )


# ─── Local entry point for `modal run` ───────────────────────────────────────

@app.local_entrypoint()
def main(

    command: str = "pipeline",

    steps: int = 1000,

    batch_size: int = 8,

    grad_accum: int = 4,

    seq_len: int = 512,

    lr: float = 3e-4,

    warmup: int = 100,

    save_every: int = 200,

    log_every: int = 10,

    corpus: str = "curated",

    resume: bool = True,

    use_8bit_adam: bool = True,

    gpu: str = "a10g",

    pretrain_steps: int = 1000,

    sft_steps: int = 500,

):
    if command == "seed":
        seed.remote()
    elif command == "pretrain":
        result = pretrain.remote(
            steps=steps, batch_size=batch_size, grad_accum=grad_accum,
            seq_len=seq_len, lr=lr, warmup=warmup,
            save_every=save_every, log_every=log_every,
            corpus=corpus, resume=resume, use_8bit_adam=use_8bit_adam,
            gpu=gpu,
        )
        print(f"Pretraining final loss: {result}")
    elif command == "sft":
        result = sft.remote(
            steps=steps, batch_size=batch_size, grad_accum=grad_accum,
            seq_len=seq_len, lr=lr, warmup=warmup,
            save_every=save_every, log_every=log_every,
            use_8bit_adam=use_8bit_adam, gpu=gpu,
        )
        print(f"SFT final loss: {result}")
    elif command == "download":
        download.remote()
    elif command == "pipeline":
        pipeline.remote(pretrain_steps=pretrain_steps, sft_steps=sft_steps, gpu=gpu)
    else:
        print(f"Unknown command: {command}")
        print("Available: upload, pretrain, sft, download, pipeline")